Automated Storage and Retrieval System

Abstract

To provide an automated storage and retrieval system that can easily transport autonomous vehicles / rovers to various levels.SOLUTION: An automatic storage and retrieval system of the invention includes: at least one autonomous rover 110 for transporting loads in the system; a multilevel storage structure 130 in which each level enables the transport of at least one autonomous rover; at least one registration station 130R located at a predetermined position on each level and receiving at least rover identification information; and a control apparatus 120 communicating with the registration station and configured to receive at least rover identification information and at least register or unregister the corresponding autonomous rover register at a predetermined position in the rover space, wherein the control apparatus performs the guidance of the at least one autonomous rover to the predetermined rover space.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] [CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS] This application is a utility application claiming the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61 / 783,828, filed March 14, 2013, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61 / 780,363, filed March 13, 2013, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61 / 798,282, filed March 15, 2013, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. [Technical field]

[0002] FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE The illustrative embodiments relate generally to material handling, and more particularly to autonomous rovers in material handling systems. [Background technology]

[0003] Automated storage and retrieval systems, such as in a warehouse, can use autonomous vehicles / rovers to place items in and retrieve items from storage. If the automated storage and retrieval system includes multiple levels, the autonomous vehicles / rovers are typically transported to each level by driving the vehicles up and down ramps connecting the different levels, or by using a forklift or hoist to lift the autonomous vehicles / rovers to each level.

[0004] In addition, the location of the autonomous vehicles / rovers must be known when operating in a storage and retrieval system. The location of these vehicles is typically determined using GPS-like systems, optical systems, as well as radio frequency systems.

[0005] It would be advantageous to be able to easily transport autonomous vehicles / rovers to and from each level of a storage and retrieval system. It would also be advantageous to provide automatic alignment / dealignment of autonomous vehicles / rovers within and from an automated storage and retrieval system. It would further be advantageous to provide position data to autonomous vehicles / rovers that do not have any prior position data.

[0006] For example, a material handling system such as an automated storage and retrieval system cycles stored items to storage locations (e.g., shelves of a storage rack) within an automated warehouse or store storage array. A storage rack with dynamically assigned storage locations can be expected to undergo more duty cycles over the life / duration of the automated storage and retrieval system due to a higher utilization of each potential storage location when compared to a conventional storage rack (wherein the storage locations are fixed at predetermined locations on the shelf). Conventional storage structures have generally downplayed fatigue concerns, and to a limited extent, fatigue loads have been built into the design of conventional storage structures, and such loads appear to be related to the total storage loads on the structure rather than loads from the automation (e.g., loads from automated material handling machines with various loads moving through the storage structure, or load transfer operations).

[0007] Conventional automated storage and retrieval systems may also provide for scanning of items following an earthquake or other event that may result in movement of stored items. Automation may be used to determine the location of the affected stored items so that the items can be moved to their correct location. Typically, this scanning is performed to facilitate recovery of the automated storage and retrieval system once it has stopped as a result of an earthquake or other event.

[0008] It would be advantageous to have a storage structure that takes fatigue into consideration with respect to loads due to the automation of an automated storage and retrieval system. It would also be advantageous to have a storage structure that facilitates maintaining operation after an earthquake or other event that may cause the stored items to shift.

[0009] An autonomous vehicle / rover may include an energy storage unit that requires charging before initial use and during use, such as when recharging upon depletion.

[0010] It would be advantageous to have a charging system for charging an energy storage unit of an autonomous vehicle / rover, and also to charge the energy storage unit of an autonomous vehicle / rover when the autonomous vehicle / rover is transporting materials or wherever the autonomous vehicle / rover is located. Summary of the Invention

[0011] The above aspects and other features of the disclosed embodiments are explained in the following description and in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0012] [Figure 1] 1 is a schematic diagram of an automated storage and retrieval system in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 2A] 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a portion of the automated storage and retrieval system of FIG. 1 in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 2B] 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a portion of the automated storage and retrieval system of FIG. 1 in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 2C] 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a portion of the automated storage and retrieval system of FIG. 1 in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Diagram 3] 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a portion of the automated storage and retrieval system of FIG. 1 in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 4]2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a portion of the automated storage and retrieval system of FIG. 1 in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Diagram 5] FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram showing a portion of a rover lift module in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 6] FIG. 13 is a flow diagram according to an aspect of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 7] 1 is a schematic diagram showing a portion of a storage rack of an automated storage and retrieval system in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 8A] 1 is a schematic diagram showing a portion of a storage rack of an automated storage and retrieval system in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 8B] 1 is a schematic diagram showing a portion of a storage rack of an automated storage and retrieval system in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 9A] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a rover running rail in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 9B] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a rover running rail in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 9C] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a rover running rail in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 9D] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a rover running rail in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 10] 1 is a schematic diagram showing portions of an automated storage and retrieval system in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 11] FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of a rover running rail mounting bracket in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 12] 1 is a schematic diagram showing portions of an automated storage and retrieval system in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 13] 1 is a schematic diagram showing portions of an automated storage and retrieval system in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 14] 1 is a schematic diagram showing portions of an automated storage and retrieval system in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 15]1 is a schematic diagram illustrating portions of a corresponding interface in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 16A] 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating portions of a corresponding interface in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 16B] 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating portions of a corresponding interface in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 16C] 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating portions of a corresponding interface in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 17A] 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating portions of a corresponding interface in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 17B] 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating portions of a corresponding interface in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 18] 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating portions of a corresponding interface in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 19A] FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of a rover charging contact in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 19B] FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of a rover charging contact in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 19C] FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of a rover charging contact in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 20] 1 is a schematic diagram of an autonomous rover charging system in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 21] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary charging station in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 22A] 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary implementation of a charging system in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 22B] 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary implementation of a charging system in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 22C] 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary implementation of a charging system in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 23] 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary implementation of a charging system in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 24] 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary implementation of a charging system in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Diagram 25] 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary implementation of a charging system in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 26A] 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary set of charging pads in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 26B] 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary set of charging pads in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 27] 11 is a schematic diagram of different charging modes for an autonomous rover in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 28] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a control system for controlling an autonomous rover charging system in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Figure 29] 1 is a schematic diagram of a system employing a portable charger in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Diagram 30] 1 is a schematic diagram of a system employing a portable charger in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Diagram 31] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a charging system in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment; [Diagram 32] FIG. 1 is a flow diagram according to an aspect of the disclosed embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0013] 1 is a schematic diagram of an automated storage and retrieval system according to aspects of the disclosed embodiment. Although aspects of the disclosed embodiment will be described with reference to the drawings, it should be understood that aspects of the disclosed embodiment can be embodied in many forms. Also, any suitable size, shape or type of elements or materials can be used.

[0014] According to aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the automated storage and retrieval system 100 may operate in a retail distribution center or warehouse, for example, to fill orders received from retail stores for case units, such as those described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13 / 326,674, filed Dec. 15, 2011, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0015] The automated storage and retrieval system 100 may include infeed and outfeed transfer stations 170, 160, infeed and outfeed vertical lift modules 150A, 150B (commonly referred to as lift modules 150), a rover lift module 190, a storage structure 130, and a number of autonomous rovers 110. The storage structure 130 may include an automated rover registration station 130R (herein referred to as registration station 130R) and multiple levels of storage rack modules. Each storage level 130L includes a storage space 130S and a storage or picking aisle 130A (having a rover running surface, as described below) that provides access to the storage space 130S and to a transfer deck 130B along which the rover 110 travels at each storage level 130L, for example, to transfer case units between any storage space 130S (e.g., located on storage shelves 130SH located on one or more sides of the picking aisle 130A) of the storage structure 130 and any shelf of the lift module 150. The storage aisle 130A and transfer deck 130B are also configured to allow the rover 110 to travel along the storage aisle 130A and transfer deck 130B to place case units in the picking stock and to retrieve requested case units.

[0016] The rover 110 may be any suitable autonomous vehicle capable of carrying and transporting case units throughout the storage and retrieval system 100. In one embodiment, the rover 110 may be an autonomous, independent (e.g., free riding) rover. Suitable examples of rovers include, for purposes of illustration only, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13 / 326674, filed Dec. 15, 2011; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12 / 757312, filed Apr. 9, 2010; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13 / 326423, filed Dec. 15, 2011; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13 / 326447, filed Dec. 15, 2011; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13 / 326450, filed Dec. 15, 2011; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13 / 326466, filed Dec. 15, 2011; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13 / 326480, filed Dec. 15, 2011; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13 / 32649 ... Nos. 13 / 326,505, filed Dec. 5, 2011; 13 / 327,040, filed Dec. 15, 2011; 13 / 326,952, filed Dec. 15, 2011; and 13 / 326,993, filed Dec. 15, 2011, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. The rovers 110 may be configured to place case units, such as the retail items described above, into pick stock at one or more levels of the storage structure 130 and then selectively remove ordered case units, for example for shipment to a store or other suitable location. Each rover 110 may include a controller 110C and a communicator 110T.

[0017] The rover 110, vertical lift module 150, rover lift module 190, and other suitable features of the storage and retrieval system 100 may be controlled, for example, by one or more central system control computers (e.g., control server) 120, for example, through any suitable network 180. The network 180 may be a wired network, a wireless network, or a combination of wireless and wired networks using any suitable type and / or number of communication protocols. In one embodiment, the control server 120 may include a collection of programs (e.g., system management software) executing substantially simultaneously for substantially automatic control of the automated storage and retrieval system 100. A set of substantially concurrently executing programs is configured to manage the storage and retrieval system 100, which includes, by way of example only, controlling, scheduling, and monitoring the operation of all running system components, managing inventory (e.g., which case units are being brought in, removed, and where the case units are being stored) and pick faces (e.g., one or more case units that are movable as a unit), as well as interfacing with the warehouse management system 2500 and monitoring and tracking the entry and retrieval (i.e., registration and deregistration) of rovers 110 at each storage level 130L in any suitable manner.

[0018] 2A, a portion of the automated storage and retrieval system 100 is shown in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment. The storage structure 130 can include one or more modular rover spaces 200A-200n that can be accessed by one or more respective rover lifts 190A-190n. As will be explained in more detail below, each rover lift 190 can be an entry / exit station in communication with, for example, a transfer deck 130B on each level 130L of the storage structure 130 for automatically transferring rovers 110 to and from each storage level 130L (e.g., for placement in the modular rover spaces 200A-200n) independently of the rover's load transport and independently of the case unit's introduction and removal from the storage structure 130.

[0019] The automated storage and retrieval system 100 can be constructed to provide modular rover spaces 200A-200n. For example, referring also to FIG. 2B, in one embodiment, the automated storage and retrieval system 100 and storage structure 130 are configured as one or more storage modules 270A-270n, each storage module 270A-270n including a storage structure level 130L (e.g., with sorting aisle 130A, storage space 130S, transfer deck 130B and registration station 130R), a vertical lift module 150, a rover lift module 190, and transfer stations 160, 170. In one embodiment, the storage modules 270A-270n may be modules as a unit, e.g., operation of the rover 110 may be limited to the storage module 270A-270n and / or modular rover space 200A-200n (e.g., defined within each storage module) that is arranged for operation. In other embodiments, the storage modules 270A-270n are coupled or otherwise connected to each other to form an automated storage and retrieval system 100, whereby the rover 110 can pass between the storage modules 270A-270n and / or the modular rover spaces 200A-200n. For example, one rover lift module can deliver the rover to one or more storage modules 270A-270n. The rover 110 may also be loaded into the storage structure 130 using one rover lift module and retrieved from the storage structure using a different rover lift module. In still other embodiments where the storage modules 270A-270n are connected to each other, the rover 110 may be limited to operation in one or more storage structures, such as the modular rover spaces 200A-200n to which the rover 110 was introduced for operation, or to the rover spaces 200A-200n to which the rover was reassigned.

[0020] In one embodiment, the storage modules 270A-270n may have a vertical boundary line VB and / or a horizontal boundary line HB separating each storage module 270A-270n. In another embodiment, each level 130L of the storage structure 130 may have vertically offset boundaries such that the storage modules 270A-270n vertically overlap each other (see storage module 270C and vertically offset boundaries VB and VSB in FIG. 2B). Each storage module 270A-270n may define one or more modular rover spaces 200A-200n, respectively, and may include one or more rover lift modules 190-190n such that an entrance and exit for the rover 110 may be provided at each storage level 130L of the storage modules 270A-270n, as described above. In one embodiment, also referring to FIG. 2C, each level 130L of the storage module can define a two-dimensional modular rover space 2DRS, while in other embodiments, the storage module as a unit can define a three-dimensional modular rover space 3DRS. In still other embodiments, the modular rover space(s) can be defined in any suitable manner and with any suitable boundaries within each storage module and / or between multiple storage modules. For example, one or more storage levels 130L and / or a portion of one or more storage levels of the storage modules 270A-270n can define a three-dimensional modular rover space. The entrance and exit of the rover 110 of each storage module 270A-270n may be separated from the case unit entry / exit in the storage structure 130. As described in more detail below, the rover lift modules 190-190n can communicate with, for example, the controller 120 in any suitable manner (e.g., wired, wireless, etc.) to, for example, register (as they come in) and deregister (as they leave) the rovers as they pass to and from the rover lift modules 190-190n.

