Therapeutic nanoparticles and methods of preparation

Abstract

Provided herein are coated particles, comprising (i) microparticles containing a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and (ii) nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent, wherein the surface of the microparticles is coated with the nanoparticles. Also provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the coated particles. Additionally, provided herein are methods for preparing the same. Low water solubility remains a major obstacle in small molecule drug development. The present disclosure provides an effective and robust technology for formulating low-solubility small molecules for therapeutic applications.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 978,773, filed February 19, 2020, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Field Provided herein are coated particles, comprising (i) microparticles containing a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and (ii) nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent, wherein the surfaces of the microparticles are coated with the nanoparticles. Also provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the coated particles. Additionally, provided herein are methods for their preparation. [Background technology]

[0002] background Poor water solubility is a major challenge in drug formulation. (Savjani et al., ISRN Pharm. 2012, 2012, 195727). More than 70% of small molecule new chemical entities (NCEs) and approximately 40% of currently marketed drugs have poor water solubility. (Kollipara and Gandhi, Acta Pharm. Sin. B 2014, 4, 333-349). Various techniques have been developed to improve the solubility of low-solubility drugs, including particle size reduction, crystal engineering, salt formation, solid dispersions, the use of surfactants, and complexation. See, e.g., ibid.; Challa et al., AAPS PharmSciTech 2005, 6, E329-E357; Salama, Drug Deliv. Transl. Res. 2020, 10, 1-12.) Despite advances in formulation technology, poor water solubility remains a major obstacle in small molecule drug development. Therefore, there is a need for effective and robust technologies to formulate poorly soluble small molecules for therapeutic applications. [Prior art documents] [Non-patent literature]

[0003] [Non-Patent Document 1] Savjani et al.,ISRN Pharm.2012,2012,195727 [Non-patent document 2] Kollipara and Gandhi,Acta Pharm.Sin.B 2014,4,333-349 [Non-patent document 3] Challa et al.,AAPS PharmSciTech 2005,6,E329-E357 [Non-patent document 4] Salama,Drug Deliv.Transl.Res.2020,10,1-12 Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0004] Disclosure Overview Provided herein are coated particles, including (i) microparticles comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and (ii) nanoparticles, each comprising a therapeutic agent; wherein the microparticles are surface-coated with the nanoparticles.

[0005] Also provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising coated particles, each particle comprising (i) a microparticle comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and (ii) a nanoparticle of a therapeutic agent, wherein the microparticle is surface coated with the nanoparticle.

[0006] Further provided is a method of preparing coated particles, wherein each of the aforementioned particles comprises (i) microparticles comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and (ii) nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent; a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent at a first predetermined temperature under a predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing the vapor onto the surface of the microparticles under the predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring rate and a second predetermined temperature to form the nanoparticles on the surface of the microparticles, thereby forming the coated particles. A method is provided herein, comprising:

[0007] Further provided is a method for preparing nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent, comprising: a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent at a first predetermined temperature under a predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing the vapor onto the surface of microparticles comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient under the predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring rate and a second predetermined temperature to form the nanoparticles on the surface of the microparticles. A method is provided herein, comprising:

[0008] coated particles, each said particle comprising (i) a microparticle comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and (ii) a nanoparticle of a therapeutic agent; wherein said coated particles comprise: a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent at a first predetermined temperature under a predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing the vapor onto the surface of the microparticles under the predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring rate and a second predetermined temperature to form the nanoparticles on the surface of the microparticles, thereby forming the coated particles. Provided herein are coated particles prepared by a method comprising:

[0009] 1. Nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent, comprising: a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent at a first predetermined temperature under a predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing the vapor onto the surface of microparticles comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient under the predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring rate and a second predetermined temperature to form the nanoparticles on the surface of the microparticles. Provided herein are nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent prepared by a method comprising:

[0010] 1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising coated particles, each of said particles comprising (i) a microparticle comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and (ii) a nanoparticle of a therapeutic agent; wherein said coated particles comprise: a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent at a first predetermined temperature under a predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing the vapor onto the surface of the microparticles under the predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring rate and a second predetermined temperature to form the nanoparticles on the surface of the microparticles, thereby forming the coated particles. Provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising coated particles prepared by a method comprising:

[0011] 1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent, a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent at a first predetermined temperature under a predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing the vapor onto the surface of microparticles comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient under the predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring rate and a second predetermined temperature to form the nanoparticles on the surface of the microparticles. Provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent prepared by a method comprising:

[0012] A batch of coated particles, each of said particles comprising (i) microparticles comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and (ii) nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent; wherein said coated particles comprise: a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent at a first predetermined temperature under a predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing the vapor onto the surface of the microparticles under the predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring rate and a second predetermined temperature to form the nanoparticles on the surface of the microparticles, thereby forming the coated particles. Provided herein is a batch of coated particles prepared by a method comprising:

[0013] A batch of nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent, a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent at a first predetermined temperature under a predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing the vapor onto the surface of microparticles comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient under the predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring rate and a second predetermined temperature to form the nanoparticles on the surface of the microparticles. Provided herein is a batch of nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent prepared by a method comprising:

[0014] A batch of pharmaceutical compositions comprising coated particles, each of said particles comprising (i) microparticles comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and (ii) nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent; wherein said coated particles comprise: a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent at a first predetermined temperature under a predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing the vapor onto the surface of the microparticles under the predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring rate and a second predetermined temperature to form the nanoparticles on the surface of the microparticles, thereby forming the coated particles. Provided herein is a batch of a pharmaceutical composition comprising coated particles prepared by a method comprising:

[0015] 1. A batch of a pharmaceutical composition comprising nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, said nanoparticles comprising: a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent at a predetermined temperature under a first predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing the vapor onto the surface of the microparticles comprising the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient under the predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring rate and a second predetermined temperature to form the nanoparticles on the surface of the microparticles. Provided herein is a batch of a pharmaceutical composition comprising nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, prepared by a method comprising: [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0016] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 shows the formation of nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent on the surface of a microparticle of a hydrophilic excipient by contacting the microparticle with vapor of the therapeutic agent. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0017] Detailed Description To aid in understanding the disclosure set forth herein, several terms are defined below.

[0018] Generally, the nomenclature used herein and the laboratory procedures of organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, and pharmacology described herein are those well known and commonly used in the art. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein generally have the meaning commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs.

[0019] The terms "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier," "pharmaceutically acceptable excipient," "physiologically acceptable carrier," or "physiologically acceptable excipient" refer to a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition, or vehicle (such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, solvent, or encapsulating material). In one embodiment, each component is "pharmaceutically acceptable" in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the pharmaceutical formulation, suitable for use in contact with the tissues or organs of a subject (e.g., a human or animal) without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, immunogenicity, or other problem or complication, and commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio. For example, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy,22nd ed.;Allen Ed.;Pharmaceutical Press:London,2012;Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients,8th ed.;Sheskey et al.,Eds.;Pharmaceutical Press:London,2017;Handbook of Pharmaceutical Additives,3rd ed.;Ash and Ash Eds.;Synapse Information See Resources: 2007; Pharmaceutical Preformulation and Formulation, 2nd ed.; Gibson Ed.; Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences 199; Informa Healthcare: New York, NY, 2009.

[0020] The term "about" or "approximately" refers to an acceptable error for a particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which error depends in part on how the value is measured or determined. In certain embodiments, the term "about" or "approximately" means within 1, 2, or 3 standard deviations. In certain embodiments, the term "about" or "approximately" means within 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, or 0.05% of a given value or range.

[0021] The term "batch" refers to a defined quantity of a compound, material, or drug product processed in a process or series of processes to be homogeneous within specified limits. To complete a particular manufacturing step, it may be necessary to divide the batch into several sub-batches, which are then combined to form the final homogeneous batch. In continuous manufacturing, a batch represents a defined portion of production characterized by its intended homogeneity. In pharmaceutical manufacturing, synthetic intermediates and drug products are each identified by a batch number.

[0022] Coated particles and nanoparticles In one embodiment, provided herein are coated particles comprising (i) microparticles comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and (ii) nanoparticles, each comprising a therapeutic agent; wherein the surface of said microparticles is coated with said nanoparticles.

[0023] In certain embodiments, the surface of the microparticle is coated with a layer of nanoparticles. In certain embodiments, the surface of the microparticle is substantially coated with a layer of nanoparticles. In certain embodiments, the surface of the microparticle is coated with a thin layer of nanoparticles. In certain embodiments, the surface of the microparticle is substantially coated with a thin layer of nanoparticles. In certain embodiments, the surface of the microparticle is coated with a monolayer of nanoparticles. In certain embodiments, the surface of the microparticle is substantially coated with a monolayer of nanoparticles.

[0024] In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipients in the coated particles provided herein are hydrophilic. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipients in the coated particles provided herein are water-soluble.

[0025] In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is a sugar. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is dextrose, fructose, glucose, lactose, maltose, molasses, sucrose, trehalose, or a mixture thereof. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is dextrose, glucose, lactose, sucralose, sucrose, or a mixture thereof. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is dextrose. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is D-dextrose. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is fructose. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is glucose. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is lactose. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is maltose. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is molasses. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is sucrose. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is trehalose.

[0026] In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is a sugar alcohol. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is arabitol, erythritol, fucitol, galactitol, iditol, inositol, isomalt, lactitol, maltitol, maltotritol, mannitol, ribitol, sorbitol, threitol, volemitol, xylitol, or a mixture thereof. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is erythritol, lactitol, maltitol, mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, or a mixture thereof. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is arabitol. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is erythritol. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is fucitol. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is galactitol. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is iditol. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is inositol. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is isomalt. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is lactitol. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is maltitol. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is maltotritol. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is mannitol. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is ribitol.In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is sorbitol. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is threitol. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is volemitol. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is xylitol.

[0027] In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is glucose, hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), lactose, mannitol, or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is glucose or mannitol. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is glucose. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is HPC. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is HPMC. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is lactose. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is mannitol. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in the coated particles provided herein is PVP.

[0028] In certain embodiments, the microparticles in the coated particles provided herein have various shapes, including, but not limited to, spheres, ellipsoids, platelets, fibrils, or fibers. In certain embodiments, the microparticles in the coated particles provided herein are substantially spherical. In certain embodiments, the microparticles in the coated particles provided herein are spherical. In certain embodiments, the microparticles in the coated particles provided herein are ellipsoids.

[0029] In certain embodiments, the average particle size (D50) of the microparticles in the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 1 to about 1,000 μm, about 10 to about 500 μm, about 20 to about 500 μm, about 50 to about 300 μm, or about 100 to about 300 μm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the microparticles in the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 1 to about 1,000 μm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the microparticles in the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 10 to about 500 μm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the microparticles in the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 20 to about 500 μm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the microparticles in the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 50 to about 300 μm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the microparticles in the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 100 to about 300 μm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the microparticles in the coated particles provided herein is about 50, about 100, about 150, about 200, about 250, about 300, about 350, about 400, about 450, or about 500 μm.

[0030] In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the microparticles in the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 1 to about 100 μm, from about 1 to about 50 μm, or from about 1 to about 25 μm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the microparticles in the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 1 to about 100 μm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the microparticles in the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 1 to about 50 μm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the microparticles in the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 1 to about 25 μm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the microparticles in the coated particles provided herein is about 5, about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about 45, or about 50 μm.

[0031] In another embodiment, provided herein are coated particles comprising (i) microparticles comprising mannitol and (ii) nanoparticles, each comprising a therapeutic agent; wherein the surfaces of said mannitol microparticles are coated with said nanoparticles.

[0032] In certain embodiments, the surface of the mannitol microparticles is coated with a layer of nanoparticles. In certain embodiments, the surface of the mannitol microparticles is substantially coated with a layer of nanoparticles. In certain embodiments, the surface of the mannitol microparticles is coated with a monolayer of nanoparticles. In certain embodiments, the surface of the mannitol microparticles is substantially coated with a monolayer of nanoparticles.

[0033] In certain embodiments, the mannitol microparticles in the coated particles provided herein have various shapes, including, but not limited to, spheres, ellipsoids, platelets, fibrils, or fibers. In certain embodiments, the mannitol microparticles in the coated particles provided herein are substantially spherical. In certain embodiments, the mannitol microparticles in the coated particles provided herein are spherical. In certain embodiments, the mannitol microparticles in the coated particles provided herein are ellipsoids.

[0034] In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the mannitol microparticles in the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 1 to about 1,000 μm, about 10 to about 500 μm, about 20 to about 500 μm, about 50 to about 300 μm, or about 100 to about 300 μm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the mannitol microparticles in the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 1 to about 1,000 μm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the mannitol microparticles in the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 10 to about 500 μm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the mannitol microparticles in the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 20 to about 500 μm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the mannitol microparticles in the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 50 to about 300 μm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the mannitol microparticles in the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 100 to about 300 μm, hi certain embodiments, the average particle size of the mannitol microparticles in the coated particles provided herein is about 50, about 100, about 150, about 200, about 250, about 300, about 350, about 400, about 450, or about 500 μm.

[0035] In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the mannitol microparticles in the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 1 to about 100 μm, about 1 to about 50 μm, or about 1 to about 25 μm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the mannitol microparticles in the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 1 to about 100 μm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the mannitol microparticles in the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 1 to about 50 μm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the mannitol microparticles in the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 1 to about 25 μm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the mannitol microparticles in the coated particles provided herein is about 5, about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about 45, or about 50 μm.

[0036] In yet another embodiment, provided herein are coated particles comprising: (i) microparticles comprising D-dextrose and (ii) nanoparticles, each comprising a therapeutic agent; wherein the surfaces of the D-dextrose microparticles are coated with the nanoparticles.

[0037] In certain embodiments, the surface of the D-dextrose microparticles is coated with a layer of nanoparticles. In certain embodiments, the surface of the D-dextrose microparticles is substantially coated with a layer of nanoparticles. In certain embodiments, the surface of the D-dextrose microparticles is coated with a monolayer of nanoparticles. In certain embodiments, the surface of the D-dextrose microparticles is substantially coated with a monolayer of nanoparticles.

[0038] In certain embodiments, the D-dextrose microparticles in the coated particles provided herein have various shapes, including, but not limited to, spheres, ellipsoids, platelets, fibrils, or fibers. In certain embodiments, the D-dextrose microparticles in the coated particles provided herein are substantially spherical. In certain embodiments, the D-dextrose microparticles in the coated particles provided herein are spherical. In certain embodiments, the D-dextrose microparticles in the coated particles provided herein are ellipsoids.

