How to calibrate a holographic projector

Abstract

To provide a method of calibrating a holographic projector.SOLUTION: The method comprises displaying a primary diffractive pattern on a display device, where the primary diffractive pattern comprises a first hologram of a first target image and a phase-ramp function. The method further comprises illuminating the primary diffractive pattern to form a first holographic reconstruction of the first target image on a replay plane. The first target image comprises a picture area and a non-picture area. The phase-ramp function is arranged to translate the first holographic reconstruction. The method further comprises blocking at least a portion of the first holographic reconstruction using a mask 1002, where the mask is arranged to block the non-picture area in the absence of the phase-ramp function. The method further comprises measuring a property of a boundary 1102, 1106 between the picture area and the non-picture area. There is further provided a holographic projection system.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 11

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present disclosure relates to a method for calibrating a holographic projector. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to a method for calibrating a holographic projector to compensate for rotational misalignment of the holographic projector. Some embodiments of the method relate to measuring features on a holographic reconstruction formed on a reconstruction plane by a holographic projector. Some embodiments of the method relate to using a phase ramp function to move the holographic reconstruction so that a boundary between image and non-image areas of the holographic reconstruction becomes visible. Some examples relate to a head-up display comprising a holographic projection system and a holographic projector. [Background technology]

[0002] Light scattered from an object contains amplitude and phase information that can be captured, for example, on a photosensitive plate by well-known interference techniques to form a holographic recording or "hologram" that contains interference fringes. This hologram can be reconstructed by illuminating with appropriate light to form a two- or three-dimensional holographic reconstruction or reconstructed image that alternatively represents the original object.

[0003] Computer-generated holography can numerically simulate interference processes. Computer-generated holograms may be calculated by techniques based on mathematical transformations such as the Fresnel transform or the Fourier transform. These types of holograms are sometimes called Fresnel / Fourier transform holograms or simply Fresnel / Fourier holograms. Fourier holograms can be thought of as a Fourier domain / planar representation of an object or a frequency domain / planar representation of an object. Computer-generated holograms may be calculated by, for example, coherent ray tracing or point cloud techniques.

[0004] A computer-generated hologram may be encoded with a spatial light modulator arranged to modulate the amplitude and / or phase of incident light. Light modulation may be performed, for example, using electrically addressable liquid crystals, optically addressable liquid crystals or micromirrors.

[0005] A spatial light modulator typically comprises a number of individually addressable pixels, also called cells or elements. The light modulation scheme may be binary, multi-level or continuous. Alternatively, the device may be continuous (i.e., not pixelated), and thus the light modulation may be continuous across the device. Spatial light modulators may be of the reflective type, meaning that the modulated light is output in reflection. Spatial light modulators may also be of the transmissive type, meaning that the modulated light is output in transmission.

[0006] A holographic projector may be provided using the systems described herein, such a projector finding application in heads-up displays (HUDs). Summary of the Invention

[0007] Aspects of the present disclosure are defined in the accompanying independent claims.

[0008] In general terms, a holographic projector and a method for calibrating a holographic projector are provided. In particular, a calibration method is provided that corrects for rotational misalignment of parts or components of a holographic projector.

[0009] The holographic projector may be arranged to form a holographic reconstruction of the target image on the reconstruction plane. Rotational misalignment in parts or components of the holographic projector may cause a rotation of the holographic reconstruction. For example, the holographic projector may be comprised of a display device such as a spatial light modulator. The holographic projector may further comprise a light source, such as a laser, arranged to illuminate the spatial light modulator. The holographic projector may further comprise one or more optical components, such as one or more lenses or mirrors. The holographic reconstruction may be formed by illuminating a diffractive structure displayed on the display device using the light source and using one or more optical components. Misalignment in any or each of the parts or components of the holographic projector (e.g., the display device, the light source, and / or one or more optical components) may cause a misalignment / rotation of the holographic reconstruction relative to its intended position. Such misalignment may occur, for example, due to manufacturing tolerances in the assembly of the holographic projector.

[0010] Generally, it is undesirable for the holographic reconstruction to be unintentionally rotated (i.e. misaligned), and therefore the holographic projector needs to be calibrated to correct for the (rotational) misalignment mentioned above. The holographic reconstruction may comprise an image area. The holographic projector may be positioned such that the image area is viewable by a user. It is undesirable for the image area to be rotationally misaligned. In some embodiments, the viewable image area may be defined by a mask, such as a software mask. The (software) mask may comprise an active area. In the active area, image content may be viewable by a user. Outside the active area, the (software) mask may place content that is not intended to be viewable by the user. The (software) mask may be referred to herein as a "layout" mask. In some embodiments, the holographic projector further comprises a physical mask. The layout mask may be intended to be aligned with an aperture or opening of the physical mask. However, a rotational misalignment of the holographic projector may result in a mismatch between the physical mask and the layout mask.

[0011] Furthermore, the holographic reconstruction may include features or regions that are used in the control process. For example, the holographic reconstruction may include one or more non-image regions. The non-image region(s) may include one or more control regions that are intended to be detected by a detector / sensor and are not intended to be visible by a user during use of the holographic projector. For example, in one control process, the brightness of one or more control regions may be measured. This brightness measurement may be used in a feedback process to control the brightness of the holographic reconstruction (in particular the brightness of the image region of the holographic projection). If the holographic reconstruction is misaligned, the features or regions of the holographic reconstruction (such as the non-image regions) may not be properly aligned with the detector / sensor and therefore the measurements of the features or regions (e.g. brightness measurements) may not be accurate.

[0012] The holographic reconstruction described above comprises a light source arranged to illuminate a display device such as a spatial light modulator. The light source may comprise a substantially single (first) wavelength of light, and therefore the holographic reconstruction associated with that (first) light source may be of a single color corresponding to the first wavelength. In other words, the light source may be a monochromatic light source. A full-color holographic projector may be formed by combining multiple single-color / monochromatic holographic projector channels. Each projection channel may comprise a display device arranged to display a hologram, and a monochromatic light source. In some embodiments, an approach known as spatially separated color (SSC) is used to provide color holographic reconstruction. The SSC method uses three spatially separated arrays of light-modulating pixels for three monochromatic holograms. In some embodiments, three spatially separated display devices are provided, one of which is associated with each monochromatic hologram. In other embodiments, three spatially separated regions on a single display device (spatial light modulator) may be used to provide the three arrays of light-modulating pixels. In other embodiments, an approach known as Frame Sequential Color (FSC) is used to provide color holographic reconstructions. The FSC method can use all pixels of a common display device (spatial light modulator) to sequentially display three monochromatic holograms. The monochromatic reconstructions are cycled (e.g., red, green, blue, red, green, blue, etc.) at a rate sufficient for a human viewer to perceive a multicolor image from the integration of the three monochromatic images. In either SSC or FSC, the color holographic reconstruction is created as a superposition of three monochromatic holographic reconstructions (FSC superpositions are separated in time). Notably, each monochromatic holographic reconstruction is formed by an independent optical channel with at least an independent (monochromatic) light source and, optionally, one or more other components such as optics and its own display device. This presents complex alignment problems.One alignment issue, as explained in the previous paragraph, is that rotational misalignment in parts / components of a holographic projector can cause rotational misalignment of one or more of the (monochromatic) holographic reconstructions relative to one or more of the other (monochromatic) holographic reconstructions. For example, the light source of one holographic channel may be rotationally misaligned while the light sources of the other two holographic channels are correctly aligned. Thus, one of the holographic reconstructions may be rotationally misaligned relative to the other two holographic reconstructions.

[0013] Rotational misalignment of each holographic channel can adversely affect the quality of the full-color holographic reconstruction. Each monochromatic holographic reconstruction may include multiple pixels. Ideally, corresponding pixels of each monochromatic holographic reconstruction are substantially aligned to give the effect of a full-color holographic reconstruction. Rotational misalignment of the holographic channels can result in misalignment of pixels of one color with pixels of another color, significantly reducing the perceived quality of the holographic reconstruction. This can be problematic for both image regions (where the image perceived by the user can be significantly degraded) and non-image regions (where control processes associated with the non-image regions can be adversely affected by pixel misalignment).

[0014] A method for aligning pixels of different hologram channels has been previously proposed and described in GB Patent No. 2587245. This method is referred to herein as Multicolor Pixel Alignment (MPA). In one embodiment, the MPA method comprises: forming a first holographic reconstruction of a plurality of pixels on a display surface using a first holographic projection channel, the first holographic projection channel comprising a first spatial light modulator arranged to display a hologram; forming a second holographic reconstruction of the plurality of pixels on the display surface using a second holographic projection channel, the second holographic projection channel comprising a second spatial light modulator arranged to display the hologram in combination with at least one diffraction grating function, each diffraction grating function having a respective displacement direction; capturing an image of the display surface; determining, for each pixel, a grating angle of each grating function required to align the pixel of the first holographic reconstruction with the corresponding pixel of the second holographic reconstruction in each misalignment direction to obtain, for each misalignment direction, a plurality of grating angles at a respective plurality of different positions on the display surface; Includes.

[0015] MPAs are effective at correcting / correcting for parallel misalignment of individual pixels within the holographic reconstruction itself (particularly the image region of the holographic reconstruction itself), and achieve this by using a grating function to shift / align pixels within the image region. However, MPAs are less effective at correcting for rotational misalignment of the holographic reconstruction as a whole. For example, a holographic reconstruction may comprise an image region, as described above, and one or more non-image regions that may not overlap with the image region and may be used in a control process. MPAs may be used to align corresponding pixels of different colors within the image region using a grating or phase ramp function to move the image region and individual pixels by imaging the image region and applying a corresponding grating function. However, the rotation of the holographic reconstruction itself may remain rotationally misaligned. This may be particularly problematic for the non-image regions of the holographic reconstruction, where the position of the control region(s) of the non-image region relative to the associated detector may be important for the detector to accurately measure properties of the non-image region in order for the control process (such as a brightness control process) to run correctly. MPAs are less effective at correcting for such rotational misalignment.

[0016] Currently, the rotational misalignment of the holographic reconstruction in a holographic projector is corrected by physically moving each component / part of the holographic projector in sequence so that the holographic reconstruction is rotationally aligned. In other words, the misalignment is corrected by manually aligning the hardware of the holographic projector. If the holographic projector comprises multiple channels, each channel needs to be properly aligned. Such current approaches are time consuming and require expensive equipment to perform the alignment. Furthermore, there are generally complex interdependencies between the various components / parts of a holographic projector, making it difficult to predict the effect of moving one component on the rotation of the holographic reconstruction. Moreover, such approaches generally need to be performed during the manufacture of the holographic projector, thus increasing the manufacturing time.

[0017] What is needed is a fast and inexpensive method to calibrate / correct for the rotational shifts of components / parts of a holographic projector that cause rotational shifts in the holographic reconstruction. What is needed is such a method that globally corrects for the rotational shifts in the holographic reconstruction, and that does not adversely affect the manufacturing process / production time of the holographic project.

[0018] According to a first aspect of the present disclosure, a method of calibrating a holographic projector is provided. The method includes displaying a first diffraction pattern on a display device. The first diffraction pattern includes a first hologram of a first target image and a phase ramp function. The method further includes illuminating the first diffraction pattern to form a holographic reconstruction of the first target image on a reconstruction plane. The first target image includes an image region and a non-image region. Thus, the first holographic reconstruction (of the first target image) also includes an image region and a non-image region. The phase ramp function is arranged to move the first holographic reconstruction. The method further includes blocking at least a portion of the first holographic reconstruction with a mask. The mask may be a physical mask. The method further includes measuring a characteristic of a boundary between the image region and the non-image region. In particular, the method may further include measuring an angle between the boundary (between the image region and the non-image region) and an expected position of the boundary (the expected position corresponding to the position of the boundary when the holographic projector is correctly aligned). The boundary between the image region and the non-image region may be defined by software or a layout mask as described above.

[0019] During normal operation of the holographic projector (e.g., not during execution of the calibration method), the diffraction pattern on the display device may not include a phase ramp function. The mask is positioned such that in the absence of a phase ramp function (i.e., during normal operation), at least some (optionally all) of the non-image areas of the holographic reconstruction are blocked by the mask. Thus, during normal use of the holographic projector, the mask may allow light of the image areas to be relayed forward (e.g., to a viewing system), but block some, preferably all, of the light of the non-image areas of the (first) holographic reconstruction. The non-image areas may include areas of noise. Thus, the boundary between the image areas and the non-image areas may be a boundary between the image areas and the noise. The boundary may be referred to as a noise boundary. The non-image areas of the holographic reconstruction may further include one or more control areas, such as one or more power spots. During normal use of the holographic projector, it is undesirable for the viewing system (such as the human eye) to receive light from the non-image areas. This may prevent the user from receiving the noise and, optionally, the control light. During normal use of the holographic projector, the mask (which may be a physical mask, as described above) effectively prevents the viewing system from receiving light from either the noise regions or the control regions.

