Drug and method for assessing tauopathy and dementia-related diseases

Abstract

The present invention provides a kit which is used to determine tauopathy and dementia-related diseases (here, Alzheimer's disease is excluded), and which comprises an antibody that recognizes a polypeptide consisting of: (1) the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1; or (2) an amino acid sequence obtained by substituting, deleting, adding, or inserting one or more amino acids in the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to an agent for determining tauopathy and dementia-related diseases, a method for determining tauopathy and dementia-related diseases, a method for treating tauopathy and dementia-related diseases, and a method for selecting candidate substances for therapeutic agents for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases. [Background technology]

[0002] Tauopathy is a general term for a group of neurodegenerative diseases that present as pathological findings in the brain, characterized by neurofibrillary tangles accompanied by abnormal lesions of tau protein. Known examples include Alzheimer's disease (hereinafter sometimes referred to as "AD"), progressive supranuclear palsy (hereinafter sometimes referred to as "PSP"), corticobasal degeneration (hereinafter sometimes referred to as "CBD"), multiple system atrophy (hereinafter sometimes referred to as "MSA"), and Pick's disease (hereinafter sometimes referred to as "PiD").

[0003] Dementia is a type of cognitive impairment caused by an acquired organic brain disorder that impairs the ability to recognize, remember, or make decisions, resulting in a disruption to social life. Future estimates of the number and prevalence of dementia among people aged 65 and older in Japan show that in 2012, there were 4.62 million dementia patients, accounting for one in seven people aged 65 and older. By 2025, this number is expected to rise to approximately 7 million, or one in five. The four major types of dementia are known to be Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia (FTD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and vascular dementia (VaD), which together account for approximately 90% of all dementia cases. In addition, there are many cognitive impairments that occur in association with neurodegenerative diseases, such as cognitive impairment associated with Parkinson's disease (hereinafter sometimes referred to as "PDD") and multiple sclerosis (hereinafter sometimes referred to as "MS").

[0004] PSP develops after middle age and is characterized by neuronal loss in brain regions such as the globus pallidus, subthalamus, substantia nigra, and brainstem tegmentum, resulting in the accumulation of abnormally phosphorylated tau protein within neurons and glial cells. The cause of the disease is unknown, and it is more common in men. Initial symptoms resemble those of Parkinson's disease, but resting tremor is rare, and proneness to falls while walking, freezing of gait, and difficulty maintaining posture are prominent. As the disease progresses, cognitive dysfunction and decreased attention, characterized by neck tilt, hunched posture, dysarthria, dysphagia, difficulty recalling, and slowed thinking, appear, gradually leading to the inability to walk, stand, and become bedridden. While symptoms may temporarily improve with antidepressants or droxidopa, responses to anti-Parkinson's drugs are poor, and no curative treatment has been found to date.

[0005] CBD is a disease characterized by neuronal loss in the cerebral cortex and subcortical nuclei, particularly in the substantia nigra and globus pallidus, and the accumulation of abnormally phosphorylated tau protein in neurons and glial cells. It typically develops after middle age and manifests as limb apraxia, ideomotor apraxia, cortical sensory impairment, grasp reflexes, and the stranger's hand sign. Extrapyramidal signs include akinesia, rigidity, dystonia, and myoclonus, and these neurological symptoms are often significantly laterally correlated. However, numerous atypical cases have been reported, including no laterality, cases characterized by cognitive impairment and aphasia, and cases exhibiting clinical signs of PSP. The clinical manifestations of CBD are highly variable. The etiology is unknown, and although familial cases have been reported, they are rare. There is no curative treatment, and treatment is generally symptomatic.

[0006] MSA develops in adulthood, often after the age of 40. Histologically, it is characterized by the accumulation of insoluble α-synuclein protein inclusions in neurons and oligodendrocytes, leading to progressive cellular degeneration and loss. Most cases are sporadic, but rare familial cases occur, and genetic mutations have been identified in some cases. While research into the pathogenesis is currently underway using inclusion bodies and genetic factors as clues, it has not yet been fully elucidated. Because MSA involves degeneration of the striatum, antiparkinsonian medications are less effective than in Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, cerebellar symptoms and autonomic dysfunction often occur, resulting in a progressive overall worsening of the condition. Research in Japan has reported that patients become wheelchair-bound approximately five years after onset, become bedridden approximately eight years later, and have a disease duration of approximately nine years.

[0007] FTD is a neurodegenerative disease that primarily develops in early old age and causes neurodegeneration, primarily in the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain, resulting in slowly progressing personality changes, behavioral disorders, aphasia, cognitive impairment, and movement disorders. It is known that abnormal proteins such as tau, TDP-43, and FUS accumulate in cerebral neurons, but the detailed mechanism of accumulation remains unknown. While there are reports that antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are effective in alleviating behavioral abnormalities, no fundamental treatment has yet been established.

[0008] DLB is a degenerative dementia that primarily develops in presenility or old age and presents with progressive cognitive impairment, parkinsonism, and specific psychiatric symptoms. Pathologically, it is characterized by neuronal loss in the cerebrum and brainstem and the appearance of Lewy bodies, sharing similarities with Parkinson's disease. It is the second most common degenerative dementia in old age, after AD. It has been reported to be more common in men, with most cases occurring between the ages of 50 and 70. However, recent reports of cases occurring after the age of 80 have also been reported, and onset can occur in rare cases in people in their 30s and 40s. While no cure is currently available, symptomatic treatments include drug therapy for cognitive impairment and drug therapy for core symptoms such as visual hallucinations and parkinsonism.

[0009] VaD often develops suddenly and causes cognitive impairment as a result of cerebral vascular abnormalities, such as cerebral infarction or cerebral hemorrhage. It progresses as a residual condition or sequelae of some kind of brain damage, and symptoms vary depending on the affected area, resulting in a mixture of impaired and unimpaired functions, including neurological symptoms such as paralysis and sensory impairment. VaD is the second most common cause of dementia in Japan, after AD, with a prevalence of approximately 2%. While it was once the most common cause of dementia, its prevalence is currently declining due to advances in prevention and treatment of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and other conditions. However, it remains the most common cause of early-onset dementia in patients under the age of 65, accounting for approximately 40% of cases.

[0010] Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that causes motor impairments such as hand tremors and difficulty moving and walking. As the disease progresses, it becomes difficult to walk independently, and many patients become wheelchair-bound or bedridden. It is most common in middle-aged and elderly people over 40, with a particularly high incidence in those aged 65 and over. Its main symptoms are motor dysfunction, such as akinesia, resting tremor, muscle rigidity, and impaired postural reflexes, and the symptoms often progress slowly over time. PDD is a cognitive dysfunction associated with Parkinson's disease, and its incidence increases with age compared to Parkinson's disease without cognitive dysfunction. In addition to cognitive decline, PDD also causes dementia-like symptoms such as apathy, depression, sleep disorders, delusions, and auditory hallucinations.

[0011] MS is a disease that causes lesions in the brain, spinal cord, optic nerve, and other areas, resulting in a variety of symptoms. In many cases, relapses and remissions occur. Damage to the myelin covering the axons of nerve cells occurs for some reason, leaving the axons exposed (demyelination), impairing neural signal transmission and resulting in various symptoms. Approximately 2.5 million people worldwide are affected, with a relatively high prevalence in Europe and the United States and a relatively low prevalence in Asia and Africa. In Japan, approximately 13,000 cases have been reported, with a growing trend. MS patients are typically in their 20s and 30s, with women three times more likely to develop the disease than men. Common symptoms include sensory impairment, motor and gait disturbances, eye problems, sexual dysfunction, psychiatric symptoms, and cognitive impairment due to brain atrophy. When symptoms are severe, corticosteroid hormones (steroids), which have the effect of suppressing inflammation in the lesion, are used, and symptomatic treatments such as analgesics, antiepileptic drugs, and antidepressants may be used depending on the symptoms.

[0012] Tauopathies and dementia-related diseases are said to increase rapidly after the age of 65. Therefore, early detection and initiation of treatment are crucial to prevent progression of the disease through symptomatic drug therapy. Because there is currently no cure for these diseases, the search for diagnostic markers for early detection is underway. For example, in tauopathies, measuring the total amount of tau or the amount of phosphorylated tau in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is thought to reflect the degree of tau accumulation in the brain. However, measuring the amount of tau in the brain or CSF is difficult. Furthermore, early diagnosis of dementia-related diseases is difficult. For these reasons, there is a need for a simple and highly sensitive method for determining whether a patient has tauopathy or a dementia-related disease, or whether the patient is at risk of developing the disease.

[0013] S38AA, particularly its extracellular domain, has been reported as a diagnostic marker for AD (Patent Document 1). However, there is no disclosure or suggestion that S38AA and its extracellular domain are useful for diagnosing tauopathies and dementia-related diseases other than AD. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0014] [Patent Document 1] International Publication No. 2012 / 091138 Brochure Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0015] An object of the present invention is to provide an agent for determining tauopathy and dementia-related diseases, a method for determining tauopathy and dementia-related diseases, a method for treating tauopathy and dementia-related diseases, a method for selecting candidate substances for therapeutic agents for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases, and the like. [Means for solving the problem]

[0016] The S38AA extracellular domain (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as the S38AA fragment) is known to be elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of Alzheimer's disease patients (hereinafter sometimes referred to as "AD patients"). The present inventors previously discovered that there are two types of S38AA fragments (the S38AA short fragment (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as the "short fragment") and the S38AA long fragment (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as the "long fragment")), and that the S38AA short fragment is an extremely reliable indicator for highly accurate diagnosis of the onset of Alzheimer's disease, its pre-stage, and the progression of the disease. Based on this finding, the present inventors further conducted research and discovered that the S38AA short fragment can be used to highly reliably determine the onset and pre-stage of not only Alzheimer's disease but also a wide range of tauopathies and dementia-related diseases, leading to the completion of the present invention.

