Functionalized polymeric materials for forming nitric oxide and methods thereof

Abstract

Modified polymeric materials containing significant amounts of nitric oxide precursor groups within and on the surface of various polymeric materials are presented. Advantageously, the nitric oxide precursor groups are covalently bonded to oxygen atoms of carbonyl or siloxyl groups in the polymer via functionalized organosilanes, thereby allowing for their abundance in the polymer. In a further desirable aspect, the modification can be introduced into already produced polymeric materials using conceptually simple and straightforward reaction sequences.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority to our co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 332,871, filed April 20, 2022, which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] The present disclosure relates to functionalized polymeric materials that include pendant reactive groups that have been modified to form pendant nitric oxide precursor groups capable of releasing antimicrobially effective amounts of nitric oxide. [Background technology]

[0003] Various products and articles, such as medical instruments, devices, and equipment, must be sterilized before use to prevent microbial contamination of wound sites, biological samples, etc. To this end, many sterilization processes are known, often involving contacting the product or article with a sterilant. Examples of such sterilants include nitrogen tetroxide, water vapor, ethylene oxide, hydrogen peroxide, dry heat, etc.

[0004] Unfortunately, some known sterilants react adversely chemically with many materials and are therefore unsuitable for use, while other sterilants can be applied but react or otherwise decompose relatively quickly. To overcome these challenges, antimicrobial agents, such as zinc complexes, colloidal silver, or triclosan, can be included in materials to provide at least some antimicrobial effect. However, such antimicrobial agents can be problematic for use with medical devices or food contact articles.

[0005] In a further example of sterilizing an article, materials prepared as described in US9884943 can be used to form gaseous nitric oxide from precursors such as nitrosothiols in a sealed container, exposing the article to a sterilizing amount of nitric oxide, as described in WO2022 / 164894. Unfortunately, due to the coupling chemistry of the nitric oxide precursor groups used in References '894 and '943, the amount of nitric oxide precursor groups in the polymer is limited. Furthermore, the nitric oxide precursor groups in these references must be introduced into the polymer at the time of polymerization, further limiting their usefulness. Similar challenges arise with modified supramolecular polymer complexes modified to include nitrosothiols as nitric oxide precursor groups, as disclosed in US2010 / 0303891. In yet another related example, the surface-modified nitric oxide-releasing nanoparticles of US2011 / 0151000 rely on terminal hydroxyl groups covalently attached to nitric oxide precursor groups. Thus, these modified polymers may be suitable for in vivo nitric oxide release resulting in nitric oxide-mediated processes (e.g., regulation of vascular tone, platelet aggregation, etc.), but are generally not suitable for microbial control, especially over long periods of time. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0006] Thus, there remains an opportunity for the production of improved polymeric materials capable of releasing antimicrobially effective amounts of nitric oxide from precursor groups for a variety of medical and consumer purposes, particularly materials in which the polymer is already produced and subsequently modified to contain pendant nitric oxide precursor groups. [Means for solving the problem]

[0007] The present inventors have discovered functionalized polymeric materials that exhibit improved properties with respect to the amount of nitric oxide that can be released, and simplified production of such polymeric materials. More particularly, the compounds, compositions, and methods provided herein allow for the functionalization of already manufactured polymers (e.g., medical or food-grade polymers) to allow for the introduction of nitric oxide precursor groups that can release antimicrobially effective amounts of nitric oxide over an extended period of time.

[0008] In a preferred embodiment, the polymer already prepared contains multiple carbonyl groups, and the oxygen of each carbonyl group participates in a catalytic reaction with an aminosilane to introduce a pendant amino group into the polymer. The amino group thus introduced then reacts with a reagent containing a thiol group to covalently bond thereto, which subsequently reacts with nitrite or nitric oxide in the gas phase to form the corresponding S-nitrosothiol as a pendant nitric oxide precursor group. Alternatively or additionally, the oxygen of each carbonyl group in the polymer participates in a catalytic reaction with an epoxysilane to introduce a pendant epoxy group into the polymer. The epoxy group thus introduced then reacts with a reagent containing a thiol group to covalently bond thereto, which subsequently reacts with nitrite to form the corresponding S-nitrosothiol as a pendant nitric oxide precursor group.

[0009] As will be readily appreciated, suitable carbonyl groups may be located in amide bonds of polyurethanes, carbonate groups of polycarbonates, or pendant acetate groups of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) polymers. In addition, the contemplated catalytic reactions may also be carried out in polymers containing siloxyl (non-silanol) groups, which may be located in various substituted or unsubstituted polysiloxanes. Thus, from various perspectives, contemplated (prepared) polymers include, among others, polyurethanes, polyamides, EVAs, polycarbonates, polysiloxanes (e.g., polydimethylsiloxanes), and the like, as well as all co(block)polymers containing such polymers.

[0010] Thus, in some aspects of the present subject matter, functionalized polymeric materials can include pendant amino or epoxy functional groups that can then be used as anchors for pendant nitric oxide precursor groups, which can decompose to form nitric oxide. The inventors contemplate that functionalized polymeric materials with pendant nitric oxide precursor groups can be utilized as or to form cast, molded, or milled objects, films, coatings, or combinations thereof. In various embodiments, functionalized polymeric materials with pendant nitric oxide precursor groups thus enable safe, efficient, and environmentally friendly gas sanitization, bacterial reduction, or even sterilization of a wide range of items, such as medical devices, medical equipment, endoscopes, cell phones, mask covers, keys, name tags, credit cards, mouth guards, infant pacifiers and pacifier rings, pens and pencils, sports gloves, shoes, and the like. Functionalized polymeric materials with pendant nitric oxide precursor groups advantageously release gas-phase nitric oxide under ambient temperature, pressure, and humidity, which can be further enhanced by irradiation with visible and UV light and by increasing temperature.

[0011] In some embodiments, the inventors contemplate that the functionalized polymeric material comprises the reaction product of a base polymeric material and an aminosilane or epoxysilane, most preferably the reaction product of an (organometallic-catalyzed) reaction of an aminosilane and / or epoxysilane with a carbonyl oxygen present in the base polymeric material. The base polymeric material and the aminosilane thus react to introduce pendant amino and / or epoxy functional groups into the base polymeric material. In at least some cases, the polymeric material so functionalized may exhibit increased solubility in organic solvents (e.g., ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, hexane, etc.) compared to the solubility of the base polymeric material, as measured according to ASTM 3132-84.

[0012] In other embodiments, the functionalized polymeric material may comprise the reaction product of a base polymeric material, an amino or epoxy silane, and a nitric oxide precursor. The base polymeric material, silane, and nitric oxide precursor react to form pendant nitric oxide precursor groups on the base polymeric material. In particular, in various embodiments, the pendant nitric oxide precursor groups exhibit improved stability compared to the stability of the nitric oxide precursor separated from the polymer. In these and other embodiments, the pendant nitric oxide precursor groups exhibit a reduced rate of decomposition to nitric oxide compared to the decomposition rate to nitric oxide of the nitric oxide precursor not bound to the base polymeric material.

[0013] The inventors contemplate that the base polymer material has carbonyl functionality, siloxy functionality, or a combination thereof. To this end, the base polymer material may include moieties / repeating units that include carbonyl functionality or siloxy functionality. For example, the moieties may be urethane moieties, ester moieties, carbonate moieties, siloxane moieties, or a combination thereof. In yet a further embodiment, the base polymer material is substantially free of hydroxyl functionality.

[0014] In additional embodiments, the moiety includes carbonate moieties and siloxane moieties in various arrangements (e.g., polycarbonate-polydimethylsiloxane block copolymers). In still other embodiments, the moiety / repeating unit includes urethane moieties and siloxane moieties in various arrangements (e.g., polyurethane-polydimethylsiloxane block copolymers). In still other embodiments, the moiety / repeating unit includes only urethane moieties (e.g., polyurethane), or only siloxane moieties (e.g., polydimethylsiloxane), or only ester moieties (e.g., poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) copolymers).

[0015] The inventors further contemplate that the silane has an amino or epoxy functional group. In various embodiments, the silane comprises an aminoalkoxysilane (e.g., 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane). It is contemplated herein that the reaction product of the base polymer material and the silane may be formed in the presence of a catalyst. The catalyst may comprise a transition metal catalyst (e.g., an organotin catalyst). It is further contemplated herein that the reaction product of the base polymer material and the silane may be formed in the presence of a solvent. The solvent may comprise an organic solvent (e.g., tetrahydrofuran). It should be understood that the reaction product of the base polymer material, the silane, and the nitric oxide precursor may be formed in the presence of a catalyst, a solvent, or a combination thereof.

[0016] In some embodiments, the nitric oxide precursor comprises the reaction product of acetylpenicillamine thiolactone and a nitrosated compound, such as a nitrite. The nitrite may include sodium nitrite, calcium nitrite, potassium nitrite, tetrabutylammonium nitrite, dicyclohexylammonium nitrite, butyl nitrite, isobutyl nitrite, t-butyl nitrite, amyl nitrite, pentyl nitrite, nitrite salts, ion pair nitrites, silver nitrite, zinc nitrite, iron nitrite, copper nitrite, transition metal nitrite compounds, or combinations thereof.

[0017] In other embodiments, the nitric oxide precursor comprises a reaction product of a thioester, a primary amine, and a nitrosated compound. The thioester may comprise a thiolactone. In certain embodiments, the thiolactone is an amine-containing thiolactone (e.g., thietanone). The primary amine may comprise cysteine ​​or a derivative thereof, such as cysteine, glutathione, acetylcysteine, penicillamine, acetylpenicillamine, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine, bucillamine, or a combination thereof.

