Data-centric event-based random access procedure

Abstract

To improve wireless communication by considering communication latency and provide low-latency communication.SOLUTION: A device that communicates in a wireless communication network for transmitting transmission information, by transmitting wireless signals through a random access channel of the wireless communication network includes a wireless interface configured to transmit a wireless signal, and a control unit configured to provide the wireless signal to include a random access preamble. The control unit is configured to select / associate the random access preamble with the transmission information.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 8a

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of mobile communication systems or networks, and more specifically, to devices, base stations, methods for operating them, and computer programs for enhancing data transmission. The present invention relates in particular to a method for data-centric event-based random access procedures.

Background Art

[0002] As shown in FIG. 1(a), FIG. 1 shows a core network 102 and one or more radio access networks RAN1, RAN2,... RAN N which is a schematic diagram of an example of a terrestrial radio network 100. FIG. 1(b) shows an example of a radio access network RAN that may include one or more base stations gNB1 to gNB5, each providing services in a specific area surrounding the base station schematically represented by its respective cell 1061 to 1065. n The base stations are provided to provide services to users within the cells. The term base station, BS, refers to a gNB in a 5G network, an eNB in UMTS / LTE / LTE-A / LTE-A Pro, or a BS of just other mobile communication standards. A user may be a fixed device or a mobile device. The wireless communication system may also be accessed by mobile or fixed IoT devices that connect to the base stations or users. Mobile devices or IoT devices may include physical devices, ground vehicles such as robots and cars, aircraft such as manned or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) (the latter also indicating drones), buildings, and other items or devices in which electronic devices, software, sensors, actuators, etc. are incorporated, and network connections that enable these devices to collect and exchange data across the existing network infrastructure may also be included. FIG. 1(b) shows an exemplary diagram of five cells, but RAN n may include more or fewer such cells, and RAN nIt may also include only one base station. FIG. 1(b) shows two user UEs, UE1 and UE2, also called user equipment, which are within cell 1062 and are served by base station gNB2. Another user UE3 is shown in cell 1064 served by base station gNB4. Arrows 1081, 1082, and 1083 schematically represent uplink / downlink connections for transmitting data from user UEs 1, 2, and 3 to base stations gNB2, gNB4 or for transmitting data from base stations gNB2, gNB4 to user UEs 1, 2, 3. Further, FIG. 1(b) shows two IoT devices 1101 and 1102 within cell 1064, which may be fixed or mobile devices. IoT device 1101 accesses the wireless communication system via base station gNB4 and transmits and receives data as schematically represented by arrow 1121. IoT device 1102 accesses the wireless communication system via user UE3 as schematically represented by arrow 1122. Each base station gNB1 to gNB5 may be connected to core network 102 via respective backhaul links 1141 to 1145, for example, via the S1 interface, which are schematically represented by arrows pointing to "core" in FIG. 1(b). Core network 102 can be connected to one or more external networks. Further, some or all of each base station gNB1 to gNB5 may be connected to each other via respective backhaul links 1161 to 1165, for example, via the NR S1 or X2 interface or XN interface, which are schematically represented by arrows pointing to "gNB" in FIG. 1(b).

[0003] For data transmission, a physical resource grid can be used. The physical resource grid can include a set of resource elements to which various physical channels and physical signals are mapped. For example, physical channels can include physical downlink, uplink, and sidelink shared channels (PDSCH, PUSCH, PSSCH), also called user-specific data such as downlink, uplink, and sidelink payload data, a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) for transmitting, for example, a master information block (MIB) and a system information block (SIB), and physical downlink, uplink, and sidelink control channels (PDCCH, PUCCH, PSSCH) for transmitting, for example, downlink control information (DCI), uplink control information (UCI), and sidelink control information (SCI). In the case of uplink, the physical channel may further include a physical random access channel (PRACH or RACH) used by the UE to access the network after the UE synchronously acquires the MIB and SIB. Physical signals can include reference signals or symbols (RS), synchronization signals, etc. The resource grid can include a frame or radio frame having a specific duration in the time domain and a given bandwidth in the frequency domain. The frame can have a specific number of subframes of a predefined length, such as 1 ms. Each subframe may include one or more slots of 12 or 14 OFDM symbols depending on the length of the cyclic prefix (CP). The frame may also consist of a small number of OFDM symbols when using, for example, a shortened transmission time interval (sTTI), or a mini-slot / non-slot-based frame structure consisting of only a very small number of OFDM symbols.

[0004] The wireless communication system can be any single - tone or multi - carrier system that uses a frequency - division multiplexing method, such as an orthogonal frequency - division multiplexing (OFDM) system, an orthogonal frequency - division multiple access (OFDMA) system, or any other IFFT - based signal regardless of the presence or absence of a CP, such as DFT - s - OFDM. Other waveforms can be used, such as non - orthogonal waveforms for multiple access, like filter - bank multi - carrier (FBMC), generalized frequency - division multiplexing (GFDM), or universal filter multi - carrier (UFMC). The wireless communication system can operate, for example, according to the LTE - Advanced pro standard or the 5G or NR, New Radio standard.

[0005] The wireless network or communication system shown in FIG. 1 can be due to a heterogeneous network of separate overlaid networks, for example, a macro - cell network with each macro - cell having a macro - base station such as base stations gNB1 to gNB5, and a network of small - cell base stations (not shown in FIG. 1) such as femto or pico base stations.

[0006] In addition to the above - mentioned terrestrial wireless network, there is also a non - terrestrial wireless communication network including satellite - mounted transceivers such as satellites and / or aerial transceivers such as unmanned aerial vehicle systems. The non - terrestrial wireless communication network or system can operate in a manner similar to the above - mentioned terrestrial system with reference to FIG. 1, for example, according to the LTE - Advanced Pro standard or the 5G or NR, New Radio standard.

[0007] In a mobile communication network, such as the network described above with reference to FIG. 1, for example, an LTE or 5G / NR network, there may be UEs that communicate directly with each other via one or more sidelink (SL) channels, for example, using the PC5 interface. UEs that communicate directly with each other via the sidelink may include vehicles that communicate directly with other vehicles (V2V communication), vehicles that communicate with other entities of the wireless communication network (V2X communication), for example, roadside entities such as traffic lights, traffic signs or pedestrians. Other UEs may not be vehicle-related UEs and may include any of the above devices. Such devices can also communicate directly with each other (D2D communication) using the SL channel.

[0008] When considering two UEs that communicate directly with each other via the sidelink, both UEs may be served by the same base station, enabling the base station to provide sidelink resource allocation configuration or assistance to the UEs. For example, both UEs may be within the coverage area of a base station, such as one of the base stations shown in FIG. 1. This is called the "in-coverage" scenario. Another scenario is called the "out-of-coverage" scenario. By "out-of-coverage" it does not mean that the two UEs are not within one of the cells shown in FIG. 1, but rather that these UEs are

[0009] - not connected to the base station, for example, not in the RRC connected state, and / or such that the UE does not receive any sidelink resource allocation configuration or assistance from the base station, and / or

[0010] - may be connected to the base station, but for one or more reasons, the base station may not provide sidelink resource allocation configuration or assistance to the UE, and / or - connected to a base station that may not support the NR V2X service, for example, connected to a GSM, UMTS, LTE base station.

[0011] When considering two UEs that communicate directly with each other via sidelink, for example, one of the UEs can use the PC5 interface to connect to the BS, and information can be relayed from the BS to other UEs via the sidelink interface. The relay can be performed in the same frequency band (in-band relay) or another frequency band (out-of-band relay) can be used. In the first case, similar to the case of a time-division duplexing, TDD system, the communication between Uu and the sidelink can be separated using different time slots.

[0012] A wireless communication system, such as the one described above with reference to FIG. 1, in a configured grant, CG, transmission may be implemented as described in, for example, reference [1], which enables low-latency communication by allowing a user equipment, UE, to transmit a message without a scheduling grant for this message. FIG. 2 schematically shows the concept of CG transmission in a mobile communication network, such as an NR or 5G network. FIG. 2 schematically shows a single cell, including a base station gNB and two mobile devices UE1, UE2, such as vehicles, for example, as shown above in FIG. 1. The base station gNB allocates time-frequency resources for CG transmission. FIG. 2 shows, for example, the time-frequency resource 200 provided or allocated by the gNB for the transmission of CGs with a specific periodicity. The configured grant resource 200 can be randomly utilized by a user as UE1, UE2 when having data to be transmitted. By allocating the configured grant resource, the system or network eliminates the packet transmission delay for the scheduling request procedure and increases the utilization rate of the allocated radio resources. In the example of FIG. 2, the user UE1 has data 2021 to be transmitted. The data 2021 may be available or generated at time t1, and at time t2, the data 2021 can be transmitted by the user UE1 using the configured grant resource without the need for a scheduling request procedure. Further data 2022 may be available at time t3, and the data can be transmitted using the configured grant resource at time t4. In another user UE2, data 2023 may be available at time t5 and then transmitted using the CG resource at time t6. The time-frequency resource, also called the CG resource or CG resource pool where CG transmission is performed, can be preconfigured via, for example, signaling called radio resource control, RRC, CG type 1 only, or via RRC signaling called CG type 2 and downlink L1 / L2 signaling (see references [1] and [2]).The transmission of the CG described above with reference to FIG. 2 can be used for low-latency applications, such as for ultra-reliable low-latency communication URLLC, vehicle-to-everything V2X scenarios or applications, or device-to-device D2D scenarios or applications.

[0013] Note that the information in the above section is only for deepening the understanding of the background of the present invention, and thus may include information that does not constitute prior art already known to those skilled in the art.

[0014] Considering a wireless communication scenario where multiple devices (users) communicate with a base station, since resources are limited, it is necessary to share all available (physical) channels among all users, and a random access (RA) protocol can be implemented to resolve contention every time a user communicates with the base station. During RA, the device needs to randomly select a preamble that is detected at the base station to identify the (device) identity and to allocate permission to the device. The random access channel (RACH) can be used differently in LTE (Long Term Evolution). In LTE, the RACH process may occur in the following situations. For example, refer to 3GPP specification, 10.1.5 Random Access Procedure of 36.300.

[0015] i) Initial access from the state RRC (Radio Resource Control) idle; ii) RRC connection re-establishment procedure; iii) Handover (contention-based or non-contention-based);

[0016] iv) DL (Downlink) data arrival during the RRC connected state that requires a random access procedure, such as when the UL (Uplink) synchronization status is "not synchronized". v) For example, when the UL synchronization status is "not synchronized" or the PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel) resources for SR (Scheduling Request) are not available, arrival of UL data during RRC connection that requires a random access procedure;

[0017] vi) For positioning proposed during RRC connection that requires a random access procedure, for example, when timing advance is required for UE (User Equipment) positioning.

[0018] Figure 3 shows a schematic flowchart of a random access procedure for an NB-IoT device (Narrowband Internet of Things). The random access procedure for NB-IoT can operate as follows.

[0019] 1. The device transmits a preamble randomly selected on NPRACH (Narrowband Physical RACH). The preamble parameters may be defined in the SIB (System Information Block). The preamble may depend on the coverage class (CC), and each CC may have its own preamble space. Each UE may randomly select from the CC preamble set.

[0020] 2. The base station (eNB) can detect the preamble and can respond with a preamble index, a time alignment (TA) offset, and a UL grant. That is, the eNB can detect the preamble and measure the TA. It can transmit the preamble ID together with the UL grant and the TA.

[0021] 3. The UE can transmit signaling information (identity) to request an RRC connection request. That is, the UE can transmit its identity on the permitted resources and request an RRC connection.

[0022] 4. The eNB verifies the signaling information received from the device in the RRC connection setup message. That is, the eNB can resolve the contention by transmitting the RRC connection setup.

[0023] 5. The UE transmits data concatenated with the RRC connection setup complete message.

[0024] More specifically, before transmitting the NPRACH preamble, the UE synchronizes with the symbol timing and carrier frequency of the eNB using the PSS (Primary Synchronization Channel) and SSS (Secondary Synchronization Channel) from the eNB. Further, it measures the reference received power to select the coverage class (by itself). Three classes are defined, each resulting in different parameters for the NPRACH preamble. Then, from the system information block found in the NPDCCH (Narrowband Physical Downlink Control Channel), the UE determines the start time and length of the preamble sequence (which is also determined by the coverage class). NPRACH uses a hopping pattern of orthogonal signal tone frequencies, in contrast to the legacy LTE PRACH. The NPRACH preamble is transmitted within a 180 kHz range composed of 48 subcarriers with a 3.75 kHz subcarrier spacing. Basically, the NPRACH preamble is transmitted repeatedly, and in each repetition, it hops to different subcarriers according to the rule shown in FIG. 4 indicating the NPRACH time-frequency allocation. Thus, each n init results in an orthogonal hopping pattern, which results in 48 possible (hopping) sequences. Due to the constitution of the values of a single repetition, each active IoT device competes on all 48 subcarriers, and thus each subcarrier has an equal probability (1 / 48) of being selected. A list of the NPRACH parameters is shown in FIG. 5a, and FIG. 5b shows an exemplary parameter set thereof. If the preamble is successfully detected, the eNB · Time Alignment Offset (TAO / TA) ·(Received preamble's) preamble index; ·UL resource grant Respond with a message including it.