[0017] Kit Claim [Item 1] (1) the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, or (2) an amino acid sequence in which one to several amino acids are substituted, deleted, added, or inserted in the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1; A kit for use in determining tauopathy and dementia-related diseases (excluding Alzheimer's disease), comprising an antibody that recognizes a polypeptide consisting of: [Item 2] The kit according to Item 1, wherein the polypeptide consists of the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1. [Item 3] The kit according to Item 1 or 2, wherein the antibody further recognizes the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2. [Item 4] The amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody has at least 95% homology to SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, or SEQ ID NO: 22; and The kit according to any one of Items 1 to 3, wherein the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody has at least 95% homology with SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, or SEQ ID NO:23. [Item 5] The amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody has at least 99% homology to SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, or SEQ ID NO: 22; and The kit according to any one of Items 1 to 4, wherein the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody has at least 99% homology to SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, or SEQ ID NO:23. [Item 6] The amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody is SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, or SEQ ID NO: 22; and The kit according to any one of Items 1 to 5, wherein the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody is SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, or SEQ ID NO: 23. [Item 7] (1) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 4 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 5. (2) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 6 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 7; (3) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 8 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 9. (4) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 10 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 11. (5) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 12 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 13. (6) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 14 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 15. (7) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 16 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 17. (8) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 18 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 19. (9) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 20 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 21, or (10) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 22 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 23 Item 7. The kit according to any one of Items 1 to 6, wherein [Item 8] Furthermore, (1) the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, or (2) an amino acid sequence in which one to several amino acids are substituted, deleted, added, or inserted in the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1; Item 8. The kit according to any one of Items 1 to 7, comprising a polypeptide consisting of: [Item 9] The kit according to any one of Items 1 to 8, wherein the tauopathy and dementia-related disease is at least one disease selected from the group consisting of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), Pick's disease (PiD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), vascular dementia (VaD), Parkinson's disease-associated cognitive impairment (PDD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). ·Determined drug claims [Item 10] (1) The amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, or (2) an amino acid sequence in which one to several amino acids are substituted, deleted, added, or inserted in the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1; A diagnostic agent for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases (excluding Alzheimer's disease), comprising an antibody capable of measuring the amount of a polypeptide consisting of [Item 11] The determination agent according to Item 10, wherein the polypeptide consists of the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1. [Item 12] The determination reagent according to Item 10 or 11, wherein the antibody further recognizes the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2. [Item 13] The amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody has at least 95% homology to SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, or SEQ ID NO: 22; and Item 13. The assessment agent according to any one of Items 10 to 12, wherein the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody has at least 95% homology with SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, or SEQ ID NO: 23. [Item 14] The amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody has at least 99% homology to SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, or SEQ ID NO: 22; and Item 14. The assessment agent according to any one of Items 10 to 13, wherein the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody has at least 99% homology with SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, or SEQ ID NO: 23. [Item 15] The amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody is SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, or SEQ ID NO: 22; and Item 15. The determining agent according to any one of Items 10 to 14, wherein the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody is SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, or SEQ ID NO: 23. [Section 16] The antibody is (1) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 4 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 5; (2) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 6 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 7; (3) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 8 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 9. (4) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 10 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 11. (5) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 12 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 13. (6) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 14 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 15. (7) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 16 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 17. (8) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 18 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 19. (9) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 20 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 21, or (10) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 22 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 23 Item 16. The determining agent according to any one of Items 10 to 15, wherein [Item 17] Furthermore, (1) the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, or (2) an amino acid sequence in which one to several amino acids are substituted, deleted, added, or inserted in the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1; Item 17. The assessment agent according to any one of Items 10 to 16, comprising a polypeptide consisting of: [Item 18] The assessment agent according to any one of Items 10 to 17, wherein the tauopathy and dementia-related disease is at least one disease selected from the group consisting of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), Pick's disease (PiD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), vascular dementia (VaD), Parkinson's disease-associated cognitive dysfunction (PDD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Use claims for the manufacture of diagnostic reagents [Item 19] (1) The amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, or (2) Use of an antibody that recognizes a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence in which one to several amino acids have been substituted, deleted, added, or inserted in the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, for the manufacture of a drug for assessing tauopathy and dementia-related diseases (excluding Alzheimer's disease). [Item 20] The use according to Item 19, wherein the polypeptide consists of the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1. [Item 21] The use described in Item 19 or 20, wherein the antibody further recognizes the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2. [Item 22] The amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody has at least 95% homology to SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, or SEQ ID NO: 22; and The use according to any one of Aspects 19 to 21, wherein the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody has at least 95% homology to SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, or SEQ ID NO:23. [Item 23] The amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody has at least 99% homology to SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, or SEQ ID NO: 22; and 23. The use according to any one of Aspects 19 to 22, wherein the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody has at least 99% homology to SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, or SEQ ID NO:23. [Item 24] The amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody is SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, or SEQ ID NO: 22; and The use according to any one of Aspects 19 to 23, wherein the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody is SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, or SEQ ID NO: 23. [Section 25] The antibody is (1) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 4 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 5; (2) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 6 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 7; (3) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 8 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 9. (4) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 10 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 11. (5) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 12 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 13. (6) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 14 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 15. (7) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 16 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 17. (8) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 18 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 19. (9) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 20 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 21, or (10) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 22 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 23 Item 25. The use according to any one of Items 19 to 24, wherein [Item 26] Furthermore, (1) the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, or (2) an amino acid sequence in which one to several amino acids are substituted, deleted, added, or inserted in the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1; Item 26. The kit according to any one of Items 19 to 25, comprising a polypeptide consisting of: [Item 27] ​​The use according to any one of Items 19 to 26, wherein the tauopathy and dementia-related disease is at least one disease selected from the group consisting of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), Pick's disease (PiD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), vascular dementia (VaD), Parkinson's disease-associated cognitive impairment (PDD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). -Method of determining the possibility of infection [Item 28] (1) an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 in a sample collected from a test animal, or (2) an amino acid sequence in which one to several amino acids are substituted, deleted, added, or inserted in the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1; a polypeptide comprising: a polypeptide of formula (I): [Item 29] The following steps (i) to (iii): (i) quantifying the polypeptide in a sample collected from a test animal; (ii) comparing the amount of the polypeptide quantified in (i) with the amount of the polypeptide in a sample collected from a healthy animal (hereinafter referred to as a control value); (iii) based on the result of (ii), when the amount of the polypeptide quantified in (i) is greater than the control value, determining that the test animal is likely to currently suffer from a tauopathy- and dementia-related disease or to suffer from a tauopathy- and dementia-related disease in the future; Item 29. The method according to Item 28, comprising: [Item 30] The method described in Item 29, wherein the amount of the polypeptide quantified in (i) is 1.1 times or more the control value. [Item 31] The following steps (i) to (ii): (i) quantifying the polypeptide in a sample collected from a test animal; (ii) determining that the subject animal is likely to be currently suffering from a tauopathy- and dementia-related disease or to be likely to be suffering from a tauopathy- and dementia-related disease in the future, when the amount of the polypeptide quantified in (i) is greater than a cutoff value; Item 29. The method according to Item 28, comprising: [Item 32] The method according to Item 31, wherein the cutoff value is 45 to 85 units. [Item 33] The method according to Item 31, wherein the cutoff value is 45 to 85 ng / mL. [Item 34] The method according to any one of Items 28 to 33, wherein the subject animal is a human. [Item 35] The method according to any one of Items 28 to 34, wherein the sample is blood, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, tears, or urine. [Item 36] The method according to any one of Items 28 to 35, further comprising detecting one or more other diagnostic markers for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases. [Item 37] The method according to any one of Items 28 to 36, wherein the polypeptide consists of the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:1. [Item 38] The method according to any one of Items 28 to 37, wherein the polypeptide is detected using an antibody. [Item 39] The method described in Item 38, wherein the antibody further recognizes the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2. [Item 40] The amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody has at least 95% homology to SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, or SEQ ID NO: 22; and 40. The method of any one of paragraphs 38 or 39, wherein the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody has at least 95% homology to SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, or SEQ ID NO:23. [Item 41] The amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody has at least 99% homology to SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, or SEQ ID NO: 22; and 41. The method according to any one of Aspects 38 to 40, wherein the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody has at least 99% homology to SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, or SEQ ID NO:23. [Item 42] The amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody is SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, or SEQ ID NO: 22; and 42. The method according to any one of Aspects 38 to 41, wherein the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody is SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, or SEQ ID NO: 23. [Section 43] The antibody is (1) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 4 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 5; (2) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 6 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 7; (3) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 8 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 9. (4) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 10 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 11. (5) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 12 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 13. (6) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 14 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 15. (7) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 16 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 17. (8) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 18 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 19. (9) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 20 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 21, or (10) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 22 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 23 Item 43. The method according to any one of Items 38 to 42, wherein [Item 44] The method according to any one of Items 28 to 43, wherein the tauopathy and dementia-related disease is at least one disease selected from the group consisting of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), Pick's disease (PiD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), vascular dementia (VaD), Parkinson's disease-associated cognitive impairment (PDD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). ·How to determine the progress [Item 45] In the sample collected from the test animal (1) the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, or (2) an amino acid sequence in which one to several amino acids are substituted, deleted, added, or inserted in the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1; A method for determining the progression of tauopathy and dementia-related diseases (excluding Alzheimer's disease), comprising detecting a polypeptide consisting of: [Item 46] The following steps (i) to (iii): (i) quantifying the polypeptide in a sample collected from a subject animal suffering from or likely to suffer from a tauopathy- and dementia-related disease; (ii) comparing the amount of the polypeptide quantified in (i) with the amount of the polypeptide in a sample collected from an animal suffering from a tauopathy and dementia-related disease at a specific stage (hereinafter referred to as a control value); (iii) based on the results of (ii), if the amount of the polypeptide quantified in (i) is greater than the control value, determining that the degree of progression of the tauopathy- and dementia-related disease in the test animal is higher than that of a control animal suffering from the disease, and if the amount is less than the control value, determining that the degree of progression of the tauopathy- and dementia-related disease in the test animal is lower than that of a control animal suffering from the disease. Item 46. The method of item 45, comprising: [Item 47] The following steps (i) to (iii): (i) quantifying the polypeptide in a sample collected from a subject animal suffering from or likely to suffer from a tauopathy- and dementia-related disease; (ii) comparing the amount of the polypeptide quantified in (i) with the amount of the polypeptide in a sample previously collected from the test animal (hereinafter referred to as a control value); (iii) based on the results of (ii), determining that the tauopathy and dementia-related disease of the test animal is progressing when the amount of the polypeptide quantified in (i) is greater than the control value, and determining that the tauopathy and dementia-related disease of the test animal is improving when the amount is less than the control value. Item 46. The method of item 45, comprising: [Item 48] The method according to any one of Items 46 and 47, characterized in that if the amount of the polypeptide quantified in (i) is 1.1 times or more the control value, the tauopathy and dementia-related disease of the test animal is determined to be progressing. [Item 49] The method according to any one of Items 46 and 47, characterized in that if the amount of the polypeptide quantified in (i) is 0.9 times or less the control value, the tauopathy and dementia-related disease of the test animal is determined to be improved. [Item 50] The following steps (i) to (iii): (i) quantifying the polypeptide in a sample collected from a test animal; (ii) determining that the tauopathy and dementia-related disease of the test animal has worsened (worsened) if the amount of the polypeptide quantified in (i) is greater than the cutoff value. [Item 51] The method according to any one of Items 45 to 50, wherein the subject animal is a human. [Item 52] The method according to any one of Items 45 to 51, wherein the sample is blood, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, tears, or urine. [Item 53] The method according to any one of Items 45 to 52, further comprising detecting one or more other diagnostic markers for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases. [Item 54] The method according to any one of Items 45 to 53, wherein the polypeptide consists of the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:1. [Item 55] The method according to any one of Items 45 to 54, wherein the polypeptide is detected using an antibody. [Item 56] The method described in Item 55, wherein the antibody further recognizes the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2. [Item 57] The amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody has at least 95% homology to SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, or SEQ ID NO: 22; and 57. The method of any one of clauses 55 or 56, wherein the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody has at least 95% homology to SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, or SEQ ID NO:23. [Item 58] The amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody has at least 99% homology to SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, or SEQ ID NO: 22; and 58. The method according to any one of Aspects 55 to 57, wherein the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody has at least 99% homology to SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, or SEQ ID NO:23. [Item 59] The amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody is SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, or SEQ ID NO: 22; and 59. The method according to any one of Aspects 55 to 58, wherein the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody is SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, or SEQ ID NO: 23. [Section 60] The antibody is (1) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 4 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 5; (2) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 6 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 7; (3) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 8 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 9. (4) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 10 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 11. (5) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 12 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 13. (6) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 14 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 15. (7) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 16 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 17. (8) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 18 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 19. (9) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 20 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 21, or (10) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 22 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 23 60. The method according to any one of Items 55 to 59, wherein [Item 61] The method according to any one of Items 45 to 60, wherein the tauopathy and dementia-related disease is at least one disease selected from the group consisting of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), Pick's disease (PiD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), vascular dementia (VaD), Parkinson's disease-associated cognitive impairment (PDD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Treatment or prevention methods [Item 62] In the sample collected from the test animal (1) the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, or (2) an amino acid sequence in which one to several amino acids are substituted, deleted, added, or inserted in the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1; and administering to a test animal a therapeutic agent for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases, wherein the tauopathy and dementia-related diseases do not include Alzheimer's disease. [Item 63] The following steps (i) to (iv): (i) quantifying the polypeptide according to any one of items 1 and 2 in a sample collected from a test animal; (ii) comparing the amount of the polypeptide quantified in (i) with the amount of the polypeptide in a sample collected from a healthy animal (hereinafter referred to as a control value); (iii) based on the result of (ii), when the amount of the polypeptide quantified in (i) is greater than the control value, determining that the test animal is currently suffering from or may be suffering from a tauopathy- and dementia-related disease, or may be suffering from a tauopathy- and dementia-related disease in the future; and (iv) administering a therapeutic or preventive agent for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases to a test animal determined to be currently suffering from or likely to suffer from a tauopathy and dementia-related disease, or likely to suffer from a tauopathy and dementia-related disease in the future, based on the results of (iii); Item 63. The method for treatment or prevention according to Item 62, comprising: [Item 64] A method for treatment or prevention according to Item 63, characterized in that the amount of the polypeptide quantified in (i) is 1.1 times or more the control value. [Item 65] The following steps (i) to (ii): (i) quantifying the polypeptide in a sample collected from a test animal; (ii) determining that the subject animal is likely to be currently suffering from a tauopathy- and dementia-related disease or to be likely to be suffering from a tauopathy- and dementia-related disease in the future, when the amount of the polypeptide quantified in (i) is greater than a cutoff value; Item 63. The method for treatment or prevention according to Item 62, comprising: [Item 66] The method for treatment or prevention according to Item 65, wherein the cutoff value is 45 to 85 units. [Item 67] The method for treatment or prevention according to Item 65, wherein the cutoff value is 45 to 85 ng / mL. [Item 68] The method for treatment or prevention according to any one of Items 62 to 67, wherein the subject animal is a human. [Item 69] The method for treatment or prevention according to any one of Items 62 to 68, wherein the sample is blood, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, tears, or urine. [Item 70] The method for treatment or prevention according to any one of Items 62 to 69, further comprising detecting one or more other diagnostic markers for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases. [Item 71] The method for treatment or prevention according to any one of Items 62 to 70, wherein the polypeptide consists of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1. [Item 72] The method for treatment or prevention according to any one of Items 62 to 71, wherein the polypeptide is detected using an antibody. [Item 73] The therapeutic or preventive method described in Item 72, wherein the antibody further recognizes the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2. [Item 74] The amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody has at least 95% homology to SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, or SEQ ID NO: 22; and 74. The method of treatment or prevention of any one of paragraphs 72 or 73, wherein the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody has at least 95% homology to SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, or SEQ ID NO:23. [Item 75] The amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody has at least 99% homology to SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, or SEQ ID NO: 22; and 75. The method for treatment or prevention according to any one of Items 72 to 74, wherein the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody has at least 99% homology with SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, or SEQ ID NO:23. [Item 76] The amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody is SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, or SEQ ID NO: 22; and 76. The method for treatment or prevention according to any one of Aspects 72 to 75, wherein the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody is SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, or SEQ ID NO: 23. [Section 77] The antibody is (1) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 4 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 5; (2) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 6 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 7; (3) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 8 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 9. (4) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 10 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 11. (5) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 12 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 13. (6) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 14 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 15. (7) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 16 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 17. (8) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 18 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 19. (9) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 20 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 21, or (10) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 22 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 23 77. The method for treatment or prevention according to any one of Items 72 to 76, wherein [Item 78] The method for treatment or prevention according to any one of Items 62 to 77, wherein the tauopathy and dementia-related disease is at least one disease selected from the group consisting of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), Pick's disease (PiD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), vascular dementia (VaD), Parkinson's disease-associated cognitive dysfunction (PDD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). [Item 79] The method for treatment or prevention according to any one of Items 62 to 78, wherein the therapeutic agent for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases is selected from the group consisting of cholinesterase inhibitors, NMDA receptor antagonists, tau protein removers and production inhibitors, therapeutic agents for Parkinson's disease, and therapeutic agents for multiple sclerosis. [Item 80] The method for treatment or prevention according to Item 79, wherein the cholinesterase inhibitor is at least one selected from the group consisting of donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, huperzine A, and tacrine. [Item 81] The method for treatment or prevention according to Item 79, wherein the NMDA receptor antagonist is memantine. [Item 82] The treatment or prevention method described in Item 79, wherein the tau protein removal drug and production inhibitor is at least one selected from the group consisting of a tau protein vaccine, a tau protein removal antibody, a tau protein modification inhibitor, a tau protein aggregation inhibitor, and a tau protein degradation promoter. [Item 83] The treatment or prevention method described in Item 82, wherein the tau protein removing agent and production inhibitor is at least one selected from the group consisting of TRx-237, TPI-287, ABBV-8E12, RG-6100, AADvac1, RO7105705, PTI-80, JNJ-63733657, UCB-0107, BIIB-076, MC-1, ACI-35, and AZP-2006. [Item 84] The method for treating or preventing Parkinson's disease according to Item 79, wherein the therapeutic drug for Parkinson's disease is at least one selected from the group consisting of levodopa, carbidopa, benserazide, selegiline, rasagiline, zonisamide, entacapone, amantadine, talipexole, pramipexole, ropinirole, rotigotine, apomorphine, cabergoline, percolide, bromocriptine, istradefylline, trihexyphenidyl, biperiden, piroheptine, profenamine, promethazine, mexene, droxidopa, EPI-589, NXN-462, Ferriprox, GM608, OXB-101, NTCELL, Ibiglustat, ENT-01, RG7935, and BIIB054. [Item 85] The method for treatment or prevention of multiple sclerosis described in Item 79, wherein the therapeutic agent for multiple sclerosis is at least one selected from the group consisting of steroids, interferon beta, glatiramer acetate, fingolimod, natalizumab, MN-166, siponimod, laquinimod, and masitinib. ·Medication method claims [Item 86] In samples taken from test animals (1) the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, or (2) an amino acid sequence in which one to several amino acids are substituted, deleted, added, or inserted in the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1; a polypeptide comprising: a polypeptide sequence selected from the group consisting of: a polypeptide sequence of the formula (I) and a polypeptide sequence of the formula (I), ... [Item 87] (i) quantifying the polypeptide in a sample collected from a subject animal currently suffering from or potentially suffering from a tauopathy- and dementia-related disease; (ii) comparing the amount of the polypeptide quantified in (i) with the amount of the polypeptide in a sample previously collected from the test animal (hereinafter referred to as a control value); (iii) based on the results of (ii), determining that the tauopathy and dementia-related disease of the test animal is progressing when the amount of the polypeptide quantified in (i) is greater than the control value, and determining that the tauopathy and dementia-related disease of the test animal is improving when the amount of the polypeptide quantified in (i) is less than the control value; (iv) A step of selecting a therapeutic or preventive agent for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases based on the determination result of (iii), and (v) administering the therapeutic agent for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases selected in (iv) to the subject animal; Item 87. The method of administration according to Item 86, comprising: [Item 88] The method of administering medication described in Item 87, characterized in that if the amount of the polypeptide quantified in (i) is 1.1 times or more the control value, the test animal is determined to have a tauopathy and dementia-related disease progressing. [Item 89] The method of administering medication described in Item 87, characterized in that if the amount of the polypeptide quantified in (i) is 0.9 times or less of the control value, the tauopathy and dementia-related disease of the test animal is determined to be improved. [Item 90] The method of administering medicine according to any one of Items 86 to 89, wherein the subject animal is a human. [Item 91] The method of any one of Items 86 to 90, wherein the sample is blood, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, tears, or urine. [Item 92] The method of administration according to any one of Items 86 to 91, further comprising detecting one or more other diagnostic markers for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases. [Item 93] The administration method according to any one of Items 86 to 92, wherein the polypeptide consists of the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:1. [Item 94] The administration method according to any one of Items 86 to 93, wherein the polypeptide is detected using an antibody. [Item 95] The administration method described in Item 94, wherein the antibody further recognizes the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2. [Item 96] The amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody has at least 95% homology to SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, or SEQ ID NO: 22; and 96. The method of treatment or prevention of any one of paragraphs 94 or 95, wherein the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody has at least 95% homology to SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, or SEQ ID NO:23. [Item 97] The amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody has at least 99% homology to SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, or SEQ ID NO: 22; and 97. The method for treatment or prevention according to any one of Aspects 94 to 96, wherein the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody has at least 99% homology with SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, or SEQ ID NO:23. [Item 98] The amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody is SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, or SEQ ID NO: 22; and 98. The method of any one of items 94 to 97, wherein the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody is SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, or SEQ ID NO: 23. [Section 99] The antibody is (1) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 4 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 5; (2) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 6 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 7; (3) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 8 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 9. (4) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 10 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 11. (5) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 12 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 13. (6) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 14 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 15. (7) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 16 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 17. (8) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 18 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 19. (9) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 20 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 21, or (10) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 22 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 23 Item 99. The method of any one of Items 94 to 98, wherein [Item 100] The method of any one of Items 86 to 99, wherein the tauopathy and dementia-related disease is at least one disease selected from the group consisting of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), Pick's disease (PiD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), vascular dementia (VaD), Parkinson's disease-associated cognitive dysfunction (PDD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). [Item 101] The method of any one of items 86 to 100, wherein the therapeutic agent for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases is selected from the group consisting of cholinesterase inhibitors, NMDA receptor antagonists, and tau protein removers and production inhibitors. [Item 102] The method of administering the medication described in Item 101, wherein the cholinesterase inhibitor is at least one selected from the group consisting of donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, huperzine A, and tacrine. [Item 103] The method of administering the drug described in Item 101, wherein the NMDA receptor antagonist is memantine. [Item 104] The administration method described in Item 101, wherein the tau protein removal drug and production inhibitor is at least one selected from the group consisting of a tau protein vaccine, a tau protein removal antibody, a tau protein modification inhibitor, a tau protein aggregation inhibitor, and a tau protein degradation promoter. [Item 105] The administration method described in Item 104, wherein the tau protein removing agent and production inhibitor is at least one selected from the group consisting of TRx-237, TPI-287, ABBV-8E12, RG-6100, AADvac1, RO7105705, PTI-80, JNJ-63733657, UCB-0107, BIIB-076, MC-1, ACI-35, and AZP-2006. [Item 106] The method of administering the medication described in Item 101, wherein the Parkinson's disease therapeutic drug is at least one selected from the group consisting of levodopa, carbidopa, benserazide, selegiline, rasagiline, zonisamide, entacapone, amantadine, talipexole, pramipexole, ropinirole, rotigotine, apomorphine, cabergoline, percolide, bromocriptine, istradefylline, trihexyphenidyl, biperiden, piroheptine, profenamine, promethazine, mexene, droxidopa, EPI-589, NXN-462, Ferriprox, GM608, OXB-101, NTCELL, Ibiglustat, ENT-01, RG7935, and BIIB054. [Item 107] The method of administering the present invention as described in Item 101, wherein the multiple sclerosis treatment agent is at least one selected from the group consisting of steroids, interferon beta, glatiramer acetate, fingolimod, natalizumab, MN-166, siponimod, laquinimod, and masitinib. Drug claims [Item 108] In a sample taken from a test animal (1) the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, or (2) an amino acid sequence in which one to several amino acids are substituted, deleted, added, or inserted in the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1; A therapeutic agent for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases, which is used for patients whose stage of progression of tauopathy and dementia-related diseases has been determined by quantifying a polypeptide consisting of the following: [Item 109] The therapeutic agent for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases according to Item 108, which is used for a patient whose stage of progression of tauopathy and dementia-related diseases has been determined by the following steps (i) to (iv): (i) quantifying the polypeptide in a sample collected from a subject animal currently suffering from or potentially suffering from a tauopathy- and dementia-related disease; (ii) comparing the amount of the polypeptide quantified in (i) with the amount of the polypeptide in a sample previously collected from the test animal (hereinafter referred to as a control value); (iii) based on the results of (ii), if the amount of the polypeptide quantified in (i) is greater than the control value, determining that the tauopathy and dementia-related disease of the test animal is progressing, and if the amount is less than the control value, determining that the tauopathy and dementia-related disease of the test animal is improving; and (iv) A step of determining whether to administer a therapeutic drug for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases based on the determination result of (iii). [Item 110] A therapeutic agent for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases according to Item 109, characterized in that if the amount of the polypeptide quantified in (i) is 1.1 times or more the control value, the tauopathy and dementia-related disease in the test animal is determined to be progressing. [Item 111] A therapeutic agent for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases according to Item 109, characterized in that if the amount of the polypeptide quantified in (i) is 0.9 times or less of the control value, the tauopathy and dementia-related disease of the test animal is determined to be improved. [Item 112] A therapeutic agent for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases, used for a patient who has been determined to be likely to suffer from a tauopathy and dementia-related disease at present or to be likely to suffer from a tauopathy and dementia-related disease in the future, in the steps (i) to (iv) below, wherein the tauopathy and dementia-related disease does not include Alzheimer's disease: (i) quantifying the polypeptide in a sample collected from a subject animal currently suffering from or potentially suffering from a tauopathy- and dementia-related disease; (ii) determining that the subject animal is likely to be currently suffering from a tauopathy- and dementia-related disease or to be likely to be suffering from a tauopathy- and dementia-related disease in the future, when the amount of the polypeptide quantified in (i) is greater than a cutoff value; (iii) A step of determining whether to administer a therapeutic drug for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases based on the results of the determination in (ii). [Item 113] The therapeutic agent for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases according to Item 112, wherein the cutoff value is 45 to 85 units. [Item 114] The therapeutic agent for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases according to Item 112, wherein the cutoff value is 45 to 85 ng / mL. [Item 115] The therapeutic agent for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases according to any one of Items 108 to 114, wherein the test animal is a human. [Item 116] The therapeutic agent for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases according to any one of Items 108 to 115, wherein the sample is blood, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, tears, or urine. [Item 117] The therapeutic agent for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases according to any one of Items 108 to 116, further comprising detecting one or more other diagnostic markers for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases. [Item 118] The therapeutic agent for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases according to any one of Items 108 to 117, wherein the polypeptide consists of the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:1. [Item 119] The therapeutic agent for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases according to Items 108 to 118, wherein the polypeptide is detected using an antibody. [Item 120] The therapeutic agent for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases according to Item 119, wherein the antibody further recognizes the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2. [Item 121] The amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody has at least 95% homology to SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, or SEQ ID NO: 22; and 121. The tauopathy and dementia-related disease therapeutic agent of any one of items 119 and 120, wherein the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody has at least 95% homology to SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, or SEQ ID NO:23. [Item 122] The amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody has at least 99% homology to SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, or SEQ ID NO: 22; and Item 122. The therapeutic agent for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases according to any one of Items 119 to 121, wherein the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody has at least 99% homology to SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, or SEQ ID NO: 23. [Item 123] The amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody is SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, or SEQ ID NO: 22; and Item 123. The therapeutic agent for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases according to any one of Items 119 to 122, wherein the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody is SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, or SEQ ID NO: 23. [Section 124] The antibody is (1) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 4 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 5; (2) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 6 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 7; (3) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 8 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 9. (4) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 10 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 11. (5) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 12 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 13. (6) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 14 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 15. (7) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 16 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 17. (8) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 18 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 19. (9) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 20 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 21, or (10) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 22 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 23 Item 124. The therapeutic agent for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases according to any one of Items 119 to 123, wherein [Item 125] The tauopathy and dementia-related disease therapeutic agent according to any one of Items 108 to 124, wherein the tauopathy and dementia-related disease is at least one disease selected from the group consisting of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), Pick's disease (PiD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), vascular dementia (VaD), Parkinson's disease-associated cognitive dysfunction (PDD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). [Item 126] The tauopathy and dementia-related disease therapeutic agent according to any one of Items 108 to 125, wherein the tauopathy and dementia-related disease therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of cholinesterase inhibitors, NMDA receptor antagonists, amyloid beta removal agents and production inhibitors, and tau protein removal agents and production inhibitors. [Item 127] The therapeutic agent for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases according to Item 126, wherein the cholinesterase inhibitor is at least one selected from the group consisting of donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, huperzine A, and tacrine. [Item 128] The therapeutic agent for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases according to Item 126, wherein the NMDA receptor antagonist is memantine. [Item 129] A therapeutic agent for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases according to Item 126, wherein the tau protein removal drug and production inhibitor is at least one selected from the group consisting of a tau protein vaccine, a tau protein removal antibody, a tau protein modification inhibitor, a tau protein aggregation inhibitor, and a tau protein degradation promoter. [Item 130] The tauopathy and dementia-related disease therapeutic agent according to Item 129, wherein the tau protein removing agent and production inhibitor is at least one selected from the group consisting of TRx-237, TPI-287, ABBV-8E12, RG-6100, AADvac1, RO7105705, PTI-80, JNJ-63733657, UCB-0107, BIIB-076, MC-1, ACI-35, and AZP-2006. [Item 131] The therapeutic agent for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases according to Item 126, wherein the therapeutic agent for Parkinson's disease is at least one selected from the group consisting of levodopa, carbidopa, benserazide, selegiline, rasagiline, zonisamide, entacapone, amantadine, talipexole, pramipexole, ropinirole, rotigotine, apomorphine, cabergoline, percolide, bromocriptine, istradefylline, trihexyphenidyl, biperiden, piroheptine, profenamine, promethazine, mexene, droxidopa, EPI-589, NXN-462, Ferriprox, GM608, OXB-101, NTCELL, Ibiglustat, ENT-01, RG7935, and BIIB054. [Item 132] The tauopathy and dementia-related disease therapeutic agent according to Item 126, wherein the multiple sclerosis therapeutic agent is at least one selected from the group consisting of steroids, interferon beta, glatiramer acetate, fingolimod, natalizumab, MN-166, siponimod, laquinimod, and masitinib. ·Therapeutic and preventive medicines2 [Item 133] In vivo analysis of patients with tauopathy and dementia-related diseases or those at risk of developing tauopathy and dementia-related diseases (1) the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, or (2) an amino acid sequence in which one to several amino acids are substituted, deleted, added, or inserted in the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1; a therapeutic or preventive drug for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases, the prophylactic drug comprising, as an active ingredient, a drug that reduces the amount of a polypeptide consisting of the above, or a drug that inhibits the production of the polypeptide in the body of a patient with tauopathy and dementia-related diseases or a person who may be affected by tauopathy and dementia-related diseases, wherein the tauopathy and dementia-related diseases do not include Alzheimer's disease. [Item 134] A therapeutic or preventive agent for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases according to Item 133, characterized in that the amount of the polypeptide is detected using an antibody. - Method for selecting candidate substances [Item 135] The test substance is a substance that is present in the body of a patient with a tauopathy or dementia-related disease or a person who may be affected by a tauopathy or dementia-related disease. (1) the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, or (2) an amino acid sequence in which one to several amino acids are substituted, deleted, added, or inserted in the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1; or inhibiting production of said polypeptide in the body of a patient with tauopathy and dementia-related diseases or a person who may be affected by tauopathy and dementia-related diseases, wherein the tauopathy and dementia-related diseases do not include Alzheimer's disease. [Item 136] A method for selecting a candidate substance for a therapeutic or preventive agent for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases according to Item 135, characterized in that a decrease in the amount of the polypeptide is detected using an antibody. [Effects of the Invention]