[0018] In still other embodiments, the nitric oxide precursor comprises the reaction product of a primary amine and a nitrosated compound. The primary amine may comprise cysteine ​​or a derivative thereof, such as cysteine, glutathione, acetylcysteine, penicillamine, acetylpenicillamine, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine, bucillamine, or a combination thereof.

[0019] In these and other embodiments, the epoxy functionality of the epoxy silane and the primary amine react to form a pendant nitric oxide precursor, while the amino functionality of the amino silane and the thioester or thiolactone react to form a pendant nitric oxide precursor, with the precursor attached to the silane via an amide bond.

[0020] Accordingly, also provided herein is a method for forming a functionalized polymeric material having pendant nitric oxide precursors. The method includes providing a base polymeric material having carbonyl functional groups, siloxy functional groups, or a combination thereof. The method further includes providing a silane having amino functional groups or epoxy functional groups, or a combination thereof. The method further includes reacting the base polymeric material and the silane to form pendant amino functional groups, pendant epoxy functional groups, or a combination thereof on the base polymeric material.

[0021] The inventors contemplate that the step of reacting the base polymer material and the silane may include combining the base polymer material and a solvent to form a mixture, and then combining the mixture and the silane to form pendant amino functional groups on the base polymer material. Similarly, the inventors also contemplate that the step of combining the base polymer material and a solvent may be further defined as combining the base polymer material, the solvent, and the catalyst to form pendant amino functional groups, pendant epoxy functional groups, or a combination thereof, on the base polymer material.

[0022] As a result, methods of forming functionalized polymeric materials to provide nitric oxide are also contemplated. Such methods include providing a base polymeric material having carbonyl functional groups, siloxy functional groups, or a combination thereof. The method further includes providing a silane having amino functional groups, epoxy functional groups, or a combination thereof. The method further includes reacting the base polymeric material and the silane to form pendant amino functional groups, pendant epoxy functional groups, or a combination thereof on the base polymeric material. The method further includes reacting the pendant amino functional groups, pendant epoxy functional groups, or a combination thereof, and a nitric oxide precursor to form pendant nitric oxide precursor groups on the base polymeric material.

[0023] The inventors contemplate that the step of reacting the pendant amino functional group and the nitric oxide precursor may include reacting the pendant amino functional group and a thioester or thiolactone to form a pendant thiol functional group on the base polymer material. Similarly, the inventors contemplate that the step of reacting the pendant epoxy functional group and the nitric oxide precursor may include reacting the pendant epoxy functional group and a primary amine containing a thiol group to form a pendant thiol functional group on the base polymer material. The method may further include reacting the pendant thiol functional group and a nitrosated compound to form a pendant nitric oxide precursor group on the base polymer material. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0024] [Figure 1] 1A-1E are photographs showing non-limiting embodiments of exemplary functionalized polymeric materials in solution: (A) SNAP-PCPDMS, (B) SNAP-PUPDMS, (C) SNAP-PU, (D) SNAP-EVA, and (E) SNAP-pfPDMS.

[0025] [Figure 2A]FIG. 2A is a photograph showing polymer (b), a non-limiting embodiment of an exemplary functionalized polymer material, SNAP-PCPDMS, and NO release.

[0026] [Figure 2B] FIG. 2B is a graph showing NO release from a non-limiting embodiment of an exemplary functionalized polymeric material, SNAP-PCPDMS.

[0027] [Figure 3A] FIG. 3A is a photograph showing polymer (b), a non-limiting embodiment of an exemplary functionalized polymer material, SNAP-PUPDMS, and NO release.

[0028] [Figure 3B] FIG. 3B is a graph showing NO release from a non-limiting embodiment of an exemplary functionalized polymeric material, SNAP-PUPDMS.

[0029] [Figure 4A] FIG. 4A is a photograph showing polymer (b), a non-limiting embodiment of an exemplary functionalized polymer material, SNAP-PU, and NO release.

[0030] [Figure 4B] FIG. 4B is a graph showing NO release from a non-limiting embodiment of an exemplary functionalized polymeric material, SNAP-PU.

[0031] [Figure 5A] FIG. 5A is a photograph showing polymer (b), a non-limiting embodiment of an exemplary functionalized polymer material, SNAP-EVA, and NO release.

[0032] [Figure 5B] FIG. 5B is a graph showing NO release from a non-limiting embodiment of an exemplary functionalized polymeric material, SNAP-EVA.

[0033] [Figure 6A]FIG. 6A is a photograph showing polymer (b), a non-limiting embodiment of an exemplary functionalized polymer material, SNAP-pfPDMS, and NO release.

[0034] [Figure 6B] FIG. 6B is a graph showing NO release from a non-limiting embodiment of an exemplary functionalized polymeric material, SNAP-pfPDMS.

[0035] [Figure 7A] FIG. 7A is a graph showing the tensile properties of a comparative base polymer material, PCPDMS.

[0036] [Figure 7B] FIG. 7B is a graph showing the tensile properties of a non-limiting embodiment of an exemplary functionalized polymeric material, SNAP-PCPDMS. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0037] There are many examples of surface modification performed on cured polymer materials using silanes. However, these systems have primarily required treatment of the cured polymer material with plasma or other mechanisms to generate temporary surface hydroxyl groups. These hydroxyl groups were then exposed to a silane agent to covalently bond the silane to the surface of the material. As a result, plasma treatment of the cured polymer material to form hydroxyl groups has led to a loss of desirable mechanical, chemical, and / or surface properties, including modification of only the top layer to impart surface properties. Furthermore, such treatments are limited to surface modification, limiting the concentration and density of hydroxyl groups available for silane group attachment, and subsequent exposure of the surface silane groups to environmental conditions can even further reduce the number of functional active silane groups. Furthermore, plasma-generated surface hydroxyl groups are short-lived and must react immediately with the silane agent, making fabrication difficult and often ineffective.

[0038] After the silane groups are attached to the surface of the treated polymeric material, they can react with nitric oxide precursors to functionalize the polymeric material for nitric oxide release. However, as noted above, because the polymeric materials are already cured prior to plasma treatment, these polymers have limited ability to release meaningful (e.g., antimicrobially effective) amounts of nitric oxide due to the presence of the nitric oxide precursor exclusively on the surface of the cured polymeric material.

[0039] The present disclosure overcomes all of these disadvantages and drawbacks, now enabling modified polymeric materials that can contain significant amounts of nitric oxide precursor groups within and on the surface of various polymeric materials. Furthermore, the preparation of such modified polymeric materials does not require curing of the precursor material, allowing already-manufactured polymers to be modified to contain a large number of nitric oxide precursor groups. Advantageously, such modification does not substantially affect various mechanical and / or physical properties while still providing a sufficient amount of nitric oxide precursor groups. Indeed, the materials so produced have the ability to release antimicrobially effective amounts of nitric oxide that, over an extended period of time, reduce the number of viable pathogenic cells in and on the material, and in some cases even sterilize the material.

[0040] Except in the examples or where expressly indicated, all numerical values ​​in this description expressing amounts of ingredients or conditions of reaction and / or use should be understood to be modified by the word "about" in the broadest scope of this disclosure. In various embodiments, the terms "about" and "approximately," when referring to specific measurable values ​​(e.g., parameters, amounts, temporal durations, etc.), are meant to encompass the particular value as well as variations from and within the particular value, e.g., variations of + / - 10% or less, or + / - 5% or less, or + / - 1% or less, or + / - 0.1% or less, of and from the particular value, to the extent that such variations are appropriate in the disclosed embodiment. Accordingly, the values ​​to which the modifiers "about" and "approximately" refer are themselves specifically disclosed.

[0041] Practice within the stated numerical limits is generally preferred. Similarly, unless expressly stated to the contrary: percent, "parts...", and ratio values ​​are by weight; the description of a group or class of materials as suitable or preferred for a given purpose in connection with the present invention means that mixtures of any two or more members of the group or class are equally suitable or preferred; the description of components in chemical terms refers to the components at the time of addition in any combination specified herein and does not necessarily exclude chemical interactions between the components of the mixture once mixed; the initial definition of an acronym or other abbreviation applies to all subsequent uses of the same abbreviation herein, applying mutatis mutandis to normal grammatical variations of the initially defined abbreviation; and unless expressly stated to the contrary, measurements of properties are determined by the same techniques as those previously or later referred to for the same property.

[0042] It should also be noted that as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, reference to a component in the singular is intended to include plural components.

[0043] As used herein, "embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is included in at least one manifestation, example, or implementation of the invention. Moreover, as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art, particular features, structures, or characteristics can be combined in any suitable manner. All combinations of features from different embodiments are intended to be within the scope of the invention, without the need to explicitly list every possible permutation. Thus, any of the claimed embodiments can be used in any combination.

[0044] As used herein, the term "weight percent" (and therefore the related abbreviation "wt. %") refers to percent by weight, typically expressed in terms of the weight of dry matter. It should therefore be understood that weight percent can be calculated based on the total weight of a composition, or can be calculated from the ratio between two or more components / portions of a mixture (e.g., total weight of dry matter).

[0045] As used herein, the term "substantially" refers to the complete or near-complete extent or degree of an action, characteristic, property, state, structure, item, or result. As a given example, an object that is "substantially" encapsulated would mean that the object is completely encapsulated, or so nearly completely encapsulated that it has the same overall result as if the object were completely encapsulated.