[0020] As mentioned above, in the first holographic reconstruction formed in the reconstruction plane, there is a (noise) boundary between the image and non-image regions. The inventors have recognized that it is advantageous to utilize this (noise) boundary to calibrate the rotational shift of the holographic projector (and thus the rotational shift of the holographic reconstruction). In particular, the inventors have recognized that the (noise) boundary of the image region has well-defined and expected position characteristics. For example, when the holographic projector is correctly aligned, one can expect the lower and / or upper edge of the boundary between the image and non-image regions to be straight and parallel to true horizontal. Alternatively or additionally, one can expect the left and / or right edge of the boundary between the image and non-image regions to be straight and parallel to true vertical. The inventors have recognized that the boundaries / edges of the image region have characteristics that can be conveniently and reliably measured, in particular the angle of the respective boundaries / edges relative to the expected position (when the projector is properly aligned) can be measured in order to quantify the rotational shift of the holographic reconstruction.

[0021] In normal use of a holographic projector, the (noise) boundaries between image and non-image areas are not visible to the end user. In particular, if the (noise) boundaries were visible, it could mean that parts of the non-image areas are also visible, which is undesirable since the non-image areas may constitute noise (see above). Usually, the actual boundaries of the areas seen by the viewing system may be defined by a mask (e.g., a physical mask) rather than by the image / non-image area boundaries of the holographic reconstruction itself. The inventors have realized that the (noise) boundaries of the holographic reconstruction can be made visible simply by including a phase ramp function in the diffraction pattern to move the holographic reconstruction from its normal position (where it may be blocked by the mask) to a displaced position where the boundaries between the image and non-image areas become visible beyond the mask. Given the prejudice against the boundaries being visible in the holographic reconstruction, it is highly unusual and counterintuitive that the inventors have devised a new mode of operation of a holographic projector that uses a phase ramp function to make the boundaries visible (temporarily for calibration purposes). In other words, a (simple) phase ramp function can be displayed (in addition to the image hologram) to expose linear edge (noise) boundaries, which are features with well-defined properties that can be used for rotational alignment operations with minimal processing requirements. Furthermore, the method can be applied to any hologram (of any target image). Unlike some known alignment methods, the method according to the present disclosure does not require the calculation of a specific alignment hologram.

[0022] As mentioned above, current methods of calibrating the rotational shift typically require manual (physical) intervention to individually adjust individual parts or components of the holographic projector. This is a time-consuming process that typically must be performed on a manufacturing line. An advantage of the calibration method proposed by the inventors in this disclosure is that it can be advantageously performed entirely in software (unlike conventional physical adjustment methods). In particular, the steps of displaying a phase ramp function for shifting / moving the boundaries of the image area, forming a holographic reconstruction of an arbitrary target image, and measuring the characteristics of the boundaries can be performed by a computer. No physical adjustment of the components or parts of the holographic projector (e.g., alignment of the display device, light source, or other optical components) is required. Instead, based on the measured characteristics of the boundaries between the image area and the non-image area, the method may further include inferring / determining / measuring the rotational shift of the first holographic reconstruction of the first target image. The inventors have found that it is advantageous to use a phase mask to move the boundaries to make them visible (e.g., exposed from behind the masked regions) in order to determine the rotational shift of the holographic reconstruction of the target image. Advantageously, the hologram of the target image may be altered (based on the determined rotational shift) to correct the rotational shift so that the holographic reconstruction of the target image appears as intended (without rotational shift). As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the adjustments can be performed in software (e.g., as part of the hologram calculation method). No physical intervention is required to manually adjust components / parts of the holographic projector (e.g., mirrors or lenses). This calibration method is therefore much faster than current conventional rotational alignment methods (described above) and does not require specialized (expensive) equipment. Furthermore, the calibration can be performed away from the manufacturing line, so that the calibration step does not slow down the manufacturing process. Furthermore, the calibration can be performed at any time. For example, over time, the positions of the components of the holographic projector may change.This may be due to, for example, vibration or shock of the holographic projector, or environmental factors such as temperature changes. The calibration method according to the present disclosure may be performed at any time to correct for the changing rotational position. For example, the calibration method may be performed periodically or before each use of the holographic projector. The calibration method may be performed with the holographic projector in place. For example, the holographic projector may be part of a head-up display in a vehicle. The calibration method may be performed while the holographic projector is in place (for example) in the dashboard of the vehicle. The method may be part of a calibration process that occurs at the end of the manufacturing process.

[0023] The boundary may be a linear boundary. The boundary may have one or more ends, such as one or more linear ends. Measuring the boundary property may include measuring a linear property or characteristic of the boundary, such as measuring an angle of the linear end of the boundary relative to the horizontal. The mask may be a physical mask, such as a baffle to reduce stray light. The mask is typically positioned substantially above the holographic reconstruction plane. The mask may have one or more regions / apertures arranged to allow passage of light, such as imaging light of the HUD, and / or block undesired light, such as stray light.

[0024] The holographic reconstruction is a holographic reconstruction of a target image. According to an embodiment, the target image has an image area and (at least one) non-image area, and therefore the holographic reconstruction has corresponding image and non-image areas. The holographic reconstruction is formed in a reconstructing field. The term "reconstructing field" is used to refer to a 2D area in which the holographic reconstruction is formed and is perfectly focused. When a hologram is displayed on a spatial light modulator containing pixels, the reconstructing field is repeated in the form of multiple diffraction orders, each of which is a replica of the zeroth order reconstructing field. The zeroth order reconstructing field is generally the brightest reconstructing field and therefore corresponds to the preferred or primary reconstructing field. Unless otherwise specified, the term "reconstructing field" should be interpreted as referring to the zeroth order reconstructing field. Each diffraction order contains a replica of the holographic reconstruction (and therefore contains replicas or areas of the image and non-image areas).

[0025] As described above, the holographic reconstruction includes image and non-image regions, the non-image regions including noise. A noise boundary may separate the image and non-image regions. The first hologram may be a computer-generated hologram. The first hologram may be calculated as described such that the first holographic reconstruction has image and non-image regions. The first hologram may be calculated using an iterative method. For example, the first hologram may be calculated using a Gerchberg-Saxton type method. The first hologram may be calculated using an iterative method that intentionally results in a holographic reconstruction including image and non-image (noise) regions, as described.

[0026] Throughout this disclosure, reference is made to translation and rotation of the holographic reconstruction. An alternative way of describing this is to describe the translation and / or rotation of a holographic reconstruction field, such as a zero-order or first-order holographic reconstruction field or multiple reconstruction fields formed by diffraction. The translation of the reconstruction field may be achieved as a result of a phase ramp function combined (e.g., added) with the hologram. The reconstruction field is sometimes referred to as being rotationally misaligned by the optics of the holographic projector (discussed above). The rotation misalignment of the reconstruction field can be corrected by modifying the first hologram. Alternatively, the rotation misalignment of the reconstruction field may be corrected by displaying a rotation function on a display device. For example, a hologram of the target image and a diffraction pattern including the rotation function may be displayed. The holographic reconstruction of the diffraction pattern may be a reconstruction of the target image (of the hologram), but rotated according to the rotation function. In some embodiments, the rotation function may be a matrix function. Thus, references to holographic reconstruction throughout this disclosure may be generally replaced with references to a (holographic) reconstruction field.

[0027] As used herein, the "reconstruction plane" is used to refer to a plane in space that contains the entire reconstructed field. The terms "image", "reconstructed image" and "image area" refer to the area of ​​the reconstructed field that is illuminated by the light of the holographic reconstruction. In some embodiments, the "image" may comprise discrete spots called "image spots" or for convenience "image pixels". The rotation and / or translation of the holographic reconstruction may preferably be a rotation or translation in the plane of the reconstructed plane.

[0028] As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, a phase ramp (or grating) function is a function that may be displayed on a display device to displace spatially modulated light by a predefined amount in a first direction on the reconstruction plane. A phase ramp (or grating) function may be calculated to provide a range of displacements with high precision (even sub-pixel level precision). The displacement may be a linear displacement in the first direction. The first direction may be vertical or horizontal. Throughout this disclosure, reference is made to a "phase ramp" (or "grating function") only as an example of a function (e.g., an array of phase or phase delay values) that provides a linear displacement of the holographic reconstruction on the reconstruction plane. That is, an array of light modulation values ​​that, when added to a hologram, linearly displaces the reconstruction field with a defined magnitude and direction. The displacement may be measured in pixels, millimeters, or degrees. A phase ramp may also be referred to as a phase wedge. The phase values ​​of a phase ramp may be wrapped (e.g., modulo 2π). A wrapped phase ramp may be considered a phase grating. However, the present disclosure is not limited to phase-only modulation, and the terms "grating function", "software grating", and "blazed grating" may be used as examples of beam steering functions such as wrapped modulation ramps. A phase ramp is characterized by its phase gradient. In this disclosure, the term "grating function" is preferred since the associated grating angle is an important component of the disclosed method.

[0029] The phase ramp function may be arranged to move the holographic reconstruction (or replay field) from a first position to a second position. The movement may be along a linear axis. The first position may be a position of the holographic reconstruction (or replay field) in the absence of the phase ramp function. In other words, the first position may correspond to a position of the holographic reconstruction when a diffraction pattern constituting the first hologram but not the phase ramp function is displayed on the display device. The second position may be a position of the holographic reconstruction when the first diffraction pattern (including the first hologram and the phase ramp function) is displayed on the display device. Thus, illuminating the first diffraction pattern (including the first hologram and the phase ramp) may include forming a holographic reconstruction of the target image at the second position.

[0030] The mask is arranged to block non-image areas in the absence of a phase ramp function, in particular in the absence of the above-mentioned specific phase ramp function arranged to transform the holographic reconstruction from the first position to the second position. This does not exclude that the first-order diffraction pattern display includes other phase ramp functions (for example, as used in the MPA scheme as described above). In other words, the mask is arranged to block non-images when the holographic reconstruction (or replay field) is in the first position. However, the step of blocking at least a part of the holographic reconstruction with the mask is actually performed when the holographic reconstruction (or replay field) is in the second position (since the first diffractive structure illuminated to form the first holographic reconstruction constitutes the phase ramp function). During normal use of the holographic projector, when the holographic reconstruction is in the first position, the boundary between the image area and the non-image area may not be visible beyond the mask. However, during the execution of the calibration method and when the first diffractive structure constituting the phase ramp function is illuminated, the first holographic reconstruction is moved from the first position to the second position. In the second position, the boundary between the image and non-image areas is visible beyond the mask (ie, not blocked, hidden, or obscured by the mask).

[0031] In some embodiments, the method further comprises determining or measuring or estimating a rotational shift of the first holographic reconstruction of the target image based on the measured characteristics of the (linear) boundary. In some embodiments, determining or measuring or estimating a rotational shift of the first holographic reconstruction of the first target image may comprise capturing or detecting an image of the first holographic reconstruction / reconstruction field / reconstruction plane. In some embodiments, the method may further comprise identifying a boundary between an image area and a non-image area of ​​the first holographic reconstruction in the captured image. In particular, the method may further comprise identifying a linear boundary between an image area and a non-image area in the captured image. In some embodiments, the method may further comprise measuring an angle of at least a part of the identified (linear) boundary. In some embodiments, the method may comprise measuring an angle between a part of the identified (linear) boundary and a predefined target / (predefined) image element. The predefined target / image element may be a horizontal or vertical line. The method may comprise adding or superimposing the predefined target / image element to the captured image, in particular to the identified (linear) boundary. The method may further include measuring an angle between the identified boundary and a predetermined target / image element. In particular, the method may include overlaying the predetermined target onto the captured image. The method may assume that the camera or detector is correctly aligned.