[0039] In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the D-dextrose microparticles in the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 1 to about 1,000 μm, about 10 to about 500 μm, about 20 to about 500 μm, about 50 to about 300 μm, or about 100 to about 300 μm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the D-dextrose microparticles in the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 1 to about 1,000 μm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the D-dextrose microparticles in the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 10 to about 500 μm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the D-dextrose microparticles in the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 20 to about 500 μm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the D-dextrose microparticles in the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 50 to about 300 μm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the D-dextrose microparticles in the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 100 to about 300 μm, hi certain embodiments, the average particle size of the D-dextrose microparticles in the coated particles provided herein is about 50, about 100, about 150, about 200, about 250, about 300, about 350, about 400, about 450, or about 500 μm.

[0040] In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the D-dextrose microparticles in the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 1 to about 100 μm, from about 1 to about 50 μm, or from about 1 to about 25 μm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the D-dextrose microparticles in the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 1 to about 100 μm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the D-dextrose microparticles in the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 1 to about 50 μm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the D-dextrose microparticles in the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 1 to about 25 μm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the D-dextrose microparticles in the coated particles provided herein is about 5, about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about 45, or about 50 μm.

[0041] In certain embodiments, coated particles containing D-dextrose are formulated as a sterile solid for reconstitution.

[0042] In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent in the coated particles provided herein is a Class II compound according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) (i.e., a BCS Class II compound). In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent in the coated particles provided herein is a BCS Class III compound. In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent in the coated particles provided herein is a BCS Class IV compound.

[0043] In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent in the coated particles provided herein is poorly soluble according to the biopharmaceutical classification system. In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent in the coated particles provided herein is poorly permeable according to the biopharmaceutical classification system.

[0044] In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent in the coated particles provided herein is a solid. In certain embodiments, the melting point of the therapeutic agent in the coated particles provided herein is in the range of about 50 to about 500°C, about 100 to about 400°C, about 100 to about 300°C, or about 150 to about 300°C. In certain embodiments, the melting point of the therapeutic agent in the coated particles provided herein is in the range of about 50 to about 500°C. In certain embodiments, the melting point of the therapeutic agent in the coated particles provided herein is in the range of about 100 to about 400°C. In certain embodiments, the melting point of the therapeutic agent in the coated particles provided herein is in the range of about 100 to about 300°C. In certain embodiments, the melting point of the therapeutic agent in the coated particles provided herein is in the range of about 150 to about 300°C.

[0045] In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent in the coated particles provided herein is amiodarone, atorvastatin, azithromycin, carbamazepine, carvedilol, chlorpromazine, cisapride, ciprofloxacin, cloxacillin, cyclosporine, danazol, dapsone, diclofenac, diflunisal, digoxin, erythromycin, fenofibrate, flurbiprofen, glipizide, glyburide, griseofulvin, hydroxyzine, ibuprofen, indinavir , indomethacin, itraconazole, ivermectin, ketoconazole, ketoprofen, lansoprazole, lovastatin, mebendazole, midazolam, naproxen, nelfinavir, niclosamide, ofloxacin, oxaprozin, phenazopyridine, phenytoin, piroxicam, plungequantel, raloxifene, ritonavir, saquinavir, sirolimus, spironolactone, tacrolimus, talinolol, tamoxifen, terfenadine, or warfarin.

[0046] In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent in the coated particles provided herein is amlodipine, amoxicillin, cimetidine, ciprofloxacin, ethosuximide, metronidazole, morphine, paracetamol, phenoxymethylpenicillin, or procainamide.

[0047] In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent in the coated particles provided herein is amoxicillin, amphotericin B, cephalexin, chloramphenicol, chlorthalidone, chlorothiazide, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, colistin, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, mebendazole, meloxicam, methotrexate, neomycin, nitrofurantoin, oxamniquine, phenobarbital, prednisolone, sulfamethoxazole, or trimethoprim.

[0048] In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent in the coated particles provided herein is arformoterol, asenapine, dabigatran, desonide, dexlansoprazole, diclofenac, efavirenz, emtricitabine, erlotinib, fesoterodine, formoterol, isotretinoin, lacosamide, lenalidomide, lubiprostone, maraviroc, mesalamine, nebivolol, posaconazole, roflumilast, sitagliptin, sunitinib, tenofovir, ticagrelor, varenicline, or vilazodone.

[0049] In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent in the coated particles provided herein is cannabidiol, carbamazepine, ibuprofen, nifedipine, piroxicam, plumbagin, verapamil, or zileuton. In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent in the coated particles provided herein is cannabidiol, ibuprofen, or nifedipine. In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent in the coated particles provided herein is cannabidiol. In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent in the coated particles provided herein is carbamazepine. In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent in the coated particles provided herein is ibuprofen. In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent in the coated particles provided herein is nifedipine. In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent in the coated particles provided herein is piroxicam. In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent in the coated particles provided herein is plumbagin. In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent in the coated particles provided herein is verapamil. In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent in the coated particles provided herein is zileuton.

[0050] In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the nanoparticles in the coated particles provided herein is in the range of about 1 to about 500 nm, about 1 to about 200 nm, about 2 to about 200 nm, about 5 to about 200 nm, about 10 to about 200 nm, or about 10 to about 100 nm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the nanoparticles in the coated particles provided herein is in the range of about 1 to about 500 nm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the nanoparticles in the coated particles provided herein is in the range of about 1 to about 200 nm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the nanoparticles in the coated particles provided herein is in the range of about 1 to about 50 nm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the nanoparticles in the coated particles provided herein is in the range of about 2 to about 200 nm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the nanoparticles in the coated particles provided herein is in the range of about 5 to about 200 nm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the nanoparticles in the coated particles provided herein is in the range of about 10 to about 200 nm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the nanoparticles in the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 10 to about 100 nm.

[0051] In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the nanoparticles in the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 10 to about 500 nm, from about 10 to about 200 nm, or from about 20 to about 200 nm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the nanoparticles in the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 10 to about 500 nm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the nanoparticles in the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 10 to about 200 nm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the nanoparticles in the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 20 to about 200 nm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the nanoparticles in the coated particles provided herein is about 10, about 20, about 30, about 40, or about 50 nm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the nanoparticles in the coated particles provided herein is about 100, about 150, about 200, about 250, about 300, about 350, about 400, about 450, or about 500 nm.

[0052] In certain embodiments, the nanoparticles in the coated particles provided herein are formed on the surface of microparticles. In certain embodiments, the nanoparticles in the coated particles provided herein are formed on the surface of microparticles by organic vapor deposition. See, for example, Baldo et al., Adv. Mater. 1998, 10, 1505-1514.

[0053] In certain embodiments, the percentage of nanoparticles in the coated particles ranges from about 0.1 to about 25% by weight, from about 0.2 to about 20% by weight, from about 0.5 to about 10% by weight, or from about 1 to about 10% by weight. In certain embodiments, the percentage of nanoparticles in the coated particles ranges from about 0.1 to about 25% by weight. In certain embodiments, the percentage of nanoparticles in the coated particles ranges from about 0.2 to about 20% by weight. In certain embodiments, the percentage of nanoparticles in the coated particles ranges from about 0.5 to about 10% by weight. In certain embodiments, the percentage of nanoparticles in the coated particles ranges from about 1 to about 10% by weight. In certain embodiments, the percentage of nanoparticles in the coated particles is about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, or about 10% by weight.

[0054] In certain embodiments, the coated particles provided herein have an average particle size in the range of about 1 to about 1,000 μm, about 10 to about 500 μm, about 20 to about 500 μm, about 50 to about 300 μm, or about 100 to about 300 μm. In certain embodiments, the coated particles provided herein have an average particle size in the range of about 1 to about 1,000 μm. In certain embodiments, the coated particles provided herein have an average particle size in the range of about 10 to about 500 μm. In certain embodiments, the coated particles provided herein have an average particle size in the range of about 20 to about 500 μm. In certain embodiments, the coated particles provided herein have an average particle size in the range of about 50 to about 300 μm. In certain embodiments, the coated particles provided herein have an average particle size in the range of about 100 to about 300 μm. In certain embodiments, the coated particles provided herein have an average particle size of about 50, about 100, about 150, about 200, about 250, about 300, about 350, about 400, about 450, or about 500 μm.

[0055] In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 1 to about 100 μm, from about 1 to about 50 μm, or from about 1 to about 25 μm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 1 to about 100 μm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 1 to about 50 μm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the coated particles provided herein ranges from about 1 to about 25 μm. In certain embodiments, the average particle size of the coated particles provided herein is about 5, about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about 45, or about 50 μm.

[0056] Preparation method In one embodiment, there is provided a method of preparing coated particles, wherein each of said particles comprises (i) a microparticle comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and (ii) a nanoparticle of a therapeutic agent; a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent at a first predetermined temperature under a predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing the vapor onto the surface of the microparticles under the predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring rate and a second predetermined temperature to form the nanoparticles on the surface of the microparticles, thereby forming the coated particles. A method is provided herein, comprising:

[0057] In another embodiment, there is provided a method for preparing nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent, comprising: a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent at a first predetermined temperature under a predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. pre-depositing said vapor onto the surface of microparticles comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient under said predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring rate and a second predetermined temperature to form said nanoparticles on the surface of said microparticles. A method is provided herein, comprising:

[0058] In certain embodiments, the first predetermined temperature is in the range of about 50 to about 500°C, about 100 to about 400°C, about 50 to about 300°C, about 100 to about 300°C, about 100 to about 250°C, about 150 to about 300°C, or about 200 to about 300°C. In certain embodiments, the first predetermined temperature is in the range of about 50 to about 500°C. In certain embodiments, the first predetermined temperature is in the range of about 100 to about 400°C. In certain embodiments, the first predetermined temperature is in the range of about 50 to about 300°C. In certain embodiments, the first predetermined temperature is in the range of about 100 to about 300°C. In certain embodiments, the first predetermined temperature is in the range of about 100 to about 250°C. In certain embodiments, the first predetermined temperature is in the range of about 150 to about 300°C. In certain embodiments, the first predetermined temperature ranges from about 200 to about 300° C. In certain embodiments, the first predetermined temperature is about 150, about 175, about 200, about 250, about 250, about 275, or about 300° C.

[0059] In certain embodiments, the first predetermined temperature is in the range of about 50 to about 250°C, about 80 to about 250°C, or about 100 to about 250°C. In certain embodiments, the first predetermined temperature is in the range of about 50 to about 250°C. In certain embodiments, the first predetermined temperature is in the range of about 80 to about 250°C. In certain embodiments, the first predetermined temperature is in the range of about 100 to about 250°C. In certain embodiments, the first predetermined temperature is about 80, about 90, about 100, about 125, about 150, about 175, about 200, about 225, or about 250°C.

[0060] In one particular embodiment, the predetermined vacuum pressure is about 10 -1 torr or less, about 10 -2 torr or less, about 10 -3 torr or less, about 10 -4 torr or less, about 10 -5 torr or less, about 10 -6 torr or less, about 10 -7 torr or less, about 10 -8 torr or less, or about 10 -9 In one particular embodiment, the first predetermined vacuum pressure is about 10 -1 In one particular embodiment, the predetermined vacuum pressure is about 10 -2 In one particular embodiment, the predetermined vacuum pressure is about 10 -3 In one particular embodiment, the first predetermined vacuum pressure is about 10 -4 In one particular embodiment, the predetermined vacuum pressure is about 10 -5 In one particular embodiment, the predetermined vacuum pressure is about 10 -6 In one particular embodiment, the first predetermined vacuum pressure is about 10 -7 In one particular embodiment, the predetermined vacuum pressure is about 10 -8 In one particular embodiment, the predetermined vacuum pressure is about 10 -9 In one particular embodiment, the predetermined vacuum pressure is about 10 -3 , about 10-4 , about 10 -5 , about 10 -6 , about 10 -7 , about 10 -8 , or about 10 -9 It's torr.

[0061] In one particular embodiment, the predetermined vacuum pressure is about 10 -3 ~about 10 -9 In one particular embodiment, the predetermined vacuum pressure is in the range of about 10 -3 ~about 10 -6 In one particular embodiment, the predetermined vacuum pressure is in the range of about 10 -3 ~about 10 -4 In one particular embodiment, the predetermined vacuum pressure is in the range of about 10 -4 ~about 10 -8 In one particular embodiment, the predetermined vacuum pressure is in the range of about 10 -4 ~about 10 -7 In one particular embodiment, the predetermined vacuum pressure is in the range of about 10 -4 ~about 10 -6 torr range.

[0062] In certain embodiments, the predetermined stirring speed is in the range of about 10 to about 200 revolutions per minute (rpm), about 20 to about 150 rpm, about 20 to about 120 rpm, about 20 to about 100 rpm, about 50 to about 100 rpm, or about 80 to about 100 rpm. In certain embodiments, the predetermined stirring speed is in the range of about 10 to about 200 rpm. In certain embodiments, the predetermined stirring speed is in the range of about 20 to about 150 rpm. In certain embodiments, the predetermined stirring speed is in the range of about 20 to about 120 rpm. In certain embodiments, the predetermined stirring speed is in the range of about 20 to about 100 rpm. In certain embodiments, the predetermined stirring speed is in the range of about 50 to about 100 rpm. In certain embodiments, the predetermined stirring speed is in the range of about 80 to about 100 rpm. In certain embodiments, the predetermined stirring speed is about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, or about 100 rpm.

[0063] To efficiently deposit the vapor of the therapeutic agent on the surface of the microparticles of the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, the second predetermined temperature is set to be less than the first predetermined temperature, such that the second predetermined temperature is at least about 10° C. lower, at least about 20° C. lower, at least about 50° C. lower, or at least about 100° C. lower than the first predetermined temperature.

[0064] In certain embodiments, the second predetermined temperature is about 100°C or less, about 50°C or less, about 40°C or less, about 35°C or less, about 30°C or less, or about 25°C or less. In certain embodiments, the second predetermined temperature is about 100°C or less. In certain embodiments, the second predetermined temperature is about 50°C or less. In certain embodiments, the second predetermined temperature is about 40°C or less. In certain embodiments, the second predetermined temperature is about 35°C or less. In certain embodiments, the second predetermined temperature is about 30°C or less. In certain embodiments, the second predetermined temperature is about 25°C or less.

[0065] In certain embodiments, the second predetermined temperature is in the range of about 10 to about 100°C, about 15 to about 50°C, or about 20 to about 40°C. In certain embodiments, the second predetermined temperature is in the range of about 10 to about 100°C. In certain embodiments, the second predetermined temperature is in the range of about 15 to about 50°C. In certain embodiments, the second predetermined temperature is in the range of about 20 to about 40°C. In certain embodiments, the second predetermined temperature is about 20, about 25, about 30, about 35, or about 40°C. In certain embodiments, the second predetermined temperature is ambient temperature.