[0046] The drawings are semi-schematic and not to scale; in particular, some dimensions are exaggerated in the drawings for clarity of presentation. Similarly, while figures in the drawings for ease of illustration generally show similar orientations, this representation in the drawings is arbitrary. In general, functionalized polymeric materials can be handled in any orientation. As used herein, when a first component or layer is described as being "over," "overlying," "under," or "underlying" a second component or layer, it will be understood that the first component or layer may be directly on (in direct contact with) the second component or layer, or there may be intervening components or layers where a straight line can be drawn through and between the overlapping features. When a first component or layer is described as being "on" a second component or layer, the first component or layer is directly on and in contact with the second component or layer. Additionally, spatially relative terms, such as "upper," "over," "lower," "under," etc., may be used herein for ease of description to describe the relationship of one component or feature to another component(s) or feature(s) depicted in the figures. It will be understood that the above spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the functionalized polymeric material in use or handling, in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the functionalized polymeric material in the figures were turned over, a component described as being "under" another component or feature would now be oriented "above" the other component or feature. Thus, the exemplary term "under" can encompass either an "above" or "below" orientation. The functionalized polymeric material can be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or to another orientation), and the spatially relative descriptors used herein can likewise be interpreted accordingly.

[0047] Throughout this disclosure, where publications are cited, the disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this disclosure in order to more fully describe the state of the art to which this disclosure pertains.

[0048] The following detailed description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the subject embodiments or the application and uses of such embodiments. Furthermore, there is no intention to be bound by any expressed or implied theory presented in the preceding technical field, background, brief summary or the following detailed description.

[0049] Provided herein are functionalized polymeric materials capable of forming and releasing nitric oxide. The functionalized polymeric materials include pendant amino functional groups, pendant epoxy functional groups, or a combination thereof, which can be used to introduce pendant nitric oxide precursor groups. The pendant nitric oxide precursor groups of the functionalized polymeric materials are capable of decomposing to form nitric oxide. In various embodiments, nitric oxide and air react to produce a mixture containing various nitrogen oxides. Specifically, adding nitric oxide to air or air to nitric oxide forms nitrogen dioxide when the nitric oxide reacts with oxygen in the air. The concentration of each nitrogen oxide species present in the mixture can vary depending on the temperature, pressure, and initial concentration of nitric oxide.

[0050] Nitric oxide is lipid-soluble and has the ability to disrupt the lipid membranes of microorganisms, modulate cell and tissue responses, control coagulation and biological integration, and confer antibacterial properties. Furthermore, nitric oxide can inactivate thioproteins, thereby destroying functional proteins in microorganisms. Nitric oxide is more water-soluble than nitric oxide. Finally, nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide are potent disruptors of DNA, causing strand breaks and other damage that results in cellular dysfunction.

[0051] As used herein, the term "nitric oxide" or "NO" refers to the NO free radical. As is well known, NO is chemically unstable and readily reacts with oxygen to form various oxides collectively referred to as NOx. As used herein, the term NOx is an abbreviation for nitrogen oxides or oxides of nitrogen, which are oxides formed with nitrogen, where nitrogen represents each of its positive oxidation states, +1 to +5. As used herein, the terms "nitrogen oxides" and "oxides of nitrogen" and "NOx" refer to a gas having one or more of the following gases, all of which contain varying amounts of nitrogen and oxygen: nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen trioxide (NO3), dinitrogen trioxide (NO3), dinitrogen tetroxide (NO4), dinitrogen pentoxide (NO5), and nitrous oxide (NO). As used herein, the expression "nitric oxide precursor" means a compound or composition capable of producing or releasing NO, NO2, and NOx.

[0052] Functionalized polymeric materials can be used in a wide variety of medical and consumer applications. As described in more detail below, the properties of the functionalized polymeric materials can be tailored to suit particular applications. Non-limiting examples of suitable tailoring include altering the chemical and physical makeup of the functionalized polymeric material, its nitric oxide generating capacity, its nitric oxide release rate, its mechanical properties, its surface chemistry, its hydrophobicity, and the like. In particular, the ability to combine nitric oxide release with a base polymeric material to form a functionalized polymeric material capable of providing controlled nitric oxide release is useful in the development of medical and consumer devices. Thus, polymeric materials suitable for modification as described herein include, inter alia, polymers approved by the FDA for use with drugs, medical devices, and foods.

[0053] From a different perspective, the inventors contemplate utilizing functionalized polymeric materials to form nitric oxide for a variety of medical and consumer applications. In various embodiments, cast, molded, or ground objects, films, coatings comprising or formed from functionalized polymeric materials may be utilized. Non-limiting examples of suitable uses of the functionalized polymeric materials (e.g., as films or coatings) include hygiene containers for sanitizing hygiene devices (e.g., toothbrushes, mouth / bite guards, CPAP masks, face masks, etc.); medical device containers for sanitizing medical instruments (e.g., stethoscopes, otoscopes, etc.), medical devices (e.g., portable ultrasound machines, communication devices, etc.); components of devices exposed to moisture (e.g., washing machines, boat compartments, etc.) to resist mold or mildew growth; sporting equipment (e.g., yoga mats, strength training equipment contact surfaces, cardio equipment contact surfaces, etc.); liners for sports equipment bags for sanitizing sports equipment (e.g., shoes, hockey equipment, ski equipment, face masks, goggles, helmets, etc.); food packaging for preserving foodstuffs (e.g., meat, fruits, vegetables, cheese, their ingredients, etc.); vehicle components for sanitizing vehicles (e.g., headliners, seat cushion liners, carpet liners, etc.); and cabinet drawers, desks, box interiors, etc. to combat mold odors.

[0054] With respect to functionalized polymeric materials, the inventors contemplate that the functionalized polymeric material comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the reaction product of a base polymeric material and a silane. To this end, the base polymeric material and the silane react to form pendant amino or epoxy functional groups on the base polymeric material. Advantageously, the functionalized polymeric material may exhibit increased solubility in organic solvents (e.g., ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, hexane, etc.) as measured in accordance with ASTM 3132-84, compared to the solubility of the base polymeric material in organic solvents prior to functionalization.

[0055] In certain embodiments, the inventors contemplate that the functionalized polymeric material comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the reaction product of a base polymeric material, a silane, and a nitric oxide precursor. To this end, the base polymeric material, the silane, and the nitric oxide precursor react to form pendant nitric oxide precursor groups on the base polymeric material. In particular, as introduced above, the base polymeric material and the silane react to form pendant amino functional groups, pendant epoxy functional groups, or a combination thereof, on the base polymeric material, and then the pendant amino functional groups, pendant epoxy functional groups, or a combination thereof, and the nitric oxide precursor react to form pendant nitric oxide precursor groups on the base polymeric material. In various embodiments, the inventors have observed that the pendant nitric oxide precursor groups exhibit improved stability compared to the stability of the nitric oxide precursor separated from the base polymeric material. More specifically, in these and other embodiments, the pendant nitric oxide precursor groups exhibit a reduced rate of decomposition to nitric oxide compared to the rate of decomposition of the nitric oxide precursor to nitric oxide.

[0056] The base polymeric material has carbonyl functionality, siloxy functionality, or a combination thereof. To this end, the base polymeric material may include moieties / repeating units having carbonyl functionality or siloxy functionality. The moieties may be urethane moieties, ester moieties, carbonate moieties, siloxane moieties, or combinations thereof. However, it should be understood that any moiety containing an oxo group (carbonyl oxygen) may be included in the base polymeric materials contemplated herein.

[0057] In various embodiments, the base polymer material is substantially free of hydroxyl functional groups. The term "substantially" used in this context means that the base polymer material has a hydroxyl value of less than 50 mg KOH per gram, less than 40 mg KOH, less than 30 mg KOH, less than 20 mg KOH, less than 10 mg KOH, less than 5 mg KOH, less than 1 mg KOH, or less than 0.1 mg KOH, as measured according to ASTM 4274. In contrast to conventional polymer materials that utilize plasma or other high-energy mechanisms to generate temporary surface hydroxyl groups, the carbonyl or siloxy functional groups of the base polymer material contemplated herein react with pendant amino functional groups, typically in an organometallic catalyzed reaction. Without being bound by theory, the inventors believe that this association of the carbonyl or siloxy functional groups with the pendant amino functional groups provides the functionalized polymer material with improved properties.

[0058] In a further aspect, the inventors contemplate that the base polymeric material need not be fully cured prior to forming at least the pendant amino or epoxy functional groups. As described in more detail below, at least the pendant amino or epoxy functional groups can be formed on the base polymeric material in the presence of a solvent. In other words, the base polymeric material can be reacted with a silane (most preferably an organosilane) in solution to form the pendant amino or epoxy functional groups. Without being bound by theory, the inventors believe that such formation of pendant amino or epoxy functional groups in solution provides the functionalized polymeric material with improved properties. In this context, it should be noted that in preferred embodiments, the organosilane does not act as a crosslinker, but is used to introduce pendant reactive groups for attachment of the nitric oxide precursor. Furthermore, in embodiments in which the pendant amino or epoxy functional groups react with the nitric oxide precursor to form pendant nitric oxide precursor groups on the base polymeric material, the nitric oxide precursor groups are not limited to the surface of the functionalized polymeric material. Thus, improved control of nitric oxide release can be achieved by adjusting the mechanical, chemical, structural, and surface properties of the functionalized polymeric material.

