Contact system and method for operating a contact system

Abstract

The contactor system includes a plurality of contactor panels. Each contactor panel includes a frame member and a membrane array adapted to be received within the frame member. The membrane array defines a first end portion, a second end portion, and a plurality of hollow fibers. The contactor system also includes a first manifold in selective fluid communication with the first end portion of the membrane array of each contactor panel. The contactor system further includes a second manifold in direct fluid communication with the second end portion of the membrane array of each contactor panel. The contactor system includes a controller configured to provide selective fluid communication between the first manifold and the first end portion of the membrane array of each contactor panel.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present disclosure relates to a contactor system. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to a contactor system and a method of operating the contactor system.

Background Art

[0002] Contactors are typically used to process fluids in order to change the mass content and / or heat content of the fluids. Thus, contactors can be used in evaporative cooling systems, heating systems, humidifying systems, dehumidifying systems, and the like. Contactors can be used to bring two immiscible fluid phases (gas / gas, liquid / liquid, gas / liquid, etc.) into contact with each other to cause mass transfer and / or heat transfer from one fluid to another.

[0003] Such contactors typically include a contactor medium installed within a frame member. Conventional contactors include either a wet cellulose medium or a membrane array as described in U.S. Patent No. 9,541,302 (hereinafter referred to as the '302 patent). The '302 patent describes the use of a flat panel contactor having a plurality of hollow fibers that perform the function of separating and / or transferring from one fluid to another. Further, wet cellulose media are generally fragile and difficult to clean / maintain. Further, wet cellulose media are susceptible to fouling by bacteria and / or scaling is also likely to occur. Further, minerals dissolved in the fluid flowing through the wet cellulose medium can cause degradation of the wet cellulose medium if the wet cellulose medium is not in a certain dry state or a certain wet state.

[0004] In large-scale applications, due to space constraints and / or maintenance or replacement issues, the use of a single large contactor may not be feasible. Therefore, in order to meet the requirements of large-scale applications, a single large contactor can be replaced with a plurality of contactors. Furthermore, some applications may require the installation of contactors in a compact space. In such applications, in order to achieve the desired contactor efficiency, it may be necessary to arrange the contactors in a complex configuration based on the available space. Particularly for applications involving a complex configuration of contactors, operating with a plurality of contactors may involve a longer period in terms of mass transfer and / or heat transfer, efficiency constraints, and other implementation issues. Therefore, it is desirable to configure the contactors in a manner that provides improved efficiency and may involve a simpler configuration of the contactors.

[0005] Furthermore, in some applications, one or more characteristics of the fluid released by the contactor, such as temperature or humidity, may need to be controlled based on the application requirements. However, such control strategies may not be effective for wet cellulose-based contactor media because it may be difficult to control variables such as the flow rate of the working fluid to control temperature or humidity. Additionally, in some applications, such wet cellulose-based contactor media may require a large amount of working fluid such as water for operating purposes, which can increase the use of the working fluid.

[0006] Furthermore, in large-scale applications such as those related to the cooling of electronic components, the presence of local hot spots characterized by high temperatures can impair thermal management control. Such hot spots can result in non-uniform temperature / humidity within the room / area. Additionally, the lack of cold air in the hot spots can cause recirculation of warm air, thereby potentially increasing the temperature of the hot spots. In such applications, it may be necessary to lower the temperature of a fluid such as the air discharged by the contactor to promote efficient and uniform cooling. Therefore, there is a need for an economical and improved solution for controlling the contactor and increasing the coefficient of performance of such a contactor. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] Some embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a contactor system. The contactor system includes a plurality of contactor panels. Each contactor panel includes a frame member. Further, each contactor panel includes a membrane array adapted to be received within the frame member. The membrane array defines a first end portion and a second end portion. The membrane array includes a plurality of hollow fibers. The contactor system also includes a first manifold selectively in fluid communication with the first end portion of the membrane array of each contactor panel, the first manifold being adapted to direct a first fluid towards the membrane array of each contactor panel. The contactor system further includes a second manifold in direct fluid communication with the second end portion of the membrane array of each contactor panel, the second manifold being adapted to receive the first fluid from the membrane array of each contactor panel. The contactor system includes a controller configured to provide selective fluid communication between the first manifold and the first end portion of the membrane array of each contactor panel.

[0008] Some embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a contactor system. The contactor system includes a plurality of contactor panels. Each contactor panel includes a frame member. Each contactor panel also includes a membrane array adapted to be received within the frame member. The membrane array defines a first end portion and a second end portion. The membrane array includes a plurality of hollow fibers. Each contactor panel further includes a valve assembly in fluid communication with the first end portion of the membrane array. The contactor system also includes a first manifold selectively in fluid communication with the first end portion of the membrane array of each contactor panel, the first manifold being adapted to direct a first fluid towards the membrane array of each contactor panel based on the operation of the valve assembly. The contactor system further includes a second manifold in direct fluid communication with the second end portion of the membrane array of each contactor panel, the second manifold being adapted to receive the first fluid from the membrane array of each contactor panel. The contactor system includes a controller communicatively coupled to the valve assembly of each contactor panel. The controller is configured to selectively control the valve assembly of at least one contactor panel to provide selective fluid communication between the first manifold and the first end portion of the membrane array of at least one contactor panel.

[0009] Some embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a method of operating a contactor system. The method includes introducing a first fluid into a first manifold of the contactor system. The contactor system further includes a second manifold, a plurality of contactor panels, and a controller, and each contactor panel includes a membrane array and a valve assembly. The method also includes controlling, by the controller, a valve assembly associated with at least one contactor panel to provide selective fluid communication between the first manifold and the membrane array of the at least one contactor panel. The method further includes introducing the first fluid into the membrane array of the at least one contactor panel based on the control of the valve assembly associated with the at least one contactor panel. The method includes controlling at least one characteristic of a second fluid flowing over the membrane array of the at least one contactor panel based on at least one of mass transfer and heat transfer between the first fluid flowing through the membrane array of the at least one contactor panel and the second fluid flowing over the membrane array of the at least one contactor panel.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0010] Like reference numerals in the figures indicate like elements. To facilitate recognition of the discussion of any particular element or action, the leading digit (s) of a reference number may refer to the figure number in which that element is first shown.

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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0011] In the following description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof and in which various embodiments are shown by way of illustration. It should be understood that other embodiments may be envisioned and practiced without departing from the scope or spirit of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the following detailed description of the invention is not to be construed in a limiting sense.

[0012] In the context of the present disclosure, the terms "first" and "second" are used as identifiers. Accordingly, such terms should not be construed as limiting the present disclosure. When used in conjunction with a feature or element, the terms "first" and "second" may be interchanged throughout the embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0013] The present disclosure generally relates to a contactor system and a method of operating such a contactor system. In various embodiments, the contactor system may include combinations of different contactor assemblies. Such contactor assemblies may include one or more contactor panels used for mass transfer and / or heat transfer in an air handling, ventilation, or duct system. The contactor panel includes a membrane array having a number of hollow fibers. A first fluid flows through the hollow fibers while a second fluid contacts the outer surface of the hollow fibers. Further, the present disclosure describes a contactor system having a plurality of contactor panels that can be individually controlled to change one or more properties such as the temperature and / or humidity of the second fluid. The controller can be used to change the properties of the second fluid based on the presence of potential hot spots in a room such as a data center, a target temperature, a target humidity, and / or a temperature uniformity metric.

[0014] Furthermore, such a contactor system may include one or more contactor panel arrays. Each contactor panel array includes an inlet manifold and an outlet manifold associated with the inlet manifold. Further, the contactor system can be used to cool electronic components such as servers installed in a room. Thus, one or more contactor panels can be installed on the floor, in a passageway, or on the wall of a room, and it is necessary to direct the air processed towards the contactor panel. Further, various embodiments of the contactor system described in the present disclosure may be associated with air ducts, ventilation ducts, returns (return air grilles), vents, diffusers, filter housings, air handling equipment. The air handling equipment may include heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration (HVACR or HVAC&R) equipment, heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration (HACR) equipment, forced ventilation equipment, energy recovery ventilation (ERV) equipment, air conditioning (AC) equipment, refrigeration equipment, air handlers, and the like.

[0015] FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a first contactor system 100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The first contactor system 100 may include at least one of an evaporative cooling system, a dehumidification system, and combinations thereof. As shown herein, the first contactor system 100 is a combination of a dehumidification system 102 and an evaporative cooling system 104. In the illustrated embodiment, the dehumidification system 102 is embodied as a closed-loop system having a first contactor panel 112. Further, the operation of the dehumidification system 102 is independent of the orientation of the first contactor panel 112 because the first fluid flowing through the first contactor panel 112 does not drip due to gravity. More specifically, the dehumidification system 102 includes components that direct the first fluid towards the contactor panel 112, and it may not be necessary to place the storage container / dispenser at a high location. The first contactor system 100 includes a first tank 106. The first tank 106 is embodied as a storage container or vessel for holding the first fluid therein. In some examples, the first fluid may be precooled or preheated based on the use of the dehumidification system 102. Accordingly, the first tank 106 may be in fluid communication with a cooling module (similar to the cooling module 640 described later in this section) or a heating module (not shown) to precool or preheat the first fluid. In one example, the first fluid is at least one of a liquid and a gas. Further, the first fluid may include a liquid, a gas, a sweep gas, air, forced air, a vacuum, or combinations thereof. The liquid may include, for example, a cryogenic and / or absorbent liquid, a salt solution, a high temperature and / or humidifying liquid, or a liquid desiccant. The type of the first fluid may vary based on the use of the first contactor system 100. In the illustrated example, the first fluid is a liquid desiccant. In another example, the first fluid may be hot, humid air.

[0016] The first contactor system 100 also includes a first pump 108. The first pump 108 is disposed within a first fluid conduit 110 that provides fluid communication between the first tank 106 and the first contactor panel 112. The first pump 108 pressurizes the first fluid and introduces the pressurized first fluid into the first contactor panel 112. In some examples, the first pump 108 can be designed to pressurize the first fluid to a pressure of 5 pounds per square inch or less. The first pump 108 can further enable a change in the flow rate of the first fluid directed toward the first contactor panel 112. The flow rate of the first fluid may vary based on the size or use of the contactor system 100. In some examples, the flow rate may be approximately equal to 0.5 gallons per minute (GPM) to 1 GPM. In other examples, the first fluid can flow at a higher flow rate based on the type of application. In other embodiments, the dehumidification system 102 can be designed such that, without limiting the scope of the present disclosure, the first fluid drips through the first contactor panel 112 by gravity.

[0017] Furthermore, the first contactor system 100 includes a first blower unit 114 associated with the first contactor system 100. The first blower unit 114 directs a second fluid towards the first contactor panel 112. The first blower unit 114 may be capable of pushing or pulling the second fluid through the first contactor panel 112. In one example, the second fluid is at least one of a liquid and a gas. The second fluid may include a liquid, a gas, a scavenging gas, air, forced air, a vacuum, or a combination thereof. The liquid may include, for example, a cryogenic and / or absorbent liquid, a salt solution, a hot and / or humidifying liquid, or a liquid desiccant. The type of the second fluid may vary based on the use of the first contactor system 100. Further, in the illustrated example, the second fluid is hot, humid air. In another example, the second fluid may be a liquid desiccant. In some examples, a filter 406 (shown in FIG. 4) is disposed upstream of the first contactor panel 112 to enable filtration of the second fluid before the second fluid contacts the membrane array 132 of the first contactor panel 112.

[0018] Referring to FIG. 2A, the first contactor panel 112 includes a frame member 116. The frame member 116 can be square or rectangular in shape. The frame member 116 defines a first side panel 118 and a second side panel 120. The frame member 116 of the first contactor panel 112 defines a first headspace 122 that is in fluid communication with the first tank 106 (see FIG. 2) via the first fluid conduit 110 (see FIG. 1). The first headspace 122 defines a first port 124 that protrudes outwardly from the first headspace 122. The first tank 106 is in fluid communication with the first headspace 122 via the first port 124. Further, the first headspace 122 is generally rectangular parallelepiped in shape. The frame member 116 also defines a second headspace 126 that is in fluid communication with the first tank 106 via the second fluid conduit 128 (shown in FIG. 1). The second headspace 126 defines a second port 130 that protrudes outwardly from the second headspace 126. The first tank 106 is in fluid communication with the second headspace 126 via the second port 130. Further, the second headspace 126 is generally rectangular parallelepiped in shape. The first side panel 118, the second side panel 120, the first headspace 122, and the second headspace 126 can be joined, adhered, or welded to each other.

