Systems and methods for analyzing spent dialysate

Abstract

An apparatus used in analyzing used dialysate includes at least a first surface configured to accommodate a dialysate drain bag in a first predetermined position and at least a second surface configured to accommodate a dialysate analyzing device in a second predetermined position, such that when the dialysate drain bag is in the first predetermined position and the dialysate analyzing device is in the second predetermined position, an optical sensor of the dialysate analyzing device is positioned to sense light passing through the dialysate drain bag.

Description

Background Art

[0001] Peritoneal dialysis is a renal replacement therapy for patients suffering from kidney diseases. Techniques for peritoneal dialysis include continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and automated peritoneal dialysis (APD). CAPD is carried out continuously, and the used dialysis fluid flows out into a drainage bag that is later discarded and replaced. APD typically uses a cycler to supply and drain the dialysis fluid while the patient is immobile (e.g., while sleeping). In APD, the used dialysis fluid can flow out into a bag, sink, or another location.

[0002] Peritoneal dialysis is a risk factor for peritonitis because it uses the peritoneum. For example, peritoneal dialysis can inadvertently introduce bacteria into the abdomen. Depending on the view, there is about one episode of peritonitis per 24 to 48 patient admission months. Peritonitis is a major cause of mortality and treatment failure in peritoneal dialysis patients. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are essential for treatment success.

[0003] Due to the risks associated with peritonitis, it is important to monitor the symptoms and signs of peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. Signs of peritonitis include, for example, increased white blood cell (WBC) count and fraction. Used dialysis fluid (e.g., in the drainage bag) can give signs of peritonitis. When peritonitis has progressed sufficiently, those signs can be visible to the naked eye. For example, the used dialysis fluid can appear cloudy. Cloudiness can be assessed by various manual techniques such as placing a newspaper under the drainage bag and evaluating whether the text is difficult to read. When the used dialysis fluid appears cloudy, the patient is encouraged to perform another drain and bring the newly drained bag to the clinic for testing. In some cases, the patient can send a photograph of the used dialysis fluid to the clinician to obtain the clinician's subjective opinion based on its appearance. However, relying on such techniques can mean that peritonitis may not be detected until the infection has progressed relatively far, especially for patients with visual defects that make it more difficult for them to subjectively assess the "cloudiness" of the used dialysis fluid. In some estimates, over 60 percent of peritoneal dialysis patients have visual defects.

[0004] As a measure of reactivity, before the clinician has an opportunity to properly test the used dialysis fluid, the patient can be placed on antibiotics. While the patient is starting the antibiotics, the clinician sends the used dialysis fluid to a lab to be tested for white blood cell count and bacteria. Depending on the lab results, the clinician can continue, discontinue, or change the patient's antibiotic treatment. Thus, conventional methods of monitoring peritonitis are reactive, inefficient, and can delay appropriate medical treatment. Additionally, conventional methods can result in unnecessary and / or partial antibiotic treatment in the case of false positives.

[0005] One or more of the techniques described herein may incorporate both the discoveries and techniques described in (a) Carlson, D. and Van Brackle, C., Particle Sizing with a Smartphone (2014), and / or (b) Yang, Ye et al., "Blood cell counting and classification by nonflowing laser light scattering method", Advanced Photonic Sensors and Applications, Volume 3897, International Society for Optics and Photonics, 1999, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0006] The techniques described in this section are not necessarily not conceived and / or performed before the filing of the present application. Therefore, unless otherwise specified, the techniques described in this section should not be construed as prior art.

Summary of the Invention

[0007] One or more embodiments enable earlier diagnosis of peritonitis than conventional techniques. The systems and methods described herein enable point-of-care analysis of used dialysate (e.g., at home) by detecting signs associated with peritonitis (e.g., white blood cell count, fraction, and / or bacteria). The techniques described herein can detect such signs even when the patient is not experiencing or aware of the associated symptoms (e.g., abdominal pain). Early diagnosis can enable more rapid treatment of peritonitis while avoiding inappropriate treatment in the case of false positives. With the techniques described herein, patients can monitor for peritonitis using objective measurements rather than relying on subjective observations such as "cloudiness". For example, one or more embodiments provide an apparatus that helps ensure consistent measurement conditions over multiple uses. Further, the techniques described herein can be combined with other medical monitoring and diagnostic techniques to provide a multifunctional tool for monitoring peritoneal dialysis patients. Further, one or more embodiments can be used to analyze used dialysate during and / or after antibiotic treatment to predict or evaluate the effectiveness of treatment. One or more embodiments utilize a smartphone, tablet, or other computing device already owned by the patient, thus reducing the costs that would otherwise be associated with the techniques described herein. The techniques described herein can be performed instantaneously (e.g., in about 30 - 40 seconds) compared to conventional techniques that also require contacting a clinician's office and, in some cases, sending used dialysate to a lab for analysis.

[0008] Generally, in one aspect, the apparatus includes at least a first surface configured to receive a dialysate drainage bag at a first predetermined position. The apparatus further includes at least a second surface configured to receive a dialysate analysis device at a second predetermined position. Thus, when the dialysate drainage bag is at the first predetermined position and the dialysate analysis device is at the second predetermined position, the light sensor of the dialysate analysis device is arranged to sense light passing through the dialysate drainage bag. The apparatus may further include a light emitting device configured to emit light through the dialysate drainage bag towards the light sensor of the dialysate analysis device. The light emitting device may be further configured to operate in response to commands transmitted by the dialysate analysis device. The apparatus may further include a scale configured to measure the weight of the dialysate drainage bag when the dialysate drainage bag is at the first predetermined position. The apparatus may be further configured to transmit the weight of the dialysate drainage bag to the dialysate analysis device. The apparatus may further include a wireless device configured to communicate with the dialysate analysis device. The dialysate analysis device may be a smartphone. The first surface and the second surface may be perpendicular surfaces of the molded body of the apparatus.

[0009] Generally, in another aspect, the system includes a light transmissive chamber removably disposed along the dialysate drain line and configured to receive a portion of the used dialysate passing through the dialysate drain line. The system further includes a light sensing device operably coupled to the light transmissive chamber and configured to measure the light transmittance through the portion of the used dialysate in the light transmissive chamber. The system further includes one or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the dialysate analysis device to measure the turbidity of the portion of the used dialysate based at least on the light transmittance. The instructions, when executed by one or more processors, may further cause the dialysate analysis device to evaluate the portion of the used dialysate for peritonitis based at least on the turbidity of the portion of the used dialysate. The light sensing device may include a light source configured to emit near-infrared light through the portion of the used dialysate in the light transmissive chamber, the light sensing device may be further configured to measure the transmittance of the near-infrared light through the portion of the used dialysate in the light transmissive chamber, and the instructions, when executed by one or more processors, may further cause the dialysate analysis device to determine the glucose concentration in the portion of the used dialysate based at least on the transmittance of the near-infrared light. The light sensing device may include a clamping mechanism including a light source and a light sensor. When the clamping mechanism is operably coupled to the light transmissive chamber, the light source and the light sensor may contact the opposing surfaces of the light transmissive chamber. The light sensing device may be further configured to wirelessly transmit data to the dialysate analysis device. The light transmissive chamber may be a disposable single-use chamber.

[0010] Generally, in another aspect, the system includes a light-transmissive chamber removably disposed along a dialysate drain line and configured to receive a portion of used dialysate passing through the dialysate drain line. The system further includes a light detection device operably coupled to the light-transmissive chamber. The light detection device includes a light source configured to emit near-infrared light through a portion of the used dialysate in the light-transmissive chamber and a light sensor configured to measure the transmittance of the near-infrared light through the portion of the used dialysate in the light-transmissive chamber. The system further includes one or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the dialysate analysis device to determine a glucose concentration in the portion of the used dialysate based at least on the transmittance of the near-infrared light. The instructions, when executed by one or more processors, may further cause the dialysate analysis device to measure a turbidity of the portion of the used dialysate based at least on a light transmittance through the portion of the used dialysate in the light-transmissive chamber. The instructions, when executed by one or more processors, may further cause the dialysate analysis device to evaluate the portion of the used dialysate for peritonitis based at least on the turbidity of the portion of the used dialysate. The light detection device may include a clamping mechanism including the light source and the light sensor. When the clamping mechanism is operably coupled to the light-transmissive chamber, the light source and the light sensor may contact opposing surfaces of the light-transmissive chamber. The light detection device may be further configured to wirelessly transmit data to the dialysate analysis device. The light-transmissive chamber may be a disposable single-use chamber.

[0011] Generally, in another aspect, the method includes sensing, by an optical sensor, light emitted through a drain bag containing used peritoneal dialysis fluid; determining, by a dialysis fluid analysis device, an estimated ratio of white blood cells in the used peritoneal dialysis fluid based at least on the light emitted through the drain bag; and determining, by the dialysis fluid analysis device, a risk of peritonitis based at least on the estimated ratio of white blood cells in the used peritoneal dialysis fluid. The method may further include aligning the optical sensor with the drain bag using a device configured to indicate an intended position of the optical sensor relative to the drain bag prior to sensing light emitted through the drain bag. The method may further include determining a weight of the drain bag. Determining the risk of peritonitis may be further based on the weight of the drain bag. The method may further include calibrating the dialysis fluid analysis device to obtain a baseline light reading. Determining the estimated ratio of white blood cells in the used peritoneal dialysis fluid may include determining a difference between the baseline light reading and the light emitted through the drain bag. The method may further include determining, by the dialysis fluid analysis device, an estimated ratio of polymorphonuclear cells in the used peritoneal dialysis fluid. Determining the risk of peritonitis may be further based on the estimated ratio of polymorphonuclear cells in the used peritoneal dialysis fluid. Determining the estimated ratio of polymorphonuclear cells in the used peritoneal dialysis fluid may include analyzing, by the dialysis fluid analysis device, one or more of (a) data corresponding to light scattered through the used peritoneal dialysis fluid and (b) an image of a lateral flow assay or a dry chemical test strip.