[0059] For example, Scheme 1 below illustrates the introduction of pendant amine groups into a polyurethane polymer using a reaction in which the carbonyl oxygen of the polymer backbone reacts with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysiloxane. [ka]

[0060] For example, Scheme 2 below illustrates the introduction of pendant amine groups into a polyamide polymer using a reaction in which the carbonyl oxygen of the polymer backbone reacts with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysiloxane. [ka]

[0061] For example, Scheme 3 below illustrates the introduction of pendant amine groups into an EVA polymer using a reaction in which the carbonyl oxygen of the acetate ester group of the EVA repeat unit reacts with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysiloxane. [ka]

[0062] For example, Scheme 4 below illustrates the introduction of pendant amine groups into a PDMS polymer using a reaction in which the hydroxyl oxygens of the polymer backbone react with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysiloxane without increasing crosslinking. [ka]

[0063] For example, Scheme 5 below illustrates the introduction of pendant amine groups into an epoxy polymer using a reaction in which the carbonyl oxygen of the polymer backbone reacts with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysiloxane. [ka]

[0064] Furthermore, polymeric materials so functionalized can have significantly increased amounts of nitric oxide precursor groups compared to the same polymeric material surface-modified solely by conventional plasma-based modification. Most typically, the materials provided herein have at least 10%, or at least 25%, or at least 40%, or at least 60%, or at least 80%, or at least 100%, or at least 150%, or at least 200% more nitric oxide precursor groups per unit weight of cubic material sample.

[0065] In one embodiment, the base polymeric material comprises a carbonate moiety and a siloxane moiety. The base polymeric material may be in the form of a copolymer comprising a carbonate block and a siloxane block. The carbonate block and the siloxane block may be present in any amount relative to one another. The copolymer may have a viscosity average molecular weight in an amount of about 1,000 to about 100,000, or alternatively about 10,000 to about 50,000. In certain embodiments, the base polymeric material comprises a polycarbonate-polydimethylsiloxane block copolymer. In these and other embodiments, the polydimethylsiloxane utilized to form the polycarbonate-polydimethylsiloxane block copolymer is hydroxy-terminated to increase crosslinking within the base polymeric material.

[0066] In another embodiment, the base polymer material comprises a urethane moiety and a siloxane moiety. The base polymer material may be in the form of a copolymer comprising a urethane block and a siloxane block. The urethane block and the siloxane block may be present in any amount relative to one another. The copolymer may have a viscosity average molecular weight in an amount of about 1,000 to about 100,000, or alternatively about 10,000 to about 50,000. In certain embodiments, the base polymer material comprises a polyurethane-polydimethylsiloxane block copolymer. In these and other embodiments, the polydimethylsiloxane utilized to form the polyurethane-polydimethylsiloxane block copolymer is hydroxy-terminated to increase crosslinking within the base polymer material.

[0067] In yet another embodiment, the base polymer material includes a urethane moiety. The base polymer material may be in the form of a homopolymer including urethane blocks. The homopolymer may have a viscosity average molecular weight in an amount of about 1,000 to about 100,000, or alternatively about 10,000 to about 50,000. In certain embodiments, the base polymer material includes a polyurethane.

[0068] In yet another embodiment, the base polymeric material includes a siloxane moiety. The base polymeric material may be in the form of a homopolymer including siloxane blocks. The homopolymer may have a viscosity average molecular weight in an amount of about 1,000 to about 100,000, or alternatively about 10,000 to about 50,000. In certain embodiments, the base polymeric material includes polydimethylsiloxane.

[0069] In further embodiments, the base polymer material includes an ester moiety. The base polymer material may be in the form of a copolymer including an ethylene block and a vinyl acetate block. The ethylene block and the vinyl acetate block may be present in any amount relative to one another. The copolymer may have a viscosity average molecular weight in an amount of about 1,000 to about 100,000, or alternatively about 10,000 to about 50,000. In certain embodiments, the base polymer material includes a poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) copolymer (EVA).

[0070] It should be understood that the rate and amount of nitric oxide release from a functionalized polymeric material can be adjusted depending on the combination and number of functional groups contained in the base polymeric material. In particular, a blend of different polymeric materials containing various functional groups can be utilized to achieve a desired rate and amount of nitric oxide release. In addition to, or instead of, controlling the type and number of functional groups in a polymeric material, the rate and amount of nitric oxide release from a functionalized polymeric material can be controlled by varying the degree of crosslinking of the polymeric material. Generally, a lower degree of crosslinking results in a more porous polymer structure. While this may not affect the number of functional groups, it can result in a faster and higher level of nitric oxide release from the functionalized polymer due to the pendant nitric oxide precursor groups being more accessible to the environment. Increasing the crosslinking of the base polymeric material can decrease the porosity of the functionalized polymeric material, which acts to inhibit access to the pendant nitric oxide precursor groups. Therefore, various rates of nitric oxide release can be obtained by controlling the access to the pendant nitric oxide precursor groups through the degree of crosslinking of the base polymeric material.

[0071] Returning to the reference to the (organo)silanes utilized to form the functionalized polymeric materials, the inventors contemplate that in some embodiments, the silanes will have amino functionality ("aminosilanes"). Such aminosilanes may include primary aminosilanes, secondary aminosilanes, tertiary aminosilanes, quaternary aminosilanes, multi-podal (e.g., dipodal) aminosilanes, or combinations thereof. The aminosilanes may include virtually any suitable aminosilane, such as propyl-group-containing aminosilanes or aminosilane compounds containing propylamine. Examples of suitable aminosilanes include bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-aminopropyltrialkoxysilane, diethylaminomethyltrialkoxysilane, (N,N-diethyl-3-aminopropyl)trialkoxysilane, 3-(N-styrylmethyl-2-aminoethylaminopropyltrialkoxysilane, aminopropyltrialkoxysilane, (2-N-benzylaminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrialkoxysilane), trialkoxysilylpropyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium, N-(trialkoxysilylethyl)benzyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium, (bis(methyldialkoxysilylpropyl)-N-methylamine, bis(trialkoxysilylpropyl)urea, bis(3-(trialkoxysilyl)propyl) ethylenediamine, bis(trialkoxysilylpropyl)amine, bis(trialkoxysilylpropyl)amine, 3-aminopropyltrialkoxysilane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropylmethyldialkoxysilane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrialkoxysilane, 3-aminopropylmethyldialkoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltrialkoxysilane, (N-trialkoxysilylpropyl)polyethyleneimine, trialkoxysilylpropyldiethylenetriamine, N-phenyl-3-aminopropyltrialkoxysilane, N-(vinylbenzyl)-2-aminoethyl-3-aminopropyltrialkoxysilane, 4-aminobutyltrialkoxysilane, or a combination thereof.In various embodiments, the aminosilane comprises an aminoalkoxysilane. In an exemplary embodiment, the aminoalkoxysilane comprises 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane.

[0072] The inventors also contemplate that in some embodiments, the (organo)silane comprises an epoxy functional group ("epoxysilane"). Non-limiting examples of suitable epoxysilanes include gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, gamma-glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane, gamma-glycidoxypropylmethyldimethoxysilane, gamma-glycidoxypropylmethyldiethoxysilane, beta-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)-ethyltrimethoxysilane, beta-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)-ethylmethyldimethoxysilane, beta-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)-ethylmethyldiethoxysilane, beta-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)-ethyltriethoxysilane, or combinations thereof. In various embodiments, the silane comprises a glycidoxyalkoxysilane. In an exemplary embodiment, the epoxysilane comprises 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane.

[0073] Referring now to nitric oxide precursors, there are a wide variety of nitric oxide precursors that can be used depending on the design constraints of the desired application of the functionalized polymeric material. Nitric oxide precursors include, but are not limited to, SNAP-PDMS and other nitric oxide-donating polymers that utilize different nitric oxide moieties and different polymer base materials. The nitric oxide donor can be covalently attached to or mixed into the polymer to form the nitric oxide precursor. Separate nitric oxide donors can also be used in solid, liquid, or gel form. Non-limiting examples include one or more of S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D-penicillamine (SNAP), nitrite, S-nitrosocysteine, S-nitrosoglutathione, diazeniumdiolate compounds, enzymatic generation of NO from arginine, or biological sources such as organitrite, macrophage generation, etc. Non-limiting examples of suitable S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D-penicillamine and other photosensitive S-nitrosothiols covalently attached to polymers are described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,884,943 B2 and International Publication No. WO 2020 / 018488 A1, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. Non-limiting examples of other suitable nitric oxide precursors are described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2021 / 0220523 A1, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0074] Other non-limiting examples of nitric oxide precursors include one or more of polymers, acidified nitrites or nitrates, vapor phase delivery from nitric oxide donating molecules such as diazeniumdiolates, nitrosothiols, nitrosyl compounds, or other methods of NO generation, such as enzymatic generation of nitric oxide, chemical generation of nitric oxide from ascorbic acid or metal catalysts, electrochemical generation of nitric oxide, photolytic cleavage of a bond to release nitric oxide, direct delivery of nitric oxide gas, and the like.

[0075] As should be clear from the above, the nitric oxide precursor group is introduced into the polymer via reaction of the nitric oxide precursor group with a pendant amino or epoxy group (previously introduced via an aminosilane or epoxysilane), with the type of pendant group determining the specific type of nitric oxide precursor group. For example, if the pendant group is an epoxy group, the nitric oxide precursor group will typically be a primary amine compound further comprising a thiol group. On the other hand, if the pendant group is an amino group, the nitric oxide precursor group will typically be a thioester or thiolactone. Regardless of the type of compound, it should be understood that upon reaction with the pendant amino or epoxy group, the nitric oxide precursor group will initially yield a pendant thiol group, which can then be nitrosylated to form the corresponding S-nitrosothiol, which will become a source of nitric oxide upon decomposition of the S-nitrosothiol.