[0019] The first contactor panel 112 includes a membrane array 132 adapted to be received within the frame member 116. The membrane array 132 defines a first end portion 134 (shown in FIG. 1) and a second end portion 136 (shown in FIG. 1). The membrane array 132 includes at least one of a plurality of hollow fibers 138, flat sheet membranes, and combinations thereof. In some examples, each hollow fiber 138 includes a capillary membrane. In still other examples, the membrane array 132 can include a ceramic membrane array.

[0020] In the illustrated example, the contactor panel 112 is embodied as a hollow fiber membrane contactor panel. Accordingly, the membrane array 132 includes a plurality of hollow fibers 138. The membrane array 132 extends between a first headspace 122 and a second headspace 126. In the illustrated example, the membrane array 132 is embodied as a dehumidification medium. Further, the membrane array 132 is similar to the hollow fiber membrane array described in U.S. Patent No. 9,541,302 (hereinafter referred to as the '302 patent). It should be noted that the details corresponding to the design, materials, and manufacture of the membrane array 132 are the same as those of the hollow fiber membrane array described in the '302 patent.

[0021] Referring to FIG. 2B, a portion of the membrane array 132 is shown. The membrane array 132 includes a plurality of hollow fibers 138 extending along a first fiber axis "A-A1". Further, each hollow fiber 138 includes a lumen 140 adapted to receive a first fluid. The lumen 140 may hereinafter be interchangeably referred to as the first portion 140. The flow of the first fluid through the first contactor system 100 is illustrated by a first fluid flow "F1" (shown in FIG. 1). Further, each hollow fiber 138 includes an outer surface 142 adapted to contact a second fluid. The outer surface 142 may hereinafter be interchangeably referred to as the second portion 142. The flow of the second fluid through the first contactor system 100 is illustrated by a second fluid flow "F2" (shown in FIG. 1). The wall 144 of each hollow fiber 138 separates the lumen 140 and the outer surface 142. Each hollow fiber 138 defines a first end 146 and a second end 147, embodied as open ends.

[0022] Further, to couple the membrane array 132 to the first headspace 122 and the second headspace 126 (see FIG. 2A), the first end 146 and the second end 147 of each hollow fiber 138 are potted and sealed around the outer diameter of the hollow fiber 138 using a potting material. The ends 146, 147 can be incorporated into the resin by a potting method such as a gravity potting method, a mold potting method, a centrifugal potting method, etc. The potting material can include epoxy, thermoplastic resin, polyurethane, etc. The potting material can seal each hollow fiber 138 to the first headspace 122 and the second headspace 126. It should be noted that the ends 146, 147 are potted and sealed such that each lumen 140 is in fluid communication with the first headspace 122 and the second headspace 126, respectively.

[0023] Further, the membrane array 132 of the first contact panel 112 (see FIG. 2A) is a microporous and hydrophobic hollow fiber membrane array. Due to the hydrophobic nature of the membrane array 132, the membrane array 132 functions as an inert support, allowing direct contact between the gas phase and the liquid phase without dispersion. Further, the material of the membrane array 132 creates a barrier between the first fluid and the second fluid. The membrane array 132 can be manufactured using a dry stretching process. The membrane array 132 can be made of one or more of polymers such as polyolefin (PO), polypropylene (PP), polymethylpentene (PMP, or poly(4-methyl-1-pentene)).

[0024] Furthermore, the pore diameter of the hollow fibers 138 of the membrane array 132 can be from 0.01 micrometers to 0.05 micrometers. In certain examples, the pore diameter of the hollow fibers 138 can be less than 0.04 micrometers. Thus, Legionella, and / or dissolved minerals, etc. can be prevented from entering the second fluid, thereby reducing the probability of surface fouling and the accumulation of scaling. Furthermore, the turbulent nature of the second fluid passing through the hollow fibers 138 can also reduce the occurrence of surface fouling. The pores can block bacteria and / or other dissolved minerals from entering the second fluid, so the contact panel can be used to filter liquids, defoamed liquids, etc. Furthermore, the reduction of fouling and the accumulation of scaling in the membrane array 132 can reduce maintenance costs, the need for frequent cleaning of the first contact panel 112, power consumption, and improve the efficiency of the first contact panel 112. Furthermore, the membrane array 132 associated with the first contact panel 112 can be easily cleaned by pickling through the hollow fibers 138. This technique can provide an easy and effective way to clean the membrane array 132. In addition, the membrane array 132 can operate reliably, extend the product overhaul period, and can also shorten the downtime and maintenance time associated with the first contact system 100.

[0025] FIG. 2C shows an enlarged view of the membrane array 132. Note that the arrangement of the membrane array 132 shown herein is essentially exemplary. The membrane array 132 (see FIG. 2A) of the first contact panel 112 includes at least one membrane layer 148. The at least one membrane layer 148 includes a plurality of hollow fibers 138. In the illustrated embodiment, the membrane array 132 includes a plurality of membrane layers 148 arranged adjacent to each other. The membrane layers 148 can be folded, pleated, or wound along a depth "D1" so as to form the membrane array 132. For example, the membrane layers 148 can be folded, pleated, wound, or bundled together such that several membrane layers 148 are arranged adjacent to each other. In the illustrated embodiment, the membrane array 132 includes 60 membrane layers 148 without any limitation. In another embodiment, the membrane array 132 can include 20 or 40 membrane layers according to application requirements. Further, each membrane layer 148 includes 8 hollow fibers 138. It can be envisioned that the total number of membrane layers 148 and the total number of hollow fibers 138 can vary according to application requirements. The number of membrane layers 148 and hollow fibers 138 may be determined by the desired efficiency of the first contact panel 112. Note that in some examples, the efficiency of the first contact panel 112 can be improved by increasing the membrane layers 148 and hollow fibers 138.

[0026] Further, a plurality of hollow fibers 138 are woven to form a membrane array 132. In one example, as shown in FIG. 3A, the hollow fibers 138 can be woven using some straight threads 302 to form a membrane array 132. More specifically, the hollow fibers 138 can be woven using a straight knit mat technique. In another example, as shown in FIG. 3B, the hollow fibers 138 are woven by cross threads 304 to form a membrane array 132. More specifically, the membrane array 132 can be woven using a cross-wound mat technique. Further, in some examples, the membrane arrays 132 may be inclined together. The threads 302, 304 can be made of a material similar to that of the hollow fibers 138. In one example, the threads 302, 304 can be made of PP. The material of the threads 302, 304 can be determined such that the threads 302, 304 are compatible with the second fluid.

[0027] FIG. 4 shows another embodiment of the present disclosure. The contact panel 400 includes at least two membrane arrays 402 arranged adjacent to each other. In the illustrated example, the contact panel 400 includes five membrane arrays 402 arranged adjacent to each other. However, it should be noted that the total number of membrane arrays 402 can vary depending on the application requirements. Each membrane array 402 is similar to the membrane array 132 described in relation to FIGS. 2A-2C. Further, the contact panel 400 includes at least one separator structure 404 arranged adjacent to the membrane array 402. In the illustrated embodiment, the contact panel 400 includes four separator structures 404 such that the separator structures 404 are arranged between the adjacent membrane arrays 402. Further, the separator structures 404 may have the same thickness, or each separator structure 404 may have various thicknesses.

[0028] The shape and dimensions of the separator structure 404 correspond to those of the membrane array 402, whereby the separator structure 404 can be received between adjacent membrane arrays 402. In one example, the separator structure 404 is manufactured from a non-woven material. In some examples, the separator structure 404 can be manufactured from a metal or plastic that is compatible with a second fluid flowing across the contact panel 400. The separator structure 404 may include various designs. For example, the separator structure 404 may include, but is not limited to, a grill structure including several horizontally and / or vertically arranged bar members, a honeycomb structure, a metal sheet, or a polymer having several apertures.

[0029] The separator structure 404 can provide support to the membrane array 402 and can prevent the membrane array 402 from bending, unfolding, unraveling, or expanding. The separator structure 404 reduces the deflection of the hollow fibers of the membrane array 402 and provides structural stability to the membrane array 402 against the pressure applied by the second fluid. Further, the incorporation of the separator structure 404 can increase the overall thickness of the contact panel 400. The increase in the thickness of the contact panel 400 can increase the time the second fluid flowing across the contact panel 400 is exposed and can result in a reduction of the pressure drop across the contact panel 400. Such a phenomenon can then improve the efficiency of the contact panel 400. Further, the filter 406 is disposed proximate to the contact panel 400, more specifically, on the inlet side of the contact panel 400, such that the flow "F2" of the second fluid can be filtered before the second fluid contacts the membrane array 402.

[0030] The present disclosure has been described in connection with a contact panel 112 (see FIG. 1) having hollow fibers 138 (see FIG. 2B), but the teachings of the present disclosure can be implemented in other types of contact panels, including but not limited to flat sheet membrane contact panels, capillary membrane contact panels, and / or ceramic membrane contact panels, without any limitation. Such flat sheet membrane contact panels or capillary membrane contact panels can be used when the contact system 100 (see FIG. 1) is embodied as an air drying system.

[0031] Referring to FIG. 5, an exemplary flat sheet membrane contact panel 500 is shown. The flat sheet membrane contact panel 500, shown schematically, can provide heat transfer and / or mass transfer between a first fluid and a second fluid. The flat sheet membrane contact panel 500 includes several flat sheet membrane arrays 502 arranged adjacent to each other, and channels 504, 506 may exist therebetween. Channel 504 can receive the second fluid, while channel 506 can receive the first fluid. In other examples, the contact panel 500 can be embodied as a spiral wound contact panel without any limitation. Further, the flat sheet membrane arrays 502 can be made of one or more of polymers such as PO, PP, PMP. In some alternative embodiments, the flat sheet membrane contact panel 500 can include, but is not limited to, parallel plate membrane contact panels. In some of these alternative embodiments, the contact panel 500 can include, but is not limited to, cross-flow parallel plate membrane contact panels, counter-flow parallel plate membrane contact panels, pseudo-counter-flow parallel plate membrane contact panels, or any combination thereof.

[0032] Referring now to FIG. 1, during operation of the dehumidification system 102, the first headspace 122 receives the first fluid from the first tank 106 via the first fluid conduit 110 and the first port 124. The first headspace 122 directs the first fluid, such as a liquid desiccant, through the lumen 140 of each hollow fiber 138 (see FIG. 2B). The first fluid flows through the lumen 140 of each hollow fiber 138 and is introduced into the second headspace 126. The second headspace 126 then directs the first fluid towards the first tank 106 via the second port 130 and the second fluid conduit 128. Further, the first blower unit 114 directs a second fluid, such as air, towards the outer surface 142 of each hollow fiber 138 (see FIG. 2B). Based on the flow of the second fluid over the membrane array 132, the humidity of the second fluid is reduced based on mass transfer between the first fluid and the second fluid. The second fluid discharged can be hot, dry air. Further, mass transfer occurs only when the first contact panel 112 is used in the dehumidification system 102. Further, the mass transfer between the liquid phase and the gas phase is generally regulated by the pressure of the gas phase.

[0033] Note that the first fluid may not pass through the pores of the hollow fibers 138. Due to the micropore diameter of the hollow fibers 138, the first fluid that penetrates towards the outer surface 142 of the hollow fibers 138 is converted into a water mist, which can further improve the evaporation rate. The wall 144 of each hollow fiber 138 (see FIG. 2B) can function as an inert medium that can bring the first fluid and the second fluid into direct contact without dispersing them. Note that the first contact panel 112 described herein can provide a high contact surface area to volume ratio, which is then translated into a compact footprint and system size and can also improve the efficiency of the contact system.