[0032] In some embodiments, the method further comprises displaying the modified first diffraction pattern on a display device. The modified first diffraction pattern may be arranged such that a modified first holographic reconstruction is formed when the modified first diffraction pattern is illuminated. At least a portion of the modified first holographic reconstruction may be rotated relative to the (unmodified) first holographic reconstruction. The rotation may be such that a rotational shift of at least a portion of the modified first holographic reconstruction (corresponding to the modified first hologram) is reduced relative to at least a portion of each of the (unmodified) first holographic reconstructions. In some embodiments, the method further comprises displaying the modified first holographic reconstruction.

[0033] In some embodiments, the modified first diffraction pattern comprises a modified first hologram. In such embodiments, the method may comprise a step of calculating a modified first hologram based on the measured / determined angles / shifts of the identified (linear) boundaries. The modified first hologram may be calculated such that light spatially modulated according to the modified first hologram forms a modified holographic reconstruction on the reconstruction plane. The modified first hologram may be calculated such that the modified first holographic reconstruction is rotated with respect to the unmodified first holographic reconstruction. This rotation may be such that the rotational shift of the modified first holographic reconstruction (corresponding to the modified first hologram) is reduced with respect to the (unmodified) first holographic reconstruction.

[0034] In some embodiments, the modified first hologram is recalculated such that the entire modified first holographic reconstruction is rotated (relative to the unmodified first holographic reconstruction). In some embodiments, the modified first diffraction pattern constitutes a rotation matrix. In such embodiments, the method may include a step of determining or calculating the rotation matrix. The step of determining or calculating the rotation matrix may be based on a measured / determined angle / shift of the identified (linear) boundary. The rotation matrix may be calculated or determined such that the modified first holographic reconstruction is rotated relative to the unmodified first holographic reconstruction.

[0035] In other embodiments, one or more parts of the modified first holographic reconstruction are rotated (without rotating the reconstruction as a whole). For example, the first modified hologram may be such that an image area of ​​the modified first holographic reconstruction is rotated relative to an image area of ​​the unmodified first holographic reconstruction. This may mean that the image area is rotated relative to a non-image area. Rotating the image area may be equivalent to rotating the boundary between the image area and the non-image area. If the non-image area includes one or more control areas, the first modified hologram may be modified such that one or more control areas of the first modified holographic reconstruction are rotated relative to a respective one or more control areas of the first unmodified holographic reconstruction.

[0036] As used herein, a "modified first hologram" refers to a hologram of substantially the same target image as the first hologram, but where the target image (as a whole) has been rotated. The "modified" nature of a "modified first hologram" means that the hologram is modified / altered / recalculated to change the rotation of the holographic reconstruction that is formed when the hologram is illuminated relative to the unmodified "first hologram" (to compensate for the rotational misalignment of the holographic projector). Similarly, a "modified first holographic reconstruction" refers to a holographic reconstruction of substantially the same target image as the (unmodified) first holographic reconstruction, except that the modified first holographic reconstruction is rotated relative to the unmodified first holographic reconstruction.

[0037] In some embodiments, the method includes masking the holographic reconstruction to block non-image areas.

[0038] In some embodiments, the holographic reconstruction is spatially separated from the hologram / display device. The distance between the spatially separated holographic reconstruction and the hologram / display device is sometimes referred to as the projection distance. The spatially modulated light may propagate across the projection distance from the display device (spatial light modulator) to the reconstruction plane.

[0039] In some embodiments, the method further includes displaying a second diffraction pattern including the modified first hologram. The method may further include illuminating the second diffraction pattern to form a modified first holographic reconstruction of the target image on a reconstruction plane.

[0040] In some embodiments, the second diffraction pattern further comprises a phase ramp function, so that a modified first holographic reconstruction may be formed on the reconstruction plane at a second (linear) position.

[0041] The method may then further include repeating the steps of measuring characteristics of the (linear) boundaries between image and non-image regions (visible beyond the mask by the phase ramp function), optionally determining a rotational shift of the holographic reconstruction of the target image based on the characteristics of the (linear) boundaries measured (if any), and optionally calculating a corrected first hologram. By repeating these steps, the calibration of the holographic projector can be verified before returning the replay field to the first position. Alternatively or additionally, the calibration method may be an iterative process, with each iteration progressively improving the rotational shift until the boundary shift angle reaches a sufficiently low threshold. In such an embodiment, the method may include displaying a diffraction pattern including the final corrected first hologram in the absence of the phase ramp function.

[0042] Alternatively, in some embodiments (eg, non-iterative embodiments), the second diffraction pattern does not constitute a phase ramp function (a modified holographic reconstruction is formed at the first linear position).

[0043] In some embodiments, the method may include displaying a diffraction pattern including the first hologram in the absence of a phase ramp function prior to displaying the first diffraction pattern (including both the first hologram and the phase ramp function). The method may also include illuminating the diffraction pattern to form a holographic reconstruction. In other words, the method may include forming a first holographic reconstruction at a first location prior to forming the first holographic reconstruction at a second location.

[0044] In some embodiments, illuminating the first diffraction pattern may include illuminating the diffraction pattern with light at a first wavelength, which may correspond to red light, green light, or blue light.

[0045] In some embodiments, the holographic projector may be a color holographic projector. The holographic projector may be arranged to form a holographic projection comprising a plurality of monochromatic light sources, each having a different wavelength. For example, the holographic projector may include a first light source and may include illuminating the display device with light of a first wavelength. The holographic projector may include a second light source and may include illuminating the display device with light of a second wavelength (different from the first wavelength). The holographic projector may include a third light source and may include illuminating the display device with light of a third wavelength (different from the first or second wavelength). The first wavelength may be one of a set of red light, green light, or blue light. The second wavelength may be one of the remaining two options of the set. The third wavelength may be the remaining option of the set. For each frame of content displayed, the holographic projector may be arranged to form a holographic reconstruction for each of a plurality of (typically three) colors. The method may include performing a calibration process (described above in relation to the first holographic reconstruction having the first color) on the holographic reconstructions having each of the other colors.

[0046] In some embodiments, the method may further include displaying a secondary diffraction pattern on a display device. The secondary diffraction pattern may include a second hologram of the second target image. The secondary diffraction pattern may include a phase ramp function, which may be the same as the phase ramp function described above, such that a holographic reconstruction associated with the secondary diffraction pattern has first and second positions that correspond to the holographic reconstruction of the secondary diffraction pattern.

[0047] In some embodiments, the method may further include illuminating a second diffraction pattern to form a second holographic reconstruction of the second target image in the reconstruction plane. The second target image may include image and non-image areas. In some embodiments, the method may further include blocking at least a portion of the second holographic reconstruction with a mask (at the reconstruction plane). The mask may be positioned to block the non-image areas in the absence of a phase ramp function (i.e., when the second holographic reconstruction is in the first position). In some embodiments, the method may further include measuring a characteristic of a (linear) boundary between the image and non-image areas of the second reconstruction. In some embodiments, the method may further include determining (measuring) a rotational shift of the second holographic reconstruction based on the measured characteristic of the (linear) boundary. In some embodiments, the method may include calculating a modified second hologram, the modified second hologram being calculated such that light that is spatially modulated in accordance with the modified second hologram forms a modified hologram reconstruction on the reconstruction plane, the modified second hologram reconstruction being rotated relative to the (unmodified) second hologram reconstruction.

[0048] In some embodiments, the method may further include displaying a third order diffraction pattern on a display device. The third order diffraction pattern may include a third hologram of a third target image. The third order diffraction pattern may include a phase ramp function, which may be the same as the phase ramp function described above, such that a holographic reconstruction associated with the third order diffraction pattern has first and second positions that correspond to a holographic reconstruction of the third order diffraction pattern.

[0049] In some embodiments, the method may further include illuminating a third diffraction pattern to form a third holographic reconstruction of a third target image in the reconstruction plane. The third target image may include image and non-image areas. In some embodiments, the method may further include blocking at least a portion of the third holographic reconstruction with a mask (at the reconstruction plane). The mask may be positioned to block the non-image areas in the absence of a phase ramp function (i.e., when the third holographic reconstruction is in the first position). In some embodiments, the method may further include measuring a characteristic of a (linear) boundary between the image and non-image areas of the second reconstruction. In some embodiments, the method may further include determining (measuring) a rotational shift of the third holographic reconstruction based on the measured characteristic of the (linear) boundary. In some embodiments, the method may include calculating a modified third hologram, the modified third hologram being calculated such that light that is spatially modulated according to the modified third hologram forms a modified hologram reconstruction on the reconstruction plane, the modified third hologram reconstruction being rotated relative to the (unmodified) second hologram reconstruction.

[0050] In a second aspect, a holographic projection system is provided. The holographic projection system comprises a light source arranged to output light. The holographic projection system further comprises a display device. The display device is arranged to display a diffraction pattern. The diffraction pattern comprises a hologram of a target. The display device is arranged to receive light from the light source and output light spatially modulated according to the diffraction pattern to form a holographic reconstruction of the target image at a reconstruction plane. The holographic projection system further comprises a mask arranged to block at least a portion of the holographic reconstruction. The holographic projection system further comprises a camera arranged to capture an image of the holographic reconstruction. The holographic projection system further comprises a processing unit (or a control unit). The processing unit or the control unit is arranged to display a first diffraction pattern on the display device. The first diffraction pattern comprises a first hologram of a first target image. The first target image comprises an image area and a non-image area. The first diffraction pattern further comprises a phase ramp function arranged to move the holographic reconstruction. The processing unit or control unit is further arranged to capture images of the holographic reconstruction to measure characteristics of the boundary between the image and non-image regions. In particular, the processing unit or control unit is arranged to capture images of the holographic reconstruction as the holographic reconstruction is moved by the phase ramp function. The mask is arranged to block the non-image regions in the absence of the phase ramp function.

[0051] Features and advantages discussed in relation to the method of the first aspect are also applicable to the projection system of the second aspect, and vice versa.

[0052] The phase ramp function may be arranged to move the holographic reconstruction (or replay field) from a first position to a second position (as described in relation to the first aspect). The mask may be arranged to block non-images when the holographic reconstruction (or replay field) is in the first position. In the second position (i.e. when the phase ramp function is displayed on the display device), a boundary between image and non-image areas is visible beyond the mask.

[0053] In some embodiments, the processor or controller is arranged to determine or measure or estimate a rotational shift of the first holographic reconstruction of the target image based on the measured characteristics of the (linear) boundary. In some embodiments, the processor or controller may be further arranged to identify a boundary between an image area and a non-image area of ​​the first holographic reconstruction. In some embodiments, the processor or controller may be further arranged to measure an angle of at least a part of the identified (linear) boundary. In some embodiments, the processor or controller may be further arranged to measure an angle between a part of the identified (linear) boundary and a predefined target / (predefined) image element. The predefined target / (predefined) image element may be a straight line, such as a horizontal or vertical line. The processor or controller may be arranged to add or superimpose a predefined target on the identified (linear) boundary in the captured image and then measure the angle between them.

[0054] In some embodiments, the processing unit or the control unit may be further arranged to calculate a modified first hologram. The modified first hologram may be calculated such that light spatially modulated according to the modified first hologram forms a modified holographic reconstruction on the reconstruction plane. The modified first hologram may be calculated such that the modified holographic reconstruction is rotated relative to the unmodified holographic reconstruction. This rotation may be such that a rotational shift of the modified holographic reconstruction (corresponding to the modified first hologram) is reduced relative to the (unmodified) holographic reconstruction.

[0055] In some embodiments, the holographic projector comprises a plurality of holographic channels. In some embodiments, the holographic projector is arranged to project a color holographic reconstruction. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of holographic channels may result in the formation of a holographic reconstruction of a different color. In some embodiments, the holographic projector may comprise a plurality of monochromatic light sources. Each of the plurality of monochromatic light sources may be arranged to emit a different wavelength of light. For example, the holographic projector may comprise a first light source arranged to emit light of a first wavelength. The holographic projector may comprise a second light source arranged to emit light of a second wavelength (different from the first wavelength). The holographic projector may comprise a third light source arranged to emit light of a third wavelength (different from the first and second wavelengths). The first wavelength may be one of a set of red light, green light, or blue light. The second wavelength may be one of the remaining two options of the set. The third wavelength may be the remaining option of the set.

[0056] In some embodiments, the control unit or processing unit may be further arranged to display a secondary diffraction pattern on a display device. The secondary diffraction pattern may include a second hologram of the second target image. The secondary diffraction pattern may include a phase ramp function, which may be the same as the phase ramp function described above, such that a holographic reconstruction associated with the secondary diffraction pattern has first and second positions corresponding to the holographic reconstruction of the secondary diffraction pattern.