[0076] In an exemplary embodiment, the nitric oxide precursor comprises the reaction product of acetylpenicillamine thiolactone, a pendant amino group, and a nitrosated compound. The acetylpenicillamine thiolactone and the nitrosated compound may react in any ratio or under any conditions known in the art. In certain embodiments, these components are reacted at room temperature under stirring. However, it should be understood that the reaction conditions may be adjusted depending on the specific materials utilized or the desired properties.

[0077] The nitrosating compound can be any compound that serves as a source for forming a nitroso group, generally a compound of the formula NOX (where X is an organic or inorganic anion or a group OR2, and R2 is an organic group). Alternatively, gaseous nitric oxide can be used. Thus, X can be an organic anion derived from a carboxylic acid, e.g., an alkanecarboxylic acid containing 2 to 7 carbon atoms; nitrosating agents of this type include acetylnitrite and propionylnitrite. When X is an inorganic anion, it can be derived, for example, from a mineral acid, e.g., a halide ion, e.g., chloride, bromide, or sulfate, or from a Lewis acid, e.g., fluoroborate. Other inorganic anions include hydroxide and sulfonate. Thus, nitrosating compounds of this type include nitrosyl chloride, nitrosyl sulfate, nitrosyl fluoroborate, nitrous acid, and Fremys salt (potassium nitrosyl disulfonate). When X is a group of formula OR2, the organic group R2 can be, for example, a lower alkyl group containing 1 to 9 carbon atoms, such as ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, or isopentyl.

[0078] In certain embodiments, the nitrosating compound comprises a nitrite. The nitrite may include sodium nitrite, calcium nitrite, potassium nitrite, tetrabutylammonium nitrite, dicyclohexylammonium nitrite, butyl nitrite, isobutyl nitrite, t-butyl nitrite, amyl nitrite, pentyl nitrite, nitrite salts, ion pair nitrites, silver nitrite, zinc nitrite, iron nitrite, copper nitrite, transition metal nitrite compounds, or combinations thereof. Similarly, nitric oxide gas may be used as a nitrosating agent.

[0079] In another exemplary embodiment, the nitric oxide precursor comprises the reaction product of a thioester, a primary amine, and a nitrosated compound. The thioester, primary amine, and nitrosated compound may react in any ratio or under any conditions known in the art. In certain embodiments, these components are reacted at room temperature under stirring. However, it should be understood that the reaction conditions may be adjusted depending on the specific materials utilized or the properties desired.

[0080] The thioester may include an alkyl thioester, an aralkyl thioester, a cyclic thioester, or a combination thereof. Accordingly, non-limiting examples of suitable thioesters include a thiolactone, a thioacetate, a thiobenzoate, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the thioester comprises a thiolactone. The thiolactone may be an amine-containing thiolactone (e.g., thietanone). However, it should be understood that any amine-containing thioester may be utilized to form the nitric oxide precursor.

[0081] Suitable primary amines may include cysteine ​​or its derivatives, such as cysteine, glutathione, acetylcysteine, penicillamine, acetylpenicillamine, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine, bucillamine, or combinations thereof. It should be understood that the primary amine may be included as part of a peptide, polymer, copolymer, or other macromolecule. In embodiments in which cysteine ​​or a derivative thereof is utilized as part of a peptide, the peptide may include any combination of amino acids, so long as the peptide includes cysteine ​​or a derivative thereof as at least one of the constituent components of the peptide. Non-limiting examples of suitable cysteine ​​or its derivatives are described in the academic paper entitled "S-Nitrosothiol Detection via Amperometric Nitric Oxide Sensor with Surface Modified Hydrogel Layer Containing Immobilized Organoselenium Catalyst" (Langmuir 2006, 22, 25, 10830-10836), which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0082] Returning to the discussion of forming functionalized polymeric materials, the base polymeric material, silane, and, optionally, nitric oxide precursor may be reacted in any ratio or under any conditions known in the art. In some embodiments, the base polymeric material and silane may be reacted at a volume ratio of silane to polymeric material of about 0.1:1 to about 20:1, alternatively about 0.5:1 to about 10:1, alternatively about 1:1 to about 5:1, or alternatively about 2:1 to 3:1. In these and other embodiments, the base polymeric material and silane may be reacted at room temperature under stirring. However, it should be understood that reaction conditions may be adjusted depending on the specific materials utilized or the properties desired.

[0083] From a different perspective, various amounts or concentrations of base polymer material and silane can be utilized in the reaction mixture to form the reaction product. The reaction mixture can include the base polymer material in an amount of about 0.001 to about 1 gram / milliliter (g / mL), alternatively about 0.005 to about 0.5 g / mL, alternatively about 0.01 to about 0.1 g / mL, or alternatively about 0.02 to about 0.08 g / mL. The reaction mixture can include the silane in an amount of about 0.001 to about 1 gram / milliliter (g / mL), alternatively about 0.005 to about 0.5 g / mL, alternatively about 0.01 to about 0.1 g / mL, or alternatively about 0.02 to about 0.08 g / mL.

[0084] In certain embodiments, the reaction product of the base polymer material, the silane, and optionally the nitric oxide precursor may be formed in the presence of a catalyst. If utilized, the catalyst may be included in various amounts. The catalyst may include any suitable catalyst or mixture of catalysts known in the art. In certain embodiments, the catalyst may include a transition metal catalyst (e.g., an organotin catalyst). In an exemplary embodiment, the catalyst includes a dimethyltin dineodecanoate catalyst.

[0085] Other non-limiting examples of suitable catalysts include metal catalysts, amine catalysts, and combinations thereof. Examples of suitable metal catalysts include tin, iron, lead, bismuth, mercury, titanium, hafnium, zirconium, iron(II) chloride, zinc chloride, lead octoate, stabilized stannous octoate, tin(II) salts of organic carboxylic acids, such as tin(II) acetate, tin(II) octoate, tin(II) ethylhexanoate, and tin(II) laurate, and dialkyltin(IV) salts of organic carboxylic acids, such as dibutyltin dilaurate, dibutyltin diacetate, dibutyltin maleate, and dioctyltin diacetate, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the polymerization catalyst component comprises dimethylethanolamine. Examples of suitable amine catalysts include amidines such as 2,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine, tertiary amines such as triethylamine, tributylamine, dimethylbenzylamine, N-methylmorpholine, S-ethylmorpholine, N-cyclohexylmorpholine, N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine, N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-butanediamine, N,N,N',N'-tetramethylhexane-1,6-diamine, pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, amine, bis(dimethylaminoethyl) ether, bis(dimethylaminopropyl) urea, dimethylpiperazine, 1,2-dimethylimidazole, 1-azabicyclo[3.3.0]octane, and typically 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, and alkanolamine compounds such as triethanolamine, triisopropanolamine, N-methyl-diethanolamine, and N-ethyldiethanolamine, dimethylethanolamine, and combinations thereof.

[0086] In various embodiments, the reaction product of the base polymer material, the silane, and optionally the nitric oxide precursor can be formed in the presence of a solvent. When utilized, the solvent can be included in various amounts. In certain embodiments, the solvent can include an organic solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran. Other non-limiting examples of suitable solvents include aromatics, aliphatics, ketones such as methyl ethyl ketone, isobutyl ketone, ethyl amyl ketone, acetone, alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, n-butanol, and isopropanol, esters such as ethyl acetate, glycols such as ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, ethers such as tetrahydrofuran and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, or combinations thereof.

[0087] The functionalized polymeric materials may further include various additives, such as, but not limited to, ascorbates, reducing equivalents, oxidizing equivalents, acids, bases, pH buffers, ionophores, enzymes, any agent that will affect the formation and stability of thiols (e.g., disulfide formation or disulfide bond cleavage), the formation and stability of nitrosothiols (e.g., acid / base, ion mobility, gas permeability, NO gas reaction / buffering), plasticizers, surfactants, colorants, fillers, or combinations thereof.

[0088] The plasticizer may include plasticizers that can be used to modify various properties, such as, but not limited to, permeability, hydrophobicity modification, tensile strength, elongation, etc. Plasticizers include, but are not limited to, phthalates, trimellitates, benzoates, adipates, sebacates, maleates, citrates, epoxidized vegetable oils, sulfonamides, organic phosphates, glycol / polyethers, polymeric plasticizers, and polybutanes, or combinations thereof. However, it should be understood that the plasticizer may include any other plasticizer understood in the art, so long as the plasticizer is compatible with the components of the functionalized polymeric material.

[0089] The plasticizer may be an ester plasticizer. Examples of suitable ester plasticizers include, but are not limited to, dioctyl phthalate (DOP), n-hexyl-n-decyl phthalate (NHDP), n-octyl-decyl phthalate (NODP), di(isononyl) phthalate (DINP), di(isodecyl) phthalate (DIDP), diundecyl phthalate (DUP), di(isotridecyl) phthalate (DTDP), di-2-ethylhexyl adipate (DOA), di-n-octyl-n-decyl adipate (DNODA), diisononyl adipate (DINA), di-2-ethylhexyl azelate (DOZ), di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate (DOS), trioctyl trimellitate (TOTM), trioctyl phosphate (TOP), tricresyl phosphate (TCP), aliphatic polyester plasticizers, aliphatic polyol plasticizers, or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the plasticizer component includes trioctyl trimellitate (TO™). It should be understood that the plasticizer can include any phthalate known in the art, so long as it is compatible with the functionalized polymeric material.

[0090] The surfactant may include anionic surfactants, nonionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, zwitterionic surfactants, or combinations thereof, however, it should be understood that the surfactant may include any other surfactant understood in the art so long as the surfactant is compatible with the components of the functionalized polymeric material.