[0034] Furthermore, the first contactor system 100 includes an evaporative cooling system 104. The first contactor system 100 includes a second tank 150. The second tank 150 is embodied as a storage container or vessel for holding a third fluid therein. In one example, the third fluid is at least one of a liquid and a gas. Further, the third fluid may include a liquid, a gas, a sweep gas, air, forced air, a vacuum, or a combination thereof. The liquid may include, for example, a cryogenic and / or absorbent liquid, a salt solution, a hot and / or humidifying liquid, or a liquid desiccant. The type of the third fluid may vary based on the application of the first contactor system 100. In the illustrated example, the third fluid is water. In another example, the third fluid may be hot, dry air.

[0035] The first contactor system 100 also includes a second pump 152. The second pump 152 is disposed within a third fluid conduit 154 that provides fluid communication between the second tank 150 and the second contactor panel 156. The second pump 152 pressurizes the third fluid and introduces the pressurized third fluid into the second contactor panel 156. Furthermore, the first contactor system 100 includes a second blower unit 158. The second blower unit 158 directs a fourth fluid toward the second contactor panel 156. In one example, the fourth fluid is at least one of a liquid and a gas. The fourth fluid may include a liquid, a gas, a sweep gas, air, forced air, a vacuum, or a combination thereof. The liquid may include, for example, a cryogenic and / or absorbent liquid, a salt solution, a hot and / or humidifying liquid, or a liquid desiccant. The type of the fourth fluid may vary based on the application of the first contactor system 100. Further, in the illustrated example, the fourth fluid is a portion of the hot, dry air discharged by the dehumidification system 102. In another example, the fourth fluid may be water.

[0036] The second contact panel 156 includes a frame member 157. The frame member 157 can be square or rectangular in shape. The frame member 157 defines a first side panel (not shown) and a second side panel (not shown). The frame member 157 of the second contact panel 156 defines a first headspace 162 that is in fluid communication with the second tank 150 via a third fluid conduit 154. The first headspace 162 defines a first port 164 that protrudes outwardly from the first headspace 162. The second tank 150 is in fluid communication with the first headspace 162 via the first port 164. Further, the first headspace 162 is substantially rectangular parallelepiped in shape. The frame member 157 also defines a second headspace 166 that is in fluid communication with the second tank 150 via a fourth fluid conduit 151. The second headspace 166 defines a second port 168 that protrudes outwardly from the second headspace 166. The second tank 150 is in fluid communication with the second headspace 166 via the second port 168. The second headspace 166 is substantially rectangular parallelepiped in shape. The first side panel, the second side panel, the first headspace 162, and the second headspace 166 can be joined, adhered, or welded to each other.

[0037] The second contact panel 156 includes a membrane array 170 adapted to be received within the frame member 157. The membrane array 170 defines a first end portion 172 and a second end portion 174. The membrane array 170 includes a plurality of hollow fibers 176. The membrane array 170 extends between a first headspace 162 and a second headspace 166. In the illustrated example, the membrane array 170 is embodied as an evaporative cooling medium. The membrane array 170 is similar to the membrane array 132 described in connection with the first contact panel 112 in terms of structure, design, and materials. Further, each hollow fiber 176 includes a lumen (not shown) adapted to receive a third fluid. Further, each hollow fiber 176 includes an outer surface (not shown) adapted to contact a fourth fluid. The wall (not shown) of each hollow fiber 176 separates the lumen and the outer surface. Each hollow fiber 176 defines a first end (not shown) and a second end (not shown) embodied as open ends.

[0038] During operation of the evaporative cooling system 104, the first headspace 162 receives a third fluid from the second tank 150. The first headspace 162 directs the third fluid, such as water, through the lumen of each hollow fiber 176. The flow of the third fluid through the first contactor system 100 is illustrated by the third fluid flow “F3”. The third fluid flows through the lumen of each hollow fiber 176 and is introduced into the second headspace 166. The second headspace 166 then directs the third fluid towards the second tank 150. Additionally, the second blower unit 158 directs a fourth fluid, such as dry, hot air, towards the outer surface of each hollow fiber 176. The flow of the fourth fluid through the first contactor system 100 is illustrated by the fourth fluid flow “F4”. Based on the flow of the fourth fluid over the membrane array 170, the temperature and humidity of the fourth fluid are reduced based on heat transfer and mass transfer between the third fluid and the fourth fluid. Additionally, the fourth fluid discharged can be cold, moist air. Further, both heat transfer and mass transfer occur when the second contact panel 156 is used in the evaporative cooling system 104. Note that the mass transfer between the liquid phase and the gas phase is regulated by the pressure of the gas phase. Note that the third fluid may not pass through the pores of the hollow fibers 176. Only water vapor can pass from the lumen to the outer surface by evaporation. The wall of each hollow fiber 176 can function as an inert medium that can directly contact the third fluid and the fourth fluid without dispersing them. Further, since only water vapor passes through the membrane, the requirement for a mist capture screen in the duct can be eliminated.

[0039] FIG. 6A shows a second contactor system 600 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The second contactor system 600 includes an evaporative cooling system 604. The evaporative cooling system 604 is similar in design to the dehumidification system 102 associated with the first contactor system 100 described in connection with FIG. 1. Thus, the second contactor system 600 is similar to the first tank 106, the first pump 108, the first blower unit 114, the first fluid conduit 110, the second fluid conduit 128, and the first contactor panel 112, and includes a tank 606, a pump 608, a blower unit 614, a first fluid conduit 610, a second fluid conduit 628, and a contactor panel 612. The pump 608 pressurizes the first fluid and introduces the pressurized first fluid into the contactor panel 612. In the illustrated example, the first fluid is water. In another example, the first fluid can be dry, hot air. Further, the blower unit 614 directs the second fluid toward the contactor panel 612. In the illustrated example, the second fluid is dry, hot air. In another example, the second fluid can be water.

[0040] The contactor panel 612 includes a first head space 622, a second head space 626, a membrane array 632, and a plurality of hollow fibers 638, similar to the first head space 122, the second head space 126, the membrane array 132, and the plurality of hollow fibers 138. During operation of the evaporative cooling system 604, the first head space 622 receives a first fluid from the tank 606. The first head space 622 directs the first fluid, such as water, through the lumen (not shown) of each hollow fiber 638. The flow of the first fluid through the second contactor system 600 is illustrated by the first fluid flow "F1". The first fluid flows through the lumen of each hollow fiber 638 and is introduced into the second head space 626. Further, the blower unit 614 directs a second fluid, such as dry, hot air, toward the outer surface (not shown) of each hollow fiber 638. The flow of the second fluid through the second contactor system 600 is illustrated by the second fluid flow "F2". Based on the flow of the second fluid over the membrane array 632, the temperature and humidity of the second fluid are reduced based on heat and mass transfer between the first fluid and the second fluid. Thus, both heat and mass transfer occur when the contactor panel 612 is used in the evaporative cooling system 604.

[0041] Furthermore, the second head space 626 directs the first fluid toward the tank 606 via the second fluid conduit 628. Further, the second contact system 600 includes a cooling module 640 that is fluidly coupled to the tank 606. The cooling module 640 is adapted to lower the temperature of the first fluid. The cooling module 640 can enhance the cooling efficiency of the second contact system 600. The cooling module 640 includes a coolant storage container 646. The coolant storage container 646 holds a coolant such as cold water therein. The cooling module 640 also includes a heat exchanger 642 that is in fluid communication with the coolant storage container 646 and the tank 606. The heat exchanger 642 includes a number of tubes 644. The heat exchanger 642 is in fluid communication with the coolant storage container 646 via a first fluid pipe 648. The coolant received from the coolant storage container 646 flows through the tubes 644.

[0042] Furthermore, coolant pump 650 is fluidly disposed between tank 606 and heat exchanger 642. Coolant pump 650 is disposed within first fluid pipe 648. Coolant pump 650 is adapted to pressurize the coolant directed toward heat exchanger 642. Further, the fluid exiting heat exchanger 642 is directed toward coolant storage container 646 via second fluid pipe 652. Heat exchanger 642 also includes a third fluid pipe 654 that is in fluid communication with second fluid conduit 628. Third fluid pipe 654 receives the first fluid exiting contact panel 612. Second pump 658 is disposed within third fluid pipe 654 and pressurizes and delivers the first fluid toward heat exchanger 642. Further, the first fluid received within heat exchanger 642 is adapted to flow over tube 644. As the first fluid flows over tube 644, the temperature of the first fluid is reduced by heat exchange between the coolant and the first fluid. Further, fourth fluid pipe 656 provides fluid communication between heat exchanger 642 and tank 606. Further, fourth fluid pipe 656 directs the first fluid at a lower temperature toward tank 606 from where the first fluid can be directed toward contact panel 612.

[0043] Furthermore, the incorporation of cooling module 640 provides an additional heat exchange mechanism for reducing the temperature of a first fluid, such as water, directed toward contact panel 612. Such a technique may enable contact system 600 to achieve an improved saturation efficiency compared to conventional contact systems. More specifically, at high temperature and humidity levels, contact panel 612 may enable latent heat transfer, thereby enabling evaporation and cooling of the second fluid. Further, once the relative humidity of each pore site approaches 100%, evaporation of moisture slows down. In such an example, using cooling module 640 to reduce the temperature of the first fluid may also enable sensible heat transfer since the temperature of the first fluid is lower than the temperature of the second fluid. This additional heat exchange mechanism may further enable cooling of the second fluid and warming of the first fluid.

[0044] Table 1 provided below shows the findings based on the first and second experiments conducted on a contact panel similar to contact panel 112 (shown in FIG. 1) or contact panel 612. The contact panel included an array of 20 laminated membranes. All temperatures were measured in degrees Fahrenheit (°F).

[0045] [Table 1]

[0046] As shown in Table 1, in the first experiment, the inlet air temperature was approximately equal to room temperature. Further, in the first experiment, there was a low temperature difference between the inlet air temperature and the inlet water temperature. From the first experiment, it was concluded that due to the low temperature difference between the inlet air temperature and the inlet water temperature, the outlet water temperature decreased and only latent heat transfer occurred between the water and the air. Further, in the second experiment, the inlet air temperature was approximately equal to about 101°F. In the second experiment, there was a high temperature difference between the inlet air temperature and the inlet water temperature. From the second experiment, it was concluded that due to the high temperature difference between the inlet air temperature and the inlet water temperature, the outlet water temperature increased and both latent heat transfer and sensible heat transfer occurred between the water and the air. In the second experiment, it was further found that due to the combination of latent heat transfer and sensible heat transfer between the water and the air, the saturation efficiency could be more than 100%.

[0047] Table 2 provided below shows the findings based on the third and fourth experiments conducted on a contact panel similar to contact panel 112 / 612. The contact panel included an array of 40 laminated membranes. All temperatures were measured in degrees Fahrenheit (°F).

[0048] [Table 2]

[0049] As shown in Table 2, in the third experiment, the inlet air temperature was approximately equal to room temperature. Further, in the third experiment, there was a low temperature difference between the inlet air temperature and the inlet water temperature. From the third experiment, it was concluded that since the difference between the inlet air temperature and the inlet water temperature was low, the outlet water temperature decreased and only latent heat transfer occurred between water and air. Further, in the fourth experiment, the inlet air temperature was approximately equal to 97°F. In the fourth experiment, there was a high temperature difference between the inlet air temperature and the inlet water temperature. From the fourth experiment, it was concluded that since the difference between the inlet air temperature and the inlet water temperature was high, the outlet water temperature increased and both latent heat transfer and sensible heat transfer occurred between water and air. In the fourth experiment, it was further found that the saturation efficiency could exceed 100% due to the combination of latent heat transfer and sensible heat transfer between water and air.