[0012] One or more embodiments described herein and / or in the claims may not be included in this summary section.

[0013] Various aspects of at least one embodiment are described below with reference to the accompanying drawings, which are not drawn to scale. The drawings are included to provide an illustration and a further understanding of the various aspects and embodiments, and are incorporated into and constitute a part of this specification, but do not define the limitations of the present disclosure. In the drawings, each identical or nearly identical component shown in the various figures is represented by a like number. For clarity, some components may not be labeled in every drawing. Shown in the drawings are the following.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0014]

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Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention

[0015] The following table of contents is provided for the convenience of the reader and does not define a limitation of the present disclosure.

[0016] 1. System Configuration 2. Analyzing Used Dialysate in the Drain Bag 2.1. Apparatus 2.2. Method 2.3. User Interface 3. Analyzing Used Dialysate in the Drain Line 3.1. Apparatus 3.2. Method 4. User Interface for Patient Tracking 5. Various Extensions 6. Computing Device 7. Computer Network 8. Connected Health System 1. System Configuration Generally, one or more embodiments include a point-of-care (POC) system configured to analyze used peritoneal dialysate. FIGS. 1A-1B are block diagrams of an example of the system according to one embodiment. The system may include more or fewer components than those shown in the examples of FIGS. 1A-1B. The components shown in these examples may be local or remote from each other. The components shown in these examples may be implemented in software and / or hardware. Each component may be distributed among multiple applications and / or machines. Multiple components may be combined in one application and / or machine. Operations described with respect to one component may instead be performed by another component.

[0017] As shown in FIG. 1A, an example of system 100 includes a light source 102 configured to emit light 104 through used dialysate 106. For example, the used dialysate 106 may be located in a drain bag or along a drain line. The light source 102 can be ambient light (e.g., sunlight and / or one or more general-purpose lamps) in the environment in which the system 100 is located. Alternatively, the light source 102 can be a dedicated light source used when analyzing the used dialysate. For example, the light source 102 can include one or more light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and / or lasers stored in a device such as one of the exemplary devices described herein. The dedicated light source 102 provides a relatively consistent direction, size, and / or wavelength of light emission, and thus can improve the quality and consistency of the reading of the light used in the analysis of the used dialysate as compared to relying on ambient light.

[0018] In one embodiment, the light source 102 is configured to emit light of a single wavelength through the used dialysate 106. Alternatively, the light source 102 can be configured to emit light of multiple wavelengths. The light source 102 can be configured to emit light at about 1300 nm, about 810 nm, and / or about 660 nm. The light emitted at about 1300 nm can be used for calibration, for example, by emitting light through pure water or clean dialysate (not shown). The light emitted at about 810 nm can be used to detect hemoglobin in the used dialysate 106. The light emitted at about 660 nm can be used to detect white blood cells in the used dialysate 106. One or more other wavelengths can be used. In one embodiment, the light source 102 is configured to emit near-infrared light, which can be used to detect glucose concentrates in the dialysate, as will be described in more detail below.

[0019] In one embodiment, the optical sensor 108 is configured to sense light passing through the spent dialysate 106. In particular, the optical sensor 108 is configured to sense the light transmittance through the spent dialysate 106. The optical sensor 108 is disposed substantially opposite the light source 102, and the spent dialysate 106 is disposed therebetween. Some embodiments may be better implemented (i.e., more reliable light measurement values can be obtained) when the system 100 is disposed in a relatively dark environment by disposing the optical sensor 108 in a housing that substantially blocks light from sources other than a darkroom, etc. and / or the light source 102.

[0020] In one embodiment, the dialysate analysis device 110 is configured to use data from the optical sensor 108 to analyze the spent dialysate 106. The dialysate analysis device 110 can be a multipurpose computing device such as a smartphone, tablet, laptop computer, desktop computer, or other type of multipurpose device. For example, the dialysate analysis device 110 can be configured to execute an installable application that includes instructions for analyzing the spent dialysate 106 based on data from the optical sensor 108. Alternatively, the dialysate analysis device 110 can be a dedicated medical device configured to analyze the spent dialysate 106. For example, the dialysate analysis device 110 can be part of a peritoneal dialysis (PD) cycler and / or other types of dialysis equipment.

[0021] In one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 1A, the optical sensor 108 is part of the dialysate analysis device 110. For example, the optical sensor 108 can be a camera or other type of light detection component that is part of a smartphone, tablet, or dedicated medical device. Alternatively, the optical sensor 108 can be physically separate from the dialysate analysis device 110. For example, the optical sensor 108 can be part of a device coupled to or near a clear section of the drain line tubing, such as in the example shown in FIG. 6B, or coupled to or near a chamber disposed along the drain line. The physically separate optical sensor 108 can be configured to communicate with the dialysate analysis device 110 via a cable (e.g., a Universal Serial Bus (USB) cable, an Apple Lightning cable, an Ethernet® cable, and / or another type of cable), and / or via one or more wireless transmission protocols such as Bluetooth® and / or Wi-Fi®. The physically separate optical sensor 108 can be useful, for example, when the dialysate analysis device 110 includes a light detection component (e.g., a smartphone camera) but does not include an application programming interface (API) that allows sufficient access to the data from the light detection component.

[0022] In one embodiment, the dialysate analysis device 110 includes one or more additional hardware components configured to collect data related to dialysis and / or is communicatively coupled thereto. For example, the dialysate analysis device 110 can include or be communicatively coupled to a microscope (not shown). The microscope can be part of a camera, a camera magnification attachment, or a physically separate microscope device. For example, a smartphone attachment can be used to magnify the smartphone's camera by about 400 times or another suitable magnification factor. The dialysate analysis device 110 can use images from the microscope to help detect and analyze bacteria stained in grams in the used dialysate 106.

[0023] As another example, the dialysate analysis device 110 may include, or be communicatively coupled to, a proximity sensor (not shown). The dialysate analysis device 110 may use the proximity sensor to assist in detecting the installation of the dialysate analysis device 110 relative to an apparatus (e.g., the exemplary apparatus 200 shown in FIG. 2A) and / or relative to a particular portion of the apparatus (e.g., the device installation area 206 shown in FIG. 2A). The proximity sensor may detect proximity to a particular location based on a radio frequency identification (RFID) chip, a Bluetooth transmitter, and / or other components of the apparatus.

[0024] As yet another example, the dialysate analysis device 110 may include, or be communicatively coupled to, a gyroscope (not shown). The dialysate analysis device 110 may use the gyroscope to detect movement of the dialysate analysis device 110, and may use the movement data to generate visual and / or audible instructions to assist a patient or other human operator in guiding the dialysate analysis device 110 to a particular location (e.g., the device installation area 206 shown in FIG. 2A).

[0025] In one embodiment, the dialysate analysis device 110 is configured to combine data from multiple components. For example, the dialysate analysis device 110 can combine data from a gyroscope and a proximity sensor to generate visual and / or auditory instructions to assist a patient or other human operator in guiding the dialysate analysis device 100 to a specific location. One or more components of the dialysate analysis device 110 or one or more components communicatively coupled to the dialysate analysis device 110 can be used for multiple purposes. For example, the dialysate analysis device 110 can be configured to use data from a camera (e.g., a camera that is part of the dialysate analysis device 110 or physically separate from the dialysate analysis device 110) for both light detection and for acquiring images of lateral flow assays or dry chemistry test strips that will be evaluated as described in more detail below.

[0026] In one embodiment, the dialysate analysis device 110 is configured to control the operation of one or more components described herein, such as the light source 102 and / or the light sensor 108. For example, the dialysate analysis device 110 can be configured to send an electrical signal to turn the light source 102 on, turn the light source 102 off, and / or change the operating parameters of the light source 102 (e.g., brightness, wavelength, etc.). As another example, the dialysate analysis device 110 can be configured to send an electrical signal to instruct the light sensor 108 to start or stop sensing light. The application software executing in the dialysate analysis device 110 can determine whether and / or when to send an electrical signal to control the operation of such components. For example, the application software can send an electrical signal in response to a user input (e.g., via the user interface 111) that instructs the dialysate analysis device 110 to start the process of analyzing the used dialysate 106.

[0027] In one embodiment, the server 112 is located remotely from the dialysate analysis device 110 (e.g., in a separate device and / or data center communicatively coupled to the dialysate analysis device 110 via one or more network connections). The server 112 may be configured to perform one or more operations described herein for analyzing the used dialysate 106 and / or performing other analytical functions related to dialysis (e.g., analyzing data from a camera, microscope, proximity sensor, gyroscope, and / or another type of data or combinations thereof). The dialysate analysis device 110 may be configured to send data to the server 112 for analysis and receive analysis results from the server 112. One or more operations described herein as being performed by the dialysate analysis device 110 may instead be performed by the server 112.