[0091] Examples of suitable anionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, fatty alcohol sulfates, alkylphenol sulfates, fatty alcohol ether sulfates, fatty alcohol ether sulfates, alkylphenol ether sulfates, alkylbenzene sulfonic acids, alkyl ether carboxylic acids and their salts, alkyl sulfosuccinates, alkyl sulfosuccinamates, phosphate esters, α-olefin sulfonates, or combinations thereof. Examples of suitable nonionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, alcohol ethoxylates, alkylphenol ethoxylates, polyethylene oxide / polyethylene oxide block copolymers, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, sorbitan fatty acid esters, sorbitan ester ethoxylates, or combinations thereof. Examples of suitable cationic surfactants include, but are not limited to, alkyldimethylamines, quaternary ammonium compounds, or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the surfactant component comprises a nonionic surfactant. The nonionic surfactant may include an acetylene glycol surfactant, 2-ethylhexanol, or a combination thereof.

[0092] The filler may include any filler that can be used for various purposes, such as, but not limited to, cost containment, rheology control, lubricity modification, and preventing seizing or galling. The filler component may include an inorganic filler. Examples of suitable inorganic fillers include, but are not limited to, powdered nickel, copper, zinc, and aluminum. Suitable mineral fillers include, but are not limited to, talc, calcium carbonate, silicates such as mica, wollastonite, titanium dioxide, quartz, fumed silica, precipitated silica, graphite, boron nitride, or combinations thereof. Modifiers such as zinc stearate, magnesium stearate, and sodium stearate are also included.

[0093] Other components that may be present in the functionalized polymeric material include trace amounts of antioxidants, inhibitors, antifoaming agents, dispersing aids, heat stabilizers, UV stabilizers, etc., such as one or more of the components described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004 / 0258922 A1, U.S. Patent No. 9,404,015 B2, and U.S. Patent No. 10,214,668 B2, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. In various embodiments, one or more of such additives are individually present in the functionalized polymeric material in an amount of less than about 5 wt %, based on the total weight of the functionalized polymeric material.

[0094] The functionalized polymeric materials can be formed using conventional techniques understood in the art. An exemplary method of formation includes providing a base polymeric material having carbonyl functionality, siloxy functionality, or a combination thereof. The method further includes providing a silane having amino or epoxy functionality. The method further includes reacting the base polymeric material and the silane to form pendant amino or epoxy functionality on the base polymeric material.

[0095] The inventors contemplate that the step of reacting the base polymer material and the silane may include combining the base polymer material and a solvent to form a mixture, and then combining the mixture and the silane to form pendant amino functional groups, pendant epoxy functional groups, or a combination thereof, on the base polymer material. Similarly, the inventors contemplate that the step of combining the base polymer material and a solvent may be further defined as combining the base polymer material, the solvent, and the catalyst to form pendant amino functional groups, pendant epoxy functional groups, or a combination thereof, on the base polymer material.

[0096] Another exemplary method includes providing a base polymer material having carbonyl functional groups, siloxy functional groups, or a combination thereof. The method further includes providing a silane having amino functional groups, epoxy functional groups, or a combination thereof. The method further includes reacting the base polymer material and the silane to form pendant amino functional groups, pendant epoxy functional groups, or a combination thereof on the base polymer material. The method further includes reacting the pendant amino functional groups, pendant epoxy functional groups, or a combination thereof, and a nitric oxide precursor to form pendant nitric oxide precursor groups on the base polymer material.

[0097] The inventors contemplate that the step of reacting the pendant amino or epoxy functional group and the nitric oxide precursor may include reacting the pendant amino or epoxy functional group and acetylpenicillamine thiolactone or a primary amine compound having a thiol group (e.g., cysteine) to form a pendant thiol functional group on the base polymer material. The step of reacting the pendant amino or epoxy functional group and the nitric oxide precursor may further include reacting the pendant thiol functional group and a nitrosated compound to form a pendant nitric oxide precursor group on the base polymer material.

[0098] Films comprising functionalized polymeric materials can be formed by various methods understood in the art. For example, films can be extruded, cast, laminated, etc. Similarly, coatings comprising functionalized polymeric materials can be formed by various methods understood in the art. For example, the coating can be sprayed onto the article, the article may be immersed in the coating, or the coating can be applied to the article using mechanical methods (e.g., a brush). Other bulk forms of the functionalized polymeric material can be obtained by evaporating the solvent and then forming the material into the desired geometric shape. It should be understood that any other method known in the art for forming films or coatings comprising functionalized polymeric materials can be utilized, so long as the method is compatible with the components of the functionalized polymeric material. [Example]

[0099] The following examples are included to illustrate various embodiments contemplated herein. It should be understood by those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in the examples that follow represent techniques found by the inventor(s) to function well in the practice of the invention, and therefore can be considered to constitute preferred modes for its practice. However, those of skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure, understand that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments that are disclosed and still obtain like or similar results without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Unless otherwise indicated, all percentages are by weight and all measurements are made at 23°C.

[0100] Example 1: Exemplary SNAP-PCPDMS Polycarbonate-polydimethylsiloxane block copolymers were dissolved in THF and reacted with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysiloxane and a small amount of an organotin catalyst. After the reaction mixture became slightly cloudy, acetylpenicillamine thiolactone was reacted with the pendant amine groups. The resulting polymer was then reacted with the organic nitrite t-butyl nitrite to convert the exposed sulfur groups to the corresponding S-nitrosothiols.

[0101] The resulting green polymer can be cast into a film or coated onto a device to deposit an NO-releasing functionalized polymeric material.

[0102] Specific materials: 0.05 g / mL of CarboSil 20 80A in THF was reacted with 125 μL / mL of 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and 25 μL of dimethyltin dineodecanoate catalyst and stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. 10 mg / mL of acetylpenicillamine thiolactone was then added and stirred for an additional 10 minutes. 200 μL of tert-butyl nitrite was then added to the 1 mL polymer solution. After approximately 5 minutes, the solution turned dark green-red (see Figure 1A).

[0103] Photoinitiated NO release from cured polymer films was measured, as shown in Figures 2A and 2B.

[0104] The comparative film formed from the base polycarbonate-polydimethylsiloxane block copolymer ("Ctrl 1-4") and the exemplary film formed from the nitric oxide precursor-functionalized polycarbonate-polydimethylsiloxane block copolymer ("S 1-4") were evaluated for tensile properties, which were evaluated according to ASTM D882-02 using an Electroforce 3200 mechanical testing machine.

[0105] 7A and 7B, the comparative and exemplary films exhibit different tensile properties as indicated by their stress-strain curves. In general, both films were ductile and suitable for a variety of uses.

[0106] Example 2: Exemplary SNAP-PUPDMS A polyurethane-polydimethylsiloxane block copolymer was dissolved in THF and reacted with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysiloxane and a small amount of an organotin catalyst. After the reaction mixture became slightly cloudy, acetylpenicillamine thiolactone was reacted with the pendant amine groups. The resulting polymer was then reacted with an organic nitrite, t-butyl nitrite, to convert the exposed sulfur groups to the corresponding S-nitrosothiol.

[0107] The resulting green polymer can be cast into a film or coated onto a device to deposit an NO-releasing functionalized polymeric material.

[0108] Specific materials: 0.05 g / mL PurSil 20 80A in THF was reacted with 125 μL / mL 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and 25 μL dimethyltin dineodecanoate catalyst and stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. 10 mg / mL acetylpenicillamine thiolactone was then added and stirred for an additional 10 minutes. 200 μL tert-butyl nitrite was then added to the 1 mL polymer solution. After approximately 5 minutes, the solution turned dark green-red (see Figure 1B).

[0109] Photoinitiated NO release from cured polymer films was measured, as shown in Figures 3A and 3B.

[0110] Example 3: Exemplary SNAP-PU The polyurethane was dissolved in THF and reacted with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysiloxane and a small amount of an organotin catalyst. After the reaction mixture became slightly cloudy, acetylpenicillamine thiolactone was reacted with the pendant amine groups. The resulting polymer was then reacted with the organic nitrite t-butyl nitrite to convert the exposed sulfur groups to the corresponding S-nitrosothiol.

[0111] The resulting green polymer can be cast into a film or coated onto a device to deposit an NO-releasing functionalized polymeric material.

[0112] Specific materials: 0.05 g / mL Tecoflex SG 80A in THF was reacted with 125 μL / mL α-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and 25 μL of dimethyltin dineodecanoate catalyst and stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. 10 mg / mL acetylpenicillamine thiolactone was then added and stirred for an additional 10 minutes. 200 μL of tert-butyl nitrite was then added to the 100 mL polymer solution. After approximately 5 minutes, the solution turned dark green-red (see Figure 1C).

[0113] Photoinitiated NO release from cured polymer films was measured, as shown in Figures 4A and 4B.

[0114] Example 4: Exemplary SNAP-EVA Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) copolymer (EVA) was dissolved in THF and reacted with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysiloxane and a small amount of an organotin catalyst. After the reaction mixture became slightly cloudy, acetylpenicillamine thiolactone was reacted with the pendant amine groups. The resulting polymer was then reacted with the organic nitrite t-butyl nitrite to convert the exposed sulfur groups to the corresponding S-nitrosothiol.

[0115] The resulting green polymer can be cast into a film or coated onto a device to deposit an NO-releasing functionalized polymeric material.

[0116] Specific materials: 0.05 g / mL EVA (40% vinyl acetate) in THF was reacted with 125 μL / mL 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and 25 μL dimethyltin dineodecanoate catalyst and stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. 10 mg / mL acetylpenicillamine thiolactone was then added and stirred for an additional 10 minutes. 200 μL tert-butyl nitrite was then added to the 1 mL polymer solution. After approximately 5 minutes, the solution turned dark green-red (see Figure 1D).