[0025] Next, the UE uses the scheduled resources to transmit its identity, and the eNB transmits a contention resolution message (when multiple UEs select the same preamble). Starting from the prior art as described above, it may be necessary to improve wireless communication considering the latency of communication.

Prior art documents

Non-patent documents

[0026]

Non-patent document 1

Non-patent document 2

Non-patent document 3

Summary of the invention

Problems to be solved by the invention

[0027] Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide low-latency communication.

Means for solving the problems

[0028] The inventors recognized that data transmission can face low latency when the preamble to be transmitted on the random access channel, which is selected by the UE, is associated with the information that has to be transmitted. The information relates not only to the request to receive an allocation of resources, but also to considering different preambles with different meanings.

[0029] According to an embodiment, in order to transmit transmission information, in a wireless communication network, a device for communicating by transmitting a wireless signal on a random access channel of the wireless communication network includes a wireless interface configured to transmit the wireless signal, and a control unit configured to provide the wireless signal to include a random access preamble. The control unit is configured to select a random access preamble such that the random access preamble is associated with the transmission information.

[0030] The inventors further found that low-latency communication can be obtained by enabling contention resolution through variations in time alignment / timing advance.

[0031] A device for communicating within a wireless communication network by transmitting a wireless signal, wherein the wireless communication network is operated by a base station by using synchronization in the base station comprising a wireless interface. The device is configured to transmit one of a first wireless signal and a second wireless signal synchronized with the base station using the wireless interface, and to transmit the other wireless signal out of synchronization with the base station or at an individual timing in the base station. Alternatively, or in addition thereto, the device is configured to transmit the first wireless signal and the second wireless signal out of synchronization with the base station or at an individual timing in the base station. The first wireless signal and / or the second wireless signal is associated with contention resolution in the base station.

[0032] Further embodiments relate to a base station, a wireless communication network, a method for operating a device, a method for operating a base station, and a computer program. Further embodiments are defined in the dependent claims. Next, embodiments of the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

Brief Description of the Drawings

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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0034] Elements that are equal or equivalent, or elements having equal or equivalent functions, are denoted by equal or equivalent reference numerals in the following description even if they occur in different figures.

[0035] In the following description, for a more complete understanding of embodiments of the present invention, a plurality of details are set forth. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that embodiments of the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form rather than in detail to avoid obscuring embodiments of the present invention. Further, features of the different embodiments described below can be combined with each other unless specifically stated otherwise.

[0036] Embodiments described herein may relate at least in part to narrowband transmission, but the present invention is not limited thereto. Other embodiments may relate to different types of RACH procedures and / or channels.

[0037] FIG. 6 shows a schematic block diagram of a device 60 according to an embodiment. For example, the device 60 may be a narrowband mono Internet of Things (IoT)-NB-IoT device configured to transmit a radio signal 14 on a narrowband physical random access channel. The wireless device 60 includes a wireless interface 12 configured to transmit the radio signal 14. The device 60 may be configured to communicate as a UE and / or an IoT device in a wireless communication network, for example, in a terrestrial wireless network 100. According to other embodiments, the wireless communication network in which the device 60 operates is not a terrestrial wave but another network, such as a satellite communication network or the like.

[0038] The device 60 may be configured to transmit the radio signal 14 on a random access channel (RACH) of a wireless communication network. That is, the device 60 can utilize resources (time, frequency, code, and / or space) that are adapted to be accessed by a plurality of devices at a time.

[0039] Device 60 includes a control unit 16 configured to provide a wireless signal 14 by generating respective signals 14' that are supplied to the wireless device 12 to generate the wireless signal 14 based on the signal 14'. The control unit 16 can include, for example, a preamble including pilot symbols in the signal 14', and thus in the wireless signal 14.

[0040] Device 60 may have information 18 to be transmitted. The information 18 can be referred to as information among specific types of information that exceed the content for which resources for transmission, i.e., transmission information, are requested. Such a request for a later transmission can be known from the prior art and may be equal with respect to the information content for all UEs accessing a known RACH resource. In contrast, the transmission information can be based on an event at the device 60. For example, this may be based on an agreed time frame, e.g., a specific time has come, or a specific event has been recognized. Such an event may be, for example, the sun shining, which may be related to, for example, a solar panel. Instead of, or in addition to, this, the transmission information is the following · The identifier of the device, or · The arrival of a message · The pre-configuration of the network · The device class · The service class of the message · The priority class of the message · The reliability class of the message · The latency class of the message · The message type · The content of the message · The device priority · The service policy · Measurement values of channel occupancy / quality such as the channel busy ratio (CBR) or CSI / CQI measurement results in the license-exempt band can be based on at least one of.

[0041] For example, if the flow / bearer is QoS-based, the message can inherit one or more of these properties from the flow / bearer, e.g., the service class of the message.

[0042] For example, in the case of a wind turbine, information received from sensors and reporting on wind activity, for example, can be important. Further, the transmission information can be based on, for example, service class, priority class, latency requirements, message type, content of the message, etc. Such transmission information may be configured, for example, by an eNB / gNB or any other entity, or determined at device 60. For example, a packet may arrive, or an event may be triggered if it is of a particular service or priority. For example, an event may be based on the absence of an available scheduled grant. Alternatively, an event may be remotely triggered. The reception of a wake-up signal or a paging message is an example of such a remotely triggered event. Another example is an emergency message to the device. Another example is a relay and can be device 60 in a power-saving mode. Such a wake-up signal can be transmitted by a second transmitter and can turn on or activate the link via the relay. The control unit 16 may be adapted, commanded, or programmed by the base station, for example, triggered by a particular event (e.g., handover, cell load condition, or other higher layer procedure) or configured semi-persistently (at a particular time interval or based on a particular condition). Alternatively or additionally, the control unit can search for information regarding the meaning of each preamble by, for example, a manufacturer or other device that can broadcast or distribute each piece of information. That is, the linkage of the transmission information to a particular preamble can be static or variable / dynamic.

[0043] The control unit 16 may be configured to select the random access preamble 22 to be transmitted together with the wireless signal 14 such that the random access preamble 22 is associated with the transmission information. That is, the wireless communication network may provide a plurality of random access preambles 22, for example, random access preambles 221 and 222. The control unit 16 may select a random access preamble that can be interpreted by the receiver to at least partially indicate the information 18 from the available subset of the random access preambles.

[0044] The selection between two random access preambles 221 and 222 is shown in FIG. 6, but the selection may be made among only one random access preamble and among three or more random access preambles, for example, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least ten, at least fifteen, or even more. The different preambles may or may not be orthogonal to each other.

[0045] In a scenario where the selection is made with only one random access preamble, the device 60 may be instructed or adapted by, for example, external information from a network provider or a base station that a specific event or specific transmission information should be replaced or indicated by a specific preamble. Thus, the device 60 may simply select the indicated random access preamble. For example, if the device 60 has only one type of message or only one type of message class, it may probably use only one preamble. However, this may be interpreted by the receiver as an indicator that a specific event has occurred or specific transmission information has been received based on the random access preamble included.

[0046] Alternatively, certain messages, message classes, or other types of transmission information may be indicated by a subset of all possible random access preambles having multiple random access preambles such that the control unit 16 can perform a selection between the multiple random access preambles.

[0047] As described below, different types of transmission information may optionally be associated with different subsets of random access preambles, each subset including at least one random access preamble. This can increase the diversity of the information transmitted.

[0048] By associating the random access preamble with the transmission information, i.e., associating it with a specific meaning different from other random access preambles in the network, it is possible that the random access preamble and the transmission information have already been transmitted, resulting in a multiplicative use of the random access preamble. For example, the random access preamble may optionally still be interpretable as a request for a resource grant.

[0049] The selection of the preamble may be performed by the control unit 16, for example, in the PHY layer. The control unit 16 can receive information indicating, for example, QoS (Quality of Service) related to an event, from an upper layer such as an application layer or an application of the device. The control unit 16 can be configured to select the random access preamble 22 based on the QoS information. The QoS information can indicate the requested or required latency, the priority or priority class of a message or information, the message type, the content of the message, or simply the requested or required network service. The event that causes the device to transmit transmitted information may be related to data collected by the device, for example, by using a sensor or sensor configuration of the device. Alternatively or additionally, the event may be related to data received by the device, for example, an instruction from another device or data relayed as a relay.

[0050] FIG. 7a shows a schematic block diagram for explaining the relationship between the information 18 and the random access preamble 22. The control unit can be configured to receive information 18 indicating a preconfigured message to be transmitted together with the wireless interface of the device from information, for example, an application layer or a different upper layer. The control unit can perform the selection 24 so as to select the random access preamble 22 such that the random access preamble represents at least partially the preconfigured message, that is, the information 18.

[0051] FIG. 7b shows a schematic block diagram of the interpretation of a random access preamble that can be executed, for example, in a receiver of the random access preamble 22. In the receiver, an interpretation 26 can be performed on the random access preamble 22 to derive derived information 28 from the random access preamble 22. The derived information 28 can represent the information 18 at least in part. For example, the derived information 28 can indicate the message section of the information 18, the type of alarm, the priority, etc., but can also represent the information 18 completely.

[0052] FIG. 8a shows a schematic diagram for explaining an exemplary relationship between the random access preamble 22 associated with the transmission information and a normal preamble 32 that may or may not be associated in some cases. This example is described in relation to NB-IoT, in which the embodiments may be transferred to other random access procedures without any limitation. However, in relation to NB-IoT, narrowband transmission has certain advantages because the amount of the message to be transmitted is reduced when compared with a wideband system, and thus particularly benefits.

[0053] In NB-IoT, the associated preamble 32 n+i can be used, for example, with 48 having a subcarrier index in the range from 0 to 47, that is, a number of n + 1 = 48.

[0054] Embodiments relate to using a subset of preambles each represented by a preamble ID so as to be associated with a specific message that can be represented by a message ID. The message can transmit the information 18 at least in part.

[0055] That is, the network can be implemented such that one of the random access preambles 221,... 22 i is interpreted in a specific way at the receiver.

[0056] Each message ID, i.e., each random access preamble 22, can be associated with an individual message or message ID. Alternatively, the message ID or the content of the message can be associated with a number of random access preambles exceeding 1, and different devices 60 can select different random access preambles even when transmitting the same message, enabling diversification and, in some cases, reducing the number of collisions at the receiver.

[0057] That is, the control unit can be configured to select a random access preamble based on an event or from a set 34 of random access preambles having at least one random access preamble. The set 34 of random access preambles 22 can be a dedicated subset of the random access preambles of the wireless communication network.

[0058] Preamble 221,..., 22 i Although shown as forming a continuous space in the index space by having consecutive subcarrier indices and / or preamble IDs, the preambles having the associated transmission information may be arbitrarily distributed among the subcarrier indices or distributed according to any pattern.

[0059] The wireless signal 14 in FIG. 6 can be related to the transmission information because the random access preamble 22 is related to the transmission information. Other messages or signals can be transmitted using, for example, a random access preamble that is regular or not associated, such as preamble 32. For example, by using the unassociated preamble 32, the device can request or reserve resources in the wireless communication network to transmit a signal thereafter. That is, for example, the device can transmit a message that requires high QoS or high priority or low latency, such as an alarm, by using preamble 22, and other messages, such as periodic messages indicating battery status or survival status, are transmitted via periodic communication using the unassociated preamble 32. In other words, FIG. 8a shows an NPRACH configuration according to an embodiment in which a subset 34 is preconfigured for message signaling.

[0060] FIG. 8b shows a schematic diagram showing the configuration of a device and / or network organized, for example, by one or more base stations according to an embodiment, where the preamble is organized into a plurality of separate subsets 341, 342, 343, and 344, and the four numbers are selected for illustrative purposes only and can be one or more, two or more, three or more, five or more, for example, six or more of any other value. Each of the subsets 341 to 344 can comprise one or more preambles. For example, 48 NB-IOT preambles can be divided into four subsets that can be, for example, equal considering the size of the message ID.

[0061] The assignment of consecutive sub-carrier indices to the common message set or subset 34 is selected for illustrative purposes only. For example, according to an embodiment, subsequent sub-carrier indices that may be associated with monotonically increasing or decreasing frequencies may be alternately assigned to different subsets such that the overall frequency range of each subset 34 increases, thereby reducing the risk of losing a particular message set in each transmission due to blocks of partial frequency ranges.