[0028] In one embodiment, the dialysate analysis device 110 includes or is communicatively coupled to a user interface 111. The user interface 111 refers to hardware and / or software configured to facilitate communication between the user and the dialysate analysis device 110. The user interface 111 renders user interface elements and receives input via the user interface elements. The user interface 111 can be a graphical user interface (GUI), a command line interface (CLI), a tactile interface, a voice command interface, and / or any other type of interface or a combination thereof. Examples of user interface elements include check boxes, radio buttons, drop-down lists, list boxes, buttons, toggles, text fields, date and time selectors, command lines, sliders, pages, and forms. Different components of the user interface 111 can be specified in different languages. The behavior of the user interface elements can be specified in a dynamic programming language such as Java (registered trademark) Script. The content of the user interface elements can be specified in a markup language such as Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), Extensible Markup Language (XML), or XML User Interface Language (XUL). The layout of the user interface elements can be specified in a style sheet language such as Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). Alternatively or in addition, aspects of the user interface 111 can be specified in one or more other languages such as Java, Python, Perl, C, C++, and / or any other language or a combination thereof.

[0029] In one embodiment, the user interface 111 is configured to provide audio and / or visual cues as described below. The audio and / or visual cues may be useful, for example, when a patient has a visual impairment and it would otherwise be difficult to position the drain bag and / or the dialysate analysis device 110 for effective dialysate analysis. Note that a patient with a visual impairment may be less likely to detect peritonitis at an early stage using conventional "cloudy" methods.

[0030] In one embodiment, the dialysate analysis device 110 and / or the server 112 are configured to store data in one or more data repositories 113. The data repository 113 is any type of storage unit and / or device for storing data (e.g., a file system, a database, a set of tables, or any other storage mechanism). The data repository 113 may include a plurality of different storage units and / or devices. The plurality of different storage units and / or devices may or may not be of the same type, and may or may not be located at the same physical site. Further, the data repository 113 may be implemented on or executed on the same computing system as one or more other components of the system 100. Alternatively or additionally, the data repository 113 may be implemented on or executed on a computing system separate from one or more other components of the system 100. The data repository 113 may be logically integrated with one or more other components of the system 100. Alternatively or additionally, the data repository 113 may be communicatively coupled to one or more other components of the system 100 via a direct connection or via a network. Alternatively or additionally, information may be implemented and / or distributed across any of the components of the system 100.

[0031] In one embodiment, system 100 is located in the patient's home to provide in-home point-of-care analysis of used dialysate. Alternatively, system 100 may be located at a clinical site such as a dialysis center or hospital.

[0032] In one embodiment, one or more components of system 100 are implemented on one or more digital devices. The term "digital device" generally refers to any hardware device that includes a processor. A digital device may refer to a physical device that runs an application or virtual machine. Examples of digital devices include computers, tablets, laptops, desktops, netbooks, servers, web servers, network policy servers, proxy servers, general-purpose machines, specialized function hardware devices, hardware routers, hardware switches, hardware firewalls, hardware network address translators (NATs), hardware load balancers, mainframes, televisions, content receivers, set-top boxes, printers, mobile handsets, smartphones, personal digital assistants ("PDAs"), wireless receivers and / or transmitters, base stations, communication management devices, routers, switches, controllers, access points, and / or client devices.

[0033] Figure 1B shows another example of system 101 according to one embodiment. As shown in Figure 1B, clean dialysate 114 is used for dialysis. The used dialysate flows out into drain bag 120 via drain line 116. In other embodiments, the used dialysate may be drained to a fixed discharge (e.g., toilet, sink, or other discharge). When the used dialysate is discharged, light transmission chamber 118 is configured to receive at least a portion of the used dialysate. Light source 102 is configured to emit light through light transmission chamber 118, and light sensor 108 is configured to sense the light emitted through light transmission chamber 118. Light sensor 108 is configured to send data to dialysate analysis device 110. An example of light transmission chamber 118 is described below with respect to Figure 6A. Light source 102 and light sensor 108 may be part of a light sensing device such as exemplary light sensing device 605 shown in Figure 6B. 2. Analyzing the used dialysate in the drain bag 2.1 Apparatus In one embodiment, an apparatus is provided that facilitates the placement of a light sensor with respect to the used dialysate in the drain bag. In particular, the apparatus may help ensure that the light sensor and the drain bag are positioned relative to each other in a configuration that aids in ensuring accurate and consistent light readings. In the following examples, the light sensor is assumed to be part of a dialysate analysis device such as a smartphone or tablet. In other examples (not shown), the light sensor may be physically separate from the dialysate analysis device, and the following references to "device" or "dialysate analysis device" may refer to the light sensor only.

[0034] Figure 2A is a perspective view diagram of an example of apparatus 200 according to one embodiment. In this example, apparatus 200 includes a bag tray 202 configured to receive at least a portion of a dialysis drain bag (not shown). Embodiments that assist in positioning an optical sensor relative to the drain bag can be used in any dialysis setting where used dialysis fluid flows out of the bag into a sink or other location. Bag tray 202 helps ensure a consistent placement of the drain bag during used dialysis fluid analysis. Device installation area 206 is defined by one or more surfaces of apparatus 200 (in this example, three surfaces that define a rectangular area) that indicate the intended placement of the dialysis fluid analysis device. For example, as shown in FIG. 2A, device installation area 206 helps ensure that the dialysis fluid analysis device is positioned under the corner of the drain bag. Further, device installation area 206 can help ensure a consistent placement of the dialysis fluid analysis device relative to a light source. For example, as shown in FIG. 2A, device installation area 206 helps ensure that the dialysis fluid analysis device is positioned under a light compartment 204 that houses one or more light sources as will be described in more detail below. Device installation area 206 can be sized to accommodate a specific type of dialysis fluid analysis device (e.g., a dedicated medical device). Alternatively, device installation area 206 can be sized to accommodate multiple types of dialysis fluid analysis devices (e.g., smartphones and / or tablets that can vary in size depending on the model and make).

[0035] Figure 2B is a top - down view diagram of apparatus 200 of FIG. 2A without the light compartment according to one embodiment. In particular, FIG. 2B shows the placement of dialysis fluid drain bag 208 on bag tray 202. Further, FIG. 2B shows the placement of dialysis fluid analysis device 210 (in this example, a smartphone with an optical sensing camera). In this example, device installation area 206 helps ensure that dialysis fluid analysis device 210 is positioned under the corner of dialysis fluid drain bag 208. FIG. 2B further shows an example of device installation area 206 that is large enough to accommodate multiple types of devices.

[0036] Figure 2C is a top-down view of the device 200 of FIG. 2A with the optical compartment 204 attached, according to one embodiment. As shown in FIG. 2C, the optical compartment 204 is positioned over the dialysate analysis device 210, and thus one or more light sources stored within the optical compartment 204 emit light toward or substantially toward the light sensors in the dialysate analysis device 210. The optical compartment 204 can be an integral part of the device 200. Alternatively, the optical compartment 204 can be removable from the device 200. For example, FIG. 2D is a perspective view of an example of the optical compartment 204 for the device 200 of FIG. 2A, which includes a mounting interface 214 for attaching the optical compartment 204 to the bag tray 202. The optical compartment 204 includes a cavity 212 configured to house electrical components including, but not limited to, light sources. FIG. 2E is a perspective view of an example of a lid 216 for the optical compartment 204 of FIG. 2D, according to one embodiment. In this example, the lid 216 is removable to provide access to the electrical components stored within the optical compartment 204 (e.g., to replace an LED and / or to service other electrical components).

[0037] Figure 2F is a top-down view of the optical compartment 204 of FIG. 2D according to one embodiment. In particular, FIG. 2F is a top-down view of the optical compartment 204 with the lid 216 removed and no electrical components installed. As shown in FIG. 2F, the optical compartment 204 includes one or more light apertures 218 through which one or more light sources emit light. In this example, the optical compartment 204 includes three light apertures 218. The light apertures 218 can be designed to accommodate light sources (e.g., lasers and / or LEDs) that emit light at different respective wavelengths. For example, one of the light apertures 218 can be adapted for a light source that emits light at approximately 1300 nm, another of the light apertures 218 can be adapted for a light source that emits light at approximately 810 nm, and another of the light apertures 218 can be adapted for a light source that emits light at approximately 660 nm. In other examples (not shown), more or fewer light sources can be used. The one or more light apertures 218 can be disposed within the cavity 212, and thus, one or more electrical components, when installed, cover one or more of the light apertures 218.

[0038] Figure 2G is a top-down view of the electrical component layout for the optical compartment 204 of FIG. 2D according to one embodiment. In this example, the electrical components are powered by a power source 220 (e.g., a battery and / or an external power source such as an A / C adapter or USB cable). In the example shown in FIG. 2G, a 9-volt battery is used. In another example, the electrical components can include a rechargeable battery, and thus, the device 200 can be disconnected from external power when the rechargeable battery is fully charged. The circuit board 222 implements logic in hardware and / or software to control the operation of the electrical components. The wireless module 224 (e.g., a Bluetooth and / or Wi-Fi module) is configured to transmit and receive data communicating with the dialysate analysis device 210. In this example, there are three light sources 226, one of which is hidden by the wireless module 224.

[0039] FIG. 2H is a view of another perspective of the apparatus of FIG. 2A, according to one embodiment. As shown in FIG. 2H, the mounting interface 226 is configured to receive the optical compartment 204 by interfacing, for example, with the mounting interface 214 of the optical compartment 204 shown in FIG. 2D.