[0057] In some embodiments, the control unit or the processing unit may be further arranged to illuminate the second diffraction pattern to form a second holographic reconstruction of the second target image on the reconstruction plane. The second target image may include image and non-image regions. In some embodiments, the mask may be arranged to block at least a portion of the second holographic reconstruction. The mask may be arranged to block the non-image regions when there is no phase ramp function (i.e., when the second holographic reconstruction is in the first position). In some embodiments, the processing unit or the control unit may further comprise measuring a characteristic of a (linear) boundary between the image and non-image regions of the second reconstruction. In some embodiments, the processing unit or the control unit may further comprise determining (measuring) a rotational shift of the second holographic reconstruction based on the measured characteristic of the (linear) boundary. In some embodiments, the processing unit or the control unit may comprise calculating a modified second hologram, the modified second hologram being calculated such that light spatially modulated according to the modified second hologram forms a modified holographic reconstruction on the reconstruction plane, the modified second hologram reconstruction being rotated with respect to the (unmodified) second hologram reconstruction.

[0058] In some embodiments, the control unit or processing unit may be further arranged to display a third order diffraction pattern on a display device. The third order diffraction pattern may include a third hologram of the third target image. The third order diffraction pattern may include a phase ramp function, which may be the same as the phase ramp function described above, such that a holographic reconstruction associated with the third order diffraction pattern has first and second positions corresponding to a holographic reconstruction of the third order diffraction pattern.

[0059] In some embodiments, the control unit or the processing unit may be further arranged to illuminate the third diffraction pattern to form a third holographic reconstruction of the third target image on the reconstruction plane. The third target image may include image and non-image regions. In some embodiments, the mask may be arranged to block at least a portion of the third holographic reconstruction. The mask may be arranged to block the non-image regions in the absence of the phase ramp function (i.e., when the third holographic reconstruction is in the first position). In some embodiments, the processing unit or the control unit may further include measuring a characteristic of a (linear) boundary between the image and non-image regions of the third reconstruction. In some embodiments, the processing unit or the control unit may further include determining (measuring) a rotational shift of the third holographic reconstruction based on the measured characteristic of the (linear) boundary. In some embodiments, the processing unit or the control unit may include calculating a modified third hologram, the modified third hologram being calculated such that light spatially modulated according to the modified third hologram forms a modified holographic reconstruction on the reconstruction plane, the modified third hologram reconstruction being rotated relative to the (unmodified) third hologram reconstruction.

[0060] According to a third aspect, there is provided a method of calibrating a holographic projector. The method includes displaying a first diffraction pattern on a display device, the first diffraction pattern including a first hologram of a target image. The method further includes illuminating the first diffraction pattern to form a first holographic reconstruction of the target image on a reconstruction plane, the target image including an image area and a non-image area. The method further includes capturing an image of at least a portion of the first display area. The method further includes determining a first calibration feature of the first display area in the captured image. The method further includes determining a rotational shift of the first display area based on a comparison between the determined first calibration feature and the target.

[0061] In some embodiments, determining the rotational shift includes measuring an angle between the first calibration feature and the target.

[0062] In some embodiments, the first calibration feature is a straight line in the captured image. In some embodiments, the first calibration feature is intended to be a substantially horizontal or vertical straight line in the holographic reconstruction (in other words, horizontal or vertical when the holographic reconstruction is properly aligned). In some embodiments, the straight line is a line of pixels in the image area of ​​the holographic reconstruction.

[0063] In some embodiments, the target is substantially linear (straight), hi some embodiments, the target is a horizontal or vertical line.

[0064] In some embodiments, determining the (non-zero) angle between the first calibration feature and the target comprises overlaying the target on the captured image and measuring the angle between the target and the first calibration feature.

[0065] In some embodiments, the method further comprises calculating a modified first hologram, which may be calculated such that light spatially modulated according to the modified first hologram forms a modified holographic reconstruction on a reconstruction plane, the modified holographic reconstruction being rotated relative to the (unmodified) first reconstruction plane.

[0066] Similar to the method of the first aspect, the method of the third aspect provides a means (in software) to calibrate / correct for rotational misalignment of parts / components of a holographic projector. However, the method of the third aspect does not require measurement of the boundary between image and non-image areas in the calibration process. Instead, the first calibration function may be included in the holographic reconstruction itself.

[0067] In this disclosure, the term "replica" is used simply to reflect that the spatially modulated light is split so that the complex light field is directed along multiple different optical paths. The word "replica" is used to refer to each occurrence or instance of the complex light field after a replication event, such as partial reflection / transmission by a pupil expander. Each replica travels a different optical path. Some embodiments of the present disclosure relate to the propagation of light that is encoded with a hologram rather than an image, i.e., light that is spatially modulated with a hologram of the image rather than the image itself. Thus, one may say that multiple replicas of the hologram are formed. Those skilled in the art of holography will appreciate that the complex light field associated with the propagation of holographically encoded light varies with the propagation distance. The use of the term "replica" in this specification is independent of the propagation distance, and thus the two branches or paths of light associated with a replication event are referred to as "replicas" of each other, even if the branches are of different lengths, such that the complex light field evolves differently along each path. That is, two complex light fields are considered "replicas" in accordance with this disclosure, even if they are associated with different propagation distances, provided that they result from the same replication event or series of replication events.

[0068] A "diffractive light field" or "diffractive light field" according to the present disclosure is a light field formed by diffraction. The diffractive light field may be formed by illuminating a corresponding diffraction pattern. According to the present disclosure, an example of a diffraction pattern is a hologram, and an example of a diffractive light field is a light field that forms a holographic light field or a holographic reconstruction of an image. The holographic light field forms a (holographic) reconstruction of an image on a reconstruction plane. The holographic light field propagating from a hologram to a reconstruction plane can be said to include light encoded in the hologram or light of the hologram region. The diffractive light field is characterized by a diffraction angle that is determined by the smallest feature size of the diffractive structure and the wavelength of light (of the diffractive light field). According to the present disclosure, a "diffractive light field" can also be said to be a light field that forms a reconstruction on a plane that is spatially separated from a corresponding diffractive structure. An optical system for propagating the diffractive light field from a diffractive structure to an observer is disclosed herein. The diffractive light field may form an image.

[0069] The term "hologram" is used to refer to a recording that contains amplitude or phase information, or some combination thereof, about an object. The term "holographic reconstruction" is used to refer to an optical reconstruction of an object formed by illuminating a hologram. The system disclosed herein is described as a "holographic projector" because the holographic reconstruction is a real image and is spatially separated from the hologram.

[0070] The terms "encoding", "writing" or "addressing" are used to describe the process of providing a plurality of pixels of an SLM with a respective plurality of control values ​​which respectively determine the modulation level of each pixel. The pixels of the SLM may be said to be configured to "display" a light modulation distribution in response to receiving the plurality of control values. Thus, the SLM may be said to "display" a hologram, and the hologram may be said to be an array of light modulation values ​​or levels.

[0071] It has been found that holographic reconstructions of acceptable quality can be formed from "holograms" that contain only phase information related to the Fourier transform of the original object. Such holographic recordings are sometimes referred to as phase-only holograms. Although the embodiments relate to phase-only holograms, the present disclosure is equally applicable to amplitude-only holography.

[0072] The present disclosure is equally applicable to forming a holographic reconstruction using amplitude and phase information associated with the Fourier transform of the original object. In some embodiments, this is achieved by complex modulation using a so-called full complex hologram, which contains both amplitude and phase information associated with the original object. Such a hologram may be referred to as a full complex hologram, since the value (gray level) assigned to each pixel of the hologram has an amplitude and a phase component. The value (gray level) assigned to each pixel may be represented as a complex number having both an amplitude and a phase component. In some embodiments, a full complex computer-generated hologram is calculated.

[0073] Reference may be made to a phase value, phase component, phase information, or simply phase, of a pixel of a computer-generated hologram or spatial light modulator as shorthand for "phase delay." That is, any phase value described is actually a number (e.g., in the range of 0 to 2π) that represents the amount of phase delay provided by that pixel. For example, a pixel of a spatial light modulator described as having a phase value of π / 2 changes the phase of the received light by π / 2 radians. In some embodiments, each pixel of a spatial light modulator is operable at one of a number of possible modulation values ​​(e.g., phase delay values). The term "gray level" may be used to refer to a number of available modulation levels. For example, the term "gray level" may be used for convenience to refer to a number of available phase levels in a phase-only modulator, even if the different phase levels do not provide different shades of gray. The term "gray level" may also be used for convenience to refer to a number of available complex modulation levels in a complex modulator.

[0074] Thus, a hologram includes an array of gray levels, i.e., an array of optical modulation values, such as an array of phase delay values ​​or complex modulation values. A hologram is also considered a diffraction pattern because it is a pattern that diffracts when displayed on a spatial light modulator and illuminated with light of a wavelength comparable to the pixel pitch of the spatial light modulator, typically a wavelength less than that. This specification refers to combining a hologram with other diffraction patterns, such as diffraction patterns that function as lenses or diffraction gratings. For example, a hologram may be combined with a diffraction pattern that functions as a diffraction grating to move the reconstruction field to the reconstruction plane, or a diffraction pattern that functions as a lens to focus the holographic reconstruction at the reconstruction plane of the near-field light. Although various embodiments and groups of embodiments may be disclosed separately in the following detailed description, any feature of any embodiment or group of embodiments may be combined with any other feature or combination of features of any embodiment or group of embodiments, i.e., all possible combinations and permutations of features disclosed in this disclosure are contemplated. Specific embodiments will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the drawings. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0075] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a reflective SLM generating a holographic reconstruction on a screen. [Figure 2A] FIG. 2A illustrates the first iteration of an example Gerchberg-Saxton type algorithm. [Figure 2B] FIG. 2B illustrates the second and subsequent iterations of an example Gerchberg-Saxton type algorithm. [Figure 2C] FIG. 2C illustrates an alternative second or subsequent iteration of an example Gerchberg-Saxton type algorithm. [Diagram 3] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a reflective LCOS SLM. [Figure 4] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating features of a holographic projection system used to form a holographic reconstruction on a reconstruction plane, the holographic reconstruction including image and non-image regions. [Diagram 5] FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a first and second representation of a holographic reconstruction, where the first representation of the holographic reconstruction is rotationally misaligned and the second representation of the holographic reconstruction is correctly aligned, such that the first and second representations are superimposed on each other. [Figure 6] FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of multiple independent monochromatic holographic channels. [Figure 7A] FIG. 7A is a schematic diagram of a first holographic reconstruction formed by a first holographic channel. [Figure 7B] FIG. 7B is a schematic diagram of a second holographic reconstruction formed by a second holographic channel. [Figure 7C] FIG. 7C is a schematic illustration of the first holographic reconstruction of FIG. 7A superimposed on the second holographic reconstruction of FIG. 7B when the first and second holographic reconstructions are properly aligned. [Figure 8A] FIG. 8A is a schematic illustration of the first holographic reconstruction of FIG. 7A superimposed on the second holographic reconstruction of FIG. 7B when the first holographic reconstruction is rotationally misaligned. [Figure 8B] FIG. 8B is a schematic diagram of the image areas of the first and second (superimposed) holographic reconstructions of FIG. 8A. [Figure 9] FIG. 9 is a magnified portion of the overlapping image area of ​​the first and second holographic reconstructions. [Figure 10] FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a mask applied for holographic reconstruction. [Figure 11] FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of the mask of FIG. 10 when a phase ramp function has been applied to the first and second holographic reconstructions of FIG. 8A in accordance with the present disclosure. [Figure 12] FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of an image captured within the aperture of the mask, showing the boundaries of the first and second holographic reconstructions, a predetermined target superimposed on the image, and the measured angle. [Figure 13] FIG. 13 is a flow diagram of a method according to the present disclosure.

[0076] The same reference numbers are used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or similar parts. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0077] The present invention is not limited to the embodiments described below, but rather encompasses the full scope of the appended claims, i.e., the present invention may be embodied in various forms and should not be construed as being limited to the described embodiments, which are presented for illustrative purposes.

[0078] Singular terms may also include plurals unless specifically stated otherwise.

[0079] Structures described as being formed on top / bottom of another structure, or above / below other structures, should be interpreted to include cases where the structures contact one another and further where a third structure is disposed between them.