[0066] Thus, in one embodiment, there is provided coated particles, each of said particles comprising (i) a microparticle comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and (ii) a nanoparticle of a therapeutic agent; wherein said coated particles comprise: a. vaporizing said therapeutic agent at said first predetermined temperature under said predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing the vapor onto the surface of the microparticles at a predetermined stirring speed and under the predetermined vacuum pressure at the second predetermined temperature to form nanoparticles on the surface of the microparticles, thereby forming the coated particles. Provided herein are coated particles prepared by a method comprising:

[0067] In another embodiment, a nanoparticle of a therapeutic agent, comprising: a. vaporizing said therapeutic agent at said first predetermined temperature under said predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing the vapor onto the surface of microparticles comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient at the predetermined stirring speed and the second predetermined temperature under the predetermined vacuum pressure to form the nanoparticles on the surface of the microparticles. Provided herein are nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent prepared by a method comprising:

[0068] In yet another embodiment, a batch of coated particles, each said particle comprising (i) a microparticle comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and (ii) a nanoparticle of a therapeutic agent; wherein said coated particles comprise: a. vaporizing said therapeutic agent at said first predetermined temperature under said predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing the vapor onto the surface of the microparticles under the predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring rate and the second predetermined temperature to form the nanoparticles on the surface of the microparticles, thereby forming the coated particles. Provided herein is a batch of coated particles prepared by a method comprising:

[0069] In yet another embodiment, a batch of nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent, comprising: a. vaporizing said therapeutic agent at said first predetermined temperature under said predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing the vapor onto the surface of microparticles comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient under the predetermined vacuum pressure at the predetermined stirring speed and the second predetermined temperature to form the nanoparticles on the surface of the microparticles. Provided herein is a batch of nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent prepared by a method comprising:

[0070] In one embodiment, coated particles, each said particle comprising (i) mannitol microparticles and (ii) nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent; wherein said coated particles comprise: a. vaporizing said therapeutic agent at said first predetermined temperature under said predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing the vapor onto the surface of the mannitol microparticles under the predetermined vacuum pressure at the predetermined stirring speed and the second predetermined temperature to form the nanoparticles on the surface of the mannitol microparticles, thereby forming the coated particles. Provided herein are coated particles prepared by a method comprising:

[0071] In another embodiment, a nanoparticle of a therapeutic agent, comprising: a. vaporizing said therapeutic agent at said first predetermined temperature under said predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing said vapor onto the surface of said mannitol microparticles under said predetermined vacuum pressure at said predetermined stirring speed and said second predetermined temperature to form said nanoparticles on the surface of said mannitol microparticles. Provided herein are nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent prepared by a method comprising:

[0072] In yet another embodiment, a batch of coated particles, each said particle comprising (i) mannitol microparticles and (ii) nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent; wherein said coated particles comprise: a. vaporizing said therapeutic agent at said first predetermined temperature under said predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing the vapor onto the surface of the mannitol microparticles under the predetermined vacuum pressure at the predetermined stirring speed and the second predetermined temperature to form the nanoparticles on the surface of the mannitol microparticles, thereby forming the coated particles. Provided herein is a batch of coated particles prepared by a method comprising:

[0073] In yet another embodiment, a batch of nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent, comprising: a. vaporizing said therapeutic agent at said first predetermined temperature under said predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing said vapor onto the surface of said mannitol microparticles under said predetermined vacuum pressure at said predetermined stirring speed and said second predetermined temperature to form said nanoparticles on the surface of said mannitol microparticles. Provided herein is a batch of nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent prepared by a method comprising:

[0074] In one embodiment, the coated particles comprise: each said particle comprising: (i) D-dextrose microparticles and (ii) nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent; wherein said coated particles comprise: a. vaporizing said therapeutic agent at said first predetermined temperature under said predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing the vapor onto the surface of the D-dextrose microparticles under the predetermined vacuum pressure at the predetermined stirring speed and the second predetermined temperature to form the nanoparticles on the surface of the D-dextrose microparticles, thereby forming the coated particles. Provided herein are coated particles prepared by a method comprising:

[0075] In another embodiment, a nanoparticle of a therapeutic agent, comprising: a. vaporizing said therapeutic agent at said first predetermined temperature under said predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing said vapor onto the surface of said D-dextrose microparticles under said predetermined vacuum pressure at said predetermined stirring rate and said second predetermined temperature to form said nanoparticles on the surface of said D-dextrose microparticles. Provided herein are nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent prepared by a method comprising:

[0076] In yet another embodiment, a batch of coated particles, each said particle comprising: (i) D-dextrose microparticles and (ii) nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent; wherein said coated particles comprise: a. vaporizing said therapeutic agent at said first predetermined temperature under said predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing the vapor onto the surface of the D-dextrose microparticles under the predetermined vacuum pressure at the predetermined stirring speed and the second predetermined temperature to form the nanoparticles on the surface of the D-dextrose microparticles, thereby forming the coated particles. Provided herein is a batch of coated particles prepared by a method comprising:

[0077] In yet another embodiment, a batch of nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent, comprising: a. vaporizing said therapeutic agent at said first predetermined temperature under said predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing said vapor onto the surface of said D-dextrose microparticles under said predetermined vacuum pressure at said predetermined stirring rate and said second predetermined temperature to form said nanoparticles on the surface of said D-dextrose microparticles. Provided herein is a batch of nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent prepared by a method comprising:

[0078] Pharmaceutical Composition In one embodiment, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising coated particles, each of said particles comprising (i) a microparticle comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and (ii) a nanoparticle of a therapeutic agent, wherein the surface of said microparticle is coated with said nanoparticle.

[0079] In another embodiment, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising coated particles, each of said particles comprising (i) a microparticle comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and (ii) a nanoparticle of a therapeutic agent; wherein said coated particles comprise: a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent at a first predetermined temperature under a predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing the vapor onto the surface of the microparticles under the predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring rate and a second predetermined temperature to form the nanoparticles on the surface of the microparticles, thereby forming the coated particles. Provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising coated particles prepared by a method comprising:

[0080] In yet another embodiment, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent, a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent at a first predetermined temperature under a predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing the vapor onto the surface of microparticles comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient under the predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring rate and a second predetermined temperature to form the nanoparticles on the surface of the microparticles. Provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent prepared by a method comprising:

[0081] In yet another embodiment, a batch of pharmaceutical compositions comprising coated particles, each said particle comprising (i) microparticles comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and (ii) nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent; wherein said coated particles comprise: a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent at a first predetermined temperature under a predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing the vapor onto the surface of the microparticles under the predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring rate and a second predetermined temperature to form the nanoparticles on the surface of the microparticles, thereby forming the coated particles. Provided herein is a batch of a pharmaceutical composition comprising coated particles prepared by a method comprising:

[0082] In yet another embodiment, there is provided a batch of a pharmaceutical composition comprising nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, wherein said nanoparticles are a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent at a predetermined temperature under a first predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing the vapor onto the surface of the microparticles comprising the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient under the predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring rate and a second predetermined temperature to form the nanoparticles on the surface of the microparticles. Provided herein is a batch of a pharmaceutical composition comprising nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, prepared by a method comprising:

[0083] In one embodiment, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising coated particles, each of said particles comprising (i) mannitol microparticles and (ii) nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent, wherein the surfaces of said mannitol microparticles are coated with said nanoparticles.

[0084] In another embodiment, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising coated particles, each said particle comprising (i) mannitol microparticles and (ii) nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent; wherein said coated particles comprise: a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent at a first predetermined temperature under a predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing the vapor onto the surface of the mannitol microparticles under the predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring speed and a second predetermined temperature to form the nanoparticles on the surface of the mannitol microparticles, thereby forming the coated particles. Provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising coated particles prepared by a method comprising:

[0085] In yet another embodiment, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent, a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent at a first predetermined temperature under a predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing the vapor onto the surface of mannitol microparticles comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient under the predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring rate and a second predetermined temperature to form the nanoparticles on the surface of the mannitol microparticles. Provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent prepared by a method comprising:

[0086] In yet another embodiment, a batch of pharmaceutical composition comprising coated particles, each said particle comprising (i) mannitol microparticles and (ii) nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent; wherein said coated particles comprise: a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent at a first predetermined temperature under a predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing the vapor onto the surface of the mannitol microparticles under the predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring speed and a second predetermined temperature to form the nanoparticles on the surface of the mannitol microparticles, thereby forming the coated particles. Provided herein is a batch of a pharmaceutical composition comprising coated particles prepared by a method comprising:

[0087] In yet another embodiment, there is provided a batch of a pharmaceutical composition comprising nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, wherein said nanoparticles are a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent at a predetermined temperature under a first predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing the vapor onto the surface of the mannitol microparticles comprising the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient under the predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring rate and a second predetermined temperature to form the nanoparticles on the surface of the mannitol microparticles. Provided herein is a batch of a pharmaceutical composition comprising nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, prepared by a method comprising:

[0088] In one embodiment, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising coated particles, each of said particles comprising (i) D-dextrose microparticles and (ii) nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent, wherein the surface of said D-dextrose microparticles is coated with said nanoparticles.

[0089] In another embodiment, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising coated particles, each said particle comprising (i) D-dextrose microparticles and (ii) nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent; wherein said coated particles comprise: a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent under a predetermined vacuum pressure at a first predetermined temperature to form a vapor to form the nanoparticles on the surface of the D-dextrose microparticles; and b. depositing the vapor onto the surface of the D-dextrose microparticles under the predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring rate and a second predetermined temperature to form the nanoparticles on the surface of the D-dextrose microparticles, thereby forming the coated particles. Provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising coated particles prepared by a method comprising:

[0090] In yet another embodiment, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent, a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent at a first predetermined temperature under a predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing the vapor onto the surface of D-dextrose microparticles containing a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient under the predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring rate and a second predetermined temperature to form the nanoparticles on the surface of the D-dextrose microparticles. Provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent prepared by a method comprising:

[0091] In yet another embodiment, a batch of pharmaceutical composition comprising coated particles, each said particle comprising (i) D-dextrose microparticles and (ii) nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent; wherein said coated particles are a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent at a first predetermined temperature under a predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing the vapor onto the surface of the D-dextrose microparticles under the predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring rate and a second predetermined temperature to form the nanoparticles on the surface of the D-dextrose microparticles, thereby forming the coated particles. Provided herein is a batch of a pharmaceutical composition comprising coated particles prepared by a method comprising:

[0092] In yet another embodiment, there is provided a batch of a pharmaceutical composition comprising nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, wherein said nanoparticles are a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent at a predetermined temperature under a first predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing the vapor onto the surface of the D-dextrose microparticles containing the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient under the predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring rate and a second predetermined temperature to form the nanoparticles on the surface of the D-dextrose microparticles. Provided herein is a batch of a pharmaceutical composition comprising nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, prepared by a method comprising:

[0093] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be individually formulated into various dosage forms, including, but not limited to, dosage forms for oral, parenteral, and topical administration.The pharmaceutical compositions can also be individually formulated into modified release dosage forms, including delayed-release, extended-release, extended-release, sustained-release, pulsatile-release, controlled-release, accelerated-release, immediate-release, targeted-release, programmed-release, and gastric retention dosage forms.These dosage forms can be prepared according to conventional methods and techniques known to those skilled in the art.See, for example, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, supra; Modified-Release Drug Delivery Technology, 2nd ed.; Rathbone et al., Eds.; Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences 184; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2008.

[0094] In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are formulated in a dosage form for oral administration. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are formulated in a dosage form for parenteral administration. In yet another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are formulated in a dosage form for topical administration.

[0095] In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are formulated in a sterile solid dosage form for reconstitution for parenteral administration. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are formulated in a solid dosage form for reconstitution for intravenous administration. In yet another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are formulated in a solid dosage form for reconstitution for intramuscular administration. In yet another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are formulated in a solid dosage form for reconstitution for subcutaneous administration.

[0096] In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are formulated in non-sterile solid dosage forms.In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are formulated in non-sterile solid dosage forms for administration to the ear, skin, gums, nose, eye, oral cavity, buccal mucosa, rectum, transdermal or vagina, or for administration by inhalation.In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are formulated in non-sterile solid dosage forms for administration to the eye or oral cavity, or for administration by inhalation.

[0097] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be provided independently in unit-dosage or multi-dosage forms. As used herein, a unit-dosage form refers to a physically discrete unit suitable for administration to a subject, packaged individually as known in the art. Each unit dose contains a predetermined amount of active ingredient(s) (e.g., a compound provided herein) sufficient to achieve the desired therapeutic effect, along with the necessary pharmaceutical excipient(s). Examples of unit-dosage forms include, but are not limited to, ampoules, syringes, and individually packaged tablets and capsules. A unit-dosage form may be administered in separate doses or in multiple doses. A multi-dosage form is a single container in which multiple identical unit-dosage forms are packaged for each administration of the unit-dosage form. Examples of multi-dosage forms include, but are not limited to, vials, bottles of tablets or capsules, or bottles of pints or gallons.

[0098] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be administered independently, once or multiple times at intervals.It is understood that the exact dosage and treatment period can vary according to the age, weight and symptoms of the subject being treated, and can be empirically determined using known test protocols or extrapolation of in vivo or in vitro test or diagnostic data.It is further understood that for any particular individual, specific dosage regimen should be adjusted over time according to the needs of the subject and the professional judgment of the person who administers or supervises the administration of pharmaceutical compositions.

[0099] A. Oral administration The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein for oral administration can be provided in the solid, semi-solid or liquid dosage form for oral administration.As used herein, oral administration also includes buccal administration, lingual administration and sublingual administration.Suitable oral dosage forms include but are not limited to tablet, fast melt, chewable tablet, capsule, pill, strip, troche, lozenge, sachet, cachet, pellet, medicated chewing gum, mixed powder, effervescent or non-effervescent powder or granule, oral mist, liquid, emulsion, suspension, wafer, sprinkle, elixir and syrup. In addition to the active ingredient(s), pharmaceutical compositions can contain one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients, including, but not limited to, binders, fillers, diluents, disintegrants, wetting agents, lubricants, glidants, colorants, dye transfer inhibitors, sweeteners, flavoring agents, emulsifiers, suspending and dispersing agents, preservatives, solvents, non-aqueous liquids, organic acids, and a source of carbon dioxide.