[0040] In one embodiment, the apparatus 200 includes a scale configured to measure the weight of the dialysate drainage bag 208. For ease of explanation, the terms "measure the weight" and "weight" as used herein may refer to measuring either the mass or the weight of the dialysate drainage bag 208, as those terms are defined in the art. For example, FIG. 2I is a bottom-up view of the apparatus 200 of FIG. 2A, according to one embodiment. As shown in FIG. 2I, one or more force-sensitive resistors 228 are disposed in or along the bag tray 202. The force-sensitive resistor 228 is configured to sense the weight of the dialysate drainage bag 208. The force-sensitive resistor 228 may be pre-tared based on the known weight of the apparatus 200 and / or the empty dialysate drainage bag 208. Alternatively, when analyzing the used dialysate, the force-sensitive resistor 228 may require taring and / or other calibration. Measuring the weight of the drainage bag may be a requirement in some forms of peritoneal dialysis, and the apparatus 200 can help meet that requirement. Further, the weight of the drainage bag can be used to calibrate the turbidity measurement. In particular, a heavier drainage bag is assumed to be more full and thus physically deeper, and a lighter drainage bag is assumed to be more empty and thus physically shallower. The turbidity calculation can be adjusted to account for the assumed depth of the drainage bag, which may be based, for example, on a measurement of the average depth incorporated into the programming of the dialysate analysis device during a laboratory setting.

[0041] Figure 3A is a perspective view diagram of another example of the device 300 according to one embodiment. In this example, the device 300 does not include an optical compartment, and the bag placement area 302 does not include a bag tray. The device 300 can be formed from transparent plastic to increase the field of view and reduce shadows that may interfere with the reading of ambient light. Further, the upper portion of the device 300 is positioned high enough to reduce shadows that may fall on the optical sensor of the dialysate analysis device, i.e., it may have sufficient clearance over the drain bag.

[0042] As in the case of the examples of FIGS. 2A-2I, the device placement area 304 is defined by one or more surfaces of the device 300 (in this example, three surfaces that define a rectangular region) that indicate the intended placement of the dialysate analysis device. Further, the bag placement area 302 helps ensure a consistent placement of the drain bag during used dialysate analysis. For example, FIG. 3B is a top-down view diagram of the device 300 of FIG. 3A according to one embodiment, and the device 300 helps ensure a consistent placement of the dialysate drain bag 306 relative to the dialysate analysis device 308. The device 300 of FIGS. 3A-3B has fewer features than the device 200 of FIGS. 2A-2I, but may be more portable and / or less expensive. In one embodiment, the dialysate analysis device is configured to be compatible with two or more different types of devices, for example, via settings in a hardware switch and / or a software application.

[0043] The above example describes an apparatus for ensuring a consistent placement of the dialysis effluent bag relative to the dialysis fluid analysis device. Alternatively, the dialysis effluent bag itself can be designed to provide guidance for placing the dialysis fluid analysis device. For example, the effluent bag can include one or more lines, rulers, and / or other markings indicating the intended location of the dialysis fluid analysis device. Due to the relative transparency of the effluent bag, a patient or other human operator using the markings may be able to place the dialysis fluid analysis device in a relatively consistent location. In light of the present disclosure, many different types of apparatuses and / or other guiding features that assist in ensuring a consistent placement of the dialysis effluent bag relative to the dialysis fluid analysis device can be envisioned.

[0044] 2.2 Method FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of an example of an operation for analyzing used dialysis fluid in an effluent bag, according to one embodiment. One or more of the operations shown in FIG. 4 can be modified, rearranged, or omitted simultaneously. Thus, the particular sequence of operations shown in FIG. 4 should not be construed as limiting the scope of one or more embodiments.

[0045] In one embodiment, the used dialysis fluid analysis is performed using an apparatus (e.g., the exemplary apparatus of FIGS. 2A-2I) that includes a scale for weighing the used dialysis fluid. The scale may require calibration (operation 402) prior to use. For example, calibrating the scale can include taring the scale to ignore the weight of the apparatus and / or the empty effluent bag. Calibrating the scale can be based on a bag containing clean dialysis fluid whose weight can be compared to the weight of an effluent bag containing used dialysis fluid.

[0046] In one embodiment, the dialysate analysis device is aligned with the apparatus (operation 404). In particular, the dialysate analysis device can be placed within a specific location indicated by the physical configuration of the apparatus (e.g., device installation area 206 of exemplary apparatus 200 shown in FIGS. 2A-2I or device installation area 304 of apparatus 300 shown in FIGS. 3A-3B). Additionally, audio and / or visual cues provided by the apparatus and / or the dialysate analysis device can assist in aligning the dialysate analysis device with the apparatus. For example, the dialysate analysis device can provide audio and / or visual cues based on data from proximity sensors and / or gyroscopes to assist a patient or other human operator in aligning the dialysate analysis device with the apparatus. The audio and / or visual cues can be presented on a graphical user interface such as the exemplary graphical user interface shown in FIGS. 5A-5D.

[0047] In one embodiment, the dialysate analysis device is calibrated (operation 406). Calibrating the dialysate analysis device can involve taking one or more light readings using a light sensor when there is no drain bag containing used dialysate. Thus, calibrating the dialysate analysis device can provide a baseline light reading for comparison with light readings taken when there is a drain bag containing used dialysate. For example, the baseline can be based on a running average of the readings. Alternatively or additionally, the baseline can be based on data (e.g., average or median) from readings taken in a laboratory setting and / or from a plurality of non-peritonitis drain bags in practice.

[0048] In one embodiment, a drain bag containing used dialysate is aligned with the device (operation 408). In particular, the drain bag can be placed in a specific location indicated by the physical configuration of the device (e.g., the bag tray 202 of the exemplary device 200 shown in FIGS. 2A-2I or the bag installation area 302 of the device 300 shown in FIGS. 3A-3B). Additionally, audio and / or visual cues provided by the device and / or the dialysate analysis device can assist in aligning the drain bag with the device. For example, the dialysate analysis device can provide audio and / or visual cues based on data from a scale (e.g., one or more force-sensitive resistors 228 shown in FIG. 2I) to assist a patient or other human operator in aligning the drain bag with the device. The audio and / or visual cues can be presented on a graphical user interface, such as the exemplary graphical user interface shown in FIGS. 5A-5D.

[0049] In one embodiment, light is emitted through the drain bag (operation 410). The light emitted through the drain bag can be ambient light in the environment (e.g., sunlight and / or from one or more general-purpose lamps). Alternatively, a dedicated light source can emit light through the drain bag (e.g., one or more light sources 226 of the device 200 shown in FIG. 2G). As described above, the dedicated light source can emit light in response to an electrical signal or other type of command transmitted by the dialysate analysis device.

[0050] In one embodiment, the optical sensor senses light emitted through the drainage bag (operation 412). In particular, the optical sensor senses light emitted at one or more specific wavelengths of interest for analyzing the used dialysate. As described above, the optical sensor may sense light in response to an electrical signal or other type of command transmitted by the dialysate analysis device. The optical sensor may sense light in a single reading. Alternatively, the optical sensor may take multiple readings. When evaluating data received from the optical sensor as described below, the dialysate analysis device may determine an average, median, or other statistical value based on the multiple readings. Additionally, the dialysate analysis device may discard outliers that deviate significantly from an average, median, or other reference value. The optical sensor may output a reading of the light (e.g., relative light intensity).

[0051] In one embodiment, the dialysate analysis device evaluates data received from the optical sensor and / or one or more other sources (operation 414). The dialysate analysis device may evaluate many different types of data to determine various properties (or suspected / predicted properties) of the used dialysate. For example, - The dialysate analysis device can measure the turbidity (i.e., loss of permeability) in the used dialysate based on relative light intensity or change in relative light intensity. Turbidity or relative light intensity can be correlated with the white blood cell concentration. For example, FIG. 11 shows a chart of test results indicating the correlation between relative light intensity and white blood cell concentration. The magnitude of the decrease in the transmittance through the used dialysate relative to the transmittance through (for example, clear air, water, or clean dialysate) in the absence of used dialysate can be correlated with the white blood cell concentration. Thus, a decrease in the light transmittance through the used dialysate can indicate an increase in white blood cells. The techniques described herein for measuring turbidity are more objective and can be more sensitive than conventional subjective techniques for assessing "cloudiness". Therefore, the techniques described herein can detect clinically significant levels of turbidity at much earlier stages than conventional subjective methods. For example, the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (IPSD) recommends that peritonitis be diagnosed when at least two of the following are present: (1) The clinical picture is consistent with peritonitis (e.g., abdominal pain and / or cloudy dialysis effluent). (2) The white blood cell count in the dialysis effluent is >50% polymorphonuclear WBC and the white blood cell count in the dialysis effluent is >100 cells / μl after at least a 2-hour dwell time. (3) A positive dialysis effluent culture. In comparison, as shown in FIG. 11, one or more embodiments can successfully detect white blood cell concentrations below 100 cells / μl using an optical sensor as described herein.

[0052] - The dialysate analysis device can use light scattering data to measure particle size and distinguish the types of white blood cells. In particular, the light source can be a laser, and the optical sensor can sense the scattering of the laser through the used dialysate. The characteristics of the scattering indicate the particle size and / or can be used to classify white blood cells. This technique may require a dark environment to improve the ability of the optical sensor to detect scattering. Some classes and / or ratios of white blood cells can indicate a higher likelihood of peritonitis. For example, if approximately 1 / 2 of the white blood cells in the used dialysate are granulocytes, that ratio can be a strong sign of peritonitis.