[0080] In describing temporal relationships, for example, when the temporal order of events is described as "after," "successor," "next," "prior," etc., the disclosure should be construed to include sequential and non-sequential events unless otherwise specified. For example, unless words such as "just," "immediately," or "immediately" are used, the description should be construed to include non-sequential cases.

[0081] Terms such as "first", "second", and the like may be used herein to describe various elements, but these elements are not limited by these terms. These terms are used only to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element can be referred to as a second element, and similarly, a second element can be referred to as a first element, without departing from the scope of the appended claims.

[0082] Features of the various embodiments may be combined or combined with each other in part or in whole and may interoperate with each other in various ways. Some embodiments may be performed independently of each other or may be performed together with interdependencies.

[0083] Optical configuration of the holographic image generation unit FIG. 1 shows an embodiment in which a computer-generated hologram is encoded on a single spatial light modulator. The computer-generated hologram is the Fourier transform of the object for reconstruction. Thus, the hologram can be said to be a Fourier domain or a frequency domain or a spectral domain representation of the object. In this embodiment, the spatial light modulator is a reflective liquid crystal on silicon "LCOS" device. The hologram is encoded on the spatial light modulator and the holographic reconstruction is formed in the replay field, e.g., a receiving surface such as a screen or diffuser.

[0084] A light source 110, e.g., a laser or laser diode, is arranged to illuminate the SLM 140 via a collimating lens 111. The collimating lens provides a generally flat wavefront of light incident on the SLM. In FIG. 1, the direction of the wavefront is off-normal (e.g., 2 or 3 degrees away from true normal to the plane of the transparent layer). However, in other embodiments, a generally flat wavefront is provided at normal incidence and a beam splitter arrangement is used to separate the input and output optical paths. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the arrangement is such that light from the light source is reflected off the mirrored back surface of the SLM and interacts with the light modulating layer to form an exit wavefront 112. The exit wavefront 112 is applied to an optical system including a Fourier transform lens 120, which focuses it onto a screen 125. More specifically, the Fourier transform lens 120 receives the beam of modulated light from the SLM 140 and performs a frequency-space transformation to generate a holographic reconstruction on the screen 125.

[0085] In particular, in this type of holography, each pixel of the hologram contributes to the overall reconstruction: there is no one-to-one correlation between a particular point on the replay field (or image pixel) and a particular light-modulating element (or hologram pixel). In other words, the modulated light leaving the light-modulating layer is distributed across the replay field.

[0086] In these embodiments, the position of the holographic reconstruction in space is determined by the refractive (focusing) power of the Fourier transform lens. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the Fourier transform lens is a physical lens. That is, the Fourier transform lens is an optical Fourier transform lens, and the Fourier transform is performed optically. Any lens can function as a Fourier transform lens, but the performance of the lens limits the accuracy of the Fourier transform it performs. Those skilled in the art understand how to use lenses to perform an optical Fourier transform.

[0087] Hologram Calculation In some embodiments, the computer-generated hologram is a Fourier transform hologram, or simply a Fourier hologram or Fourier-based hologram, in which the image is reconstructed in the far field by utilizing the Fourier transform properties of a positive lens. A Fourier hologram is calculated by Fourier transforming the desired light field in the reconstruction plane back to the lens plane. A computer-generated Fourier hologram may be calculated using the Fourier transform.

[0088] Fourier transform holograms can be calculated using algorithms such as the Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm. Additionally, the Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm may be used to calculate Fourier domain holograms (i.e., Fourier transform holograms) from spatial domain amplitude-only information (such as a photograph). Phase information associated with an object is effectively "retrieved" from the spatial domain amplitude-only information. In some embodiments, computer-generated holograms are calculated from amplitude-only information using the Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm or a variant thereof.

[0089] The Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm assumes that the intensity cross-sections of a light beam in planes A and B, IA(x,y) and IB(x,y), respectively, are known and that IA(x,y) and IB(x,y) are related by a single Fourier transform. Using the given intensity cross-sections, approximations of the phase distributions, ΨA(x,y) and ΨB(x,y), in planes A and B, respectively, are found. The Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm follows an iterative process to find a solution to this problem. More specifically, the Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm iteratively applies spatial and spectral constraints while repeatedly transferring the data sets (amplitude and phase) representing IA(x,y) and IB(x,y) between the spatial and Fourier (spectral or frequency) domains. The corresponding computer-generated hologram in the spectral domain is obtained by at least one iteration of the algorithm. The algorithm is convergent and is arranged to generate a hologram representing the input image. The hologram may be an amplitude-only hologram, a phase-only hologram, or a full complex hologram.

[0090] In some embodiments, the phase-only hologram is calculated using an algorithm based on the Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm, such as described in GB Patent No. 2,498,170 or GB Patent No. 2,501,112, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. However, the embodiments disclosed herein describe the calculation of phase-only holograms only by way of example. In these embodiments, the Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm searches for phase information Ψ[u,v] of a Fourier transform of a data set that gives rise to known amplitude information T[x,y], the amplitude information T[x,y] representing a target image (e.g., a photograph). Since the Fourier transform inherently combines magnitude and phase, the transformed magnitude and phase contain useful information about the accuracy of the calculated data set. The algorithm can therefore be used iteratively with feedback on both the amplitude and phase information. However, in these embodiments, only the phase information Ψ[u,v] is used as a hologram to form a holographic representation of the target image in the image plane. The hologram is a data set (e.g., a 2D array) of phase values.

[0091] In another embodiment, an algorithm based on the Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm is used to calculate a full complex hologram. A full complex hologram is a hologram that has a magnitude and a phase component. A hologram is a data set (e.g., a 2D array) that includes an array of complex data values, where each complex data value includes a magnitude and a phase component.

[0092] In some embodiments, the algorithm processes complex data and the Fourier transform is a complex Fourier transform. The complex data can be considered to include (i) a real component and an imaginary component, or (ii) a magnitude component and a phase component. In some embodiments, the two components of the complex data are processed differently at various stages of the algorithm.

[0093] FIG. 2A illustrates a first iteration of an algorithm according to some embodiments for computing a phase-only hologram. The input to the algorithm is an input image 210 that includes a 2D array of pixels or data values, each of which is a magnitude or amplitude value. That is, each pixel or data value of the input image 210 does not have a phase component. The input image 210 can therefore be considered as a magnitude-only or amplitude-only or intensity-only distribution. Examples of such an input image 210 include a photograph or a frame of a video that includes a temporal sequence. The first iteration of the algorithm begins with a data formation step 202A that includes assigning a random phase value to each pixel of the input image using a random phase distribution (or random phase seed) 230 to form a starting complex data set, where each data element of the set includes a magnitude and a phase. This starting complex data set represents the input image in the spatial domain.

[0094] A first processing block 250 receives the starting complex data set and performs a complex Fourier transform to form a Fourier transformed complex data set. A second processing block 253 receives the Fourier transformed complex data set and outputs a hologram 280A. In some embodiments, the hologram 280A is a phase-only hologram. In these embodiments, the second processing block 253 quantifies each phase value and sets each amplitude value to the same value to form the hologram 280A. Each phase value is quantified according to a phase level that may be represented on a pixel of a spatial light modulator used to "display" the phase-only hologram. For example, if each pixel of the spatial light modulator provides 256 different phase levels, then each phase value of the hologram is quantified to one of the 256 possible phase levels. The hologram 280A is a phase-only Fourier hologram representing the input image. In other embodiments, hologram 280A is a full complex hologram including an array of complex data values ​​(each including an amplitude and a phase component) derived from the received Fourier transformed complex data set. In some embodiments, second processing block 253 constrains each complex data value to one of a number of allowed complex modulation levels to form hologram 280A. The constraining step may include setting each complex data value to the closest allowed complex modulation level in the complex plane. Hologram 280A may be said to represent the input image in the spectral domain, or the Fourier domain, or the frequency domain. In some embodiments, the algorithm stops at this point.

[0095] However, in other embodiments, the algorithm continues as represented by the dotted arrow in Figure 2 A. In other words, the steps following the dotted arrow in Figure 2 A are optional (i.e., not required for all embodiments).

[0096] A third processing block 256 receives the modified complex data set from the second processing block 253 and performs an inverse Fourier transform to form an inverse Fourier transformed complex data set. The inverse Fourier transformed complex data set may be said to represent the input image in the spatial domain.

[0097] The fourth processing block 259 receives the inverse Fourier transformed complex data set and extracts the distribution of magnitude values ​​211A and the distribution of phase values ​​213A. Optionally, the fourth processing block 259 evaluates the distribution of magnitude values ​​211A. Specifically, the fourth processing block 259 may compare the distribution of magnitude values ​​211A of the inverse Fourier transformed complex data set with the input image 510, which is of course itself a distribution of magnitude values. If the difference between the distribution of magnitude values ​​211A and the input image 210 is sufficiently small, the fourth processing block 259 may determine that the hologram 280A is acceptable. That is, if the difference between the distribution of magnitude values ​​211A and the input image 210 is sufficiently small, the fourth processing block 259 may determine that the hologram 280A is a sufficiently accurate representation of the input image 210. In some embodiments, the distribution of phase values ​​213A of the inverse Fourier transformed complex data set is ignored for purposes of comparison. It will be understood that any number of different methods for comparing the distribution of magnitude values ​​211A to the input image 210 may be employed, and the present disclosure is not limited to any particular method. In some embodiments, the mean squared difference is calculated, and if the mean squared difference is less than a threshold, the hologram 280A is determined to be acceptable. If the fourth processing block 259 determines that the hologram 280A is not acceptable, further iterations of the algorithm may be performed. However, this comparison step is not required, and in other embodiments, the number of iterations of the algorithm that are performed is predetermined, pre-set, or user-defined.

[0098] 2B represents the second iteration of the algorithm and any further iterations of the algorithm. The distribution of phase values ​​213A of the previous iteration is fed back through the processing blocks of the algorithm. The distribution of magnitude values ​​211A is rejected in favor of the distribution of magnitude values ​​of the input image 210. In the first iteration, the data formation step 202A formed a first complex data set by combining the distribution of magnitude values ​​of the input image 210 with a random phase distribution 230. However, in the second and subsequent iterations, the data formation step 202B includes forming a complex data set by combining (i) the distribution of phase values ​​213A from the previous iteration of the algorithm and (ii) the distribution of magnitude values ​​of the input image 210.

[0099] The composite data set formed by the data formation step 202B of FIG. 2B is then processed in the same manner as described with reference to FIG. 2A to form a second iteration hologram 280B. Therefore, the description of the process will not be repeated here. The algorithm may stop when the second iteration hologram 280B has been calculated. However, any number of further iterations of the algorithm may be performed. It will be understood that the third processing block 256 is only required if the fourth processing block 259 is required or further iterations are required. The output hologram 280B will generally get better with each iteration. However, in practice, a point will be reached where no measurable improvement is observed or where the positive benefits of performing further iterations are outweighed by the negative effects of additional processing time. The algorithm is therefore described as iterative and convergent.

[0100] 2C depicts an alternative embodiment of the second and subsequent iterations. The distribution of phase values ​​213A of the preceding iteration is fed back through the processing blocks of the algorithm. The distribution of magnitude values ​​211A is rejected in favor of an alternative distribution of magnitude values. In this alternative embodiment, the alternative distribution of magnitude values ​​is derived from the distribution of magnitude values ​​211 of the previous iteration. Specifically, processing block 258 subtracts the distribution of magnitude values ​​of the input image 210 from the distribution of magnitude values ​​211 of the previous iteration, scales the difference by a gain factor α, and subtracts the scaled difference from the input image 210. This is mathematically represented by the following equation, where the subscripted letters and numbers indicate the iteration number:

[0101]

number

[0102] Where: F' is the inverse Fourier transform, F is the forward Fourier transform, R[x,y] is the complex data set output by the third processing block 256; T[x,y] is the input or target image, ∠ is the phase component, Ψ is the phase-only hologram 280B, η is the new distribution of magnitude 211B, and α indicates a gain coefficient.

[0103] The gain factor α may be fixed or variable. In some embodiments, the gain factor α is determined based on the size and rate of the input target image data. In some embodiments, the gain factor α depends on the iteration number. In some embodiments, the gain factor α is a function of the iteration number only.

[0104] The embodiment of Figure 2C is in all other respects identical to the embodiment of Figures 2A and 2B. A phase-only hologram ψ(u,v) may be said to contain a phase distribution in the frequency domain or in the Fourier domain.