[0100] Binders or granulating agents provide adhesive properties to the tablet to ensure that the tablet maintains its integrity after compression. Suitable binders or granulating agents include starches (such as corn starch, potato starch, and pregelatinized starch (e.g., STARCH 1500®)); gelatin; sugars (such as sucrose, glucose, dextrose, molasses, and lactose); natural and synthetic gums (acacia, alginic acid, alginates, Irish moss extract, breadwort gum, ghatti gum, isobuol fusk mucilage, carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), VEEGUM®, larch arabogalactan, and tragacanth). Powdered cellulose, guar gum, and the like; celluloses (ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, carboxymethylcellulose calcium, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and the like); and microcrystalline cellulose (AVICEL® PH-101, AVICEL® PH-103, AVICEL® PH-105, AVICEL® RC-581, and the like). Suitable fillers include, but are not limited to, talc, calcium carbonate, microcrystalline cellulose, powdered cellulose, dextrate, kaolin, mannitol, silicic acid, sorbitol, starch, and pregelatinized starch. The amount of binder or filler in the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein varies depending on the type of formulation, and this amount is readily discernible to one of skill in the art. The binder or filler may be present in the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein in an amount of from about 50 to about 99% by weight.

[0101] Suitable diluents include, but are not limited to, dibasic calcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, lactose, sorbitol, sucrose, inositol, cellulose, kaolin, mannitol, sodium chloride, dry starch, and powdered sugar.When present in sufficient amounts, certain diluents (such as mannitol, lactose, sorbitol, sucrose, and inositol) can impart the properties of some compressed tablets to disintegrate in the oral cavity by chewing.Such compressed tablets can be used as chewable tablets.The amount of diluent in the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein varies depending on the type of formulation, and this amount can be easily recognized by those skilled in the art.

[0102] Suitable disintegrants include, but are not limited to, agar; bentonite; cellulose (such as methylcellulose and carboxymethylcellulose); wood products; sponge; cation exchange resins; alginic acid; gums (such as guar gum and VEEGUM® HV); citrus pulp; cross-linked cellulose (such as croscarmellose); cross-linked polymers (such as crospovidone); cross-linked starch; calcium carbonate; microcrystalline cellulose (such as sodium starch glycolate); polaruclin potassium; starches (such as corn starch, potato starch, tapioca starch, and pregelatinized starch); clay; and algin. The amount of disintegrant in the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein varies depending on the type of formulation, and this amount is readily discernible by one of ordinary skill in the art. The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may contain about 0.5 to about 15% by weight or about 1 to about 5% by weight of disintegrant.

[0103] Suitable lubricants include, but are not limited to, calcium stearate; magnesium stearate; mineral oil; light mineral oil; glycerin; sorbitol; mannitol; glycols (such as glycerol behenate and polyethylene glycol (PEG)); stearic acid; sodium lauryl sulfate; talc; hydrogenated vegetable oils (such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil, and soybean oil); zinc stearate; ethyl oleate; ethyl laureate; agar; starch; lycopodium; and silica or silica gel (such as AEROSIL® 200 and CAB-O-SIL®). The amount of lubricant in the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein varies depending on the type of formulation, and this amount is readily discernible by one of ordinary skill in the art. The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may contain from about 0.1 to about 5% by weight of lubricant.

[0104] Suitable glidants include, but are not limited to, colloidal silicon dioxide, CAB-O-SIL®, and asbestos-free talc. Suitable coloring agents include, but are not limited to, any of the approved, certified water-soluble FD&C dyes, water-insoluble FD&C dyes suspended on alumina hydrate, and dye lakes. Dye lakes are combinations of water-soluble dyes rendered insoluble by adsorption onto hydrous oxides of heavy metals. Suitable flavoring substances include, but are not limited to, natural flavors extracted from plants such as fruits, and synthetic blends of compounds that provide a pleasant taste, such as peppermint and methyl salicylate. Suitable sweetening agents include, but are not limited to, sucrose, lactose, mannitol, syrup, glycerin, and artificial sweeteners, such as saccharin and aspartame. Suitable emulsifying agents include, but are not limited to, gelatin, acacia, tragacanth, bentonite, and surfactants such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (TWEEN® 20), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate 80 (TWEEN® 80), and triethanolamine oleate. Suitable suspending and dispersing agents include, but are not limited to, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, pectin, tragacanth, VEEGUM®, acacia, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Suitable preservatives include, but are not limited to, glycerin, methyl and propyl parabens, benzoic acid and sodium benzoate, and alcohol. Suitable wetting agents include, but are not limited to, propylene glycol monostearate, sorbitan monooleate, diethylene glycol monolaurate, and polyoxyethylene lauryl ether. Suitable solvents include, but are not limited to, glycerin, sorbitol, ethyl alcohol, and syrup.Suitable non-aqueous liquids utilized in emulsions include, but are not limited to, mineral oil and cottonseed oil. Suitable organic acids include, but are not limited to, citric acid and tartaric acid. Suitable carbon dioxide sources include, but are not limited to, sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate.

[0105] It should be understood that many carriers and excipients may serve several functions, even within the same formulation.

[0106] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein for oral administration can be provided as compressed tablets, powder formulations, chewable lozenges, quick-dissolving tablets, multiple compressed tablets, or enteric-coated, sugar-coated, or film-coated tablets. Enteric-coated tablets are compressed tablets coated with a substance that resists the action of stomach acid but dissolves or disintegrates in the intestine, thereby protecting the active ingredient(s) from the acidic environment of the stomach. Enteric coatings include, but are not limited to, fatty acids, fats, phenyl salicylate, waxes, shellac, ammoniated shellac, and cellulose acetate phthalate. Sugar-coated tablets are compressed tablets surrounded by a sugar coating that may be beneficial in masking unpleasant tastes or odors and protecting the tablets from oxidation. Film-coated tablets are compressed tablets coated with a thin layer or film of a water-soluble material. Film coatings include, but are not limited to, hydroxyethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol 4000, and cellulose acetate phthalate. Film coatings impart the same general characteristics as sugar coatings. Multiple compressed tablets are compressed tablets (including layered tablets and press-coated or dry-coated tablets) made by more than one compression cycle.

[0107] Tablet dosage forms can be prepared solely from the active ingredient(s) in powder, crystalline, or granular form, or from one or more of the carriers or excipients described herein, including binders, disintegrants, controlled-release polymers, lubricants, diluents, and / or colorants, alone or in combination. Flavoring and sweetening agents are particularly useful in formulating chewable tablets and lozenges.

[0108] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein for oral administration can be provided as soft or hard capsules, which can be made from gelatin, methylcellulose, starch, or calcium alginate. Hard gelatin capsules, also known as dry-filled capsules (DFCs), consist of two compartments, one over the other, completely enclosing the active ingredient(s). Soft gelatin shells (SECs) are soft, spherical shells, such as gelatin shells plasticized with the addition of glycerin, sorbitol, or similar polyols. Soft gelatin shells may contain preservatives to prevent microbial growth. Suitable preservatives are those described herein, including methyl- and propyl-parabens and sorbic acid. The liquid, semi-solid, and solid dosage forms provided herein may be encapsulated in capsules. Suitable liquid and semi-solid dosage forms include solutions and suspensions in propylene carbonate, vegetable oils, or triglycerides. Capsules containing such solutions can be prepared as described in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,328,245; 4,409,239; and 4,410,545. The capsules may also be coated as known to those skilled in the art to modify or maintain dissolution of the active ingredient(s).

[0109] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein for oral administration can be provided in liquid and semisolid dosage forms, including emulsions, solutions, suspensions, elixirs, and syrups. Emulsions are two-phase systems in which one liquid is dispersed in the form of small globules throughout another liquid, and can be oil-in-water or water-in-oil. Emulsions can contain a pharmaceutically acceptable non-aqueous liquid or solvent, an emulsifier, and a preservative. Suspensions can contain a pharmaceutically acceptable suspending agent and a preservative. Aqueous alcoholic solutions can contain a pharmaceutically acceptable acetal (such as a di(lower alkyl)acetal of a lower alkyl aldehyde, e.g., acetaldehyde diethyl acetal); and a water-miscible solvent having one or more hydroxyl groups (such as propylene glycol and ethanol). Elixirs are clear, sweetened, hydroalcoholic solutions. Syrups are concentrated aqueous solutions of sugars (e.g., sucrose) and can also contain preservatives. For a liquid dosage form, the solution, for example, in a polyethylene glycol, may be diluted with a sufficient quantity of a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid carrier, e.g., water, to be measured conveniently for administration.

[0110] Other useful liquid and semisolid dosage forms include, but are not limited to, those containing an active ingredient(s) and dialkylated mono- or poly-alkylene glycols, including 1,2-dimethoxymethane, diglyme, triglyme, tetraglyme, polyethylene glycol-350-dimethyl ether, polyethylene glycol-550-dimethyl ether, polyethylene glycol-750-dimethyl ether (where 350, 550, and 750 refer to the approximate average molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol). These dosage forms may further contain one or more antioxidants, such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), propyl gallate, vitamin E, hydroquinone, hydroxycoumarin, ethanolamine, lecithin, cephalin, ascorbic acid, malic acid, sorbitol, phosphoric acid, bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, thiodipropionic acid and its esters, and dithiocarbamates.

[0111] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein for oral administration can also be provided in the form of liposomes, micelles, microspheres, or nanosystems. Micelle dosage forms can be prepared as described in U.S. Patent No. 6,350,458.

[0112] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein for oral administration can be provided as non-effervescent or effervescent granules and powders for reconstitution into liquid dosage forms.The pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and excipients used in non-effervescent granules or powders can include diluents, sweeteners, and wetting agents.The pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and excipients used in effervescent granules or powders can include organic acids and carbon dioxide sources.

[0113] Coloring and flavoring agents may be used in all of the dosage forms described herein.

[0114] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein for oral administration can be formulated as immediate or modified release dosage forms, including delayed-, sustained-, pulsed-, controlled-, targeted-, and programmed-release forms.

[0115] B. Parenteral Administration The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be administered parenterally by injection, infusion, or implantation for local or systemic administration. Parenteral administration, as used herein, includes intravenous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, intraventricular, intraurethral, ​​intrasternal, intracranial, intramuscular, intrasynovial, intravesical, and subcutaneous administration.

[0116] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein for parenteral administration can be formulated into any dosage form suitable for parenteral administration, including, but not limited to, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, micelles, liposomes, microspheres, nanosystems, and solid forms suitable for dissolving or suspending in liquid prior to injection. Such dosage forms can be prepared according to conventional methods known to those skilled in the art of pharmaceutical science. See, for example, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, supra.

[0117] Pharmaceutical compositions provided herein for parenteral administration can contain one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and excipients, including, but not limited to, aqueous vehicles, water-miscible vehicles, non-aqueous vehicles, antimicrobial agents or preservatives against microbial growth, stabilizers, solubility enhancers, isotonicity agents, buffers, antioxidants, local anesthetics, suspending and dispersing agents, wetting or emulsifying agents, complexing agents, sequestering or chelating agents, cryoprotectants, lyoprotectants, thickening agents, pH adjusting agents, and inert gases.

[0118] Suitable aqueous vehicles include, but are not limited to, water, saline, saline, or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), sodium chloride injection, Ringer's injection, isotonic dextrose injection, sterile water injection, dextrose, and lactated Ringer's injection. Suitable non-aqueous vehicles include, but are not limited to, fixed oils of vegetable origin, castor oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, olive oil, peanut oil, peppermint oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, hydrogenated vegetable oil, hydrogenated soybean oil, and medium-chain triglycerides of coconut oil and palm seed oil. Suitable water-miscible vehicles include, but are not limited to, ethanol, 1,3-butanediol, liquid polyethylene glycols (e.g., polyethylene glycol 300 and polyethylene glycol 400), propylene glycol, glycerin, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylacetamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide.

[0119] Suitable antibacterial or antiseptic agents include, but are not limited to, phenol, cresol, mercury, benzyl alcohol, chlorobutanol, methyl and propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, thiromesal, benzalkonium chloride (e.g., benzethonium chloride), methyl- and propyl-paraben, and sorbic acid. Suitable isotonicity agents include, but are not limited to, sodium chloride, glycerin, and dextrose. Suitable buffers include, but are not limited to, phosphate buffer and citrate buffer. Suitable antioxidants include those described herein, such as bisulfite and sodium metabisulfite. Suitable local anesthetics include, but are not limited to, procaine hydrochloride. Suitable suspending and dispersing agents include those described herein, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Suitable emulsifying agents include those described herein, such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate 80, and triethanolamine oleate. Suitable sequestering or chelating agents include, but are not limited to, EDTA. Suitable pH adjusting agents include, but are not limited to, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, citric acid, and lactic acid. Suitable complexing agents include, but are not limited to, cyclodextrins (including α-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin), sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin, and sulfobutylether 7-β-cyclodextrin (CAPTISOL®).

[0120] When the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are formulated for multiple dosing, the parenteral formulation containing the multiple doses must contain the antibacterial agent at a bacteriostatic or fungistatic concentration. All parenteral formulations must be sterile, as is known and practiced in the art.

[0121] In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition for parenteral administration is provided as a ready-made sterile liquid.In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is provided as a sterile soluble dry product (including lyophilized powder and hypodermic tablet) that is reconstituted with a vehicle before use.In yet another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is provided as a ready-made sterile suspension.In yet another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is provided as a sterile insoluble dry product that is reconstituted with a vehicle before use.In yet another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is provided as a ready-made sterile emulsion.

[0122] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein for parenteral administration can be formulated as immediate- or modified-release dosage forms, including delayed-, sustained-, pulsed-, controlled-, targeted-, and programmed-release forms.

[0123] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein for parenteral administration can be formulated as suspensions, solids, semi-solids, or thixotropic liquids for administration as an implanted depot. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are dispersed in a solid inner matrix surrounded by an outer polymeric membrane that is insoluble in body fluids but allows the active ingredient(s) in the pharmaceutical composition to diffuse through.

[0124] Suitable inner matrices include, but are not limited to, polymethyl methacrylate, polybutyl-methacrylate, plasticized or unplasticized polyvinyl chloride, plasticized nylon, plasticized polyethylene terephthalate, natural rubber, polyisoprene, polyisobutylene, polybutadiene, polyethylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, silicone rubber, polydimethylsiloxane, silicone carbonate copolymer, hydrophilic polymers (such as hydrogels of esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid), collagen, cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol, and partially hydrolyzed cross-linked polyvinyl acetate.