[0053] - The dialysate analysis device may use data from a camera (e.g., a camera in a smartphone or tablet) to evaluate lateral flow analysis or dry chemical test strips. In particular, based on the appearance of the test strip captured by the camera, the dialysate analysis device may measure leukocyte esterase as a surrogate for leukocyte concentration.

[0054] - A Gram stain solution may be mixed with the used dialysate. The dialysate analysis device may use data from a microscope to examine the used dialysate to identify stained bacteria.

[0055] - The dialysate analysis device may measure the glucose concentration in the dialysate. In particular, the light source may emit near-infrared light that can be used to detect the glucose concentration in the dialysate. The glucose concentration may be used, for example, in pre- and post-calibration processes. In particular, the glucose (dextrose) concentration in the new dialysate is known (e.g., 1.5%, 2.5%, 4.25%, or another known concentration). The near-infrared signal of the known concentration of glucose may be determined in advance, for example, in a laboratory setting. The patient's dialysate prescription may be obtained via manual user entry by loading data from an electronic medical record or another source. For example, the dialysate analysis device may analyze a photograph of the label of a new dialysate bag captured by a smartphone camera or another type of camera to obtain information from the label regarding the patient's dialysate prescription (e.g., perform text analysis, read a barcode, read a QR code®, and / or perform another type of analysis or a combination thereof). Thus, the near-infrared signal of glucose in the patient's new dialysate before dialysis is known. The dialysate analysis device may obtain the near-infrared signal of glucose in the used dialysate after dialysis. In one embodiment, the change in the amount of glucose in the dialysate may help estimate the transport state of the peritoneal condition, along with the glucose level in the blood obtained by a glucometer. Since some patients have a higher ultrafiltration volume than other patients, the turbidity may be normalized by the volume of the used dialysate.

[0056] - The dialysate analysis device can evaluate a combination of data received from multiple sources. For example, if the turbidity data indicates more than 100 white blood cells per microliter, and the light scattering data and / or the lateral flow analysis or dry chemistry test strip data indicates that more than half are polymorphonuclear cells, the combination of data may suggest peritonitis.

[0057] In one embodiment, the dialysate analysis device determines whether the alarm criteria have been met (operation 416). Alarm criteria are rules that indicate conditions that may require or benefit from human attention when met. For example, the alarm criteria may indicate that the patient has an increased risk or likelihood of peritonitis based on the evaluation of one or more types of data described above. The increased risk or likelihood may be based on an absolute value (e.g., turbidity above a threshold amount, or a threshold ratio of granulocytes), a trend (e.g., turbidity or ratio of a particular class of white blood cells increasing above a threshold rate), and / or another type of metric or a combination thereof.

[0058] In one embodiment, the alarm criteria are a composite rule that combines one or more factors (e.g., turbidity, particle size, ratio of particle types, leukocyte esterase, presence of bacteria, and / or another factor or combination thereof) to calculate the risk or likelihood of a patient having peritonitis and / or another condition. For example, additional factors can include social / environmental factors such as smoking, living away from a peritoneal dialysis unit, and / or having a pet, medical factors such as obesity, depression, hypokalemia, hypoalbuminemia, lack of vitamin D supplementation, and / or invasive interventions (e.g., colonoscopy), dialysis-related factors such as pre-dialysis, peritoneal dialysis versus patient selection, training, biocompatible fluids, and / or wet contamination, infection-related factors such as the status of being a nasal Staphylococcus aureus carrier and / or previous exit-site infection, and / or another factor or combination thereof. Further factors can include, for example, whether the patient took a holiday for peritoneal dialysis, whether the used dialysate is from the first drain of an APD patient with a dry day, and / or how long the dwell time was sustained. In some cases, one or more factors can indicate the likelihood of turbidity being caused by peritoneal debris and may suggest irrigation rather than any approach aimed at treating an infection.

[0059] In one embodiment, the risk or likelihood of a patient with a particular condition can be calculated as a numerical score and compared to a threshold value. If the alert criteria are met, the dialysate analysis device generates an alert (operation 418). The alert may include a risk score, a diagnosis, recommended procedures (e.g., antibiotic treatment or irrigation), and / or other information related to peritoneal dialysis and / or other health issues. In some cases, the recommended course of treatment may be informed by self-reported symptoms (e.g., symptoms collected via the graphical user interface described below). If the test results are positive for a medical condition (e.g., peritonitis) and the self-reported symptoms are also positive for that condition, appropriate treatment (e.g., antibiotics) may be recommended. If the test results are negative and the symptoms are also negative, treatment may not be recommended. If the test results and symptoms do not match each other (i.e., one is positive for the symptom and the other is negative for that symptom), a clinical evaluation may be recommended. Generating an alert can help ensure early detection and treatment of peritonitis and / or one or more other conditions related to peritoneal dialysis. In some cases, generating an alert may prompt the application of additional techniques to confirm the validity of the alert, such as sending a portion or all of the dialysate drain bag and / or used dialysate to a laboratory for further analysis.

[0060] 2.3 User Interface In one embodiment, the dialysate analysis device includes a user interface (e.g., user interface 111 described above with respect to FIG. 1A) that provides audio and / or visual cues to assist in analyzing the used dialysate in the drain bag. The user interface may present audio and / or visual cues to assist in aligning the dialysate analysis device, aligning the drain bag, calibrating the dialysate analysis device, zeroing the drain bag, and / or performing one or more of the operations described herein. Additionally, the user interface may present an alert based on alert criteria.

[0061] Figures 5A - 5D are diagrams of an example of a graphical user interface according to one embodiment. These diagrams are provided by way of example only and should not be construed as limiting one or more embodiments. In this example, the graphical user interface is generated by a software application running on a smartphone.

[0062] Figure 5A shows an example of a graphical user interface presenting a cue to assist in aligning a dialysate analysis device. In this example, the cue includes visual instructions for placing the dialysate analysis device on a flat surface. Figure 5B shows an example of a graphical user interface presenting a cue to assist in calibrating the dialysate analysis device. In this example, the cue includes visual instructions for moving away from the dialysate analysis device to avoid casting a shadow while the dialysate analysis device performs a baseline light reading. Figure 5C shows an example of a graphical user interface presenting a cue to assist in aligning a drain bag. In this example, the cue includes a visual guide as to where to place the drain bag (i.e., over the area of the dialysate analysis device that includes the light sensor). Further, the cue indicates whether, for example, based on a scale and / or a reading from the light sensor, the drain bag has been detected in the correct position. Figure 5D shows an example of a graphical user interface presenting data collected and / or calculated during the analysis of used dialysate in the drain bag. In this example, the data includes the measured lux of ambient light, the measured turbidity of the used dialysate, and the difference between two lux values.

[0063] In one embodiment, a user interface that provides audio and / or visual cues helps ensure more accurate dialysate analysis and / or consistent dialysate analysis over multiple uses than would be the case if a patient or other human operator were not given such cues. 3. Analyzing used dialysate along the drain line In one embodiment, an apparatus is provided that facilitates the placement of an optical sensor with respect to spent dialysate along a drain line (e.g., a clear section of the tubing of the drain line or a light transmissive chamber disposed along the drain line). In particular, the apparatus may help ensure that the optical sensor is positioned with respect to a clear section of the drain line, a drain line visualization chamber, or a light transmissive chamber in a configuration that aids in ensuring accurate and consistent optical readings. In the examples below, the optical sensor is assumed to be part of a device separate from the dialysate analysis device. In other examples (not shown), the optical sensor may be part of the dialysate analysis device.

[0064] 3.1 Apparatus FIG. 6A is a diagram of an example of a light transmissive chamber 602 according to one embodiment. The light transmissive chamber 602 can be installed along a drain line using a drain line attachment point 604. The drain line attachment point 604 is configured to attach to an inter-attachment point (not shown) within the drain line itself. Conventional drain lines do not include such attachment points. Thus, using the light transmissive chamber 602 may require a non-conventional drain line configured to accommodate the light transmissive chamber 602. To calibrate the light sensing device for use with the light transmissive chamber 602, the light sensing device may first be secured (e.g., clamped) to a calibration chamber or other light transmissive component (not shown) that can be made, for example, of a layered plastic or glass having a known light quality. By sensing light through the calibration chamber, calibration to a baseline state prior to using the light transmissive chamber 602 for analyzing spent dialysate may be made possible.

[0065] FIG. 6B is a diagram of an example of a light detection device 605 according to an embodiment. In particular, FIG. 6B shows an example of a light detection device 605 configured to emit and detect light through a light transmission chamber such as the exemplary light transmission chamber 602 shown in FIG. 6A. The light detection device 605 includes a light source 606 and a light sensor 608 disposed on opposite sides of a clamping mechanism (e.g., a clip). The clamping mechanism is configured such that when the light detection device 605 is clamped to the light transmission chamber, the light emitted by the light source 606 is directed or substantially directed toward the light sensor 608. The light source 606 may be configured to emit light of a single wavelength or multiple wavelengths. The light sensor 608 may be configured to sense light of a single wavelength or multiple wavelengths. The light detection device 605 is configured to transmit data from the light sensor 608 to the dialysate analysis device via a communication interface 610, which is a USB cable in this example.