[0021] In one embodiment, each storage module 270A-270n and / or modular rover space 200A-200n may correspond to a rover safety zone (e.g., a zone where a rover 110 can be moved to a rover lift module 190 for isolation / separation and / or removal from the storage structure 130). In other embodiments, the modular rover spaces 200A-200n and / or storage modules 270A-270n may have designated or predefined areas that define the rover safety zone or a personnel access zone within the modular rover spaces 200A-200n and / or storage modules 270A-270n. Suitable examples of personnel access zones can be found, for example, in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61 / 794,065, entitled "AUTOMATED STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL STRUCTURE WITH INTEGRAL SECURED PERSONNEL ACCESS ZONES AND REMOTE ROVER SHUTDOWN," filed March 13, 2013, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0022] 3 and 4, one or more rover lift modules 190 may be interfaced with the transfer deck 130B of one or more storage levels 130L. The interface between the rover lift module 190 and the transfer deck 130B may be located at a predetermined position on the transfer deck 130B such that the input and output of the rover 110 to and from each transfer deck 130B is substantially decoupled from the throughput of the automated storage and retrieval system 100 (e.g., the input and output of the rover 100 at each transfer deck does not affect the throughput). In one embodiment, the rover lift module 190 may be interfaced with a spur or stage area 130B1-130Bn (e.g., a rover mounting platform) that is joined to or forms part of the transfer deck 130B for each storage level 130L. In other embodiments, the rover lift module 190 may be interfaced substantially directly with the transfer deck 130B. It should be noted that the transfer deck 130B and / or the staging areas 130B1-130Bn may include any suitable barrier 320 that substantially prevents the rover 110 from traveling off the transfer deck 130B and / or the staging areas 130B1-130Bn at the lift module interface. In one embodiment, the barrier may be a movable barrier 320 that can move between a deployed position that substantially prevents the rover 110 from traveling off the transfer deck 130B and / or the staging areas 130B1-130Bn and a retracted position that allows the rover 110 to pass between the lift platform 310 of the rover lift module 190 and the transfer deck 130B and / or the staging areas 130B1-130Bn.

[0023] In addition to introducing or removing the rover 110 to or from the storage structure 130, in one embodiment, each rover lift module 190 can also transport the rover 110 between storage levels 130L without removing the rover 110 from the storage structure. The controller 120 utilizes the rover lift module 120 to introduce the rover 110 from outside the storage structure 130 to a given storage level 130L, resulting in rover balancing to balance the workload between storage levels 130L, removing the rover 110 from the storage structure 130, and / or transferring the rover 110 between storage levels 130L without removing the rover 110 from the storage structure 130. It should be noted that in one embodiment, the transport of the rover 110 between different storage levels 130L using the rover lift module 190 is performed independently of the rover's payload transfer (e.g., case units / pick faces are not placed on the rover when transported between storage levels using the rover lift module). In other embodiments, the rover 110 may be carrying a payload while being transferred between storage levels using the rover lift module.

[0024] By way of example only, each rover lift module 190 may include a substantially rigid frame 300 and a lift platform 310 movably coupled to the frame 300. The frame 300 may have any suitable configuration to enable the lift platform 310 to move between the storage levels 130L. The rover lift module 190 may include an optional drive system 190M coupled to the lift platform 310 for moving the lift platform in the direction of arrow Z (FIG. 3) between the storage levels 130L.

[0025] 5, the lift platform 310 includes a frame 310F forming a rover support 510 having at least one opening 520 to allow passage of the rover 110 to or from the rover support 510. The frame 310F may have any suitable configuration and may be movably coupled to the frame 300 and the drive system 190M in any suitable manner. The movably coupled between the frame 310F and the frame 300 may also include any suitable guide members to substantially prevent movement of the lift platform in the XY plane (FIG. 3). For illustrative purposes, the frame 310F may further include one or more fences 500-503 substantially surrounding the rover support 510 to substantially prevent the rover 110 from being driven off or moving off the lift platform 310 during transport of the rover 110, for example. At least one fence 500-503 can be movably mounted to the frame to allow the rover 110 to pass between the rover support 510 and, for example, the transfer deck 130B (and / or the stage areas 130B1-130Bn). In one embodiment, the frame 310F includes a first end 310E1 and a second end 310E2 spaced longitudinally from the first end 310E1. The rover 110 can travel along the longitudinal axis LA to and from the lift platform, and the one or more fences 500, 501 disposed at the first and second ends 310E1, 310E2 can be moved between a first position that allows the rover 110 to enter or exit the lift platform 310 and a second position to hold the rover on the lift platform 310. The fence 501 may similarly be rotatable to allow the rover 110 to be loaded onto or removed from the lift platform 310, for example from a warehouse floor (or other "ground" level).In other embodiments, the rover 110 may be loaded onto the lift platform in any suitable manner, such as through the lateral sides of the rover.

[0026] Referring again to FIG. 4, maintenance access can be provided to the rover lift module 190 in any suitable manner. In one embodiment, a maintenance platform 450P can be located on one or more sides of the rover lift module 190. In one embodiment, the maintenance platform can form part of the rover lift module 190. The maintenance platform 450P can be attached to each frame 450F1, 450F2, which can be connected by one or more linking members 450M. The frames 450F1, 450F2 have posts 450 (only some of which are shown in FIG. 4) to which the maintenance platform 450P is attached. A closable fence or other removable barrier 410 can be connected to the frames adjacent to each maintenance platform 450P. Also, a door 450T may be provided, for example at ground level, which when opened allows the rover 110 to be loaded onto the lift platform 310, for example by pivoting the fence 501 to a lowered position, whereby the rover 110 can pass over the pivoting fence and through the rover support 510. In other embodiments, access may be provided for loading the rover onto the lift platform in any suitable manner.

[0027] In one embodiment, the rover lift platform 310 may include a registration station 130R having any suitable contactless reader to verify which rover 110 is located on the lift platform 310. For example, referring to FIG. 5, one or more readers 575, such as radio frequency, inductive, capacitive, magnetic, optical, or other suitable contactless readers or scanners, may be located at any suitable location on the lift platform 310 to read data from a communicator 110T located on the rover 110. The communicator 110T may include any suitable optical, radio frequency, inductive, capacitive, magnetic, or other suitable contactless indicia to provide identification information of the rover 110. The identity of the rover 110 can be communicated in any suitable manner by the registration station 130R, for example to a rover accountant (or other suitable tracking / record-keeping unit) in the control server 120, for automatic verification and tracking of the introduction of the rover 110 into or removal from the automated storage and retrieval system 100. The controller 120 can also use the rover's location information obtained from the registration station 130R to control the rover 110 in any suitable manner (e.g., send appropriate commands to the rover). The controller 120 can keep a log containing data indicating which storage levels the rover is inserted into and removed from, and can include control software for recalculating traffic patterns and work assignments for rovers remaining in a storage level after the rover is entered into or removed from the storage level. In other embodiments, the registration station 130R may be located on the transfer deck 130B and / or the staging areas 130B1-130Bn (FIG. 3), for example, at each interface with the rover lift 190.

[0028] Referring again to FIG. 1, it may be desirable for any Rover 110 to have the ability to begin operation at substantially any location within the storage structure 130. To that end, it is advantageous for the starting position of the Rover to be determined in a substantially autonomous manner. In one embodiment, registration stations 130R may be distributed throughout the storage structure 130 to provide sufficient position data for Rover 110 without prior Rover position data so that the Rover Controller 110C can determine where the Rover is within the automated storage and retrieval system 100 (FIG. 6, block 700). The registration stations 130R may provide a positioning and / or automatic registration system for the Rover 110 to enable registration of the Rover's onset, offset and updates at any desired location throughout the structure, for example for cold start of the Rover (when the Rover has no prior position data) and for bot guidance / extraction updates. The location of each registration station 130R may be mapped within the reference frame of the storage structure 130 (e.g., the overall three-dimensional reference space, although in other embodiments the overall reference space has any suitable number of dimensions). Note that when the Rover 110 and a registration station interface, the location of the registration station to which the Rover 110 interfaces is sent to both the Rover 110 and the controller 120 to enable one or more autonomous Rover control and control of the Rover by the controller 120.

[0029] The storage structure 130, the transfer deck 130B and the sorting aisle 130A may be arranged with any suitable rover entry / exit mechanism, such as the rover lift module 190, or any other structural feature (e.g., holes, openings, platforms) to facilitate the physical guidance and extraction of the bots on each storage level 130L. In one embodiment, the registration station 130R may be arranged or associated with a particular entry / exit station in a manner generally similar to that described above in relation to the rover lift module 190. The registration station 130R may be initialized with any suitable control device, such as the control server 120, and mapped to the storage three-dimensional reference space (FIG. 6, block 710). Each registration station 130R may interface or communicate with a rover 110 (which may lack prior location data of the bot) that is within a predetermined proximity and / or in a predetermined orientation relative to the registration station 130R (FIG. 6, block 720). In one embodiment, the Rover 110 can communicate with the registration station 130R to provide position data to the Rover 110 when the Rover lacks prior position data (FIG. 6, block 731), so that the Rover 110 can perform storage and retrieval operations (FIG. 6, block 732). As mentioned above, the registration station 130R can also be used at a Rover guidance and extraction point, such as the Rover lift module 190, to tell the Rover 110 which location the Rover 110 is being inserted into or removed from. In other embodiments, the registration station 130R can collect data from the Rover 110 (FIG. 6, block 730) and transmit the data to the controller 120 (FIG. 6, block 740), which may be sufficient for autonomous Rover registration with the controller 120 (FIG. 6, block 750) (i.e., the data can provide a unique Rover identification and the Rover's location within the overall three-dimensional reference space of the automated storage and retrieval system 100). This allows the controller 120 to guide the rover, for example, into modular rover spaces 200A-200n (FIG. 2A), which may be relative to an overall three-dimensional reference space.Conversely, extraction of a rover 110 may occur when the rover is present in the storage structure 130 such that the rover is deregistered from the automated storage and retrieval system in a manner generally similar to that described above (FIG. 6, block 751). Registration and deregistration of a rover may also automatically update system software with guidance or extraction information (e.g., which rover 110 is being inserted or removed and which storage level 130L), as well as automatically verify other configuration settings of the automated storage and retrieval system 100.

[0030] It should be noted that the registration station 130R may be provided at any suitable location within the storage structure 130, such as, for example, at the vertical lift 150 station, at the interface between the pick-up aisle 130A and the transfer deck 130B, and at suitable sections along the transfer deck 130B and / or the sorting aisle 130A. In one embodiment, the registration station 130R is also used for odometry updates (e.g., the rover has prior position data), and the registration station 130R provides position data to the rover 110 to update or otherwise correct the position of the rover 110 within the storage structure 130 (FIG. 6, block 733). In an embodiment, the registration stations 130R are located throughout the storage structure 130 to provide continuous updates of the rover position. The rover's communicator 110T may also be configured to obtain data from the registration station 130R in any suitable manner. The Registration Station 130R can be used by the Rover 110 to determine where the Rover 110 is during normal operation if the Rover 110 needs to reset itself.

[0031] 1, 7, 8A and 8B, as described above, the storage structure 130 may include a multi-level storage structure including an array of stacked storage locations. Each array may include a vertical support member 7200 to which rover travel rails 7201A-7201n (commonly referred to as rover rails 7201) are fixed. The rover rails 7201 may define storage levels and transport levels. The rover rails 7201 may form a running surface for travel of the rover along, for example, the sorting aisle 130A (FIG. 1), or any other suitable location of the automated storage and retrieval system. The rover rails 7201 may support the rover 110, for example, in the sorting aisle 130A during transfer of payload between the rover 110 and the storage locations. Thus, the rover rail 7201 may be subject to static and cyclic loads from the movement of the rover 110, such as the rover traversing the sorting aisle 130A to and from the rack storage locations, and transporting loads to and from the storage locations (which may include pick face structures on the shelves). Cyclic loads on the rover rail 7201 may create fatigue conditions that may be amplified by dynamic storage distributions along the aisle (e.g., as described in U.S. Patent Application No. 12 / 757,337, filed April 9, 2010, and the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference). Thus, the rover rail 7201 may include or otherwise incorporate fatigue resistant structures that correspond to any suitable predetermined life load of the rover rail 7201. The fatigue resistant structures may be configured such that stresses in or around the fatigue resistant structures are less than a predetermined value.