[0050] FIG. 6B shows an exemplary plot 660. Various values of the inlet air velocity (meters per second) are marked on the X-axis, and various values of the saturation efficiency are marked on the Y-axis. Further, the plot 660 shows several points 662, 664, 666, 668 representing data based on a series of experiments performed on a contactor panel similar to the contactor panel 112 associated with the contactor system 100 of FIG. 1 or the contactor panel 612 associated with the contactor system 600 of FIG. 6A. More specifically, several first points 662 are plotted based on a series of experiments performed on a contactor panel having 40 layered membrane arrays with a water flow rate of about 1 GPM. Further, several second points 664 are plotted based on a series of experiments performed on a contactor panel having 40 layered membrane arrays with a water flow rate of about 0.5 gPM. Further, several third points 666 are plotted based on a series of experiments performed on a contactor panel having 20 layered membrane arrays with a water flow rate of about 1 GPM. In addition, several fourth points 668 are plotted based on a series of experiments performed on a contactor panel having 20 layered membrane arrays with a water flow rate of about 0.5 gPM.

[0051] Note that in each experiment, the temperature of the inlet air directed towards the contactor panel was approximately equal to 100°F. From Plot 660, it can be concluded that the contactor panel can exhibit a higher saturation efficiency when the difference between the temperature of the inlet air and the inlet water temperature is higher. The high saturation efficiency can be attributed to a combination of latent heat transfer and sensible heat transfer from water to air due to a higher temperature difference between the temperature of the inlet air and the inlet water temperature. It was further found that the saturation efficiency can be greater than 100% due to a combination of latent heat transfer and sensible heat transfer from water to air.

[0052] FIG. 7 shows a schematic diagram of a third contactor system 700 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The third contactor system 700 includes a dehumidification system 702 and an evaporative cooling system 704. The dehumidification system 702 is similar in design to the dehumidification system 102 of the first contactor system 100 of FIG. 1. Further, the third contactor system 700 includes a first tank 706, a first pump 708, a first blower unit 714, a first fluid conduit 710, a second fluid conduit 728, and a first contactor panel 712, which are similar to the first tank 106, the first pump 108, the first blower unit 114, the first fluid conduit 110, the second fluid conduit 128, and the first contactor panel 112. The first pump 708 pressurizes the first fluid and introduces the pressurized first fluid into the first contactor panel 712. In the illustrated example, the first fluid is a liquid desiccant. In another example, the first fluid can be moist, hot air. Further, the first blower unit 714 directs the second fluid towards the first contactor panel 712. In the illustrated example, the second fluid is moist, hot air. In another example, the second fluid can be water.

[0053] Furthermore, the first contactor panel 712 includes a first headspace 722, a second headspace 726, a membrane array 732, and a plurality of hollow fibers 738 similar to the first headspace 122, the second headspace 126, the membrane array 132, and the plurality of hollow fibers 138. During operation of the dehumidification system 702, the first headspace 722 receives the first fluid from the first tank 706 via the first fluid conduit 710. The first headspace 722 directs the first fluid, such as a liquid desiccant, through the lumen (not shown) of each hollow fiber 738. The flow of the first fluid through the third contactor system 700 is illustrated by the first fluid flow "F1". The first fluid flows through the lumen of each hollow fiber 738 and is introduced into the second headspace 726. Further, the first blower unit 714 directs a second fluid, such as hot and humid air, toward the outer surface (not shown) of each hollow fiber 738. The flow of the second fluid through the third contactor system 700 is illustrated by the second fluid flow "F2". Based on the flow of the second fluid over the membrane array 732, the humidity of the second fluid is reduced based on mass transfer between the first fluid and the second fluid. The discharged second fluid can be hot and dry air. The second headspace 726 then directs the first fluid toward the first tank 706 via the second fluid conduit 728.

[0054] Furthermore, a third contactor system 700 includes a regeneration module 778 for increasing the desiccant concentration of the liquid desiccant. The regeneration module 778 includes a first heat exchanger 779 having a number of tubes 780. The first heat exchanger 779 is disposed within a second fluid conduit 728. A second blower unit 781 directs a second fluid toward the first heat exchanger 779 such that the second fluid flows through the tubes 780 of the first heat exchanger 779. The first heat exchanger 779 receives the first fluid from the first contactor panel 712. Further, the first fluid flows over the tubes 780 of the first heat exchanger 779. As the first fluid flows over the tubes 780, the desiccant concentration of the liquid desiccant increases and the second fluid is converted to humid, hot air. The first fluid exiting the first heat exchanger 779 is directed toward the first tank 706 via the second fluid conduit 728.

[0055] Furthermore, the evaporative cooling system 704 is, in design, similar to the dehumidification system 102 associated with the first contactor system 100 described with reference to FIG. 1. The third contactor system 700 includes a second tank 750, a second pump 752, a third blower unit 758, a third fluid conduit 754, a fourth fluid conduit 751, and a second contactor panel 756 that are similar to the first tank 106, the first pump 108, the first blower unit 114, the first fluid conduit 110, the second fluid conduit 128, and the first contactor panel 112. The second pump 752 pressurizes a third fluid and introduces the pressurized third fluid into the second contactor panel 756. In the illustrated example, the third fluid is water. In another example, the third fluid can be a portion of the dry, hot air discharged by the dehumidification system 702. Further, the third blower unit 758 directs a fourth fluid toward the second contactor panel 756. In the illustrated example, the fourth fluid is a portion of the dry, hot air discharged by the dehumidification system 702. In another example, the fourth fluid can be water.

[0056] Furthermore, the second contactor panel 756 includes a first head space 762, a second head space 766, a membrane array 770, and a plurality of hollow fibers 776, similar to the first head space 122, the second head space 126, the membrane array 132, and the plurality of hollow fibers 138. During operation of the evaporative cooling system 704, the first head space 762 receives a third fluid from the second tank 750. The first head space 762 directs the third fluid, such as water, through the lumen (not shown) of each hollow fiber 776. The flow of the third fluid through the third contactor system 700 is illustrated by the third fluid flow "F3". The third fluid flows through the lumen of each hollow fiber 776 and is introduced into the second head space 766. Further, the third blower unit 758 directs a fourth fluid, such as hot and dry air, toward the outer surface (not shown) of each hollow fiber 776. The flow of the fourth fluid through the third contactor system 700 is illustrated by the fourth fluid flow "F4". Based on the flow of the fourth fluid over the membrane array 770, the temperature and humidity of the fourth fluid are reduced based on heat and mass transfer between the third fluid and the fourth fluid.

[0057] Furthermore, the third contactor system 700 includes a cooling module 785 configured to lower the temperature of a third fluid. The cooling module 785 is similar to the cooling module 640 described in connection with the second contactor system 600 of FIG. 6A. The cooling module 785 includes a second heat exchanger 786 having a number of tubes 795, a coolant storage container 787, a first fluid pipe 788, a third pump 789, a second fluid pipe 790, a third fluid pipe 792, and a fourth fluid pump 791. The third pump 789 is configured to pump a coolant, such as cold water, towards the second heat exchanger 786 via the first fluid pipe 788. The coolant flows through the tubes 795 and is directed towards the second heat exchanger 786 via the second fluid pipe 790. Further, the second heat exchanger 786 receives a third fluid exiting the second contact panel 756 via a fourth fluid conduit 751. The third fluid received within the second heat exchanger 786 flows over the tubes 795. As the third fluid flows over the tubes 795, the temperature of the third fluid decreases. Further, the third fluid pipe 792 directs the third fluid at a lower temperature towards the second tank 750, from where the third fluid can be directed towards the second contact panel 756. The fourth fluid pump 791 pressurizes the third fluid towards the second tank 750.

[0058] FIG. 8 shows a fourth contactor system 800 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The fourth contactor system 800 may hereinafter be interchangeably referred to as the contactor system 800. In one example, the fourth contactor system 800 may be an evaporative cooling system. Such an evaporative cooling system may be similar to the evaporative cooling system 104 associated with the first contactor system 100 of FIG. 1. In another example, the fourth contactor system 800 may be a dehumidification system. Such a dehumidification system may be similar to the dehumidification system 102 associated with the first contactor system 100 of FIG. 1. The contactor system 800 includes a tank 802 adapted to hold a first fluid therein. In one example, the first fluid is at least one of a liquid and a gas. Further, the first fluid may include a liquid, a gas, a sweep gas, air, forced air, a vacuum, or a combination thereof. The liquid may include, for example, a cryogenic and / or absorbent liquid, a salt solution, a hot and / or humidifying liquid, or a liquid desiccant. The type of the first fluid may vary based on the application of the contactor system 800. Further, the contactor system 800 may also include a cooling module (not shown) similar to the cooling module 640 of the contactor system 600 described in connection with FIG. 6A. Such a cooling module may be used to reduce the temperature of the first fluid directed towards each contactor panel 818.

[0059] Further, the fourth contactor system 800 includes a blower unit 804 adapted to direct a second fluid towards at least one contactor panel array 806. It should be noted that although a single blower unit 804 is shown herein, each contactor panel 818 may include an individual blower unit without limitation. In one example, the second fluid is at least one of a liquid and a gas. Further, the second fluid may include a liquid, a gas, a sweep gas, air, forced air, a vacuum, or a combination thereof. The liquid may include, for example, a cryogenic and / or absorbent liquid, a salt solution, a hot and / or humidifying liquid, or a liquid desiccant. The type of the second fluid may vary based on the application of the contactor system 800.

[0060] Further, the contactor system 800 includes a first manifold 810 that is selectively in fluid communication with a first end portion 830 of the membrane array 826 of each contactor panel 818 based on the operation of the valve assembly 838. The first manifold 810 is adapted to direct a first fluid toward the membrane array 826 of each contactor panel 818. Further, the contactor system 800 includes a second manifold 816 that is in direct fluid communication with a second end portion 824 of the membrane array 826 of each contactor panel 818. The second manifold 816 is adapted to receive the first fluid from the membrane array 826 of each contactor panel 818. The contactor system 800 also includes an inlet conduit 808 that is adapted to provide fluid communication between the tank 802 and the first manifold 810.

[0061] Further, a pump 812 is fluidly disposed between the inlet conduit 808 and the tank 802. The pump 812 is disposed within the inlet conduit 808 and the tank 802. The pump 812 pressurizes the first fluid and introduces the pressurized first fluid into the first manifold 810. The contactor system 800 also includes an outlet conduit 814 that is adapted to provide fluid communication between the tank 802 and the second manifold 816. Further, the fourth contactor system 800 includes at least one contactor panel array 806. In the illustrated embodiment, the fourth contactor system 800 includes a single contactor panel array 806 having a plurality of contactor panels 818. The contactor panel array 806 includes a plurality of contactor panels 818 disposed adjacent to each other. Further, the tank 802 is in fluid communication with each contactor panel 818 via the inlet conduit 808 and the first manifold 810 to direct the first fluid toward each contactor panel 818. The tank 802 is also in fluid communication with each contactor panel 818 via the outlet conduit 814 and the second manifold 816 to direct the first fluid from each contactor panel 818 toward the tank 802.

[0062] Furthermore, as described above, the fourth contactor system 800 includes a plurality of contactor panels 818. Each contactor panel 818 is similar to the first contactor panel 112 associated with the first contactor system 100 shown in FIG. 1. Each contactor panel 818 includes a frame member 820. The frame member 820 can be square or rectangular in shape. The frame member 820 of each contactor panel 818 defines a first head space 828 that provides fluid communication between the first manifold 810 and the first end portion 830 of the membrane array 826. Furthermore, the frame member 820 of each contactor panel 818 defines a second head space 822 that provides fluid communication between the second manifold 816 and the second end portion 824 of the membrane array 826.

[0063] Each contactor panel 818 includes a membrane array 826 adapted to be received within the frame member 820. The membrane array 826 extends between the first head space 828 and the second head space 822. The membrane array 826 defines a first end portion 830 and a second end portion 824. The first end portion 830 is in fluid communication with the first head space 828, and the second end portion 824 is in fluid communication with the second head space 822. The membrane array 826 includes a plurality of hollow fibers 832.