[0066] In one embodiment, the light transmission chamber 602 and / or the light detection device 605 are similar in terms of their configuration to devices used for measuring blood properties such as hematocrit, percent change in blood volume, and / or oxygen saturation. For example, the light transmission chamber 602 may be similar in configuration to a Crit-Line blood chamber manufactured by Fresenius Medical Care, which is typically used together with a Crit-Line III monitor, also typically manufactured by Fresenius Medical Care. The light transmission chamber 602 may include structural modifications from the blood chamber configuration, for example, to enable placement of the light transmission chamber 602 along a drainage line. The light detection device 605 may be a CLiC™ device manufactured by Fresenius Medical Care designed to clamp onto a Crit-Line blood chamber. The Crit-Line blood chamber and the CLiC™ device are designed for mutual compatibility. In particular, the Crit-Line blood chamber has a flat outer surface that houses the light source 606 and the light sensor 608 of the CLiC™ device in substantially parallel and opposing positions, such that light from the light source 606 is directed through the chamber towards the light sensor 608. Modifying and / or reusing existing devices typically used in blood analysis can provide cost savings to the companies manufacturing the devices while extending the utility of the devices to the non-conventional dialysate analysis techniques described herein.

[0067] In one embodiment, the light transmission chamber 602 is a removable, disposable, single-use, or multi-use chamber. Alternatively, the light transmission chamber 602 may be fixed to a drainage line and / or designed for multiple uses prior to disposal.

[0068] For example, although the example has been described above with reference to the figures of FIGS. 6A-6B, the light detection device can take another form. For example, the light detection device can include a housing (e.g., a cubic housing) configured to be mounted or disposed along a drainage line (e.g., across a drainage line visualization chamber, a light transmission chamber, or a clear section of the drainage line). One or more light sources and one or more light sensors can be disposed within the housing. The housing can help avoid light pollution from sources other than the light sources contained within the housing.

[0069] 3.2 Method FIG. 7 is a flowchart of an example of an operation for analyzing spent dialysate along a drainage line according to one embodiment. One or more of the operations shown in FIG. 7 can be modified, rearranged, or omitted simultaneously. Accordingly, the specific series of operations shown in FIG. 7 should not be construed as limiting the scope of one or more embodiments.

[0070] In one embodiment, a light detection device (e.g., the exemplary light detection device 605 shown in FIG. 6B) is disposed along a drainage line. The light detection device can be disposed, for example, in a clear section of the drainage line or a light transmission chamber (e.g., the exemplary light transmission chamber 602 shown in FIG. 6A). The light detection device is arranged such that when light is emitted through the spent dialysate flowing out through the drainage line (by a light source that is part of the light detection device or from another source), the light sensor in the light detection device can sense the emitted light.

[0071] In one embodiment, light is emitted through the used dialysate (operation 704). In particular, the light is emitted through a clear section of the drain line where the light detection device is located, a drain line visualization chamber, or a light transmission chamber. The light emitted through the used dialysate can be ambient light in the environment (e.g., sunlight and / or from one or more general-purpose lamps). Alternatively, a dedicated light source can emit light through the used dialysate (e.g., one or more light sources 606 of the light detection device 605 shown in FIG. 6B). As described above, the dedicated light source can emit light in response to an electrical signal or other type of command transmitted by the dialysate analysis device.

[0072] In one embodiment, a light sensor in the light detection device senses the light emitted through the used dialysate (operation 706). In particular, the light sensor senses light emitted at one or more specific wavelengths used to analyze the used dialysate. As described above, the light sensor can sense light in response to an electrical signal or other type of command transmitted by the dialysate analysis device. The light sensor can sense light in a single reading. Alternatively, the light sensor can take multiple readings. When evaluating the data received from the light sensor as described below, the dialysate analysis device can determine an average, median, or other statistical value based on the multiple readings. Further, the dialysate analysis device can discard outliers that deviate significantly from an average, median, or other reference value.

[0073] In one embodiment, the dialysate analysis device evaluates data received from the light sensor and / or one or more other sources (operation 708). The dialysate analysis device can determine whether alarm criteria are met (operation 710). If the alarm criteria are met, the dialysate analysis device can generate an alarm (operation 712). Evaluating the data, determining whether the alarm criteria are met, and generating an alarm can be performed as described above with respect to FIG. 4. 4. User Interface for Patient Tracking In one embodiment, the dialysate analysis device includes hardware and / or software that tracks a patient's history, which may include the history of any type of measurement and / or calculation described herein. The history may also include self-reported data such as symptoms, urine output, etc. The patient medical history may be uploaded to and stored in the patient's electronic health record. The dialysate analysis device may be configured to present information about the patient being tracked in a user interface (e.g., the user interface 111 described above with respect to FIG. 1A). Alternatively or additionally, the dialysate analysis device may be configured to present a user interface for obtaining user input to assist in tracking and / or diagnosing the patient. FIGS. 8A-8E are diagrams showing an example of a graphical user interface for patient tracking according to one embodiment. These diagrams are provided by way of example only and should not be construed as limiting one or more embodiments. In this example, the graphical user interface is generated by a software application running on a smartphone.

[0074] FIG. 8A shows an example of a graphical user interface presenting a patient risk score that quantifies the risk or likelihood of a patient having peritonitis. The risk score can be calculated as described above. In this example, the risk score is a numerical score. FIG. 8B shows an example of a graphical user interface presenting a user interface control that enables a patient to indicate any symptoms the patient has experienced (e.g., peritonitis-related symptoms). The dialysate analysis device can store a history of such symptoms. Alternatively or additionally, some symptoms can trigger an alarm indicating the risk of peritonitis. The symptoms can be compared with test results to determine the recommended procedure (e.g., treatment or clinical follow-up) as described above. FIG. 8C shows an example of a graphical user interface presenting a history of the turbidity of used dialysate. The history can help a patient or other human operator identify trends that may indicate an improving or deteriorating health condition. For example, if a clear drain bag is not present within a threshold amount of time (e.g., 5 days after starting antibiotic treatment) following a treatment, further clinical attention may be required. As another example, a trend of decreasing white blood cell count may indicate that the treatment has been successful. If the trend is not as expected (e.g., the white blood cells do not decrease as rapidly as expected), the treatment can be adjusted (e.g., by adjusting the type and / or dosage of antibiotics) while the treatment is still ongoing. Similarly, FIG. 8D shows an example of a graphical user interface presenting a user interface control that enables a patient to input the weight and urine volume of the drain while also presenting trends. FIG. 8E shows an example of a graphical user interface presenting a gamification interface, i.e., an interface that enables a patient or other human operator to earn "points" (in this case, stars) as a reward for completing several tasks and / or objectives. For example, stars can be awarded each time the dialysate analysis device is used to analyze used dialysate to help encourage consistent health management.As shown in FIG. 8E, the gamification feature may include a social component that compares the user to one or more friends / contacts who participate in the same tasks and / or goals. Generally, gamification may be associated with improved treatment compliance. 5. Various Extensions In one embodiment, the system includes one or more devices that include one or more hardware processors configured to perform any of the operations described herein and / or recited in any of the claims.

[0075] In one embodiment, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium stores instructions that, when executed by one or more hardware processors, cause performance of any of the operations described herein and / or recited in any of the claims.

[0076] Any combination of the features and functions described herein may be used according to one embodiment. In the foregoing specification, embodiments have been described with reference to numerous specific details that may vary from implementation to implementation. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a limiting sense. The sole exclusive indicator of the scope of the invention, and what the applicant intends to be the scope of the invention, is the literal equivalent scope of the full text of the claims published from this application in the specific form in which such claims are published, including any later corrections. 6. Computing Device In one embodiment, the techniques described herein are implemented by one or more dedicated computing devices (i.e., computing devices specially configured to perform a certain function). The dedicated computing device may be wired to implement the present techniques and / or may include one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and / or network processing units (NPUs), etc., which are digital electronic devices permanently programmed to implement the present techniques. Alternatively or additionally, the computing device may include one or more general-purpose hardware processors programmed to implement the present techniques according to program instructions in firmware, memory, and / or other storage devices. Alternatively or additionally, the dedicated computing device may combine custom hardwired logic, ASIC, FPGA, or NPU with custom programming to achieve the present techniques. The dedicated computing device may include a desktop computer system, a portable computer system, a handheld device, a network device, and / or any other device incorporating hardwired and / or program logic to implement the present techniques.

[0077] For example, FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an example of a computer system 900 according to one embodiment. The computer system 900 includes a bus 902 or other communication mechanism for communicating information and a hardware processor 904 coupled to the bus 902 for processing information. The hardware processor 904 may be a general-purpose microprocessor.

[0078] Computer system 900 also includes main memory 906, such as random access memory (RAM) or other dynamic storage device, coupled to bus 902 for storing information and instructions to be executed by processor 904. Main memory 906 can also be used to store temporary variables or other intermediate information during execution of instructions by processor 904. Such instructions, when stored in one or more non-transitory storage media accessible to processor 904, cause computer system 900 to be a special-purpose machine customized to perform the operations specified in the instructions.

[0079] Computer system 900 further includes read only memory (ROM) 908 or other static storage device coupled to bus 902 for storing static information and instructions for processor 904. Storage device 910, such as a magnetic disk or optical disk, is provided and coupled to bus 902 for storing information and instructions.