[0018] According to the present invention, it is possible to provide an agent for determining tauopathy and dementia-related diseases, a method for determining tauopathy and dementia-related diseases, a method for treating tauopathy and dementia-related diseases, a method for selecting candidate compounds for therapeutic agents for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases, a novel anti-S38AA antibody, etc. However, the tauopathy and dementia-related diseases herein are characterized in that they do not include Alzheimer's disease. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0019] [Figure 1] Figure 1 shows the amino acid sequence of S38AA. Among these, the sequence of the peptide detected by LC-MS / MS in identifying the N-terminus of the S38AA long fragment is shown in bold. [Figure 2]Figure 2 shows the MS / MS peak spectrum of the 399EEVPEDLAEEAPGGR413 peptide detected by LC-MS / MS in the identification of the N-terminus of the S38AA long fragment. The vertical axis represents the peak intensity of each ion, and the horizontal axis represents m / z. [Figure 3] Figure 3 shows the amino acid sequence of S38AA. Among these, the sequence of the peptide detected by LC-MS / MS in identifying the N-terminus of the S38AA short fragment is shown in bold. [Figure 4] Figure 4 shows the MS / MS peak spectrum of the 617GLAVGGGEKAK627 peptide detected by LC-MS / MS in identifying the N-terminus of the S38AA short fragment. The vertical axis represents the peak intensity of each ion, and the horizontal axis represents m / z. [Figure 5] Figure 5 shows the amino acid sequence of S38AA. Among these, the sequence of the peptide detected by LC-MS / MS in identifying the C-terminus of the S38AA long fragment is shown in bold. [Figure 6] Figure 6 shows the MS / MS peak spectrum of the 1040DLKLQAGSDL1049 peptide detected by LC-MS / MS in identifying the C-terminus of the S38AA long fragment. The vertical axis represents the peak intensity of each ion, and the horizontal axis represents m / z. [Figure 7] Figure 7 shows the quantitative analysis (standard curves) of the expression levels of the E. coli recombinant S38AA long fragment and S38AA short fragment measured using the Long ELISA and Total ELISA measurement systems. The vertical axis of each graph represents absorbance at 450 nm, and the horizontal axis represents the concentration of each protein. [Figure 8]Figure 8 shows the quantitative values ​​for each sample of S38AA long fragment and S38AA short fragment in human plasma quantified by the subtraction method. The vertical axis shows the quantitative values ​​of S38AA long fragment and S38AA short fragment, and the horizontal axis shows the name of each disease (healthy, PSP, CBD, MSA, PDD, MS). [Figure 9] 9 shows the quantitative values ​​of S38AA long fragment and S38AA short fragment in human plasma for each sample when quantitated by the subtraction method. The vertical axis shows the quantitative values ​​of S38AA long fragment and S38AA short fragment, and the horizontal axis shows the name of each disease (healthy, DLB, FTD, VaD). [Figure 10] FIG. 10 shows the recognition sites of antibodies for long fragments, antibody A, antibody B, and antibody C. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0020] As used herein, "suffering from a tauopathy or a dementia-related disease" or "being a patient with a tauopathy or a dementia-related disease" refers to a state in which a person can be diagnosed as having developed a tauopathy or a dementia-related disease by a clinical diagnosis based on impairment of memory or cognitive function or by imaging diagnosis based on brain atrophy, accumulation of tau protein, etc.