[0062] As described in connection with FIG. 8a, associating sub-carrier indices to a particular subset 34 can follow any suitable pattern. Each of the subsets 34 may be a distinct subset, i.e., the random access preamble or sub-carrier index is associated with only one of the subsets 34.

[0063] Each of the subsets 34 can include an individual or common number of preambles 22, e.g., 12. Each of the preambles 22 of the subset 34 can be associated with the transmission information, either individually, for each group, or commonly for the entire subset. That is, different preambles in one of the subsets may have the same meaning or different meanings.

[0064] Alternatively, or in addition, different subsets, e.g., preambles 22 i-1 and 22 i+1 may have the same or different transmission information associated therewith.

[0065] Each subset having different subsets and different random access preambles can enable the network structure to be organized such that each message represented by the transmission information, message ID, can be grouped into each message set that can form, for example, a kind of category or priority section or latency section. Within the message set, one or more different messages can be transmitted. That is, the subset can be associated with a subset identifier such as "message set X" or any other appropriate value. The subset identifier can be transmitted and can also be known at the receiver. That is, the receiver can recognize the group of preambles to which the received preamble is associated or assigned. Thereby, the first information, for example, the message section of the message, can be received. The selected random access preamble itself can be associated with the second information, that is, further information. For example, the second information may be a specific message or transmission information associated with the preamble. The first information can be related to, for example, one or more of the information indicating the identifier of the device, the information indicating the device section of the device, and the information indicating the service class of the event or transmission information. The second information can be related to the information indicating the transmission information itself and one or more of the service classes of the transmission information as described for the first information. Alternatively or additionally, the second information may be related to the information indicating the reliability measure and / or observed value of the device. The reliability measure of the device can be obtained from, for example, a database, can be shown as a number or an index, etc., and can show, for example, how reliable the device is considering the quality of its communication.

[0066] In other words, for NB-IoT, the embodiment proposes an extension to the (NB-IoT) random access protocol. A specific set of preambles is defined that can be a subset of a regular preamble sequence that functions as a message. The message can be pre-set by a higher layer, i.e., a specific message can correspond to a preamble ID (PID). For example, the preamble ID PID can correspond to a specific alarm or event. For example, PID 0 → fire; PID 1 → high voltage;... The concept is that this message is set and the mapping is common to all users of the system or at least to a group of closed devices such as sensors configured to use this method. An example of NPRACH is shown in FIG. 8b, where a total of 48 preambles are defined for random access. Each preamble index can be identically defined by the position of the first sample group (sub-carrier index) as shown in FIG. 4. The set of sequences can be divided into a "message set", i.e., a subset of preambles that can be reserved for messages, and a "preamble set", i.e., a set of preambles used for random access.

[0067] For example, assume a system in which a large number of sensors are deployed to monitor important events in factory or process automatic configuration. For example, sensors for monitoring the state, temperature, pressure, etc. of a machine may be arranged. Assuming that all UEs (e.g., sensors) are synchronized with the ENB using PSS / SSS and are configured by the upper layer as described above, if one or more UEs detect a specific event (e.g., "high pressure"), the corresponding preamble ID can be transmitted (this may correspond to a message). The ENB can detect the "preamble" and the message and broadcast the detected "preamble ID" along with additional NPRACH configuration. Therefore, the UE that first transmitted the message ID no longer needs to receive confirmation that the message has been successfully detected. If further information needs to be transmitted, the UE can initiate the normal random access procedure for the resources indicated by the NPRACH configuration. The NPRACH configuration may refer to a "preamble set" that performs contention-based RA by having the UE randomly select a preamble from the "preamble set". Note that this "preamble set" may be in the normal NPRACH or dedicated resources (which can reduce the collision probability with "other" UEs). After a successful RACH procedure, the UE can transmit further information regarding the event detected on the granted resources.

[0068] Figure 9 shows a schematic flowchart of such a procedure or method 900 for combining the use of a preamble associated with transmission information with NPRACH according to an embodiment. In step 910, one or more UEs may transmit a message ID using an associated preamble. The eNB may receive an overlay of the same preamble since all UEs may transmit, for example, the same preamble. The eNB can decode the message ID or preamble ID and broadcast the message ID or preamble ID in step 920 to trigger the normal NPRACH procedure with a dedicated set of preambles (and PRACH configuration). In step 930, the UE can perform a legacy NPRACH on dedicated resources. That is, after transmitting the radio signal 14, optionally, the device may be configured to transmit a further radio signal including further information related to an event or transmission information after transmitting the radio signal 14.

[0069] Referring again to FIG. 8b, an embodiment relates to defining a plurality of sets of message / service classes that may be orthogonal to each other. Orthogonality may be required to simplify the received processing and enable power detection. Otherwise, this is not a prerequisite. The combination of "message set ID" + "message ID" can be used to hierarchically encode further information in the proposed transmission scheme. As an example, the message set ID can be associated with a device, such as a machine, and each machine can have the same type of event, such as "high voltage", "high temperature",..., or different events.

[0070] This may enable implementing a very simple receiver architecture, "front foot detection", for detecting the "message set ID" first since the messages within the "set" occupy orthogonal subsets of the carrier. In other words, FIG. 9 shows a procedure according to an embodiment where multiple UEs transmit the same message ID using a modified NPRACH.

[0071] Figure 10a shows a schematic flowchart of method 10001 for explaining the use of a preamble associated with message / transmission information and contention resolution. At step 1010, a RACH preamble 22 indicating a certain message group can be recognized, for example, at base station 36. The contention resolution resource may be signaled or preconfigured. The signaling can be performed, for example, by a receiver, such as a base station. Such signaling or preconfiguration can be performed at step 1020, which can be performed, for example, before or after step 1010. At step 1030, the UE that transmitted the initial preamble at step 1010 can perform an additional contention resolution step 1030 to form a superposition as described in relation to step 910. This can be done, for example, by randomly selecting preamble 32, using a preconfigured preamble, or selecting from a pool of preconfigured preambles. The resources for transmission are allocated at step 1040, and the UE can transmit a message at step 1050. That is, a device according to an embodiment can be configured to transmit a contention resolution signal, for example, during step 1030, after transmitting radio signal 14 and before transmitting a further radio signal at step 1050. The device can be configured to receive scheduling information indicating the scheduled resources of the wireless communication network at step 1040 and use the scheduled resources to transmit a radio signal at step 1050.

[0072] Figure 10b shows a schematic flowchart of a further procedure 10002 according to an embodiment. A RACH preamble 22 indicating a specific message or group of messages can be recognized as described in relation to step 1010 and base station 36. Resources 421 to 42 xThe pool 38 may be indicated in step 1060 or may be preconfigured. The UE that has transmitted the random access preamble 22 can select a subset of the pool 38, i.e., one or more resources, to transmit the remaining message, i.e., the second radio signal. That is, the device may use a predetermined resource of the radio network to transmit the second radio signal or may select from the pool 38. In the case of a predetermined resource, the predetermined resource may be dedicated to a device within the wireless communication network such that different devices automatically use different resources. Alternatively, the control unit may be configured to select a predetermined resource from the pool 38, which is a predetermined pool of resources.

[0073] Referring again to FIGS. 8a and 8b, the transmission of the radio signal 14 of FIG. 6 can be implemented by using a resource within a set of dedicated predetermined resources for transmitting the radio signal 14 for the transmission of the event-related radio signal. That is, a particular subset of resources can be secured by an instruction from the base station or as a predetermined parameter for the transmission of the radio signal 14.

[0074] FIG. 10c shows a schematic flowchart of procedure 10003 according to an embodiment. At step 1010’, similar to step 1010, for example, at the base station 36, a RACH preamble indicating a certain message or a group of messages can be recognized. Resources 42 for data transmission may be indicated or pre-configured and may be used for data transmission at step 1070. The method or procedure 10003 can be used, for example, when the preamble 22 transmitted at step 1010’ is assigned to only one UE, or when the base station 36 can estimate from the received signal that only one UE has transmitted the preamble. For example, the UE can be instructed to use a specific preamble for a specific event so that the transmission of the preamble 22 enables obtaining all necessary information. Thereby, contention resolution may be known in advance as the receiver knows that only one UE has transmitted the preamble 22, making it unnecessary.

[0075] FIG. 10d shows a schematic flowchart of procedure 10004 according to an embodiment. The device implementing procedure 10004 may be configured to transmit, as an example, the random access preamble 22 of step 1010 or 1010’ as the first random access preamble 221 to indicate a message section of the radio signal 14 or a group of devices to which the device belongs. Without interruption and without waiting for a response, the device can transmit a further random access preamble 222 for contention resolution to identify the user. That is, the preamble 222 can indicate the user, while the preamble 221 can indicate a message or a group of devices. Thereby, the preamble search space can be extended not only as a single preamble as related information, but also as a combination of preambles when some combinations are allowed and some are not allowed or cannot be assigned within the network.

[0076] The base station 36 can be configured to operate the wireless communication network to provide random access resources to be used by a device for a random access procedure for transmitting a wireless signal having a random access preamble of a plurality of random access preambles, for example, the wireless signal 14. The base station can be configured to associate the random access preamble received in the first wireless signal with an event and / or transmission information reported by the device, and not to associate the second random access preamble received in the second wireless signal with the same transmission information. For example, this preamble may be either not associated as described in FIG. 8a, or associated with different transmission information, or connected to different groups as described in connection with FIG. 8b. The base station can be configured to interpret the random access preamble as at least part of the payload data transmitted by the device, for example, as part of the message to be transmitted. The base station can be configured to receive the wireless signal 14, identify the transmission information or related event based on the random access preamble 22, and perform contention resolution after identifying the event. That is, the base station can have knowledge about the event before requesting further information.

[0077] The random access preamble may be associated with an identifier. The base station may be configured to perform contention resolution based on the transmission of the identifier to initiate a random access procedure for a device that has transmitted a radio signal including the random access preamble associated with the identifier. The base station may alternatively or additionally be configured to broadcast information indicating the association between an event and a random access preamble in a system information block of a communication scheme of the wireless communication network. Alternatively, other channels or resources may be used. The base station may be configured to evaluate random access resources for a first random access preamble indicating a group of devices and a second random access preamble indicating an identifier of the device, as described in connection with FIG. 10d, for example.

[0078] Embodiments provide a service class-oriented RA protocol in the sense that a specific (sub) set of random access preambles is defined (ensured) to be used only for a specific service type / class such as high-priority users. Device identification (contention resolution) may then optionally be performed on separate resources in successive steps. Thereby, embodiments illustrate the concept of utilizing (fast) preamble detection during random access because the message ("what is happening") has a higher priority than the identity of the device ("which device is transmitting") for data-centric communication. A unique feature of the embodiments is that when multiple devices select the same preamble from the set of "high-priority" preambles, the detection probability at the base station increases due to the physical superposition of the signals.

[0079] When a preamble is detected, embodiments further describe how to define this specific preamble set and how to resolve conflicts among multiple devices. Embodiments are described as examples in the context of applications using NB-IoT as the baseline technology. However, embodiments are considered general and can be extended to other radio standards such as LTE or 5G-NR (New Radio). An exemplary scenario relates to a (local) sensor network deployed in a specific environment (e.g., an industrial facility) to monitor the state of a specific (automated) process based on predetermined measurements (e.g., pressure level, temperature, etc.). In normal operation, sensors locally collect information and transmit it at regular intervals to a base station associated with a related fusion center that enables centralized monitoring / control and analysis (machine learning). The sensors may be powered by batteries, and thus the wireless transmission protocol needs to be very energy-efficient to ensure a long life cycle. Further, the number of sensors in such a scenario can be expected to be very large, but the operating cost per sensor needs to be low with limited low-bandwidth consumption. A known technology to meet such requirements is NB-IoT, which uses narrowband transmission in a very long and similar direction to simplify hardware and keep the cost per device low. Embodiments of the present invention are particularly relevant to situations I), II), and V) of the above RACH process situation. Embodiments provide a solution to the drawback that other current random access methods are not designed for low-latency data-centric applications, i.e., time-critical (emergency) events are not supported. The reason is that the random access procedure (e.g., NB-IoT-based RACH) and data transmission are 1. Device identification and permission assignment, and 2. Transmission of (payload) messages sequentially separated between them.

[0080] This is important when multiple devices (Sensor 1, Sensor 2, ...) report the same critical event (e.g., "fire"). Next, each device needs to connect to the network individually (PRACH) and send an individual message (Sensor 1: "fire"; Sensor 2: "fire"; ...). A general approach can be briefly described as follows: Assuming that the device is configured to use a specific set of preambles for high-priority messages and the normal preamble space / set for normal RAs, the following can be done.