[0032] The rover travel rail 7201 may be secured to the vertical support member 7200 in any suitable manner. In one embodiment, the rover rail 7201 may be secured to the vertical support member 7200 using any suitable upper mounting bracket 7202U and any suitable lower mounting bracket 7202L. In other embodiments, the rover rail 7201 may be secured to the vertical support member 7200 with adjustable mounting brackets in a manner similar to that described below with respect to FIG. 11. Here, the mounting brackets 7202U, 7202L each have an angle iron (e.g., "L" shape), but in other embodiments, the mounting brackets 7202U, 7202L may have any suitable shape and may be constructed from any suitable material. The mounting brackets 7202U, 7202L may be secured to the vertical support member 7200 using any suitable fasteners, including but not limited to rivets, bolts, clips, screws, snaps, welding, or any other suitable mechanical and / or chemical fasteners or adhesives. The row rails 7201 may be secured to the mounting brackets 7202U, 7202L in any suitable manner, such as in a manner substantially similar to that described above between the mounting brackets 7202U, 7202L and the vertical support member 7200.

[0033] 1 and 9A-9D, each of the rover rails 7201 may be a one-piece, integral member formed by any suitable manufacturing process, such as, for example, cold rolling. The rover rails may be located on opposite lateral sides of the sorting passage 130A and extend longitudinally along the length of the sorting passage 130A to allow the rover 110 to move along the length of the sorting passage 130A. The rover rails 7201 may have any suitable length, and in one embodiment, the rover rails 7201 have a length approximately equal to the length of the respective sorting passage 130A, and in other embodiments, the rover rails 7201 are arranged end-to-end to span the length of the respective sorting passage 130A. The rover rails 7201 may include a fatigue-resistant vertical profile portion 7400. The vertical profile portion 7400 may have any suitable shape, such as, for example, a closed box-like portion, having one or more axes of symmetry that provide static and dynamic stability. The vertical profile portion 7400 may define or otherwise include flanges 7401, 7402 for, e.g., fastener engagement to the vertical support member 7200 and / or the storage shelf 130SH (FIG. 1). The flanges 7401, 7402 may be referred to as upper and lower flanges, respectively. The upper and lower flanges 7401, 7402 may include fatigue resistant openings 7406 through which suitable fasteners, as described above, are inserted to secure the mounting brackets 7202U, 7202L, respectively, to the rover rail 7201 in any suitable manner. The upper flange 401 may also include fatigue resistant openings 7407 through which suitable fasteners, as described above, are inserted to secure the storage shelf 130SH to the rover rail 7201 in any suitable manner.

[0034] The integral rover rail 7201 may also define a fatigue resistant flange 7403 extending from the surface 7404 of the vertical profile portion 7400 and providing a running / riding and support surface 7403S, for example, for the wheels of the rover 110 during operation of the rover. The flange 7403 may have any suitable width W, for example, to allow the wheels of the rover 110 to run along the flange 7403. The surface 7404 may also have an integral rover positioning mechanism 7405. The integral rover positioning mechanism 7405 may have any suitable shape and size such that the rover positioning mechanism 7405 is fatigue resistant. In one embodiment, the integral rover positioning mechanism 7405 may be a hole or protrusion formed in the surface 7404 having a shape and size to minimize stress concentrations at the surface 7404. Although the integrated rover position determining mechanism 7405 is shown having a generally rectangular shape, in other embodiments the integrated rover position determining mechanism 7405 may have any suitable shape. In one embodiment, the rover 110 may include any suitable sensor for detecting the integrated rover position determining mechanism 7405 and may determine a position along the sorting aisle based at least on the integrated rover position determining mechanism 7405. In other forms, the position of the rover 110 within the sorting aisle may be determined in any suitable manner. One example of determining the position of the rover may be found in U.S. Patent Application No. 13 / 327,035, entitled "BOT POSITION SENSING," filed December 15, 2011, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0035] 10, one or more structural components of the automated storage and retrieval system 100 (such as the transfer deck 130B, sorting aisle 130A, lift module 150, etc.) may have transport sections on which the rover 110 travels, which have different deflection, static and dynamic properties such that one or more structural components react differently to, for example, a seismic event or other event (commonly referred to as a seismic event) that may cause movement of items within their respective storage locations. Compliant interfaces 7500 between the structural components may allow for relative movement of the structural components during a seismic event. The compliant interfaces 7500 may self align following a seismic event and provide a boarding surface over which the rover 110 may pass between the transport sections of the different structural components. It should be understood that although the compliant interface 7500 is described in connection with a pass-through between the lift module 150 and the transfer deck 130B, the interfaces described herein may be disposed at a pass-through between any two structural components of the automated storage and retrieval system. For example, the compliant interface 7500 may provide a pass-through between one or more sorting aisles 130A and the transfer deck 130B, between the sorting aisles 130A and the lift module 150 (e.g., where the sorting aisles provide substantially direct access to the lift module), and / or between any other suitable structures of the automated storage and retrieval system 100.

[0036] In one aspect, the lift modules 150 (partially shown in FIG. 10 ) may be modular. For example, each lift module 150 may include a vertical lift portion (not shown) and a rover interface portion 150R that may be engaged with, for example, the transfer deck 130B in any suitable manner. In one aspect, each lift module 150 may include a vertical support 7510. The vertical lift portion (not shown) may be coupled to the vertical support 7510 in any suitable manner. The rover rails 7501, 7501X may also be secured to the vertical support 7510 at vertical intervals corresponding to each storage level of the automated storage and retrieval system 100. Each rover rail 7501, 7501X may be substantially similar to the rover rail 7201 described above and may include a rover travel / riding and support surface 7501S, but one or more of the rover rails 7501, 7501X may include a recess or cutout 7501XR that provides a clearance through which the end effector 110E of the rover 110 extends to interface with the transfer shelf of the vertical lift section for transporting items between storage levels or to and from the storage structure 130. The rover rails 7501, 7501X may be disposed on opposite sides of the lift travel aisle 7150T and extend longitudinally along the length of the lift travel aisle 7150T.

[0037] 11, the rover rails 7501, 7501X may be rigidly secured to the vertical support 7510 in any suitable manner. In one embodiment, the rover rails 7501, 7501X may be adjustably secured to the vertical support 7510 via adjustable mounting members 7600. The mounting members 7600 may allow each of the rover rails 7501, 7501X to be adjusted in three degrees of freedom. In other embodiments, the mounting members 7600 may provide adjustment of each rover rail along any suitable number of linear and / or rotational axes. The mounting members 7600 allow alignment of each of the rover rails 7501, 7501X with the transfer deck 130B and / or other platform on which the rover travels. Each adjustment direction of the mounting member 7600 may have a locking mechanism to fix the respective direction and to firmly fix the row-bar rails 7501, 7501X to, for example, the vertical support 7510.

[0038] In one embodiment, each mounting member 7600 includes a first support plate 7601 that interfaces with the vertical support 7510 in any suitable manner, for example, to secure the first support plate 7601 to the vertical support 7510. The first support plate 7601 may include elongated mounting apertures 7620 into which fasteners may be inserted to securely secure the first support plate 7601 to the vertical support 7510. The first support plate 7601 may be movable in the X direction, for example, relative to the vertical support 7510 or other suitable mechanism of the automated storage and retrieval system 100. The locking member 7601A may be releasably engaged with the vertical support 7510 to substantially prevent movement of the first support plate 7601 in the X direction. The second support plate 7602 also includes an elongated mounting aperture 7621 and is movably mounted to the first support plate 7601 in any suitable manner such that the second support plate 7602 is movable in the Z direction relative to the first support plate 7601 (or other suitable mechanism of the automated storage and retrieval system 100). The locking member 7602A can be removably engaged with the first support plate 7601 to substantially prevent movement of the second support plate 7601 in the Z direction. The third support plate 7603 also includes an elongated mounting aperture 7622 and is movably mounted to the second support plate 7602 in any suitable manner such that the third support plate 7603 is movable in the Y direction relative to the second support plate 7602 (or other suitable mechanism of the automated storage and retrieval system 100). The locking member 7603A can be removably engaged with the second support plate 7602 to substantially prevent movement of the third support plate 7603 in the Y direction. It should be noted that the X, Y and Z axes are used for illustrative purposes only, and each of the first, second and third support plates 7601, 7602, 7603 is movable along any suitable respective axis in any suitable frame of reference.

[0039] With reference to Fig. 1 and Figs. 12-15, the rover running / riding surfaces of the automated storage and retrieval system (such as the surfaces 7501S, 7403S of the rover rails 7201 and the surfaces of the transfer deck 130B) may be separated from each other by one or more strong and durable intermediate or corresponding separation plates 7700. These separation plates 7700 are also shown in Fig. 10 between the rails 7501, 7501X of each lift module 150 and the transfer deck 130B (only a portion of which is shown in the figure) to separate the rails 7501, 7501X from the transfer deck 130B. The separation plates may also provide corresponding interfaces 7500 formed by, for example, joint connections or articulated connections that are released to provide at least one degree of freedom of movement between the transfer deck 130B and the rails 7501, 7501X of the lift module 150, as described below. The mating joints 7500 can substantially prevent rubbing between the components of the automated storage and retrieval system. Although the separation plates 7700 are shown to be located at the joints between the rails 7501, 7501X and the transfer deck 130B, it should be understood that these separation plates 7700 may be located at any structural joint between any two adjacent rover transport surfaces. The joint elements of the mating joints 500 (described below) form a substantially continuous and smooth surface along which the rover 110 runs between different parts of the automated storage and retrieval system 100.

[0040] 12-15, in one embodiment, the separation plate 7700 may include two or more separation plates, such as each joint 7500 in the rails 7501, 7501X having a respective separation plate 7700. In other embodiments, the separation plate may be a single, unitary plate 7800, such that each joint 7500 in the rails 7501, 7501X has a common separation plate 7800. The separation plates 7700, 7800 may be made of any suitable material and have any suitable configuration. In one embodiment, the separation plates 7700, 7800 and rails 7501, 7501X may include interleaved fingers 7700F, 7501F, respectively, or other suitable structures such as flexible membranes and / or slip plates configured to allow movement between the plates 7700, 7800 and the rails 7501, 7501X and provide or otherwise comprise a riding surface for the rover 110 to pass over the compliant joint 7500. In one embodiment, as can be seen in FIG. 15 , the fingers of the separation plates 7700, 7800 may include tapered sides 7700A1, 7700A2 and / or tapered ends 7700E or other suitable alignment features to aid in recovery of the compliant joint 7500 after a seismic event or other movement of the automated storage and retrieval system structure. As can be appreciated, the fingers 7501F of the rails 7501, 7501X can be tapered to match the fingers 7700F to aid in recovery of the corresponding joints 7500 after a seismic event or other movement of the automated storage and retrieval system structure.

[0041] 16A-16C, the separation plates 7700, 7800 may be substantially rigid members coupled to the transfer deck 130B (or any rover transport surface or other suitable members in the automated storage and retrieval system such as a separation plate support member or bar) to allow at least one degree of freedom of movement between the transfer deck 130B and, for example, the rover rails 7501, 7501X (or other rover transport / riding surface). In one embodiment, the separation plates 7700, 7800 may be mounted to provide three or more degrees of freedom of movement (e.g., X, Y, Z and / or rotation about one or more of the X, Y and Z axes). The separation plates 7700, 7800 may be mounted in any suitable manner that allows corresponding movement of the separation plates 7700, 7800. In one embodiment, a ball-type joint (as described below), or any other suitable articulating joint, may be used to mount the separation plates 7700, 7800 to any suitable support surface. For example, the transfer deck 130B (or any other suitable component of the automated storage and retrieval system) may include a slot or other opening into which a ball may be placed and a separation plate may be attached to the ball (e.g., a ball and socket joint is formed), as described below.

[0042] The separation plate 7700 (separation plate 7800 can be mounted and function in a manner generally similar to that described herein for separation plate 7700) can be mounted in any suitable manner to any suitable portion of the transfer deck 130B, such as, for example, the support member 7130M. In one embodiment, the separation plate 7700 can be mounted to the support member 7130M with a ball joint or other articulated connection that allows pivoting of the separation plate, as described in more detail below. Each separation plate 7700 can include an opening 711001 through which any suitable fastener 711002 is inserted. The support member 7130M can include elongated openings 711000A, 711000B through which the fastener 711002 passes so that the separation plate is positioned on a first or upper surface of the support member 7130M. The ball member 711003 can be positioned over the fasteners from a second or lower surface of the support member 130M such that the ball member 711003 is positioned within the respective openings 711000A, 711000B. The ball member 711003 can have any suitable diameter that allows for pivoting within the openings 711000A, 711000B and linear movement of the ball member 711003 along the length of the openings 711000A, 711000B. A bushing or spacer member 711004 can be inserted within the ball member 711003 to substantially prevent contact between the fasteners 711002 and the ball member 711003 and to substantially prevent deformation of the ball when the retaining member 711006 is secured to the fasteners to retain the ball member 711003 within the openings 711000A, 711000B. In one embodiment, the fastener 711002 is a screw and the retaining member 711006 is a nut, however in other embodiments any suitable elongate member and retaining member can be used, such as, for example, a rod, clip, snap, and / or pin. A washer or other generally flat or restraining member 711005 can be disposed between the retaining member 711006 and the ball member 711003.The retaining member 711005 may have a diameter greater than the width of the openings 711000A, 711000B or may otherwise have a width greater than the width of the openings 711000A, 711000B to substantially prevent the ball member 711003 and the retaining member 711006 from passing through the openings 711000A, 711000B such that the separation plate 7700 is inhibited from lifting off the support member 7130M. In other embodiments, the retaining member 711006 may be configured to retain the ball member 711003 on the catch 711002 and substantially prevent lifting of the separation plate 7700 off the support member 7130M. As can be seen in FIG. 16B, the openings 711000A, 711000B may include recesses in the second surface of the support member 7130M into which the retaining member 711006 and the retaining member 711005 are recessed. In other embodiments, the openings 711000A, 711000B may not include a recess.