[0021] As used herein, the term "having developed a tauopathy or a dementia-related disease" refers to a state in which a patient has been diagnosed with a tauopathy or a dementia-related disease based on the clinical diagnostic criteria for each tauopathy or dementia-related disease, such as the diagnostic criteria of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and the Society for PSP (NINDS-SPSP). The diagnostic criteria for both diseases are based on the presence of cognitive impairment, primarily memory loss, a gradual onset and progressive course, impairment of social life and activities of daily living associated with cognitive impairment, and the ability to differentiate and exclude AD-type dementia.

[0022] The severity of symptoms can be assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), which measures the degree of cognitive impairment, the Functional Assessment of Dementia Staging (FAST), which determines the severity based mainly on activities of daily living, the Clinical Dementia Scale (CDR), which determines the clinical severity, as well as the Severe Cognitive Impairment Test (SIB) and modified Rankin Scale (mRS), which are used in clinical trials.

[0023] As used herein, "a group of people at risk for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases," i.e., "a person (human) who may be affected by tauopathy and dementia-related diseases," and "a person (human) at high risk for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases" include people who have not yet been diagnosed as having developed a disease by the above-mentioned diagnosis, but who are in a pre-symptomatic state in which abnormal accumulation of tau protein has begun in brain tissue and who are likely to develop tauopathy and dementia-related diseases in the near future, i.e., people in a state in which tau protein is accumulating in brain tissue. Here, accumulation of tau protein in brain tissue can be confirmed by positron emission tomography (PET) of tau protein, or by using tau or phosphorylated tau in cerebrospinal fluid as biomarkers.

[0024] As used herein, the term "tauopathy- and dementia-related diseases" specifically refers to at least one disease selected from the group consisting of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), Pick's disease (PiD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), vascular dementia (VaD), senile dementia with neurofibrillary tangles (SD-NFT), argyrophilic grain dementia (AGD), basophilic inclusion body disease (BIBD), neuronal intermediate filament inclusion disease (NIFID), multiple sclerosis (MS), cognitive dysfunction associated with Parkinson's disease (PDD), cognitive dysfunction associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), cognitive dysfunction associated with Huntington's disease (HD), and cognitive dysfunction associated with spinocerebellar degeneration (SCD). As used herein, "tauopathy and dementia-related diseases" does not include Alzheimer's disease (AD). Preferred examples of "tauopathy- and dementia-related diseases" include progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), vascular dementia (VaD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and Parkinson's disease-associated cognitive dysfunction (PDD). More preferred examples of "tauopathy- and dementia-related diseases" include progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), multiple system atrophy (MSA), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), vascular dementia (VaD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and Parkinson's disease-related cognitive impairment (PDD). More preferred examples of "tauopathy- and dementia-related diseases" include progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), vascular dementia (VaD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and Parkinson's disease-related cognitive dysfunction (PDD). The most preferred "tauopathy- and dementia-related diseases" include progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), vascular dementia (VaD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and Parkinson's disease-related cognitive dysfunction (PDD).

[0025] 1. Polypeptides used in the present invention The present inventors have found that in the blood of patients with tauopathy and dementia-related diseases, the amount of S38AA short fragment, which is produced when an enzyme that specifically cleaves S38AA or the C-terminal side of the long fragment is present or when the activity of the enzyme is high, is significantly elevated compared to the amount of S38AA long fragment, which is produced when S38AA is cleaved at the extramembranous portion of S38AA, and that the amount of S38AA short fragment is an extremely reliable indicator for highly accurate determination of the onset or pre-stage of tauopathy and dementia-related diseases. Therefore, the present invention measures a polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, which is an S38AA short fragment (corresponding to the amino acid sequence portion from positions 617 to 1049 of the amino acid sequence (1 to 1119) of S38AA represented by SEQ ID NO: 3), and a polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2, which is an S38AA long fragment (corresponding to the amino acid sequence portion from positions 399 to 1049 of the amino acid sequence (1 to 1119) of S38AA represented by SEQ ID NO: 3).

[0026] The S38AA short fragment may have one to several amino acid substitutions, deletions, additions, or insertions in the amino acid sequence, so long as it is recognized by an antibody that specifically binds to a polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, which will be described later. Similarly, the S38AA long fragment may have one to several amino acid substitutions, deletions, additions, or insertions in the amino acid sequence, so long as it is recognized by an antibody that specifically binds to a polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2, which will be described later. Here, "several" is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, 2 to 10, 2 to 8, 2 to 6, 2 to 4, 2 to 3, or 2.

[0027] The S38AA short fragment may be modified at its N-terminus, C-terminus, or side chains as appropriate by methods well known to those skilled in the art, such as modification of the N-terminus with an acetyl group, modification of the C-terminus with an amide group, addition of a protein tag (such as a His tag) to the N-terminus and / or C-terminus, and addition of a sugar chain to the side chain.

[0028] The polypeptides represented by SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 3 (e.g., standards, standard solutions, etc.) that can be used in the kits, methods, etc. of the present invention can be produced according to known peptide synthesis methods, such as solid-phase synthesis, liquid-phase synthesis, etc. The obtained polypeptides can be purified and isolated by known purification methods, such as solvent extraction, distillation, column chromatography, liquid chromatography, recrystallization, or a combination thereof.

[0029] The polypeptide used in the present invention can also be produced by culturing a transformant containing a nucleic acid encoding it and isolating and purifying the polypeptide from the resulting culture. The nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide used in the present invention may be DNA or RNA, or may be a DNA / RNA chimera, but is preferably DNA. The nucleic acid may be double-stranded or single-stranded. If double-stranded, it may be double-stranded DNA, double-stranded RNA, or a DNA:RNA hybrid. If single-stranded, it may be the sense strand (i.e., the coding strand) or the antisense strand (i.e., the non-coding strand).

[0030] As used herein, "SEQ ID NO" and "SEQ ID NO:" are synonymous. For example, "SEQ ID NO: 1" and "SEQ ID NO: 1" are synonymous.

[0031] DNA encoding the polypeptide used in the present invention includes synthetic DNA, and can be obtained using methods known per se, such as reverse transcriptase-PCR and ODA-LA PCR, gapped duplex method, Kunkel method, or the like, or by colony or plaque hybridization or PCR.

[0032] 2. Anti-S38AA antibody The term "anti-S38AA antibody" as used herein is not particularly limited as long as it is an antibody that specifically recognizes S38AA or an antibody that specifically recognizes the S38AA long fragment and / or the S38AA short fragment, and examples include an antibody that recognizes the N-terminal region of the S38AA long fragment, an antibody that recognizes the C-terminal region of the S38AA long fragment, and an antibody that recognizes the C-terminal region common to the S38AA long fragment and the S38AA short fragment.

[0033] The anti-S38AA antibody may be a commercially available anti-S38AA antibody, a polyclonal or monoclonal antibody produced using known techniques, or a fragment thereof (eg, Fab, F(ab')2, ScFv, minibody, etc.).

[0034] The anti-S38AA antibody used in the present invention is preferably a monoclonal or polyclonal antibody derived from a mammal. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies derived from mammals include those produced in the blood of animals, those produced in hybridomas, those produced by hosts transformed using genetic engineering techniques with expression vectors containing antibody genes, those produced by screening the optimal antibody from a huge clone library consisting of one trillion molecules using phage display and mass-producing the gene in CHO cells, and human antibodies obtained directly from transgenic mice that produce human antibodies. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies can be produced by methods known to those skilled in the art.

[0035] (1) Production of monoclonal antibodies The polypeptide of the present invention or a fragment thereof is administered to a mammal either alone or together with a carrier or diluent to a site where antibody production is possible upon administration. Complete Freund's adjuvant or incomplete Freund's adjuvant may be administered to enhance antibody production. Administration is typically once every 2 to 6 weeks, for a total of approximately 2 to 10 times. Examples of mammals that can be used include monkeys, rabbits, dogs, guinea pigs, mice, rats, sheep, and goats, with mice and rats being preferred.

[0036] To prepare monoclonal antibody-producing cells, mammals (e.g., mice) immunized with an antigen are selected from individuals with confirmed antibody titers, and their spleens or lymph nodes are harvested 2 to 5 days after the final immunization. The antibody-producing cells contained therein are then fused with myeloma cells to prepare monoclonal antibody-producing hybridomas. Antibody titers in antisera can be measured, for example, by reacting the antisera with the labeled S38AA described below and then measuring the activity of the label bound to the antibody. Fusion can be performed according to known methods, such as the method of Köhler and Milstein [Nature, 256, 495 (1975)]. Examples of fusion promoters include polyethylene glycol (PEG) and Sendai virus, with PEG being preferred. Furthermore, adjuvants such as dimethyl sulfoxide can be used as appropriate to enhance fusion efficiency.

[0037] Examples of myeloma cells include NS-1, P3U1, and SP2 / 0, with P3U1 being preferred. The preferred ratio of antibody-producing cells (spleen cells) to myeloma cells is about 1:1 to 20:1, and efficient cell fusion can be achieved by adding PEG (preferably PEG1000 to PEG6000) at a concentration of about 10 to 80% and incubating at about 20 to 40°C, preferably about 30 to 37°C, for about 1 to 10 minutes.

[0038] Various methods can be used to screen monoclonal antibody-producing hybridomas. Examples include a method in which hybridoma culture supernatant is added to a solid phase (e.g., a microplate) to which an antigen such as a protein has been adsorbed directly or together with a carrier, and then an anti-immunoglobulin antibody labeled with a radioactive substance or enzyme (when the cells used in cell fusion are mouse, an anti-mouse immunoglobulin antibody is used) or protein A is added to detect the monoclonal antibody bound to the solid phase; and a method in which hybridoma culture supernatant is added to a solid phase to which an anti-immunoglobulin antibody or protein A has been adsorbed, and then a protein labeled with a radioactive substance or enzyme is added to detect the monoclonal antibody bound to the solid phase.

[0039] Selection of monoclonal antibodies can be performed according to known methods or methods analogous thereto, but typically involves the use of animal cell culture media supplemented with HAT (hypoxanthine, aminopterin, thymidine). Any medium capable of growing hybridomas can be used for selection and breeding. Examples include RPMI 1640 medium containing 1-20%, preferably 10-20%, fetal bovine serum; GIT medium (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) containing 1-10% fetal bovine serum; and serum-free hybridoma culture medium (SFM-101, Nissui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.). The culture temperature is typically 20-40°C, preferably approximately 37°C. The culture time is typically 5 days to 3 weeks, preferably 1-2 weeks. Culture is typically performed under 5% carbon dioxide. The antibody titer of the hybridoma culture supernatant can be measured in the same manner as for measuring the antibody titer in the antiserum described above.

[0040] Monoclonal antibodies can be separated and purified in the same manner as conventional polyclonal antibodies, using methods for separating and purifying immunoglobulins (e.g., salting out, alcohol precipitation, isoelectric precipitation, electrophoresis, adsorption / desorption using an ion exchanger (e.g., DEAE), ultracentrifugation, gel filtration, and specific purification methods in which only the antibody is collected using an antigen-binding solid phase or an active adsorbent such as protein A or protein G, and then the antibody is obtained by dissociating the bond).

[0041] (2) Preparation of polyclonal antibodies Polyclonal antibodies against the polypeptides used in the present invention can be produced by known methods or methods similar thereto, for example, by preparing a complex between an immunizing antigen (an antigen such as a protein) and a carrier protein, immunizing a mammal or chicken with the complex, similar to the method for producing monoclonal antibodies described above, collecting a substance containing antibodies against S38AA from the immunized animal, and separating and purifying the antibodies.

[0042] Regarding the complex of an immunizing antigen and a carrier protein used to immunize mammals and chickens, the type of carrier protein and the mixing ratio of the carrier to the hapten may be any type and any ratio as long as antibodies are efficiently produced against the hapten crosslinked to the carrier. For example, a method is used in which bovine serum albumin, bovine thyroglobulin, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, etc. are coupled at a weight ratio of about 0.1 to 20, preferably about 1 to 5, parts by weight of hapten to 1 part by weight of hapten. Furthermore, various condensing agents can be used for coupling the hapten with the carrier, such as glutaraldehyde, carbodiimide, maleimide activated ester, and activated ester reagents containing a thiol group or a dithiopyridyl group.

[0043] The condensation product is administered to mammals or chickens either alone or together with a carrier or diluent to a site where antibody production is possible. To enhance antibody production during administration, complete Freund's adjuvant or incomplete Freund's adjuvant may be administered. Administration is usually carried out approximately once every 2 to 6 weeks, for a total of approximately 3 to 10 times.

[0044] Polyclonal antibodies can be collected from the blood, ascites, breast milk, etc. of mammals immunized by the above method, preferably from the blood, and in the case of chickens, from the blood and egg yolk. The polyclonal antibody titer in the antiserum can be measured in the same manner as in the measurement of the antibody titer in the serum described above. The separation and purification of the polyclonal antibody can be carried out according to the same immunoglobulin separation and purification method as in the separation and purification of the monoclonal antibody described above.

[0045] An example of a polyclonal antibody of the present invention is a rabbit-derived anti-S38AA polyclonal antibody (hereinafter also referred to as "MBL" or "antibody for long fragments"). The antibody for long fragments specifically recognizes the S38AA long fragment but does not recognize the S38AA short fragment. The antibody for long fragments can be used in combination with antibody A, B, or C in the Long ELISA described below.

[0046] (3) Antibodies that specifically recognize the S38AA short fragment One embodiment of the antibody used in the present invention is an antibody that specifically recognizes the S38AA short fragment represented by SEQ ID NO: 1. Examples of antibodies that specifically recognize the S38AA short fragment include antibodies that recognize the C-terminal sequence or N-terminal sequence of the S38AA short fragment. Antibodies that specifically recognize the S38AA short fragment can be generated by methods well known to those skilled in the art. For example, an antibody can be obtained by using a peptide of several amino acids from the N-terminus of the S38AA short fragment (glycine at position 617 in the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 3) as an immunizing antigen, and selecting a peptide with several additional amino acids further N-terminally, or an antibody that is negative for the S38AA long fragment. Specifically, monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies can be obtained according to the methods (1) or (2) above, respectively. Examples of antibodies that specifically recognize the S38AA short fragment include antibody A, antibody B, and antibody C described below.

[0047] Antibody A (hereinafter also referred to as "mouse-derived anti-S38AA monoclonal antibody A") is an antibody that recognizes the C-terminal region of S38AA, and refers to an antibody that was isolated and purified by establishing an antibody-producing hybridoma using a partial peptide of the C-terminal amino acid sequence of the S38AA fragment as an immunogen. Antibody A has the characteristic of specifically recognizing the S38AA short fragment and the S38AA long fragment. Antibody A can be used in Long ELISA together with an "antibody for long fragments." Antibody A can be used in Total ELISA, described below, together with antibody B or C.

[0048] Antibody A is preferably one of the following: (1) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 4; (2) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 6; (3) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 8, and (4) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 10. Examples of antibodies include those selected from the group consisting of:

[0049] In another preferred embodiment, antibody A is one of the following: (1) an antibody comprising a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 5; (2) an antibody comprising a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 7; (3) an antibody comprising a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 9, and (4) An antibody comprising a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 11. Examples of antibodies include those selected from the group consisting of:

[0050] Antibody A is more preferably one of the following: (1) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 4 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 5; (2) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 6 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 7; (3) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 8 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 9, and (4) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 10 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 11. Examples of antibodies include those selected from the group consisting of:

[0051] Antibody B is an antibody that recognizes the C-terminal region of S38AA, and refers to an antibody that was isolated and purified by establishing an antibody-producing hybridoma using a partial peptide of the C-terminal amino acid sequence of the S38AA fragment as an immunogen. Antibody B has the characteristic of specifically recognizing the S38AA short fragment and the S38AA long fragment. Antibody B can be used in Long ELISA together with an "antibody for long fragments." Antibody B can be used in Total ELISA together with Antibody A or C.