[0081] 1. The device can send an alarm message (grant-free) using a set of pre-defined preambles defined by each service class (RACH).

[0082] 2. The BS can detect the alarm / message based on preamble detection, probably without knowing the user identity or number. The BS can request the device (sending the alarm message) to send additional information for identifying the UE and further information (e.g., location / temperature / CO2 / ...). Thus, the BS can start contention resolution using the following options.

[0083] a. Grant allocation; The BS can allocate a specific grant to one or more groups of devices by addressing the group using the preamble ID as an identifier, as described in relation to Figure 10a.

[0084] b. Pre-defined resources for each service class; The BS can pre-configure the resources for a specific service class, as described in relation to Figure 10b. c. Allocate the UE to use legacy RA as shown in Figure 10c. 3. The device can send additional information regarding the allocated resources.

[0085] Resource allocation and signaling for NB-IoT can be performed such that the eNB provides an NPRACH configuration for each coverage level of the SIB (where the preamble configuration is defined). Thus, embodiments propose to define a new "preamble / message" class in the SIB so that all sensors can find out how to configure the preamble reserved for message transmission. That is, embodiments provide a base station configured to provide the SIB to indicate at least one subset of the preambles of the set of available preambles assigned to the transmission information. Additional information may be used and how the message preamble is mapped to the physical resources may be provided. This can be done on a separate (physical) channel (an exclusive set of physical resources reserved for message preamble transmission) or as part of the normal NPRACH, and as shown in Figure 8a, a specific subset of the preambles is reserved. Details relevant to this specification are as follows. · Dedicated message channel: In this setting, an exclusive resource where the message preamble is transmitted can be specified. This can be allocated semi-permanently.

[0086] · Coexistence with legacy NPRACH: A subset of the preambles from the legacy NPRACH can be reserved for the message preamble, as described in connection with Figures 8a and 8b.

[0087] · Without dedicated resources: In this case, a specific preamble IE is used for the transmission of the message (configured by the upper layer), but there is a possibility of collision if "other" devices select the same preamble ID, which results in a high forced alarm rate due to the simple structure. The embodiments described herein relate to conflict resolution for identifying a single user, for example, even when transmitting using the same resources.

[0088] FIG. 11 shows a schematic block diagram of a wireless communication network 115 according to an embodiment that can be based on the structure of network 100, can be a base station 36, and can optionally be configured to support a random access preamble associated with transmission information and can have a base station 44. In a known network, the transmissions of signals 461 and 462 of devices 481, 482 are synchronized such that they reach base station 44 at the same time t R . Due to the different channel conditions or distances between devices 481 and 482 and base station 44, different propagation times Δt1, Δt2 are required to transmit messages / signals 461 and 462 to base station 44. By using mechanisms such as time alignment (offset) or timing advance, the transmission start can be adjusted to compensate for the different propagation times Δt1 and Δt2. Note that in an exemplary network, any other number of devices and / or base stations may occur and the given description is for illustrative purposes only.

[0089] As described, for example, in connection with FIGS. 9, 10a, 10b or 10d, a device according to an embodiment, such as device 48 and / or 60, may be configured to transmit a first and a second wireless signal, where the wireless signal is transmitted after the first wireless signal. The first wireless signal may be, for example, wireless signal 14 of FIG. 6. Devices 481 and / or 482 may be configured to deviate from the synchronization scheme. For example, to perform contention resolution without synchronizing with a base station, wireless signal 14 or a wireless signal may be transmitted. Not synchronizing may mean that compensation for the timing offset is simply not performed. Alternatively, individual timing may be implemented, i.e., the timing offset TA may be selected, for example, by the device, for example randomly or according to a rule, or by the base station, for example randomly or according to a rule, such that different arrival times appear at the base station, where the arrival time is related to information related to the device so as to enable identification of the device. Each other signal may be transmitted, for example, synchronously. According to another embodiment, the device may be configured to transmit both wireless signal 14 and a wireless signal for contention resolution at individual timing at the base station without synchronizing with the base station.

[0090] When both signals are transmitted without synchronization or at individual timing at the base station, the timing offset may be the same or different between both signals transmitted by the device.

[0091] Furthermore, such individual timing may make it possible to implement by further prioritizing messages or indicating the required QoS. For example, a device that selects individual timing can select a lower order delay when having a message with a higher priority or a higher QoS.

[0092] Embodiments that deviate partially or completely from the synchronization can be implemented with or independently of the RA preamble associated with the transmitted information. For example, considering the legacy RACH, the individual timings can be applied to normal preamble transmissions and / or transmissions performed under 3) of FIG. 3.

[0093] The base station 44 can be configured to operate the wireless communication network such that a device communicating in the wireless communication network 110 compensates for the timing offset based on the channel delay Δt so as to synchronize with the base station. This can be related to synchronization along a plurality of devices. The base station can be configured to control the device to transmit a wireless signal for contention resolution at an individual timing that is not synchronized with the base station. This signal may be the wireless signal 14 and / or a signal transmitted thereafter.

[0094] Embodiments relate to the same meaning, i.e., the same transmitted information for preambles for different devices. However, according to the embodiments, different devices 481 and 482 may be adapted to use different sets of preambles, or, for example, may be adapted to use the same preamble differently. That is, the same preamble may have a first meaning in a first device 481 (associated with the first transmitted information) and may be associated with different second transmitted information in a second device 482, or may be associated without transmitted information.

[0095] For example, a particular preamble can be associated with first transmission information (e.g., "fire") related to a first device and second different transmission information (e.g., "low voltage") related to a second device. Each different meaning can be associated or managed differently at a centralized entity, such as a base station, or as described above. The base station can be adapted to distinguish between the first device 481 and the second device 482 based on, for example, a contention resolution mechanism or side channel information, or another mechanism such as individual timing offsets. That is, the base station may be configured to distinguish transmitters of the preamble, interpret the preamble based on the transmitter, and thus have different dependencies than the transmitter.

[0096] A method that can be used in an embodiment for operating a device adapted to communicate in a wireless communication network to transmit transmission information by transmitting a wireless signal on a random access channel of the wireless communication network includes selecting a random access preamble such that the random access preamble is associated with the transmission information. The method further includes providing a wireless signal that includes the random access preamble and transmitting the wireless signal.

[0097] A further method for operating a wireless device adapted to communicate in a wireless communication network by transmitting a wireless signal includes operating the wireless communication network by a base station using synchronization at the base station and transmitting a first wireless signal synchronized with the base station at a predetermined timing at the base station with a wireless interface. The method includes transmitting a second wireless signal associated with contention resolution, such as wireless signal 14 and / or subsequent signals, not synchronized with the base station or having individual timing at the base station.

[0098] A method of operating a base station adapted to operate a radio communication network to provide a random access resource used by a device for a random access procedure for transmitting a radio signal having a random access preamble among a plurality of random access preambles includes associating a random access preamble received in a first radio signal with transmission information reported by the device, and refraining from associating a second random access preamble received in a second radio signal with the transmission information.

[0099] A method of operating a base station adapted to operate a radio communication network according to an embodiment includes operating the radio communication network such that a device communicating in the radio communication network compensates for a timing offset based on a channel delay so as to synchronize with the base station. The method comprises controlling the device to transmit a radio signal for contention resolution either not synchronized with the base station or at an individual timing at the base station.

[0100] FIG. 12a shows the covariance matrix of an exemplary signature matrix with five orthogonal subgroups of the preamble. FIG. 12b shows an exemplary covariance matrix of an exemplary signature matrix having seven orthogonal subgroups of the preamble. The signature can be adapted considering the autocorrelation properties so as to have good autocorrelation properties. Embodiments are proposed for a particular design that further provides "orthogonal" subgroups. This enables an efficient "overload" of the system (more messages can be defined even when the signature length is limited). Further, each group can be assigned to a) a specific set of messages (e.g., group 1 is related to fire, group 2 is related to pressure, ...) or a specific spatial cluster (e.g., group 1 is related to all sensors in cluster 1, group 2 has the same message but is related to all sensors in cluster 2, ...). An example of such a signature structure is obtained by the Euler square structure of the messages. In FIGS. 12a and 12b, the covariance matrix is shown, the diagonal elements represent autocorrelation, and the dark squares along the main diagonal represent orthogonal subgroups. Note that both signature sets are non-orthogonal in the sense that there are "more sequences" (i.e., messages) than resources (i.e., sequence length).

[0101] Embodiments enable reduction of latency of (mission) critical applications in low-power sensor networks and / or improvement of detection probability when multiple sensors have the same message. The Euler square structure of the messages is further described below.

[0102] In a wireless communication network, a downlink (DL) wireless frame includes a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) region that defines positions or locations where specific PDCCHs can be located. The PDCCH region is searched by a User Equipment (UE). Each PDCCH carries a control message such as a Downlink Control Information (DCI) package that is identified by a UE-specific Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI). The RNTI is encoded, for example, in the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) attachment of the DCI. The DCI may be scrambled with a UE-specific RNTI, similar to the Cell-Radio Network Temporary Identifier (C-RNTI). FIG. 13 schematically shows an example of a PDCCH region having a plurality of PDCCHs formed by different numbers of Control Channel Elements (CCEs). Depending on the payload size of the transmitted DCI format and the channel conditions, the base station can select an appropriate aggregation level that determines the number of CCEs used to transmit the DCI packet. As can be seen from FIG. 13, the PDCCH search space is divided into a common search space that can be monitored by all UEs served by the base station and a UE-specific search space that is monitored by at least one UE. Each UE performs blind decoding on the entire PDCCH region to find one or more DCI packets dedicated to this UE. The DCI packet indicates, for example, resources and other parameters to be used during future data transmission.

[0103] As described above, the UE can obtain one or more DCI packages by searching a PDCCH region including a blind decoding / detection technique. FIG. 14 schematically shows a blind decoding process for finding one or more DCI packages for a specific UE within a PDCCH region. FIG. 14 schematically shows a PDCCH region 210, also referred to as a PDCCH search space. Five DCI packages DCI1 to DCI5 are shown in the PDCCH search space 210, and a specific UE including an appropriate decoder searches the PDCCH search space 210 to find a valid CRC for finding the DCI packet of this specific UE. As shown in FIG. 14, the convolutional decoder obtains data including control data and scrambled CRC from DCI packages DCI2. The control data and the scrambled CRC are separated, the scrambled CRC is descrambled using the UE-specific RNTI, the resulting CRC is compared with the CRC calculated from the control data, and the match between the resulting CRC and the calculated CRC indicates that the DCI package DCI2 is actually the control message of the UE that decoded the control message.

[0104] However, the above-described blind decoding technique may also find a match due to random data within the PDCCH search space, i.e., data that does not represent a DCI message for a specific UE may be erroneously detected as a valid control message, also called a false positive DCI. Such an incorrect decoding may occur with a probability of P FA =M×2 -16 where M is the number of blind detection attempts performed by the UE. For example, in a wireless communication system as described above, the probability of such a false alarm rate may be on the order of 10 -5 (see, for example, 3GPP TDOC R1-1719503: Design Impact on Reliability for LTE URLLC). In other words, when a control message decoded from the control region of a wireless signal by a receiver such as a UE may be incorrectly decoded, i.e., it is not actually the control message of this UE, but 10-6 is a probability of degree. Basically, this is not a problem for standard or regular communication services. However, ultra-reliable communication services may require that the probability of packet error be about 10 -6 and as a result, a false positive DCI, which can be a control message of another UE, causes a problem for the UE with a probability of 10 -6 The false positive DCI detected with a probability of degree causes the UE to be configured for data transmission in a resource where data for the UE is not received, and as a result, data transmission to the UE may not succeed. This can introduce additional latency until the UE, for example, decodes the correct or true positive DCI in a subsequent downlink frame and is able to set its parameters for receiving data from the base station on the correct resources. Clearly, such latency may not be a problem in conventional or standard communication services, but in services that require ultra-reliable communication, such decoding / detection of false positive control messages can increase the latency.

[0105] A user equipment (UE) configured to operate in a wireless network to enable a concept of performing reliable communication that further enables high throughput, wherein a network that utilizes a first number of resources to provide services to communicating UEs comprises a wireless interface for communicating in the wireless network. Communication refers to transmission processing and / or reception processing. The UE comprises a controller configured to select at least one subset of resources from a second number of predetermined subsets of the first number of resources for communicating in the wireless network. The second number is greater than the first number. The second number of predetermined subsets is based on a mapping of the first number of resources to a second number of subsets using an Eulerian square mapping. The Eulerian square mapping enables a scenario where each resource is used by at least a first subset and a second subset and thus renders the subsets as non-orthogonal. According to a signature-based approach, the pattern of resource elements included in each of the subsets can be unique within a common resource map such that a transmitter and / or receiver can identify the pattern of resource elements by identifying the pattern.

