Fungal materials

Abstract

fungal material The present invention relates to a fungal material comprising a fungal biomass, a polysaccharide-based matrix, a plasticizer (e.g., a polyol and / or a latex), and an emulsifier. The present invention also relates to a method for producing said fungal material, and to uses of said fungal material.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a fungal material comprising a fungal biomass, a polysaccharide-based matrix, a plasticizer (e.g., a polyol and / or a latex), and an emulsifier. The present invention also relates to a method for producing said fungal material, and to uses of said fungal material. [Background technology]

[0002] Despite the acknowledged environmental and ethical impacts, there remains a strong reliance on animal-derived products and fossil fuels to produce everyday materials, such as leather and plastics. This reliance is due in part to the desirable properties associated with such products, making them suitable for use in a wide range of applications and industries. For example, leather has high tensile strength, is extremely flexible, durable, and water resistant. Plastics are typically low cost and have excellent durability. However, the use of animal-derived and fossil fuel-derived products incurs significant environmental and ethical costs, not only in their production but also in their disposal (e.g., many plastics are notoriously difficult to recycle).

[0003] To address the well-recognized challenges associated with animal-derived and fossil fuel-derived products, considerable research has been devoted to providing alternative materials with similar properties to these existing animal-derived and fossil fuel-derived products. Fungal biomass has been investigated as a potential alternative material due to its versatility and low environmental and ethical impacts; however, existing fungal-based materials typically cannot achieve sufficient tensile and compressive strength to be widely applicable and are hindered by high levels of water solubility and susceptibility to moisture damage.

[0004] There is an urgent unmet need for alternative materials that are sustainable, biodegradable and exhibit properties that make them suitable replacements for animal- and fossil-derived products, such as leather and plastics, which would reduce the current reliance on animal- and fossil-derived products and in turn reduce environmental impacts and ethical concerns. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The present inventors have overcome the above challenges by developing a fungal material that exhibits high tensile strength, high flexibility, and resistance to water damage. Advantageously, the fungal material of the present invention is renewable and biodegradable, making it suitable for use in a wide range of applications. In particular, the material of the present invention can be used as a leather substitute, for example in the manufacture of interior furnishings, clothing, shoes, and accessories. The material of the present invention is strong and durable, and can be used in the manufacture of products that are typically made from plastic.

[0006] The present invention provides a fungal material comprising: (a) a fungal biomass; (b) a polysaccharide-based matrix; (c) a plasticizer; (d) an emulsifier; and optionally (e) a diluent. In one embodiment, the plasticizer is a polyol. In one embodiment, the plasticizer comprises a polyol. In one embodiment, the plasticizer comprises a polyol and / or a latex. In one embodiment, the plasticizer comprises a polyol and a latex. In one embodiment, the plasticizer is a latex. In one embodiment, the plasticizer comprises a latex.

[0007] In one embodiment, the present invention provides a fungal material comprising: (a) a fungal biomass; (b) a polysaccharide-based matrix; (c) a polyol; (d) an emulsifier; and optionally (e) a diluent. In one embodiment, the fungal material comprises an oil.

[0008] In one embodiment, the fungal biomass comprises at least one of a fungal fruiting body, a fungal mat, a mycelium, and a mycelium.

[0009] In one embodiment the fungal material comprises between 10% and 50% w / w fungal biomass.

[0010] In one embodiment, the polysaccharide-based matrix is ​​selected from an agarose-based matrix, a carrageenan-based matrix, an alginate-based matrix, a cellulose-based matrix, and a chitosan-based matrix. In one embodiment, the agarose-based matrix is ​​agar. In one embodiment, the fungal material comprises between 0.2% and 8% w / w of the polysaccharide-based matrix.

[0011] In one embodiment the fungal material comprises between 0.5% and 40% w / w plasticizer.

[0012] In one embodiment the polyol is selected from glycerol, sorbitol, erythritol, xylitol, maltitol, mannitol, lactitol, polyglycitol and isomalt, In one embodiment the fungal material comprises between 0.5% and 5% w / w polyol.

[0013] In one embodiment, the fungal material comprises between 0.5% and 40% w / w latex.

[0014] In one embodiment, the emulsifier is selected from lecithin, lanolin, sodium alginate, xanthan gum, pectin, casein, whey protein, ammonium phosphatide, gum arabic, and oleylamine, In one embodiment, the fungal material comprises between 0.05% and 0.5% w / w of the emulsifier.

[0015] In one embodiment, the diluent is selected from water, a buffer, or saline.

[0016] In one embodiment the oil is selected from sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, castor oil and olive oil, In one embodiment the fungal material comprises between 0.1% and 2% w / w oil.

[0017] In one embodiment the fungal material comprises oil and emulsifier at a total concentration of between 0.15% and 2% w / w.

[0018] In one embodiment, the fungal material further comprises a support material selected from cotton, polyester, nylon, cotton, denim, and / or silk.

[0019] In one embodiment, the fungal material includes agar, glycerol, sunflower oil, and lecithin.

[0020] In one embodiment, the fungal material comprises a carrageenan-based matrix, latex, and lecithin.

[0021] In one embodiment, the fungal material comprises a colorant.In one embodiment, the fungal material comprises an odorant.

[0022] The invention also provides a method of producing a fungal material comprising: (a) combining a fungal biomass, a polysaccharide composition, a plasticizer (e.g., a polyol and / or a latex), an emulsifier, and a diluent to produce a fluid mixture, wherein the polysaccharide composition is capable of forming a polysaccharide-based matrix; and (b) solidifying the fluid mixture to produce a fungal material comprising a polysaccharide-based matrix.

[0023] In one embodiment, the method includes combining a fungal biomass, a polysaccharide composition, a plasticizer (eg, a polyol and / or a latex), an emulsifier, a diluent, and an oil.

[0024] In one embodiment, the method further comprises melting the polysaccharide composition prior to solidifying the fluid mixture, hi one embodiment, the step of melting the polysaccharide composition comprises heating the fluid mixture to a temperature above the melting temperature of the polysaccharide composition, optionally to at least 100° C., optionally for at least 10 seconds.

[0025] In one embodiment, the polysaccharide composition is in a molten form.

[0026] In one embodiment, solidifying the fluid mixture comprises cooling the fluid mixture.

[0027] In one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of drying the fungal material, optionally the method comprises drying the fungal material at a temperature of at least 30° C. for at least 2 hours.

[0028] In one embodiment, the fungal biomass comprises a fungal biomass and a diluent, optionally wherein the diluent is selected from water, a buffer, or saline, hi one embodiment, the fungal biomass comprises sufficient liquid to be pourable.

[0029] In one embodiment, the fungal biomass is a homogenized fungal biomass.

[0030] In one embodiment, the fungal biomass comprises at least one of a fungal fruiting body, a fungal mat, a mycelium, and a mycelium. In one embodiment, the polysaccharide composition is selected from (a) a composition comprising agarose capable of forming an agarose-based matrix, the composition being an agar powder; (b) a composition comprising carrageenan capable of forming a carrageenan-based matrix; (c) a composition comprising alginate capable of forming an alginate-based matrix; (d) a composition comprising cellulose capable of forming a cellulose-based matrix; and (e) a composition comprising chitosan capable of forming a chitosan-based matrix. In one embodiment, the plasticizer comprises a polyol. In one embodiment, the plasticizer comprises a polyol and / or a latex. In one embodiment, the polyol is selected from glycerol, sorbitol, erythritol, xylitol, maltitol, mannitol, lactitol, polyglycitol, and isomalt. In one embodiment, the emulsifier is selected from lecithin, lanolin, sodium alginate, xanthan gum, pectin, casein, whey protein, ammonium phosphatide, gum arabic, and oleylamine, In one embodiment, the diluent is selected from water, buffer, and saline.

[0031] In one embodiment, the fluid mixture comprises: (i) between 10% and 50% fungal biomass; (ii) between 0.2% and 8% w / v of a polysaccharide-based matrix; (iii) between 0.5% and 40% v / v of a plasticizer; and (iv) between 0.05% and 0.5% v / v of an emulsifier.

[0032] In one embodiment, the plasticizer comprises a polyol and the fluid mixture comprises: (i) between 10% and 50% fungal biomass; (ii) between 0.2% and 8% w / v of a polysaccharide-based matrix; (iii) between 0.5% and 5% v / v of a polyol; and (iv) between 0.05% and 0.5% v / v of an emulsifier.

[0033] In one embodiment, the plasticizer comprises latex and the fluid mixture comprises: (i) between 10% and 50% fungal biomass; (ii) between 0.2% and 8% w / v of a polysaccharide-based matrix; (iii) between 0.5% and 40% v / v of latex; and (iv) between 0.05% and 0.5% v / v of an emulsifier.

[0034] In one embodiment: (i) the oil is selected from sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, castor oil, and olive oil; and / or (ii) the fluid mixture comprises between 0.1 and 2% v / v oil.

[0035] In one embodiment, the method further comprises adhering the fungal material to: (i) a support material selected from cotton, polyester, nylon, cotton, denim, and / or silk; and / or (ii) one or more additional fungal materials.

[0036] In one embodiment, the method includes the step of adding a colorant to the fluid mixture.In one embodiment, the method includes the step of adding an odorant to the fluid mixture.

[0037] The invention also provides a fungal material produced by the method of the invention.

[0038] The present invention also provides the use of the fungal material of the present invention as a leather substitute.The present invention also provides the use of the fungal material of the present invention as a plastic substitute.The present invention also provides the use of the fungal material of the present invention as a rubber substitute.The present invention also provides the use of the fungal material of the present invention as an insulating material.The present invention also provides the use of the fungal material of the present invention as a packaging material.