[0052] Antibody B is preferably one of the following: (5) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 12. (6) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 14. (7) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 16, and (8) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 18. Examples of antibodies include those selected from the group consisting of:

[0053] In another preferred embodiment, antibody B is one of the following: (5) An antibody comprising a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 13. (6) An antibody comprising a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 15. (7) An antibody comprising a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 17, and (8) An antibody comprising a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 19. Examples of antibodies include those selected from the group consisting of:

[0054] Antibody B is more preferably one of the following: (5) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 12 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 13. (6) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 14 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 15. (7) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 16 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 17, and (8) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 18 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 19. Examples of antibodies include those selected from the group consisting of:

[0055] Antibody C is an antibody that recognizes the C-terminal region of S38AA, and refers to an antibody that was isolated and purified by establishing an antibody-producing hybridoma using an Escherichia coli recombinant protein of S38AA long fragment as an immunogen. Antibody C has the characteristic of specifically recognizing S38AA short fragment and S38AA long fragment. Antibody C can be used in Long ELISA together with "antibodies for long fragments." Antibody C can be used in Total ELISA together with Antibody A or B.

[0056] Antibody C is preferably one of the following: (9) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 20, and (10) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 22 Examples of antibodies include those selected from the group consisting of:

[0057] In another preferred embodiment, antibody C is one of the following: (9) An antibody comprising a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 21, and (10) An antibody comprising a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 23 Examples of antibodies include those selected from the group consisting of:

[0058] Antibody C is preferably one of the following: (9) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 20 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 21, and (10) A heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 22 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 23 an antibody comprising Examples of antibodies include those selected from the group consisting of:

[0059] As long as antibodies A, B, and C of the present invention can specifically recognize the S38AA short fragment and the S38AA long fragment, each of the antibodies may contain a variable region that has a homology of 90% or more, preferably 95% or more, more preferably 96% or more, even more preferably 97% or more, even more preferably 98%, even more preferably 99% or more, and most preferably 99.5% or more to the amino acid sequence of the above variable region contained therein.

[0060] As used herein, "homology" refers to the percentage (%) of identical and similar amino acid residues out of the total overlapping amino acid residues in optimal alignment when two amino acid sequences are aligned using a mathematical algorithm known in the art (preferably, the algorithm can take into account the introduction of gaps into one or both of the sequences for optimal alignment). The amino acid sequence homology herein can be calculated using the homology calculation algorithm NCBI BLAST (National Center for Biotechnology Information Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) under the following conditions (expectation value = 10; gaps allowed; matrix = BLOSUM62; filtering = OFF). Other algorithms for determining amino acid sequence homology include, for example, the algorithm described in Karlin et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90:5873-5877 (1993) [this algorithm is incorporated into the NBLAST and XBLAST programs (version 2.0) (Altschul et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 25:3389-3402 (1997))], the algorithm described in Needleman et al., J. Mol. Biol., 48:444-453 (1970) [this algorithm is incorporated into the GAP program in the GCG software package], and the algorithm described in Myers and Miller, CABIOS, 4:11-17 (1988) [this algorithm is incorporated into the ALIGN program (version 2.0) which is part of the CGC sequence alignment software package]. 2.0)], the algorithm described in Pearson et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 85:2444-2448 (1988) [the algorithm is incorporated into the FASTA program in the GCG software package], and the like can also be preferably used.

[0061] Furthermore, as long as the CDRs contained in antibodies A, B, and C of the present invention can specifically recognize the S38AA short fragment and the S38AA long fragment, one to several (e.g., two, three, four, five), preferably two or fewer, and more preferably one amino acid may be substituted, deleted, inserted, and / or added in the amino acid sequence of each CDR. The number of CDRs with amino acid substitutions, deletions, insertions, and / or additions contained in each of the above antibodies is not particularly limited, as long as the antibodies can specifically recognize the S38AA short fragment and the S38AA long fragment. Preferably, there are two or fewer, more preferably one, CDR per light chain variable region, and preferably two or fewer, more preferably one, CDR per heavy chain variable region. Amino acid substitutions, deletions, insertions, and / or additions may be made in both the light chain variable region and the heavy chain variable region, or in only one of them.

[0062] For example, "similar amino acids" refer to amino acids similar in physicochemical properties, and examples thereof include amino acids classified in the same group, such as aromatic amino acids (Phe, Trp, Tyr), aliphatic amino acids (Ala, Leu, Ile, Val), polar amino acids (Gln, Asn), basic amino acids (Lys, Arg, His), acidic amino acids (Glu, Asp), amino acids with hydroxyl groups (Ser, Thr), and amino acids with small side chains (Gly, Ala, Ser, Thr, Met). Substitution with such similar amino acids is expected to not cause changes in the phenotype of the protein (i.e., conservative amino acid substitutions). Specific examples of conservative amino acid substitutions are well known in the art and have been described in various publications (see, for example, Bowie et al., Science, 247:1306-1310 (1990)).

[0063] Methods for substituting one or more amino acid residues with other amino acids of interest include, for example, site-directed mutagenesis (Hashimoto-Gotoh, T, Mizuno, T, Ogasahara, Y, and Nakagawa, M. (1995) An oligodeoxyribonucleotide-directed dual amber method for site-directed mutagenesis. Gene 152, 271-275; Zoller, MJ, and Smith, M. (1983) Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis of DNA fragments cloned into M13 vectors. Methods Enzymol. 100, 468-500; Kramer, W, Drutsa, V, Jansen, HW, Kramer, B, Pflugfelder, M, and Fritz, HJ (1984) The gapped duplex DNA approach to oligonucleotide-directed mutation construction. Nucleic Acids Res. 12, 9441-9456; Kramer W, and Examples of such methods include Fritz HJ (1987) Oligonucleotide-directed construction of mutations via gapped duplex DNA methods. Enzymol. 154, 350-367; Kunkel, TA (1985) Rapid and efficient site-specific mutagenesis without phenotypic selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 82, 488-492). Using this method, desired amino acids of an antibody can be substituted with other amino acids of interest. Furthermore, library techniques such as framework shuffling (Mol Immunol. 2007 Apr;44(11):3049-60) and CDR repair (US2006 / 0122377) can be used to replace amino acids in the framework and CDR with other suitable amino acids.

[0064] 3. Diagnostic drugs for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases The diagnostic agent of the present invention comprises one or more anti-S38AA antibodies capable of detecting the amount of S38AA short fragment, and can be used to determine whether or not a subject has a tauopathy or a dementia-related disease, whether or not the subject is likely to currently have the disease, and also to determine whether or not the subject is a pre-tauopathy or dementia-related disease, i.e., whether or not the subject is likely to develop the disease in the near future, even though the subject has not yet developed the disease. In other words, the diagnostic agent of the present invention can distinguish between tauopathy and dementia-related diseases at any stage of severity. Therefore, in the present invention, the term "determination" of tauopathy or dementia-related disease is used to encompass not only determining whether or not the subject has already developed a tauopathy or a dementia-related disease, whether or not the subject is likely to currently have a tauopathy or a dementia-related disease, but also determining whether or not the subject is likely to develop a tauopathy or a dementia-related disease in the near future, even though the subject has not yet developed the disease.

[0065] 4. Kit for diagnosing tauopathy and dementia-related diseases The present invention provides a kit for diagnosing tauopathy and dementia-related diseases. The kit of the present invention includes a reagent for measuring the amount of S38AA short fragment. By measuring the amount of S38AA short fragment using the kit of the present invention, tauopathy and dementia-related diseases can be diagnosed. The kit of the present invention comprises an anti-S38AA antibody, which is a single antibody or a combination of antibodies, capable of quantifying the S38AA short fragment. Specific examples include antibodies that specifically recognize the S38AA short fragment, antibodies that recognize the S38AA long fragment but not the S38AA short fragment, and combinations of antibodies that recognize both the S38AA long fragment and the S38AA short fragment. Examples of antibodies that recognize the S38AA long fragment but not the S38AA short fragment include antibodies that recognize the N-terminal region of the S38AA long fragment. Furthermore, examples of antibodies that recognize both the S38AA long fragment and the S38AA short fragment include antibodies that recognize the C-terminal region common to both the S38AA long fragment and the S38AA short fragment. Preferred antibodies used in the kit of the present invention include antibodies for long fragments, antibody A, antibody B, and / or antibody C.

[0066] The antibody may also be a fluorescently labeled antibody, an enzyme-labeled antibody, a streptavidin-labeled antibody, a biotin-labeled antibody, or a radioactively labeled antibody. The anti-S38AA antibody is generally contained in the kit of the present invention in the form of an aqueous solution dissolved in water or an appropriate buffer solution (e.g., TE buffer, PBS, etc.) to an appropriate concentration, or in the form of a lyophilized product. Furthermore, when measuring the amount of S38AA short fragment and / or S38AA long fragment, the measurement may be performed using one type of antibody, or multiple types, preferably two types of antibodies (for example, sandwich ELISA).

[0067] The kit of the present invention may further comprise other components necessary for carrying out the method of measuring S38AA short fragment, depending on the method. For example, when measuring by Western blotting, the kit of the present invention may further comprise a blotting buffer, a labeling reagent, a blotting membrane, a detection reagent, a standard solution, etc. Here, the "standard solution" includes a purified preparation of S38AA short fragment and / or S38AA long fragment, for example, an aqueous solution prepared by dissolving the peptide of the present invention in water or an appropriate buffer solution (e.g., TE buffer, PBS containing fetal bovine serum, etc.) to a specific concentration.

[0068] Furthermore, when assaying by sandwich ELISA, the kit of the present invention may further comprise, in addition to the above, an immobilized antibody assay plate, a washing solution, etc. When assaying by agglutination methods, including latex agglutination, the kit may comprise antibody-coated latex, gelatin, etc. When assaying by chemiluminescence or chemiluminescence electron spectroscopy, the kit may comprise antibody-bound magnetic particles and an appropriate buffer. When detecting S38AA using LC / MS, LC-MS / MS, or immunochromatography, the detection device may comprise an antibody-coated column, microcolumn, or microchip. Furthermore, when assaying by time-resolved fluorometry or a similar fluorometry method, the kit may comprise multiple labeled anti-S38AA antibodies and other necessary components.

[0069] Examples of kits of the present invention include the following: The antibodies contained in the following kits may be labeled (e.g., labeled with peroxidase or biotin), or if unlabeled, may contain a separately labeled antibody that binds to the antibody to label it. 1) One or two types of "antibodies that specifically recognize the S38AA short fragment," a washing solution, a coloring reagent, a reaction stop solution, a dilution buffer, and a standard solution; 2) one or two types of "antibodies recognizing the N-terminal region of the S38AA long fragment", one or two types of "antibodies recognizing the C-terminal region of the S38AA long fragment (i.e., antibodies recognizing the C-terminal region common to the S38AA long fragment and the S38AA short fragment)", a washing solution, a coloring reagent, a reaction stop solution, a dilution buffer, and a standard solution; 3) "A first antibody that specifically recognizes the S38AA short fragment," "A second antibody that recognizes the S38AA short fragment," washing solution, coloring reagent, reaction stop solution, dilution buffer, and standard solution; 4) A "first antibody that recognizes the N-terminal region of S38AA long fragment" and a "second antibody that recognizes S38AA long fragment", one or two types of "antibodies that recognize the C-terminal region of S38AA long fragment (i.e., antibodies that recognize the C-terminal region common to S38AA long fragment and S38AA short fragment)", a washing solution, a coloring reagent, a reaction stop solution, a dilution buffer solution, and a standard solution.

[0070] Here, preferred examples of the "antibody that specifically recognizes the S38AA short fragment," the "first antibody that specifically recognizes the S38AA short fragment," and the "second antibody that recognizes the S38AA short fragment" include antibody A, antibody B, and antibody C. Here, the "antibody recognizing the N-terminal region of the S38AA long fragment" and the "first antibody recognizing the N-terminal region of the S38AA long fragment" preferably include an "antibody for the long fragment". Here, preferred examples of "antibodies that recognize the C-terminal region of S38AA long fragment (i.e., antibodies that recognize the C-terminal region common to S38AA long fragment and S38AA short fragment)" include antibody A, antibody B, and antibody C. Examples of anti-S38AA long fragment antibodies and anti-S38AA short fragment antibodies that can specifically detect S38AA long fragment and S38AA short fragment include the antibodies described in detail in "2. Antibodies of the Present Invention."

[0071] 5. Methods of the Invention (1) Methods for determining and testing tauopathy and dementia-related diseases As described above, the present inventors first found that the amount of S38AA long fragment, which is generated by cleavage at the extramembranous portion of S38AA, is elevated in the blood of AD patients. They further found that either an enzyme that specifically cleaves the long fragment is present in the blood of AD patients, or the activity of this enzyme is high, or the amount of S38AA short fragment, which is generated by direct cleavage at the extramembranous portion of S38AA, is greatly elevated in the blood of AD patients, and that the amount of S38AA short fragment in the blood is elevated in patients with tauopathy and dementia-related diseases. They also found that the amount of S38AA short fragment is an extremely reliable indicator for highly accurate determination of the onset of tauopathy and dementia-related diseases, or for determining whether the patient is at risk. Furthermore, as described above, the present inventors have previously found that the S38AA short fragment is not only an indicator for highly accurate determination of the onset of Alzheimer's disease or its pre-stage, but also an extremely reliable indicator for determining the degree of progression of the disease. Taking this into consideration, it is sufficiently suggested that the amount of S38AA short fragment correlates with the degree of progression (e.g., severe, moderate, mild, etc.) of tauopathy and dementia-related diseases. Therefore, it can be said that it is sufficiently suggested that the amount of S38AA short fragment in the blood is an extremely reliable indicator for determining the degree of progression of tauopathy and dementia-related diseases. Therefore, the present invention provides a method for diagnosing tauopathy and dementia-related diseases, such as progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), Pick's disease (PiD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), vascular dementia (VaD), or Parkinson's disease-associated cognitive dysfunction (PDD), by detecting the S38AA short fragment in a sample collected from a test animal.

[0072] The determination method of the present invention can not only determine whether or not a person is suffering from a tauopathy or dementia-related disease, and whether or not there is a high possibility that the person is currently suffering from the disease, but can also determine whether or not the person is not yet suffering from the disease but is likely to suffer from it in the near future. The present invention also provides a method for testing the possibility of a subject currently suffering from a tauopathy- and dementia-related disease or the possibility of the subject suffering from a tauopathy- and dementia-related disease in the future, by detecting the S38AA short fragment in a sample collected from the subject animal. The above-mentioned determination of the possibility and test (results) are useful at least for assisting physicians in making a definitive diagnosis of tauopathy and dementia-related diseases.