[0064] Furthermore, the membrane array 826 of each contact panel 818 is similar to the hollow fiber membrane array described in the '302 patent. Note that the details corresponding to the design, materials, and manufacture of the membrane array 826 are the same as those of the hollow fiber membrane array described in the '302 patent. The membrane array 826 of each contact panel 818 is a microporous and hydrophobic hollow fiber membrane array. The membrane array 826 of each contact panel 818 includes at least one membrane layer similar to the membrane layer 148 described in connection with FIG. 2C. The at least one membrane layer includes a plurality of hollow fibers 832. In some examples, each contact panel 818 includes a plurality of membrane layers arranged adjacent to each other. The membrane array 826 of each contact panel 818 is at least one of rolled, pleated, and folded. More specifically, the membrane layer can be folded, pleated, or rolled to form the membrane array 826 along the depth of the membrane array 826. In the illustrated embodiment, the membrane array 826 includes, without any limitation, 60 membrane layers. In another embodiment, the membrane array 826 can include 20 or 40 membrane layers according to the application requirements. Furthermore, each membrane layer can include 8 hollow fibers 832. It can be envisioned that the total number of membrane layers and the total number of hollow fibers 832 can vary according to the application requirements. The number of membrane layers and hollow fibers 832 may be determined by the desired efficiency of the contact panel 818. Note that in some examples, the efficiency of the contact panel 818 can be improved by increasing the membrane layers and hollow fibers 832.

[0065] The membrane array 826 includes a plurality of hollow fibers 832. Further, each hollow fiber 832 includes a lumen 842 adapted to receive a first fluid. The lumen 842 may hereinafter be interchangeably referred to as the first portion 842. Further, each hollow fiber 832 includes an outer surface 844 adapted to contact a second fluid. The outer surface 844 may hereinafter be interchangeably referred to as the second portion 844. The blower unit 804 is adapted to direct the second fluid toward the outer surface 844 of each hollow fiber 832. The wall of each hollow fiber 832 separates the lumen 842 and the outer surface 844. The plurality of hollow fibers 832 are woven together to form the membrane array 826. The hollow fibers 832 are woven in a similar manner as described in connection with FIGS. 5A and 5B.

[0066] Further, each contact panel 818 includes a first conduit 834 that fluidly connects the first manifold 810 and the first end portion 830 of the membrane array 826. The first conduit 834 may include a pipe or tube that provides fluid communication between the first manifold 810 and the first end portion 830 of the membrane array 826. The first fluid exiting the tank 802 is received by the first end portion 830 via the inlet conduit 808, the first manifold 810, the first headspace 828, and the first conduit 834. Further, each contact panel 818 also includes a second conduit 836 that fluidly connects the second manifold 816 and the second end portion 824 of the membrane array 826. The second conduit 836 may include a pipe or tube that provides fluid communication between the second manifold 816 and the second end portion 824 of the membrane array 826. The first fluid exiting the membrane array 826 is received by the tank 802 via the second headspace 822, the second conduit 836, the second manifold 816, and the outlet conduit 814. It should be noted that the positions of the first conduit 834 and the second conduit 836 shown herein are exemplary in nature. Thus, the first conduit 834 and the second conduit 836 may be connected to the side, front, or rear surface of the frame member 820.

[0067] Furthermore, each contact panel 818 includes a valve assembly 838 that is in fluid communication with a first end portion 830 of the membrane array 826. The valve assembly 838 is disposed within a first conduit 834 and provides selective fluid communication between the first manifold 810 and the first end portion 830 of the membrane array 826. The valve assembly 838 may include a solenoid that can be powered on / off to open / close the valve assembly 838. The valve assembly 838 can be opened to provide fluid communication between the first manifold 810 and the first end portion 830 of the membrane array 826. Further, the valve assembly 838 can be closed to restrict fluid communication between the first manifold 810 and the first end portion 830 of the membrane array 826. It should be noted that the contact panel 818 can be actuated or de-actuated based on the opening and closing of the corresponding valve assembly 838. When the valve assembly 838 is released, a first fluid flows through the hollow fibers 832. Further, a second fluid contacts the first fluid, causing mass transfer and / or heat transfer based on the contact between the first fluid and the second fluid. Thus, another property of the second fluid can change based on the contact between the first fluid and the second fluid. Further, when the valve assembly 838 is closed, the contact panel 818 may not cause a change in the mass content and / or heat content of the second fluid.

[0068] The contactor system 800 includes a controller 840 configured to provide selective fluid communication between a first manifold 810 and a first end portion 830 of a membrane array 826 of each contactor panel 818. The controller 840 is communicatively coupled to a valve assembly 838 of each contactor panel 818. More specifically, the controller 840 may be communicatively coupled to a solenoid of each respective valve assembly 838. The controller 840 is configured to selectively control the valve assembly 838 of at least one contactor panel 818. More specifically, one or more contactor panels 818 may be actuated or deactivated based on the control of the valve assembly 838 associated with the corresponding contactor panel 818. The controller 840 is configured to selectively control the valve assembly 838 of at least one contactor panel 818 based on at least one of a high heat load position, a target temperature, a target humidity, and a temperature uniformity metric. More specifically, one or more contactor panels 818 can be actuated or deactivated based on the control of the valve assembly 838 associated with the corresponding contactor panel 818, whereby the temperature or humidity at the high heat load position can be reduced or the temperature uniformity metric can be brought closer to an ideal value of 100%. Useful temperature uniformity metrics may include a Return Temperature Index (RTI™), a Rack Heat Index - High (RHI™), or a Rack Heat Index - Low (RCI™).

[0069] Furthermore, one or more contact panels 818 can be operated based on a target temperature, a target humidity, and / or a temperature uniformity metric. The target temperature, the target humidity, and / or the temperature uniformity metric may be based on a desired efficiency. The controller 840 is also configured to control the valve assembly 838 to vary the flow rate of a first fluid flowing through the valve assembly 838 of at least one contact panel 818. The flow rate of the first fluid can depend on a high heat load location, a target temperature, a target humidity, and / or a temperature uniformity metric. For this purpose, the controller 840 can control the opening degree of the valve assembly 838 associated with the contact panel 818 that needs to be operated. Based on the control of the opening degree of one or more valve assemblies 838, the temperature and / or the humidity can be efficiently controlled according to the requirements.

[0070] In one example, the contactor system 800 is embodied as an evaporative cooling system, and the contactor system 800 can be used to change the temperature and humidity of a second fluid based on heat and mass transfer between a first fluid and the second fluid. Here, the control of the contactor system 800 by the controller 840 will be described. For illustrative purposes, the control techniques applied by the controller 840 are shown with reference to an evaporative cooling system, but the details provided herein are equally applicable to other systems such as dehumidification systems, humidification systems, or heating systems. Note that the contactor panel 818 can be activated or deactivated based on a high heat load location, a target temperature, a target humidity, and / or a temperature uniformity metric. If the target temperature is higher than the current temperature setting, the controller 840 can open the valve assemblies 838 of some of the contactor panels 818. Accordingly, some of the contactor panels 818 will be in an operating state. The contactor panels 818 in the operating state can discharge cold and humid air, while the contactor panels 818 in the deactivated state can simply allow the passage of dry and hot air. Accordingly, the cold and humid air can mix with the dry and hot air to increase the current temperature to the target temperature. Further, if the target temperature corresponds to the minimum temperature setting, the controller 840 can open the valve assemblies 838 of all of the contactor panels 818. Accordingly, all of the contactor panels 818 will be in an operating state and discharge cold and humid air to lower the current temperature to the target temperature. Note that some of the contactor panels 818 that need to operate in the operating state can depend on a high heat load location, a target temperature, a target humidity, and / or a temperature uniformity metric. In some examples, the controller 840 can operate such that a uniform temperature / humidity is maintained across a room or area. Further, in another example, if the contactor system 800 is a dehumidification system, the contactor panel 818 can be activated or deactivated to change the humidity of the second fluid based on mass transfer between the first fluid and the second fluid.

[0071] Figure 9 shows another embodiment of the present disclosure. In this embodiment, the contactor system 900 includes a plurality of contactor panel arrays 906 spaced apart from each other. In the illustrated embodiment, the contactor system 900 includes three contactor panel arrays 906. However, the total number of contactor panel arrays 906 may vary depending on the application requirements. Further, each contactor panel array 906 includes four contactor panels 918. Each contactor panel 918 includes a membrane array 926 similar to the membrane array 132 associated with the first contactor system 100 described in relation to FIG. 1. Further, the membrane array 926 includes a plurality of hollow fibers 932.

[0072] The contactor system 900 includes an inlet conduit 908, an outlet conduit 914, a pump (not shown), and a blower unit (not shown) similar to the inlet conduit 808, the outlet conduit 814, the pump 812, and the blower unit 804 associated with the fourth contactor system 800. Further, the plurality of contactor panel arrays 906 includes different first manifolds 910 and different second manifolds 916. More specifically, the contactor system 900 includes three first manifolds 910 and three second manifolds 916. Each first manifold 910 is in fluid communication with the inlet conduit 908. Further, each contactor panel 918 is in fluid communication with the first manifold 910 via a first conduit 934. Further, each second manifold 816 is in fluid communication with the outlet conduit 914. Further, each contactor panel 918 is in fluid communication with the second manifold 816 via a second conduit (not shown) similar to the first conduit 934.

[0073] The valve assembly 938 is disposed within the first conduit 834. The operation and details of the valve assembly 938 are similar to those of the valve assembly 838 of the fourth contactor system 800 described in connection with FIG. 8. The contactor system 900 also includes a controller (not shown). The controller controls the valve assemblies 938 of each contactor panel 918 to activate or deactivate one or more contactor panels 918 based on application requirements. By installing a plurality of contactor panels 818, 918 and a plurality of contactor panel arrays 806, 906 instead of a single contactor panel, improved efficiency can be demonstrated, enabling easier replacement of the contactor panels 818, 918, convenient storage / handling of the contactor panels 818, 918, lower replacement costs, etc. It should be noted that the contactor systems 800, 900 can also enable improved control over the temperature and humidity of the second fluid discharged by the contactor panels 818, 918. The contactor systems 800, 900 should be noted to enable intelligent utilization of the first fluid because the contactor panels 819, 918 can be selectively activated. Further, the contactor systems 800, 900 can also enable recirculation of water at a constant temperature by installing a common first manifold 810, 910 and a second manifold 816, 916. Further, control of the flow rate of the first fluid, and in some cases the temperature of the first fluid, can enable efficient operation of the contactor systems 800, 900 under partial and / or low load conditions.

[0074] Furthermore, the contactor systems 800, 900 described herein can result in an increase in the usage rate because the drying time associated with the contactor panels 818, 918 can be lower compared to conventional contactor panels. The increase in the usage rate can then enable accurate control of the temperature and humidity of the second fluid. For example, since the membrane arrays 826, 926 associated with the contactor panels 818, 918 can dry at a faster rate, the second fluid discharged by the contactor panels 818, 918 can reach the target temperature and target humidity in a shorter period.

[0075] As shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B, the housing member 1002 is adapted to receive at least one contact panel 818 (see FIG. 8) or at least one contact panel 918 (see FIG. 9) of the plurality of contact panels 818, 918. The housing member 1002 defines a first longitudinal axis "L-L1". The dimensions of the housing member 1002 described herein are essentially exemplary, and the dimensions of the housing member 1002 may vary depending on application requirements. The housing member 1002 can receive a single contact panel 818, 918 or a pair of contact panels 818, 918. It should be noted that the orientation of the contact panels 818, 918 with respect to the housing member 1002 can vary based on application requirements. More specifically, when the contact panels 818, 918 are associated with the contact systems 800, 900 embodied as closed-loop systems, the contact panels 818, 918 can be installed in various orientations, as is apparent from FIGS. 10A to 10D. In one example, as shown in FIG. 10A, the contact panels 818, 918 are arranged within the housing member 1002 such that each hollow fiber 832, 932 of the membrane arrays 826, 926 of at least one contact panel 818, 918 defines a second longitudinal axis "B-B1" that extends substantially perpendicular to the first longitudinal axis "L-L1" defined by the housing member 1002. In another example, as shown in FIG. 10B, the contact panels 818, 918 are arranged within the housing member 1002 such that each hollow fiber 832, 932 of the membrane arrays 826, 926 of at least one contact panel 818, 918 defines a second longitudinal axis "B-B1" that extends substantially parallel to the first longitudinal axis "L-L1" defined by the housing member 1002.