[0039] The present invention also provides the use of the fungal material of the present invention as a foodstuff, optionally the foodstuff is a pet food.

[0040] The present invention also provides a leather substitute comprising the fungal material of the present invention.The present invention also provides a plastic substitute comprising the fungal material of the present invention.The present invention also provides a rubber substitute comprising the fungal material of the present invention.The present invention also provides an insulating material comprising the fungal material of the present invention.The present invention also provides a packaging material comprising the fungal material of the present invention.

[0041] The present invention also provides a foodstuff comprising the fungal material of the present invention, optionally the foodstuff is a pet food. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0042] [Figure 1] Figure 1 shows the results of a water damage assay for (A) fungal material with various concentrations of emulsifier (lecithin) and polyol (glycerol) and no oil; and (B) fungal material with various concentrations of oil (rapeseed oil) and polyol (glycerol) and 1% w / v (weight / volume) emulsifier (lecithin). N=3.

[0043] [Diagram 2] Figure 1 shows the results of the water damage assay for fungal materials containing polyol (glycerol (G)), oil (sunflower oil (SO)), and / or emulsifier (lecithin (L)). Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. Significance: ****=p<0.0001 (One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction). N=6. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0044] The present invention is based on the surprising discovery that the combination of (a) fungal biomass; (b) a polysaccharide-based matrix; (c) a plasticizer (e.g., polyol and / or latex); and (d) an emulsifier provides a fungal material that is a viable alternative to animal-derived and fossil fuel-derived products, such as leather and plastics, and is also environmentally friendly and ethical.

[0045] A further advantage of the fungal material of the present invention is that it can be easily customized to suit a particular application. For example, the fungal material of the present invention comprises a polysaccharide-based matrix, the concentration of which can be easily adjusted to increase or decrease the structural integrity, stiffness and tensile strength. The fungal material of the present invention further comprises a plasticizer (e.g., polyol and / or latex) to achieve a high degree of flexibility.

[0046] The inclusion of plasticizers (e.g., polyols and / or latex) confers improved flexibility to the fungal material, but also increases susceptibility to water damage. The inventors have unexpectedly overcome this challenge by further incorporating emulsifiers and / or oils into the fungal material that mitigate the adverse effects associated with the incorporation of plasticizers (e.g., polyols and / or latex). Thus, the fungal material of the present invention enjoys increased flexibility as well as enhanced resistance to water damage.

[0047] Without wishing to be bound by theory, the inventors believe that the emulsifier promotes retention of the plasticizer (e.g., polyol and / or latex) by the fungal material, thereby avoiding leaching of the plasticizer (e.g., polyol and / or latex) upon contact with water and ensuring that the fungal material can withstand water damage.

[0048] Advantageously, the inventors have found that the inclusion of latex further improves both the flexibility and tensile strength of the fungal material. Fungal materials that include latex exhibit a further increase in resistance to tearing, which further increases the suitability of the fungal material in various applications. For example, the increased resistance to tearing ensures that the fungal material can be cut and sewn to produce various products, such as interior furnishings, clothing, shoes, and accessories. Fungal materials that include latex are also less susceptible to contamination and exhibit reduced drying times. Furthermore, the inventors have found that the incorporation of latex enhances the adhesive properties of the fungal material over time, thereby further improving the lifespan of products made from such materials. The properties of the fungal material, such as flexibility, elasticity, and tensile strength, can be further optimized for a given application by modifying the type of latex used. For example, fungal materials that include crosslinked latex typically exhibit increased flexibility, elasticity, and tensile strength compared to fungal materials that include the same type of uncrosslinked latex.

[0049] Thus, the fungal materials of the present invention exhibit high tensile strength and flexibility while also being resistant to water damage. These desirable properties allow the fungal materials of the present invention to be used in a wide range of applications. The fungal materials of the present invention share some of the advantageous properties of leather, such as high tensile strength, durability, flexibility, and water resistance, making these materials particularly well suited for use as leather substitutes. The advantageous properties of the fungal materials of the present invention also allow these materials to be used in a variety of applications that currently rely on plastic-based products. Importantly, the fungal materials of the present invention also have a significantly lower environmental impact than animal-based products, such as leather, and plastic-based products.

[0050] The fungal material of the present invention comprises a fungal biomass, a polysaccharide-based matrix, a plasticizer (e.g., a polyol and / or a latex), and an emulsifier. In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises a diluent. In some embodiments, the fungal material further comprises an oil.

[0051] The fungal biomass can be any biomass that includes fungal cells. In some embodiments, the fungal biomass is from the Ascomycota or Basidiomycota phylum. In some embodiments, the fungal biomass is from the genera Agaricus, Boletus, Craterellus, Cantharellus, Lentinellus, Pleurotus, Hericium, Grifola, Fistulina, Fomes, or the like. The fungus is derived from a member of a genera selected from the genera Fomitopsis, Inonotus, Trametes, Ganoderma, Morchella, Cordyceps, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Acremonium, and Fusarium. In some embodiments, the fungal biomass is derived from a fungus selected from Agaricus bisporus, Boletus edulis, Catharellus cibarius, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii, Hericium erinaceus, Grifola frondosa, Fistulina hepatica, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Inonotus obliquus, Trametes versicolor, Ganoderma applanatum, and Ganoderma lucidum. In some embodiments, the fungal biomass comprises fungal cells of a single strain of fungus.In some embodiments, the fungal biomass comprises fungal cells of two or more strains of fungi.

[0052] The fungal biomass typically includes at least one of a fungal fruiting body, a fungal mat, a mycelium, and a mycelium.

[0053] Fungal mats, which may also be called fungal biofilms, typically comprise numerous fungal cells encased within an extracellular matrix that typically comprises a combination of macromolecules, such as polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, and serves a variety of functions, including cell and surface adhesion.

[0054] In some embodiments, the fungal biomass is a homogenized fungal biomass. A homogenized fungal biomass typically comprises a mixture of a fungal biomass and a diluent that is physically agitated to distribute the fungal biomass evenly throughout the mixture. For example, a homogenized fungal biomass can be produced by mixing a fungal biomass with a diluent and blending the mixture to obtain a substantially homogenous mixture.

[0055] In some embodiments, the homogenized fungal biomass comprises approximately 1 part fungal biomass (by weight) and approximately 1 part diluent (by volume). In some embodiments, the fungal biomass comprises 1 part fungal biomass and 2 parts diluent. In some embodiments, the fungal biomass comprises 1 part fungal biomass and 3 parts diluent. In some embodiments, the fungal biomass comprises 2 parts fungal biomass and 1 part diluent. In some embodiments, the fungal biomass comprises 3 parts fungal biomass and 1 part diluent.

[0056] In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises between 10%-70% w / w (weight / weight) fungal biomass, hi some embodiments, the fungal material comprises between 10%-60% w / w fungal biomass, between 20%-60% w / w fungal biomass, between 20%-50% w / w fungal biomass, between 30%-50% w / w fungal biomass, between 30%-40% w / w fungal biomass, or between 25%-30% w / w fungal biomass.

[0057] In some embodiments, the fluid mixture comprises between 10%-70% w / v fungal biomass of the fungal material. In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises between 10%-60% w / v fungal biomass, between 20%-60% w / v fungal biomass, between 20%-50% w / v, between 30%-50% w / v fungal biomass, between 30%-40% w / v fungal biomass, or between 25%-30% w / v fungal biomass.

[0058] Advantageously, the polysaccharide-based matrix provides additional structural rigidity and increased tensile strength to the fungal material. As used herein, "polysaccharide-based matrix" refers to a network formed by cross-linked polysaccharide molecules. The polysaccharide-based matrix typically encapsulates the fungal biomass. In some embodiments, the polysaccharide-based matrix is ​​selected from an agarose-based matrix, an alginate-based matrix, a cellulose-based matrix, a carrageenan-based matrix, and a chitosan-based matrix. In some embodiments, the agarose-based matrix is ​​agar.

[0059] In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises at least 0.1%, at least 0.2%, at least 0.3%, at least 0.4%, at least 0.5%, at least 0.75%, at least 1%, at least 1.25%, at least 1.5%, at least 1.75%, at least 2%, at least 2.5%, at least 3%, at least 3.5%, at least 4%, at least 4.5%, at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 9%, or at least 10% w / w of polysaccharide-based matrix. In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises up to 5% w / w of polysaccharide-based matrix. In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises between 0.5% and 5% w / w of polysaccharide-based matrix.

[0060] In some embodiments, for example when the fungal material is dry, the fungal material comprises 5% to 50% w / w of a polysaccharide-based matrix. In some embodiments, the fungal material is between 5% and 45% w / w of the polysaccharide base matrix, between 5% and 40% w / w of the polysaccharide base matrix, between 5% and 35% w / w of the polysaccharide base matrix, between 5% and 30% w / w of the polysaccharide base matrix, between 5% and 25% w / w of the polysaccharide base matrix, between 5% and 20% w / w of the polysaccharide base matrix, between 10% and 45% w / w of the polysaccharide base matrix, between 10% and 40% w / w of the polysaccharide base matrix, between 10% and 35% w / w of the polysaccharide base matrix, between 10% and 30% w / w of the polysaccharide base matrix, between 10% and 25% w / w of the polysaccharide base matrix, between 10% and 20% w / w of the polysaccharide base matrix, between 15% and 45% w / w of the polysaccharide base matrix, between 15% and 40% w / w of a polysaccharide base matrix, between 15% and 35% w / w of a polysaccharide base matrix, between 15% and 30% w / w of a polysaccharide base matrix, between 15% and 25% w / w of a polysaccharide base matrix, or between 15% and 20% w / w of a polysaccharide base matrix.