[0105] In some embodiments, the Fourier transform is performed using a spatial light modulator. Specifically, the hologram data is combined with second data that provides the optical power. That is, the data written to the spatial light modulator includes hologram data representing the object and lens data representing a lens. When displayed on the spatial light modulator and illuminated with light, the lens data emulates a physical lens, i.e., focuses the light in the same way as a corresponding physical optical component. Thus, the lens data provides an optical or focusing power. In these embodiments, the physical Fourier transform lens 120 of FIG. 1 may be omitted. Methods for calculating the data representing a lens are known. The data representing a lens may be referred to as a software lens. For example, a phase-only lens may be formed by calculating the phase delay caused at each point of the lens due to the refractive index and the spatially varying optical path length. For example, the optical path length of the center of a convex lens is longer than the optical path length of the periphery of the lens. An amplitude-only lens may be formed by a Fresnel zone plate. It is also known in the art of computer-generated holography how to combine data representing lenses with a hologram so that the Fourier transform of the hologram can be performed without the need for a physical Fourier lens. In some embodiments, the lens data is combined with the hologram by simple addition, such as simple vector addition. In some embodiments, a physical lens is used in combination with a software lens to perform the Fourier transform. Alternatively, in other embodiments, the Fourier transform lens is omitted entirely, so that the holographic reconstruction is performed in the far field. In further embodiments, the hologram may be combined with diffraction grating data as well, i.e. data arranged to perform a diffraction grating function such as image steering. Again, methods for calculating such data are known in the art. For example, a phase-only diffraction grating may be formed by modeling the phase delay caused by each point on the surface of a blazed diffraction grating.An amplitude-only diffraction grating may simply be overlaid with an amplitude-only hologram to provide angular steering of the holographic reconstruction. The second data providing lensing and / or steering may be referred to as light processing functions or light processing patterns to distinguish it from the hologram data, which may be referred to as image forming functions or image forming patterns.

[0106] In some embodiments, the Fourier transform is performed jointly by a physical Fourier transform lens and a software lens, i.e., some optical power contributing to the Fourier transform is provided by a software lens and the remaining optical power contributing to the Fourier transform is provided by a physical optical component or system.

[0107] In some embodiments, a real-time engine is provided that is configured to receive image data and use an algorithm to compute a hologram in real-time. In some embodiments, the image data is a video comprising a series of image frames. In other embodiments, the hologram is pre-computed and stored in computer memory and recalled as needed for display on the SLM. That is, in some embodiments, a repository of pre-defined holograms is provided.

[0108] The embodiments relate, by way of example, to Fourier holography and Gerchberg-Saxton type algorithms. The disclosure is equally applicable to Fresnel holography and Fresnel holograms that may be calculated by similar methods. The disclosure is also applicable to holograms calculated by other techniques, such as those based on point cloud methods.

[0109] Light Modulation A spatial light modulator may be used to display the diffraction pattern including the computer-generated hologram. If the hologram is a phase-only hologram, a spatial light modulator that modulates the phase is required. If the hologram is a fully complex hologram, a spatial light modulator that modulates the phase and amplitude may be used, or a first spatial light modulator that modulates the phase and a second spatial light modulator that modulates the amplitude may be used.

[0110] In some embodiments, the light modulating elements (i.e., pixels) of the spatial light modulator are cells that contain liquid crystals. That is, in some embodiments, the spatial light modulator is a liquid crystal device in which the optically active components are liquid crystals. Each liquid crystal cell is configured to selectively provide a plurality of light modulation levels. That is, each liquid crystal cell is configured at any one time to operate at one light modulation level selected from a plurality of possible light modulation levels. Each liquid crystal cell is dynamically reversible to a different light modulation level from the plurality of light modulation levels. In some embodiments, the spatial light modulator is a reflective liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) spatial light modulator, although the disclosure is not limited to this type of spatial light modulator.

[0111] LCOS devices provide a dense array of light modulating elements or pixels within a small aperture (e.g. a few centimetres wide). The pixels are typically around 10 microns or less, so the diffraction angle is only a few degrees and the optics are compact. Properly illuminating the small aperture of an LCOS SLM is easier than the larger apertures of other liquid crystal devices. LCOS devices are generally reflective, so the circuitry that drives the pixels of an LCOS SLM can be embedded under the reflective surface. This results in a large aperture ratio. In other words, because the pixels are so closely packed, there is very little dead space between them. This is advantageous as it reduces optical noise in the playback field. LCOS SLMs use a silicon backplane, which has the advantage that the pixels are optically flat. This is particularly important for phase modulating devices.

[0112] A suitable LCOS SLM will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to FIG. 3. The LCOS device is formed using a single crystal silicon substrate 302. On top of the substrate a 2D array of square planar aluminum electrodes 301 is disposed across a gap 301a. Each electrode 301 can be connected via circuitry 302a embedded in the substrate 302. Each electrode forms a respective planar mirror. An alignment layer 303 is disposed on the electrode array, and a liquid crystal layer 304 is disposed on the alignment layer 303. A second alignment layer 305 is disposed on a planar transparent layer 306, for example glass. A single transparent electrode 307 (for example ITO) is disposed between the transparent layer 306 and the second alignment layer 305.

[0113] Each square electrode 301, together with the transparent electrode 307 and the overlapping area of ​​the intervening liquid crystal material, defines a controllable phase modulation element 308, often referred to as a pixel. The effective pixel area or fill factor is the percentage of the entire pixel that is optically active, taking into account the space 301a between the pixels. By controlling the voltage applied to each electrode 301 relative to the transparent electrode 307, the properties of the liquid crystal material in the respective phase modulation element can be altered, thereby imparting a variable retardation to the light incident thereon. The effect is a phase-only modulation of the wavefront, i.e. no amplitude effect is produced.

[0114] The described LCOS SLM outputs spatially modulated light by reflection. Reflective LCOS SLMs have the advantage of a high fill factor (typically 90% or more) and high resolution, since the signal lines, gate lines and transistors are located under the mirror surface. Another advantage of using a reflective LCOS spatial light modulator is that the thickness of the liquid crystal layer can be halved compared to using a transmissive device. This greatly increases the switching speed of the liquid crystal (an important advantage for the projection of moving images). However, the teachings of this disclosure can be implemented using a transmissive LCOS SLM as well.

[0115] As noted above, the principles of the present disclosure are applicable to non-holographic image generation units as well as the holographic image generation units described above.

[0116] Compact head-up display The image generating unit described in relation to Fig. 1 is typically provided as part of a head-up display system (HUD-system). The HUD system further comprises a light relay system arranged to relay the light of the image from a display area of ​​the image generating unit to an eyebox such that a virtual image of the image is visible therefrom. As described herein, the eyebox has an area, optionally a volume, within which the virtual image can be fully perceived by an observer. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the virtual image becomes less and less fully visible from viewing positions further away from the eyebox.

[0117] Ray tracing techniques may be used to measure parameters such as distortion, horizontal / vertical parallax, etc., to objectively identify the viewing position at which the virtual image is clear. Based on such measurements, the inventors have recognized that an optical relay system can be configured to define an eyebox region to meet design requirements, such as packaging requirements.

[0118] Rotationally shifted holographic reconstruction. A holographic projection system or holographic projector is described with reference to FIG. 4. A monochromatic light source is arranged to output light 401 having a first wavelength. The light 401 in this embodiment is a beam of collimated light from a laser source. The light 401 is incident on a spatial light modulator (or SLM) 403 arranged to receive the laser light 401 from the laser source. The SLM 403 is arranged to display a diffraction pattern. The light 401 received by the spatial light modulator 403 (and thus illuminating the SLM) is spatially modulated according to the diffraction pattern displayed on the SLM 403 to form a holographic reconstruction / reconstruction field 409. The diffraction pattern constitutes a hologram of the image. The holographic reconstruction is a holographic reconstruction of the image.

[0119] The replay field 409 is a region of space into which light can be projected. The replay field 409 is coplanar with / defines the replay plane. The holographic reconstruction / replay field 409 includes an image area 411 (or image region) into which information can be projected for viewing by a user. For example, if the projection system is installed in a car, information (such as a speedometer) can be provided in the image area 411 for display to the driver. The area outside the image area 411 may be generally referred to as a non-image area 413. As described in more detail below, light in the non-image area 413 may be blocked by a physical mask. Thus, during normal use of the system, only the image area 411 may be visible to the user. The image area 411 and the non-image area 413 are separated by a boundary 412. The boundary 412 defines the shape of the image area 411. The image area 411 is substantially rectangular, with the boundary including first and second horizontal edges and first and second vertical edges. The bottom (first) horizontal edge 422 is referenced throughout this disclosure.

[0120] In this embodiment, the non-image region 413 includes a noise region 415 and an optional control region 417. The noise region 415 includes noise. As mentioned above, the diffraction pattern includes an image hologram. In this embodiment, the hologram is a computer-generated hologram (such as one calculated according to one of the methods described above). As mentioned above, computer-generated holograms typically include using one or more algorithms to converge to an image hologram (e.g., a phase-only hologram). In general, it is much less computationally expensive to converge when reconstructing a noisy image hologram. However, the hologram may be calculated in such a way that noise is conveniently located or "thrown away" in the noise region 415 that is outside (e.g., borders) the image region 413. The noise region 415 (as part of the non-image region 413) is typically not visible during normal use of the system, so noise "thrown away" in the noise region 415 is not visible to a user of the system. Thus, a less computationally intensive hologram (some noise is formed in the holographic reconstruction) can be calculated. The control area 417 can be used in a control process of the system. In this example, the control area 417 is a relatively small patch of light (e.g., a relatively small number of image pixels). The system comprises a detector (not shown) arranged to detect a property of the control area 417. In this embodiment, the detected property of the control area 417 is brightness. The system may be arranged to modify the calculation / self-calibration of the hologram based on the detected property, for example to maintain a consistent brightness of the hologram. FIG. 4 shows a single control area 417. It will be apparent that the holographic reconstruction 409 may include any number of additional control areas. Furthermore, it will be apparent that the (one or more) control areas may be used for a variety of different control processes. Other examples of control processes may include measuring the wavelength of the light 401, or maintaining an acceptable / good color balance.

[0121] The position of the holographic reconstruction / reconstruction field 409 on the reconstruction plane depends on the diffraction pattern displayed on the SLM 403. The diffraction pattern can be positioned to move and / or rotate the holographic reconstruction. However, misalignment of individual components or parts of the system can cause the holographic reconstruction / reconstruction field 409 to deviate from its intended position. As described herein, these deviations of the holographic position from its intended position can have significant adverse effects. This disclosure provides a method for calibrating a holographic projector to compensate for rotational deviations in the holographic projector (which cause a rotational deviation of the holographic reconstruction relative to its intended position when the holographic projector is perfectly aligned).

[0122] FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a holographic reconstruction (corresponding to the holographic reconstruction 409 shown in FIG. 4). FIG. 5 shows two representations of the holographic reconstruction. The first representation of the holographic reconstruction 502 represents the holographic reconstruction when the holographic projector used to form the holographic reconstruction is rotationally misaligned. The first representation of the holographic reconstruction 502 is represented by dashed (dotted) lines and includes an image area 504 and a non-image area 506. For example, one or more of the light source and SLM of the holographic projector and other optical components (such as lenses) may be misaligned, causing a rotational misalignment of the holographic reconstruction formed. The second representation of the holographic reconstruction 510 represents the holographic reconstruction when the holographic projector used to form the holographic reconstruction is correctly / perfectly aligned. The second representation of the holographic reconstruction 510 is represented by an unbroken line. In the first representation 502, the bottom and top edges of the boundary defining the rectangular image area 508 are not aligned true horizontally, and the left and right edges of the boundary are not aligned true vertically. In the second representation 510, the bottom and top edges of the boundary defining the rectangular image area 508 are aligned true horizontally, and the left and right edges of the boundary are aligned true vertically. FIG. 5 illustrates an example of how a holographic reconstruction may shift from its intended position as a result of rotational misalignment. In particular, the entire holographic reconstruction / reconstruction field is rotated. As a result, both the image and non-image areas of the first representation 502 are rotated relative to the image and non-image areas of the second representation 510.

[0123] Rotational misalignment of a holographic reconstruction (such as the first representation 502) can cause significant problems. One obvious problem is that the content of an image area (as seen by a user of the system) appears rotated relative to the intended position of the content. This is undesirable. Another problem is that the control area may be misaligned with a detector positioned to detect the control area. FIG. 5 shows how the control area of ​​the first representation 502 is misaligned with the control area of ​​the second representation 510. It will be clear that if the control area is substantially aligned with the detector of the second representation 510, it will not be substantially aligned with the detector of the first representation 502. Such a misalignment of the detector and the control area can result in inaccuracies in the control process performed by the holographic projector.