[0076] Referring now to FIG. 10C, the contact panels 818, 918 may also be arranged horizontally. In such an example, the first fluid from the tank 1008 can be pressurized and directed towards the contact panels 818, 918 via the first fluid conduit 1010. The first fluid returns to the tank 1008 via the second fluid conduit 1012. The tank 1008, the first fluid conduit 1010, and the second fluid conduit 1012 may be similar to the first tank 106, the first fluid conduit 110, and the second fluid conduit 128 of the contact system 100 described in connection with FIG. 1. The flow of the first fluid through the contact panels 818, 918 is illustrated by the first fluid flow "F1". Further, the second fluid can flow over the contact panels 818, 918. The flow of the second fluid is illustrated by the second fluid flow "F2". Thus, the contact panels 818, 918 described herein can be used in applications that have limitations regarding the availability or use of vertical space, which require the installation of the contact panels 818, 918 in a specific orientation based on the shape, size, and orientation of the housing member 1002 (see FIGS. 10A and 10B) that receives the contact panels 818, 918.

[0077] As shown in FIG. 10D, the contact panels 818, 918 can be arranged in an angular direction. In such an example, the first fluid from the tank 1008 can be pressurized and directed towards the contact panels 818, 918 via the first fluid conduit 1010. The first fluid returns to the tank 1008 via the second fluid conduit 1012. The flow of the first fluid through the contact panel is illustrated by the first fluid flow "F1". Further, the second fluid can flow over the contact panels 818, 918. The flow of the second fluid is illustrated by the second fluid flow "F2". Thus, the contact panels 818, 918 described herein can be used in applications that require the installation of the contact panels 818, 918 in a specific orientation based on the shape, size, and orientation of the housing member 1002 (see FIGS. 10A and 10B) that receives the contact panels 818, 918.

[0078] Referring now to FIG. 11, in one example, the housing member 1002 is disposed proximate to an area where it is necessary to direct the second fluid thereto. Thus, the contact panels 818, 918 may be arranged such that one or more of the contact panels 818, 918 are received within the housing member 1002 proximate to an area where it is necessary to direct the second fluid thereto. Further, FIG. 11 shows several electronic devices 1102 such as servers installed in the room 1104. The room 1104 may embody a data center. Further, the housing member 1002 is disposed on at least one of the ceiling 1112, floor 1110, and wall 1114 of the room 1104. The room 1104 may include several hot spots that may typically have a high temperature. In some examples, the contact panels 818, 918 may be arranged proximate to such hot spots within the room 1104. The housing member 1002 can receive one or more contact panels 818, 918. The arrangement of the housing member 1002, more specifically, the arrangement of one or more contact panels 818, 918 on the ceiling 1112, floor 1110, and / or wall 1114 of the room 1104, may enable the room 1104 to reach a uniform temperature / humidity or a target temperature / humidity. Further, the room 1104 may include several contact panels 818, 918. As shown, one or more contact panels 818, 918 are arranged proximate to the passage 1108. Further, the grill 1106 may be provided in alignment with the passage 1108 to enable directing air such as cold and humid air towards the room 1104. More specifically, the contact panels 818, 918 are arranged within the ceiling 1112. However, the contact panels 818, 918 may also be arranged within the floor 1110 or the wall 1114. In some examples, the room 1104 may have a designated hot spot, and the contact panels 818, 918 may be arranged proximate to such a designated hot spot.

[0079] The contactor panels 818, 918 can be selectively controlled using a valve assembly similar to valve assembly 838 (see FIG. 8) and a controller similar to controller 840 (see FIG. 8) to operate the contactor panels 818, 918 to maintain a uniform temperature / humidity and / or achieve a target temperature / humidity. It should be further noted that the arrangement shown herein enables the placement of the contactor panels 818, 918 in proximity to the area towards which the second fluid is directed, such that a uniform temperature / humidity can be maintained throughout the area in an efficient and economical manner using a small amount of fan power and water usage, which can result in an increase in the coefficient of performance of the evaporative cooling system.

[0080] FIG. 12 shows yet another embodiment of the contactor system 1200. In this embodiment, the contactor system 1200 includes a tank 1202, a pump 1204, and a blower unit 1206 similar to the first tank 106, the first pump 108, and the first blower unit 114 of the contactor system 100 described in connection with FIG. 1. Further, the contactor system 100 includes several contactor panel assemblies 1208. The contactor system 1200 shown herein includes three contactor panel assemblies 1208. However, the total number of contactor panel assemblies 1208 can vary depending on the application requirements. Further, each contactor panel assembly 1208 includes several membrane arrays 1210. In the illustrated example, each contactor panel assembly 1208 includes three membrane arrays 1210. Further, each membrane array 1210 is embodied as a bundle having several hollow fibers 1212. Each hollow fiber 1212 is similar to the hollow fiber 138 associated with the contactor system 100 described in connection with FIG. 2B.

[0081] Furthermore, each contactor panel assembly 1208 includes a first head space 1214 and a second head space 1216. A frame member (not shown) may support the membrane array 1210, the first head space 1214, and the second head space 1216. In the illustrated example, the first head space 1214 and the second head space 1216 are in fluid communication with the tank 1202. More specifically, a first fluid conduit 1220 fluidly connects the tank 1202 to the first head space 1214. A pump 1204 is disposed within the first fluid conduit 1220. Furthermore, a second fluid conduit 1222 fluidly connects the tank 1202 to the second head space 1216. Each contactor panel assembly 1208 is in fluid communication with an adjacent contactor panel assembly 1208 by a fluid pipe 1224. In the illustrated example, the second head space 1216 is in fluid communication with the first head space 1214 of an adjacent contactor panel assembly 1208 by a fluid pipe 1224. In other examples, the second head space 1216 may be in fluid communication with the second head space 1216 of an adjacent contactor panel assembly 1208 by a fluid pipe 1224. In still other examples, the first head space 1214 may be disposed in fluid communication with the first head space 1214 or the second head space 1216 of an adjacent contactor panel assembly 1208 by a fluid pipe 1224.

[0082] Furthermore, the first head space 1214 includes a plurality of first conduits 1226 and a plurality of second conduits 1228 that are in fluid communication with each other. The second conduits 1228 are in fluid communication with the membrane array 1210. The second head space 1216 includes a plurality of third conduits 1230 and a plurality of fourth conduits 1232 that are in fluid communication with each other. The fourth conduits 1232 are in fluid communication with the membrane array 1210.

[0083] Further, to couple each membrane array 1210 to the first headspace 1214 and the second headspace 1216, the first end 1234 and the second end 1236 of each hollow fiber 1212 are potted and sealed to the second conduit 1228 and the fourth conduit 1232, respectively, using a potting material. The ends 1234, 1236 can be incorporated into the resin by a potting method such as a gravity potting method, a mold potting method, a centrifugal potting method, etc. The potting material can include epoxy, thermoplastic resin, polyurethane, etc. The potting material can seal each hollow fiber 1212 to the first headspace 1214 and the second headspace 1216. It should be noted that the ends 1234, 1236 are potted and sealed such that the lumens of each hollow fiber 1212 are in fluid communication with the first headspace 1214 and the second headspace 1216, respectively.

[0084] Referring now to FIG. 13, an exemplary setup 1300 used to perform a series of experiments to compare the performance of the contactor panel 1302 to a conventional contactor panel that includes a wet cellulose medium is shown. The contactor panel 1302 is similar to the first contactor panel 112 associated with the first contactor system 100 of FIG. 1. The setup 1300 shown herein was used to calculate the cooling efficiency of the contactor panel 1302 having a membrane array 1304. As shown, a tank 1306 containing water was fluidly coupled to the membrane array 1304 using a first fluid conduit 1310 and a second fluid conduit 1312. The membrane array 1304 was a 60-layered membrane array. Further, a blower unit 1308 was positioned proximate the membrane array 1304 to draw air through the membrane array 1304. Additionally, the setup 1300 included several thermocouples for measuring the inlet temperature of the inlet air and the outlet temperature of the outlet air. The setup 1300 also included humidity sensors for measuring the inlet relative humidity and the outlet relative humidity of the inlet air and the outlet air.

[0085] Furthermore, the inlet temperature, inlet relative humidity, and inlet specific enthalpy of the inlet air before contacting the membrane array 1304 were approximately equal to 23 °C (C), 5%, and 25 kilojoules per kilogram (kJ / kg), respectively. The inlet temperature of the water entering the hollow fibers of the membrane array 1304 was approximately equal to about 15 °C. Furthermore, a pump (not shown) was disposed within the first fluid conduit 1310 to direct the fluid passing through the hollow fibers. Furthermore, based on the contact between the water flowing through the lumen of each hollow fiber of the membrane array 1304 and the air flowing on the outer surface of each hollow fiber of the membrane array 1304, cold and humid air was discharged by the contact panel 1302. The outlet temperature, outlet relative humidity, and outlet specific enthalpy of the outlet air were approximately equal to 16 °C, 84%, and 40 kJ / kg, respectively. Furthermore, the difference between the inlet specific enthalpy and the outlet specific enthalpy was approximately equal to 15 kJ / kg. In addition, the saturation efficiency and cooling efficiency of the contact panel 1302 were calculated. From the calculated values, it was concluded that the saturation efficiency and cooling efficiency of the contact panel 1302 were approximately equal to 0.48 and 44%, respectively. It should be noted that the term "saturation efficiency" referred to herein is defined as the ratio of the difference between the inlet dry-bulb temperature and the outlet dry-bulb temperature to the wet-bulb depression. The inlet dry-bulb temperature is the dry-bulb temperature of the inlet air, and the outlet dry-bulb temperature is the dry-bulb temperature of the outlet air. Furthermore, the wet-bulb depression is the difference between the inlet dry-bulb temperature and the wet-bulb temperature of the inlet air.

[0086] Furthermore, using a similar setup, the saturation efficiency and cooling efficiency of a conventional contact panel with a wet cellulose medium attached were calculated. The inlet temperature and inlet relative humidity of the inlet air before contacting the wet cellulose medium were the same as those of the inlet air before contacting the membrane array 1304 of the contact panel 1302. From this experiment, it was concluded that the contact panel 1302 having the membrane array 1304 exhibited improved saturation efficiency and cooling efficiency compared to a conventional contact panel with a wet cellulose medium attached.

[0087] FIG. 14 shows an exemplary plot 1400. Various values of the inlet air velocity (meters per second) are marked on the X-axis, and various values of the saturation efficiency are marked on the Y-axis. Further, plot 1400 shows a first curve 1402 plotted based on experiments on a contactor panel similar to contactor panel 112 associated with the first contactor system 100 of FIG. 1 using 60 layered film arrays at a high water flow rate. Further, a second curve 1404 was plotted based on experiments on a contactor panel similar to contactor panel 112 associated with the first contactor system 100 of FIG. 1 using 20 layered film arrays at a low water flow rate. Additionally, a third curve 1406 was plotted based on experiments on a contactor panel similar to contactor panel 112 associated with the first contactor system 100 of FIG. 1 using 20 layered film arrays at a high water flow rate. Curves 1402, 1404, 1406 were generated by plotting the saturation efficiency presented by the contactor panel at different velocities. From plot 1400, it can be concluded that a contactor panel having 60 layered film arrays exhibits improved saturation efficiency compared to a contactor panel having 20 layered film arrays.

[0088] It should be noted that the contactor systems 100, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1200 described herein can be used for large-scale applications such as data centers. The contactor systems 100, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1200 can embody an evaporative cooling system for cooling a data center. Further, the contactor systems 100, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1200 can also be used for other outdoor evaporative cooling applications. The contactor systems 100, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1200 can be used for other applications for heating, cooling, humidifying, and / or dehumidifying without limiting the scope of the present disclosure. The contactor panels 112, 156, 400, 500, 612, 712, 756, 818, 918, and the contactor panel assemblies 1208 can also exhibit improved cooling performance with a smaller footprint.