[0061] In some embodiments, the fungal material is produced from a fluid mixture comprising at least 0.1%, at least 0.2%, at least 0.3%, at least 0.4%, at least 0.5%, at least 0.75%, at least 1%, at least 1.25%, at least 1.5%, at least 1.75%, at least 2%, at least 2.5%, at least 3%, at least 3.5%, at least 4%, at least 4.5%, at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 9%, or at least 10% w / v (weight / volume) of the polysaccharide-based matrix. In some embodiments, the fungal material is produced from a fluid mixture comprising up to 5% w / v of the polysaccharide-based matrix. In some embodiments, the fungal material is produced from a fluid mixture comprising between 0.5% and 5% w / v of the polysaccharide-based matrix.

[0062] Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the structural rigidity of the fungal material can be optimized for various applications by varying the concentration of the polysaccharide-based matrix. For example, applications requiring a high degree of structural rigidity may prefer a high polysaccharide-based matrix concentration, such as at least 3% w / w polysaccharide-based matrix, or at least 5% w / w polysaccharide-based matrix. Alternatively, applications requiring a low degree of structural rigidity may prefer a low polysaccharide-based matrix concentration, such as up to 1% w / w polysaccharide-based matrix.

[0063] Tensile strength may be measured by allocating the ultimate load of a material to its cross-sectional area. Tensile strength is typically measured in Pascals (Pa). The ultimate load of a material may be measured using any suitable method known in the art, such as a universal testing machine (UTM). For example, the ultimate load of a material may be tested by placing the material between the grips of a UTM and applying a tensile force to the material until it breaks. The ultimate load is the ultimate tensile force that the material can withstand before breaking.

[0064] The inclusion of a plasticizer (e.g., polyol and / or latex) enhances the flexibility of the fungal material compared to the corresponding fungal material in the absence of the plasticizer (e.g., polyol and / or latex). Advantageously, the degree of flexibility can be optimized by adjusting the amount of plasticizer (e.g., polyol and / or latex) in the material, with increasing the amount of plasticizer (e.g., polyol and / or latex) typically increasing the flexibility of the material. The plasticizer (e.g., polyol and / or latex) also provides the fungal material with improved aesthetic qualities and a softer feel.

[0065] References herein to "plasticizer" will be understood to include any component that increases the flexibility of the fungal material compared to the flexibility of the fungal material not containing the plasticizer. Exemplary plasticizers for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, latex, polyols, glycerin, and phthalate-based plasticizers, such as butyl benzyl phthalate (benzyl butyl phthalate, BBzP) or di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), and combinations thereof.

[0066] In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises at least 0.5%, at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, or at least 40% w / w plasticizer. In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises up to 40% w / w plasticizer. In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises between 0.5% and 40% w / w plasticizer. In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises between 2% and 40% w / w plasticizer. In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises between 2% and 35% w / w, between 2% and 30% w / w, between 2% and 25% w / w, between 2% and 20% w / w, between 2% and 15% w / w, between 2% and 10% w / w, between 5% and 35% w / w, between 5% and 30% w / w, between 5% and 25% w / w, between 5% and 20% w / w, between 5% and 15% w / w, between 5% and 10% w / w, between 10% and 35% w / w, between 10% and 30% w / w, between 10% and 25% w / w, between 10% and 20% w / w or between 10% and 15% w / w of a plasticizer.

[0067] In some embodiments, the fungal material is produced from a fluid mixture containing at least 0.5%, at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, or at least 40% v / v (volume / volume) plasticizer. In some embodiments, the fungal material is produced from a fluid mixture containing up to 40% v / v plasticizer. In some embodiments, the fungal material is produced from a fluid mixture containing between 0.5% and 5% v / v plasticizer. In some embodiments, the fungal material is produced from a fluid mixture containing at least 0.5%, at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, or at least 40% w / v (weight / volume) plasticizer. In some embodiments, the fungal material is produced from a fluid mixture containing up to 40% w / v plasticizer, hi some embodiments, the fungal material is produced from a fluid mixture containing between 0.5% and 5% w / v plasticizer.

[0068] In some embodiments, the plasticizer comprises a polyol. In some embodiments, the plasticizer comprises a polyol and / or a latex. In some embodiments, the plasticizer comprises a polyol and a latex. In some embodiments, the plasticizer comprises a latex.

[0069] In some embodiments, the polyol is selected from glycerol, sorbitol, erythritol, xylitol, maltitol, mannitol, lactitol, polyglycitol, and isomalt.

[0070] In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises at least 0.5%, at least 0.6%, at least 0.7%, at least 0.8%, at least 0.9%, at least 1%, at least 1.25%, at least 1.5%, at least 1.75%, at least 2%, at least 2.5%, at least 3%, at least 3.5%, at least 4%, at least 4.5%, or at least 5% w / w polyol. In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises up to 5% w / w polyol. In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises between 0.5% and 5% w / w polyol. In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises between 2% and 40% w / w polyol. In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises between 2% and 35% w / w, between 2% and 30% w / w, between 2% and 25% w / w, between 2% and 20% w / w, between 2% and 15% w / w, between 2% and 10% w / w, between 5% and 35% w / w, between 5% and 30% w / w, between 5% and 25% w / w, between 5% and 20% w / w, between 5% and 15% w / w, between 5% and 10% w / w, between 10% and 35% w / w, between 10% and 30% w / w, between 10% and 25% w / w, between 10% and 20% w / w or between 10% and 15% w / w of polyol.

[0071] In some embodiments, the fungal material is produced from a fluid mixture that includes at least 0.5%, at least 0.6%, at least 0.7%, at least 0.8%, at least 0.9%, at least 1%, at least 1.25%, at least 1.5%, at least 1.75%, at least 2%, at least 2.5%, at least 3%, at least 3.5%, at least 4%, at least 4.5%, or at least 5% v / v (volume / volume) polyol. In some embodiments, the fungal material is produced from a fluid mixture that includes up to 5% v / v polyol. In some embodiments, the fungal material is produced from a fluid mixture that includes between 0.5% and 5% v / v polyol.

[0072] In some embodiments, the latex comprises natural latex rubber. In some embodiments, the latex comprises synthetic latex. In some embodiments, the latex is liquid latex. In some embodiments, the latex is crosslinked latex. In some embodiments, the latex is vulcanized latex. In some embodiments, the latex comprises a crosslinking agent. In some embodiments, the latex comprises a vulcanizing agent, such as sulfur or a metal oxide.

[0073] In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises at least 0.5%, at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, or at least 40% w / w latex. In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises up to 40% w / w latex. In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises between 0.5% and 40% w / w latex. In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises between 2% and 40% w / w latex. In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises between 2% and 35% w / w, between 2% and 30% w / w, between 2% and 25% w / w, between 2% and 20% w / w, between 2% and 15% w / w, between 2% and 10% w / w, between 5% and 35% w / w, between 5% and 30% w / w, between 5% and 25% w / w, between 5% and 20% w / w, between 5% and 15% w / w, between 5% and 10% w / w, between 10% and 35% w / w, between 10% and 30% w / w, between 10% and 25% w / w, between 10% and 20% w / w, or between 10% and 15% w / w of latex.

[0074] In some embodiments, the fungal material is produced from a fluid mixture that includes at least 0.5%, at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, or at least 40% w / v latex. In some embodiments, the fungal material is produced from a fluid mixture that includes up to 40% w / v latex. In some embodiments, the fungal material is produced from a fluid mixture that includes between 0.5% and 40% w / v latex.

[0075] Advantageously, the emulsifier increases the retention of the plasticizer (e.g., polyol) by the fungal material, thereby achieving flexibility without exhibiting increased susceptibility to water damage. Particularly advantageously, the emulsifier ensures that the plasticizer (e.g., polyol) is substantially retained by the fungal material even when the fungal material comes into contact with a liquid, such as water. The emulsifier can be any agent that stabilizes a mixture of immiscible liquids. In some embodiments, the emulsifier is selected from lecithin, lanolin, sodium alginate, xanthan gum, pectin, casein, whey protein, ammonium phosphatide, gum arabic, and oleylamine.

[0076] In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises at least 0.05%, at least 0.1%, at least 0.2%, at least 0.3%, at least 0.4%, at least 0.5%, at least 0.75%, at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, or at least 5% w / w of emulsifier. In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises up to 5% w / w of emulsifier. In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises between 0.05% and 5% w / w of emulsifier. In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises between 5% and 30% w / w of emulsifier. In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises between 5% and 25% w / w, between 5% and 20% w / w, between 5% and 15% w / w, between 5% and 10% w / w, between 10% and 30% w / w, between 10% and 25% w / w, between 10% and 20% w / w, between 10% and 15% w / w, between 15% and 30% w / w, between 15% and 25% w / w, between 15% and 20% w / w or between 20% and 30% w / w of an emulsifier.

[0077] In some embodiments, the fungal material is produced from a fluid mixture comprising at least 0.05%, at least 0.1%, at least 0.2%, at least 0.3%, at least 0.4%, at least 0.5%, at least 0.75%, at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, or at least 5% w / v of emulsifier. In some embodiments, the fungal material is produced from a fluid mixture comprising up to 5% w / v of emulsifier. In some embodiments, the fungal material is produced from a fluid mixture comprising between 0.05% and 5% w / v of emulsifier. In some embodiments, the fungal material is produced from a fluid mixture comprising at least 0.05%, at least 0.1%, at least 0.2%, at least 0.3%, at least 0.4%, at least 0.5%, at least 0.75%, at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, or at least 5% v / v of emulsifier. In some embodiments, the fungal material is produced from a fluid mixture containing up to 5% v / v of emulsifier, hi some embodiments, the fungal material is produced from a fluid mixture containing between 0.05% and 5% v / v of emulsifier.