[0117] Photoinitiated NO release from cured polymer films was measured, as shown in Figures 5A and 5B.

[0118] Example 5: Exemplary SNAP-pfPDMS Polydimethylsiloxane was dissolved in THF and reacted with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysiloxane and a small amount of organotin catalyst. After the reaction mixture became slightly cloudy, acetylpenicillamine thiolactone was reacted with the pendant amine groups. The resulting polymer was then reacted with the organic nitrite t-butyl nitrite to convert the exposed sulfur groups to the corresponding S-nitrosothiol.

[0119] The resulting green polymer can be cast into a film or coated onto a device to deposit an NO-releasing functionalized polymeric material.

[0120] Specific materials: 0.05 g / mL of Dow Corning RTV-3140 in THF was reacted with 125 μL / mL of 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and 25 μL of dimethyltin dineodecanoate catalyst and stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. 10 mg / mL of acetylpenicillamine thiolactone was then added and stirred for an additional 10 minutes. 200 μL of tert-butyl nitrite was then added to the 1 mL polymer solution. After approximately 5 minutes, the solution turned dark green-red (see Figure 1E).

[0121] Photoinitiated NO release from cured polymer films was measured, as shown in Figures 6A and 6B.

[0122] It should be understood that the scope of the appended claims is not limited to the language and specific compounds, compositions, or methods described in the detailed description, but may vary among specific embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims. With respect to any Markush group relied upon herein to describe particular properties or aspects of various embodiments, different, special, and / or unexpected results can be obtained from each member of the respective Markush group, independent of all other Markush members. Each member of a Markush group may be relied upon individually and / or in combination to provide sufficient support for specific embodiments within the scope of the appended claims.

[0123] Furthermore, any ranges and subranges relied upon in describing various embodiments of the present invention are understood to individually and collectively fall within the scope of the appended claims and to describe and contemplate all ranges, including whole and / or fractional values ​​therein, even if such values ​​are not expressly written herein. Those skilled in the art will readily recognize that the recited ranges and subranges fully describe and enable various embodiments of the present invention, and that such ranges and subranges may be further expressed into related halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, etc. As merely an example, a range "from 0.1 to 0.9" may be further expressed into a lower third, i.e., 0.1 to 0.3, a middle third, i.e., 0.4 to 0.6, and an upper third, i.e., 0.7 to 0.9, which, individually and collectively, are within the scope of the appended claims and may be relied upon individually and / or collectively to provide sufficient support for particular embodiments within the scope of the appended claims. Furthermore, with respect to terms defining or modifying ranges, such as "at least," "greater than," "less than," "less than or equal to," etc., it should be understood that such terms encompass subranges and / or upper or lower limits. As another example, the range "at least 10" inherently encompasses subranges of at least 10 to 35, at least 10 to 25, 25 to 35, etc., each of which may be relied upon individually and / or collectively to provide sufficient support for particular embodiments within the scope of the appended claims. Finally, individual numbers within the disclosed ranges may be relied upon to provide sufficient support for particular embodiments within the scope of the appended claims. For example, the range "from 1 to 9" encompasses various individual integers, such as 3, as well as individual numbers including decimal points (or fractions), such as 4.1, which may be relied upon to provide sufficient support for particular embodiments within the scope of the appended claims.

[0124] The present invention has been described herein in an illustrative manner, and it should be understood that the terminology used is intended to be in the nature of words of description rather than words of limitation. Many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. The invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described, within the scope of the appended claims. The subject matter of all combinations of independent aspects and dependent aspects, both singly and multiply dependent, is expressly contemplated herein. Aspects of the present disclosure include the following. [1] A method for modifying a polymer, comprising: providing a polymer comprising a plurality of repeat units, at least some of the repeat units comprising a carbonyl group or a siloxyl group; reacting the polymer with an organosilane in the presence of an organometallic catalyst to produce a silane-modified polymer containing pendant amino or epoxy groups; reacting the pendant amino or epoxy groups with a sulfur-containing reagent to produce a thiol-modified polymer containing pendant thiol groups; and Reacting the pendant thiol groups with a nitrosating agent to produce S-nitrosothiol-containing polymers A method comprising: [2] The method of embodiment 1, wherein the carbonyl or siloxyl group is in the backbone of the polymer. [3] The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the carbonyl group is part of an amide group (-C(O)NH-), a carboxylic acid ester group (-C(O)O-), or a carbonate ester group (-OC(O)O-). [4] The method of embodiment 1, wherein the carbonyl group is in a side chain of the repeat unit. [5] The method of claim 4, wherein the carbonyl group of the side chain is a carboxylic acid ester group (—C(O)O—). [6] The method of embodiment 1, wherein the polymer is substantially free of hydroxyl groups. [7] The method of embodiment 1, wherein the polymer is a homopolymer selected from the group consisting of polyurethane, polyamide, polyester, polycarbonate, and polysiloxane. [8] The method of embodiment 1, wherein the polymer is a heteropolymer comprising polymer blocks selected from the group consisting of polyurethanes, polyamides, polyesters, polycarbonates, and polysiloxanes. [9] The method of embodiment 1, wherein a first portion of the repeating units comprises a carbonyl group and a second portion of the repeating units comprises a siloxyl group.

[10] The method of embodiment 9, wherein the polymer is a polycarbonate-polydimethylsiloxane block copolymer or a polyurethane-polydimethylsiloxane block copolymer.

[11] The method of embodiment 1, wherein the polymer is polyurethane, poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) copolymer, or polydimethylsiloxane.

[12] The method of embodiment 1, wherein the organosilane is an aminoalkoxysilane.

[13] The method of embodiment 12, wherein the aminoalkoxysilane is 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane.

[14] The method of embodiment 1, wherein the organosilane is a glycidoxyalkoxysilane.

[15] The method of embodiment 14, wherein the glycidoxyalkoxysilane is (3-glycidoxypropyl)-trimethoxysilane.

[16] The method of embodiment 1, wherein the organometallic catalyst is an organotin catalyst.

[17] The method of embodiment 16, wherein the organotin catalyst is a dimethyltin dineodecanoate catalyst.

[18] The method of embodiment 1, wherein the amino group is reacted with a sulfur-containing reagent, and the sulfur-containing reagent is a thiolactone or a thioester.

[19] The method of embodiment 18, wherein the thiolactone is acetylpenicillamine thiolactone.

[20] The method of embodiment 1, wherein the epoxy group reacts with a sulfur-containing reagent, and the sulfur-containing reagent is cysteine, glutathione, or acetylcysteine.

[21] The method of embodiment 1, wherein the nitrosating reagent is an organic or inorganic nitride.

[22] The method of embodiment 1, wherein the nitrosating reagent is sodium nitrite, calcium nitrite, potassium nitrite, tetrabutylammonium nitrite, dicyclohexylammonium nitrite, butyl nitrite, isobutyl nitrite, tert-butyl nitrite, amyl nitrite, or pentyl nitrite.

[23] The method of embodiment 1, wherein the polymer is reacted with the organosilane in an organic solvent.

[24] The method of embodiment 23, wherein the organic solvent comprises tetrahydrofuran.

[25] The method of embodiment 1, wherein the S-nitrosothiol-containing polymer is formed into an article of manufacture.

[26] The method of embodiment 25, wherein the shaping comprises casting, molding, or coating.

[27] The method of embodiment 25, wherein the article of manufacture is a container or a protective device.

[28] A polymer comprising a plurality of repeating units, each repeating unit comprising a carbonyl group or a siloxyl group. A polymer comprising: A polymer in which at least a portion of the carbonyl or siloxyl groups are modified at their respective oxygen atoms to be covalently bonded to an organosilane having pendant amino or epoxy groups, and at least a portion of the pendant amino or epoxy groups are modified to be covalently bonded to a moiety containing an S-nitrosothiol group.

[29] A polymer comprising a plurality of repeating units, each repeating unit comprising a carbonyl group or a siloxyl group. A polymer comprising: A polymer in which at least a portion of the carbonyl or siloxyl groups are modified at their respective oxygen atoms to be covalently bonded to an organosilane having pendant amino or epoxy groups, and at least a portion of the pendant amino or epoxy groups are modified to be covalently bonded to moieties containing thiol groups.

[30] A polymer comprising a plurality of repeating units, each repeating unit comprising a carbonyl group or a siloxyl group. A polymer comprising: A polymer in which at least a portion of the carbonyl or siloxyl groups are modified at the respective oxygen atoms to be covalently bonded to organosilanes having pendant amino or epoxy groups.

[31] The polymer of any one of aspects 28 to 30, wherein the carbonyl or siloxyl group is in the backbone of the polymer.

[32] The polymer of any one of embodiments 28 to 30, wherein the carbonyl group is part of an amide group (—C(O)NH—), a carboxylic acid ester group (—C(O)O—), or a carbonate ester group (—OC(O)O—).

[33] The polymer of any one of embodiments 28 to 30, wherein the carbonyl group is in a side chain of the repeat unit.

[34] The polymer of embodiment 33, wherein the side chain carbonyl group is a carboxylic acid ester group (—C(O)O—).

[35] The polymer of any one of embodiments 28-30, wherein the polymer is substantially free of hydroxyl groups.

[36] The polymer of any one of embodiments 28 to 30, wherein the polymer is a homopolymer selected from the group consisting of polyurethane, polyamide, polyester, polycarbonate, and polysiloxane.

[37] The polymer of any one of embodiments 28 to 30, wherein the polymer is a heteropolymer comprising polymer blocks selected from the group consisting of polyurethanes, polyamides, polyesters, polycarbonates, and polysiloxanes.