[0125] Suitable polymeric outer membranes include, but are not limited to, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene / propylene copolymers, ethylene / ethyl acrylate copolymers, ethylene / vinyl acetate copolymers, silicone rubber, polydimethylsiloxane, neoprene rubber, chlorinated polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, copolymers of vinyl chloride with vinyl acetate, vinylidene chloride, ethylene, and propylene, ionomeric polyethylene terephthalate, butyl rubber epichlorohydrin rubber, ethylene / vinyl alcohol copolymers, ethylene / vinyl acetate / vinyl alcohol terpolymers, and ethylene / vinyloxyethanol copolymers.

[0126] C. Topical administration The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be administered topically to the skin, orifices, or mucous membranes. Topical administration, as used herein, includes cutaneous (intradermal), conjunctival, intracorneal, intraocular, ophthalmic, otic, transdermal, nasal, vaginal, urethral, ​​respiratory, and rectal administration.

[0127] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be formulated into any dosage form suitable for topical administration for local or systemic effect, including, but not limited to, emulsions, solutions, suspensions, creams, gels, hydrogels, ointments, dusting powders, dressings, elixirs, lotions, suspensions, tinctures, pastes, foams, films, aerosols, irrigants, sprays, suppositories, bandages, and skin patches. Topical formulations of the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can also include liposomes, micelles, microspheres, and nanosystems.

[0128] Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and excipients suitable for use in topical formulations include, but are not limited to, aqueous vehicles, water-miscible vehicles, non-aqueous vehicles, antimicrobial agents or preservatives against microbial growth, stabilizers, solubility enhancers, isotonicity agents, buffers, antioxidants, local anesthetics, suspending and dispersing agents, wetting or emulsifying agents, complexing agents, sequestering or chelating agents, penetration enhancers, cryoprotectants, lyoprotectants, thickening agents, and inert gases.

[0129] Pharmaceutical compositions may also be administered locally by electroporation, iontophoresis, phonophoresis, sonophoresis, or microneedle or needle-free injection (such as POWDERJECT™ and BIOJECT™).

[0130] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be provided in the form of ointments, creams, and gels. Suitable ointment vehicles include oily or hydrocarbon vehicles (including lard, benzoic lard, olive oil, cottonseed oil, and other oils, white petrolatum); emulsifying or absorbing vehicles (such as hydrophilic petrolatum, hydroxystearin sulfate, and anhydrous lanolin); moisture-removing vehicles (such as hydrophilic ointments); water-soluble ointment vehicles (including polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights); emulsion vehicles, either water-in-oil (W / O) emulsions or oil-in-water (O / W) emulsions (including cetyl alcohol, glyceryl monostearate, lanolin, and stearic acid). See, for example, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, supra. These vehicles are emollient, but generally require the addition of antioxidants and preservatives.

[0131] Suitable cream bases can be oil-in-water or water-in-oil. Suitable cream vehicles can be water-washable and can include an oil phase, an emulsifier, and an aqueous phase. The oil phase, also referred to as the "internal" phase, is generally composed of petrolatum and a fatty alcohol (such as cetyl alcohol or stearyl alcohol). The aqueous phase usually, although not necessarily, exceeds the oil phase in volume and generally contains a humectant. The emulsifier in a cream formulation can be a nonionic, anionic, cationic, or amphoteric surfactant.

[0132] Gels are semi-solid suspension-type systems. Single-phase gels contain organic polymers that are substantially uniformly distributed in a liquid carrier. Suitable gelling agents include, but are not limited to, cross-linked acrylic acid polymers (such as carbomer, carboxypolyalkylene, and CARBOPOL®); hydrophilic polymers (such as polyethylene oxide, polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymer, and polyvinyl alcohol); cellulosic polymers (such as hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate, and methylcellulose); gums (such as tragacanth gum and xanthan gum); sodium alginate; and gelatin. To prepare a uniform gel, a dispersing agent (such as alcohol or glycerin) can be added, or the gelling agent can be dispersed by grinding, mechanical mixing, and / or stirring.

[0133] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be administered rectally, urethrally, vaginally, or perivaginally in the form of a suppository, pessary, bougie, poultice or patch, paste, powder, dressing, cream, plaster, contraceptive, ointment, solution, emulsion, suspension, tampon, gel, foam, spray, or enema. These dosage forms can be prepared using conventional processes as described in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, supra.

[0134] Rectal, urethral, ​​and vaginal suppositories are solid bodies for insertion into bodily orifices; they are solid at room temperature but melt or soften at body temperature, releasing the active ingredient(s) into the orifice. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers utilized in rectal and vaginal suppositories include bases or vehicles, such as stiffening agents that, when formulated with the active ingredient(s), bring the melting point to about body temperature; and antioxidants, such as bisulfites and sodium metabisulfite, as described herein. Suitable vehicles include, but are not limited to, cocoa butter (theobroma oil), glycerin-gelatin, carbowax (polyoxyethylene glycol), spermaceti, paraffin, white and yellow wax, and appropriate mixtures of mono-, di-, and triglycerides of fatty acids, and hydrogels, such as polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and polyacrylic acid. Combinations of various vehicles can also be used. Rectal and vaginal suppositories may be prepared by compression or molding. The typical weight of a rectal and vaginal suppository is about 2 to about 3 g.

[0135] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be administered to the eye in the form of solutions, suspensions, ointments, emulsions, gel-forming solutions, powders to be dissolved, gels, ocular inserts, and implants.

[0136] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be administered intranasally or to the respiratory tract by inhalation.The pharmaceutical compositions can be provided in the form of aerosols or solutions for delivery using a pressurized container, pump, spray, atomizer (such as an atomizer that uses electrohydrodynamics to generate a fine mist), or nebulizer, alone or in combination with a suitable propellant (such as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane or 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane).The pharmaceutical compositions can also be provided as dry powders for insufflation, alone or in combination with an inert carrier (such as lactose or phospholipids); and as nasal drops.For intranasal use, the powder can contain a bioadhesive agent (such as chitosan or cyclodextrin).

[0137] Solutions or suspensions for use in pressurized containers, pumps, sprays, atomizers, or nebulizers can be formulated to include ethanol, aqueous ethanol, or an alternative suitable for dispersing, dissolving, or extending the release of the active ingredient(s); a propellant as a solvent; and / or a surfactant (such as sorbitan trioleate, oleic acid, or oligolactic acid).

[0138] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be micronized to a size suitable for delivery by inhalation, such as about 50 micrometers or less, or about 10 micrometers or less. Particles of such sizes can be prepared using comminution methods known to those skilled in the art, such as spiral jet milling, fluidized bed jet milling, supercritical fluid processing to form nanoparticles, high pressure homogenization, or spray drying.

[0139] Capsules, blisters, and cartridges for use in an inhaler or insufflator can be formulated to contain a powder mix of the pharmaceutical composition provided herein; a suitable powder base (such as lactose or starch); and a performance modifier (such as l-leucine, mannitol, or magnesium stearate). Lactose can be in anhydrous or monohydrate form. Other suitable excipients or carriers include, but are not limited to, dextran, glucose, maltose, sorbitol, xylitol, fructose, sucrose, and trehalose. The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein for inhaled / intranasal administration can further comprise a suitable flavor (such as menthol and levomenthol); and / or a sweetener (such as saccharin and saccharin sodium).

[0140] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein for topical administration can be formulated to be immediate or modified (including delayed-, sustained-, pulsed-, controlled-, targeted-, and programmed-release) release.

[0141] D. Modified release The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be formulated as modified-release dosage forms. As used herein, the term "modified-release" refers to a dosage form in which the release rate or location of the active ingredient(s) is different from that of an immediate-release dosage form when administered by the same route. Modified-release dosage forms include, but are not limited to, delayed-release, extended-release, extended-release, sustained-release, pulsatile-release, controlled-release, accelerated-release and immediate-release, targeted-release, programmed-release, and gastric retention dosage forms. Modified-release pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared using various modified-release devices and methods known to those skilled in the art, including, but not limited to, matrix-controlled release devices, osmotic-controlled release devices, multiparticulate-controlled release devices, ion-exchange resins, enteric coatings, multilayer coatings, microspheres, liposomes, and combinations thereof. The release rate of the active ingredient(s) can also be adjusted by changing the particle size and polymorphism of the active ingredient(s).

[0142] 1. Matrix controlled release devices The controlled release dosage forms of the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be prepared using matrix-controlled release devices known to those skilled in the art. See, for example, Takada et al. in Encyclopedia of Controlled Drug Delivery, Mathiowitz Ed.; Wiley, 1999; Vol. 2.

[0143] In certain embodiments, the modified release dosage forms of the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are formulated using erodible matrix devices that are water-swellable, erodible, or soluble polymers, including, but not limited to, synthetic and naturally occurring polymers and their derivatives, such as polysaccharides and proteins.

[0144] Materials useful in forming erodible matrices include chitin, chitosan, dextran, and pullulan; gum agar, gum arabic, gum karaya, locust bean gum, gum tragacanth, carrageenan, gum ghatti, guar gum, xanthan gum, and scleroglucan; starches (such as dextrin and maltodextrin); hydrocolloids (such as pectin); phosphatides (such as lecithin); alginates; propylene glycol alginate; gelatin; collagen; cellulose derivatives (ethyl cellulose (EC), methyl ethyl cellulose (MEC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), CMEC, hydroxyethyl cellulose (CMC), methyl methyl cellulose (MEC), methyl methyl cellulose (M ...methyl cellulose (MMEC), methyl methyl cellulose (HEC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), cellulose acetate (CA), cellulose propionate (CP), cellulose butyrate (CB), cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), CAP, CAT, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), HPMCP, HPMCAS, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate trimellitate (HPMCAT), and ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC), etc.); polyvinylpyrrolidone; polyvinyl alcohol; polyvinyl acetate; glycerol fatty acid esters; polyacrylamide; polyacrylic acid; acrylic acid (ethacrylic copolymers of L-glutamic acid and ethyl-L-glutamate; degradable lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymers; poly-D-(-)-3-hydroxybutyric acid; and other acrylic acid derivatives, such as homopolymers and copolymers of butyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, (2-dimethylaminoethyl) methacrylate, and (trimethylaminoethyl) methacrylate chloride.

[0145] In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are formulated using a non-erodible matrix device. The active ingredient(s) are dissolved or dispersed in an inert matrix, and the active ingredient(s) are released primarily by diffusion through the inert matrix upon administration. Materials suitable for use as a non-erodible matrix device include insoluble plastics (polyethylene, polypropylene, polyisoprene, polyisobutylene, polybutadiene, polymethyl methacrylate, polybutyl methacrylate, chlorinated polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, methyl acrylate-methyl methacrylate copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene / propylene copolymer, ethylene / ethyl acrylate copolymer, copolymers of vinyl chloride with vinyl acetate, vinylidene chloride, ethylene, and propylene, ionomeric polyethylene terephthalate, butyl rubber, These include, but are not limited to, epichlorohydrin rubber, ethylene / vinyl alcohol copolymer, ethylene / vinyl acetate / vinyl alcohol terpolymer, ethylene / vinyloxyethanol copolymer, polyvinyl chloride, plasticized nylon, plasticized polyethylene terephthalate, natural rubber, silicone rubber, polydimethylsiloxane, and silicone carbonate copolymers; hydrophilic polymers (such as ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, crospovidone, and partially hydrolyzed cross-linked polyvinyl acetate); and fatty compounds (such as carnauba wax, microcrystalline wax, and triglycerides).

[0146] In matrix-controlled release systems, the desired release kinetics can be controlled, for example, through the type of polymer used, the viscosity of the polymer, the particle size of the polymer and / or the active ingredient(s), the ratio of the active ingredient(s) to polymer, and other excipients or carriers in the composition.

[0147] Modified release dosage forms of the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art, including direct compression, dry or wet granulation followed by compression, and melt granulation followed by compression.

[0148] 2. Osmotic Controlled Release Devices The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein in modified release dosage forms can be made using osmotic controlled release devices, including, but not limited to, single-chamber systems, dual-chamber systems, asymmetric membrane technology (AMT), and extruded core systems (ECS). Generally, such devices include at least two components: (a) a core containing an active ingredient; and (b) a semipermeable membrane having at least one delivery port and encapsulating the core. The semipermeable membrane controls the influx of water from an aqueous use environment into the core to release the drug by extrusion through the delivery port(s).

[0149] In addition to the active ingredient(s), the core of the osmotic device optionally contains an osmotic agent, which creates the driving force for transporting water from the environment of use into the core of the device. One class of osmotic agents are water-swellable hydrophilic polymers, also referred to as "osmopolymers" and "hydrogels." Suitable water-swellable hydrophilic polymers as osmotic agents include, but are not limited to, hydrophilic vinyl and acrylic polymers, polysaccharides (such as calcium alginate), polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol (PPG), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly(acrylic) acid, poly(methacrylic) acid, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), crosslinked PVP, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), PVA / PVP copolymers, PVA / PVP copolymers with hydrophobic monomers (such as methyl methacrylate and vinyl acetate), hydrophilic polyurethanes containing large PEO blocks, croscarmellose sodium, carrageenan, hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and carboxyethyl cellulose (CEC), sodium alginate, polycarbophil, gelatin, xanthan gum, and sodium starch glycolate.

[0150] Another class of osmotic agent is osmogen, which can influence the osmotic pressure gradient across the barrier of the surrounding coating by absorbing water and swelling.Suitable osmogens include but are not limited to inorganic salts (such as magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium chloride, lithium chloride, potassium sulfate, potassium phosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfite, lithium sulfate, potassium chloride, and sodium sulfate); sugars (such as dextrose, fructose, glucose, inositol, lactose, maltose, mannitol, raffinose, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and xylitol); organic acids (such as ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, fumaric acid, citric acid, maleic acid, sebacic acid, sorbic acid, adipic acid, edetic acid, glutamic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, succinic acid, and tartaric acid); urea; and combinations thereof.

[0151] Osmotic agents with different dissolution rates can be used to affect the rate at which the active ingredient(s) are initially delivered from the dosage form. For example, amorphous sugars (such as MANNOGEM™ EZ) can be used to provide a more rapid delivery in the first few hours to rapidly exert the desired therapeutic effect, with the remainder released gradually and continuously to maintain the desired level of therapeutic or prophylactic effect over an extended period of time. In this case, the active ingredient(s) are released at a rate that supersedes the rate at which the active ingredient is metabolized and excreted.

[0152] The core can also include a wide variety of other excipients and carriers as described herein to enhance the performance of the dosage form or to aid in stability or processability.