[0078] In some embodiments, the fungal material further comprises an oil. Advantageously, the inclusion of oil enhances the fungal material's ability to repel water, thereby resisting water damage. In some embodiments, the oil is selected from sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, castor oil, and olive oil. Particularly advantageously, the emulsifier acts to enhance oil retention by the fungal material, thereby avoiding the development of an oily appearance.

[0079] In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises at least 0.1%, at least 0.2%, at least 0.3%, at least 0.4%, at least 0.5%, at least 0.75%, at least 1%, at least 1.25%, at least 1.5%, at least 1.75%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, or at least 5% w / w oil. In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises up to 5% w / w oil. In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises between 0.1% and 5% w / w oil.

[0080] In some embodiments, the fungal material is produced from a fluid mixture comprising at least 0.1%, at least 0.2%, at least 0.3%, at least 0.4%, at least 0.5%, at least 0.75%, at least 1%, at least 1.25%, at least 1.5%, at least 1.75%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, or at least 5% v / v oil. In some embodiments, the fungal material is produced from a fluid mixture comprising up to 5% v / v oil. In some embodiments, the fungal material is produced from a fluid mixture comprising between 0.1% and 5% v / v oil.

[0081] In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises a total concentration of oil and emulsifier of at least 0.15%, at least 0.2%, at least 0.3%, at least 0.4%, at least 0.5%, at least 0.75%, at least 1%, at least 1.25%, at least 1.5%, at least 1.75%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, or at least 5% w / w. In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises a total concentration of oil and emulsifier of up to 5% w / w. In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises a total concentration of oil and emulsifier between 0.15% and 5% w / w.

[0082] In some embodiments, the fungal material is produced from a fluid mixture comprising oil and emulsifier at a total concentration of at least 0.15%, at least 0.2%, at least 0.3%, at least 0.4%, at least 0.5%, at least 0.75%, at least 1%, at least 1.25%, at least 1.5%, at least 1.75%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, or at least 5% v / v. In some embodiments, the fungal material is produced from a fluid mixture comprising oil and emulsifier at a total concentration of up to 5% v / v. In some embodiments, the fungal material is produced from a fluid mixture comprising oil and emulsifier at a total concentration between 0.15% and 5% v / v.

[0083] In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises agar, glycerol, and lecithin. In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises between 0.5%-5% w / w agar, between 0.5%-5% w / w glycerol, and between 0.05%-5% w / w lecithin. In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises 1% w / w agar, 1% w / w glycerol, and 1% w / w lecithin.

[0084] In some embodiments, the fungal material is produced from a fluid mixture comprising agar, glycerol, and lecithin. In some embodiments, the fungal material is produced from a fluid mixture comprising between 0.5%-5% w / v agar, between 0.5%-5% v / v glycerol, and between 0.05%-5% w / v lecithin. In some embodiments, the fungal material is produced from a fluid mixture comprising 1% w / v agar, 1% v / v glycerol, and 1% w / v lecithin.

[0085] In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises agar, glycerol, sunflower oil, and lecithin. In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises between 0.5%-5% w / w agar, between 0.5%-5% w / w glycerol, between 0.1%-2% w / w sunflower oil, and between 0.05%-5% w / w lecithin. In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises 1% w / w agar, 1% w / w glycerol, 2% w / w sunflower oil, and 1% w / w lecithin.

[0086] In some embodiments, the fungal material is produced from a fluid mixture comprising agar, glycerol, sunflower oil, and lecithin. In some embodiments, the fungal material is produced from a fluid mixture comprising between 0.5%-5% w / v agar, between 0.5%-5% v / v glycerol, between 0.1%-2% v / v sunflower oil, and between 0.05%-5% w / v lecithin. In some embodiments, the fungal material is produced from a fluid mixture comprising 1% w / v agar, 1% v / v glycerol, 2% v / v sunflower oil, and 1% w / v lecithin.

[0087] In some embodiments, the fungal material is produced from a fluid mixture comprising agar, glycerol, rapeseed oil, and lecithin. In some embodiments, the fungal material is produced from a fluid mixture comprising between 0.5% and 5% w / v agar, between 0.5% and 5% v / v glycerol, between 0.1% and 2% v / v rapeseed oil, and between 0.05% and 5% w / v lecithin. In some embodiments, the fungal material is produced from a fluid mixture comprising 1% w / v agar, 1% v / v glycerol, 2% v / v rapeseed oil, and 1% w / v lecithin.

[0088] Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the components of a fungal material, when combined, total 100%. The remainder between a particular component and 100% is typically made up by a diluent. Weight / weight (w / w) refers to the percentage of a given component as measured by weight, e.g., 1% w / w indicates a concentration of 1 g per 100 g of material. Weight / volume (w / v) refers to the percentage of a given component by weight relative to the volume of the solution, e.g., 1% w / v indicates a concentration of 1 g per 100 ml of solution. Volume / volume (v / v) refers to the percentage of a given component as measured by volume, e.g., 1% v / v indicates a concentration of 1 ml per 100 ml of solution. Unless otherwise specified, w / w, w / v and v / v values ​​refer to the concentrations present in the fluid mixture before drying and in the corresponding solidified fungal material. It will be appreciated that drying of the fungal material will result in an increase in w / w, w / v and v / v values ​​inversely proportional to the weight or volume of diluent lost during drying, which typically results in a loss of approximately 95% of the diluent weight.

[0089] In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises less than 5% diluent, e.g., less than 5%, less than 4%, less than 3%, less than 2%, less than 1% diluent. In some embodiments, the fungal material is diluent-free.

[0090] The diluent can be any liquid suitable for dissolving the polysaccharide composition. The diluent is typically an aqueous diluent. Suitable diluents include, but are not limited to, water, buffer, or saline. Buffers include, but are not limited to, Tris buffer, HEPES buffer, MOPS buffer, MES buffer, BES buffer, and PIPES buffer. In some embodiments, moisture within the fungal biomass (typically aqueous moisture) contributes to the diluent content of the fluid mixture. In some embodiments (e.g., fungal biomass has a high moisture content), the moisture within the fungal biomass contributes at least 10% of the total diluent in the fluid mixture (e.g., at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% of the total diluent in the fluid mixture). In some embodiments, the moisture within the fungal biomass provides the entire diluent content of the fluid mixture. Plasticizers (e.g., polyols and / or latexes) and oils typically do not contribute to the % diluent content of the fluid mixture.

[0091] In some embodiments, the fungal material further comprises a support material. In some embodiments, the support material is selected from cotton, linen, polyester, nylon, denim, and / or silk. The fungal material may be attached to the support material, for example, by an adhesive. In some embodiments, the fungal material surrounds the support material.

[0092] In some embodiments, the fungal material includes a colorant. In some embodiments, the colorant is a dye or pigment. In some embodiments, the colorant includes mica powder. In some embodiments, the colorant is a whitening agent, such as titanium dioxide.

[0093] In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises an odorant, hi some embodiments, the odorant is an essential oil or a chemical odorant.

[0094] In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises a complex of two or more fungal materials. In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 15, or at least 20 complexes of fungal materials. In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises a complex of two or more fungal materials and one or more layers of support material. In some embodiments, the fungal material comprises a complex of two or more fungal materials, each fungal material being separated by a layer of support material.

[0095] The present invention provides the use of the fungal material of the present invention as a leather substitute.The present invention also provides a leather substitute comprising the fungal material of the present invention.The present invention further provides a product comprising the fungal material of the present invention or the leather substitute of the present invention.In some embodiments, the product is selected from interiors, clothing, accessories, and footwear, or materials for use in the automotive industry.

[0096] The present invention provides the use of the fungal material of the present invention as a plastic replacement.The present invention also provides a plastic replacement comprising the fungal material of the present invention.

[0097] The present invention also provides the use of the fungal material of the present invention as a rubber substitute.The present invention also provides a rubber substitute comprising the fungal material of the present invention.

[0098] The present invention also provides the use of the fungal material of the present invention as a thermal insulation material.The present invention also provides a thermal insulation material comprising the fungal material of the present invention.

[0099] The invention also provides the use of the fungal material of the invention as a packaging material.The invention also provides a packaging material comprising the fungal material of the invention.

[0100] The present invention further provides the use of the fungal material of the present invention as a food product. The present invention also provides a food product comprising the fungal material of the present invention. The food product may be a jerky-type food product and / or a sweet food product, such as a chewy sweet. In some embodiments, the food product further comprises one or more additional edible ingredients, such as a flavoring and / or a sweetener. In some embodiments, the food product is a pet food, such as a dog treat.

[0101] The invention provides a method of producing a fungal material comprising: (a) combining a fungal biomass, a polysaccharide composition, a plasticizer (e.g., a polyol and / or a latex), an emulsifier, and a diluent to produce a fluid mixture, wherein the polysaccharide composition is capable of forming a polysaccharide-based matrix; and (b) solidifying the fluid mixture to produce a fungal material comprising a polysaccharide-based matrix.

[0102] In some embodiments, the method includes combining a fungal biomass, a polysaccharide composition, a plasticizer (eg, a polyol and / or a latex), an emulsifier, a diluent, and an oil.

[0103] The fungal biomass, the polysaccharide composition, the plasticizer (eg, a polyol and / or a latex), the emulsifier, the diluent, and optionally the oil can be combined in any order to produce a fluid mixture.