[0080] The computer system 900 can be coupled via a bus 902 to a display 912, such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), a plasma display, an electronic ink display, a cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor, or any other type of device, to display information to a computer user. An input device 914, including alphanumeric and other keys, can be coupled to the bus 902 to communicate information and command selections to the processor 904. Alternatively or additionally, the computer system 900 can receive user input via a cursor control 916, such as a mouse, a trackball, a trackpad, or cursor direction keys, to communicate direction information and command selections to the processor 904 and to control the movement of a cursor on the display 912. This input device generally has two degrees of freedom along two axes, a first axis (e.g., x) and a second axis (e.g., y), that enable the device to specify a position in a plane. Alternatively or additionally, the computer system 9 can include a touch screen. The display 912 can be configured to receive user input via one or more pressure sensors, multi-touch sensors, and / or gesture sensors. Alternatively or additionally, the computer system 900 can receive user input via a microphone, a video camera, and / or some other type of user input device (not shown).

[0081] Computer system 900 may implement the techniques described herein using customized hardwired logic, one or more ASICs or FPGAs, firmware, and / or program logic that in combination with other components of computer system 900 causes the computer system 900 to be a special-purpose machine or to be programmed. According to one embodiment, the techniques herein are performed by computer system 900 in response to one or more sequences of one or more instructions included in main memory 906 being executed by processor 904. Such instructions may be read into main memory 906 from another storage medium, such as storage device 910. Execution of the sequences of instructions included in main memory 906 causes processor 904 to perform the process steps described herein. Alternatively or additionally, hardwired circuitry may be used in place of or in combination with software instructions.

[0082] As used herein, the term “storage medium” refers to one or more non-transitory media that store data and / or instructions that cause a machine to operate in a particular fashion. Such storage media may comprise non-volatile media and / or volatile media. Non-volatile media includes, for example, optical or magnetic disks, such as storage device 910. Volatile media includes dynamic memory, such as main memory 906. Common forms of storage media include, for example, floppy (registered trademark) disk, flexible disk, hard disk, solid state drive, magnetic tape, or other magnetic data storage media, CD-ROM, or any other optical data storage media, any physical media with patterns of holes, RAM, programmable read only memory (PROM), erasable PROM (EPROM), FLASH-EPROM, non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM), any other memory chip or cartridge, associative memory (CAM), and ternary associative memory (TCAM).

[0083] The memory medium is separate from, but can be used in conjunction with, the transmission medium. The transmission medium is involved in transferring information between memory media. Examples of transmission media include coaxial cables, copper wire, and optical fiber, including the wire with bus 902. The transmission medium can also take the form of acoustic or light waves, such as those generated during radio and infrared data communications.

[0084] The various forms of the medium can be involved in carrying one or more sequences of one or more instructions to the processor 904 for execution. For example, the instructions can first be carried on the magnetic disk or solid state drive of a remote computer. The remote computer can load the instructions into its dynamic memory and send the instructions across the network via a network interface controller (NIC), such as an Ethernet controller or a Wi-Fi controller. The NIC local to the computer system 900 can receive data from the network and place the data on the bus 902. The bus 902 carries the data to the main memory 906 where the processor 904 fetches and executes the instructions. The instructions received by the main memory 906 can optionally be stored in the storage device 910 either before or after execution by the processor 904.

[0085] Computer system 900 also includes a communication interface 918 coupled to bus 902. Communication interface 918 provides a two-way data communication coupling to network link 920 that is connected to local network 922. For example, communication interface 918 can be an integrated services digital network (ISDN) card, cable modem, satellite modem, or modem for providing a data communication connection to a corresponding type of telephone line. As another example, communication interface 918 can be a local area network (LAN) card for providing a data communication connection to a compatible LAN. A wireless link can also be implemented. In any such implementation, communication interface 918 transmits and receives electrical, electromagnetic, or optical signals that carry digital data streams representing various types of information.

[0086] Network link 920 generally provides data communication through one or more networks to other data devices. For example, network link 920 can provide a connection through local network 922 to host computer 924 or to a data device operated by an Internet service provider (ISP) 926. ISP 926 then provides data communication services through the worldwide packet data communication network commonly now referred to as the "Internet" 928. Both local network 922 and Internet 928 use electrical, electromagnetic, or optical signals that carry digital data streams. Signals through various networks that carry digital data between computer system 900 and signals through communication interface 918 on network link 920 are exemplary forms of transmission media.

[0087] The computer system 900 can send messages and receive data including program code through a network, network link 920, and communication interface 918. In the example of the Internet, server 930 may send the requested code for an application program through Internet 928, ISP 926, local network 922, and communication interface 918.

[0088] The received code can be executed by processor 904 as it is received and / or stored in storage device 910 or other non-volatile storage devices for later execution. 7. Computer Network In one embodiment, a computer network provides connectivity between a set of nodes that operate software utilizing the techniques described herein. The nodes can be local and / or remote from each other. The nodes are connected by a set of links. Examples of links include coaxial cables, unshielded twisted pair cables, copper cables, fiber optics, and virtual links.

[0089] A subset of the nodes implements the computer network. Examples of such nodes include switches, routers, firewalls, and network address translators (NATs). Another subset of the nodes uses the computer network. Such nodes (also called "hosts") can execute client processes and / or server processes. A client process makes requests for computing services (e.g., requests to execute a particular application and / or retrieve a particular set of data). A server process responds by executing the requested service and / or returning the corresponding data.

[0090] A computer network can be a physical network that includes physical nodes connected by physical links. A physical node is some digital device. A physical node can be a specific-function hardware device. Examples of specific-function hardware devices include hardware switches, hardware routers, hardware firewalls, and hardware NATs. Alternatively or additionally, a physical node can be any physical resource that provides computing power to perform tasks such as tasks configured to execute various virtual machines and / or applications that each perform a respective function. A physical link is a physical medium that connects two or more physical nodes. Examples of links include coaxial cables, unshielded twisted pair cables, copper cables, and optical fibers.

[0091] A computer network can be an overlay network. An overlay network is a logical network implemented on top of another network (e.g., a physical network). Each node in the overlay network corresponds to each node in the underlying network. Thus, each node in the overlay network is associated with both an overlay address (for addressing the overlay node) and an underlay address (for addressing the underlay node that implements the overlay node). An overlay node can be a digital device and / or a software process (e.g., a virtual machine, an application instance, or a thread). The link connecting overlay nodes can be implemented as a tunnel through the underlying network. An overlay node at either end of a tunnel can treat the underlying multi-hop path between them as a single logical link. Tunneling is performed through encapsulation and decapsulation.

[0092] In one embodiment, a client can be local to and / or remote from a computer network. The client can access the computer network via another computer network such as a private network or the Internet. The client can communicate requests to the computer network using a communication protocol such as the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). The requests are communicated through an interface such as a client interface (such as a web browser), a program interface, or an Application Programming Interface (API).

[0093] In one embodiment, a computer network provides connectivity between a client and network resources. Network resources include hardware and / or software configured to execute a server process. Examples of network resources include processors, data storage devices, virtual machines, containers, and / or software applications. Network resources can be shared among multiple clients. Clients independently request computing services from the computer network. Network resources are allocated on an on-demand basis and / or dynamically to clients. Each network resource allocated to a request and / or client can be scaled up or down based on, for example, (a) the computing services requested by a particular client, (b) the aggregated computing services requested by a particular tenant, and / or (c) the aggregated computing services requested by the computer network. Such a computer network is sometimes referred to as a "cloud network."

[0094] In one embodiment, a service provider provides a cloud network to one or more end users. Various service models can be implemented by a cloud network including, but not limited to, software as a service (SaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and infrastructure as a service (IaaS). In SaaS, the service provider gives the end user the ability to use the service provider's applications running on network resources. In PaaS, the service provider gives the end user the ability to deploy custom applications on network resources. The custom applications can be created using programming languages, libraries, services, and tools supported by the service provider. In IaaS, the service provider gives the end user the ability to provide processing, storage, network, and other basic computing resources provided by network resources. Any application, including an operating system, can be deployed on network resources.

[0095] In one embodiment, without limitation, various deployment models including private clouds, public clouds, and hybrid clouds can be implemented by a computer network. In a private cloud, network resources are provided for exclusive use by a specific group of one or more entities (the term "entity" as used herein refers to a company, organization, person, or other entity). The network resources can be local to and / or remote from the premises of the specific group of entities. In a public cloud, cloud resources are provided for multiple entities (also referred to as "tenants" or "customers") that are independent of each other. In a hybrid cloud, the computer network includes a private cloud and a public cloud. The interface between the private cloud and the public cloud enables the portability of data and applications. Data stored in the private cloud and data stored in the public cloud can be exchanged through the interface. Applications implemented in the private cloud and applications implemented in the public cloud can have dependencies on each other. Calls from applications in the private cloud to applications in the public cloud (and vice versa) can be executed through the interface.

[0096] In one embodiment, the system supports a plurality of tenants. A tenant is a company, organization, enterprise, business unit, employee, or other entity that accesses shared computing resources (e.g., computing resources shared in a public cloud). One tenant can be distinct from another (through operations, tenant-specific practices, employees, and / or identification to the outside world). The computer network and its network resources are accessed by clients corresponding to different tenants. Such a computer network may be referred to as a "multi-tenant computer network." Some tenants may use the same specific network resources at different times and / or simultaneously. Network resources can be local to and / or remote from the tenant's premises. Different tenants may require different network requirements for the computer network. Examples of network requirements include processing speed, amount of data storage, security requirements, performance requirements, throughput requirements, latency requirements, elasticity requirements, quality of service (QoS) requirements, tenant isolation, and / or integrity. The same computer network may need to implement different network requirements required by different tenants.