[0073] The determination and testing methods of the present invention are characterized by detecting S38AA short fragment in a sample collected from a test animal. Specific steps of the determination and testing methods of the present invention may include, for example, (i) quantifying the amount of S38AA short fragment in the sample collected from the test animal, and (ii) comparing the amount of S38AA short fragment quantified in (i) with the amount of S38AA short fragment in a sample collected from a healthy animal (hereinafter referred to as a "control value"). If the result of the comparison in (ii) is that the amount of S38AA short fragment quantified in (i) is greater than the control value, this indicates that the test animal is suffering from a tauopathy- and dementia-related disease, or is likely to be suffering from a tauopathy- and dementia-related disease at present, or is likely to be suffering from a tauopathy- and dementia-related disease in the future. Furthermore, in addition to the above steps, the determination and testing method of the present invention may include a step of determining, based on the results of (iii)(ii), that the test animal is suffering from a tauopathy- and dementia-related disease, or is likely to currently suffer from a tauopathy- and dementia-related disease, or is likely to suffer from a tauopathy- and dementia-related disease in the future, if the amount of S38AA short fragment quantified in (i) is greater than the control value.

[0074] Furthermore, the present invention provides a method for assisting in determining the progression of tauopathy and dementia-related diseases. The method for assisting in diagnosis of the present invention is also characterized by detecting S38AA short fragment in a sample collected from a test animal. Specific steps of the method for assisting in diagnosis of the present invention may include, for example, (i) quantifying the amount of S38AA short fragment in a sample collected from a test animal that is suffering from or may be suffering from a tauopathy or a dementia-related disease, and (ii) comparing the amount of S38AA short fragment quantified in (i) with the amount of S38AA short fragment in a sample previously collected from the test animal (hereinafter referred to as a "control value"). As a result of the comparison in (ii), if the amount of S38AA short fragment quantified in (i) is greater than the control value, it indicates that the test animal is likely to have a tauopathy- and dementia-related disease progressing or to have a tauopathy- and dementia-related disease, and if it is less than the control value, it indicates that the test animal is likely to have an improvement in the tauopathy- and dementia-related disease or to not have a tauopathy- and dementia-related disease. In addition to the above steps, the method for assisting in determination of the present invention further comprises the steps of: (iii) determining whether or not a particular individual has a high risk of developing a disease based on the results of (ii) and (iii); The method may include a step of determining that Alzheimer's disease in the test animal is progressing when the amount of S38AA short fragment quantified in (i) is greater than the control value, and determining that Alzheimer's disease in the test animal is improving when the amount is less than the control value.

[0075] Furthermore, since the amount of S38AA short fragment in the blood increases in tauopathy and dementia-related diseases as described above, the present invention also provides a method for evaluating the therapeutic effect of patients undergoing treatment for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases or patients at risk of tauopathy and dementia-related diseases undergoing treatment to prevent the onset of tauopathy and dementia-related diseases. The method of evaluating a therapeutic effect of the present invention is also characterized by detecting S38AA short fragment in a sample collected from a test animal. Specific steps of the method of evaluating a therapeutic effect of the present invention may include, for example, (i) quantifying the amount of S38AA short fragment in a sample collected from a test animal that has begun drug treatment for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases or drug treatment for preventing the onset of tauopathy and dementia-related diseases, and (ii) comparing the amount of S38AA short fragment quantified in (i) with the amount of S38AA short fragment in a sample previously collected from the test animal (e.g., a sample collected before the start of drug treatment, or a sample collected after the start of drug treatment but before the time of collection in (i)) (hereinafter referred to as a "control value"). As a result of the comparison in (ii), if the amount of S38AA short fragment quantified in (i) is greater than the control value, it indicates that the current medication (or the selected therapeutic agent) is ineffective, and if it is less than the control value, it indicates that the current medication (or the selected therapeutic agent) is effective. In addition to the above steps, the method of evaluating the therapeutic effect of the present invention may include a step of (iii) evaluating, based on the results of (ii), that the current medication (or the selected therapeutic agent) is ineffective if the amount of S38AA short fragment quantified in (i) is greater than the control value, and evaluating that the current medication (or the selected therapeutic agent) is effective if the amount is less than the control value. In this specification, the term "therapeutic drug used in drug therapy" refers to a concept that includes not only therapeutic drugs that have already been approved and marketed, but also investigational drugs that are undergoing clinical trials. In other words, the method for evaluating the therapeutic effect of the present invention can also be used to monitor the efficacy of drugs in clinical trials.

[0076] There are no particular limitations on the animals that can be used as test subjects in the methods of the present invention, as long as they express S38AA, and examples include mammals (e.g., humans, monkeys, cows, pigs, horses, dogs, cats, sheep, goats, rabbits, hamsters, guinea pigs, mice, rats, etc.), birds (e.g., chickens, etc.), etc. Mammals are preferred, and humans are more preferred. The biological sample derived from the subject animal to be used as the sample is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include blood, serum, plasma, saliva, tears, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, etc. Plasma or cerebrospinal fluid is more preferred. Serum and plasma can be prepared by collecting blood from a test animal and separating the liquid components according to a conventional method. Cerebrospinal fluid can be collected by known means such as spinal tap.

[0077] Detection (quantification) of the S38AA long fragment and S38AA short fragment in a sample can be carried out by known methods, such as Western blotting, gel electrophoresis (e.g., SDS-PAGE, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, etc.), various separation and purification methods (e.g., ion exchange chromatography, hydrophobic chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, affinity chromatography, reverse-phase chromatography, isoelectric focusing chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, etc.), ionization methods (e.g., electron impact ionization, field desorption, secondary ionization, fast atom bombardment, matrix-assisted laser desorption / ionization (MALDI), electrospray ionization, etc.), and mass spectrometry (e.g., double-focusing mass spectrometer, quadrupole analyzer, time-of-flight mass spectrometer, Fourier transform mass spectrometer, ion cyclotron mass spectrometer, etc.). Detection (quantification) using measurement devices that apply these measurement principles is also included in the methods of the present invention.

[0078] The S38AA long fragment and the S38AA short fragment can also be detected (quantified) by known immunochemical methods (nephrometry, competitive assay, immunometric assay, chemiluminescence assay, chemiluminescence electron assay, sandwich assay, etc.). For these immunochemical methods, reference can be made to, for example, "Radioimmunoassay" edited by Irie Hiroshi (Kodansha, 1974), "Radioimmunoassay 2" edited by Irie Hiroshi (Kodansha, 1979), "Enzyme Immunoassay Methods" (3rd edition) edited by Ishikawa Eiji et al. (Igaku-Shoin, 1987), and "Methods in ENZYMOLOGY" Vol. 121 (Immunochemical Techniques (Part I: Hybridoma Technology and Monoclonal Antibodies)) (Academic Press).

[0079] Specific methods for detecting (quantifying) S38AA long fragment and S38AA short fragment include subtracting the measured value of S38AA long fragment in a sample obtained using only an "antibody recognizing the N-terminal region of S38AA long fragment" or a combination of an "antibody recognizing the N-terminal region of S38AA long fragment" and an "antibody recognizing the C-terminal region of S38AA long fragment" from the measured value of S38AA long fragment and S38AA short fragment in a sample obtained using an "antibody recognizing the C-terminal region common to S38AA long fragment and S38AA short fragment." The amount of S38AA short fragment can be quantified by subtracting the measured value of S38AA long fragment in a sample obtained using an "antibody recognizing the C-terminal region of S38AA long fragment" alone or a combination of an "antibody recognizing the N-terminal region of S38AA long fragment" and an "antibody recognizing the C-terminal region of S38AA long fragment." Alternatively, the amount of S38AA short fragment can be quantified as the ratio of the amount of S38AA short fragment to the amount of S38AA long fragment obtained by a similar method, or the amount of S38AA short fragment can be directly quantified using an "antibody that specifically recognizes S38AA short fragment" of the present invention. Examples of anti-S38AA long fragment antibodies and anti-S38AA short fragment antibodies that can specifically detect S38AA long fragment and S38AA short fragment include the antibodies described in detail in "2. Antibodies of the present invention."

[0080] Here, preferred examples of "antibodies that recognize the C-terminal region common to the S38AA long fragment and the S38AA short fragment" include antibodies A, B, and C. A preferred example of the "antibody recognizing the N-terminal region of the S38AA long fragment" is an "antibody for the long fragment." Preferred examples of the "antibody that recognizes the C-terminal region of the S38AA long fragment" include antibodies A, B, and C. Preferred examples of the "antibody that specifically recognizes the S38AA short fragment" include antibodies A, B, and C.

[0081] An example of a measurement method in the present invention is "Long ELISA." "Long ELISA" is a method for detecting (quantitating) the amount of S38AA long fragment, and is characterized by being a sandwich ELISA method using a "long fragment antibody" and "at least one antibody selected from the group consisting of antibodies A, B, and C."

[0082] An example of a measurement method in the present invention is "Total ELISA." "Total ELISA" is a method for detecting (quantitating) the "total amount of S38AA long fragment and S38AA short fragment," and is characterized by being a sandwich ELISA method using "at least two antibodies selected from the group consisting of antibodies A, B, and C."

[0083] In the present invention, the "method of detecting (quantifying) the amount of S38AA short fragment" includes a method of subtracting the "measurement result (quantitative value) by Long ELISA" from the "measurement result (quantitative value) by Total ELISA."

[0084] The "control value" used in the method of the present invention may be the amount of S38AA short fragment in a control sample, or the amount of S38AA short fragment previously measured or set for a control, etc., and does not need to be measured simultaneously with the method of the present invention. Here, to set the control value, multiple individuals can be used as a control group, and the average value of the measured values ​​of the multiple individuals can be used as the control value. That is, the method of the present invention also encompasses the use of the amount of S38AA short fragment in a control sample from an already obtained control group (e.g., healthy animals, animals suffering from tauopathy or dementia-related disease at a specific stage of progression, etc.) as the control value to perform the above-mentioned determination.

[0085] For example, when a sample derived from a healthy animal is used as a control sample, if the amount of S38AA short fragment in the test sample is greater than that in the control sample, it can be determined or judged that the subject is suffering from a tauopathy and a dementia-related disease, or may currently be suffering from a tauopathy and a dementia-related disease, or may be suffering from a tauopathy and a dementia-related disease in the future. Furthermore, by using a sample derived from an animal suffering from a tauopathy or dementia-related disease at a particular stage as a control sample, if the amount of S38AA short fragment in the test sample is greater than that in the control sample, it can be determined or judged that the stage of progression of the tauopathy or dementia-related disease is higher than that of the animal suffering from the disease used as a control.

[0086] Furthermore, by using a sample collected previously from the test animal from which the test sample was collected as a control sample, if the amount of S38AA short fragment in the test sample is greater than that in the control sample, it can be determined that the tauopathy and dementia-related disease are progressing, and if the amount is less than that in the control sample, it can be determined that the disease is improving. Furthermore, by using a plurality of control samples, such as a control sample derived from an animal that has developed tauopathy and dementia-related diseases and a control sample derived from a healthy animal, it is possible to determine whether the subject is at risk of developing tauopathy and dementia-related diseases, that is, whether the subject has not yet been definitively diagnosed as having the disease, but is likely to develop tauopathy and dementia-related diseases in the near future, by using an indicator that the amount of S38AA short fragment in the test sample is greater than that in the control sample derived from a healthy animal and less than that in the control sample derived from an animal that has developed tauopathy and dementia-related diseases.

[0087] Furthermore, by using a sample collected in the past from the test animal that has started drug treatment for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases from which the test sample was collected as a control sample, if the amount of S38AA short fragment in the test sample is greater than that in the control sample, it can be determined that the current drug treatment is ineffective, and if the amount is less than that in the control sample, it can be determined that the drug treatment is effective.

[0088] If the "polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 1 in a sample collected from a test animal" is greater than the "amount of polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 1 in a sample collected from a healthy animal (control value)," it can be determined that the test animal is likely to currently suffer from tauopathy and dementia-related diseases or to suffer from tauopathy and dementia-related diseases in the future. The amount of "the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 1 in a sample collected from a test animal" is preferably 1.1 to 10 times the control value, more preferably 1.1 to 8 times, even more preferably 1.2 to 5 times, and most preferably 1.2 to 3 times.

[0089] If the "polypeptide of sequence number 1 in a sample collected from the test animal" is greater than the "amount of said polypeptide in a sample previously collected from the test animal (control value)," it can be determined that the test animal is suffering from tauopathy and dementia-related diseases. The amount of "the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 1 in a sample collected from a test animal" is preferably 1.1 to 10 times the control value, more preferably 1.1 to 8 times, even more preferably 1.2 to 5 times, and most preferably 1.2 to 3 times.

[0090] If the "polypeptide of sequence number 1 in a sample collected from the test animal" is smaller than the "amount of said polypeptide in a sample previously collected from the test animal (control value)," it can be determined that the test animal's tauopathy and dementia-related disease have improved. The amount of "the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 1 in a sample collected from a test animal" is preferably 0.1 to 0.9 times the control value, more preferably 0.2 to 0.9 times, even more preferably 0.3 to 0.9 times, and most preferably 0.4 to 0.9 times.

[0091] Quantitative analysis of S38AA short fragment may be performed by standardizing the amount of S38AA short fragment in a sample with the amount of a standard protein (internal standard protein). That is, the amounts of S38AA short fragment and standard protein in a sample are quantified using the above-mentioned method, and the signal ratio between them (S38AA short fragment / standard protein) is calculated, and the amount of S38AA short fragment in the sample is expressed as a ratio to the amount of the standard protein present. The standard protein may be any protein that is constitutively expressed at a constant level, and is preferably a protein that is commonly expressed in many tissues and cells. Examples include proteins essential for cell survival, such as proteins encoded by genes (housekeeping genes) of RNA synthetases, energy-generating enzymes, ribosomal proteins, and cytoskeletal proteins. Specific examples include, but are not limited to, proteins such as β-actin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and β-tubulin. β-actin is particularly preferred.

[0092] Alternatively, instead of the control value, a cutoff value for the amount of S38AA short fragment in the blood related to tauopathy and dementia-related diseases may be set in advance, and the amount of S38AA short fragment in the blood of the subject animal may be compared with this cutoff value. For example, if the amount of S38AA short fragment in the blood of a test animal is equal to or greater than the cutoff value, it can be determined that the test animal is suffering from a tauopathy- and dementia-related disease, or is likely to be suffering from a tauopathy- and dementia-related disease at present, or is likely to be suffering from a tauopathy- and dementia-related disease in the future.

[0093] The "cutoff value" is a value that satisfies both high diagnostic sensitivity (positive rate) and high diagnostic specificity (negative rate) when a disease is diagnosed using that value as a standard. For example, a value that shows a high positive rate in individuals who have developed tauopathy and dementia-related diseases and a high negative rate in individuals who have not developed tauopathy and dementia-related diseases can be set as the cutoff value.

[0094] Methods for calculating cutoff values ​​are well known in the art. For example, the amount of S38AA short fragment in the blood of individuals with and without tauopathy and dementia-related diseases is calculated, and the diagnostic sensitivity and diagnostic specificity of the calculated values ​​are determined. Based on these values, a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve is created using commercially available analytical software. The values ​​at which the diagnostic sensitivity and diagnostic specificity are as close to 100% as possible are then determined and used as the cutoff value. Alternatively, for example, the "mean value + 2 standard deviations" of the amount of S38AA short fragment in the blood of a large number of healthy animals can be used as the cutoff value. Using this value, it is possible to determine the presence of tauopathy and dementia-related diseases with high sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, for example, the value that maximizes the likelihood ratio of diagnostic sensitivity and diagnostic specificity from the ROC curve can be determined and used as the cutoff value, enabling highly sensitive diagnosis of tauopathy and dementia-related diseases. Alternatively, it is also preferable to use the point on the ROC curve where diagnostic ability is lowest, i.e., the point farthest from the line where the area under the ROC curve is 0.5, as the cutoff value. In other words, it is also preferable to calculate "sensitivity + specificity - 1" and use the point where this value is maximum as the cutoff value.