[0104] In some embodiments, a fungal biomass is provided to the mixture in combination with a diluent, e.g., in the form of a homogenized fungal biomass, In some embodiments, a polysaccharide composition is provided to the mixture in combination with a diluent, e.g., in the form of a solubilized polysaccharide composition.

[0105] In some embodiments, the method further comprises melting the polysaccharide composition before the fluid mixture solidifies. In some embodiments, melting the polysaccharide composition comprises heating the fluid mixture to a temperature above the melting temperature of the polysaccharide composition. In some embodiments, the fluid mixture is heated to a temperature of at least 70° C., at least 75° C., at least 80° C., at least 85° C., at least 90° C., at least 95° C., at least 100° C., at least 105° C., at least 110° C., at least 115° C., at least 120° C., at least 125° C., at least 130° C., at least 140° C., or at least 150° C. In some embodiments, melting the polysaccharide composition comprises heating the fluid mixture for at least 10 seconds, at least 20 seconds, at least 30 seconds, at least 40 seconds, at least 50 seconds, at least 1 minute, at least 2 minutes, at least 3 minutes, at least 4 minutes, at least 5 minutes, at least 10 minutes, at least 15 minutes, at least 20 minutes, at least 25 minutes, at least 30 minutes, or at least 1 hour. In some embodiments, the step of melting the polysaccharide composition comprises heating the fluid mixture to at least 90° C. for at least 10 seconds. In some embodiments, the step of melting the polysaccharide composition comprises heating the fluid mixture to at least 100° C. for at least 10 seconds. In some embodiments, the fluid mixture is physically agitated during and / or after heating, for example by stirring or shaking.

[0106] In some embodiments, the polysaccharide composition is in a molten form when combined with the fungal biomass.

[0107] In some embodiments, solidifying the fluid mixture comprises cooling the fluid mixture, hi some embodiments, solidifying the fluid mixture comprises cooling the fluid mixture to less than 40°C, less than 35°C, less than 30°C, less than 25°C, or less than 20°C.

[0108] In some embodiments, the method further comprises drying the fungal material. In some embodiments, the method comprises drying the fungal material at a temperature of at least 30° C., at least 40° C., at least 50° C., at least 60° C., at least 70° C., at least 80° C., at least 90° C., or at least 100° C. In some embodiments, the method comprises drying the fungal material for at least 10 minutes, at least 15 minutes, at least 20 minutes, at least 25 minutes, at least 30 minutes, at least 1 hour, at least 2 hours, at least 3 hours, at least 4 hours, at least 6 hours, at least 12 hours, at least 18 hours, at least 24 hours, at least 36 hours, or at least 48 hours. In some embodiments, the method comprises drying the fungal material at a temperature of at least 30° C. for at least 2 hours. In some embodiments, the method comprises drying the fungal material at a temperature of at least 30° C. for at least 24 hours. In some embodiments, the method comprises drying the fungal material at a temperature of at least 30° C. for at least 48 hours. In some embodiments, the method comprises drying the fungal material at a temperature of at least 40° C. for at least 2 hours. In some embodiments, the method comprises drying the fungal material at a temperature of at least 40° C. for at least 24 hours. In some embodiments, the method comprises drying the fungal material at a temperature of at least 40° C. for at least 48 hours. In some embodiments, the method comprises drying the fungal material at a temperature of at least 60° C. for at least 2 hours. In some embodiments, the method comprises drying the fungal material at a temperature of at least 60° C. for at least 24 hours. In some embodiments, the method comprises drying the fungal material at a temperature of at least 60° C. for at least 48 hours.

[0109] In some embodiments, the method further comprises drying the fungal material, and optionally the method comprises drying the fungal material at a temperature of at least 30° C. for at least 2 hours.

[0110] In some embodiments, the fungal biomass is formulated with a diluent. In some embodiments, the fungal biomass is formulated with sufficient diluent to make it pourable.

[0111] In some embodiments, the fungal biomass comprises a homogenized fungal biomass. In some embodiments, the method comprises homogenizing the fungal biomass. The fungal biomass can be homogenized using any suitable method known in the art, such as by vigorously mixing the fungal biomass with a diluent, for example using a blender, or by grinding the fungal biomass.

[0112] The fungal biomass, plasticizer (e.g., polyol and / or latex), oil, and emulsifier may be as described above. In some embodiments, the fungal biomass comprises at least one of fungal fruiting bodies, fungal mats, mycelium, and mycelium. In some embodiments, the plasticizer comprises a polyol. In some embodiments, the plasticizer comprises a polyol and / or latex. In some embodiments, the polyol is selected from glycerol, sorbitol, erythritol, xylitol, maltitol, mannitol, lactitol, polyglycitol, and isomalt. In some embodiments, the emulsifier is selected from lecithin, lanolin, sodium alginate, xanthan gum, pectin, casein, whey protein, ammonium phosphatide, gum arabic, and oleylamine. In some embodiments, the oil is selected from sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, castor oil, and olive oil.

[0113] The polysaccharide composition can be any composition comprising a polysaccharide capable of forming a polysaccharide-based matrix. In some embodiments, the polysaccharide composition comprises agarose and can form an agarose-based matrix. In some embodiments, the composition comprises agar powder. In some embodiments, the polysaccharide composition comprises alginate and can form an alginate-based matrix. In some embodiments, the polysaccharide composition comprises alginate powder. In some embodiments, the polysaccharide composition comprises cellulose and can form a cellulose-based matrix. In some embodiments, the polysaccharide composition comprises methylcellulose powder. In some embodiments, the polysaccharide composition comprises carrageenan and can form a carrageenan-based matrix. In some embodiments, the polysaccharide composition comprises carrageenan powder. In some embodiments, the polysaccharide composition comprises chitosan and can form a chitosan-based matrix. In some embodiments, the polysaccharide composition comprises chitosan powder.

[0114] In some embodiments, the fluid mixture comprises at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, or at least 50% w / v fungal material.

[0115] In some embodiments, the fluid mixture comprises at least 0.1%, at least 0.2%, at least 0.3%, at least 0.4%, at least 0.5%, at least 0.75%, at least 1%, at least 1.25%, at least 1.5%, at least 1.75%, at least 2%, at least 2.5%, at least 3%, at least 3.5%, at least 4%, at least 4.5%, at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 9%, or at least 10% w / v of the polysaccharide composition. In some embodiments, the fluid mixture comprises up to 5% w / v of the polysaccharide composition. In some embodiments, the fluid mixture comprises between 0.5% and 5% w / v of the polysaccharide composition.

[0116] In some embodiments, the fluid mixture comprises at least 0.5%, at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, or at least 40% w / v plasticizer. In some embodiments, the fluid mixture comprises up to 40% w / v plasticizer. In some embodiments, the fluid mixture comprises between 0.5% and 40% w / v plasticizer. In some embodiments, the fluid mixture comprises at least 0.5%, at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, or at least 40% v / v plasticizer. In some embodiments, the fluid mixture comprises up to 40% v / v plasticizer. In some embodiments, the fluid mixture comprises between 0.5% and 40% v / v plasticizer.

[0117] In some embodiments, the fluid mixture comprises at least 0.5%, at least 0.6%, at least 0.7%, at least 0.8%, at least 0.9%, at least 1%, at least 1.25%, at least 1.5%, at least 1.75%, at least 2%, at least 2.5%, at least 3%, at least 3.5%, at least 4%, at least 4.5%, or at least 5% v / v polyol. In some embodiments, the fluid mixture comprises up to 5% v / v polyol. In some embodiments, the fluid mixture comprises between 0.5% and 5% v / v polyol.

[0118] In some embodiments, the fluid mixture comprises at least 0.5%, at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, or at least 40% w / v latex. In some embodiments, the fluid mixture comprises up to 40% w / v latex. In some embodiments, the fluid mixture comprises between 0.5% and 40% w / v latex.

[0119] In some embodiments, the fluid mixture comprises at least 0.05%, at least 0.1%, at least 0.2%, at least 0.3%, at least 0.4%, at least 0.5%, at least 0.75%, at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, or at least 5% w / v of emulsifier. In some embodiments, the fluid mixture comprises up to 5% w / v of emulsifier. In some embodiments, the fluid mixture comprises between 0.05% and 5% w / v of emulsifier. In some embodiments, the fluid mixture comprises at least 0.05%, at least 0.1%, at least 0.2%, at least 0.3%, at least 0.4%, at least 0.5%, at least 0.75%, at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, or at least 5% v / v of emulsifier. In some embodiments, the fluid mixture comprises up to 5% v / v of emulsifier. In some embodiments, the fluid mixture comprises between 0.05% and 5% v / v of emulsifier.

[0120] In some embodiments, the fluid mixture comprises oil. In some embodiments, the fluid mixture comprises at least 0.1%, at least 0.2%, at least 0.3%, at least 0.4%, at least 0.5%, at least 0.75%, at least 1%, at least 1.25%, at least 1.5%, at least 1.75%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, or at least 5% v / v oil. In some embodiments, the fluid mixture comprises up to 5% v / v oil. In some embodiments, the fluid mixture comprises between 0.1% and 5% v / v oil.

[0121] In some embodiments, the fluid mixture comprises a total concentration of oil and emulsifier of at least 0.15%, at least 0.2%, at least 0.3%, at least 0.4%, at least 0.5%, at least 0.75%, at least 1%, at least 1.25%, at least 1.5%, at least 1.75%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, or at least 5% v / v. In some embodiments, the fluid mixture comprises a total concentration of oil and emulsifier of up to 5% v / v. In some embodiments, the fluid mixture comprises a total concentration of oil and emulsifier between 0.15% and 5% v / v.