[0124] For clarity, FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram and is not drawn to scale. The rotational misalignment of the first representation 502 in FIG. 5 relative to the second representation 510 is exaggerated compared to the typical type of rotational misalignment that may occur due to manufacturing tolerances in the assembly of a holographic projector. Typical rotational misalignments of the first representation 502 relative to the second representation 510 are on the order of one or two degrees or less, and often a fraction of a degree. Furthermore, it should be apparent that an ideal / perfectly aligned holographic projector need not produce a holographic reconstruction whose boundaries are parallel to the true horizontal. This is merely exemplary.

[0125] Holographic projectors have so far been described as monochromatic systems, but the problem of rotational misalignment can be even greater in color holographic projectors, as described herein.

[0126] Color Holographic Projector Some holographic projectors include multiple monochromatic channels. Each monochromatic channel constitutes a monochromatic holographic projector that forms a monochromatic holographic reconstruction (i.e., an image or picture). The multiple monochromatic holographic reconstructions are formed on a common reconstruction plane. A full-color holographic reconstruction may be formed using coincident red, green, and blue images. In some embodiments, the hologram is a Fourier hologram. In other embodiments, the hologram is a Fresnel hologram.

[0127] FIG. 6 shows red, green and blue color channels. The red channel comprises a first spatial light modulator 601r, a first lens 620r and a first mirror 627r. The green channel comprises a second spatial light modulator 601g, a second lens 620g and a second mirror 617g. The blue channel comprises a third spatial light modulator 601b, a third lens 620b and a third mirror 607b. Each monochromatic channel forms a monochromatic holographic reconstruction (or image) on the reconstruction plane 650. The first lens 620r, the second lens 620g and the third lens 620b are optional. If each displayed hologram is a Fourier hologram, the first lens 620r, the second lens 620g and the third lens 620b can contribute to the Fourier transform of the respective hologram.

[0128] The first spatial light modulator 601r displays a hologram corresponding to a red image. The first spatial light modulator 601r is illuminated with red light. The first lens 620r receives the spatially modulated light from the first spatial light modulator 601r and forms a red holographic reconstruction on the reconstruction plane 650. The first mirror 627r is disposed between the first lens 620r and the reconstruction plane 650.

[0129] The second spatial light modulator 601g displays a hologram corresponding to a green image. The second spatial light modulator 601g is illuminated with green light. The second lens 620g receives the spatially modulated light from the second spatial light modulator 601g and forms a green holographic reconstruction on the reconstruction plane 650. The second mirror 617g is disposed between the second lens 620g and the reconstruction plane 650.

[0130] The third spatial light modulator 601b displays a hologram corresponding to a blue image. The third spatial light modulator 601b is illuminated with blue light. The third lens 620b receives the spatially modulated light from the third spatial light modulator 601b and forms a blue holographic reconstruction on the reconstruction plane 650. The third mirror 607b is disposed between the third lens 620b and the reconstruction plane 650.

[0131] The first mirror 627r is a first dichroic mirror arranged to reflect red light and transmit green and blue light. The second mirror 617g is a second dichroic mirror arranged to reflect green light and transmit blue light. The third mirror 607b reflects blue light.

[0132] Each monochromatic light path includes a first portion from the spatial light modulator to the mirror and a second portion from the mirror to the reconstruction plane. In an embodiment, the first portions of the single channels are spatially offset but substantially parallel. In an embodiment, the second portions of the single channels are substantially parallel.

[0133] The red light path from the first spatial light modulator 601r to the reconstruction plane 650 includes a reflection from the first mirror 627r. The green light path from the second spatial light modulator 601g to the reconstruction plane 650 includes a reflection from the second mirror 617g followed by transmission through the first mirror 627r. The blue light path from the third spatial light modulator 601b to the reconstruction plane includes a reflection from the third mirror 607b followed by transmission through the second mirror 617g and then through the first mirror 627r. The reconstruction plane 650, the first mirror 627r, the second mirror 617g and the third mirror 607b are substantially collinear. The blue path length is greater than the green path length which is greater than the red path length. Specifically, in embodiments, the second portion of the blue light path is longer than that of the green light path, which is also longer than that of the red light path. In these embodiments, the lengths of the first portions may be substantially equal.

[0134] Each monochromatic channel may be used to form a holographic reconstruction within a replay field region. The red replay field may contain the red image content of the image. The green replay field may contain the green image content of the image. The blue replay field may contain the blue image content of the image. Those skilled in the art will be familiar with the concept of forming an image by superimposing the red, green and blue image content using the red, green and blue color channels. The alignment of the red, green and blue replay fields is crucial to image quality. Each monochromatic image is made up of image pixels. In holographic projection, an image pixel may be referred to as a light spot.

[0135] In some embodiments, a magnified image of the color image is formed. In some embodiments, the image formed is a virtual image. In some embodiments, the color image is an image of an image generating unit of a head-up display of the vehicle. The virtual image of the color image may be formed by a magnifying optics of the head-up display (e.g., a mirror) and an optical combiner, such as a windshield of the vehicle.

[0136] Figure 7A shows a schematic representation of a red holographic reconstruction 702 formed by the red channel of Figure 6. Figure 7B shows a schematic representation of a green holographic reconstruction 704 formed by the green channel of Figure 6. Figure 7C shows a schematic representation of the red holographic reconstruction 702 superimposed on the green holographic reconstruction 704. Figure 7C shows the ideal situation where the holographic projector is correctly aligned.

[0137] Each of the red and green holographic reconstructions 702, 704 has a similar form to the monochromatic holographic reconstruction of FIG. 5. In particular, each of the red and green holographic reconstructions 702, 704 includes an image area and a non-image area including a control area. The image areas of the red and green holographic reconstructions 702, 704 are intended to completely overlap each other when the red and green holographic reconstructions are superimposed (as in FIG. 7C). Both the red and green holographic reconstructions 702, 704 are pixelated. When the red and green holographic reconstructions 702, 704 are superimposed on each other, the pixels are perfectly aligned (at least in the image area) with each other (to achieve a good quality color image). The control areas are intended to be spatially separated from each other when the red and green holographic reconstructions are superimposed (as in FIG. 7C). In this way, the first control area 706 of the red holographic reconstruction 702 can be detected separately from the second control area 708 of the green holographic reconstruction 704. This is why the first and second control regions 706, 708 appear adjacent to one another in the overlay of Figure 7C.

[0138] FIG. 7C shows the ideal case where there is no rotational misalignment in the holographic projector. However, this ideal case is generally not achievable without calibration, at least due to manufacturing tolerances of the holographic projector. As a result, the red holographic reconstruction may be rotationally misaligned with the green holographic reconstruction. This is shown in FIG. 8A, which shows the superposition of red holographic reconstruction 802 (corresponding to FIG. 7A) on green holographic reconstruction 804 (corresponding to FIG. 7B), where there is a misalignment in the holographic projector. FIG. 8B shows the superposition of only the image areas of the red and green holographic reconstructions. A first image area 803 corresponds to the image area of ​​the red holographic reconstruction 702, and a second image area 805 corresponds to the image area of ​​the green holographic reconstruction 804. The first image area 803 is rotated relative to the second image area 805, so that some of the image areas do not overlap. The (first) portion 806 of the first image area 803 that does not overlap with the second image area 805 appears in red. The (second) portion 808 of the second image area 805 that does not overlap with the first image area 803 is displayed in green. Thus, the rotational misalignment causes a discoloration of the overlapped image areas.

[0139] More generally, rotational misalignment between image regions results in degradation of image quality as individual pixels of the first and second image regions 803, 805 are misaligned. This is illustrated in Figure 9, which shows an enlarged portion 900 of Figure 8C (where the first and second image regions 803, 805 overlap). In particular, a first pixel 902 of the first image region 803 is misaligned relative to a second pixel 904 of the second image region 805.

[0140] The holographic projection system described in relation to Figures 7 to 9 comprises two channels / two light sources / two holographic reconstructions (red and green). This is merely an example. The holographic projection system may comprise any number of hologram channels and holographic reconstructions. Typically, the holographic projection system may comprise three channels and therefore three (superimposed) holographic reconstructions. In some examples, these three holographic reconstructions may consist of a red holographic reconstruction, a green holographic reconstruction and a blue holographic reconstruction. The or each holographic reconstruction may be rotationally offset from the ideal case (where the boundaries are horizontal / vertical) as described above.

[0141] mask In addition to what has been disclosed above, the holographic projector further comprises a physical mask, which is located at or immediately downstream of the plane where the holographic reconstruction is formed. When the holographic projector is operating normally, the mask is positioned to block light in non-image areas and allow light propagation / transmission in image areas.

[0142] Such a mask 1002 is shown diagrammatically in FIG. 10. In FIG. 10, the mask 1002 is superimposed on a properly aligned holographic reconstruction. The positions of features of the holographic reconstruction (such as control regions) are indicated by dashed lines (dashed lines and dotted lines). The mask 1002 includes an opening or aperture 1004. The aperture 1004 is aligned with an image area 1005 of the or each holographic reconstruction, so that light of the image area 1005 is visible beyond the mask 1002. The aperture 1004 is slightly smaller than the image area 1005. Therefore, the boundary 1006 between the image area 1005 and the non-image area is not visible beyond the mask. As a result, part of the periphery of the image area 1005 is not visible beyond the mask, nor is the non-image area visible.

[0143] How to calibrate rotational misalignment The present disclosure proposes a method for calibrating a holographic projector to compensate for rotational shifts in one or more holographic reconstructions. In general, the method includes determining a calibration feature in the holographic reconstruction and using the calibration feature to quantify any rotational shifts in the holographic reconstruction. In particular, the method includes comparing the determined calibration feature to a target (e.g., measuring an angle between the determined calibration feature and the target) and responsively recalculating a hologram of the image such that the rotational shifts in the holographic reconstruction of the recalculated hologram are reduced.

[0144] A particular example of a method for calibrating a holographic projector is described in relation to Figs. 11 to 13. In this example, a phase ramp function (or grating function) is used to linearly move the holographic reconstruction from a first position to a second position. In particular, the diffraction pattern displayed on the SLM includes a hologram of the target image and a phase ramp function. The first position is the position of the holographic reconstruction during normal use of the holographic projector. The first position of the holographic reconstruction relative to the mask 1002 substantially corresponds to the position shown in Fig. 10. The inclusion of the phase ramp function in the diffraction pattern moves or shifts the holographic reconstruction such that the boundary between image and non-image areas of the holographic reconstruction (which is not normally visible beyond the mask 1002) becomes visible. In this example, the translation of the holographic reconstruction by the phase ramp function is upwards. This is illustrated in Fig. 11.

[0145] Figure 11 is a schematic diagram showing a mask 1002, a first boundary 1102 between a first image area 1104 and a non-image area of ​​the first holographic reconstruction, and a second boundary 1106 between a second image area 1108 and a second non-image area of ​​the second holographic reconstruction. Figure 11 shows the case where the diffraction pattern displayed on the SLM associated with both the first and second holographic reconstructions includes a phase ramp function arranged to move the first and second holographic reconstructions upwards, thus shifting the boundaries 1106, 1108 (which are not visible during normal use of the holographic projector) into the region of the aperture of the mask 1102, where the boundaries 1106, 1108 are visible.

[0146] In some embodiments, the method of calibrating a holographic projector further comprises capturing an image of the holographic reconstruction (using a camera), identifying the or each boundary visible in the image, overlaying a target known to be correctly aligned onto the image, and measuring the angle between the identified boundary and the overlaid target. Figure 12 shows an example of such a captured image 1200 of the overlay of the first and second holographic reconstructions shown in Figure 11.

[0147] Image 1200 of FIG. 12 is taken behind mask 1002 so that only light passing through the mask's aperture is visible in the image. A horizontal target line 1202 is superimposed on image 1200. In this example, the first holographic reconstruction is rotationally misaligned, so that the boundary 1102 of the first holographic reconstruction is tilted relative to the horizontal target line 1202. The angle 1204 between boundary 1102 and horizontal target line 1202 is measured. In this example, the second holographic reconstruction is already correctly aligned (and therefore substantially horizontal). Therefore, there is no angle between boundary 1108 and horizontal target line 1202.