[0095] The cutoff value for the amount of S38AA short fragment, calculated based on the recombinant protein of the present specification, is, for example, 45 to 85 units. A preferred cutoff value is 49 to 79 units. A more preferred cutoff value is 54 to 74 units. A more preferred cutoff value is 56 to 72 units. A further preferred cutoff value is 58 to 71 units. A most preferred cutoff value is 60 to 69 units. Other preferred cutoff values ​​include 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84 and 85 units.

[0096] The cutoff value for the amount of S38AA short fragment contained in a living body is, for example, 45 to 85 ng / mL. A preferred cutoff value is 49 to 79 ng / mL. A more preferred cutoff value is 54 to 74 ng / mL. A more preferred cutoff value is 56 to 72 ng / mL. A further preferred cutoff value is 58 to 71 ng / mL. A most preferred cutoff value is 60 to 69 ng / mL. Other preferred cutoff values ​​include 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84 and 85 ng / mL.

[0097] In the method of the present invention, when determining whether a patient has a tauopathy or a dementia-related disease, changes in other diagnostic markers for tauopathy or a dementia-related disease may be examined in addition to the S38AA short fragment. Examples of other diagnostic markers for tauopathy or a dementia-related disease include known markers such as homocysteine, neurofilament, various inflammation-related proteins (C-reactive protein, IL-1β, TNF, IL-6, and TGFβ), cholesterol, tau, and phosphorylated tau, which are being investigated for their potential as plasma biomarkers. These can be detected by conventionally known detection methods.

[0098] (2) Methods for treating and preventing tauopathy and dementia-related diseases In the above-described method for determining tauopathy and dementia-related diseases of the present invention, when a test animal is determined to be suffering from a tauopathy and dementia-related disease, to be possibly suffering from a tauopathy and dementia-related disease at present, or to be likely to be suffering from a tauopathy and dementia-related disease in the future, a therapeutic or preventive agent for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases to be administered to the test animal is determined based on the determination result, and a therapeutically effective amount of the therapeutic or preventive agent is administered to the test animal, thereby enabling the treatment or prevention of tauopathy and dementia-related diseases. As used herein, "a therapeutic agent for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases" includes not only a pharmaceutical agent intended for the complete cure of tauopathy and dementia-related diseases, but also, for example, a pharmaceutical agent intended for the suppression of the progression of tauopathy and dementia-related diseases, and such a pharmaceutical agent intended for the suppression of progression may be used as a "prophylactic agent for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases."

[0099] Examples of therapeutic agents for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases include cholinesterase inhibitors, NMDA receptor antagonists, tau protein removers and production inhibitors, therapeutic agents for Parkinson's disease, and therapeutic agents for multiple sclerosis.

[0100] Cholinesterase inhibitors include, for example, donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, huperzine A, and tacrine.

[0101] An example of an NMDA receptor antagonist is memantine.

[0102] Tau protein removal agents and production inhibitors include tau protein vaccines, tau protein removal antibodies, tau protein modification inhibitors, tau protein aggregation inhibitors, and tau protein degradation promoters. Examples of tau protein removal agents and production inhibitors include TRx-237, TPI-287, ABBV-8E12, RG-6100, AADvac1, RO7105705, PTI-80, JNJ-63733657, UCB-0107, BIIB-076, MC-1, ACI-35, and AZP-2006.

[0103] Examples of drugs for treating Parkinson's disease include levodopa, carbidopa, benserazide, selegiline, rasagiline, zonisamide, entacapone, amantadine, talipexole, pramipexole, ropinirole, rotigotine, apomorphine, cabergoline, percolide, bromocriptine, istradefylline, trihexyphenidyl, biperiden, piroheptine, profenamine, promethazine, mexene, droxidopa, EPI-589, NXN-462, Ferriprox, GM608, OXB-101, NTCELL, Ibiglustat, ENT-01, RG7935, and BIIB054.

[0104] Drugs for treating multiple sclerosis include, for example, steroids, interferon beta, glatiramer acetate, fingolimod, natalizumab, MN-166, siponimod, laquinimod, and masitinib. The above therapeutic agents may be used in combination as appropriate depending on the patient's symptoms.

[0105] 6. Therapeutic Agents of the Present Invention The above-mentioned therapeutic agents for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases that can be used vary depending on the severity of the symptoms (mild, moderate, severe, etc.), so the therapeutic agent to be administered to the test animal may be determined using the results of the above-mentioned method of the present invention for assisting in determining the degree of progression of tauopathy and dementia-related diseases. Therefore, the present invention provides a therapeutic agent for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases, which is used in test animals (patients) whose stage of progression of tauopathy and dementia-related diseases has been determined. Furthermore, since the amount of S38AA short fragment is significantly elevated in the blood of patients with tauopathy and dementia-related diseases as described above, the present invention provides a therapeutic or preventive agent for Alzheimer's disease, which contains as an active ingredient an agent that reduces the amount of S38AA short fragment in the body of patients with tauopathy and dementia-related diseases or humans who may be affected by tauopathy and dementia-related diseases, or an agent that inhibits the production of S38AA short fragment in the body of patients with tauopathy and dementia-related diseases or humans who may be affected by tauopathy and dementia-related diseases. Here, the amount of S38AA short fragment in the body of a patient or potential patient includes the amount of S38AA short fragment in the tissues or body fluids of the patient or potential patient, such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, saliva, and tears. An example of an agent that reduces the amount of S38AA short fragment is a neutralizing antibody, which can reduce the amount of free S38AA short fragment in the body by binding to the S38AA short fragment in the body of a patient or a potential patient. An example of an agent that inhibits the production of S38AA short fragment is an inhibitor of the enzyme that cleaves the S38AA long fragment to produce the S38AA short fragment, each of which can be obtained by methods well known to those skilled in the art.

[0106] 7. Method for selecting candidate substances for therapeutic or preventive drugs for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases The present invention provides a method for screening candidate substances for therapeutic or preventive agents for tauopathies and dementia-related diseases, using as an index whether a test substance removes S38AA short fragment or inhibits the production of S38AA short fragment, and a substance obtainable by said method. In the screening method of the present invention, a substance that reduces the amount of S38AA short fragment in the blood or a substance that down-regulates the production of S38AA short fragment is selected as a candidate substance for therapeutic or preventive agents for tauopathies and dementia-related diseases.

[0107] The test substance to be subjected to the selection method of the present invention may be any known compound or novel compound, such as nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, peptides, small organic molecules, compound libraries prepared using combinatorial chemistry techniques, random peptide libraries, or natural components derived from microorganisms, animals, plants, marine organisms, etc.

[0108] The selection method of the present invention may include, for example, (i) a step of contacting a test substance with cells in which the production of S38AA short fragment can be measured; (ii) a step of measuring the amount of S38AA short fragment produced in the cells contacted with the test substance and comparing this amount with the amount of S38AA short fragment produced in control cells not contacted with the test substance; and (iii) a step of selecting a test substance that down-regulates the amount of S38AA short fragment produced as a candidate drug for treating or preventing tauopathy and dementia-related diseases based on the comparison results of (ii). The screening method of the present invention may comprise, for example, the steps of: (i) contacting a test substance with an enzyme that produces S38AA short fragment; (ii) measuring the amount of S38AA short fragment produced by the enzyme contacted with the test substance and comparing this amount with the amount of S38AA short fragment produced by a control enzyme not contacted with the test substance; and (iii) selecting a test substance that down-regulates the amount of S38AA short fragment produced as a candidate for a therapeutic or preventive agent for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases based on the comparison results of (ii). The substrate for the enzyme is not particularly limited as long as it produces S38AA short fragment, but examples include S38AA, S38AA long fragment, and S38AA fragments.

[0109] Furthermore, the method may include, for example, (i) contacting a test substance with S38AA short fragment, (ii) measuring the amount of free S38AA short fragment remaining after contact with the test substance and comparing the amount of free S38AA short fragment with the amount of free S38AA short fragment in the absence of contact with the test substance, and (iii) selecting a test substance that binds to S38AA short fragment and down-regulates the amount of free S38AA short fragment as a candidate for a therapeutic or preventive agent for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases based on the comparison results of (ii). This method may be carried out by adding the test substance to a system containing the enzyme that produces the S38AA short fragment and its substrate, or by adding the test substance to a system containing S38AA short fragment that has been prepared in advance. Furthermore, in the step (i) of contacting the test substance with S38AA short fragment, the S38AA short fragment may precipitate (e.g., by immunoprecipitation) upon contact.

[0110] The "cells" used in the selection method of the present invention refer to cells in which the production level of the target S38AA short fragment can be evaluated. Examples of such cells include cells that naturally produce the target S38AA short fragment, S38AA-expressing cells that can produce the S38AA short fragment in response to stimulation, and genetically modified cells that can produce the S38AA short fragment.

[0111] Cells capable of naturally producing the S38AA short fragment are not particularly limited, and examples of such cells include primary cultured mammalian cells (e.g., human, mouse, etc.) and cell lines derived from such primary cultured cells. S38AA is known to be expressed in U251 cells and SHSY-5Y cells, and is also expressed in BE(2)-C cells and SK-N-MC cells. It is also possible to produce genetically engineered cells overexpressing S38AA or S38AA labeled with a FLAG tag or other tag using known techniques. S38AA-expressing cells undergo cleavage of S38AA during culture, releasing the S38AA short fragment. If the amount of S38AA short fragment produced is low, the production of the S38AA short fragment can be measured by culturing the cells under conditions that favor cleavage of S38AA. Conditions favoring cleavage of S38AA include, for example, culturing in a glucose-depleted medium or a medium containing a substance known to physiologically stimulate the brain. Specific examples of such substances include cytokines such as TNFα, interferon γ, interleukin 1, and interleukin 6, and amyloid beta or aggregates thereof.

[0112] The test substance is contacted with cells capable of measuring the production of S38AA short fragment in a culture medium. The culture medium is appropriately selected depending on the cells capable of measuring the production of S38AA short fragment, and examples include minimal essential medium (MEM) containing about 5 to 20% fetal bovine serum and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM). Culture conditions are also appropriately determined, and examples include a pH of about 6 to about 8, a culture temperature of about 30 to about 40°C, and a culture time of about 0.1 to about 72 hours. The test substance is contacted with the enzyme that produces the S38AA short fragment in a reaction system containing the enzyme and its substrate. The enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, pH, temperature, enzyme substrate, reaction time, etc. of the reaction system can be appropriately set. Here, the enzyme that produces the S38AA short fragment can be a solution containing the enzyme, such as a body fluid (such as plasma), an organ or tissue extract, or a cell extract, which can produce the S38AA short fragment.

[0113] The amount of S38AA short fragment produced can be measured by measuring the amount of S38AA short fragment released into the cell culture supernatant or reaction system according to the method described in (5. Method of the present invention).

[0114] The comparison of the amounts produced is preferably carried out based on the presence or absence of a significant difference. The amount of S38AA short fragment produced in control cells or enzymes not contacted with the test substance may be an amount measured before or at the same time as the amount of S38AA short fragment produced in cells or enzymes contacted with the test substance. Substances obtained by the screening method of the present invention are useful as candidate substances for the development of new therapeutic or preventive drugs for tauopathies and dementia-related diseases. [Example]

[0115] The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples in any way.

[0116] Reference Example 1: Identification of the N-terminal cleavage site of the S38AA long fragment in human plasma Plasma proteins from AD patients were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and the gel fragment containing the S38AA fragment was excised and analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS / MS) after in-gel digestion with trypsin. A MASCOT database search was performed on the measurement data to determine the N-terminal sequence of the S38AA fragment.

[0117] Specifically, a mixed plasma sample from multiple AD patients was applied to 4-12% Bis-Tris Gel (Invitrogen), and proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE (25 mA, 110 minutes, MOPS buffer). After staining the gel with Coomassie Brilliant Blue, a band observed at 80-100 kDa was excised and subjected to digestion.

[0118] The excised gel pieces were placed in a 96-well microplate, acetonitrile was added, and the gel was dried by vacuum centrifugation. 10 mM DTT / 100 mM NH4HCO3 was added and incubated. After removing the solvent, 55 mM ICH2CONH2 / 100 mM NH4HCO3 was added and incubated. After removing the solvent, 100 mM NH4HCO3 was added, the gel was dried by vacuum centrifugation, and 0.1% RapiGest / 25 mM NH4HCO3 was added and incubated. The gel was then dried by vacuum centrifugation, and an enzyme solution (50 mM NH4HCO3, 12.5 ng / uL trypsin) was added for enzymatic digestion. After the reaction, the peptide solution was transferred to another 96-well microplate, and a 500:500:1 mixture of acetonitrile, milliQ, and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) was added to the gel. The resulting peptide extract was concentrated under reduced pressure. TFA was added, and the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to prepare a sample for MS analysis.

[0119] The resulting sample was analyzed by LC-MS / MS. A MASCOT database search of the data obtained by the Orbitrap mass spectrometer against the amino acid sequence of the S38AA protein identified several peptide fragments from the amino acid sequence of the S38AA protein (Figure 1). Among these sequences, the most N-terminal peptide was located at amino acids 399 to 413, and an MS / MS spectrum corresponding to this sequence was observed (Figure 2). Furthermore, this cleavage site was located on the C-terminal side of serine (S) at position 398. The digestive enzyme trypsin specifically cleaves the C-terminus of lysine (K) or arginine (R). Since no cleavage reaction occurred at the C-terminal side of serine (S) in this fragment, it was suggested that cleavage had already occurred at this site. The detection of this peptide fragment indicated that the N-terminal side of the purified S38AA fragment was cleaved at the S / E residues at positions 398 to 399. The S38AA fragment identified here is referred to as the S38AA long fragment.

[0120] Reference Example 2: Identification of the N-terminal cleavage site of the S38AA short fragment in human plasma After removing the S38AA long fragment by immunoprecipitation using rabbit anti-S38AA polyclonal antibody (also referred to as "MBL," "antibody for S38AA long fragment," or "antibody for long fragment") that recognizes the N-terminus of the S38AA long fragment, the following antibodies were tested: mouse anti-S38AA monoclonal antibody A (an antibody-producing hybridoma was established using a partial peptide of the C-terminal amino acid sequence of the S38AA fragment as an immunogen, and then separated and purified; antibody A), mouse anti-S38AA monoclonal antibody B (an antibody-producing hybridoma was established using a partial peptide of the C-terminal amino acid sequence of the S38AA fragment as an immunogen, and then separated and purified; antibody B), or mouse anti-S38AA monoclonal antibody C (S38AA long fragment) An antibody-producing hybridoma was established using recombinant Escherichia coli protein of the S38AA fragment as an immunogen, and the resulting antibody was isolated and purified; antibody C) was used to immunoprecipitate the remaining S38AA fragment. The resulting fraction was purified using a reverse-phase column, digested with trypsin, and analyzed by LC-MS / MS to determine the N-terminal sequence of the S38AA fragment.