[0122] In some embodiments, the method comprises combining (i) a fungal biomass at a concentration between 10% and 50%; (ii) a polysaccharide composition to a polysaccharide composition concentration between 0.5% and 5% w / v; (iii) a plasticizer to a plasticizer concentration between 0.5% and 40% v / v; and (iv) an emulsifier to an emulsifier concentration between 0.05% and 5% v / v. In some embodiments, the method further comprises combining with oil to a concentration of between 0.1% and 5% v / v oil.

[0123] In some embodiments, the method comprises combining (i) a fungal biomass to a concentration between 10% and 50%; (ii) a polysaccharide composition to a polysaccharide composition concentration between 0.5% and 5% w / v; (iii) a polyol to a polyol concentration between 0.5% and 5% v / v; and (iv) an emulsifier to an emulsifier concentration between 0.05% and 5% v / v. In some embodiments, the method further comprises combining with oil to a concentration of between 0.1% and 5% v / v oil.

[0124] In some embodiments, the method comprises combining (i) a fungal biomass to a concentration between 10% and 50%, (ii) a polysaccharide composition to a polysaccharide composition concentration between 0.5% and 5% w / v, (iii) latex to a latex concentration between 0.5% and 40% v / v, and (iv) an emulsifier to an emulsifier concentration between 0.05% and 5% v / v. In some embodiments, the method further comprises combining with oil to a concentration of between 0.1% and 5% v / v oil.

[0125] In some embodiments, the method comprises combining (i) a fungal biomass at a concentration between 10% and 50%, (ii) a polysaccharide composition to a polysaccharide composition concentration between 0.5% and 5% w / v, (iii) a plasticizer including a polyol and a latex to a concentration between 0.5% and 40% v / v, and (iv) an emulsifier to an emulsifier concentration between 0.05% and 5% v / v. In some embodiments, the method further comprises combining with oil to a concentration between 0.1% and 5% v / v oil.

[0126] In some embodiments, the method includes combining the fungal biomass with agar powder, glycerol, and lecithin. In some embodiments, the method includes combining (i) the fungal biomass at a concentration between 10% and 50% w / v; (ii) agar powder to an agar concentration between 0.5% and 5% w / v; (iii) glycerol to a glycerol concentration between 0.5% and 5% v / v; and (iv) lecithin to a lecithin concentration between 0.05% and 5% v / v. In some embodiments, the method includes further combining with sunflower oil to an oil concentration between 0.1% and 5% v / v.

[0127] In some embodiments, the method comprises combining a fungal biomass at a concentration between 10%-50% w / v with 1% w / v agar, 1% v / v glycerol, and 1% v / v lecithin.In some embodiments, the method comprises combining a fungal biomass at a concentration between 10%-40% w / v with 1% w / v agar, 1% v / v glycerol, 1% v / v sunflower oil, and 1% v / v lecithin.

[0128] In some embodiments, the method further comprises adhering the fungal material to a support material. Exemplary, but non-limiting, support materials are cotton, linen, polyester, nylon, denim, and / or silk. In some embodiments, the method further comprises adhering the fungal material to one or more additional fungal materials.

[0129] In some embodiments, the method includes adding a colorant to the fluid mixture. The colorant, fungal biomass, polysaccharide composition, plasticizer (e.g., polyol and / or latex), emulsifier, diluent, and optionally oil can be combined in any order to produce a fluid mixture including the colorant.

[0130] In some embodiments, the method includes adding an odorant to the fluid mixture. The odorant, fungal biomass, polysaccharide composition, plasticizer (e.g., polyol and / or latex), emulsifier, diluent, and optionally oil can be combined in any order to produce a fluid mixture containing the odorant.

[0131] In some embodiments, the method includes chemically treating the fungal material to reduce or change the odor of the material.

[0132] In some embodiments, the method further comprises producing a fungal biomass by growing the fungal strain in and / or on a liquid growth medium. In some embodiments, the method further comprises producing a fungal biomass by growing the fungal strain on a solid growth medium. The growth medium can be any growth medium suitable for supporting fungal growth. In some embodiments, the growth medium is selected from potato dextrose agar, Sabouraud dextrose agar, malt extract agar, Czapek-dox agar, potato dextrose broth, Sabouraud dextrose broth, malt extract broth, and Czapek-dox broth.

[0133] The invention also provides a fungal material produced by the method of the invention. The present application may include the following aspects. [1] (a) fungal biomass and; (b) a polysaccharide-based matrix; (c) a plasticizer; (d) an emulsifier; and optionally (e) Diluents; Fungal material including. [2] The fungal material of claim 1 , wherein the plasticizer comprises a polyol. [3] 3. The fungal material of claim 1 or 2, wherein the plasticizer comprises latex. [4] 4. The fungal material according to any one of claims 1 to 3, comprising an oil. [5] 5. The fungal material of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the fungal biomass comprises at least one of a fungal fruiting body, a fungal mat, a mycelium, and a mycelium. [6] 6. The fungal material according to any one of claims 1 to 5, comprising between 10% and 50% w / w fungal biomass. [7] 7. The fungal material according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the polysaccharide-based matrix is ​​selected from an agarose-based matrix, a carrageenan-based matrix, an alginate-based matrix, a cellulose-based matrix, and a chitosan-based matrix. [8] 8. The fungal material of claim 7, wherein the agarose base matrix is ​​agar. [9] 9. The fungal material according to any one of claims 1 to 8, comprising between 0.2% and 8% w / w of a polysaccharide base matrix.

[10] 10. The fungal material according to any one of claims 1 to 9, comprising between 0.5% and 40% v / v of a plasticizer.

[11] 11. The fungal material according to any one of claims 2 to 10, wherein the polyol is selected from glycerol, sorbitol, erythritol, xylitol, maltitol, mannitol, lactitol, polyglycitol, and isomalt.

[12] 12. The fungal material according to any one of claims 2 to 11, comprising between 0.5% and 5% w / w of polyol.

[13] 13. The fungal material according to any one of claims 1 to 12, comprising between 0.5% and 40% w / w latex.

[14] 14. The fungal material according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the emulsifier is selected from lecithin, lanolin, sodium alginate, xanthan gum, pectin, casein, whey protein, ammonium phosphatide, gum arabic, and oleylamine.

[15] 15. The fungal material according to any one of claims 1 to 14, comprising between 0.05% and 0.5% w / w of an emulsifier.

[16] 16. The fungal material according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the diluent is selected from water, a buffer, or saline.

[17] 17. The fungal material according to any one of claims 4 to 16, wherein the oil is selected from sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, castor oil and olive oil.

[18] 18. The fungal material according to any one of claims 4 to 17, comprising between 0.1% and 2% w / w oil.

[19] 19. The fungal material according to any one of claims 4 to 18, comprising oil and emulsifier in a total concentration between 0.15% and 2% w / w.

[20] 20. The fungal material according to any one of claims 1 to 19, further comprising a support material selected from cotton, polyester, nylon, cotton, denim, and / or silk.

[21] 21. The fungal material of any one of claims 1 to 20, comprising agar, glycerol, sunflower oil, and lecithin.

[22] 22. The fungal material according to any one of claims 3 to 21, comprising a carrageenan base matrix, latex, and lecithin.

[23] 23. The fungal material according to any one of claims 1 to 22, comprising a colouring agent.

[24] 24. The fungal material according to any one of claims 1 to 23, comprising an odorant.

[25] 1. A method for producing a fungal material comprising the steps of: (a) combining a fungal biomass, a polysaccharide composition, a plasticizer, an emulsifier, and a diluent to produce a fluid mixture, wherein the polysaccharide composition is capable of forming a polysaccharide-based matrix; (b) solidifying the fluid mixture to produce a fungal material comprising a polysaccharide-based matrix; The method includes:

[26] 26. The method of claim 25, comprising combining the fungal biomass, the polysaccharide composition, the plasticizer, the emulsifier, the diluent, and the oil.

[27] 27. The method of claim 25 or 26, further comprising melting the polysaccharide composition prior to solidifying the fluid mixture.

[28] 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the step of melting the polysaccharide composition comprises heating the fluid mixture to a temperature above the melting temperature of the polysaccharide composition, optionally to at least 100°C, optionally for at least 10 seconds.

[29] 27. The method of claim 25 or 26, wherein the polysaccharide composition is in a molten form.

[30] 30. The method of any one of claims 25 to 29, wherein solidifying the fluid mixture comprises cooling the fluid mixture.

[31] 31. The method of any one of claims 25 to 30, further comprising the step of drying the fungal material, optionally comprising drying the fungal material at a temperature of at least 30°C for at least 2 hours.

[32] 32. The method of any one of claims 25 to 31, wherein the fungal biomass comprises a fungal biomass and a diluent, optionally wherein the diluent is selected from water, a buffer, or saline.

[33] 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the fungal biomass comprises sufficient liquid to be pourable.

[34] 34. The method of any one of claims 25 to 33, wherein the fungal biomass is a homogenized fungal biomass.

[35] 34. The method of any one of claims 25 to 33, wherein the plasticizer comprises a polyol and / or a latex.

[36] (i) the fungal biomass comprises at least one of a fungal fruiting body, a fungal mat, a mycelium, and a mycelium; (ii) the polysaccharide composition a. a composition comprising agarose capable of forming an agarose-based matrix, optionally an agar powder; b. a composition comprising carrageenan capable of forming a carrageenan-based matrix; c. a composition comprising an alginate capable of forming an alginate-based matrix; d. a composition comprising cellulose capable of forming a cellulose-based matrix; and e. Compositions Comprising Chitosan Capable of Forming a Chitosan-Based Matrix Selected from; (iii) the polyol is selected from glycerol, sorbitol, erythritol, xylitol, maltitol, mannitol, lactitol, polyglycitol, and isomalt; (iv) the emulsifier is selected from lecithin, lanolin, sodium alginate, xanthan gum, pectin, casein, whey protein, ammonium phosphatide, gum arabic, and oleylamine; and (v) the diluent is selected from water, a buffer solution, and saline; 36. The method of any one of claims 25 to 35.