[0089] Furthermore, the contactor systems 100, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1200 enable the use of different types of membrane arrays 132, 170, 402, 632, 732, 770, 826, 926, 1210, such as hollow fiber membranes (including capillary membranes), flat sheet membranes, ceramic membranes, thereby enhancing the flexibility of the contactor systems 100, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1200. The membrane arrays 132, 170, 402, 632, 732, 770, 826, 926, 1210 can provide a faster drying time compared to conventional membranes and also enable independence from gravity for directing the first fluid. Additionally, the membrane arrays 132, 170, 402, 632, 732, 770, 826, 926, 1210 can also be used in adaptive contactor systems such as the contactor systems 800, 900. In addition, the membrane arrays 132, 170, 402, 632, 732, 770, 826, 926, 1210 can enable flexibility in the placement of the contactor panels 112, 156, 400, 500, 612, 712, 756, 818, 918 and the contactor panel assemblies 1208 in the floor / wall / ceiling, in proximity to hot spots, or in different orientations, based on the design of the installation area and the availability of space.

[0090] When used in an evaporative cooling system, the contact panels 112, 156, 400, 500, 612, 712, 756, 818, 918 and contact panel assemblies 1208 described in this disclosure can reduce the amount of water required for their operation with high water vapor efficiency. Thus, the contact panels 112, 156, 400, 500, 612, 712, 756, 818, 918, and contact panel assemblies 1208 can be used in locations where there may be a water shortage. Further, the contact panels 112, 156, 400, 500, 612, 712, 756, 818, 918, and contact panel assemblies 1208 can exhibit low sensitivity to water quality. Further, the contact panels 112, 156, 400, 500, 612, 712, 756, 818, 918, and contact panel assemblies 1208 can be used interchangeably for different applications such as humidification or dehumidification. It should be noted that the contact panels 112, 156, 400, 500, 612, 712, 756, 818, 918, and contact panel assemblies 1208 associated with the contact systems 100, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1200 described herein can be used for large-scale applications such as data centers. For example, the contact panels 112, 156, 400, 500, 612, 712, 756, 818, 918, and contact panel assemblies 1208 can be associated with an evaporative cooling system for cooling a data center, other rooms where electronic devices are installed, commercial applications, etc. Further, the contact panels 112, 156, 400, 500, 612, 712, 756, 818, 918, and contact panel assemblies 1208 can be used for various applications for heating, cooling, humidifying, and / or dehumidifying without limiting the scope of this disclosure. Further, the contact panels 112, 156, 400, 500, 612, 712, 756, 818, 918, and contact panel assemblies 1208 can provide improved performance with a compact footprint. Further, the contact panels 112, 156, 400, 500, 612, 712, 756, 818, 918 can enable both latent heat transfer and sensible heat transfer during operation.Accordingly, such contact panels 112, 156, 400, 500, 612, 712, 756, 818, 918 operating at higher air flow rates may exhibit higher saturation efficiencies. This phenomenon can then enable the design of an air handler with a compact front area as compared to an air handler operating with a conventional medium that may only allow latent heat transfer.

[0091] Furthermore, the contact panels 112, 156, 400, 500, 612, 712, 756, 818, 918, and the contact panel assembly 1208 can provide high structural integrity, thereby providing increased resistance to higher liquid pressures without damaging the structure of the contact panels 112, 156, 400, 500, 612, 712, 756, 818, 918, and the contact panel assembly 1208. It should be further noted that the contact panels 112, 156, 400, 500, 612, 712, 756, 818, 918, and the contact panel assembly 1208 can be constructed based on customer requirements, geographical regions, and climate conditions at the customer's location. Accordingly, the contact panels 112, 156, 400, 500, 612, 712, 756, 818, 918, and the contact panel assembly 1208, and the various arrangements of the contact panels 112, 156, 400, 500, 612, 712, 756, 818, 918, and the contact panel assembly 1208 can enable flexibility in installation and use. Additionally, the contact panels 112, 156, 400, 500, 612, 712, 756, 818, 918, and the contact panel assembly 1208 described herein may be improved in an existing contact system with minimal changes to the design of the existing contact system.

[0092] FIG. 15 shows a flowchart of a method of operating a contactor system 800. Method 1500 is described in connection with the contactor system 800 shown in FIG. 8. However, it should be noted that method 1500 is equally applicable to other contactor systems 100, 600, 700, 900, 1200. In step 1502, a first fluid is introduced into a first manifold 810 of the contactor system 800. The first manifold 810 is in fluid communication with a tank 802 to direct the first fluid toward the first manifold 810. The contactor system 800 further includes a second manifold 816, a plurality of contactor panels 818, and a controller 840. Each contactor panel includes a membrane array 826 and a valve assembly 838. In one example, the contactor panel array 806 includes a plurality of contactor panels 818 arranged adjacent to each other. In another example, the plurality of contactor panel arrays 806 are spaced apart from each other. Further, in some examples, the plurality of contactor panels 818 are disposed on at least one of the ceiling 1112, floor 1110, and wall 1114 of the room 1104. In some examples, the plurality of contactor panels 818 are disposed within at least one of an evaporative cooling system, a dehumidification system, and combinations thereof.

[0093] In step 1504, the controller 840 controls a valve assembly 838 associated with at least one contact panel 818 to provide selective fluid communication between the first manifold 810 and the membrane array 826 of the at least one contact panel 818. In step 1506, based on the control of the valve assembly 838 associated with the at least one contact panel 818, a first fluid is introduced into the membrane array 826 of the at least one contact panel 818. Further, the first fluid is introduced into a first portion 842 of the membrane array 826 that includes at least one of a plurality of hollow fibers 832, a flat sheet membrane, and combinations thereof. More specifically, the first fluid is introduced into the lumen 842 of each of the plurality of hollow fibers 832 in the at least one contact panel 818.

[0094] In step 1508, at least one characteristic of a second fluid flowing over the membrane array 826 of the at least one contact panel 818 is controlled based on at least one of mass transfer and heat transfer between the first fluid flowing through the membrane array 826 of the at least one contact panel 818 and the second fluid flowing over the membrane array 826 of the at least one contact panel 818. The at least one characteristic of the second fluid includes temperature and humidity. The second fluid contacts a second portion 844 of the membrane array 826. More specifically, the second fluid contacts the outer surface 844 of each of the plurality of hollow fibers 832 in the at least one contact panel 818. Further, the controller 840 controls the valve assembly 838 of the at least one contact panel 818 based on at least one of a high heat load location, a target temperature, a target humidity, and a temperature uniformity metric. More specifically, the controller 840 controls the valve assembly 838 to vary the flow rate of the first fluid flowing through the valve assembly 838 of the at least one contact panel 818.

[0095] Furthermore, the housing member 1002 is adapted to receive at least one of the plurality of contact panels 818. The housing member 1002 defines a first longitudinal axis "L-L1". In one example, at least one contact panel 818 is received within the housing member 1002 such that a second longitudinal axis "B-B1" defined by a membrane array 826 of the at least one contact panel 818 extends substantially perpendicular to the first longitudinal axis "L-L1" defined by the housing member 1002. In another example, at least one contact panel 818 is received within the housing member 1002 such that a second longitudinal axis "B-B1" defined by a membrane array 826 of the at least one contact panel 818 extends substantially parallel to the first longitudinal axis "L-L1" defined by the housing member 1002.

[0096] Furthermore, in some examples, at least one separator structure 404 (see FIG. 4) is disposed adjacent to the membrane array 402 (see FIG. 4). Additionally, at least two membrane arrays 402 may be disposed adjacent to each other. In some examples, a cooling module 640 (see FIG. 6A) is fluidly coupled to a tank 606 (see FIG. 6A). The cooling module 640 includes a coolant storage container 646 (see FIG. 6A), a heat exchanger 642 (see FIG. 6A) in fluid communication with the coolant storage container 646 and the tank 602, and a coolant pump 650 (see FIG. 6A) fluidly disposed between the tank 606 and the heat exchanger 642.