[38] The polymer of any one of embodiments 28-30, wherein a first portion of the repeat units comprises a carbonyl group and a second portion of the repeat units comprises a siloxyl group.

[39] The polymer of embodiment 38, wherein the polymer is a polycarbonate-polydimethylsiloxane block copolymer or a polyurethane-polydimethylsiloxane block copolymer.

[40] The polymer of any one of aspects 28-30, wherein the polymer is a polyurethane, a poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) copolymer, or a polydimethylsiloxane.

[41] The polymer of any one of embodiments 28-30, wherein the organosilane is an aminoalkoxysilane.

[42] The polymer of embodiment 41, wherein the aminoalkoxysilane is 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane.

[43] The polymer of any one of embodiments 28-30, wherein the organosilane is a glycidoxyalkoxysilane.

[44] The polymer of embodiment 43, wherein the glycidoxyalkoxysilane is (3-glycidoxypropyl)-trimethoxysilane.

[45] The polymer of any one of embodiments 28-29, wherein the amino group is modified with a sulfur-containing reagent, and the sulfur-containing reagent is a thiolactone or a thioester.

[46] The polymer of embodiment 45, wherein the thiolactone is acetylpenicillamine thiolactone.

[47] The polymer of any one of aspects 28-29, wherein the epoxy groups are modified with a sulfur-containing reagent, and the sulfur-containing reagent is cysteine, glutathione, or acetylcysteine.

[48] ​​The polymer of embodiment 48, wherein the moiety comprising an S-nitrosothiol group is S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine.

[49] A film or coating for providing gaseous nitric oxide, comprising the polymer of embodiment 28.

[50] A method of delivering nitric oxide to a surface of an article, comprising coating or covering the article with the polymer of embodiment 28.

[51] The method of embodiment 50, wherein the nitric oxide is delivered to the surface of the article in an amount sufficient to reduce the number of viable bacteria on the surface.

[52] The method of embodiment 50, wherein the nitric oxide is delivered to the surface of the article in an amount sufficient to sterilize the surface.

Claims

1. 1. A method for modifying a polymer, comprising: providing a polymer comprising a plurality of repeat units, at least some of the repeat units comprising a carbonyl group or a siloxyl group, the carbonyl group being part of an amide group (-C(O)NH-), a carboxylic acid ester group (-C(O)O-), or a carbonate ester group (-OC(O)O-); reacting the polymer with an organosilane in the presence of an organometallic catalyst to produce a silane-modified polymer containing pendant amino or epoxy groups; reacting the pendant amino or epoxy groups with a sulfur-containing reagent to produce a thiol-modified polymer containing pendant thiol groups; and Reacting the pendant thiol groups with a nitrosating agent to produce S-nitrosothiol-containing polymers A method comprising:

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the carbonyl or siloxyl group is in the backbone of the polymer.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the carbonyl group is in a side chain of the repeat unit.

4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the carbonyl group of the side chain is a carboxylic acid ester group (-C(O)O-).

5. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymer has a hydroxyl number of less than 50 mg KOH per gram as measured in accordance with ASTM 4274.

6. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymer is a homopolymer selected from the group consisting of polyurethane, polyamide, polyester, polycarbonate, and polysiloxane.

7. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymer is a heteropolymer comprising polymer blocks selected from the group consisting of polyurethanes, polyamides, polyesters, polycarbonates, and polysiloxanes.

8. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein a first portion of the repeating units comprises a carbonyl group and a second portion of the repeating units comprises a siloxyl group.

9. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the polymer is a polycarbonate-polydimethylsiloxane block copolymer or a polyurethane-polydimethylsiloxane block copolymer.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is a polyurethane, a poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) copolymer, or a polydimethylsiloxane.

11. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the organosilane is an aminoalkoxysilane.

12. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the aminoalkoxysilane is 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane.

13. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the organosilane is a glycidoxyalkoxysilane.

14. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the glycidoxyalkoxysilane is (3-glycidoxypropyl)-trimethoxysilane.

15. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the organometallic catalyst is an organotin catalyst.

16. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the organotin catalyst is a dimethyltin dineodecanoate catalyst.

17. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the amino group is reacted with a sulfur-containing reagent, and the sulfur-containing reagent is a thiolactone or a thioester.

18. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the thiolactone is acetylpenicillamine thiolactone.

19. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the epoxy group reacts with a sulfur-containing reagent, and the sulfur-containing reagent is cysteine, glutathione, or acetylcysteine.

20. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the nitrosating agent is an organic or inorganic nitride.

21. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the nitrosating agent is sodium nitrite, calcium nitrite, potassium nitrite, tetrabutylammonium nitrite, dicyclohexylammonium nitrite, butyl nitrite, isobutyl nitrite, tert-butyl nitrite, amyl nitrite, or pentyl nitrite.

22. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is reacted with the organosilane in an organic solvent.

23. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the organic solvent comprises tetrahydrofuran.

24. The method of claim 1 , wherein the S-nitrosothiol-containing polymer is formed into an article of manufacture.

25. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein shaping comprises casting, molding, or coating.

26. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the article of manufacture is a container or a protective device.

27. A polymer comprising a plurality of repeating units, each repeating unit comprising a carbonyl group or a siloxyl group. A polymer comprising: the carbonyl group is part of an amide group (-C(O)NH-), a carboxylic acid ester group (-C(O)O-), or a carbonate ester group (-OC(O)O-), A polymer in which at least a portion of the carbonyl or siloxyl groups are modified at their respective oxygen atoms to be covalently bonded to an organosilane having pendant amino or epoxy groups, and at least a portion of the pendant amino or epoxy groups are modified to be covalently bonded to a moiety containing an S-nitrosothiol group.

28. A polymer comprising a plurality of repeating units, each repeating unit comprising a carbonyl group or a siloxyl group. A polymer comprising: the carbonyl group is part of an amide group (-C(O)NH-), a carboxylic acid ester group (-C(O)O-), or a carbonate ester group (-OC(O)O-), A polymer in which at least a portion of the carbonyl or siloxyl groups are modified at their respective oxygen atoms to be covalently bonded to an organosilane having pendant amino or epoxy groups, and at least a portion of the pendant amino or epoxy groups are modified to be covalently bonded to moieties containing thiol groups.

29. A polymer comprising a plurality of repeating units, each repeating unit comprising a carbonyl group or a siloxyl group. A polymer comprising: the carbonyl group is part of an amide group (-C(O)NH-), a carboxylic acid ester group (-C(O)O-), or a carbonate ester group (-OC(O)O-), A polymer in which at least a portion of the carbonyl or siloxyl groups are modified at the respective oxygen atoms to be covalently bonded to organosilanes having pendant amino or epoxy groups.

30. 30. The polymer of any one of claims 27 to 29, wherein the carbonyl or siloxyl group is in the backbone of the polymer.

31. 30. The polymer of any one of claims 27 to 29, wherein the carbonyl group is in a side chain of the repeat unit.

32. 32. The polymer of claim 31, wherein the side chain carbonyl group is a carboxylic acid ester group (-C(O)O-).

33. 30. The polymer of any one of claims 27-29, wherein the polymer has a hydroxyl number of less than 50 mg KOH per gram as measured according to ASTM 4274.

34. 30. The polymer of any one of claims 27 to 29, wherein the polymer is a homopolymer selected from the group consisting of polyurethanes, polyamides, polyesters, polycarbonates, and polysiloxanes.

35. 30. The polymer of any one of claims 27 to 29, wherein the polymer is a heteropolymer comprising polymer blocks selected from the group consisting of polyurethanes, polyamides, polyesters, polycarbonates, and polysiloxanes.

36. 30. The polymer of any one of claims 27-29, wherein a first portion of the repeating units comprises a carbonyl group and a second portion of the repeating units comprises a siloxyl group.

37. 37. The polymer of claim 36, wherein the polymer is a polycarbonate-polydimethylsiloxane block copolymer or a polyurethane-polydimethylsiloxane block copolymer.

38. 30. The polymer of any one of claims 27 to 29, wherein the polymer is a polyurethane, a poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) copolymer, or a polydimethylsiloxane.

39. 30. The polymer of any one of claims 27 to 29, wherein the organosilane is an aminoalkoxysilane.

40. 40. The polymer of claim 39, wherein the aminoalkoxysilane is 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane.

41. 30. The polymer of any one of claims 27 to 29, wherein the organosilane is a glycidoxyalkoxysilane.

42. 42. The polymer of claim 41, wherein the glycidoxyalkoxysilane is (3-glycidoxypropyl)-trimethoxysilane.

43. 29. The polymer of claim 27 or 28, wherein the amino group is modified with a sulfur-containing reagent, and the sulfur-containing reagent is a thiolactone or a thioester.

44. 44. The polymer of claim 43, wherein the thiolactone is acetylpenicillamine thiolactone.

45. 29. The polymer of claim 27 or 28, wherein the epoxy groups are modified with a sulfur-containing reagent, and the sulfur-containing reagent is cysteine, glutathione, or acetylcysteine.

46. 29. The polymer of claim 27 or 28, wherein the moiety containing an S-nitrosothiol group is S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine.

47. 28. A film or coating for providing gaseous nitric oxide comprising the polymer of claim 27.

48. 30. A method of delivering nitric oxide to a surface of an article, comprising coating or covering the article with the polymer of claim 27.

49. 49. The method of claim 48, wherein the nitric oxide is delivered to the surface of the article in an amount sufficient to reduce the number of viable bacteria on the surface.

50. 49. The method of claim 48, wherein the nitric oxide is delivered to the surface of the article in an amount sufficient to sterilize the surface.

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