[37] The fluid mixture comprises: (i) with fungal biomass between 10% and 50%; (ii) between 0.2% and 8% w / v of said polysaccharide-based matrix; (iii) between 0.5% and 5% v / v of said polyol; (iv) between 0.05% and 0.5% v / v of said emulsifier; 37. The method of any one of claims 25 to 36, comprising:

[38] (i) the fungal biomass comprises at least one of a fungal fruiting body, a fungal mat, a mycelium, and a mycelium; (ii) the polysaccharide composition a. a composition comprising agarose capable of forming an agarose-based matrix, optionally an agar powder; b. a composition comprising carrageenan capable of forming a carrageenan-based matrix; c. a composition comprising an alginate capable of forming an alginate-based matrix; d. a composition comprising cellulose capable of forming a cellulose-based matrix; and e. Compositions Comprising Chitosan Capable of Forming a Chitosan-Based Matrix Selected from; (iii) the plasticizer comprises a polyol and / or a latex, optionally wherein the polyol is selected from glycerol, sorbitol, erythritol, xylitol, maltitol, mannitol, lactitol, polyglycitol, and isomalt; (iv) the emulsifier is selected from lecithin, lanolin, sodium alginate, xanthan gum, pectin, casein, whey protein, ammonium phosphatide, gum arabic, and oleylamine; and (v) the diluent is selected from water, a buffer solution, and saline; 36. The method of any one of claims 25 to 35.

[39] The fluid mixture comprises: (i) with fungal biomass between 10% and 50%; (ii) between 0.2% and 8% w / v of said polysaccharide-based matrix; (iii) between 0.5% and 40% w / v of said plasticizer; (iv) between 0.05% and 0.5% v / v of said emulsifier; 39. The method of any one of claims 25 to 35 or 38, comprising:

[40] (i) the oil is selected from sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, castor oil, and olive oil; and / or (ii) the fluid mixture comprises between 0.1 and 2% v / v oil; 40. The method of any one of claims 25 to 39.

[41] The fungal material is (i) a support material selected from cotton, polyester, nylon, cotton, denim, and / or silk; and / or (ii) one or more additional fungal materials; 41. The method of any one of claims 25 to 40, further comprising adhering to.

[42] 42. The method of any one of claims 25 to 41, comprising adding a colorant to the fluid mixture.

[43] 43. The method of any one of claims 25 to 42, comprising adding an odorant to the fluid mixture.

[44] 44. A fungal material produced by the method of any one of claims 25 to 43.

[45] 45. Use of the fungal material according to any one of claims 1 to 24 or 44 as a leather substitute.

[46] 45. Use of the fungal material according to any one of claims 1 to 24 or 44 as a plastic replacement.

[47] 42. Use of the fungal material according to any one of claims 1 to 24 or 41 as a rubber substitute.

[48] 45. Use of the fungal material according to any one of claims 1 to 24 or 44 as a thermal insulation material.

[49] 45. Use of a fungal material according to any one of claims 1 to 24 or 44 as a packaging material.

[50] 45. Use of a fungal material according to any one of claims 1 to 24 or 44 as a foodstuff, optionally wherein said foodstuff is a pet food.

[51] 45. A leather substitute comprising a fungal material according to any one of claims 1 to 24 or 44.

[52] 45. A plastic substitute comprising a fungal material according to any one of claims 1 to 24 or 44.

[53] 45. A rubber substitute comprising a fungal material according to any one of claims 1 to 24 or 44.

[54] 45. An insulation material comprising the fungal material of any one of claims 1 to 24 or 44.

[55] 45. A packaging material comprising fungal material according to any one of claims 1 to 24 or 44.

[56] 45. A foodstuff comprising a fungal material according to any one of claims 1 to 24 or 44, optionally being a pet food. EXAMPLES

[0134] The present invention will be further clarified by the following examples, which are intended to be purely illustrative of the present invention and are not limiting in any way. Example 1

[0135] Fungal materials with various concentrations of emulsifier, polyol and oil were prepared to compare the effect of these components on susceptibility to water damage.

[0136] A fungal biomass was produced by mixing Agaricus bisporus fruiting bodies with tap water in a 1:1 ratio of water volume to mushroom mass. The fungal biomass was thoroughly mixed using a blender to produce a homogenized mixture. 100 mL of the homogenized mixture was added to a Duran bottle and agar powder was added to a final concentration of 1% w / v. Lecithin, glycerol and rapeseed oil were added to the concentrations listed in Tables 1 and 2. The fluid mixture was then thoroughly mixed before being heated to 100°C for 15 seconds using an 800W microwave. Immediately after heating, the heated fluid mixture was poured into a Petri dish and allowed to solidify at room temperature (22°C) for 25 minutes. The solidified fungal material was then transferred to a 50°C oven and dried for 30 hours.

[0137] Fungal material with an approximate thickness of 1.5 mm and diameter of 55 mm was subjected to immersion in tap water for 5 hours and then dried. The dry weight of the fungal material before and after the immersion treatment was recorded and is shown in Table 1. The degree of water damage is quantified as the % mass loss of the fungal material relative to the mass of the same fungal material before the immersion treatment. result

[0138] Inclusion of the polyol, glycerol (in the absence of emulsifier and oil) increased the susceptibility of the fungal material to water damage. However, incorporation of the emulsifier, lecithin, into the fungal material countered this increased susceptibility to water damage (Figure 1). Results showed that 4% w / v lecithin prevented the increased susceptibility to water damage even when the fungal material contained a high polyol concentration (4% v / v). Results further demonstrated that inclusion of oil further reduced the susceptibility of the fungal material to water damage (Figure 2).

[0139] The results presented herein demonstrate that the inclusion of an emulsifier counteracts the increased susceptibility to water damage associated with the inclusion of a polyol. Advantageously, the fungal materials of the present invention benefit from the increased flexibility associated with polyols, such as glycerol, while retaining an adequate level of water resistance.

[0140] Glycerol and lecithin concentrations in the absence of oil [Table 1] Table 1. Results of water damage assays comparing the effect of lecithin and glycerol concentrations on susceptibility to water damage. [Table 2] Table 2. Results of water damage assays comparing the effect of oil and glycerol concentrations on susceptibility to water damage. Example 2 method

[0141] To compare how polyols, oils and emulsifiers affect the susceptibility of fungal materials to water damage, six different fungal materials were prepared as described in Example 1. The compositions of the six fungal materials used in this experiment are shown below: "Control (-G)": fungal material prepared from a fluid mixture containing homogenized fungal biomass and 1% w / v agar; "Control (+G)": fungal material prepared from a fluid mixture containing homogenized fungal biomass, 1% w / v agar, and 1% v / v glycerol; "SO": fungal material produced from a fluid mixture containing homogenized fungal biomass, 1% w / v agar, and 0.5% v / v sunflower oil; "SO+L": fungal material produced from a fluid mixture containing homogenized fungal biomass, 1% w / v agar, 0.5% v / v sunflower oil, and 0.5% v / v lecithin; "G, SO": fungal material produced from a fluid mixture containing homogenized fungal biomass, 1% w / v agar, 0.5% v / v sunflower oil, and 1% v / v glycerol; "G, SO+L": Fungal material produced from a fluid mixture containing homogenized fungal biomass, 1% w / v agar, 0.5% v / v sunflower oil, 0.5% v / v lecithin, and 1% v / v glycerol.

[0142] The water damage assay was performed by submerging the fungal material in 100 mL of tap water for 24 hours. The fungal material was then dried at 50° C. for 4 hours. Once dry, the fungal material was weighed. Six replicates were used for each fungal material. The starting fungal material samples were approximately 1.5 mm thick and approximately 55 mm in diameter.

[0143] Weight loss percentage scores were calculated by comparing the weight of fungal material before and after the water damage assay. The results of the water damage assay were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction applied for comparing multiple means. result

[0144] The results show that weight loss was highest for fungal material containing glycerol without sunflower oil and lecithin (control (+G)) (mean = 65.32%; Table 3), indicating that the addition of glycerol significantly increases the susceptibility of the fungal material to water damage. However, the addition of sunflower oil and lecithin (G,SO+L) counteracted this effect and significantly reduced the extent of weight loss (mean = 43.8; Table 3). As shown in Figure 3, fungal material containing glycerol, sunflower oil, and lecithin (G,SO) showed a 32.95% reduction in loss due to water damage compared to fungal material containing glycerol (control (+G)).

[0145] Interestingly, fungal material containing sunflower oil and glycerol (G, SO) but not lecithin showed no significant difference in weight loss compared to fungal material containing only glycerol (control (+G)) (mean = 62.65; Table 3).

[0146] These results indicate that the emulsifier and oil act synergistically in the presence of glycerol to reduce the susceptibility of the fungal material to water damage. Table 3. Results of the water injury assay. Mean percentage loss due to water injury is shown (n=6). [Table 3] Example 3

[0147] Fungal materials having various concentrations of lecithin, polyol and natural latex rubber were prepared to compare the effect of these components on susceptibility to water damage. method

[0148] A fungal biomass was produced by mixing Agaricus bisporus fruiting bodies with tap water in a 1:1 ratio of water volume to mushroom mass. The fungal biomass was thoroughly mixed using a blender to produce a homogenized mixture. 100 mL of the homogenized mixture was added to a Duran bottle and kappa carrageenan powder was added to a final concentration of 1% w / v. Lecithin, natural latex rubber, and glycerol were added to the concentrations listed in Table 4. The fluid mixture was then thoroughly mixed before being heated to 100°C for 15 seconds using an 800W microwave. Immediately after heating, the heated fluid mixture was poured into a Petri dish and allowed to solidify at room temperature (22°C) for 25 minutes. The solidified fungal material was then transferred to a 50°C oven and dried for 30 hours.