[0043] 16C, 17A and 17B, the interleaved fingers 7700F, 7501F (FIG. 14) may substantially prevent movement of the separation plate 7700, for example, in the X direction, while allowing relative movement of the separation plate 7700 and rails 7501, 7501X in the Y direction. However, the elongated openings 711000A, 711000B may allow movement of the separation plate 7700, for example, in the X direction relative to the support members 7130M and the transfer deck 130B, but not allow relative movement in the Y direction between the separation plate 7700 and the transfer deck 130B / support members 7130M. For example, a ball member may move along the length of the slot, as described above, to allow the separation member to move relative to the support members 7130M and the transfer deck 130B. In other aspects, the separation plate 7700 may be mounted such that it is fixed for linear movement within the slot (e.g., the separation plate does not move substantially along the length of the slot). In this manner, the combination of the interleaved fingers 7700F, 7501F and the elongated apertures 711000A, 711000B / ball joints provides for relative movement between the transfer deck 130B and the rails 7501, 7501X in at least both the X and Y directions.

[0044] An additional degree of freedom of movement is provided by the ball joint to allow the separation member 7700 to pivot about the ball member 711003 within the elongated openings 711000A, 711000B (commonly referred to as elongated openings 711000). With reference to Figures 17A and 17B, for example, relative movement in the Z direction between the transfer deck 130B and the rover carrying / riding surface of the lift module 150 can cause pivoting movement of the separation member 7700 about the ball joint in the direction of arrow 712000. For example, as described above, the ball member 711003 allows the separation member 7700 to pivot relative to the support member 7130M (and the transfer deck 130B). When the transfer deck 130B and the rover carrying / riding surfaces of the lift module 150 move relative to one another in the Z direction such that the running surfaces 7501S of the rover rails 7501, 7501X (FIG. 10) are positioned above the transfer deck running surfaces, the separation plate 7700 contacts the fingers 7501F, pivoting the separation member fingers 7700F (and the separation plate as a whole) upwards, as shown in FIG. 17A. When the transfer deck 130B and the rover carrying / riding surfaces of the lift module 150 move relative to one another in the Z direction such that the running surfaces 7501S of the rover rails 7501, 7501X (FIG. 10) are positioned below the transfer deck riding surfaces, for example, the cantilever weight of the separation plate 7700 pivots the separation plate downwards, as shown in FIG. 17B. It should be noted that the ball joint between the separation member 7700 and the support member 7130M also allows for substantially pure Z-axis motion when a space SPC is provided between the closure member 711005 and the surface 711000S of the elongated opening 711000. It should be noted that the support member 712030 may be secured to the rail 7501, 7501X below the finger 7501F (e.g., in combination with alternating fingers) to at least substantially prevent deflection of the one or more fingers 7501F and the separation plate 7700 when the rover 110 travels on the rover riding surface formed by the corresponding joints. In other embodiments, the rail 7501, 7501X may not include the support member 712030.

[0045] 18, one or more lead-ins or guides 713000A, 713000B may be secured to rails 7501, 7501X of the lift module 150 at the proximal ends of the guides 713000A, 713000B in any suitable manner to guide the row bar 110 to the lift module 150. The guides 713000A, 713000B may form a funnel-shaped passageway that is narrower at the rails 7501, 7501X than at the mouth of the passageway (e.g., at the distal ends of the guides 713000A, 713000B). In other embodiments, each guide 713000A, 713000B may have a single, integral, or unitary structure, while in other embodiments, each guide may be comprised of multiple pieces secured together in any suitable manner, such as by welding or via mechanical or chemical fasteners. Each guide can be positioned above the rover carrying / riding surface of the transfer deck 130B such that the guides 713000A, 713000B can move with the lift module rails 7501, 7501X relative to the transfer deck 130B without substantial contact with the transfer deck.

[0046] 1, 12 and 19A-19C, the lift module 150 may include a rover charging station 714000 secured to rails 7501, 7501X and / or vertical supports / columns 7510 of the lift module, such that the charging station 714000 moves with the lift module 150, for example, during a seismic event. In other embodiments, the charging station 714000 may be located in any suitable location within the automated storage and retrieval system. Suitable examples of rover charging stations are shown below and are also described, for example, in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13 / 326,823, filed Dec. 15, 2011, entitled “AUTONOMOUS TRANSPORT VEHICLE CHARGING SYSTEM,” U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61 / 798,282, filed Mar. 15, 2013, entitled “ROVER CHARGER SYSTEM” (now U.S. Patent Application No. 14 / 209,086, filed Mar. 13, 2014, having Attorney Docket No. 1127P014911-US(PAR)), and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 14 / 209,086, filed Mar. 13, 2014, having Attorney Docket No. 1127P014911-US(PAR) and entitled “AUTOMATED STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM STRUCTURE.” No. 61 / 780,363, entitled "A CHARGING STRUCTURE" (now U.S. Patent Application 14 / 209,209, filed March 13, 2014, with Attorney Docket No. 1127P014870-US(PAR)), the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. The charging station 714000 may include a charging pad 714000P including contacts or corresponding contacts 714001A, 714001B (commonly referred to as corresponding contacts 714001). The corresponding contacts 714001A, 714001B may interface with rover charging contacts 714003A, 714003B (commonly referred to as rover charging contacts 714003) to charge the rover 110. As can be seen, the rover 110 rests on rails 7501, 7501X of the lift module 150 and can move during, for example, a seismic event.The corresponding contacts 714001A, 714001B of the charging station 714000 can be configured to maintain contact with the rover charging contacts 714003A, 714001B during movement of the rover 110 relative to the charging station 714000. As seen in FIGS. 19A, 19B, each corresponding contact 714001 may be disposed at least partially within a recess in the charging pad 714000P. The corresponding contacts 714001 may include a contact portion 714010 and a shaft portion 714011 connected to the contact portion 714010. The shaft portion 714011 may be pivotally mounted to the charging pad 714000P in any suitable manner such that the contact portion 714010 moves in the direction of the arrow 714020. A resilient or biasing member 714012 is disposed between the surface 714000S and, for example, the contact 714010 (or any other suitable portion of the corresponding contact 714001) to bias the contact away from the surface 714000S. When the rover 110 is driven on the charging station 714000, the rover charging contact 714003 presses the contact 714010 of the corresponding contact 714001 towards the surface 714000S, thereby causing the biasing member 714012 to press the contact 714010 against the rover charging contact 714003. The distance the contact portion 714010 is pressed is such that the upward travel of the contact portion 714010 during movement of the rover relative to the rails 7501, 7501X throughout the seismic event is sufficient to allow the contact portion 714010 to maintain contact with the rover charging contacts 714003. As can be seen in Figures 19 and 19B, the rover charging contacts 714003, 714003' can have any suitable shape and / or configuration to allow for unconstrained contact when interfacing with the corresponding contacts 714001.

[0047] Referring again to FIG. 1, the autonomous rover 110 may require charging, for example, before use, during operation, and / or after an extended idle time. According to aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the storage and retrieval system 100 includes a charging system 130C for charging the power sources (see, for example, power sources 8482, 8522, 8622, 8722 in FIGS. 22A and 23-25) of the autonomous rover 110, 8416, 8516, 8616, 8716 at any suitable time. The charging facility may be located at any suitable location within the storage and retrieval system 100, such as, for example, one or more input and output vertical lifts 150A, 150B, the level of the storage rack module, the storage or sorting aisle 130A, the transfer deck 130B, or at any point where material is transported to or from the autonomous rover 110, or any other suitable location of the storage and retrieval system 100 where the autonomous rover may be located.

[0048] 20 illustrates an example block diagram of a charging system 8200 in accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiment. The charging system 8200 may be substantially similar to the charging system 130C. The charging system 8200 generally includes an alternating current (AC) power distribution system 8210, at least one charging power source 8220, and a charging location 8230.

[0049] The AC power distribution system 8210 can supply alternating current to one or more charging power sources 8220 and can provide sufficient power to allow all charging power sources 8200 in the charging system 8200 to operate simultaneously at full power. The AC power distribution system 8210 can include a main disconnect switch 8212 and AC overload and short circuit protection circuitry 8214. Separate AC overload and short circuit protection circuitry can be provided for each charging power source 8220 to provide fault isolation so that a faulted charging power source does not affect the operation of the other charging power sources. The alternating current can be supplied at any suitable amperage or voltage level. For example, the current can be supplied at 480, 400, 240, 230, 220, or 208 volts, 50 or 60 Hz, in a three-phase delta or wye configuration, at any suitable amperage. 20 illustrates a delta configuration and a four-wire L1, L2, L3, protective earth (PE) connection, it should be understood that aspects of the disclosed embodiment may utilize any suitable configuration, such as, for example, a wye configuration, with a neutral L1, L2, L3, N, PE connection. Alternating current may also be supplied to any suitable location within the storage and retrieval system 100.

[0050] At least one charging power source 8220 may include a communication port 8222, one or more charging modules 8224, 8226, and at least one set of contactors 8228A, 8228B. The communication port 222 may generally provide communication between the control server 120 (FIG. 1) and the charging power source 8220 over any suitable network, such as the network 180, to enable service programming, control, and monitoring of the charging modules 8224, 8226 and the contactors 8228A, 8228B. The communication port 8222 may operate to report any suitable information related to the charging modules 8224, 8226, such as, for example, an alarm status, an enabled or disabled status, a status of the contactors 8228A, 8228B, a temperature, an output current or voltage, a limit voltage or current, and / or a software version.

[0051] The communication port 8222 can operate to receive commands such as, for example, commands to enable and disable the output of the charging module, to switch the output of the charging module between constant current, constant voltage, or constant power, to change the limit current and voltage, to update software and calibration data, and / or to open or close the contactors 8228A, 8228B. The communication port 8222 can also enable faults of the charging modules 8224, 8226 to be reported, for example, undervoltage, overvoltage, overcurrent, overtemperature, unresponsiveness.

[0052] The communication port 8222 may be wired and / or wireless and may use any suitable communication technology or protocol. According to aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the communication port 8222 may be a network-enabled power supply manager having an Internet Protocol (IP) address on the network 180 (FIG. 1) and having a dedicated bus for communicating with the charging modules 8224, 8226.

[0053] The charging modules 8224, 8226 can operate alone, although two charging modules can be grouped together in the charging power source 8220 to generate a combined output. The combined output of the charging modules 8224, 8226 can be used to power one or more charging locations 8230. As can be appreciated, while two charging locations 8230 are shown in FIG. 20 with respect to the charging modules 8224, 8226, it should be understood that any suitable number of charging modules 8224, 8226 can be connected to the power modules 8224, 8226 in any suitable manner. Also, as can be appreciated, each charging power source 8220 can have any suitable number of charging modules 8224, 8226, 8224A, 8226A that can be combined to generate a combined output. For example, in one embodiment, the charging modules 8224, 8226 may have a combined output, and the charging modules 8224A, 8226A may have a combined output. In other embodiments, the charging modules 8224, 8226, 8224A, 8226A may have a combined output, while in still other embodiments, two or more charging modules 8224, 8226, 8224A, 8226A may be combined in any suitable manner to generate a combined output. Each charging location 8230 may have a dedicated contactor 8228A, 8228B. The charging modules 8224, 8226 (and other charging modules described herein) may be configured such that in the event of a failure of one charging module 8224, 8226, the other charging module 8224, 8226 can supply current to one or more charging locations 8230. According to some aspects, the remaining charging modules 8224, 8226 can deliver a reduced amount of current to the charging location 8230. In one aspect, the charging power source 8220 (and other charging power sources described herein) can be controlled in any suitable manner such that power output by the charging power source 8220 can be allocated to the respective charging locations 8230 according to the charge level of the autonomous rover 110 associated with each charging location.For example, and referring again to Figures 31 and 32, charging locations 8230A, 8230B, 8230C may be connected to a charging power source 8220, and Rovers 110A, 110B, 110C may be provided with or otherwise disposed at the respective charging locations 8230A, 8230B, 8230C (Figure 32, block 81400). For purposes of illustration only, Rover 110A may have the lowest charge level of Rovers 110A, 110B, 110C. Rover 110C may have the highest charge level, and Rover 110B may have a charge level between the charge levels of Rovers 110A and 110C. In one aspect, all or a majority (or any other suitable portion) of the power output from the charging power source 8220 can be allocated to the autonomous rover with the smallest charge (e.g., Rover 110A) (FIG. 32, block 81401) up to the point at one of the respective charging locations where the charge of the autonomous rover 110A is approximately equal to the charge of another autonomous rover (e.g., Rover 110B with the next smallest charge) (FIG. 32, block 81402). When the charge level of Rover 110A becomes approximately the same as the charge level of Rover 110B, the autonomous Rovers 110A, 110B receive all or most (or any other suitable portion) of the power output from the charging power source 8220 (FIG. 32, block 81401) until the charge level becomes approximately equal to the charge level of another autonomous Rover (e.g., Rover 110C, having the next least amount of charge) at one of its respective charging locations (81402 in FIG. 32) (e.g., continuing in a loop of FIG. 32, blocks 81401, 81402) until charging of the Rover is completed (FIG. 32, block 81403). If all Rovers 110A, 110B, 110C at the charging locations 8230A, 8230B, 8230C are approximately the same (e.g., have approximately the same charge level), the power supply 8220 can supply power to each of the Rovers 110A, 110B, 110C until charging is complete (FIG. 32, block 81403) or until some other predetermined criterion is met (e.g., a predetermined charge rate of the Rover, a command for the Rover to leave the charging location, or any other suitable criterion).