[0097] Various embodiments of the present invention have been described. These embodiments and other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. The exemplary embodiments are shown below. [Item 1] A plurality of contact panels, each contact panel comprising a frame member, a membrane array adapted to be received within the frame member and defining a first end portion and a second end portion, a plurality of contact panels including a first manifold selectively in fluid communication with the first end portion of the membrane array of each contact panel and adapted to direct a first fluid toward the membrane array of each contact panel, a second manifold in direct fluid communication with the second end portion of the membrane array of each contact panel and adapted to receive the first fluid from the membrane array of each contact panel, a controller configured to provide selective fluid communication between the first manifold and the first end portion of the membrane array of each contact panel, a contact system comprising. [Item 2] Each contact panel further comprises a first conduit fluidly connecting the first manifold and the first end portion of the membrane array, a second conduit fluidly connecting the second manifold and the second end portion of the membrane array, The contact system according to item 1, further comprising. [Item 3] Each contact panel further comprises a valve assembly disposed within the first conduit and configured to provide selective fluid communication between the first manifold and the first end portion of the membrane array, the contact system according to item 2. [Item 4] The controller is communicatively coupled to the valve assembly of each contact panel and is configured to selectively control the valve assembly of at least one contact panel, the contact system according to item 3. [Item 5] The contactor system according to item 4, wherein the controller is configured to selectively control the valve assembly of the at least one contactor panel based on at least one of a high heat load position, a target temperature, a target humidity, and a temperature uniformity metric. [Item 6] The contactor system according to item 4, wherein the controller is configured to control the valve assembly to vary the flow rate of the first fluid flowing through the valve assembly of the at least one contactor panel. [Item 7] The contactor system according to item 1, wherein the frame member of each contactor panel defines a first headspace that provides fluid communication between the first manifold and the first end portion of the membrane array. [Item 8] The contactor system according to item 1, wherein the frame member of each contactor panel defines a second headspace that provides fluid communication between the second manifold and the second end portion of the membrane array. [Item 9] A tank adapted to hold a first fluid therein, An inlet conduit adapted to provide fluid communication between the tank and the first manifold, An outlet conduit adapted to provide fluid communication between the tank and the second manifold, The contactor system according to item 1, further comprising. [Item 10] The contactor system according to item 9, further comprising a pump fluidly disposed between the inlet conduit and the tank. [Item 11] A cooling module fluidly coupled to the tank, A coolant storage container, A heat exchanger in fluid communication with the coolant storage container and the tank, A coolant pump fluidly disposed between the tank and the heat exchanger, The contactor system according to item 9, further comprising a cooling module including. [Item 12] The contactor system according to item 1, further comprising a contactor panel array including the plurality of contactor panels arranged adjacent to each other. [Item 13] The contactor system according to item 12, further comprising a plurality of contactor panel arrays spaced apart from each other. [Item 14] The contactor system according to item 13, wherein the plurality of contactor panel arrays include different first manifolds and different second manifolds. [Item 15] The contactor system according to item 1, further comprising at least one separator structure disposed adjacent to the membrane array. [Item 16] The contactor system according to item 1, further comprising at least two membrane arrays disposed adjacent to each other. [Item 17] The contactor system according to item 1, wherein the membrane array includes at least one of a plurality of hollow fibers, a flat sheet membrane, and combinations thereof. [Item 18] The contactor system according to item 17, wherein each hollow fiber includes a capillary membrane. [Item 19] The contactor system according to item 17, wherein each hollow fiber includes a lumen adapted to receive the first fluid. [Item 20] The contactor system according to item 17, wherein each hollow fiber includes an outer surface adapted to contact a second fluid. [Item 21] The contactor system according to item 20, further comprising a blower unit adapted to direct the second fluid toward the outer surface of each hollow fiber. [Item 22] The contactor system according to item 20, wherein the second fluid is at least one of a liquid and a gas. [Item 23] The contactor system according to item 1, wherein the first fluid is at least one of a liquid and a gas. [Item 24] The contactor system according to item 1, further comprising a housing member adapted to receive at least one of the plurality of contactor panels, the housing member defining a first longitudinal axis. [Item 25] The contactor system according to item 24, wherein the membrane array of the at least one contactor panel defines a second longitudinal axis that extends substantially perpendicular to the first longitudinal axis defined by the housing member. [Item 26] The contactor system according to item 24, wherein the membrane array of the at least one contactor panel defines a second longitudinal axis that extends substantially parallel to the first longitudinal axis defined by the housing member. [Item 27] The contactor system according to item 24, wherein the housing member is disposed on at least one of a ceiling, a floor, and a wall of a room. [Item 28] The contactor system according to item 1, wherein the membrane array of each contactor panel is a microporous and hydrophobic hollow fiber membrane array. [Item 29] The contactor system according to item 1, wherein the membrane array of each contactor panel includes at least one membrane layer, and the at least one membrane layer includes a plurality of hollow fibers. [Item 30] The contactor system according to item 29, wherein the plurality of hollow fibers are woven to form the membrane array. [Item 31] The contactor system according to item 29, wherein the membrane array includes a plurality of membrane layers arranged adjacent to each other. [Item 32] The contactor system according to item 1, wherein the membrane array of each contactor panel is at least one of a rolled one, a pleated one, and a folded one. [Item 33] The contactor system according to item 1, wherein the contactor system is at least one of an evaporative cooling system, a dehumidification system, and a combination thereof. [Item 34] A plurality of contactor panels, each contactor panel comprising a frame member, a membrane array adapted to be received within the frame member, the membrane array defining a first end portion and a second end portion, a valve assembly in fluid communication with the first end portion of the membrane array, and a plurality of contactor panels including the same. A first manifold selectively in fluid communication with the first end portion of the membrane array of each contactor panel, the first manifold being adapted to direct a first fluid toward the membrane array of each contactor panel based on the operation of the valve assembly. A second manifold in direct fluid communication with the second end portion of the membrane array of each contactor panel, the second manifold being adapted to receive the first fluid from the membrane array of each contactor panel. A controller communicatively coupled to the valve assembly of each contactor panel, the controller being configured to selectively control the valve assembly of the at least one contactor panel to provide selective fluid communication between the first manifold and the first end portion of the membrane array of the at least one contactor panel. A contactor system comprising the same. [Item 35] Each contactor panel a first conduit fluidly connecting the first manifold and the first end portion of the membrane array A second conduit fluidly connecting the second manifold and the second end portion of the membrane array; The contactor system according to item 34, further comprising: [Item 36] The contactor system according to item 35, wherein the valve assembly is disposed within the first conduit. [Item 37] The contactor system according to item 34, wherein the controller is configured to selectively control the valve assembly of the at least one contactor panel based on at least one of a high heat load position, a target temperature, a target humidity, and a temperature uniformity metric. [Item 38] The contactor system according to item 34, wherein the controller is configured to control the valve assembly to vary a flow rate of the first fluid flowing through the valve assembly of the at least one contactor panel. [Item 39] The contactor system according to item 34, wherein the frame member of each contactor panel defines a first headspace providing fluid communication between the first manifold and the first end portion of the membrane array. [Item 40] The contactor system according to item 34, wherein the frame member of each contactor panel defines a second headspace providing fluid communication between the second manifold and the second end portion of the membrane array. [Item 41] A tank adapted to hold a first fluid therein; An inlet conduit adapted to provide fluid communication between the tank and the first manifold; An outlet conduit adapted to provide fluid communication between the tank and the second manifold; The contactor system according to item 34, further comprising: [Item 42] The contactor system according to item 41, further comprising a pump fluidly disposed between the inlet conduit and the tank. [Item 43] A cooling module fluidly coupled to the tank, the cooling module comprising: A coolant storage container; A heat exchanger fluidly communicating with the coolant storage container and the tank; A coolant pump fluidly disposed between the tank and the heat exchanger; The contactor system according to item 41, further comprising a cooling module. [Item 44] The contactor system according to item 34, further comprising a contactor panel array including the plurality of contactor panels disposed adjacent to each other. [Item 45] The contactor system according to item 44, further comprising a plurality of contactor panel arrays spaced apart from each other. [Item 46] The contactor system according to item 45, wherein the plurality of contactor panel arrays include different first manifolds and different second manifolds. [Item 47] The contactor system according to item 34, further comprising at least one separator structure disposed adjacent to the membrane array. [Item 48] The contactor system according to item 34, further comprising at least two consecutive membrane arrays disposed adjacent to each other. [Item 49] The contactor system according to item 34, wherein the membrane array includes at least one of a plurality of hollow fibers, a flat sheet membrane, and combinations thereof. [Item 50] The contactor system according to item 49, wherein each hollow fiber includes a capillary membrane. [Item 51] The contactor system according to item 49, wherein each hollow fiber includes a lumen adapted to receive the first fluid. [Item 52] The contactor system according to item 49, wherein each hollow fiber includes an outer surface adapted to contact a second fluid. [Item 53] The contactor system according to item 52, further comprising a blower unit adapted to direct the second fluid toward the outer surface of each hollow fiber. [Item 54] The contactor system according to item 52, wherein the second fluid is at least one of a liquid and a gas. [Item 55] The contactor system according to item 34, wherein the first fluid is at least one of a liquid and a gas. [Item 56] The contactor system according to item 34, further comprising a housing member adapted to receive at least one of the plurality of contactor panels, the housing member defining a first longitudinal axis. [Item 57] The contactor system according to item 56, wherein the membrane array of the at least one contactor panel defines a second longitudinal axis extending substantially perpendicular to the first longitudinal axis defined by the housing member. [Item 58] The contactor system according to item 56, wherein the membrane array of the at least one contactor panel defines a second longitudinal axis extending substantially parallel to the first longitudinal axis defined by the housing member. [Item 59] The contactor system according to item 56, wherein the housing member is disposed on at least one of a ceiling, a floor, and a wall of a room. [Item 60] The contactor system according to item 56, wherein the membrane array of each contactor panel is a microporous and hydrophobic hollow fiber membrane array. [Item 61] The contactor system according to item 34, wherein the membrane array of each contactor panel includes at least one membrane layer, and the at least one membrane layer includes a plurality of hollow fibers. [Item 62] The contactor system according to item 61, wherein the plurality of hollow fibers are woven to form the membrane array. [Item 63] The contactor system according to item 61, wherein the membrane array includes a plurality of membrane layers disposed adjacent to each other. [Item 64] The contactor system according to item 34, wherein the membrane array of each contactor panel is at least one of a rolled one, a pleated one, and a folded one. [Item 65] The contactor system according to item 34, wherein the contactor system is at least one of an evaporative cooling system, a dehumidification system, and a combination thereof. [Item 66] A method of operating a contactor system, introducing a first fluid into a first manifold of the contactor system, the contactor system further including a second manifold, a plurality of contactor panels, and a controller, each contactor panel including a membrane array and a valve assembly; controlling, by the controller, the valve assembly associated with the at least one contactor panel to provide selective fluid communication between the first manifold and the membrane array of the at least one contactor panel; introducing the first fluid into the membrane array of the at least one contactor panel based on control of the valve assembly associated with the at least one contactor panel; controlling at least one characteristic of the second fluid flowing over the membrane array of the at least one contactor panel based on at least one of mass transfer and heat transfer between the first fluid flowing through the membrane array of the at least one contactor panel and the second fluid flowing over the membrane array of the at least one contactor panel; comprising a method. [Item 67] The method according to item 66, further comprising providing fluid communication between the first manifold and the tank to direct the first fluid toward the first manifold. [Item 68] A method further comprising fluidly coupling a cooling module to the tank, the cooling module including a coolant storage container, a heat exchanger in fluid communication with the coolant storage container and the tank, and a coolant pump fluidly disposed between the tank and the heat exchanger, the method according to item 67. [Item 69] The method according to item 66, further comprising controlling the valve assembly of the at least one contact panel by the controller based on at least one of a high heat load position, a target temperature, a target humidity, and a temperature uniformity metric. [Item 70] The method according to item 66, further comprising controlling the valve assembly by the controller to vary the flow rate of the first fluid flowing through the valve assembly of the at least one contact panel. [Item 71] The method according to item 66, further comprising providing a contact panel array including the plurality of contact panels disposed adjacent to each other. [Item 72] The method according to item 71, further comprising providing a plurality of contact panel arrays spaced apart from each other. [Item 73] The method according to item 66, further comprising disposing at least one separator structure adjacent to the membrane array. [Item 74] The method according to item 66, further comprising disposing at least two membrane arrays adjacent to each other. [Item 75] The method according to item 66, further comprising introducing the first fluid into a first portion of the membrane array including at least one of a plurality of hollow fibers, a flat sheet membrane, and combinations thereof. [Item 76] The method according to item 75, further comprising introducing the first fluid into the lumen of each of the plurality of hollow fibers of the plurality of hollow fibers. [Item 77] The method according to item 66, further comprising contacting the second fluid with a second portion of the membrane array. [Item 78] The method according to item 77, further comprising contacting the second fluid with the outer surface of each of the plurality of hollow fibers of the at least one contact panel. [Item 79] Further comprising providing a housing member adapted to receive at least one of the plurality of contactor panels, the housing member defining a first longitudinal axis, the method according to item 66. [Item 80] The method according to item 79, further comprising receiving the at least one contactor panel within the housing member such that a second longitudinal axis defined by the membrane array of the at least one contactor panel extends substantially perpendicular to the first longitudinal axis defined by the housing member. [Item 81] The method according to item 79, further comprising receiving the at least one contactor panel within the housing member such that a second longitudinal axis defined by the membrane array of the contactor panel of the at least one contactor panel extends substantially parallel to the first longitudinal axis defined by the housing member. [Item 82] The method according to item 66, further comprising disposing the plurality of contactor panels on at least one of a ceiling, a floor, and a wall of a room. [Item 83] The method according to item 66, further comprising disposing the plurality of contactor panels within at least one of an evaporative cooling system, a dehumidification system, and combinations thereof. [Item 84] The method according to item 66, wherein the at least one characteristic of the second fluid includes temperature and humidity.

Claims

1. A plurality of contact panels, each contact panel comprising: a frame member; a membrane array adapted to be received within the frame member, defining a first end portion and a second end portion, and including at least one of a plurality of hollow fibers, a flat sheet membrane having channels provided on both sides thereof, and combinations thereof; a plurality of contact panels including; a first manifold in selective fluid communication with the first end portion of the membrane array of each contact panel, the first manifold being adapted to direct a first fluid toward the membrane array of each contact panel; a second manifold in direct fluid communication with the second end portion of the membrane array of each contact panel, the second manifold being adapted to receive the first fluid from the membrane array of each contact panel; a controller configured to provide selective fluid communication between the first manifold and the first end portion of the membrane array of each contact panel; a tank adapted to hold the first fluid therein; an inlet conduit adapted to provide fluid communication between the tank and the first manifold; an outlet conduit adapted to provide fluid communication between the tank and the second manifold; a cooling module fluidly coupled to the tank, the cooling module comprising: a coolant storage container; a heat exchanger in fluid communication with the coolant storage container and the tank; a coolant pump fluidly disposed between the tank and the heat exchanger; and being adapted to reduce the temperature of the first fluid; An evaporative cooling system comprising.

2. A plurality of contact panels, each contact panel comprising: a frame member; a membrane array adapted to be received within the frame member, defining a first end portion and a second end portion, and including at least one of a plurality of hollow fibers, a flat sheet membrane having channels provided on both sides thereof, and combinations thereof; a valve assembly in fluid communication with the first end portion of the membrane array; a plurality of contact panels including; A first manifold selectively in fluid communication with the first end portion of the membrane array of each contact panel, and configured to direct a first fluid toward the membrane array of each contact panel based on the operation of the valve assembly. A second manifold in direct fluid communication with the second end portion of the membrane array of each contact panel, and configured to receive the first fluid from the membrane array of each contact panel. A controller communicatively coupled to the valve assembly of each contact panel, and configured to selectively control the valve assembly of at least one contact panel to provide selective fluid communication between the first manifold and the first end portion of the membrane array of the at least one contact panel. A tank configured to hold the first fluid therein. An inlet conduit configured to provide fluid communication between the tank and the first manifold. An outlet conduit configured to provide fluid communication between the tank and the second manifold. A cooling module fluidly coupled to the tank, A coolant storage container, A heat exchanger in fluid communication with the coolant storage container and the tank, A coolant pump fluidly disposed between the tank and the heat exchanger, Including a cooling module configured to reduce the temperature of the first fluid. An evaporative cooling system comprising.

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