[0153] Materials useful for forming semipermeable membranes include various grades of acrylics, vinyls, ethers, polyamides, polyesters, and cellulose derivatives that are either water-permeable or water-insoluble at physiologically relevant pH or susceptible to water-insolubility through chemical modification, such as crosslinking. Examples of suitable polymers useful for forming coatings include plasticized, unplasticized, and reinforced cellulose acetate (CA), cellulose diacetate, cellulose triacetate, CA propionate, cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), CA ethyl carbamate, CAP, CA methyl carbamate, CA succinate, cellulose acetate trimellitate (CAT), CA dimethylaminoacetate, CA ethyl carbonate, CA chloroacetate, CA ethyl oxalate, CA methyl sulfonate, CA butyl sulfonate, CA p-toluene sulfonate, agar acetate, amylose triacetate, beta-glucan acetate, beta Glucan triacetate, acetaldehyde dimethyl acetate, triacetate of locust bean gum, hydroxylated ethylene-vinyl acetate, EC, PEG, PPG, PEG / PPG copolymers, PVP, HEC, HPC, CMC, CMEC, HPMC, HPMCP, HPMCAS, HPMCAT, poly(acrylic) acid and its esters and poly-(methacrylic) acid and its esters and copolymers, starch, dextran, dextrin, chitosan, collagen, gelatin, polyalkenes, polyethers, polysulfones, polyethersulfones, polystyrene, polyvinyl halides, polyvinyl esters and ethers, natural waxes, and synthetic waxes.

[0154] The semipermeable membrane can also be a hydrophobic microporous membrane, in which the pores are substantially filled with gas and are not wetted by aqueous media but are permeable to water vapor, as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,798,119. Such hydrophobic but water vapor permeable membranes are typically composed of hydrophobic polymers such as polyalkenes, polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyacrylic acid derivatives, polyethers, polysulfones, polyethersulfones, polystyrene, polyvinyl halides, polyvinylidene fluorides, polyvinyl esters and ethers, natural waxes, and synthetic waxes.

[0155] The delivery port(s) on the semipermeable membrane can be formed after coating by mechanical drilling or laser drilling. The delivery port(s) can also be formed in situ by eroding a plug of water-soluble material or by breaking a thinner portion of the membrane above a depression in the core. Furthermore, the delivery port can be formed during the coating process, as in the case of asymmetric membrane coatings of the type disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,612,059 and 5,698,220.

[0156] The total amount and rate of release of the active ingredient(s) can be substantially controlled by the thickness and porosity of the semipermeable membrane, the composition of the core, and the number, size, and location of the delivery ports.

[0157] The osmotic controlled-release dosage form of the pharmaceutical composition may further include additional conventional excipients or carriers as described herein to aid in the performance or processability of the formulation.

[0158] Osmotic controlled-release dosage forms can be prepared according to conventional methods and techniques known to those skilled in the art. See, for example, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, supra; Santus and Baker, J. Controlled Release, 1995, 35, 1-21; Verma et al., Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm., 2000, 26, 695-708; Verma et al., J. Controlled Release, 2002, 79, 7-27.

[0159] In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are formulated as an AMT controlled-release dosage form, comprising an asymmetric osmotic membrane that coats a core that comprises active ingredient(s) and other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or carriers.See, for example, U.S. Patent No. 5,612,059 and WO2002 / 17918.AMT controlled-release dosage forms can be prepared according to conventional methods and techniques known to those skilled in the art, including direct compression, dry granulation, wet granulation, and dip-coating.

[0160] In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are formulated as ESC controlled-release dosage forms comprising an osmotic membrane coating a core comprising the active ingredient(s), hydroxyethyl cellulose, and other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or carriers.

[0161] 3. Multiparticulate controlled release devices The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein in modified release dosage form can be prepared as multiparticulate controlled-release devices containing a multiplicity of particles, granules, or pellets ranging in diameter from about 10 μm to about 3 mm, about 50 μm to about 2.5 mm, or about 100 μm to about 1 mm. Such multiparticulates can be prepared by processes known to those skilled in the art, including wet and dry granulation, extrusion / spheronization, roller compaction, melt congealing, and spray coating of seed cores. See, for example, "Multiparticulate Oral Drug Delivery"; Ghebre-Sellassie Eds.; Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences 65; CRC Press: 1994; and "Pharmaceutical Pelletization Technology"; Ghebre-Sellassie Eds.; Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences 37; CRC Press: 1989.

[0162] Other excipients or carriers as described herein can be blended with the pharmaceutical composition to aid in the processing and formation of the multiparticulates. The resulting particles themselves can constitute the multiparticulate device or can be coated with various film-forming materials (such as enteric polymers, water-swellable polymers, and water-soluble polymers). The multiparticulates can be further processed into capsules or tablets.

[0163] 4. Targeted delivery The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can also be formulated to be targeted to a particular tissue, receptor, or other body area of ​​the subject to be treated, including liposome-, resealed erythrocyte-, and antibody-based delivery systems. Examples include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,316,652; 6,274,552; 6,271,359; 6,253,872; 6,139,865; 6,131,570; 6,120,751; 6,071,495; 6,060,082; 6,048,736; 6,039,975; 6,004,534; 5,985,307; 5,972,366; 5,900,252; 5,840,674; 5,759,542; and 5,709,874.

[0164] The present disclosure will be further understood from the following non-limiting examples. [Example]

[0165] As used herein, the symbols and conventions used in these processes, schemes, and examples are consistent with those used in modern scientific literature (e.g., the Journal of the American Chemical Society, the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, or the Journal of Biological Chemistry), regardless of whether a particular abbreviation is specifically defined. Specifically, but not by way of limitation, the following abbreviations may be used in the examples and throughout the specification: g (gram); mg (milligram); mL (milliliter); μL (microliter); nm (nanometer); h (hour); min (minute); rpm (revolutions per minute); and HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography).

[0166] All temperatures are in °C (degrees Celsius) unless otherwise indicated. All procedures are performed at room temperature unless otherwise specified. The methods presented herein are intended to illustrate the applicable technology through the use of specific examples and are not indicative of the scope of the present disclosure.

[0167] Example 1 Preparation of mannitol microparticles surface-coated with ibuprofen nanoparticles Mannitol microparticles coated with ibuprofen nanoparticles were prepared using organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD) technology. See, for example, Baldo et al., Adv. Mater. 1998, 10, 1505-1514; KR 100644219B1. Ibuprofen (25 g) was loaded into the sample supply container of a Nanosizer, and mannitol (1,000 g) was loaded onto the coating pan. The Nanosizer was regulated to a vacuum pressure of 0.0001 torr or less using a vacuum pump. The sample supply chamber inside the Nanosizer was heated continuously under vacuum at 100°C for 1 hour, 150°C for 1 hour, and then 200°C for 2 hours to vaporize the ibuprofen, while the coating pan was stirred at 90 rpm at ambient temperature without active heating. The ibuprofen vapor contacted and coated the surface of the stirred mannitol microparticles, forming ibuprofen nanoparticles. Upon completion, the Nanosizer was pressurized to atmospheric pressure, the coating pan was removed, and the ibuprofen nanoparticle-coated mannitol microparticles were collected. The calculated drug loading of the ibuprofen nanoparticle-coated mannitol microparticles thus prepared was 2 wt%.

[0168] Example 2 Preparation of mannitol microparticles surface-coated with ibuprofen nanoparticles Mannitol microparticles surface-coated with ibuprofen nanoparticles were prepared using OVPD technology. Ibid. Ibuprofen (30 g) was loaded into the Nanosizer's sample feed vessel, and mannitol (1,000 g) was loaded onto the coating pan. The Nanosizer was adjusted to a vacuum pressure of 0.001 torr or less using a vacuum pump. The inner feed chamber of the Nanosizer was heated sequentially under vacuum at 100°C for 1 hour, 150°C for 1 hour, and then 200°C for 1 hour to vaporize the ibuprofen, while the coating pan was stirred at 90 rpm at ambient temperature without active heating. The ibuprofen vapor contacted and coated the surface of the stirred mannitol microparticles, forming ibuprofen nanoparticles. Upon completion, the Nanosizer was pressurized to atmospheric pressure, the coating pan was removed, and the mannitol microparticles surface-coated with ibuprofen nanoparticles were collected. The calculated drug loading of the ibuprofen nanoparticle-surface-coated mannitol microparticles thus prepared is 2 wt %.

[0169] Example 3 In vitro dissolution of ibuprofen nanoparticles The in-vitro dissolution of ibuprofen nanoparticles is determined by measuring the average dissolution profile of six size 00 hard gelatin capsules, each containing mannitol microparticles (555 mg) surface-coated with ibuprofen nanoparticles, using the USP monograph method for ibuprofen (USP 31). The dissolution profile is measured in pH 7.2 phosphate buffer (900 mL) using apparatus type 2 (basket) at 50 rpm, with samples taken after 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes.

[0170] Example 4 Pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen nanoparticles in rabbits The pharmacokinetic profile of ibuprofen nanoparticles was determined in rabbits using size 00 hard gelatin capsules containing ibuprofen nanoparticles (50 mg) as mannitol microparticles (555 mg total) surface-coated with ibuprofen nanoparticles. The capsules were orally administered, and blood was collected at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours post-administration. Rabbit plasma samples (20 μL / injection) were analyzed by C18 reverse-phase HPLC equipped with a SPHERISORB® ODS2 column and UV detection (223 nm), eluting with acetonitrile and phosphate buffer (50:50 (v:v), pH 4.16) at ambient temperature at a flow rate of 1.0 mL / min.

[0171] Example 5 Determination of size distribution of ibuprofen nanoparticles by optical diffraction The mannitol microparticles (1 g) surface-coated with ibuprofen nanoparticles are dissolved in water (1 mL). The resulting homogenized aqueous solution containing ibuprofen nanoparticles is analyzed for particle size distribution using a Malvern MASTERSIZER 3000 particle size analyzer. Three different samples are analyzed separately.

[0172] Example 6 Particle size analysis of ibuprofen nanoparticles by SEM The mannitol microparticles (1 g) coated with ibuprofen nanoparticles were dissolved in water (1 mL). The resulting homogenized aqueous solution containing ibuprofen nanoparticles was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Three different samples were analyzed separately.

[0173] Example 7 Preparation of glucose microparticles surface-coated with ibuprofen nanoparticles Glucose (D-dextrose) microparticles surface-coated with ibuprofen nanoparticles were prepared using OVPD technology. Ibid. Ibuprofen (71 g) was loaded into the sample feed container of the Nanosizer, and glucose (915 g) was loaded onto the coating pan. The inner feed chamber of the Nanosizer was filled with 10 -3 The ibuprofen was evaporated by heating to 150-200°C under torr while the coating pan was stirred at 120 rpm at ambient temperature without active heating. The ibuprofen vapor was allowed to contact and coat the surfaces of the stirred glucose microparticles, forming ibuprofen nanoparticles. Upon completion, the Nanosizer was pressurized to atmospheric pressure, the coating pan was removed, and the ibuprofen nanoparticle-coated glucose microparticles were recovered. Using assay values ​​determined by the USP monograph method for ibuprofen (USP 31), the calculated drug loading of the ibuprofen nanoparticle-coated glucose microparticles thus prepared was 5% by weight.

[0174] Example 8 Determination of size distribution of ibuprofen nanoparticles on glucose The ibuprofen nanoparticle-surface-coated glucose microparticles (250 mg) prepared in Example 7 were dissolved in water to obtain a clear suspension, which was immediately used for negative staining with 2% uranyl acetate to determine particle size.

[0175] For negative staining, 100-mesh Cu Formvar / carbon-coated grids were glow-discharged for 5 minutes. 5 μL of freshly prepared suspension was incubated on the grid and allowed to adhere for 10 minutes. Excess suspension was blotted with filter paper. The grids were immediately stained twice with 20 μL of 2% uranyl acetate for 10 seconds each, with the excess blotted between steps. The grids were allowed to dry face-down on the filter paper for a minimum of 15 minutes before observation. The grids were imaged on an FEI TECNAI™ ​​T12 TEM equipped with an AMT camera. Measurements were performed using the AMT quantification package, including the AMT camera software. The particle size of ibuprofen nanoparticles on glucose was determined in duplicate. The mean particle size of the ibuprofen nanoparticles was determined to be 156 ± 26 nm or 174 ± 22 nm.

[0176] Example 9 Preparation of mannitol microparticles surface-coated with ibuprofen nanoparticles Mannitol microparticles surface-coated with ibuprofen nanoparticles were prepared using OVPD technology. Ibid. Ibuprofen (26.7 g) was loaded into the sample feed vessel of the Nanosizer, and mannitol (1197 g) was loaded onto the coating pan. The inner feed chamber of the Nanosizer was filled with 10 -5The ibuprofen was vaporized by heating to 90-130°C under torr while the coating pan was stirred at 145 rpm at ambient temperature without active heating. The ibuprofen vapor was allowed to contact and coat the surfaces of the stirred mannitol microparticles, forming ibuprofen nanoparticles. Upon completion, the nanosizer was pressurized to atmospheric pressure, the coating pan was removed, and the mannitol microparticles coated with ibuprofen nanoparticles were recovered. Using assay values ​​determined by the USP monograph method for ibuprofen (USP 31), the calculated drug loading of the ibuprofen nanoparticle-coated mannitol microparticles thus prepared was 2% by weight. The particle size of the ibuprofen nanoparticles on mannitol was determined in duplicate using the TEM method described in Example 8. The mean particle size of the ibuprofen nanoparticles was determined to be 21±4 nm or 18±3 nm.

[0177] Example 10 Preparation of glucose microparticles coated with nifedipine nanoparticles Glucose microparticles surface-coated with nifedipine nanoparticles were prepared using OVPD technology. Ibid. Nifedipine (80 g) was loaded into the sample supply container of the Nanosizer, and glucose (1,600 g) was loaded onto the coating pan. The inner supply chamber of the Nanosizer was filled with 10 -3The nifedipine was evaporated by heating to 250°C under torr while the coating pan was stirred at 120 rpm at ambient temperature without active heating. The nifedipine vapor was allowed to contact and coat the surfaces of the stirred glucose microparticles, forming nifedipine nanoparticles. Upon completion, the Nanosizer was pressurized to atmospheric pressure, the coating pan was removed, and the glucose microparticles coated with nifedipine nanoparticles were recovered. Using assay values ​​determined by the USP monograph method for nifedipine, the calculated drug loading of the glucose microparticles coated with nifedipine nanoparticles thus prepared was 3% by weight. The particle size of the nifedipine nanoparticles on glucose was determined twice using the TEM method described in Example 8. The mean particle size of the nifedipine nanoparticles was determined to be 487±33 nm or 513±27 nm.