[0054] Each charging module 8224, 8226 (as well as other charging modules described herein) may be “hot pluggable,” meaning that each charging module 8224, 8226 can be replaced without power cycling the charging module 8224, 8226 being replaced and / or without power cycling the charging power source in which the charging module 8224, 8226 is located. “Hot pluggable” replacement of a charging module 8224, 8226 can be performed while the charging location 8230 is active without affecting the operation of any other charging module. Each charging module 8224, 8226 is capable of switching between constant current, constant voltage, or constant power output modes. In one aspect, switching between different output modes can be controlled in any suitable manner, such as by commands received from the communication port 8222. In another aspect, switching between different output modes may be performed automatically by the charging module. In yet other embodiments, switching between different output modes can be controlled by the rover 110 and / or the control server 120.

[0055] The charging system 8200 can include any number of charging power sources 8220. The charging power source 8220 can include any number of charging modules 8224, 8226 and can supply any number of charging locations 8230 on any number of storage levels. For example, the charging power source 8220 can include two charging modules 8224, 8226 and can power four charging locations 8230 located on each of two levels with two charging locations operated by a vertical lift 150A or 150B. For example, referring to FIG. 20, the charging locations 8230A, 8230B can be located on level 130L1 of the storage structure 130, while the charging locations 8230B, 8230C can be located on level 130L2 of the storage structure 130.

[0056] The charging modules 8224, 8226 can be configured to have outputs that are enabled (e.g., charging contacts 8816, 8818 are connected to the charging modules 8224, 8226) when the autonomous rover 110 approaches and de-accesses the charging contacts 8816, 8188 (which may be substantially similar to those described herein) of the charging pads 8810 (FIG. 26A) located at each charging location 8230 to maximize the charging duty cycle and minimize charging delays. The charging power source 8220 can have several different operating modes, including, for example, an operating mode in which all contactors 8228A, 8228B are disabled, an operating mode in which all contactors 8228A, 8228B are enabled, and / or an operating mode in which a single or one or more contactors 8228A, 8228B are disabled. Upon power up, the charging power source 8220 may be initialized with the contactors 8228A, 8228B disabled and open. The communication port 8222 may enable the contactors 8228A, 8228B after receiving a command from the charging system health monitoring function system software or, for example, the control server 120. Each contactor 8228A, 8228B may have respective auxiliary contacts 8229A, 8229B that may be monitored to determine the status of the respective contactors 8228A, 8228B. During normal operation, the contactors 8228A, 8228B may be closed to apply voltage to the charging pad 8810 of the charging location 8230. The closed state of the contactors 8228A, 8228B may be confirmed by monitoring the auxiliary contacts 8229A, 8229B. For maintenance access, a single contactor, e.g., 8228A, 8228B, can be disabled so that no current flows through the associated charging location 8230. This can be verified in any suitable manner, such as by monitoring the auxiliary contacts 8229A, 8229B.As can be understood and as described above, each charging power source can have any suitable number of contactors 8228A, 8228B connected to any suitable number of charging locations 8230, whereby any one or more of the contactors 8228A, 8228B can be disabled to provide maintenance access to any suitable number of charging locations 8230.

[0057] According to some embodiments, the charging modules 8224, 8226 can be configured to charge any suitable power source, such as power sources 8482, 8522, 8622, 8722 (FIGS. 22A and 23-25) disposed on the autonomous rover, including a battery pack and / or a capacitor-based power source, such as an ultracapacitor bank, for example, including one or more ultracapacitors. Note that while power sources 8482, 8522, 8622, 8722 are shown as ultracapacitors, in other embodiments the power source may be any suitable power source.

[0058] FIG. 21 illustrates a schematic diagram of an exemplary charging station 8300 according to aspects of the disclosed embodiment. The charging station 8300 may be located in any suitable location of the storage and retrieval system 100. In one aspect, the charging station 8300 may include an internal power source 8305, a communication port 8310, two charging power sources 8315, 8320, and four contactors 8332, 8334, 8336, 8338, each providing charging facilities to a charging pad 8810 (FIG. 26A) located at a charging location that may be located at a different level 8352, 8354, 8356, 8358, respectively, of the storage structure 130. In other aspects, the charging station 8300 may have any suitable configuration.

[0059] In this exemplary embodiment, the communication port 8310 may be implemented as a dual Ethernet gateway (e.g., having two Ethernet gateways 8340, 8342) having at least one power management bus 8344, 8346 that may control one or more charging modules 8360, 8362, 8364, 8366. Each Ethernet gateway 8340, 8342 may have any suitable configuration and may include a media access control (MAC) address chip and an assigned IP address on the network 180 (FIG. 1). As a result, each charging power source 8315, 8320 may have an Ethernet address or may be identified on the network 180 in any suitable manner. In one embodiment, there may be two power management buses 8344, 8346 (although in other embodiments, any suitable number of power management buses may be provided), which may, for example, conform to the Power Management Bus (PMBus) standard. Each power management bus 8344, 8346 may control any suitable number of charging modules 8360, 8362. In this example, the power management bus 8344 can be connected to the charging modules 8360, 8362, and the power management bus 8346 can be connected to the charging modules 8364, 8366.

[0060] Each charging power source 8315, 8320 may comprise one or more charging modules 8360, 8362, 8364, 8366, generally similar to those described above, grouped together, e.g., in pairs, each pair providing an assigned output. In other aspects, one or more charging modules may be grouped together in any suitable manner. Each charging module 8360, 8362, 8364, 8366 may be hot-pluggable, as described above, and may be switchable between constant current, constant voltage, and constant power output modes, as described above and as controlled by commands from the communication port 8310, automatically by the respective charging module, as controlled by the rover 110, or as controlled by the control server 120.

[0061] FIG. 22A is a schematic diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a charging system 8400 for charging a rover power supply 8482 according to aspects of the disclosed embodiment. The charging system 8400 includes an AC power distribution system 8210, one or more charging stations 8410, an intermediate DC bus 8412, and a charging interface 8414 connected to a charging pad 8450 (similar to the charging pad 8810 in FIG. 26A) having contacts 8816, 8818 that interface with an autonomous rover 8416 (which may be substantially similar to the rover 110 described above). The charging interface 8414 may include, for example, a floor-mounted charging pad 8450 and a rover-mounted charging pad 8452 (similar to the charging pad 8820 in FIG. 26A) having charging contacts 8816, 8818 (FIG. 26A). The charging pads 8450, 8452 may interface or engage with each other in any suitable manner as described below in connection with FIGS. 26A, 26B. In some embodiments, the voltage present on the intermediate DC bus 8412, and therefore the voltage present on the charging contacts 8816, 8818, may be considered an especially low voltage and may require little, and in some embodiments, no, protection against electric shock.

[0062] The charging station 8410 may include any suitable number of charging modules 8440, 8442 (substantially similar to the charging modules described above), typically arranged in groups of two (or any suitable number of groups of charging modules) with a combined output for providing power to one or more autonomous rovers 8416. Any number of groups of charging modules with a combined output for providing power may be referred to as a charging power source (e.g., see charging power sources 8220, 8315, 8320 described above).

[0063] The rover 8416 may include what is referred to as a “hot swap” circuit 8418 or other suitable protection circuitry configured to allow the rover 8416 to connect to a powered or otherwise enabled charging pad 8450 (e.g., “hot swap” refers to the ability of an autonomous rover to make and break contacts, such as those between the charging pad contacts 8816, 8818 and the rover charging contacts 8826, 8828 of the interface 8414 while the charging pad 8450 is powered; see FIGS. 26A and 26B). As shown in FIG. 22B, the hot swap circuitry 8418 may include a current inrush limitation circuitry 8422, a reverse protection circuitry 8424, and a charging control circuitry 8426. The inrush current limitation, charging control, and reverse protection circuitry may be implemented in any suitable manner, such as under the control of the autonomous rover controller 8420. The reverse protection circuit 8424 may be implemented, for example, using one or more field effect transistors (FETs), or by any other suitable method. The autonomous rover controller 8420 can provide commands to the hot swap circuit 8418, for example, to set an inrush current limit and / or enable or disable charging of the rover. As a result, turning on or off charging of the rover is controlled in each rover 8416, such that a control loop with the charging station 8410 or the control server 120 is not required (e.g., enabling or disabling charging of the rover is controlled by the rover 8416 independently of the charging station 8410 and the control server 120).

[0064] As shown in Figure 22C, the autonomous rover control device 8420 can include a processor 8430, a memory 8432, and a communication interface 8434. The communication interface 8434 can generally provide communication between the control server 120 (Figure 1) and the autonomous rover 8416 to at least control the rover operation, provide information regarding the power source and charging module, and / or control the operation of the power source and charging module.

[0065] It should be noted that each charging module 8440, 8442 in the charging system 8400 may be configured to switch between constant current, constant voltage, and / or constant power output modes in a manner generally similar to that described above. As described above, in one embodiment, switching between different output modes may be controlled in any suitable manner, such as by commands received from the communication port 8222. In another embodiment, switching between different output modes may be performed automatically by the charging module. In yet other embodiments, switching between different output modes may be controlled by the rover 110 and / or the control server 120.

[0066] It should also be noted that, for example, entry of an autonomous rover 110, 8416 into a charging location 8230 including a charging interface 8414 is decoupled or independent from the state of the charging station 8410, from the state of the charging location, and / or from the state of the charging interface 8414. The autonomous rover controller 8420 can control the hot-swap circuit 8418 and the output of the charging station 8410 to perform charging of the autonomous rover power supply, regardless of or otherwise independent of the state of the charging station 8410, the charging location 8230 state, or the state of the charging interface 8414, before and / or after contact is made between the charging contacts 8816, 8818 (FIG. 26A) of the rover 110, 8416 and the charging contacts 8826, 8828 (FIG. 26B) of the charging interface 8414 (e.g., when the rover 110, 8416 approaches and leaves the charging interface 8414). In at least one aspect of the disclosed embodiment, the output of a charging power source such as the charging power source 8220, 8315, 8320 is enabled when the rover 110, 8416 approaches and leaves the charging contacts 8826, 8828 of the charging pad 8450 of the charging interface 8414. The autonomous rover controller 8420 can also control the output of the charging station 8410 to change the state of the charging interface 8414 between safe and unsafe (e.g., unpowered and powered, respectively) and perform hot swap entry and departure of the autonomous rover 110, 8416 to the charging location 8230.

[0067] As mentioned above, the charging location 8230 can be located at any suitable location in the storage and retrieval system 100 where materials are transferred to and from the autonomous rover 110, or at any other suitable location where the autonomous rover 110 may be located. It should be understood that charging of the autonomous rover 110 may occur while the autonomous rover 110 is transferring materials to or from the autonomous rover 110. It should also be understood that rover entry to a material transfer location, such as the location of the lifts 150A, 150B, or any other suitable transfer location in the sorting aisle, and simultaneous charging under rover control are independent of communication between the control server 120 and the rover communication interface 8434 (e.g., independent of the control server's commands). It should further be understood that the autonomous rover 110 does not require a clear from the control server 120 or other system components to perform a charging operation or for entry to the charging pad, unless entry to the charging pad is blocked, for example, by another rover.

[0068] 23 is a schematic diagram of another exemplary embodiment of a charging system 8500 according to aspects of the disclosed embodiment. The charging system 8500 includes an AC power distribution system 8210, at least one DC power source 8510, an intermediate DC bus 8512, and at least one charging interface 8514 (substantially similar to that described above) with a charging pad 8550 (substantially similar to the charging pad 8450 described above) having contacts 8816, 8818 (FIG. 26A) for interfacing with an autonomous rover 8516 (substantially similar to the rover 110, 8416 described above). The charging interface 8514 may include, for example, a floor-mounted charging pad 8550, and a rover-mounted charging pad 8552 (substantially similar to the rover-mounted charging pad 8452 described above).