[0106] In connection with the embodiments described herein, a resource may be referred to as a single, or multiple, or plural resources that can be used in a wireless communication network. These include time, frequency, transmit power, space, and codes. For example, a resource can be a single subcarrier (frequency domain) used at a particular time (time domain). For example, a resource can also be an aggregation of such resources, e.g., aggregated into a fading block that includes a set of resources that are considered to have homogeneous channel fading. For example, a resource can include a code used at a particular time and / or frequency slot. Thus, a fading block can also be regarded as a resource. Thus, for example, the number of a particular type of resource and / or its amount, such as the number of subcarriers and / or time slots aggregated in a fading block, can vary according to the granularity of the wireless network. In connection with the embodiments described herein, a resource element is regarded as a fading block, and other implementations are possible without any limitation.

[0107] Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is a key enabler for new radio (NR) designs beyond 5G cellular networks. The basic idea is to relax the paradigm of orthogonal transmission by enabling different users (or layers) to simultaneously share the same physical resources in terms of time, frequency, or space, or code, or transmit power. As a result, more connections can be supported in massive machine type communication (mMTC), or higher throughput can be achieved in enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) scenarios. Considering the current spectrum constraints, there is a need for radio access technologies where user equipment (UE) shares radio resources in a non-orthogonal manner, whether in the initial access phase or the data transmission phase (or both, as in the case of joint initial access and data transmission schemes). Examples include the concept of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), which corresponds to schemes that rely on power domain or code domain multiplexing, including, for instance, power domain NOMA, multiple access with low density spreading, sparse code multiple access, multi-user shared access, and pattern division multiple access. Another example is a communication scheme where UEs simultaneously perform initial access by transmitting non-orthogonal information-bearing sequences over a block of shared channel resources (time-frequency slots) and communicate the information to a joint receiver. This concept generalizes two multiplexing layers over the shared resources, where different layers can correspond to different users, but can also correspond to the same user multiplexing messages over the same resources, for example, in broadcast or multicast scenarios. An important aspect of non-orthogonal multiple access is the code design, i.e., a predefined structure according to which the information-carrying messages of individual layers are mapped to the shared resources.

[0108] Most NOMA techniques can be broadly classified into two main classes, namely, signature domain multiplexing and power domain multiplexing. In the latter class, signals corresponding to different users are superimposed and generally decoded by successive interference cancellation (SIC). Signal domain multiplexing is based on distinguishing between spreading codes or interleaver sequences (coupled with low error rate correction codes). Low density code domain (LDCD) NOMA is a prominent subcategory of signature-based multiplexing that relies on low density signatures (LDS) as described in [3]. Sparsely spread codes containing a few non-zero elements are used to linearly modulate the symbols of each user over a shared physical resource. By utilizing a message passing algorithm (MPA) that enables user separation even when the received power is equal (in contrast to power domain NOMA), a significant reduction in receiver complexity can be achieved. Various variants of LDCD-NOMA have received significant attention in the 5G 3GPP standardization. For example, sparse code multiple access (SCMA) as described in [4] and [5] further optimizes the low density sequences to achieve shaping and coding gains by using multi-dimensional constellations. The sparse mapping between users and resources in LDCD-NOMA can be regular or irregular. If regular, each user occupies a fixed number of resources and each resource is used by a fixed number of users. If irregular, the respective numbers are random and only the average is fixed. The optimal spectral efficiency of irregular LCDC-NOMA has been investigated in [6], and as shown in [7], the well-known spectral efficiency of dense random spreading (RS) is as follows. The results are due to the random nature of the user-resource mapping, and thus some users may end up without any assigned resources, while some resources may remain unused. On the other hand, as addressed in [8], the normal user-resource mapping shows potential advantages.

[0109] FIG. 15 shows a schematic block diagram of a user equipment 50 according to an embodiment that can comply with the UE60. The user equipment 50 can be configured to operate in a wireless network, for example, the wireless network 100 or 150. By way of example, the network can utilize some resources 52, which, as described above, include at least one or more of code, time, frequency, and / or space.

[0110] The user equipment 50 can include a wireless interface 54, such as an antenna device having at least one antenna, for communicating in the wireless network. The user equipment can be configured to perform beamforming or similar functions using the wireless interface, but this is not necessary. The user equipment may further include a controller 56 configured to select at least one subset 58 of the resources 52 from some predetermined subsets. The predetermined subset 58 may be known to the user equipment 50 before the start of data exchange. For example, the predetermined subset can be known by exchanging information via a broadcast channel. Alternatively, or in addition to this, such information may be stored in a memory and the controller 56 may be accessible to comply with a communication standard or the like. The predetermined subset 58 may be fixed or variable information.

[0111] An exemplary resource table shows the allocation or association from resources 521 to 526 and their subsets 581 to 587. The number of subsets 581 to 587 is greater than the number of resources 521 to 526, that is, at least one resource 52 is used in a plurality of subsets 58 that render the subsets 58 non-orthogonal. As will be described in more detail below, the pattern of association between the resources 52 and the subsets 58 is implemented according to an Eulerian square pattern.

[0112] Hatched resource 62 from resource 52 i,jrepresents each association, index i represents the subset to which each resource is associated, and index j represents the count of the counter for the number of resources in the associated subset. For example, resource 62 1,1 is the first resource of the first subset, and resource 62 7,2 is the second resource of the seventh subset.

[0113] By using an Eulerian square, a distinct pattern of resources used can be obtained, and the distinct pattern enables multiplexing based on signatures. Thus, the embodiment, after synchronous layer multiplexing, for the fading block FB, q (i.e., across the nc = ns·no resource elements within the block), the received signal matrix Y (q) is For the general form of signal-based multiplexing that can be represented as TIFF0007700822000001.tif17153, λj ∈ {0, 1} is a random binary variable indicating user activity (presence of a layer) within the resource frame, and the ns·no matrix X j (q) represents the signal of user / layer j transmitted across the nc = ns·no resource elements in FB, q (when active / present), and f j (q) is the ns-dimensional signature vector associated with user j within FB, q, describes the mapping of the transmitted signal on the ns subcarriers, and h j (q) is the fading coefficient of user / layer j, and W (q) is the additional noise matrix at the receiver. It is important to note that the assembly of time-frequency slots in a fading block passing through the same channel condition (i.e., the same channel realization) imparts a certain flexibility to the construction of the transmitted codeword due to the symmetry between the frequency and time dimensions within one fading block. This can be used, for example, to trade bandwidth for latency requirements (and vice versa).

[0114] Determining the signal composition, i.e., the pattern used in the resource map, is based on the consideration that the overall capacity of the NOMA transmission method with a sparse signature can at least affect the composition of the signatures related to the individual users (layers) that can be assembled into the matrix TIFF0007700822000002.tif18152, and may be based on the consideration that it can at least affect the composition of the signatures related to the individual users (layers). F (q) Stacks the signature vectors of J users in the q-th FB: F (q) = (f1 (q) … f J (q) ). Embodiments propose a flexible structure based on signatures for NOMA based on the concept of Eulerian squares [9].

[0115] An Eulerian square enables a high or wide spread of the resources used among all the acquired resources. Some of the constraints regarding Eulerian squares are defined as follows.

[0116] An Eulerian square of order n, degree k, and index n,k is a square array of numbers n 2 k - ad (where k - ad indicates a set of k elements) (a ij1 , a ij2 , …, a ijk ), a ijr ∈{0, 1, 2, …, n - 1}, r = 1, 2, …, k, I,j = 1, 2, …, n, n > k, for p≠q, a ipr ≠ a iqr and a pjr ≠ a qjr , and for i≠p and j≠q, (a ijr + 1)(a ijs + 1) ≠ (a pqr + 1)(a pqs + 1).

[0117] An explicit structure of the Eulerian square is known to exist in the following cases [9] 1) Index p,p - 1 (where p is a prime number); 2) Index p when p is a prime numberr , p r-1 3) Index n, k (for different odd numbers p1, p2, …, p l For, n = 2 r p1 r1 p2 r2 … p l rl , k = min{2 r p1 r1 p2 r2 … p l rl}}

[0118] Furthermore, the existence of an Eulerian matrix of index n, k implies the existence of an Eulerian matrix of index n, k’ (k’ < k). Based on these insights, for n ≥ 3, k ≥ 2, the matrix F of size n·k × n 2 is constructed as follows: for 1 ≤ i ≤ n·k, 1 ≤ j ≤ n 2 in the case of TIFF0007700822000003.tif18154 where (a j ) is the j-th k-ad, and (a j ) l is the l-th element within the j-th k-ad, TIFF0007700822000004.tif4465 indicates the largest integer less than or equal to x, and mod indicates the modulo operation. With this configuration, the j-th signature associated with the user (layer) j = 1, 2,..., n 2 (the j-th column of F) is generated as an nk-binary vector from the j-th k-ad (a j ) where 1 exists at the positions of (l - 1)n + ((a l ) j + 1) (l = 1, 2,..., k).

[0119] The matrix F is substantially a block matrix consisting of n × n 2 blocks with exactly k 1s in each column of F. The signature of each user (layer) (the column of F) corresponds to the k-ad (a set of k elements) in the Eulerian matrix of index n; k.

[0120] Therefore, the Euler matrix mapping can be represented as a matrix having a structure F(n,k), where n·k is the resource of the first number and n 2 is the second number of subsets. The matrix F is configured to include k entries indicating the use of resource elements in each row and n entries indicating the use of resource elements in each column. FIG. 16a shows an exemplary Euler matrix for n = 3 and k = 2, resulting in a matrix having 9 columns and 6 lines.

[0121] The parameters n = 3 and k = 2 result in the number of resources n·k = 6 to be allocated and the number of subsets 3 2 = 9. As shown in FIG. 16a, each of the 9 subsets includes 2 associated resource elements 62, that is, 6 resource elements 52 can be used by 9 layers or users. As described in connection with FIG. 15, each user, user device, or application can select a plurality of subsets 58 for communication in order to increase the bandwidth and / or reliability of communication.

[0122] The matrix F can allow for high or maximum spreading that is beneficial for improving the communication of all layers or users across all subsets, because it can reduce or avoid a completely overlapping scenario so that some subsets face high beneficial spreading and other subsets may have spreading that results in a high error rate.

[0123] The resources of the first subset, such as the resources 621,1 and 621,2 of subset 581 and the resources 628,1 and 628,2 of subset 588, may be non-orthogonal to each other based on different signatures of both subsets 581 to 582 in the resource map, but both subsets may be distinguishable.

[0124] The pattern of resources, i.e., the resources used, can be regarded as a kind of code or signature that enables the differentiation of different users. According to an embodiment, the wireless network operates as an OFDM network. The generated code included in subset 58 determines how the user uses their resources. Based on the normal configuration, the number of overlaps between resource subsets is limited, and the number of resource elements used by each user is further limited. Furthermore, the construction rules of the Eulerian matrix mapping enable reorganization and / or constraints for resolving the separation of overlapping users.

[0125] Figure 16b shows a schematic representation of an Eulerian matrix with parameters n = 4 and k = 3, i.e., F(4,3). The matrix results in 4·3 resources that are allocated among 4 2 = 16 subsets, and each subset 581 to 58 16 utilizes 3 resources 52. According to an embodiment, by providing subset 58 such that it includes a common equal value of the resources used, e.g., 2 in Figure 16a or 3 in Figure 16b, different subsets can utilize different numbers of resources.

[0126] As shown in Figure 16c, the generation of different subsets 581 to 58 is shown, which is the same matrix as the Eulerian matrix F(4,3) when compared with Figure 16b. In contrast to Figure 16b, which is interpreted as representing the resource elements used within subsets 58 of equal size for the complete rows, according to Figure 16c, subsets 581 to 58 of different lengths, i.e., different numbers of resources used 28 28can be used. Thus, when comparing the complete columns of matrix F (lines can also be used based on the representation) with FIGS. 16a and 16 representing a subset 58 of resource 52, according to FIG. 16c, in the sections of matrix (n = 1) and (n = 2), only a part of them may be used, and the columns (or lines) may be used to form two or more subsets (n = 1) and / or to define a part of the unused columns (n = 2). Therefore, different concepts for deriving subsets of resources are included within the scope of the embodiments based on the same Eulerian matrix. According to an embodiment, each column (or line) of the Eulerian matrix forms a complete subset. According to an embodiment, at least one column is divided into sections, and each section forms a subset (n = 1). According to an embodiment, each column (or line) of the Eulerian matrix forms an incomplete subset (n = 1 and n = 2), that is, a part of the column is not used by the subset and / or different subsets. FIG. 16c is shown as a hybrid embodiment in which different sections / precoders are implemented to use or derive subsets from the Eulerian matrix differently according to three different construction rules (n = 1; n = 2; n = 3 and n = 4), but according to an embodiment, a single rule may be used, two rules may be used, or three or more rules, such as 4, 5, 6, or more rules, may be used.