[0149] Fungal material with an approximate thickness of 1.5 mm and diameter of 55 mm was subjected to immersion in tap water for 5 hours and then dried. The dry weight of the fungal material before and after the immersion treatment was recorded and is shown in Table 4. The degree of water damage is quantified as the % mass loss of the fungal material relative to the mass of the same fungal material before the immersion treatment. result

[0150] The results show that in all cases, the inclusion of lecithin powder reduced the level of water damage (loss of mass) compared to comparable materials without lecithin. This was true for materials containing glycerol, low and high concentrations of natural latex rubber, and both glycerol and latex rubber. Table 4: Results of a water damage assay comparing the effect of lecithin on the susceptibility to water damage of materials containing glycerol and / or natural latex rubber. [Table 4]

Claims

1. (a) a fungal biomass; (b) a polysaccharide base matrix; (c) a plasticizer; (d) an emulsifier; and optionally (e) a diluent; and wherein said plasticizer comprises latex.

2. The fungal material of claim 1 , wherein the plasticizer further comprises a polyol.

3. The fungal material of claim 1 comprising an oil.

4. 2. The fungal material of claim 1, wherein the fungal biomass comprises at least one of a fungal fruiting body, a fungal mat, a mycelium, and a mycelium.

5. 5. The fungal material of claim 1 or 4, comprising between 10% and 50% w / w fungal biomass.

6. The fungal material of claim 1 , wherein the polysaccharide-based matrix is ​​selected from an agarose-based matrix, a carrageenan-based matrix, an alginate-based matrix, a cellulose-based matrix, and a chitosan-based matrix.

7. The fungal material of claim 6 , wherein the agarose-based matrix is ​​agar.

8. 8. The fungal material of any one of claims 1, 6 or 7, comprising between 0.2% and 8% w / w of a polysaccharide base matrix.

9. The fungal material of claim 1, comprising between 0.5% and 40% v / v of a plasticizer.

10. 3. The fungal material of claim 2, wherein the polyol is selected from glycerol, sorbitol, erythritol, xylitol, maltitol, mannitol, lactitol, polyglycitol, and isomalt.

11. The fungal material according to claim 2 or 10, comprising between 0.5% and 5% w / w of a polyol.

12. The fungal material according to claim 1 or 2, comprising between 0.5% and 40% w / w of latex.

13. 2. The fungal material of claim 1, wherein the emulsifier is selected from lecithin, lanolin, sodium alginate, xanthan gum, pectin, casein, whey protein, ammonium phosphatide, gum arabic, and oleylamine.

14. The fungal material according to claim 1 or 13, comprising between 0.05% and 0.5% w / w of an emulsifier.

15. The fungal material of claim 1 , wherein the diluent is selected from water, a buffer, or saline.

16. 4. The fungal material of claim 3, wherein the oil is selected from sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, castor oil, and olive oil.

17. 17. The fungal material according to claim 3 or 16, comprising between 0.1% and 2% w / w oil.

18. 14. The fungal material according to claim 3 or 13, comprising oil and emulsifier in a total concentration between 0.15% and 2% w / w.

19. 10. The fungal material of claim 1, further comprising a support material selected from cotton, polyester, nylon, cotton, denim, and / or silk.

20. 2. The fungal material of claim 1, comprising agar, glycerol, sunflower oil, and lecithin.

21. 10. The fungal material of claim 1, comprising a carrageenan base matrix, latex, and lecithin.

22. The fungal material of claim 1 , further comprising a colorant.

23. The fungal material of claim 1 , comprising an odorant.

24. 1. A method for producing a fungal material comprising the steps of: (a) combining a fungal biomass, a polysaccharide composition, a plasticizer, an emulsifier, and a diluent to produce a fluid mixture, wherein the polysaccharide composition is capable of forming a polysaccharide-based matrix; (b) solidifying the fluid mixture to produce a fungal material comprising a polysaccharide-based matrix; wherein the plasticizer comprises a latex.

25. 25. The method of claim 24, comprising combining a fungal biomass, a polysaccharide composition, a plasticizer, an emulsifier, a diluent, and an oil.

26. 26. The method of claim 24 or 25, further comprising melting the polysaccharide composition prior to solidifying the fluid mixture.

27. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the step of melting the polysaccharide composition comprises heating the fluid mixture to a temperature above the melting temperature of the polysaccharide composition, optionally to at least 100°C, optionally for at least 10 seconds.

28. 26. The method of claim 24 or 25, wherein the polysaccharide composition is in a molten form.

29. 26. The method of claim 24 or 25, wherein solidifying the fluid mixture comprises cooling the fluid mixture.

30. 26. The method of claim 24 or 25, further comprising the step of drying the fungal material, optionally comprising drying the fungal material at a temperature of at least 30° C. for at least 2 hours.

31. 26. The method of claim 24 or 25, wherein the fungal biomass comprises a fungal biomass and a diluent, optionally wherein the diluent is selected from water, a buffer, or saline.

32. 32. The method of claim 31 , wherein the fungal biomass comprises sufficient liquid to be pourable.

33. 26. The method of claim 24 or 25, wherein the fungal biomass is a homogenized fungal biomass.

34. 26. The method of claim 24 or 25, wherein the plasticizer further comprises a polyol.

35. (i) the fungal biomass comprises at least one of a fungal fruiting body, a fungal mat, a mycelium, and a mycelium; (ii) the polysaccharide composition is a. a composition comprising agarose capable of forming an agarose-based matrix, optionally an agar powder; b. a composition comprising carrageenan capable of forming a carrageenan-based matrix; c. a composition comprising an alginate capable of forming an alginate-based matrix; d. a composition comprising cellulose capable of forming a cellulose-based matrix; and e. Compositions containing chitosan capable of forming a chitosan-based matrix Selected from: (iii) the polyol is selected from glycerol, sorbitol, erythritol, xylitol, maltitol, mannitol, lactitol, polyglycitol, and isomalt; (iv) the emulsifier is selected from lecithin, lanolin, sodium alginate, xanthan gum, pectin, casein, whey protein, ammonium phosphatide, gum arabic, and oleylamine; and (v) the diluent is selected from water, a buffer solution and saline; 35. The method of claim 34.

36. The fluid mixture comprises: (i) between 10% and 50% fungal biomass; (ii) between 0.2% and 8% w / v of said polysaccharide base matrix; (iii) between 0.5% and 5% v / v of said polyol; (iv) between 0.05% and 0.5% v / v of said emulsifier; 35. The method of claim 34, comprising:

37. (i) the fungal biomass comprises at least one of a fungal fruiting body, a fungal mat, a mycelium, and a mycelium; (ii) the polysaccharide composition is a. a composition comprising agarose capable of forming an agarose-based matrix, optionally an agar powder; b. a composition comprising carrageenan capable of forming a carrageenan-based matrix; c. a composition comprising an alginate capable of forming an alginate-based matrix; d. a composition comprising cellulose capable of forming a cellulose-based matrix; and e. Compositions containing chitosan capable of forming a chitosan-based matrix Selected from: (iii) the plasticizer further comprises a polyol, optionally wherein the polyol is selected from glycerol, sorbitol, erythritol, xylitol, maltitol, mannitol, lactitol, polyglycitol, and isomalt; (iv) the emulsifier is selected from lecithin, lanolin, sodium alginate, xanthan gum, pectin, casein, whey protein, ammonium phosphatide, gum arabic, and oleylamine; and (v) the diluent is selected from water, a buffer solution and saline; 25. The method of claim 24.

38. The fluid mixture comprises: (i) between 10% and 50% fungal biomass; (ii) between 0.2% and 8% w / v of said polysaccharide base matrix; (iii) between 0.5% and 40% w / v of said plasticizer; (iv) between 0.05% and 0.5% v / v of said emulsifier; 38. The method of any one of claims 24 or 37, comprising:

39. (i) the oil is selected from sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, castor oil, and olive oil; and / or (ii) the fluid mixture comprises between 0.1 and 2% v / v oil; 26. The method of claim 25.

40. The fungal material is (i) a support material selected from cotton, polyester, nylon, cotton, denim, and / or silk; and / or (ii) one or more additional fungal materials 26. The method of claim 24 or 25, further comprising adhering to.

41. 26. The method of claim 24 or 25, comprising the step of adding a colorant to the fluid mixture.

42. 26. The method of claim 24 or 25, comprising the step of adding an odorant to the fluid mixture.

43. 13. Use of the fungal material according to claim 1 as a leather substitute.

44. 2. Use of the fungal material according to claim 1 as a plastic replacement.

45. 2. Use of the fungal material according to claim 1 as a rubber substitute.

46. 2. Use of the fungal material according to claim 1 as a thermal insulation material.

47. 2. Use of the fungal material according to claim 1 as a packaging material.

48. 10. Use of the fungal material according to claim 1 as a foodstuff, optionally said foodstuff being a pet food.

49. 10. A leather substitute comprising the fungal material of claim 1.

50. 10. A plastic replacement comprising the fungal material of claim 1.

51. A rubber substitute comprising the fungal material of claim 1.

52. 13. An insulation material comprising the fungal material of claim 1.

53. A packaging material comprising the fungal material of claim 1.

54. 10. A foodstuff comprising the fungal material of claim 1, optionally a pet food.

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