[0069] According to some embodiments, the autonomous rover 8516 may include a hot swap circuit 8518 (substantially similar to that described above) and a charging power supply 8520 for charging the power supply 8522. According to other embodiments, the voltage present on the intermediate DC bus 8512 may be considered a high voltage, and all components used on the intermediate DC bus and connected to the DC bus voltage, or components that may be connected to the DC bus voltage in the case of a single fault, must be made finger-safe, for example, protected from finger contact or solid foreign objects using an insulating barrier that typically has an opening of 12 millimeters or less. In some embodiments, this may include a charging pad 8550 configured to be finger-safe in any suitable manner.

[0070] The hot swap circuit 8518 may include an inrush current limiting circuit 8524, a reverse protection circuit 8526, and a charging control circuit 8528, similar to the hot swap circuit 8418 (FIG. 22). The hot swap circuit 8518 may be under the control of the autonomous rover controller 8530. According to some aspects, the autonomous rover 8516 includes a rover power supply 8520. The rover power supply 8520 may be similar to the power supply 8220 and may be capable of switching between constant current, constant voltage, and constant power output modes. Switching of the charging power supply 8520 between different output modes may be controlled by commands received from the autonomous rover controller 8530, may be performed automatically by the rover charging power supply 8520, and / or may be controlled by the control server 120. According to at least one aspect of the disclosed embodiment, the output of the charging power supply 8520 is enabled when the rover accesses and deaccesses the charging contacts in a manner substantially similar to that described above.

[0071] FIG. 24 is a schematic diagram of another exemplary embodiment of a charging system 8600 according to aspects of the disclosed embodiment. The charging system 8600 includes an AC power distribution system 8210, an intermediate AC bus 8612, and at least one charging interface 8614 (which may be substantially similar to those described above) with a charging pad 8650 (which may be substantially similar to those described above) having any suitable number of contacts substantially similar to contacts 8816, 8818 (FIG. 26A) for interfacing with an autonomous rover 8616 (which may be substantially similar to those described above). The charging interface 8614 may include, for example, a floor mounted charging pad 8650, and a rover mounted charging pad 8652 (which may be substantially similar to the rover mounted charging pad described above). As with the aspect shown in FIG. 23, the voltage present on the intermediate AC bus 8612 may be considered a high voltage, and all components used on the intermediate AC bus and connected to the AC bus voltage, or components that may be connected to the AC bus voltage in the event of a single fault, must be finger safe.

[0072] According to some embodiments, the number of contacts in the charging interface 8614 can be determined by the type of AC power provided by the intermediate AC bus 8612. For example, a delta configuration with four wires L1, L2, L3, and PE connections may have three contacts as shown in FIG. 24, or a wye configuration with neutral L1, L2, L3, N, and PE connections may have four contacts.

[0073] According to other aspects, the autonomous rover 8616 may include a rectifier and hot swap circuit 8618, and a charging power supply 8620 for charging the power supply 8622. The rectifier and hot swap circuit 8618 may include a circuit 8624 for rectifying power received from the intermediate AC bus 8612, an inrush current limiting circuit 8626, a reverse protection circuit 8628, and a charging control circuit 8630.

[0074] The rectifier and hot swap circuit 8618 can operate under the control of the autonomous rover controller 8632, or in any other suitable manner. Similar to the embodiment shown in FIG. 23, the autonomous rover 8616 includes a rover charging power supply 8620 (which may be substantially similar to that described above) that may be switchable between constant current, constant voltage, and / or constant power output modes controlled by the autonomous rover controller 8632 and / or the control server 120. In at least one aspect of the disclosed embodiment, the output of the charging power supply 8620 is enabled when the rover approaches and moves away from the charging contacts of the charging pad 8650 in a manner substantially similar to that described above.

[0075] Another exemplary implementation of a charging system 8700 according to aspects of the disclosed embodiment is shown in FIG. 25. This exemplary charging system 8700 includes an AC power distribution system 8210, at least one DC power source 8710, an intermediate DC bus 8712, a hot swap circuit 8714, and at least one charging interface 8718 with a charging pad 8750 having contacts 8816, 8818 (FIG. 26A) for interfacing with an autonomous rover 8716 (which may be substantially similar to that described above). The charging interface 8718 may include, for example, a floor mounted pad 8750 and a rover mounted charging pad 8752 (which may be substantially similar to that described above).

[0076] The DC power supply 8710 may be substantially similar to that described above and may be switchable between constant current, constant voltage, and / or constant power output modes in a similar manner to that described above. Switching between different output modes may be automatic, controlled by commands received from a controller of the autonomous Rover 8716, and / or controlled by the control server 120 in a similar manner to that described above. In some aspects of the disclosed embodiments, the output of the DC power supply 8710 is enabled when the Rover 8716 approaches and moves away from the charging contacts of the charging pad 8750 in a manner substantially similar to that described above.

[0077] According to some aspects, the voltage present on the intermediate DC bus 8712 may be considered a high voltage and all components used for the intermediate DC bus and connected to the DC bus voltage, or elements that may connect to the DC bus voltage in the event of a single fault, must be finger safe. In other aspects, the voltage present on the intermediate DC bus 8712 may be considered an extra low voltage and may require less protection against shock.

[0078] Exemplary embodiments of the components of the charging interface 8414, 8514, 8614, 8718 are shown in FIGS. 26A and 26B. FIG. 26A shows an example of a floor-mounted charging pad 8810. The floor-mounted charging pad 8810 can include a base 8812 that can be attached to the floor of the storage structure 130 or wherever the charging location 8230 is located. A movable cover 8814 can be provided that can be biased in the direction of the arrow 8899A in a closed position, and the movable cover 8814 is disposed over the contacts 8816, 8818 of the charging pad 8810. In another embodiment, no cover may be provided over the charging pad 8810. According to some embodiments, the contacts 8816 that can be connected to the negative DC voltage of the respective power source may have a longer length than the contacts 8818 that can be connected to the positive DC voltage of the respective power source to facilitate the negative contacts 816 being engaged both first and last when the rover enters and leaves the charging pad 8810. An exemplary rover mounted charging pad 8820 is shown in FIG. 26B. The rover mounted charging pad 8820 may include, for example, rover charging contacts 8826, 8828 attached to an underside 8830 of the rover mounted charging pad 8820. The rover mounted charging pad 8820 may be attached, for example, to the underside of an autonomous rover to establish an engagement relationship with the floor mounted charging pad 8810. In some embodiments, the rover mounted charging pad 8820 may be mounted with a cover pusher 8822 or other suitable member for moving the cover 8814 in a direction 8899B as the rover moves relative to the floor mounted charging pad 8810 to expose the contacts 8816, 8818 of the floor mounted charging pad 8810 and make an electrical connection between the charging pads 8810, 8820. In other embodiments, a cover pusher may not be provided. As can be seen, when the row bar disengages from the floor mounted charging pad, relative movement between the row bar (e.g., cover pusher 8822) and the floor mounted charging pad 8810 causes the biasing force on the cover 8841 to move the cover 8841 in the direction of arrow 8899A such that the contacts 8816, 8818 are covered.In yet other embodiments, the hot swap circuitry 8418, 8518, or the rectifier and hot swap circuitry 8618 can be mounted on the top side 8824 of the rover mounted charging pad 8820.

[0079] As described above, the autonomous rover controller 8420, 8530, 8632 can control the charging of its on-board power supply and / or the charging modules in each charging power supply. According to some aspects, the autonomous rover controller 8420, 8530, 8632 can be configured to perform different charging modes for the autonomous rover power supplies described above, such as power supplies 8482, 8522, 8622, 8722, for example. It should be understood that the specific voltage and current levels described above are exemplary and may vary, for example, depending on the condition of the power supply being charged and the time available for charging. The charging modes may include a pre-charge mode, a forced charge mode, a charging enabled and disabled mode, a full charge, a fast charge and an incomplete charge mode, and a trickle charge mode. According to some aspects, all modes other than the pre-charge mode may require the autonomous rover controller 8420, 8530, 8632 to be active.

[0080] It should also be understood that when two or more autonomous rovers are being charged simultaneously (as described above), in some embodiments all or most of the current may be supplied to the rover with the lowest power supply voltage until the power supply voltage rises to that of the rover with the next lowest power supply voltage, at which point current is shared between the charging rovers.

[0081] The pre-charge mode may be used for a power supply that is completely depleted after shipment, for example with shorted power terminals. The pre-charge mode may provide a constant current at any suitable amperage, for example about 5 A, while the power supply voltage increases to any suitable predetermined voltage, such as from about 0 V to about 18 V.

[0082] The forced charge mode can be initiated when the output of the power supply exceeds any suitable voltage, such as, for example, about 14 V. In the forced charge mode, charging can be initiated at any suitable full constant current, such as, for example, about 110 A or any other suitable current.

[0083] The charge disable mode may be activated when the rover power supply voltage is within normal operating range and when the autonomous rover controller determines that charging is not required. In other aspects, the charge disable mode may be activated at any suitable time.

[0084] The charge enable mode may be activated when the rover power supply voltage is within normal operating range and when charging is required as determined by the autonomous rover controller. In another aspect, the charge enable mode may be activated at any suitable time.

[0085] The autonomous rover controller can activate a full charge mode at a constant voltage to fully charge the rover power supply to a predetermined value, for example, about 99.3% of a predetermined full charge value (to account for the power supply voltage minus diode voltage drop). In another aspect, the full charge mode can be activated at any suitable time.

[0086] The fast charge mode is activated when a constant voltage charge is followed by a constant current charge, but charging is terminated before a full charge state is achieved. This mode can provide a charge level sufficient to allow the rover to complete at least one task assigned to the rover. The fast charge mode can be activated at any suitable time.

[0087] The autonomous rover controller can activate the incomplete charging mode when the rover is only required to complete a given assigned task. In this mode, charging may be terminated before completion when the energy level required to perform the assigned task is reached. The energy available for the assigned task may be estimated from the charging voltage or determined in any other suitable manner.

[0088] At any appropriate time, the autonomous rover controller can activate a trickle charge mode in which the rover's power supply is charged at a relatively low current for an extended period of time.

[0089] FIG. 27 illustrates an exemplary process among the different charging modes. Referring to item 8910, when the rover power supply voltage is below any suitable predetermined threshold, e.g., about 14-18V, the voltage of the charging power supply may be detected in any suitable manner, such as by a sensor or meter in the charging power supply, by the control server 120, and / or by the rover's controller, as shown in item 8912. When the voltage of the charging power supply exceeds any suitable predetermined voltage, e.g., 30V, the rover may enter a pre-charge mode 8914 providing, e.g., any suitable constant current, e.g., about 5A, between any suitable voltage levels, such as about 0V and 18V. The pre-charge mode may be exited when the rover power supply reaches a predetermined voltage, e.g., about 18V, or when a forced charge mode is activated, as shown in item 8916.

[0090] The forced charge mode 8916 may be initiated during the pre-charge mode when the output of the power supply reaches an appropriate voltage, e.g., about 14V to 18V. In the forced charge mode, charging may be initiated at full current or at any appropriate current, e.g., about 110A. The forced charge mode 8916 may be terminated after the Rover software runs, as shown in item 8918, and a bit is set in a register in the autonomous Rover controller, as shown as item 8922 and described below.

[0091] When the Rover software is operational and the power supply voltage is within normal operating range (e.g., approximately 25V to 46.3V, or any other suitable voltage range), charging can be disabled under the control of the software running on the Rover by setting a bit in a Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD) register in the autonomous Rover controller or any other suitable location in the controller, as shown in item 8922. As shown in item 8920, charging can be stopped within any suitable period, for example, within about 1 millisecond (which can be more or less than 1 millisecond), and the Rover can move upon instruction from the control server after seeing the bit set in the register. After charging is disabled, the Rover can leave the charging location without risk of bouncing or damaging pad contacts due to arcing.

[0092] FIG. 28 is a schematic diagram of a control system 81000 for controlling an autonomous rover charging system according to aspects of the disclosed embodiment. The control system 81000 includes a charger monitor software 81010 that may reside in the memory of the control server 120 according to some aspects. According to another aspect, the charger monitor software 81010 can reside in the memory of an autonomous rover controller, such as the controllers 8420, 8530, 8632 described above. It should be noted that the controller / control server on which the software resides includes appropriate structure for executing the software such that the controller / control server is configured to execute or otherwise implement the functions of the software as described herein. The charging control system 81000 can provide for monitoring the status of each charging station, changing the status of the charging stations individually under software control, terminating operation of one or more charging power sources, and disconnecting power to one or more sets of charging pads to allow maintenance access to the charging location. In this example, charging stations 81020A-81020E, 81021A-81021E, 81022A-81022E, 81023A-81023B are positioned at respective lifts 81050A, 81050B, 81050C, 81050D locations, and lifts 81050A, 81050B, 81050C, 81050D are generally similar to one or more of the lifts 150A, 150B described above. In this embodiment, a single or common control system 81000 is shown for charging stations 81020A-81020E, 81021A-81021E, 81022A-81022E, and 81023A-81023B, but in other embodiments there may be multiple control systems (similar to control system 81000), each connected to any suitable number of charging stations.For example, charging stations 81020A-81020E and 81021A-81021E may be connected to one common control system, while charging stations 81022A-81022E are connected to a separate control system, and charging stations 81023A-81023E are connected to yet another control system.