[0127] As shown for the first four columns of matrix F(4,3) representing section n = 1, each column is subdivided into three subsets 581, 585 and 589, 582, 586 and 58 10 and so on, and each of subsets 581 to 58 16 contains only one resource element.

[0128] For example, the next four columns representing section n = 2 may be formed into subsets 58 17 to 58 20 each containing two resource elements, and one or more resources 529 to 52 12need not be associated with a subset of section n = 2.

[0129] Columns 9 through 16 belonging to sections n = 3 and n = 4 of matrix F(4,3) each fully belong to one subset 58 21 through 58 28 and may be included in. Subsets 581 through 58 16 58 17 through 58 20 58 21 through 58 24 and 58 25 through 58 28 within each of sections n = 1, n = 2, n = 3, and n = 4 enable orthogonal use within the set of each subset. By definition, subsets of different lengths are also orthogonal to subsets of different lengths (where the number of resources used is different). Thus, the configuration according to FIG. 16c shows the derivation of 28 subsets for providing services to 28 user devices, data streams, or communication streams, and each subset provides a different throughput as indicated by the number of resource elements used.

[0130] In particular, when referring to new radio, each resource element can include the same or different communication capabilities such as the bandwidth or number of symbols transmitted within the resource element. Both matrices F(3,2) and F(4,3) exhibit an equivalent structure as follows. · The number of 1s (allocated resources) in each row of matrix F is n · The number of 1s (allocated resources) in each column of F is k · The overlap between columns of F is 1 or less (i.e., the signature of the user / layer overlaps at most at one position) · The overload rate is β = n / k.

[0131] According to an embodiment, the Euler square mapping is executed or implemented such that n and k follow the descriptions given in relation to the generation of the Euler square. For example, in the case of F(3,2), the rule is applied according to which "p, p-1" is selected for p = 3. For example, in the case of F(4,3), the rule is applied according to which "p 2 , p 2 -1" is selected. According to a further embodiment, different indices may be selected. For example, the option is to select the indices n, k such that n = 2 l for distinct odd primes p1, p2, …, p r p1 r1 p2 r2 … p l rl where k + 1 = min{2 r p1 r1 p2 r2 … p l rl}.

[0132] Referring now to FIGS. 7a and 7b, the flexibility of using an Euler square according to an embodiment described herein is schematically shown. As an example, 24 resources 521 to 52 24 can be used in a network such as network 100 or 150, for example.

[0133] An Euler square can be used to enable overload in a network, i.e., more users, layers, messages, or data streams when compared to the number of resources. According to FIG. 17a, the first matrix F1(4,3) and the second matrix F2(4,3) are used to generate subsets 581 to 58 16 , 58 17 to 58 33 respectively, while resources 521 to 52 12 , 52 13 to 52 24 are each subsets 581 to 58 33Allocate or associate with. Thus, compared with FIG. 16b, twice the number of resources are allocated to twice the number of subsets. This enables obtaining 32 subsets to provide services to 32 users, layers, etc. As described in connection with FIG. 16c, different numbers can be obtained.

[0134] In FIG. 17b, as described in connection with FIG. 16a, four matrices F1(3,2), F2(3,2), F3(3,2), and F4(3,2) are used, and each of matrices F1(3,2) to F4(3,2) results in a subset of the number 9, so the same resources 521 to 52 24 are allocated to or associated with a subset of the number 36.

[0135] Thus, by applying four matrices F1(3,2) to F4(3,2) to resources 521 to 52 24 a subset of the number 36 can be obtained to provide services to 36 users, layers, etc. Thus, compared with FIG. 17a, more subsets can be obtained to provide services to more users by utilizing the same number of resources 52.

[0136] Using Eulerian matrix enables high flexibility. Based on the load and overload in the network respectively, the allocation of resource 52 to subset 58 can be changed, modified, or adapted to enable users to be served and at the same time enable high-quality communication due to higher-order spreading. This enables reliable communication in the network.

[0137] In other words, FIGS. 7a and 7b show two different configurations of a group of 24 resource elements. Both configurations use NOMA, but both configurations have different spreading characteristics (the configuration according to FIG. 17a has a larger spreading width and higher diversity gain, while the configuration according to FIG. 17b supports more users).

[0138] Each of the parts n = 1, n = 2, n = 3 and / or n = 4 may be assigned or associated with different precoder IDs. For example, each precoder may correspond to a beamformer that enables a hybrid configuration in conjunction with spatial precoding. Spatial multiplexing can result in interference between the different multiplexed areas. By using subsets that are orthogonal to other precoders, interference between different spatial regions can be reduced.

[0139] The embodiments described herein refer to Eulerian matrixes of forms F(3,2) and F(4,3), but different forms may be used depending, for example, on the number of shared resources and / or the number of subsets used. The embodiments are described as using a single Eulerian matrix (Figs. 6a, 6b, 6c), two Eulerian matrixes (Fig. 17a), or four Eulerian matrixes (Fig. 17b) for allocating resources to subsets, but according to the embodiments, different numbers, such as 3, 5, or more, may be used.

[0140] The controller may select the number of resources assigned to the subset to be reduced. For example, the resources may need to be assigned to different subsets, used in another way, or made unavailable for some reason.

[0141] This can be obtained, for example, by using different Eulerian matrixes to determine subsets of resource elements, from the Eulerian matrix F(4,3) shown in Fig. 16b to the Eulerian matrix (F3,2) shown in Fig. 16a, or from the schedule of Fig. 17b to the schedule of Fig. 17a. Alternatively, at the same time, the same number of users can aim to be mapped at a smaller number of resources, i.e., n·k' instead of n·k resource elements or resource blocks.

[0142] Providing services to the same number of users using a reduced set of resources can be achieved as shown in Figure 17c, in which the aforementioned knowledge can be utilized. Accordingly, the existence of an Eulerian matrix of index n, k means that there also exists an Eulerian matrix of index n, k’ (k’ < k). Therefore, substantially, whenever the structure F(n,k) exists, the structure F(n,k’)(k’ < k) exists. In Figure 17c, this is shown by the reduction of the Eulerian matrix F(4,3) in Figure 17b to the Eulerian matrix F(4,2), i.e., k = 3 and k’ = 2.

[0143] F(n,k’) can be obtained from F(n,k) by simply deleting k - k’ (3 - 2 = 1) blocks of n (n = 4) rows each, such as the last 4 rows, so that, for example, 8 resources are mapped instead of 12 resources. Any other rows or blocks may be deleted. By reducing the number of rows, it becomes possible to maintain the number of subsets 58 of the reduced resources 52. The base station according to the embodiment can be configured to allocate resources (the first number thereof) to a second number of subsets during a first time instance and allocate a second reduced number of resources to the same number of subsets during a second time instance, and the first instance may be before or after the second instance. By reducing the number of resources, in particular when deleting blocks of rows, the advantages of the concept of the Eulerian matrix, i.e., maintaining the relationships between resource subsets, can be achieved.

[0144] Figure 18 shows a schematic block diagram of a wireless network 180 according to an embodiment. The wireless network 180 includes a base station 85 according to an embodiment, which may conform to base station 44. The base station 85 is configured to operate at least a cell of the wireless network to utilize a first number of resources to provide services to UEs 501 to 509 with which the wireless network communicates. The base station 85 includes a wireless interface 87 for communicating within the wireless network 180. The base station 85 may be, for example, one of the base stations gNB of FIG. 1 and / or one of transceivers 156 and 158. The base station 85 is configured to operate the wireless network 180 to support communication of UEs 501 to 509 using at least one subset 581 to 589 of resources 521 to 526. The number of subsets 58 is larger when compared to the number of resources and is determined based on a mapping of the number of resources 52 to the number of subsets 58 using Eulerian square mapping.

[0145] The base station 85 may be configured to adapt its transmission characteristics dynamically. For example, up to six users, such as user equipment 501 to 506 or different user equipment, can perform standard communication where each of UEs 501 to 506 uses one associated or allocated resource while managing six resource elements 521 to 526 as long as they are present in the wireless network cell.

[0146] In a situation where one, more, or all of additional UEs 507 to 509 become active in the wireless network 180, the base station... 9-Resources 521 to 526 can be split from subsets 581 to 589 so as to provide services to all. For example, if only one of UEs 507, 508, or 509 becomes active in the radio network 180, nine subsets can be generated, while only seven of them are used. Thus, if two more of the three additional UEs 507 to 509 become active, one of subsets 581 to 589 may remain unused. The base station 85 can be configured to monitor the number of communicating UEs served by the base station. The base station 85 can then use orthogonal resources when the number of UEs is below a threshold number, which is, for example, the number of available resources, and a different threshold can be used, for example, when one or more resources are reserved for special purposes. The base station 85 can be further configured to serve UEs such that subsets are used when the number of UEs is at least above the threshold number. That is, when used, the base station 85 may switch from direct communication to non - direct communication.

[0147] Alternatively, or in addition to this, the base station 85 may determine that the number of subsets is probably insufficient while monitoring the number of communicating UEs served by the base station 85. For example, referring to the examples given in relation to FIGS. 7a and 7b, starting from the example of FIG. 17a, the 33rd user can become active in the radio network. The base station can be configured to adapt the number of subsets 58 by considering its count and / or the number of resources included in the subsets as described in relation to FIG. 16c in order to obtain a second version of the second plurality of subsets 58, i.e., a higher order thereof. In other words, the base station 85 can adapt this scheme such that resources are assigned to subsets based on the number of UEs to be served. When the number of UEs decreases, the base station 85 can be configured to reduce the number of subsets while probably increasing the number of resources used in each subset 85.

[0148] The examples provided in this specification refer to the uplink, i.e., the resources used by the UE to transmit those signals, data streams, or messages, but the same or equivalent manner may be used for the purpose of the downlink where the base station uses different resources to communicate with the UE. One or more of UEs 501 to 509 may be configured to receive a signal 88 that includes selection information. For example, the signal 88 may be transmitted from the base station 85 or from another network controller of the core network 102 shown in FIG. 1, for example.

[0149] The signal 88 may be transmitted wirelessly, and the selection information contained therein may indicate a set of allocated resources or its properties such as bandwidth regarding subbands, size, and index. In particular, the set of allocated resources that are subject to overload may itself be a part of the overall resources allocated by the base station. Further, the selection information can indicate the number, structure, or further details of the subset 58. For example, the selection information can indicate a group of subsets 581 to 589 generated by the base station 85, i.e., parts.

[0150] For example, the selection information may indicate a pre-selection indicating that the receiving or addressed UEs 501 to 509 are required to select the subset from the indicated pre-selection. That is, the selection information can indicate the range of the subset used for communication for grant-free access. For example, an identifier of the subset may be transmitted.

[0151] The selection information can reduce the allowable range of subsets until, for example, when the selection information only includes information regarding a single subset, it can indicate the specific subset to be used. This can be called grant-based access scheduled by a controller or a base station. The selection information can indicate, for example, the specific subset assigned to the UE for grant-based access by using its identifier. That is, the selection information can enable the scheduling of subsets.

[0152] Different UEs 501 to 509 can receive different selection information that enables reducing the probability of collision, particularly in a configuration where UEs 501 to 509 are configured to use or utilize one or more subsets 581 to 589 in a grant-free manner. That is, the selection information can be transmitted by a network-based entity such as controller / base-station UE-specific, group-based for a group of UEs, and / or based on the cell ID of a radio network cell.

[0153] Based on the base station transmitting information regarding a specific channel, the UE may be configured to receive selection information indicating an assigned first resource set that indicates the assignment of a specific Euler square matrix (F(n,k)) and / or the range of subsets used for communication via a broadcast control channel such as the physical broadcast channel (PBCH). That is, the controller may transmit signal 88 using such a channel, and other channels may be used. Alternatively, or in addition to this, the UE may be configured to receive selection information indicating a specific subset assigned to the UE via a user-specific channel such as the physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), and other channels may be used.

[0154] Alternatively, the absence of signal 88 can also be understood as selection information for the UEs 501 to 509 to select the required number in a grant-free manner when they recognize the current configuration or setting of subset 58. Although not restricted by receiving selection information using signal 88, the UEs can select the subset without limitation. This does not rule out the possibility that the selection information may include a codebook entry indicating the subset used and / or the type of codebook entry indicating the manner in which the subset is obtained, such as the index of the subset, and the parameters n, k used in matrix F. For example, the selection information may indicate the allocation of a specific Euler square matrix (F(n,k)) applied to a first set of resources, for example, by identifying the resources with a sub-band index. It should be noted that the embodiments described herein are not limited to a specific embodiment of matrix F(n,k). In contrast, various methods for generating Euler square matrices as described herein can be used.