[0148] In response to the measured angle 1204 of the misalignment of the first holographic reconstruction, the hologram associated with the first holographic reconstruction is recalculated / modified to compensate / reduce the misalignment. This causes the first holographic reconstruction to align with the second holographic reconstruction. The superimposed first and second holographic reconstructions therefore have the appearance shown in FIG. 7C. The phase ramp function may then be removed from each SLM such that the holographic reconstructions are formed in the first position (such that the image areas of each of the holographic reconstructions are substantially aligned with the apertures of the mask 1002).

[0149] The above calibration has been described in relation to determining that one of the holographic reconstructions is rotationally misaligned. However, it will be apparent that both the first and second holographic reconstructions may be rotationally misaligned and the angle relative to the horizontal target line 1202 may be determined for each holographic reconstruction. It will also be apparent that the above calibration process may be applied to any number of holographic reconstructions (e.g., three holographic reconstructions).

[0150] An example of a method for calibrating a holographic projector will now be described with reference to the flow chart shown in FIG.

[0151] Step 1302 of the method includes displaying a first diffraction pattern on a first SLM and a second diffraction pattern on a second SLM, the first diffraction pattern including a first hologram of a first target image and a phase ramp function, the second diffraction pattern including a second hologram of a second target image and a phase ramp function, the phase ramp functions of the first and second diffraction patterns being the same.

[0152] Step 1304 of the method includes illuminating a first diffraction pattern with light of a first wavelength (in this example, red light) and illuminating a second diffraction pattern with light of a second wavelength (in this example, green light), such that a first holographic reconstruction of the first target image is formed in the reconstruction plane, and a second holographic reconstruction of the second target image is formed in the reconstruction plane. The phase ramp functions (of the first and second diffraction patterns) are arranged to move the first and second holographic reconstructions from a first position to a second position, as shown in FIG. 11 and described in detail above.

[0153] Step 1306 includes blocking at least a portion of the holographic reconstructions with a mask 1002 arranged substantially in the reconstruction plane. The mask is arranged such that an aperture of the mask is substantially aligned with a first image area of ​​the first and second holographic reconstructions when the phase ramp function is not displayed on the SLM (and the first and second holographic reconstructions are in a first position). More generally, the mask is arranged to block non-image areas of the first and second holographic reconstructions (e.g., to prevent noise and control areas from being visible to a user during normal use of the holographic projector). This is similar to that shown in FIG. 10. However, during step 1306, the phase ramp function is displayed on the first and second SLMs and the holographic reconstructions are in their respective second positions (as shown in FIG. 11). Thus, the boundary between the image and non-image areas of each holographic reconstruction is visible beyond the mask.

[0154] Step 1308 of the method includes capturing images of the first and second holographic reconstructions through an aperture in mask 1002 .

[0155] Step 1310 of the method involves measuring the characteristics of a linear boundary between image and non-image regions, which boundary is viewed across a mask by a phase ramp function (as described above).

[0156] Step 1312 of the method includes determining the rotational shift of the holographic reconstruction of the target image by measuring the angle between the target and a straight line boundary between the image and non-image areas.

[0157] Step 1314 of the method includes calculating a modified first hologram such that light spatially modulated according to the modified first hologram forms a first modified holographic reconstruction on the reconstruction plane. In an embodiment, at least a part of the first modified holographic reconstruction is rotated relative to the unmodified first holographic reconstruction. This is such that a rotational shift of the modified first display area is reduced relative to the unmodified holographic reconstruction. Step 1314 of the method optionally further includes calculating a modified second hologram such that light spatially modulated according to the modified second hologram forms a second modified holographic reconstruction on the reconstruction plane. In an embodiment, at least a part of the second modified holographic reconstruction is rotated relative to the unmodified second holographic reconstruction.

[0158] In this embodiment, the first (and second) modified holograms are modified such that the entire holographic reconstruction is rotated in the reconstruction plane, for example using a rotation matrix operation, thereby simultaneously rotating the image region and any control regions in a single operation.

[0159] In other embodiments (not shown), the image area and the control area are rotated in separate operations. As mentioned above, there is a boundary 1102 between the image area and the non-image area in the holographic reconstruction. This boundary may be defined in the hologram calculation. It will be clear to one skilled in the art that the position of this boundary may be adjusted in the hologram calculation. This has the effect of moving the image area within the non-image area on the reconstruction plane. For example, the image area can be moved closer to the edge of the reconstruction plane without moving the non-image area. In other words, the layout of the reconstruction plane or the layout of the image area relative to the reconstruction plane may be defined in the hologram calculation / software. The layout definition / constraints may be referred to as a layout mask that defines where in the reconstruction plane the image content is displayed. As above, the hologram calculation may be arranged to push noise in the hologram outside the area defined as the image area by the layout mask. The layout mask is effectively a software mask.

[0160] In some examples, the layout mask is rotated to rotate with respect to the image area to reduce the rotational shift (as measured based on the boundary 1102). The first (and, optionally, second) hologram may be recalculated based on the new position of the layout mask. Thus, in the first (and, optionally, second) holographic reconstruction, the rotational shift of the image area (with respect to the physical mask) is corrected. However, this adjustment of the layout mask does not adjust for the rotational shift of the control area. Thus, when recalculating the hologram, in such an example, it may be necessary to apply a rotational shift correction to each control spot that is separate from the rotation of the layout mask. In an example, the repositioning simply rotates the position of the control area about the center of the replay field by the same angle as the rotation of the layout mask. The position adjustment of the control spots is taken into account when the first (and, optionally, second) hologram is recalculated.

[0161] The inventors have recognised that the above-described method of calibrating a holographic projector is particularly advantageous because the boundaries of the image area of ​​the holographic reconstruction provide a convenient and reliable feature to measure. Thus, although it is typically undesirable for the boundaries of the image area to be visible beyond the mask, the inventors have recognised that in this particular calibration method it is advantageous to use a phase ramp function to temporarily shift the boundaries so that they are visible.

[0162] However, the particular method of calibrating a holographic projector described above has many other advantages that extend to other exemplary methods. These advantages include that the calibration method can be performed entirely in software. There is no need for time-consuming and tedious manual adjustments to components of the holographic projector to correct misalignments. Also, the method can be performed away from the manufacturing line, e.g. in situ. These advantages can be achieved in a calibration method that uses features of the holographic reconstruction other than the boundary between image and non-image areas. For example, other convenient features of the holographic reconstruction can be selected. In particular, the diffraction pattern displayed on the SLM can be arranged such that the image area of ​​the holographic reconstruction displays a feature that is convenient for measurement, such as a straight line (in particular a straight horizontal or vertical line) that is visible without the application of a phase ramp function. This feature may correspond to a target that is superimposed on the reconstructed image taken as part of the calibration method. The angle between the target and the feature may be measured and the hologram corrected / recalculated accordingly.

[0163] Additional Features Although the examples describe illuminating the SLM with visible light, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the light source and SLM may similarly be used to illuminate with infrared or ultraviolet light, for example as disclosed herein. For example, one skilled in the art will recognize techniques for converting infrared and ultraviolet light to visible light for the purpose of providing information to a user. For example, the present disclosure extends to using phosphor and / or quantum dot technology for this purpose.

[0164] In some arrangements, a 2D holographic reconstruction is described by way of example only. In other arrangements, the holographic reconstruction is a 3D holographic reconstruction, i.e., in some arrangements, each computer-generated hologram forms a 3D holographic reconstruction.

[0165] The methods and processes described herein may be embodied on a computer-readable medium. The term "computer-readable medium" includes a medium configured to store data temporarily or permanently, such as a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a buffer memory, a flash memory, and a cache memory. The term "computer-readable medium" should also be interpreted to include any medium or combination of media capable of storing instructions for execution by a machine, such that, when the instructions are executed by one or more processors, the machine performs, in whole or in part, any one or more of the methods described herein.

[0166] The term "computer-readable medium" also encompasses cloud-based storage systems. The term "computer-readable medium" includes, but is not limited to, one or more tangible, non-transitory data repositories (e.g., data volumes) in the exemplary form of solid-state memory chips, optical disks, magnetic disks, or any suitable combination thereof. In some exemplary embodiments, instructions for execution may be carried by a carrier medium. Examples of such carrier media include transitory media (e.g., a propagating signal carrying the instructions).

[0167] It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made without departing from the scope of the appended claims. This disclosure covers all modifications and variations that come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. 1. A method for calibrating a holographic projector, comprising: displaying a first diffraction pattern on a display device, the first diffraction pattern including a first hologram of a first target image and a phase ramp function; illuminating the first diffraction pattern to form a first holographic reconstruction of the first target image on a reconstruction plane, the first target image including image and non-image areas, the phase ramp function being positioned to cause a boundary between the image and non-image areas to become visible by moving the first holographic reconstruction; blocking at least a portion of the first holographic reconstruction with a mask, the mask being positioned to block the non-image areas in the absence of the phase ramp function; measuring a linear edge of a boundary between the image area and the non-image area; The method includes:

2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising determining a rotational shift of the first holographic reconstruction of the first target image based on the measured linear edges of the boundary.

3. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein determining the rotational shift of the first holographic reconstruction of the first target image comprises capturing an image of the holographic reconstruction and identifying at least a portion of the boundary between the image area and the non-image area in the captured image.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein determining the rotational shift of the first holographic reconstruction further comprises adding an image element onto the captured image and measuring an angle between the image element and the identified boundary.

5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the image elements are straight lines, such as vertical or horizontal lines.

6. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of calculating a modified first hologram, the modified first hologram being calculated such that light spatially modulated according to the modified first hologram forms a modified first holographic reconstruction on the reconstruction plane, and at least a portion of the modified first holographic reconstruction being rotated with respect to the first holographic reconstruction.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the modified first hologram is calculated such that a rotational shift of at least a portion of the modified first holographic reconstruction is reduced with respect to the first holographic reconstruction.

8. displaying a second first order diffraction pattern on the display device, the second first order diffraction pattern comprising the modified first hologram; illuminating the second diffraction pattern to form a modified first holographic reconstruction of the target image on the reconstruction plane; The method of claim 6 further comprising:

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mask comprises an aperture, the aperture being positioned such that the image area is substantially visible downstream of the mask in the absence of the phase ramp function.

10. the phase ramp function is arranged to move the first holographic reconstruction from a first position to a second position along a linear axis; The method of claim 1 , wherein the steps of illuminating the first diffraction pattern, blocking at least a portion of the first holographic reconstruction, and measuring a characteristic of the boundary are performed while the holographic reconstruction is in the second position.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the holographic reconstruction is spatially separated from the display device.

12. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising displaying a diffraction pattern including the first hologram prior to displaying the first diffraction pattern in the absence of the phase ramp function.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein illuminating the first-order diffraction pattern comprises illuminating the first-order diffraction pattern with monochromatic light of a first wavelength, such as red light.

14. displaying a secondary diffraction pattern on a display device, the secondary diffraction pattern including a second hologram of a second target image and a phase ramp function; illuminating the secondary diffraction pattern to form a second holographic reconstruction of the second target image on a reconstruction plane, the second target image including image areas and non-image areas; blocking at least a portion of the second holographic reconstruction with the mask, the mask being positioned to block the non-image areas in the absence of the phase ramp function; measuring characteristics of the boundaries between the image and non-image areas of the second reconstruction; 14. The method of any one of claims 1 to 13, further comprising:

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein illuminating the secondary diffraction pattern comprises illuminating the secondary diffraction pattern with monochromatic light of a second wavelength, such as green light.

16. a light source arranged to output light; a display device arranged to display a diffraction pattern including a hologram of a target image and to receive light from said light source and output light spatially modulated in accordance with said diffraction pattern to form a holographic reconstruction of said target image at a reconstruction plane; a mask arranged to block at least a portion of the holographic reconstruction; a camera positioned to capture an image of a portion of the holographic reconstruction visible downstream of the mask; displaying a first order diffraction pattern on the display device, the first order diffraction pattern including a first hologram of a first target image including image and non-image areas and a phase ramp function arranged to cause a boundary between the image and non-image areas to become visible by moving the holographic reconstruction; capturing an image of the holographic reconstruction to measure a linear edge of the boundary between the image area and the non-image area; A processing section arranged as follows: Equipped with the mask is positioned to block the non-image areas in the absence of the phase ramp function. Holographic projection system.

17. 17. An image generating unit comprising the holographic projection system of claim 16.

18. A head-up display comprising an image generating unit according to claim 17.

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