[0093] As discussed above, for example, the groups of charging sources in each charging station 8220 and 8300 each have a communication port 8222, 8310, respectively, for communicating with the network 180.

[0094] The control system may also include a system health monitor mechanism (HMF) as part of the charger monitor software 81010. The HMF may correlate information from various autonomous rovers, charging sources, and charging locations to determine the status of various components of the charging system. By way of example only, any number of rovers may go to a charging source, each rover may go to several charging sources, and a set of charging pads may be used by any number of rovers. Integrating this information with any other suitable information, such as the charge level for each rover, may enable, for example, identification of charging sources requiring maintenance or calibration, accurate determination of capacity for each rover, tracking deterioration or anomalies in the charging system to make accurate charging decisions, accurate statistical estimation of the average energy per task allocated for each rover, comparison of characteristics of charging contactors, effective maintenance of the system, interrupt identification of rovers requiring maintenance, and other suitable tasks.

[0095] The HMF may include continuous monitoring of one or more autonomous rovers 110. The autonomous rovers 110 may utilize a communication interface to provide various operating parameters to the HMF, such as, for example, power supply voltage levels with time stamps, allowing the HMF to determine the average energy consumption of the rovers 110. Each rover 110 may continuously monitor its power supply voltage during charging, at any suitable time interval, such as, for example, at least about twice per second, and may disable charging and issue a warning (e.g., send any suitable message to any suitable control device, such as the system / control server 120) if the power supply voltage exceeds a predetermined value. If several rovers 110 issue the same warning for the same charging station, the station may require calibration or other maintenance. While the autonomous rover may still be able to use the charging station due to the rover's ability to detect overvoltage, the charger monitor software 81010 may disable the charging station.

[0096] The HMF may also provide a continuous monitoring function to the charger monitor software 81010. For example, the HMF may continuously inform the charger monitor software 81010 of the health of the charging system, allowing intelligent decisions as to when to enable or disable to minimize potentially harmful conditions. The HMF may collect and report health information for each charging station, including charger timeouts, trips and over-temperature events. For example, if over-temperature or trip events exceed a predetermined number at a charging location within a predetermined time, the HMF of the charger monitor software 81010 may disable charging at that location. The HMF may periodically retrieve and report any appropriate error and warning words from the charging stations, power sources, and modules. The charger monitor software 81010 response to these error and warning words may include automatically instructing the charging modules to disable output if one or more conditions are detected. During normal operation, the charger monitor software 81010 generally enables charging power output.

[0097] The charger monitor software can also determine a minimum time to charge a rover. For example, in one embodiment, the charger monitor software 81010 can provide each rover with a minimum time to charge based on the average charging time / job multiplied by a certain predetermined factor. Such a charging scheme can fully charge the rover to any suitable predetermined operating voltage, such as, for example, about 46V, can be tolerant to dead power supplies, and can substantially eliminate the use of partial charging modes. In another embodiment, the charger monitor software 81010 can calculate how much charging time is required for a rover, for example, based on at least one or more of capacity and voltage levels and routing information.

[0098] Returning to FIGS. 29 and 30, a remote charging unit 81210 may be provided to charge at least one autonomous rover 110 that needs charging and cannot reach a charging location. The remote charging unit 81210 may be sized and shaped to be transportable by maintenance personnel or another autonomous rover. In one embodiment, the remote charging unit 81210 may take the form of a backpack, a carrying case, or have any other suitable transportable configuration. In another embodiment, the remote charging unit may be a portable unit that can be attached or otherwise added to another autonomous rover 81310 (FIG. 30) for transport through a storage and retrieval system.

[0099] The remote charging unit may include any suitable energy storage unit 81212, such as a battery or a capacitor. The energy storage unit may be rechargeable so that the remote charging unit 81210 is reusable. The remote charging unit may include any suitable controller 81214. For example, the controller may provide an operator to start and stop charging and / or automatic start and stop of charging, for example, when the remote charging unit detects that it is coupled to an autonomous rover that needs charging. The remote charging unit may also include one or more connectors 81216 for transferring energy from the energy storage unit 81212 to an on-board energy source of at least one rover that needs charging. If two connectors 81216 are provided, simultaneous charging of the rovers may be performed. In one embodiment, the rover that needs charging may include a plug or other suitable connector 81218, which interfaces with the remote charging unit connector 81216 for transfer of energy. In other embodiments, such as when the remote charging unit 81210 is carried by another rover 81310, the remote charging unit may include a probe 81220 that interfaces with a connector 81218 of the rover requiring charging, the probe being aligned with a receptacle (FIG. 30) when the rover 110 and 81310 are placed adjacent to one another. The remote charging unit 81210 can be used to charge one or more rovers (e.g., individually or simultaneously) at any location within or outside the storage and retrieval structure.

[0100] According to one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the automated storage and retrieval system includes at least one autonomous rover that transports a load within the automated storage and retrieval system and includes a communicator; a multi-level storage structure, each level of the storage structure configured to enable transportation of the at least one autonomous rover; at least one registration station disposed at a predetermined position on each level of the multi-level storage structure, the at least one registration station configured to communicate with the communicator to receive at least rover identification information; and a controller in communication with the at least one registration station, the controller configured to receive at least the rover identification information, the controller configured to at least one of registering the at least one autonomous rover on a level of the storage structure corresponding to each of the at least one registration station or de-registering the at least one autonomous rover from the automated storage and retrieval system, and the controller performs guidance of the at least one autonomous rover to a predetermined rover space on the level.

[0101] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the automated storage and retrieval system further includes at least one rover transfer station configured to physically insert or remove at least one autonomous rover to and from a respective level, each of the at least one rover transfer station including a respective registration station, the registration station further configured to transmit position information corresponding to a position of the at least one rover relative to an overall automated storage and retrieval reference frame.

[0102] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the location of each of the at least one registration station within the multi-level storage structure is mapped within an overall automated storage and retrieval frame of reference.

[0103] According to one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiments, at least one registration station provides location determination for an autonomous rover substantially anywhere within the multi-level storage structure to enable an autonomous rover lacking prior location information for the autonomous rover to begin operation from a cold start.

[0104] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, at least one registration station provides location updates for registered autonomous rovers within the multi-level storage structure.

[0105] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the communicator includes one or more of a radio frequency identification chip reader and an optical code reader.

[0106] According to one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiments, the automated storage and retrieval system comprises at least one autonomous rover that transports payload within the automated storage and retrieval system and includes a communicator; a multi-level storage structure, each level of the storage structure configured to enable transportation of the at least one autonomous rover; and at least one registration station disposed at a predetermined position on each level of the multi-level storage structure relative to an overall automated storage and retrieval frame of reference, the at least one registration station configured to at least communicate with the communicator to transmit position information to the at least one rover corresponding to a position of the at least one rover relative to the overall automated storage and retrieval frame of reference for determining a position of the at least one rover upon guidance of the at least one rover into the automated storage and retrieval system.

[0107] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the automated storage and retrieval system further includes at least one rover transfer station disposed on at least one level of the storage structure, the at least one rover transfer station configured to physically insert or remove at least one autonomous rover to and from a respective level, and each of the at least one rover transfer stations including a respective registration station.

[0108] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the automated storage and retrieval system further includes a controller in communication with the at least one registration station, the controller configured to at least one of registering the at least one autonomous rover upon induction of the at least one rover into the multi-level storage structure, and de-registering the at least one autonomous rover upon retrieval of the at least one rover from the multi-level storage structure.

[0109] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiments, at least one registration station provides location determination for an autonomous rover substantially anywhere within the multi-level storage structure to enable an autonomous rover lacking prior rover location information to begin operation from a cold start.

[0110] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, at least one registration station performs location updates for registered autonomous rovers within the multi-level storage structure.

[0111] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the communicator includes one or more of a radio frequency identification chip reader and an optical code reader.

[0112] According to one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, an automatic registration system for autonomous rovers is provided, the automatic registration system comprising: a rover space having a global reference frame; at least one registration station arranged at a predetermined position in the rover space, the at least one registration station configured to communicate with each of the autonomous rovers to receive at least rover identification information; and a controller communicating with the at least one registration station, the controller configured to receive at least the rover identification information, and at least one of registering a corresponding autonomous rover at a predetermined position in the rover space corresponding to each of the at least one registration station, or deregistering the corresponding autonomous rover from the rover space, and the controller performing guidance of the corresponding autonomous rover to the rover space.

[0113] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the rover space is a multi-level storage structure and the global reference frame is a three-dimensional reference frame of the multi-level storage structure.

[0114] According to one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiments, the automatic registration system further includes at least one rover transfer station configured to physically insert or remove at least one autonomous rover into and from the rover space, each of the at least one rover transfer stations including a respective registration station, the registration station further configured to transmit position information corresponding to a position of the at least one rover relative to a global reference frame.

[0115] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the position of each of the at least one registration station within the rover space is mapped within a global reference frame.

[0116] According to one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiments, at least one registration station provides location determination for an autonomous rover substantially anywhere within the rover space to enable an autonomous rover lacking rover prior position information to begin operation from a cold start.

[0117] According to one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, at least one registration station provides updates on the location of registered autonomous rovers within the rover space.

[0118] According to one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, at least one registration station is configured to communicate with each of the autonomous rovers via one or more of a radio receiver and an optical code reader.

[0119] According to one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the automated storage and retrieval system includes at least one autonomous rover configured to transport case units; at least one modular rover space in which the at least one autonomous rover travels, each of the at least one modular rover space having at least one multi-level vertical conveyor in communication with the at least one autonomous rover and configured to at least one of load and unload case units from the modular rover space; a storage space in communication with the at least one autonomous rover and configured to hold the case units; and at least one multi-level vertical conveyor in communication with the at least one autonomous rover and configured to load and unload case units from the modular rover space. The automated storage and retrieval system includes at least one modular rover space including at least one transfer deck configured to enable passage of rover between the second level vertical conveyor and each storage space; and at least one rover module connected to the at least one transfer deck configured to at least one of introduce and remove at least one autonomous rover into and from the at least one respective modular rover space substantially independently of the introduction and removal of case units into and from the automated storage and retrieval system.

[0120] According to one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, at least one rover module is configured to either introduce at least one autonomous rover into and remove at least one each of the at least one modular rover spaces substantially independent of transport of case units by the at least one autonomous rover.

[0121] According to one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the at least one transfer deck includes at least two vertically stacked transfer decks, and the at least one rover module is configured to transport at least one autonomous rover to each of the at least two vertically stacked transfer decks.

[0122] According to one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the at least one transfer deck includes at least two vertically stacked transfer decks and is configured to transport the at least one autonomous rover between each of the at least two vertically stacked transfer decks while the at least one autonomous rover is within the automated storage and retrieval system.

[0123] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, at least one modular rover space includes at least two modular rover spaces connected to each other to form a storage array of the automated storage and retrieval system.

[0124] According to one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the at least two modular rover spaces are configured such that at least one autonomous rover passes between the at least two modular rover spaces. In one aspect, the at least one rover module passes the at least one autonomous rover between the at least two modular rover spaces.

[0125] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiments, at least one rover module includes an identification system configured to register and deregister at least one autonomous rover upon respective loading and unloading of each autonomous rover into and from the automated storage and retrieval system.

[0126] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, each transfer deck includes at least one rover platform positioned to interface with each rover module. In one aspect, the at least one rover platform includes a moveable barrier at a junction between the at least one rover platform and each rover module.

[0127] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, at least one rover module balances the loading of rover loads between storage levels of an automated storage and retrieval system.

[0128] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, at least one modular rover space is configured to isolate at least one automated rover within the automated storage and retrieval system.

[0129] According to one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, a method for balancing workload in an automated storage and retrieval system having a plurality of storage levels and at least one autonomous rover is provided, the method including providing at least one rover module in communication with each storage level, and transporting at least one autonomous rover with the at least one rover module for introducing and / or retrieving the at least one autonomous rover at a given storage level to balance rover payloads and / or balance workloads between the storage levels.

[0130] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, at least one autonomous rover is introduced into a given storage level from another one of the plurality of storage levels.

[0131] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, at least one autonomous rover is introduced into a given storage level from one or more of the exteriors of the automated storage and retrieval system.

[0132] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiments, at least one autonomous rover is removed from a given storage level and transported to another one of the plurality of storage levels using at least one rover module.

[0133] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, at least one autonomous rover is retrieved from a given storage level and transported outside of the automated storage and retrieval system using at least one rover module.

[0134] According to one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the method further includes registering and / or deregistering at least one autonomous rover upon each introduction and removal of each autonomous rover at a given storage level.

[0135] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, an automated storage and retrieval system is provided. The automated storage and retrieval system includes an autonomous rover and a multi-level rack structure. The multi-level rack structure includes columns connected by rail beams that span laterally between the columns. The rail beams define storage and transport levels and provide a riding surface for the autonomous rover. The rail beams include integral fatigue resistant rover placement openings.