[0155] If the base station 85 changes the manner in which the subset is generated, the UEs can also select different subsets. As a result, the controller 56 is configured to select at least one subset from a first version of a predetermined subset 58 (e.g., F(3,2)) during a first instance of time and from a second version of the predetermined subset (e.g., F(4,3)) during a second instance of time, where the first version and the second version differ in terms of the count of the second number of predetermined subsets and / or the number of resources included in the subset.

[0156] In other words, a specific application scenario is shown in FIG. 18, where multiple users share the same resources by using sparse spreading signatures / codes. In contrast to LDS / SCMA, the mapping of individual users to specific resources can be determined by the F matrix, as described herein in connection with, for example, FIGS. 6a, 6b, 6c, 7a, and / or 7b. Thus, FIG. 18 shows a non-orthogonal multiple access scenario using sparse signatures. All users 50 may be multiplexed over six resources, and the signatures are constructed as described herein. The base station only needs to broadcast the parameters of the F matrix (n = 3 and k = 2) to the users. Along with the individual IDs, each user can obtain the corresponding row of the F matrix and generate its own spreading sequence.

[0157] A method for operating a UE according to an embodiment includes communicating in a wireless network and selecting at least one subset from a second number of predetermined subsets of a first number of resources for communicating in the wireless network. The second number is greater than the first number. The second number of predetermined subsets is based on a mapping of the first number of resources to the second number of subsets using an Eulerian square mapping.

[0158] A method for operating a base station according to an embodiment includes communicating with the base station in a wireless network. The method includes operating the wireless network to support communication of a UE by using at least one subset from a second number of predetermined subsets of a first number of resources. The second number is greater than the first number, and the second number of predetermined subsets is based on a mapping of the first number of resources to the second number of subsets using an Eulerian square mapping.

[0159] A further embodiment refers to a computer program product that includes instructions that, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to execute one of the embodiments described herein.

[0160] The structure in which resource elements are assigned to subsets may be determined by a central controller of the network, such as a base station, and the base station may use a static or variable method. The system (base station) can determine or define which sequences / subsets are permitted, for example, by defining one or more specific matrices used to derive the subsets, which may include securing or blocking some subsets for special purposes such as a prioritized service. Thereby, the structure of one or more F matrices can be defined. These F matrices form the rules or regulations that permit a user (layer) to access the underlying resource grid, resources, or resource blocks respectively. Some of these resources can be generated and / or used orthogonally as described in relation to FIGS. 16c and 19a and 19b.

[0161] A further aspect of the embodiments described herein is to assign or associate different subsets to different precoders, as described in relation to FIG. 16c. For example, a specific number, such as 4 in FIG. 6c, or a number greater than 1, 2, 3, or 5 which may be different in other embodiments, is associated with, for example, the number of 4 precoders, or a number greater than 1, 2, 3, or 5 which may be different in other embodiments. The number of precoders and the number of subsets may correspond to each other, but may also be different. Among one precoder, the subsets as shown in FIG. 16c are orthogonal to each other, thereby enabling orthogonal communication, but the overall subsets may be non-orthogonal.

[0162] FIG. 19a shows a schematic diagram of a scenario in which, for example, six resources operated by a base station are mapped using Euler square mapping. FIG. 19b shows a schematic diagram of the same scenario. According to FIG. 19a, direct communication is used, and according to FIG. 19b, non-direct communication is also possible. For both the direct communication according to FIG. 19a and the non-direct communication according to FIG. 9b, Euler square mapping according to an embodiment can be used. During an exemplary first time instance [t1; t2], a 3-user scenario is served by the first three subsets of a matrix F(3,2) that are linearly independent of each other, and thus direct communication can be enabled. At a different time instance [t3; t4] that can be before or after the first time instance, by splitting subsets 581 to 583 of the first time instance into subsets 581 to 586, a maximum of 6 user numbers can be supported, and each subset contains one single resource element indicated by a single "1" within each subset 58.

[0163] During different time instances [t5; t6] that can be before or after the first and / or second time instances, for example, 9 users are active in the network. It may be difficult or impossible to provide 6 resource elements to 9 users simultaneously by providing them orthogonally without modifying the resource elements.

[0164] Referring now to FIG. 19b, during the second time instance, three additional subsets can be activated to serve three additional users. Although marked as inactive during the first time instance, each user can use two or more subsets without limitation.

[0165] During the third time instance, all nine subsets 581 to 589 can be used by 9 users. In other words, the embodiment describes a structured code design for NOMA that has several attractive features that are particularly useful for practical implementations such as the following.

[0166] · It describes a code configuration that results in a regular layer / user resource mapping based on an Eulerian square, where each layer occupies a fixed number of resources and each resource is used by a fixed number of layers. The construction is flexible in the sense that it can explicitly account for a wide range of system parameters, namely the number of users / layers, the number of resource elements, the number of resources occupied by each layer, the number of layers sharing the same resource, and the overload factor.

[0167] · This configuration enables flexible trade - offs of QoS requirements such as latency, reliability, and spectral efficiency, making it suitable for both unscheduled transmissions targeted at mMTC scenarios and scheduled transmissions targeted at eMBB and URLLC scenarios. · A sparse regular configuration provides a small - density signature that supports decoding algorithms with low computational complexity. · Since the generation of the code signature only requires the storage of cyclic permutations, significant memory savings are achieved (presented in more detail in the following explanation). · The construction can be combined with other code - domain NOMAs that have both sparse spreading (such as SCMA and LDS) and dense spreading.

[0168] · This structure naturally incorporates user transmissions with random activation and is also suitable for use as a grant - free scheme for non - orthogonal random access.

[0169] Compared with known concepts, the embodiments facilitate the application of NOMA in wireless communication networks by demonstrating an effective method / concept for constructing and distributing resource allocation patterns (sequences / structured codes). In other words, FIGS. 9a and 9b show exemplary resource allocations and corresponding network configurations.

[0170] The present invention facilitates the application of NOMA in a wireless communication network by providing an effective method for constructing and distributing (sparse) resource allocation patterns (sequences / structured codes). The central idea is that resource allocation can be constructed based on specific rules, and only a set of parameters needs to be signaled among different nodes in the network. In contrast, LDS / SCMA-based schemes also use sparse spreading but utilize a pre-defined "codebook" (i.e., a set of pre-defined sequences common to all nodes in the network). When two nodes desire to communicate, both nodes (transmitter and receiver) need to share the index of the specific sequence to be used. Due to the limited dimension (size) of the codebook and its pre-defined structure, it is not possible to adaptively switch different configurations (e.g., overload factor).

[0171] An example of an SCMA network uses a codebook that enables 6 users to share the same 4 resources simultaneously (resulting in an overload factor of 6 / 4 → 1.5). There are 6 users in the network, each having a unique sequence ID (i.e., a codebook entry). Here, the number of users increases, i.e., 2 more users join the network, but no additional resources are available. Therefore, a new codebook enabling an overload of, for example, 8 / 4 → 2) is required, and this new codebook needs to be shared among all users (including the other 6 users). This results in signaling overhead. The present invention is a method for constructing sequences that can be extended due to the regular structure of the structure, rather than sharing codebook entries, and provides a framework that can construct these sequences more flexibly.

[0172] Embodiments provide a structured and flexible code design for NOMA that supports a large number of combinations of system parameters based on normal layer / user resource mapping. In particular, the following system model can be considered in relation to resource elements. As shown in FIG. 20, which shows an exemplary diagram for explaining the concept of resources according to an embodiment, a general form of a resource grid can be assumed in which resource elements (i.e., channel users) are spread in time (OFDM symbol), frequency (sub-carrier), and space (antenna, different beams respectively).

[0173] A general form of a resource grid can be assumed in which resource elements (i.e., channel usage) are spread in time, frequency, and space (see FIG. 20). The resource elements are grouped into fading blocks of length nc (coherence length), and it is assumed that they experience approximately the same (or similar) wireless channel conditions (i.e., realizations) over them. In the case of a frequency-flat narrowband channel, nc is the number of channel usages (coherence time) within the time during which the channel remains constant. For a frequency-selective channel, under the assumption that orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is used, nc is the number of sub-carriers (coherence bandwidth) for which the channel remains constant. More generally, nc can be interpreted as the number of time-frequency slots during which the channel does not change. The fading blocks are further divided into resource blocks (RBs), for example, like an OFDM-based system, and the RBs do not consist of OFDM symbols but each spans ns consecutive sub-carriers.

[0174] Thus, FIG. 20 shows an orthogonal resource frame including fading blocks (FBs), each FB including nc = ns resource elements (REs) without. As described above, based on the possible flexible granulation of the wireless network, the term resource element as related to the embodiments described herein can be flexible. According to an embodiment, the fading block is equal to resource element 52. In an exemplary scenario, the layers share resource elements across a set of orthogonal resource blocks Q (resource frame) in a non-orthogonal manner. Thereby, each RB is a subset of the FB, i.e., all resource elements within one RB experience (approximately) the same channel condition, which is generally assumed to be different across different RBs. Further, it can be assumed that the layer can be a user in the uplink of the communication channel or a multiplexed signal in the downlink. Generally, individual users are enabled to multiplex signals with the same resource elements, i.e., use several layers simultaneously. In this context, different antenna dimensions may additionally be regarded as resources (space). For example, a resource frame consisting of n FB orthogonal fading blocks (FBs), as in an OFDM-based system, is dedicated to the multiplexing procedure, i.e., shared among the layers. The layer can be a user in the uplink of the communication channel or a multiplexed signal in the downlink. Generally, individual users can be enabled to multiplex signals with the same resource elements, i.e., use several layers simultaneously.

[0175] In the context of the time-frequency grid shown in FIG. 20, the transmission signals of individual users (layers) can be encoded for non-orthogonal transmission in the following manner.

[0176] If active, user (layer) j divides the transmission signal vector xj into Q sub-vectors, and the q-th sub-vector x j qis mapped to the resources of FBq. Without loss of generality, it can be assumed that the length of the block is equal to length nc (the size of the fading block). Due to the time - frequency symmetry within the fading block, different rearrangements are possible. As a special case, the structure where each active user (layer) transmits on exactly one sub - carrier within each FB may be highlighted. In that case, the received signal matrix Y (q) is Y (q) = F (q) diag(λ)diag(h (q) )X (q) + W (q) (q = 1,…, Q) is read as, and in this particular case, the j - th row of X (q) is the sub - vector x j q transmitted without a time slot (e.g., an OFDM symbol). The construction from the Eulerian square of indices n,k as described is particularly appropriate, with parameters Q = k, and ns = n and J = n2. For the matrices of the examples shown in FIGS. 16a and 16b, this means that J = 9 users (layers) are multiplexed over a fading block with Q = 2, the fading block extends over ns = 3 sub - carriers and not over time slots. Alternatively, the embodiment can be implemented to define ns as being divided into three blocks of adjacent sub - carriers.

[0177] As described above, the proposed method enables the network to allocate individual UEs to access specific resources in a coordinated manner. An example of how the network can change its configuration is shown below. Assume a wireless communication system where multiple users share wireless resources (time, frequency, space). In an OFDMA-based system, the available resources are divided into (orthogonal) RBs (resource blocks), and each RB contains several resource elements. In an LTE-based system, the number of supported users is limited by the number of the smallest schedulable resource instances (in LTE, this corresponds to an RB). If the number of users increases (exceeds the number of available orthogonal resources), the network / base station can "switch" to non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) to enable more users. NOMA transmission can utilize sparse spreading sequences to transmit data, such as LDS / SCMA. Generally, the group resources shared by the same users can be considered as a group or a block. Examples are shown in FIGS. 19a and 19b, where a group of six resources is shared by 3 / 6 / 9 users with different MA strategies.

[0178] Generally, the overall performance of NOMA, especially signature-domain NOMA, should be addressed in conjunction with appropriate forward error correction (FEC) coding (channel coding) and interleaving. Signature-based multiplexing can be treated as independent of a specific FEC scheme. However, there are some system design issues arising from the system / channel model to be addressed when implementing signature-domain multiplexing in conjunction with FEC. In particular, it is necessary to address two important system design parameters.

[0179] · The number of diversity branches L over which the transmission signal is spread: In single - antenna transmission, this is basically the number of fading blocks L = Q. The assumption here is that different resource blocks experience more or less independent channel conditions. In multiple - antenna setups using sufficiently spaced antennas, this is the product of the number of resource blocks Q and the number of transmit antennas n t and is L = Qn t ;

[0180] · The length of channel coherence nc: This is the number of resource elements over which the channel remains (nearly) the same. When resource elements are grouped into resource blocks (as in this example), the size of the resource block does not exceed the coherence length n RE = ns·nc.