[0178] Example 11 Preparation of mannitol microparticles surface-coated with cannabidiol nanoparticles Mannitol microparticles surface-coated with cannabidiol nanoparticles were prepared using OVPD technology. Ibid. Cannabidiol (26.7 g) was loaded into the sample feed vessel of the Nanosizer, and mannitol (1,197 g) was loaded onto the coating pan. The inner feed chamber of the Nanosizer was filled with 10 -5The cannabidiol was vaporized by heating to 97-99°C under torr while the coating pan was stirred at 145 rpm at ambient temperature without active heating. The cannabidiol vapor was allowed to contact and coat the surfaces of the stirred mannitol microparticles to form cannabidiol nanoparticles. Upon completion, the nanosizer was pressurized to atmospheric pressure, the coating pan was removed, and the cannabidiol nanoparticle-coated mannitol microparticles were recovered. Using the HPLC assay for cannabidiol, the calculated drug loading of the cannabidiol nanoparticle-coated mannitol microparticles thus prepared was 2% by weight. Using the TEM method described in Example 8, the cannabidiol nanoparticles on mannitol were assayed for particle size in duplicate. The mean particle size of the cannabidiol nanoparticles was determined to be 196±23 nm or 163±17 nm.

[0179] Example 12 Preparation of MCC microparticles surface-coated with plumbagin nanoparticles Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) microparticles surface-coated with plumbagin nanoparticles are prepared using OVPD technology. Ibid. Plumbagin (6 g) is loaded into the sample feed container of the Nanosizer, and MCC (62 g) is loaded onto the coating pan. The inner feed chamber of the Nanosizer is filled with 10 -6 The plumbagin vaporizes under torr at 85-87°C while the coating pan is stirred at 133 rpm at ambient temperature without active heating. The plumbagin vapor contacts and coats the surfaces of the stirred MCC microparticles, forming plumbagin nanoparticles. Upon completion, the nanosizer is pressurized to atmospheric pressure, and the coating pan is removed to collect the plumbagin nanoparticle-coated MCC microparticles.

[0180] Example 13 Preparation of lactose microparticles surface-coated with piroxicam nanoparticles Lactose microparticles surface-coated with piroxicam nanoparticles are prepared using OVPD technology. Ibid. Piroxicam (5 g) is loaded into the sample feed container of the Nanosizer, and lactose (120 g) is loaded onto the coating pan. The inner feed chamber of the Nanosizer is filled with 10 -6 The piroxicam is vaporized by heating to 120-130°C under torr while the coating pan is stirred at 120 rpm at 70°C. The piroxicam vapor contacts and coats the surfaces of the stirred lactose microparticles, forming piroxicam nanoparticles. Upon completion, the nanosizer is pressurized to atmospheric pressure, and the coating pan is removed to collect the lactose microparticles coated with piroxicam nanoparticles.

[0181] Example 14 Preparation of PVP microparticles surface-coated with zileuton nanoparticles Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) microparticles surface-coated with zileuton nanoparticles are prepared using OVPD technology. Ibid. Zileuton (7 g) is loaded into the sample supply container of the Nanosizer, and PVP (50 g) is loaded onto the coating pan. The inner supply chamber of the Nanosizer is filled with 10 -5 The zileuton is vaporized by heating to 135-147°C under torr while the coating pan is stirred at 120 rpm at 70°C. The zileuton vapor contacts and coats the surface of the stirred PVP microparticles, forming zileuton nanoparticles. Upon completion, the Nanosizer is pressurized to atmospheric pressure, and the coating pan is removed to collect the zileuton nanoparticle-coated PVP microparticles.

[0182] Example 15 Preparation of HPC microparticles surface-coated with carbamazepine nanoparticles Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) microparticles surface-coated with carbamazepine nanoparticles are prepared using OVPD technology. Ibid. Carbamazepine (8 g) is loaded into the sample supply container of the Nanosizer, and HPC (100 g) is loaded onto the coating pan. The inner supply chamber of the Nanosizer is filled with 10-6 The carbamazepine is vaporized by heating to 189-192°C under torr while the coating pan is stirred at 145 rpm at 70°C. The carbamazepine vapor contacts and coats the surface of the stirred HPC microparticles, forming carbamazepine nanoparticles. Upon completion, the nanosizer is pressurized to atmospheric pressure, and the coating pan is removed to collect the HPC microparticles coated with carbamazepine nanoparticles.

[0183] Example 16 Preparation of HPMC microparticles surface-coated with verapamil nanoparticles Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) microparticles surface-coated with verapamil nanoparticles are prepared using OVPD technology. Ibid. Verapamil (8 g) is loaded into the sample feed container of the Nanosizer, and HPMC (100 g) is loaded onto the coating pan. The inner feed chamber of the Nanosizer is filled with 10 -6 The verapamil is vaporized by heating to 130-143°C under torr while the coating pan is stirred at 145 rpm at 70°C. The verapamil vapor contacts and coats the surfaces of the stirred HPMC microparticles, forming verapamil nanoparticles. Upon completion, the nanosizer is pressurized to atmospheric pressure, and the coating pan is removed to collect the HPMC microparticles coated with verapamil nanoparticles.

[0184] The above examples are provided to fully disclose and describe to those of ordinary skill in the art how to make and use the claimed embodiments, and are not intended to limit the invention to the scope of the disclosures herein. Modifications obvious to those skilled in the art are intended to be within the scope of the following claims. All publications, patents, and patent applications cited herein are incorporated by reference as if each such publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference herein. In certain embodiments, for example, the following are provided: (Item 1) Coated particles, comprising: (i) microparticles comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; and (ii) nanoparticles, each comprising a therapeutic agent; wherein the surface of the microparticles is coated with the nanoparticles. (Item 2) Item 2. The coated particle according to item 1, wherein the surface of the microparticle is coated with a layer of the nanoparticle. (Item 3) 3. The coated particle according to item 1 or 2, wherein the surface of the microparticle is coated with a monolayer of the nanoparticles. (Item 4) The coated particles are a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent at a first predetermined temperature under a predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing the vapor onto the surface of the microparticles under the predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring rate and a second predetermined temperature to form the nanoparticles on the surface of the microparticles, thereby forming the coated particles. 4. The coated particles according to any one of items 1 to 3, prepared by a method comprising: (Item 5) 5. The coated particle according to item 4, wherein the first predetermined temperature is in the range of about 50 to about 500°C, about 100 to about 400°C, about 50 to about 300°C, about 100 to about 300°C, about 100 to about 250°C, about 150 to about 300°C, or about 200 to about 300°C. (Item 6) 6. The coated particles according to item 4 or 5, wherein the first predetermined temperature is in the range of about 50 to about 250°C. (Item 7) The predetermined vacuum pressure is about 10 -1 torr or less, about 10 -2 torr or less, about 10 -3 torr or less, about 10 -4 torr or less, about 10 -5 torr or less, about 10 -6 torr or less, about 10 -7 torr or less, about 10 -8 torr or less, or about 10 -9 7. The coated particles according to any one of items 4 to 6, wherein the pressure is equal to or less than torr. (Item 8) The predetermined vacuum pressure is about 10 -3 ~about 10 -9 8. The coated particles according to any one of items 4 to 7, wherein the pressure is in the range of torr. (Item 9) 9. The coated particles according to any one of items 4 to 8, wherein the predetermined stirring speed is in the range of about 10 to about 200 rpm, about 20 to about 150 rpm, about 20 to about 120 rpm, about 50 to about 100 rpm, or about 80 to about 100 rpm. (Item 10) 10. The coated particles according to any one of items 4 to 9, wherein the predetermined stirring speed is in the range of about 50 to about 100 rpm. (Item 11) 11. The coated particle according to any one of items 4 to 10, wherein the second predetermined temperature is about 100°C or less, about 50°C or less, about 40°C or less, about 35°C or less, about 30°C or less, or about 25°C or less. (Item 12) 12. The coated particle according to any one of items 4 to 11, wherein the second predetermined temperature is about 100° C. or less. (Item 13) 13. The coated particle according to any one of items 1 to 12, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is a hydrophilic excipient. (Item 14) 14. The coated particle according to any one of items 1 to 13, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is a sugar alcohol. (Item 15) 15. The coated particles according to any one of items 1 to 14, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is arabitol, erythritol, fucitol, galactitol, iditol, inositol, isomalt, lactitol, maltitol, maltotriitol, mannitol, ribitol, sorbitol, threitol, volemitol, xylitol, or a mixture thereof. (Item 16) 16. The coated particles according to any one of items 1 to 15, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is erythritol, lactitol, maltitol, mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, or a mixture thereof. (Item 17) 17. The coated particles according to any one of items 1 to 16, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, or a mixture thereof. (Item 18) 18. The coated particle according to any one of items 1 to 17, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is mannitol. (Item 19) 14. The coated particle according to any one of items 1 to 13, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is a sugar. (Item 20) 20. The coated particle according to any one of items 1 to 13 and 19, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is dextrose, fructose, glucose, lactose, maltose, molasses, sucrose, trehalose, or a mixture thereof. (Item 21) 22. The coated particle of any one of items 1 to 13, 20, and 21, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is dextrose. (Item 22) 22. The coated particles according to item 21, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is D-dextrose. (Item 23) 13. The coated particles according to any one of items 1 to 12, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is glucose, hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), lactose, mannitol, or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). (Item 24) 24. The coated particles according to any one of items 1 to 23, wherein the average particle size of the microparticles is in the range of about 1 to about 1,000 μm, about 10 to about 500 μm, about 20 to about 500 μm, about 50 to about 300 μm, or about 100 to about 300 μm. (Item 25) 24. The coated particles according to any one of items 1 to 23, wherein the average particle size of the microparticles is in the range of about 1 to about 100 μm, about 1 to about 50 μm, or about 1 to about 25 μm. (Item 26) 26. The coated particle according to any one of items 1 to 25, wherein the therapeutic agent is a BCS class II compound. (Item 27) 26. The coated particle according to any one of items 1 to 25, wherein the therapeutic agent is a BCS class IV compound. (Item 28) 28. The coated particle according to any one of items 1 to 27, wherein the melting point of the therapeutic agent is about 300° C. or less. (Item 29) 29. The coated particle according to any one of items 1 to 28, wherein the average particle size of the nanoparticles is in the range of about 1 to about 500 nm, about 1 to about 200 nm, about 2 to about 200 nm, about 5 to about 200 nm, about 10 to about 200 nm, or about 10 to about 100 nm. (Item 30) 30. The coated particles according to any one of items 1 to 29, wherein the average particle size of the nanoparticles is in the range of about 10 to about 500 nm. (Item 31) 31. The coated particle according to any one of items 1 to 30, wherein the coated particle comprises the nanoparticles in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 25% by weight, about 0.2 to about 20% by weight, about 0.5 to about 10% by weight, or about 1 to about 10% by weight. (Item 32) 32. The coated particle according to any one of items 1 to 31, wherein the coated particle comprises the nanoparticles in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 10% by weight. (Item 33) 33. The coated particles according to any one of items 1 to 32, wherein the average particle size of the coated particles is in the range of about 1 to about 1,000 μm, about 10 to about 500 μm, about 20 to about 500 μm, about 50 to about 300 μm, or about 100 to about 300 μm. (Item 34) 33. The coated particles according to any one of items 1 to 32, wherein the average particle size of the coated particles is in the range of about 1 to about 100 μm, about 1 to about 50 μm, or about 1 to about 25 μm. (Item 35) 35. The coated particle according to any one of items 1 to 34, wherein the therapeutic agent is cannabidiol, carbamazepine, ibuprofen, nifedipine, piroxicam, plumbagin, verapamil, or zileuton. (Item 36) 36. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the coated particles according to any one of items 1 to 35. (Item 37) 37. The pharmaceutical composition according to item 36, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for oral, parenteral, or topical administration. (Item 38) 38. The pharmaceutical composition according to item 37, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for administration to the eye or ear or by inhalation. (Item 39) 38. The pharmaceutical composition of item 37, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for administration by inhalation. (Item 40) 1. A method for preparing coated particles, each particle comprising: (i) a microparticle comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; and (ii) a nanoparticle of a therapeutic agent; a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent at a first predetermined temperature under a predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing the vapor onto the surface of the microparticles under the predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring rate and a second predetermined temperature to form the nanoparticles on the surface of the microparticles, thereby forming the coated particles. A method comprising: (Item 41) Item 41. The method according to Item 40, wherein the first predetermined temperature is in the range of about 50 to about 500°C, about 100 to about 400°C, about 50 to about 300°C, about 100 to about 300°C, about 100 to about 250°C, about 150 to about 300°C, or about 200 to about 300°C. (Item 42) 42. The method according to item 40 or 41, wherein the first predetermined temperature is in the range of about 50 to about 250°C. (Item 43) The predetermined vacuum pressure is about 10 -1 torr or less, about 10 -2 torr or less, about 10 -3 torr or less, about 10 -4 torr or less, about 10 -5 torr or less, about 10 -6 torr or less, about 10 -7 torr or less, about 10 -8 torr or less, or about 10 -9 43. The method according to any one of items 40 to 42, wherein the pressure is equal to or less than torr. (Item 44) The predetermined vacuum pressure is about 10 -3 ~about 10 -9 44. The method according to any one of items 40 to 43, wherein the pressure is in the range of torr. (Item 45) 45. The method according to any one of items 40 to 44, wherein the predetermined stirring speed is in the range of about 10 to about 200 rpm, about 20 to about 150 rpm, about 20 to about 120 rpm, about 50 to about 100 rpm, or about 80 to about 100 rpm. (Item 46) 46. ​​The method according to any one of items 40 to 45, wherein the predetermined stirring speed is in the range of about 50 to about 100 rpm. (Item 47) 47. The method according to any one of items 40 to 46, wherein the second predetermined temperature is about 100°C or less, about 50°C or less, about 40°C or less, about 35°C or less, about 30°C or less, or about 25°C or less. (Item 48) 48. The method according to any one of items 40 to 47, wherein the second predetermined temperature is about 100°C or less. (Item 49) 49. The method according to any one of items 40 to 48, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is a hydrophilic excipient. (Item 50) 50. The method according to any one of items 40 to 49, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is a sugar alcohol. (Item 51) 51. The method according to any one of items 40 to 50, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, or a mixture thereof. (Item 52) 52. The method according to any one of items 40 to 51, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is mannitol. (Item 53) 50. The method according to any one of items 40 to 49, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is a sugar. (Item 54) 54. The method according to any one of items 40 to 49 and 53, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is dextrose. (Item 55) 55. The method of claim 54, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is D-dextrose. (Item 56) 56. The method according to any one of items 40 to 55, wherein the average particle size of the microparticles is in the range of about 1 to about 1,000 μm, about 10 to about 500 μm, about 20 to about 500 μm, about 50 to about 300 μm, or about 100 to about 300 μm. (Item 57) 56. The method according to any one of items 40 to 55, wherein the average particle size of the microparticles is in the range of about 1 to about 100 μm, about 1 to about 50 μm, or about 1 to about 25 μm. (Item 58) 58. The method of any one of items 40 to 57, wherein the therapeutic agent is a BCS class II compound. (Item 59) 58. The method of any one of items 40 to 57, wherein the therapeutic agent is a BCS class IV compound. (Item 60) 60. The method according to any one of items 40 to 59, wherein the melting point of the therapeutic agent is about 300°C or less. (Item 61) 61. The method according to any one of items 40 to 60, wherein the average particle size of the nanoparticles is in the range of about 1 to about 500 nm, about 1 to about 200 nm, about 2 to about 200 nm, about 5 to about 200 nm, about 10 to about 200 nm, or about 10 to about 100 nm. (Item 62) 62. The method according to any one of items 40 to 61, wherein the average particle size of the nanoparticles is in the range of about 10 to about 500 nm. (Item 63) 63. The method according to any one of items 40 to 62, wherein the coated particles comprise the nanoparticles in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 25 wt%, about 0.2 to about 20 wt%, about 0.5 to about 10 wt%, or about 1 to about 10 wt%. (Item 64) 64. The method according to any one of items 40 to 63, wherein the coated particles comprise the nanoparticles in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 10% by weight. (Item 65) 65. The method according to any one of items 40 to 64, wherein the average particle size of the coated particles is in the range of about 1 to about 1,000 μm, about 10 to about 500 μm, about 20 to about 500 μm, about 50 to about 300 μm, or about 100 to about 300 μm. (Item 66) 65. The method according to any one of items 40 to 64, wherein the average particle size of the coated particles is in the range of about 1 to about 100 μm, about 1 to about 50 μm, or about 1 to about 25 μm. (Item 67) 67. The method of any one of items 40 to 66, wherein the therapeutic agent is cannabidiol, carbamazepine, ibuprofen, nifedipine, piroxicam, plumbagin, verapamil, or zileuton. (Item 68) 1. A method for preparing nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent, comprising: a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent at a first predetermined temperature under a predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing said vapor onto the surface of microparticles comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient under said predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring rate and a second predetermined temperature to form said nanoparticles on the surface of said microparticles. A method comprising: (Item 69) 1. Nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent, comprising: a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent at a first predetermined temperature under a predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing said vapor onto the surface of microparticles comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient under said predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring rate and a second predetermined temperature to form said nanoparticles on the surface of said microparticles. Nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent prepared by a method comprising: (Item 70) A batch of coated particles, each of said particles comprising (i) microparticles comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and (ii) nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent; wherein said coated particles comprise: a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent at a first predetermined temperature under a predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing the vapor onto the surface of the microparticles under the predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring rate and a second predetermined temperature to form the nanoparticles on the surface of the microparticles, thereby forming the coated particles. A batch of coated particles prepared by a method comprising: (Item 71) A batch of nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent, a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent at a first predetermined temperature under a predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing said vapor onto the surface of microparticles comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient under said predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring rate and a second predetermined temperature to form said nanoparticles on the surface of said microparticles. 1. A batch of nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent prepared by a method comprising: (Item 72) 1. A batch of pharmaceutical compositions comprising coated particles, each of said particles comprising (i) microparticles comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and (ii) nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent; wherein said coated particles comprise: a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent at a first predetermined temperature under a predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing the vapor onto the surface of the microparticles under the predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring rate and a second predetermined temperature to form the nanoparticles on the surface of the microparticles, thereby forming the coated particles. 1. A batch of a pharmaceutical composition comprising coated particles, prepared by a method comprising: (Item 73) A batch of a pharmaceutical composition comprising nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, said nanoparticles comprising: a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent at a predetermined temperature under a first predetermined vacuum pressure to form a vapor; and b. depositing the vapor onto the surface of the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient-containing microparticles under the predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring rate and a second predetermined temperature to form the nanoparticles on the surface of the microparticles. 1. A batch of a pharmaceutical composition comprising nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, prepared by a method comprising:

Claims

1. The coated particles comprise: (i) microparticles comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; and (ii) vapor-grown nanoparticles, each comprising a therapeutic agent; wherein the surface of the microparticles is coated with the vapor-grown nanoparticles; the therapeutic agent is a BCS class II or IV compound; and the coated particles comprise: a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent under a predetermined vacuum pressure at a first predetermined temperature to form a vapor of the therapeutic agent; and b. depositing the vapor of the therapeutic agent onto the surface of the microparticles under the predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring rate and a second predetermined temperature to form the vapor-grown nanoparticles on the surface of the microparticles, thereby forming the coated particles.

1. Coated particles prepared by a method comprising:

2. the surface of the microparticle is coated with a layer of the nanoparticles; or The coated particle of claim 1 , wherein the surface of the microparticle is coated with a monolayer of the nanoparticles.

3. the first predetermined temperature is in the range of about 50 to about 500°C, about 100 to about 400°C, about 50 to about 300°C, about 100 to about 300°C, about 100 to about 250°C, about 150 to about 300°C, or about 200 to about 300°C; or the first predetermined temperature is in the range of about 50 to about 250°C; and / or The predetermined vacuum pressure is about 10 －１ torr or less, about 10 －２ torr or less, about 10 －３ torr or less, about 10 －４ torr or less, about 10 －５ torr or less, about 10 －６ torr or less, about 10 －７ torr or less, about 10 －８ torr or less, or about 10 －９ torr or less; or the predetermined vacuum pressure is about 10 －３ ~about 10 －９ torr range; and / or the predetermined stirring speed is in the range of about 10 to about 200 rpm, about 20 to about 150 rpm, about 20 to about 120 rpm, about 50 to about 100 rpm, or about 80 to about 100 rpm; or the predetermined stirring speed is in the range of about 50 to about 100 rpm; and / or 2. The coated particle of claim 1, wherein the second predetermined temperature is about 100°C or less, about 50°C or less, about 40°C or less, about 35°C or less, about 30°C or less, or about 25°C or less; or wherein the second predetermined temperature is about 100°C or less.

4. The pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is a sugar alcohol; or the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is arabitol, erythritol, fucitol, galactitol, iditol, inositol, isomalt, lactitol, maltitol, maltotriitol, mannitol, ribitol, sorbitol, threitol, volemitol, xylitol, or a mixture thereof; or the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is erythritol, lactitol, maltitol, mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, or a mixture thereof; or the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, or a mixture thereof; or the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is mannitol; or the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is a sugar; or the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is dextrose, fructose, glucose, lactose, maltose, molasses, sucrose, trehalose, or a mixture thereof; or the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is dextrose; or the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is D-dextrose; or The coated particles of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is glucose, hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), lactose, mannitol, or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP).

5. The therapeutic agent is cannabidiol, carbamazepine, ibuprofen, nifedipine, piroxicam, plumbagin, verapamil, or zileuton; and / or The coated particle according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the therapeutic agent has a melting point of about 300°C or less.

6. the microparticles have an average particle size in the range of about 1 to about 1,000 μm, about 10 to about 500 μm, about 20 to about 500 μm, about 50 to about 300 μm, or about 100 to about 300 μm; or the microparticles have an average particle size in the range of about 1 to about 100 μm, about 1 to about 50 μm, or about 1 to about 25 μm; and / or the nanoparticles have an average particle size in the range of about 1 to about 500 nm, about 1 to about 200 nm, about 2 to about 200 nm, about 5 to about 200 nm, about 10 to about 200 nm, or about 10 to about 100 nm; or the nanoparticles have an average particle size in the range of about 10 to about 500 nm; and / or the coated particles comprise the nanoparticles in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 25 wt %, about 0.2 to about 20 wt %, about 0.5 to about 10 wt %, or about 1 to about 10 wt %; or the coated particles comprise the nanoparticles in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 10 wt %; and / or 6. The coated particles of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the average particle size of the coated particles is in the range of about 1 to about 1,000 μm, about 10 to about 500 μm, about 20 to about 500 μm, about 50 to about 300 μm, or about 100 to about 300 μm; or the average particle size of the coated particles is in the range of about 1 to about 100 μm, about 1 to about 50 μm, or about 1 to about 25 μm.

7. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the coated particles according to any one of claims 1 to 6.

8. 8. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 7, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for oral, parenteral, or topical administration; or wherein the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for ocular or otic administration or administration by inhalation; or wherein the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for administration by inhalation.

9. 1. A method for preparing coated particles, each particle comprising (i) a microparticle comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and (ii) vapor-grown nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent, the therapeutic agent being a BCS class II or IV compound, the method comprising: a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent under a predetermined vacuum pressure at a first predetermined temperature to form a vapor of the therapeutic agent; and b. depositing the vapor of the therapeutic agent onto the surface of the microparticles under the predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring rate and a second predetermined temperature to form the vapor-grown nanoparticles on the surface of the microparticles, thereby forming the coated particles. A method comprising:

10. the first predetermined temperature is in the range of about 50 to about 500°C, about 100 to about 400°C, about 50 to about 300°C, about 100 to about 300°C, about 100 to about 250°C, about 150 to about 300°C, or about 200 to about 300°C; or the first predetermined temperature is in the range of about 50 to about 250°C; and / or The predetermined vacuum pressure is about 10 －１ torr or less, about 10 －２ torr or less, about 10 －３ torr or less, about 10 －４ torr or less, about 10 －５ torr or less, about 10 －６ torr or less, about 10 －７ torr or less, about 10 －８ torr or less, or about 10 －９ torr or less; or the predetermined vacuum pressure is about 10 －３ ~about 10 －９ torr range; and / or the predetermined stirring speed is in the range of about 10 to about 200 rpm, about 20 to about 150 rpm, about 20 to about 120 rpm, about 50 to about 100 rpm, or about 80 to about 100 rpm; or the predetermined stirring speed is in the range of about 50 to about 100 rpm; and / or 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the second predetermined temperature is about 100°C or less, about 50°C or less, about 40°C or less, about 35°C or less, about 30°C or less, or about 25°C or less; or wherein the second predetermined temperature is about 100°C or less.

11. The pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is a sugar alcohol; or the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, or a mixture thereof; or the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is mannitol; or the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is a sugar; or the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is dextrose; or The method of claim 9 or 10, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is D-dextrose.

12. the therapeutic agent is a BCS class II compound; or the therapeutic agent is a BCS class IV compound; or the therapeutic agent is cannabidiol, carbamazepine, ibuprofen, nifedipine, piroxicam, plumbagin, verapamil, or zileuton; and / or The method of any one of claims 9 to 11, wherein the therapeutic agent has a melting point of about 300°C or less.

13. the microparticles have an average particle size in the range of about 1 to about 1,000 μm, about 10 to about 500 μm, about 20 to about 500 μm, about 50 to about 300 μm, or about 100 to about 300 μm; or the microparticles have an average particle size in the range of about 1 to about 100 μm, about 1 to about 50 μm, or about 1 to about 25 μm; and / or the average particle size of the nanoparticles is in the range of about 1 to about 500 nm, about 1 to about 200 nm, about 2 to about 200 nm, about 5 to about 200 nm, about 10 to about 200 nm, or about 10 to about 100 nm; or the average particle size of the nanoparticles is in the range of about 10 to about 500 nm; and / or the coated particles comprise the nanoparticles in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 25 wt %, about 0.2 to about 20 wt %, about 0.5 to about 10 wt %, or about 1 to about 10 wt %; or the coated particles comprise the nanoparticles in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 10 wt %; and / or 13. The method of any one of claims 9 to 12, wherein the average particle size of the coated particles is in the range of about 1 to about 1,000 μm, about 10 to about 500 μm, about 20 to about 500 μm, about 50 to about 300 μm, or about 100 to about 300 μm; or the average particle size of the coated particles is in the range of about 1 to about 100 μm, about 1 to about 50 μm, or about 1 to about 25 μm.

14. 1. A method for preparing vapor-grown nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent, wherein the therapeutic agent is a BCS class II or IV compound; a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent under a predetermined vacuum pressure at a first predetermined temperature to form a vapor of the therapeutic agent; and b. depositing the vapor of the therapeutic agent onto the surface of the microparticles containing a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient under the predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring rate and a second predetermined temperature to form the vapor-grown nanoparticles on the surface of the microparticles. A method comprising:

15. 1. Vapor-grown nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent; or a batch of vapor-grown nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent; or a batch of a pharmaceutical composition comprising vapor-grown nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, wherein the therapeutic agent is a BCS class II or IV compound; and the vapor-grown nanoparticles a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent under a predetermined vacuum pressure at a first predetermined temperature to form a vapor of the therapeutic agent; and b. depositing the vapor of the therapeutic agent onto the surface of the microparticles containing a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient under the predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring rate and a second predetermined temperature to form the vapor-grown nanoparticles on the surface of the microparticles. vapor-grown nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent, or a batch of vapor-grown nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent; or a batch of a pharmaceutical composition comprising vapor-grown nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, prepared by a method comprising:

16. a batch of coated particles, each said particle comprising (i) a microparticle comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and (ii) vapor-grown nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent, wherein the therapeutic agent is a BCS class II or IV compound; or 1. A batch of pharmaceutical compositions comprising coated particles, each said particle comprising (i) microparticles comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and (ii) nanoparticles of a therapeutic agent; wherein the coated particles are a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent under a predetermined vacuum pressure at a first predetermined temperature to form a vapor of the therapeutic agent; and b. depositing the vapor of the therapeutic agent onto the surface of the microparticles under the predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring rate and a second predetermined temperature to form the vapor-grown nanoparticles on the surface of the microparticles, thereby forming the coated particles. A batch of coated particles, or a batch of pharmaceutical compositions comprising coated particles, prepared by a method comprising:

17. 1. A coated particle, comprising: (i) a microparticle comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; and (ii) a nanoparticle of a therapeutic agent, wherein the therapeutic agent is a BCS class II or IV compound; wherein the surface of the microparticle is coated with the nanoparticle; and wherein the coated particle is a. vaporizing the therapeutic agent under a predetermined vacuum pressure at a first predetermined temperature to form a vapor of the therapeutic agent; and b. depositing the vapor of the therapeutic agent onto the surface of the microparticles under the predetermined vacuum pressure at a predetermined stirring rate and a second predetermined temperature to form vapor-grown nanoparticles on the surface of the microparticles, thereby forming the coated particles.

1. Coated particles prepared by a method comprising:

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