[0136] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the autonomous rover includes a sensor for detecting a rover placement opening.

[0137] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the rail beam member includes a fatigue resistant connector for connecting the rail beam member to the support column.

[0138] According to one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, an automated storage and retrieval system having an autonomous rover is provided. The automated storage and retrieval system includes a first automated storage and retrieval section having respective structural dynamic characteristics and a first rover support surface along which the autonomous rover moves, a second automated storage and retrieval section having respective structural dynamic characteristics and a second rover support surface along which the autonomous rover moves, and a release interface disposed between the first rover support surface and the second rover support surface. The release interface allows relative movement between the first and second rover support surfaces and provides an interface support surface along which the autonomous rover moves, the interface support surface extending between the first and second rover support surfaces.

[0139] According to one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the release interface includes an interface portion connected to one of the first or second rover support surfaces and at least one movable plate movably connected to the other of the first or second rover support surfaces, the at least one movable plate and the interface portion configured to releasably engage with each other to provide the interface support surface. In another aspect, the interface portion includes a first finger integrally formed with one of the first or second rover support surfaces, and the at least one movable plate includes a second finger interleaved with the first finger. In yet another aspect, the first rover support surface includes a guide rail of at least one rover of the vertical lift module, and the second rover support surface includes a transfer deck surface. In yet another aspect, the interface portion includes two interface portions, and the at least one movable plate includes a movable plate that releasably engages a respective one of the two interface portions. In yet another aspect, the interface portion includes two interface portions, and the at least one movable plate includes a single movable plate that releasably engages the two interface portions. In another aspect, at least one movable plate is movably coupled to the other of the first or second row bar support surfaces with at least a two degree of freedom connection.

[0140] According to one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, an automated storage and retrieval system includes at least one vertical lift module and a transfer deck in communication with the at least one vertical lift module, a first automated storage and retrieval section includes the at least one vertical lift module, and a second automated storage and retrieval section includes the transfer deck. In another aspect, the at least one vertical lift module includes a frame, a rover guide rail, and an adjustable rail mounting bracket that couples the rover guide rail to the frame. In one aspect, the adjustable rail mounting bracket is configured to provide adjustment in three degrees of freedom. In another aspect, the at least one vertical lift module includes a rover charging station including mating contacts configured to engage an autonomous rover.

[0141] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, a structural dynamic characteristic of each of the first automated storage and retrieval sections is different from a structural dynamic characteristic of each of the second automated storage and retrieval sections.

[0142] According to one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, an automated storage and retrieval system having an autonomous rover is provided, the automated storage and retrieval system includes at least one vertical lift module having at least one riding surface along which the autonomous rover travels, a transfer deck in communication with the at least one vertical lift module and including a transfer deck surface along which the autonomous rover travels, and a release interface releasably connecting the at least one riding surface and the transfer deck surface to form an autonomous rover riding surface extending between the at least one riding surface and the transfer deck surface.

[0143] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, at least one vertical lift module includes a frame and a rail mounting bracket configured to adjustably couple at least one running surface to the frame.

[0144] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, at least one vertical lift module includes a rover charging station including corresponding contacts configured to engage an autonomous rover.

[0145] According to one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the release interface includes an interface portion connected to one of the at least one running surface or transfer deck surface and at least one movable plate movably connected to another of the at least one running surface or transfer deck surface, configured to releasably engage the at least one movable plate and the interface portion with each other to provide a riding surface for the autonomous rover. In another aspect, the interface portion includes a first finger integrally formed with the at least one running surface or transfer deck surface, and the at least one movable plate includes a second finger interleaved with the first finger. In yet another aspect, the interface portion includes two interface portions, and the at least one movable plate includes a movable plate that engages a respective one of the two interface portions. In yet another aspect, the interface portion includes two interface portions, and the at least one movable plate includes a single plate for releasably engaging the two interface portions. In another aspect, the at least one movable plate is movably coupled to another one of the at least one running surface or transfer deck surface with at least a two degree of freedom linkage.

[0146] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiments, a charging system for an autonomous rover includes a charging interface having contacts for interfacing with the autonomous rover, a rover power supply for the autonomous rover, and circuitry operated by the autonomous rover to control charging of the rover power supply.

[0147] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, when the rover approaches or moves away from the contacts, the output of the charging interface is enabled.

[0148] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the charging system includes one or more charging stations each including a charging interface, and rover entry into the charging station is separate or independent from the state of the charging station.

[0149] According to one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiments, the charging system includes a charging power supply connected to a charging interface, the charging power supply configured to switch between one or more of a constant current output mode, a constant voltage output mode, or a constant power output mode, and switching between the different output modes can be performed automatically by one or more of the charging power supply and by commands received from circuitry operated by the autonomous rover.

[0150] According to one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiments, circuitry operated by the autonomous rover is configured to control the output of the charging interface to effect charging of the rover power source independent of the charging interface state when the autonomous rover approaches or moves away from the contacts.

[0151] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiments, the charging interface is disposed at a charging location and circuitry operated by the autonomous rover is configured to cause an output of the charging interface to change between a safe state and a non-safe state to effect hot swap entry and departure of the autonomous rover to the charging location.

[0152] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the charging system of the autonomous rover is part of the storage and retrieval system.

[0153] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiments, a charging system for an autonomous rover includes one or more charging stations configured to engage an autonomous rover, each with a charging power source, and a power source for the autonomous rover, and autonomous rover entry into the charging stations is decoupled or independent from the state of the charging stations.

[0154] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, charging power output is enabled as the rover approaches or leaves each charging station.

[0155] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the charging power supply is configured to switch between one or more of a constant current output mode, a constant voltage output mode, and a constant power output mode.

[0156] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiments, switching between different output modes may be performed automatically by one or more of the charging power source or by commands received from circuitry operated by the autonomous rover.

[0157] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the charging system further includes on-board circuitry and circuitry activated by the autonomous rover, the circuitry configured to control an output of the one or more charging stations to charge the power source independent of a state of the charging station when the autonomous rover approaches or moves away from the contact.

[0158] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiments, a charging system for an autonomous rover includes a charging station having contacts configured to engage the autonomous rover, a power source for the autonomous rover, and circuitry operated by the autonomous rover, the circuitry configured to vary an output of the charging station between safe and non-safe states to effect hot-swap entry and launch of the autonomous rover relative to the charging station.

[0159] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the charging station output is enabled when the rover approaches or leaves a contact point.

[0160] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, the charging power supply is configured to switch between one or more of a constant current output mode, a constant voltage output mode, and a constant power output mode.

[0161] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiments, switching between different output modes may be performed automatically by one or more of the charging power source or by commands received from circuitry operated by the autonomous rover.

[0162] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiments, a charging system for an autonomous rover includes a system controller and a charging station having one or more charging interfaces configured to engage the autonomous rover for charging, where entry to the charging station is under the control of the autonomous rover and independent of the system controller.

[0163] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, a charging interface is output when the autonomous rover approaches or moves away from a contact.

[0164] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosed embodiment, entry into the charging station is independent of communication between the autonomous rover and the system controller.

[0165] It should be understood that the above description is merely illustrative of aspects of the disclosed embodiments. Various alternatives and modifications can be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the aspects of the disclosed embodiments. Accordingly, the aspects of the disclosed embodiments are intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the scope of the appended claims. Moreover, the mere fact that different features are recited in mutually different dependent or independent claims does not indicate that a combination of these features cannot be used to advantage. Such combinations are within the scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. 1. An automated storage and retrieval system having a plurality of storage levels and at least one autonomous rover, the automated storage and retrieval system comprising: at least one rover entry or exit station in communication with at least one storage level of said plurality of storage levels; a control device configured to insert or remove an idle autonomous rover of the at least one autonomous rover at the at least one storage level via the at least one rover entry or exit station to perform at least one of introduction and removal of the idle autonomous rover, the control device being configured to perform at least one of introduction and removal of the idle autonomous rover, and to move an autonomous rover independently and non-interferingly from other autonomous rovers of the at least one autonomous rover at the given storage level during respective introduction and removal of each autonomous rover at the given storage level; An automated storage and retrieval system comprising:

2. The automated storage and retrieval system of claim 1 , wherein the idle autonomous rover is introduced into the given storage level from one or more of another storage level of the plurality of storage levels and from outside the automated storage and retrieval system.

3. 2. The automated storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the idle autonomous rover is removed from the given storage level and transported to another of the plurality of storage levels using the at least one rover entrance or exit station, or transported outside of the automated storage and retrieval system using the at least one rover entrance or exit station, and the transport of the idle autonomous rover using the at least one rover entrance or exit station is decoupled from case unit inputs and outputs from the automated storage and retrieval system.

4. 1. A method of operating an automated storage and retrieval system having a plurality of storage levels and at least one autonomous rover, the method comprising: providing at least one rover entry or exit station in communication with at least one storage level of said plurality of storage levels; performing, with a controller, insertion or removal of an idle autonomous rover of the at least one autonomous rover at the at least one storage level via the at least one rover entry or exit station, performing at least one of the introduction and removal of the idle autonomous rover, and performing movement of the autonomous rover at the given storage level independently and non-interferingly from other autonomous rovers of the at least one autonomous rover during respective introduction and removal of each autonomous rover at the given storage level; A method comprising:

5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the idle autonomous rover is introduced into the given storage level from one or more of another storage level of the plurality of storage levels and from outside the automated storage and retrieval system.

6. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the idle autonomous rover is removed from the given storage level and transported to another storage level of the plurality of storage levels using the at least one rover entrance or exit station, or transported outside of the automated storage and retrieval system using the at least one rover entrance or exit station, and the transport of the idle autonomous rover using the at least one rover entrance or exit station is decoupled from case unit inputs and outputs from the automated storage and retrieval system.

7. 1. An auto-registration system for an autonomous rover, the auto-registration system comprising: a rover space having a global frame of reference; at least one registration station arranged at a predetermined position within the rover space, the at least one registration station configured to communicate with each of the autonomous rovers to receive at least rover identification information; a controller in communication with said at least one registration station; Equipped with An automatic registration system, wherein the control device is configured to receive at least the rover identification information from the at least one registration station, the at least one registration station is configured to perform position determination of an autonomous rover enabling cold start substantially anywhere within the rover space, and the control device performs guidance of the autonomous rover into the rover space independently and non-interferingly from other ones of the autonomous rovers.

8. The automatic registration system of claim 7 , wherein the control device registers a corresponding autonomous rover at a predetermined position within the rover space corresponding to the at least one registration station based on the rover identification information.

9. The automated registration system of claim 7 , wherein the rover space is a multi-level storage structure and the global reference frame is a three-dimensional reference frame of the multi-level storage structure.

10. 8. The automatic registration system of claim 7, further comprising at least one rover transfer station configured to physically insert or remove at least one autonomous rover into and from the rover space, the physical insertion or removal of the at least one autonomous rover into and from the rover space being decoupled from the inputs and outputs of a case unit.

11. The automatic registration system of claim 10 , wherein each of the at least one rover transfer stations includes a respective registration station, the registration station further configured to transmit position information corresponding to a position of the at least one rover relative to the global frame of reference.

12. The automatic registration system of claim 7 , wherein the position of each of said at least one registration station within said rover space is mapped within said global frame of reference.

13. The at least one registration station comprises: performing updates of the location of registered autonomous rovers within the rover space; and communicating with each of said autonomous rovers via one or more of a radio receiver and an optical code reader; 8. The automatic registration system of claim 7, configured to implement one or more of the following:

14. 1. A method for automatically registering an autonomous rover, the method comprising: providing a rover space having a global frame of reference; providing at least one registration station located at a predetermined position within said rover space, said at least one registration station configured to communicate with each of said autonomous rovers to receive at least rover identification information; receiving said at least one rover identification information from said at least one registration station using a controller in communication with said at least one registration station; Using the at least one registration station, determining a location of an autonomous rover that enables a cold start substantially anywhere within the rover space, the controller performing guidance of the autonomous rover into the rover space independently and without interference from other ones of the autonomous rovers. A method comprising:

15. The method of claim 14 , further comprising: registering, with the control device, a corresponding autonomous rover at a predetermined position within the rover space corresponding to the at least one registration station based on the rover identification information.

16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the rover space is a multi-level storage structure and the global reference frame is a three-dimensional reference frame of the multi-level storage structure.

17. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising physically inserting or removing at least one autonomous rover into and from the rover space using at least one rover transfer station, and wherein the physical insertion or removal of the at least one autonomous rover into and from the rover space is decoupled from the input and output of case units from an automated storage and removal system.

18. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein each of the at least one rover transfer stations includes a respective registration station, the method further comprising: using the registration station to transmit position information corresponding to a position of the at least one rover relative to the global frame of reference.

19. The method of claim 14 , wherein the position of each of the at least one registration station within the rover space is mapped within the global frame of reference.

20. The method further comprising: performing updates of the location of registered autonomous rovers within the rover space using the at least one registration station; and using said at least one registration station to communicate with each of said autonomous rovers via one or more of a radio receiver and an optical code reader; 15. The method of claim 14, comprising one or more of:

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