[0121] Specifically, PBS containing a protease inhibitor (cOmplete Tablets Mini, Roche) was added to a mixture of plasma from AD patients, followed by Protein G Mag Sepharose Xtra (beads, GE Healthcare) and mixing to remove endogenous immunoglobulins. The long fragment antibody was added to the supernatant after removing the beads, and an antigen-antibody reaction was carried out. After mixing, new beads were added, and the recovered protein, including the long fragment antibody and the S38AA long fragment adsorbed to the antibody, was removed. The aforementioned antibody A, B, or C was added to the supernatant after removing the beads, and an antigen-antibody reaction was carried out. After mixing, new beads were added, and the beads were then recovered to obtain the antibody and the S38AA fragment adsorbed to this antibody. An 8M urea / 1% TFA solution was added to the beads recovered by immunoprecipitation, and the S38AA fragment was eluted. The resulting solution containing the S38AA fragment was concentrated, and the entire volume was separated on a reverse-phase column (ZORBAX 300SB-C3, 4.6 x 150 mm with a guard column, Agilent). The separation conditions are shown in Table 1 below. Each of the resulting fractions was assayed by sandwich ELISA using two antibodies that recognize the C-terminal region of the S38AA fragment. The fraction containing the S38AA fragment was digested with an enzyme solution (1 M NH4HCO3, 10 mM CaCl2, 1 ng / μL trypsin), and the resulting peptides were concentrated using GL-tip SDB and GL-Tip GC (GL Sciences).

[0122] The resulting peptides were analyzed by LC-MS / MS. A MASCOT database search of the data obtained by the Q-Exactive HF mass spectrometer against the SwissProt database identified S38AA with the highest score, and several peptide fragments were identified (Figure 3). Among these sequences, the most N-terminal peptide was located at positions 617 to 627, and an MS / MS spectrum corresponding to this sequence was observed (Figure 4). Furthermore, this cleavage site was located on the C-terminal side of asparagine (N) at position 616. The digestive enzyme trypsin specifically cleaves the C-terminus of lysine (K) or arginine (R). Since no cleavage reaction occurred at the C-terminal side of asparagine (N) in this fragment, it was indicated that cleavage had already occurred at this site. The detection of this peptide fragment indicated that the purified S38AA fragment was cleaved at positions 617 to 618 (N / G). The S38AA fragment identified here is referred to as the S38AA short fragment.

[0123] [Table 1]

[0124] Reference Example 3: Identification of the C-terminal cleavage site of the S38AA long fragment in human plasma The S38AA long fragment was isolated by antibody column purification using the "rabbit-derived polyclonal antibody for S38AA long fragment (antibody for long fragment)" used in Reference Example 2, and the fraction was separated by SDS-PAGE. The gel piece containing the S38AA long fragment was excised and analyzed by LC-MS / MS after in-gel digestion with trypsin. A MASCOT database search was performed on the measurement data to determine the sequence of the C-terminal fragment of the S38AA long fragment.

[0125] Specifically, a mixed plasma sample from multiple AD patients was added to 50 mM Tris-HCl / 0.05% Tween-20 (pH 7.4) and applied to an anion exchange column (HiTrap Q FF, GE Healthcare). Subsequently, it was eluted with 50 mM phosphate / 0.05% Tween-20 / 500 mM NaCl (pH 7.4). The eluted fraction was applied to a column (HiTrap NHS-activated HP column, GE Healthcare) pre-coupled with a long fragment antibody. After washing the column with PBS-T, it was eluted with 0.1 M glycine-HCl / 0.05% Tween-20 (pH 2.7). The eluate was immediately neutralized with 1 M Tris-HCl (pH 9.0). The resulting sample was applied to a HiTrap Q FF column (GE Healthcare) pre-equilibrated with 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4) to remove the detergent. The sample was concentrated by vacuum centrifugation, 50 mM DTT / LDS buffer was added, and the mixture was heated. The entire sample was applied to a 4-12% Bis-Tris gel (Invitrogen), and proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE (50 mA, 90 minutes, MOPS buffer). The gel was stained with Sypro Ruby (pierce), and the 80-100 kDa band was excised and subjected to the digestion step.

[0126] The excised gel pieces were placed in a 96-well microplate, acetonitrile was added, and sonication was performed. The pieces were then dried by vacuum centrifugation, and 10 mM DTT / 25 mM NH4HCO3 was added and incubated. After removing the solvent, 55 mM ICH2CONH2 / 25 mM NH4HCO3 was added and incubated in the dark. After removing the solvent, 50 mM NH4HCO3 was added and left to stand, after which acetonitrile was added and sonication was performed. After removing the solvent, the gel was dried by vacuum centrifugation, and 0.1% RapiGest / 25 mM NH4HCO3 was added and incubated. After drying by vacuum centrifugation and incubation, an enzyme solution (50 mM NH4HCO3, 5 ng / uL trypsin) was added and incubated. After removing the solvent, 50 mM NH4HCO3 was added and incubated for enzymatic digestion. After the reaction, the peptide solution was transferred to another 96-well microplate, and a mixed solvent of acetonitrile:milliQ:TFA = 500:500:1 was added to the gel, followed by sonication. This procedure was repeated once more, and the resulting peptide extract was concentrated under reduced pressure to prepare a sample for MS analysis.

[0127] The resulting peptides were analyzed by LC-MS / MS. A MASCOT database search of the data obtained by the Orbitrap mass spectrometer against the amino acid sequence of the S38AA protein identified several peptide fragments from the amino acid sequence of the S38AA protein (Figure 5). Among these sequences, the peptide closest to the C-terminus was located at positions 1040 to 1049, and an MS / MS spectrum corresponding to this sequence was observed (Figure 6). Furthermore, this cleavage site was located on the C-terminal side of leucine (L) at position 1049. The digestive enzyme trypsin specifically cleaves the C-terminus of lysine (K) or arginine (R). Since no cleavage reaction occurred at the C-terminal side of leucine (L) in this fragment, it was suggested that cleavage had already occurred at this site. The detection of this peptide fragment indicated that the C-terminal side of the purified S38AA long fragment was cleaved at positions 1049 to 1050 (L / R). Furthermore, since the S38AA short fragment had the same reactivity with the "antibodies (antibody A, antibody B, or antibody C) that recognize the C-terminus of the S38AA long fragment" used in Reference Example 2, it was thought that the C-terminus of the S38AA short fragment was also cleaved at the same site.

[0128] Reference Example 4: Preparation of recombinant E. coli proteins of S38AA long fragment and S38AA short fragment and measurement by ELISA We constructed recombinant E. coli proteins of the S38AA long fragment and the S38AA short fragment, and used them as standards to establish a long ELISA to quantify only the S38AA long fragment and a total ELISA to quantify both fragments.

[0129] Specifically, E. coli BL21(DE3) transformants were prepared by introducing plasmid DNA encoding the S38AA long fragment sequence (amino acid sequence 399-1049) and the S38AA short fragment sequence (amino acid sequence 617-1049). After continued shaking, the transformants were harvested by centrifugation. A small amount of the cells was suspended in the protein extraction reagent B-PER (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and the supernatant was subjected to SDS-PAGE to confirm the expression of the target protein. The cells were disrupted and centrifuged in Buffer A (20 mM Tris HCl pH 8.0, 200 mM NaCl, 10% glycerol, 20 mM imidazole), the protease inhibitor cOmplete EDTA-free (Roche), and the nuclease Benzonase. The remaining cells were removed from the supernatant using a 0.22 μm filter, followed by Ni affinity purification using HisTrap HP. The eluted fractions containing the target protein were pooled and used as a standard sample. The protein concentrations of the standard samples were measured and found to be 1.4 mg / mL (long fragment) and 1.6 mg / mL (short fragment), respectively.

[0130] A sandwich ELISA (long ELISA) was prepared using an antibody recognizing the N-terminal region of the S38AA long fragment (the antibody for the long fragment used in Reference Example 2) and antibody A, antibody B, or antibody C recognizing the C-terminal region. A sandwich ELISA (total ELISA) was also prepared using two antibodies selected from antibody A, antibody B, and antibody C, which recognize the C-terminal region common to both the S38AA long fragment and the S38AA short fragment. The above-mentioned E. coli recombinant protein (standard protein) was prepared as a standard for quantification, and measurements were performed using both ELISAs. Samples were applied to plates immobilized with each antibody and incubated. After washing three times, each HRP-labeled antibody was added and incubated. After washing three times, a 3% 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) solution was added and incubated in the dark. Finally, 8% sulfuric acid was added to stop the reaction, and the absorbance (OD) at 450 nm was measured. As a result, a reaction dependent on the standard protein concentration was observed, and a good calibration curve was obtained (Figure 7). In the Long ELISA, no reaction was observed with the S38AA short fragment standard protein.

[0131] Example 1: Quantitation of S38AA long fragment and S38AA short fragment in human plasma (Total ELISA-Long ELISA subtraction method) To quantify the S38AA long fragment and S38AA short fragment in human plasma, ELISA was performed using the subtraction method.

[0132] Specifically, the amount of S38AA short fragment in plasma from five healthy subjects and five each of PSP, CBD, MSA, ALS, PDD, and MS patients was quantified using the Total ELISA and Long ELISA described above. Quantification was performed according to the method described in Reference Example 4. A calibration curve for each ELISA was created by measuring the S38AA long fragment standard protein. The amount of S38AA short fragment was calculated by subtracting the quantitative value of Long ELISA from the quantitative value of Total ELISA, and quantitative values ​​for S38AA long fragment and S38AA short fragment in each sample were obtained. The results of the measurements revealed that the amounts of S38AA long fragment and S38AA short fragment differed between "healthy individuals" and "PSP patients, CBD patients, MSA patients, PDD patients, and MS patients." Therefore, it became clear that measuring the amount of S38AA long fragment or S38AA short fragment can be used to identify / select patients with high sensitivity (Figure 8). Furthermore, it was revealed that the amount of S38AA short fragment in particular differed significantly between "healthy individuals" and "PSP patients, CBD patients, MSA patients, PDD patients, and MS patients." Significant differences were observed in the disease-specific groups, particularly "PSP patients, PDD patients, and MS patients."

[0133] Example 2: Quantitation of S38AA long fragment and S38AA short fragment in human plasma (Total ELISA-Long ELISA subtraction method) To quantify the S38AA long fragment and S38AA short fragment in human plasma, ELISA was performed using the subtraction method.

[0134] Specifically, the amount of S38AA short fragment contained in plasma from five healthy individuals, five DLB patients, ten FTD patients, ten MCI patients, five PD patients, and five VaD patients was quantified using the above-mentioned Total ELISA and Long ELISA. Quantification was performed according to the method described in Reference Example 4. A calibration curve for each ELISA was created by measuring the S38AA long fragment standard protein. The amount of S38AA short fragment was calculated by subtracting the quantitative value of Long ELISA from the quantitative value of Total ELISA, and the quantitative values ​​of S38AA long fragment and S38AA short fragment for each sample were obtained. The results of the measurements revealed that the amounts of S38AA long fragment and S38AA short fragment differed between "healthy individuals" and "DLB patients, FTD patients, MCI patients, PD patients, and VaD patients." Therefore, it became clear that measuring the amount of S38AA long fragment or S38AA short fragment can be used to identify / select patients with high sensitivity (Figure 9). Furthermore, it was revealed that the amount of S38AA short fragment in particular differed significantly between "healthy individuals" and "DLB patients, FTD patients, MCI patients, PD patients, and VaD patients." Significant differences were observed between "healthy individuals" and "VaD patients." [Industrial Applicability]

[0135] The present invention is useful for the diagnosis and treatment of tauopathies and dementia-related diseases.

[0136] This application is based on patent application No. 2020-018249 filed in Japan (filing date: February 5, 2020), the contents of which are incorporated in their entirety herein.

Claims

1. (1) an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, or (2) An amino acid sequence in which one to several amino acids are substituted, deleted, added, or inserted in the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1; an antibody that recognizes a polypeptide consisting of an antibody that does not recognize a polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of (1) or (2) above, but recognizes a polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2; A kit used for determining tauopathy and dementia-related diseases (excluding Alzheimer's disease), comprising:

2. The kit according to claim 1, wherein the polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of (1) or (2) is a polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of (1).

3. The amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of an antibody that recognizes a polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of (1) or (2) has at least 95% homology with SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:20, or SEQ ID NO:22; and The kit of claim 1 or 2, wherein the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody recognizing the polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of (1) or (2) has at least 95% homology with SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, or SEQ ID NO:

23.

4. The amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of an antibody that recognizes a polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of (1) or (2) has at least 99% homology with SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:20, or SEQ ID NO:22; and The kit according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody recognizing the polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of (1) or (2) has at least 99% homology with SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, or SEQ ID NO:

23.

5. The amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of an antibody that recognizes the polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of (1) or (2) is SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, or SEQ ID NO: 22; and The kit according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody recognizing the polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of (1) or (2) is SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, or SEQ ID NO:

23.

6. An antibody that recognizes a polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of (1) or (2) above, (1) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 4 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 5; (2) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 6 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO:

7. (3) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 8 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO:

9. (4) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 10 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO:

11. (5) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 12 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO:

13. (6) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 14 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO:

15. (7) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 16 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO:

17. (8) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 18 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO:

19. (9) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 20 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 21, or (10) An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 22 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO:

23. The kit according to any one of claims 1 to 5,

7. Furthermore, (1) the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, or (2) An amino acid sequence in which one to several amino acids are substituted, deleted, added, or inserted in the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1; The kit according to any one of claims 1 to 6, comprising a polypeptide consisting of:

8. The kit according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the tauopathy and dementia-related disease is at least one disease selected from the group consisting of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), Pick's disease (PiD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), vascular dementia (VaD), Parkinson's disease-associated cognitive impairment (PDD), and multiple sclerosis (MS).

9. (1) an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, or (2) An amino acid sequence in which one to several amino acids are substituted, deleted, added, or inserted in the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1; An antibody capable of measuring the amount of a polypeptide consisting of an antibody that does not recognize a polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of (1) or (2) above, but recognizes a polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2; A diagnostic drug for tauopathies and dementia-related diseases (excluding Alzheimer's disease), including:

10. in samples collected from test animals (1) an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, or (2) An amino acid sequence in which one to several amino acids are substituted, deleted, added, or inserted in the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1; wherein the tauopathy and dementia-related disease does not include Alzheimer's disease; the sample is blood, serum, plasma, or cerebrospinal fluid; A method in which, if the amount of the detected polypeptide is greater than the amount of the polypeptide in a sample taken from a healthy animal, it is suggested that the test animal is currently suffering from a tauopathy and dementia-related disease.

11. The method according to claim 10, characterized in that the amount of the polypeptide in the sample taken from the test animal is 1.1 times or more the amount of the polypeptide in the sample taken from a healthy animal.

12. in samples collected from test animals (1) an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, or (2) An amino acid sequence in which one to several amino acids are substituted, deleted, added, or inserted in the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1; wherein the tauopathy and dementia-related disease does not include Alzheimer's disease; the sample is blood, serum, plasma, or cerebrospinal fluid; When the amount of the polypeptide is greater than the cutoff value, it is suggested that the test animal is currently suffering from a tauopathy- and dementia-related disease.

13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the cut-off value is 45 to 85 units.

14. The method according to claim 12, wherein the cutoff value is 45 to 85 ng / mL.

15. The method according to any one of claims 10 to 14, wherein the subject animal is a human.

16. The method according to any one of claims 10 to 15, further comprising detecting one or more other diagnostic markers for tauopathy and dementia-related diseases.

17. The method according to any one of claims 10 to 16, wherein the polypeptide consists of the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1.

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