[0097] In one embodiment, in a multi-tenant computer network, tenant isolation is implemented to ensure that applications and / or data of different tenants are not shared with each other. Various tenant isolation techniques may be used. In one embodiment, each tenant is associated with a tenant ID. Applications implemented by the computer network are tagged with the tenant ID. Additionally or alternatively, data structures and / or data sets stored by the computer network are tagged with the tenant ID. A tenant is permitted access to a particular application, data structure, and / or data set only if the tenant and the particular application, data structure, and / or data set are associated with the same tenant ID. As an example, each database implemented by the multi-tenant computer network may be tagged with the tenant ID. Only the tenant associated with the corresponding tenant ID can access the data of a particular database. As another example, each entry in a database implemented by the multi-tenant computer network may be tagged with the tenant ID. Only the tenant associated with the corresponding tenant ID can access the data of a particular entry. However, a database may be shared by multiple tenants. A subscription list may indicate which tenants have authorization to access which applications. For each application, a list of tenant IDs of the tenants that are authenticated to access the application is stored. A tenant is permitted access to a particular application only if the tenant ID of the tenant is included in the subscription list corresponding to the particular application.

[0098] In one embodiment, network resources (such as digital devices, virtual machines, application instances, and threads) corresponding to different tenants are isolated in tenant-specific overlay networks maintained by a multi-tenant computer network. As an example, packets from any source device in a tenant overlay network can be sent only to other devices within the same tenant overlay network. Encapsulation tunnels can be used to prohibit any transmission from a source device on a tenant overlay network to a device in another tenant overlay network. In particular, packets received from a source device are encapsulated within an outer packet. The outer packet is sent from a first encapsulation tunnel endpoint (communicating with the source device in the tenant overlay network) to a second encapsulation tunnel endpoint (communicating with the destination device in the tenant overlay network). The second encapsulation tunnel endpoint decapsulates the outer packet to obtain the original packet sent by the source device. The original packet is sent from the second encapsulation tunnel endpoint to the destination device in the same specific overlay network. 8. Connected Health System The systems 100 and 101 described herein can be part of or configured to communicate with a connected health (CH) system 1000. FIG. 10 shows, in particular, an example of a CH system 1000 that can be used with the network aspects of the systems described herein, including a processing system 1005, a connected health (CH) cloud service 1010, and a gateway (CH gateway) 1020. The processing system 1005 can be a server and / or cloud-based system that processes compliance checks and / or formats medical information, including prescription information generated in a clinical information system (CIS) 1004 of a clinic or hospital, with respect to the data transmission operations of the CH system 1000. The CH system 1000 can include appropriate encryption and data security mechanisms. The CH cloud service 1010 can be a cloud-based application that serves as a communication pipeline (e.g., facilitates data transfer) between components of the CH system 1000 via a connection to a network such as the Internet. The gateway 1020 can serve as a communication device that facilitates communication between components of the CH system 1000. In various embodiments, the gateway 1020 may communicate with a dialysis device 1002 (e.g., a PD cycler) and the systems 100 / 101 via a wireless connection 1001 such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and / or other suitable types of local or short-range wireless connections. The gateway 1020 may also be connected to the CH cloud service 1010 via a secure network (e.g., the Internet) connection. The gateway 1020 can be configured to send / receive data between the CH cloud service 1010 and send / receive data between the dialysis device 1002 and the systems 100 / 101. The dialysis device 1002 can poll the CH cloud service 1010 for available files (e.g., via a gateway 320), and the dialysis device 1002 and / or the systems 100 / 101 can temporarily store available files for processing. The invention described in the claims of the present application at the time of filing is appended below. [1] An apparatus comprising: at least a first surface configured to accommodate a dialysate drainage bag at a first predetermined position; and at least a second surface configured to accommodate a dialysate analysis device at a second predetermined position, wherein when the dialysate drainage bag is at the first predetermined position and the dialysate analysis device is at the second predetermined position, a light sensor of the dialysate analysis device is arranged to sense light passing through the dialysate drainage bag. [2] The apparatus according to [1], further comprising a light emitting device configured to emit light through the dialysate drainage bag toward the light sensor of the dialysate analysis device. [3] The apparatus according to [2], wherein the light emitting device is further configured to operate in response to a command transmitted by the dialysate analysis device. [4] The apparatus according to [1], further comprising a scale configured to measure the weight of the dialysate drainage bag when the dialysate drainage bag is at the first predetermined position. [5] The apparatus according to [4], wherein the apparatus is further configured to transmit the weight of the dialysate drainage bag to the dialysate analysis device. [6] The apparatus according to [1], further comprising a wireless device configured to communicate with the dialysate analysis device. [7] The apparatus according to [1], wherein the dialysate analysis device is a smartphone. [8] The apparatus according to [1], wherein the first surface and the second surface are right-angled surfaces of a molded body of the apparatus. [9] A system comprising: a light-transmissive chamber removably disposed along a dialysate drainage line and configured to receive a portion of used dialysate passing through the dialysate drainage line; and a light detection device operably coupled to the light-transmissive chamber and configured to measure a light transmittance of a light beam passing through the portion of used dialysate in the light-transmissive chamber. ​ One or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause a dialysate analysis device to measure the turbidity of the portion of the used dialysate based at least on the light transmittance A system comprising.

[10] The instructions, when executed by one or more processors, further cause the dialysate analysis device to estimate the white blood cell count based on the turbidity and determine whether the white blood cell count exceeds a threshold set for diagnosing peritonitis, the system of [9].

[11] The light detection device includes a light source configured to emit near-infrared light through the portion of the used dialysate in the light transmission chamber, The light detection device is further configured to measure the transmittance of the near-infrared light through the portion of the used dialysate in the light transmission chamber,

[12] The instructions, when executed by one or more processors, further cause the dialysate analysis device to determine the glucose concentration in the portion of the used dialysate based at least on the transmittance of the near-infrared light, the system of [9].

[13] The light detection device includes a clamping mechanism, The clamping mechanism includes a light source and a light sensor,

[14] When the clamping mechanism is operably coupled to the light transmission chamber, the light source and the light sensor contact opposite surfaces of the light transmission chamber, the system of [9].

[15] The light detection device is further configured to wirelessly transmit data to the dialysate analysis device, the system of [9].

[16] The light transmission chamber is a disposable single-use chamber, the system of [9].

[17] A method comprising: Sensing, by a light sensor, light emitted through a drainage bag containing used peritoneal dialysate; Determining, by a dialysate analysis device, an estimated ratio of white blood cells in the used peritoneal dialysate based at least on the light emitted through the drainage bag; Determining, by the dialysate analysis device, a risk of peritonitis based at least on the estimated ratio of white blood cells in the used peritoneal dialysate A method comprising.

[16] Before detecting the light emitted through the drainage bag, aligning the light sensor with the drainage bag using a device configured to indicate the intended position of the light sensor relative to the drainage bag The method according to

[15] , further comprising

[17] Determining the weight of the drainage bag, wherein determining the risk of peritonitis is further based on the weight of the drainage bag The method according to

[15] , further comprising

[18] Calibrating the dialysate analysis device to obtain a baseline light reading, wherein determining the estimated ratio of the white blood cells in the used peritoneal dialysate comprises determining the difference between the baseline light reading and the light emitted through the drainage bag The method according to

[15] , further comprising

[19] Determining, by the dialysate analysis device, the estimated ratio of polymorphonuclear cells in the used peritoneal dialysate wherein determining the risk of peritonitis is further based on the estimated ratio of polymorphonuclear cells in the used peritoneal dialysate The method according to

[15] , further comprising

[20] Determining the estimated ratio of polymorphonuclear cells in the used peritoneal dialysate by the dialysate analysis device, comprising analyzing one or more of (a) data corresponding to light scattered through the used peritoneal dialysate and (b) an image of a lateral flow assay or a dry chemical test strip, according to the method of

[19]

Claims

1. An apparatus comprising: a bag tray defining at least the first surface configured to accommodate a dialysate drainage bag on the first surface; a device installation area defined by an opening in the first surface configured to accommodate a dialysate analysis device, the dialysate analysis device being separate from the bag tray and replaceable with respect to the bag tray, the dialysate analysis device having a light sensor disposed under the dialysate drainage bag when the dialysate drainage bag is on the first surface and the dialysate analysis device is disposed in the device installation area, the light sensor being configured to sense light passing through the dialysate drainage bag; a light emitting device disposed above the bag tray and the device installation area and configured to emit light through the dialysate drainage bag toward the light sensor of the dialysate analysis device, wherein the light emitting device is configured to operate in response to a command transmitted by the dialysate analysis device; and an apparatus.

2. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a light emitting device configured to emit light through the dialysate drainage bag toward the light sensor of the dialysate analysis device.

3. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the light emitting device is further configured to operate in response to a command transmitted by the dialysate analysis device.

4. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a scale configured to measure the weight of the dialysate drainage bag when the dialysate drainage bag is on the first surface.

5. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the apparatus is further configured to transmit the weight of the dialysate drainage bag to the dialysate analysis device.

6. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a wireless device configured to communicate with the dialysate analysis device. **Claim 7** The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the dialysate analysis device is a smartphone. **Claim 8** The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first surface and the second surface of the bag tray are right-angled surfaces of the molded body of the apparatus.

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