[0181] Depending on system design parameters, the target communication requirements regarding the number of users accommodated on shared resources, respective transmission rates, reliability (block error rate), and latency requirements, there are various ways to combine signature domain NOMA with FEC. For example, one way to utilize diversity is to use iterative forms across available diversity branches, such as in some low-density signature (LDS)-based NOMA schemes. Another (somewhat different in spirit) is a structure based on high-dimensional constellations, such as in SCMA, based on the signal space diversity concept. However, the question is whether similar advantages can be obtained by simply transmitting different parts of the coded block via different diversity branches. In practice, this means that the information bits are coded and interleaved, and then the first chunk of the coded block is transmitted on the first diversity branch (resource block), the second chunk is transmitted on the second diversity branch, and so on. For a specific mobility scenario and a fixed code length, the capabilities of each approach depend critically on the number of diversity branches. Additionally, when targeting (sporadic) short packet transmissions, i.e., large access scenarios with a fixed short code length, the number of diversity branches is traded off against the number of symbols transmitted in the same fading block for optimal performance. The reason is that when keeping the code length fixed, adopting more diversity branches leaves fewer resource elements that have passed through the same channel conditions for data transmission (including channel estimation), effectively degrading the performance.

[0182] When implementing the receiver configuration, the matrix F that maps the transmitted signal to the shared resource elements gives rise to a bipartite graph, where the resource node i and the layer node j are (F) i,jIt is connected only when = 1. Joint decoding based on MPA. A sparse regular configuration gives a matrix with a small density that supports a decoding algorithm with computational complexity. Due to the general nature of the embodiments described herein, the embodiments can be configured into a plurality of different NOMA schemes by appropriately selecting each parameter for generating matrix F. For example, since generating an Eulerian square of index p; p - 1 may only store two cyclic permutations of length p and p - 1 respectively, storage requirements may be significantly saved. For the case of Eulerian squares each having an index, and for the case of Eulerian squares of index p r ; p r - 1 (where p is a non-prime number), up to p 2 / 2 permutations are sufficient to store. The embodiments provide a number of advantages and / or benefits including the following. · Promising multiple access and random access technologies for 5G standards; · Method for improving the throughput of a wireless network and enabling operation in UL, DL, D2D, or M2M; · Transmission; · Method for transmitting short packets with small overhead; · Method for accommodating a large number of system devices; · Method for reducing latency in a random access scenario; · Method for providing non-coherent data transmission (i.e., without knowledge of the instantaneous transmit / receive channel); · Implementation of a low-complexity receiver based on message passing; · EXIT chart-based evaluation method. The advantages obtained from this disclosure may be important due to the large number of base stations and terminals in the network.

[0183] The embodiments can be used in any type of wireless network application, such as current and future network specifications where signals are multiplexed on shared resources. Thus, the embodiments generally refer to signature domain multiple access.

[0184] The embodiments described herein enable a flexible and scalable structuring of signatures that users follow when diffusing information. As described in connection with FIGS. 6a, 6b, 6c, 7a, and 7b, the same sequence and the same scheme for generating the same sequence can be used in different situations, as the embodiments described herein refer to signature design as well as flexibility.

[0185] Although some aspects of the concepts described have been described in the context of apparatus, it will be apparent that these aspects also represent corresponding method descriptions, and that blocks or devices correspond to method steps or features of method steps. Similarly, aspects described in the context of method steps also represent corresponding descriptions of corresponding blocks or items or functions of the corresponding apparatus.

[0186] Various elements and features of the present invention can be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software, through the execution of instructions by one or more general-purpose or special-purpose processors, using analog and / or digital circuits. For example, embodiments of the present invention can be implemented in the environment of a computer system or another processing system. FIG. 21 shows an example of a computer system 350. Units or modules, as well as the steps of the methods executed by these units, can be executed on one or more computer systems 350. The computer system 350 includes one or more processors 352, such as a special-purpose or general-purpose digital signal processor. The processor 352 is connected to a communication infrastructure 354, such as a bus or a network. The computer system 350 includes a main memory 356, such as random access memory (RAM), and a secondary memory 358, such as a hard disk drive and / or a removable storage drive. The secondary memory 358 can enable the loading of a computer program or other instructions into the computer system 350. The computer system 350 can further include a communication interface 360 to enable the transfer of software and data between the computer system 350 and external devices. The communication can be from electronic, electromagnetic, optical, or other signals that can be processed by the communication interface. The communication can use wires or cables, fiber optics, telephone lines, cellular phone links, RF links, and other communication channels 362.

[0187] Although some aspects have been described in the context of an apparatus, it is clear that these aspects also represent the description of the corresponding method, and a block or device corresponds to a method step or a feature of a method step. Similarly, aspects described in the context of a method step also represent the description of the corresponding block or item or function of the corresponding apparatus.

[0188] Depending on specific implementation requirements, embodiments of the present invention can be implemented in hardware or software. The implementation can be carried out using digital storage media such as floppy disks, DVDs, CDs, ROMs, PROMs, EPROMs, EEPROMs, flash memories, etc., in which electronically readable control signals are stored and which cooperate (or can cooperate) with a programmable computer system so that each method is executed.

[0189] Some embodiments according to the present invention include a data carrier having an electronically readable control signal that can cooperate with a programmable computer system so that one of the methods described herein is executed.

[0190] Generally, embodiments of the present invention can be implemented as a computer program product with program code, and the program code operates to execute one of the methods when the computer program product is executed on a computer. The program code may be stored, for example, in a machine-readable carrier. Other embodiments include a computer program stored in a machine-readable carrier for executing one of the methods described herein.

[0191] In other words, an embodiment of the method of the present invention is thus a computer program having program code for executing one of the methods described herein when the computer program is executed on a computer.

[0192] Therefore, a further embodiment of the method of the present invention is a data carrier (or digital storage medium, or computer-readable medium) including a computer program for executing one of the methods described herein to be recorded.

[0193] Accordingly, a further embodiment of the method of the present invention is a data stream or a series of signals representing a computer program for performing one of the methods described herein. The data stream or series of signals may be configured to be transferred via a data communication connection such as, for example, the Internet.

[0194] A further embodiment includes processing means, such as a computer or a programmable logic device, configured or adapted to perform one of the methods described herein. A further embodiment includes a computer having installed thereon a computer program for performing one of the methods described herein.

[0195] In some embodiments, a programmable logic device (e.g., a field programmable gate array) can be used to perform some or all of the functions of the methods described herein. In some embodiments, the field programmable gate array can cooperate with a microprocessor to perform one of the methods described herein. Generally, the method is preferably performed by any hardware device.

[0196] The above embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles of the present invention. It is understood that modifications and variations of the arrangements and details described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended to be limited only by the scope of the nearest patent claims, rather than by the specific details presented as descriptions and explanations of the embodiments herein.

[0197] References [1] 3GPP TS38.214, 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; NR; Physical layer procedures for data (Release 15); V15.2.0

[0198] [2] 3GPP TS38.331, 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; NR; Radio resource control (Release 15); V15.4.0

[0199] [3] R. Hoshyar, F. P. Wathan, and R. Tafazolli, “Novel low-density signature for synchronous cdma systems over awgn channel,” IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1616-1626, April 2008.

[0200] [4] H. Nikopour and H. Baligh, “Sparse code multiple access,” in 2013 IEEE 24th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), Sept 2013, pp. 332-336.

[0201] [5] M. Taherzadeh, H. Nikopour, A. Bayesteh, and H. Baligh, “Scma codebook design,” in 2014 IEEE 80th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2014-Fall), Sept 2014, pp. 1-5.

[0202] [6] M. Yoshida and T. Tanaka, “Analysis of sparsely-spread cdma via statistical mechanics,” in 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, July 2006, pp. 2378-2382.

[0203] [7] S. Verdu and S. Shamai, “Spectral efficiency of cdma with random spreading,” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 622-640, Mar 1999.

[0204] [8] O. Shental, B. M. Zaidel, and S. S. Shitz, “Low-density code-domain noma: Better be regular,” in 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT), June 2017, pp. 2628-2632.

[0205] [9] H. F. MacNeish, “Euler squares,” Annals of Mathematics, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 221-227, 1922. [Online]. Available: http: / / www.jstor.org / stable / 1967920

Claims

1. A device for communicating in a wireless communication network by transmitting a wireless signal on a random access channel of the wireless communication network to transmit transmission information, comprising: a wireless interface configured to transmit the wireless signal; a control unit configured to provide the wireless signal to include a random access preamble; wherein the wireless signal is a first wireless signal, and the device is configured to transmit a second wireless signal after the first wireless signal for contention resolution; the device is configured to transmit one of the first wireless signal and the second wireless signal synchronized with a base station, and to transmit the other wireless signal not synchronized with the base station or at an individual timing in the base station; or the device is configured to transmit the first wireless signal and the second wireless signal not synchronized with the base station or at an individual timing in the base station. Device.

2. The transmission information is - an identifier of the device, - arrival of a message, - pre-configuration of the network, - device class, - service class of the message, - priority class of the message, - reliability class of the message, - latency class of the message, - message type, - content of the message, - device priority, - service policy, and - a measurement value of channel occupancy / quality, The device according to claim 1, based on at least one of.

3. The device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the control unit is configured to receive quality of service (QoS) information of a service related to the transmission information from an application of the device and select the random access preamble based on the QoS information.

4. The transmission information is related to data collected or received by the device. The device according to any one of claims 1 to 3.

5. The device according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the control unit is configured to receive information indicating a pre-configured message transmitted by the wireless interface and select the random access preamble to at least partially represent the pre-configured message.

6. The control unit is configured to select the random access preamble from a set of random access preambles having at least one random access preamble, based on the transmission information, and the set of random access preambles is a dedicated subset of the random access preambles of the wireless communication network, the device according to any one of claims 1 to 5.

7. The subset is one of a plurality of distinct subsets, each subset comprises at least one random access preamble, each subset is associated with a subset identifier indicating first information, and the random access preamble of the subset is associated with second information, the device according to claim 6.

8. The plurality of distinct subsets comprise preambles orthogonal among the plurality of distinct subsets, the device according to claim 7.

9. The first information is information indicating an identifier of the device, information indicating a device class of the device, and information indicating a service class of the transmission information related to at least one of, The second information is information indicating the transmission information, information indicating a service class of the transmission information, and information indicating a reliability measure of the device / observation related to at least one of, the device according to claim 7 or 8.

10. The wireless signal is a first wireless signal related to the transmission information, the random access preamble is a first random access preamble related to the transmission information, the device is configured to transmit a second wireless signal unrelated to the transmission information, and the device is configured to transmit a second random access preamble to secure resources of the wireless communication network for subsequently transmitting the second wireless signal, the device according to any one of claims 1 to 9.

11. The device is configured to use resources of a set of predetermined resources dedicated to transmitting the wireless signal for transmitting a transmission information-related wireless signal, the device according to any one of claims 1 to 10.

12. The control unit is configured to select the first random access preamble from a first set of random access preambles and to select the second random access preamble from a second distinct set of random access preambles, the device according to claim 10.

13. The wireless signal is a first wireless signal, and the device is configured to transmit a second wireless signal including further information related to the transmission information after transmitting the first wireless signal, the device according to any one of claims 1 to 12.

14. The device is configured to use a predetermined resource of the wireless communication network to transmit the second wireless signal, the device according to claim 13.

15. The predetermined resource is dedicated to the device within the wireless communication network or the control unit is configured to select the predetermined resource from a pool of predetermined resources, the device according to claim 14.

16. The device is configured to transmit a contention resolution signal after transmitting the first wireless signal and before transmitting the second wireless signal, the device according to any one of claims 13 to 15.

17. The device is configured to receive scheduling information indicating a scheduled resource of the wireless communication network and to use the scheduled resource to transmit the second wireless signal, the device according to claim 16.

18. The device is configured to transmit the random access preamble as a first random access preamble to indicate a message class of the wireless signal or a group of devices to which the device belongs and to seamlessly transmit a second random access preamble for contention resolution, the device according to any one of claims 1 to 17.

19. The device is configured to transmit the first wireless signal and the second wireless signal at individual timings at the base station, and the individual timings for the first wireless signal and the second wireless signal are the same or different, the device according to claim 1.

20. The device according to claim 1, wherein the device is configured to select or pre-configure a value of the time of the individual timing based on the transmission information.

21. The device according to any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein the device is a narrowband mono Internet device configured to transmit the radio signal on a narrowband physical random access channel.

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