Anti-CD154 antibodies and uses thereof

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to anti-human CD154 antibodies with modified effector functions. The present disclosure also relates to the use of these anti-human CD154 antibodies in treating conditions associated with CD154 activation, such as transplant rejection, inflammatory conditions and diseases, immune response dysfunction associated with viral infections and diseases, autoimmune conditions and diseases, allergic conditions, atherosclerotic conditions, or neurodegenerative conditions and diseases. The disclosure also relates to the use of these anti-human CD154 antibodies in inducing central immune tolerance and hematopoietic chimerism in transplant patients.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 869,489, filed July 1, 2019, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 018,123, filed April 30, 2020, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. Sequence Listing

[0002] This application contains a Sequence Listing that has been submitted electronically in ASCII format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The ASCII copy was created on July 1, 2020, is named 104545-0037-WO1_SL.txt, and is 753,090 bytes in size. Field of the Disclosure

[0003] The present disclosure relates to isolated antibodies with altered (e.g., selectively reduced) effector function that bind to CD 154. The disclosure also relates to nucleic acid molecules encoding such antibodies, compositions comprising and methods of using such antibodies, as well as compositions for inhibiting the immune response, for example, in the treatment of immune response dysfunction associated with transplant rejection, inflammation, autoimmunity, viral infection and disease, allergy, atherosclerotic, or neurodegenerative conditions and diseases. [Background technology]

[0004] Background of the Disclosure CD154 (also known as CD40 ligand, CD40L, gp39, TNF-related activation protein (TRAP), 5c8 antigen, and T-BAM) is a protein expressed primarily on activated CD4+ T cells and is recognized as the molecular basis for helper T cell function (Lederman, S., et al. J. Exp. Med. 175:1091-1101 (1992)). CD154 is a member of the TNF superfamily of molecules and is functionally expressed as a homotrimer. However, because some CD154 units have truncated peptide chains, the CD154 trimer is sometimes considered a heterotrimer of elements entirely encoded by the CD154 gene (Karpusas M, et al. Structure. 3(10):1031-9 (1995); Hsu YM, et al. J. Biol. Chem. 272(2):911-5 (1997)). CD154 binds to CD40 on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and exerts various effects depending on the target cell type. The primary binding partner for CD154 is CD40, but other binding partners, such as αMβ2 (Mac-1), α5β1 integrin, and αIIbβ3, have also been described (El Fakhry Y, et al. J Biol Chem. 287:18055 (2012); Wolf D, et al. Circ Res. 109:1269 (2011); Michel NA, et al. Front Cardiovasc Med. 4:40 (2017)). CD154 acts as a costimulatory molecule for B cells and influences the function of CD4+ follicular helper T cells (TFH cells). By engaging CD40 on the B cell surface, CD154 promotes B cell maturation and function, thereby facilitating intercellular communication in the humoral immune response. CD40 triggering by CD154 stimulates adaptive immune system processes in B cells, including immunoglobulin class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation (Lederman S, et al. Curr Opin Hematol. 3(1):77-86 (1996)).For example, the absence of CD154 in X-linked Hyper IgM syndrome results in defects in germinal center formation, class switch recombination, and antibody affinity maturation (Webster EA, et al. Arthritis Rheum. 42(6):1291-6 (1999)). CD40-CD154 interactions are involved in normal TB cell interactions, including increased costimulation, T cell priming, cytokine production, antibody class switching and affinity maturation, and antibody production (Lederman, S., et al. J. Exp. Med. 175:1091-1101 (1992); Lederman, S., et al., Journal of Immunol. 149:3817-3826 (1992); Lederman, S., et al., Journal of Immunol. 152:2163 (1994); Cleary, AM, et al., Journal of Immunol., 155:3329-3337 (1995); Muramatsu, MK et al. Cell 102: 553 (2000); Xu Y and Song G, J. Biomed Sci. 11(4):426-38 (2004); Quezada SA et al. al., Annu Rev Immunol. 22:307-28 (2004); and U.S. Patent Nos. 5,474,771; 5,933,816; 6,331,615; 6,340,459; 6,403,091; 6,451, 310; 6,455,044; 6,592,868; 6,610,294; 6,793,924; 7,070,777; and 9,765,150).

[0005] CD154 also interacts with CD40 on activated endothelial cells (Yellin MJ et al, J. Exp. Med 182:1857-1864 (1995)), activated fibroblasts (Yellin, MJ et al. J. Leukoc Biol. 58:209-216 (1995)), other cell types, and many cancers (Paulie, S, et al. Cancer Immunol Immunother, 20, 23-8 (1985)). Supernatants from severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infect human lung epithelial Calu-3 cells and induce CD40 on dendritic cells (Yoshikawa T, et al. J. Virol. 83(7): 3039-3048 (2009)). In the retina, during infection, CD40 is expressed on endothelial cells, Müller glia (retinal macroglia), microglia, ganglion cells, and retinal pigment epithelial cells (Subauste, C.S., Front Immunol 10:2958 (2019); Portillo J-AC, et al. J Immunol. 181:8719-26 (2008); Portillo J-AC, et al. Diabetologia. 57:2222-31 (2014); Portillo J-AC, et al., Mol Vis. 15:1383-9 (2009)). The role of CD154 in the immune response is usually tightly regulated over time and in tissues. Dysfunction of the immune response occurs with aberrant CD154 expression, which functions in certain tissues at certain times and can lead to syndromes such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), autoimmune diseases, vasculopathy, and cancer promotion.

[0006] The soluble form of CD154 (sCD154), generated by shedding of membrane-bound CD154, plays a role in the production of proinflammatory cytokines and is associated with various autoimmune and vascular disorders (Yellin, MJ, et al., J. Immunol. 152:598 (1994); Yacoub D et al., J. Biol. Chem. 288(50):36083-93 (2013)). Activated platelets produce CD154, and platelet-derived CD154, particularly soluble CD154, is associated with pathology. (Henn V, et al. Nature 391:591-594 (1998); Xu H, et al. Transplantation. 72(11):1858-61. (2001); Danese S, et al. Gut. 12(11):3143-51 (2012)).

[0007] Monoclonal antibody 5c8 is a murine anti-human CD154 antibody that potently blocks CD154 function. (Lederman, S., et al. J. Exp. Med. 175:1091-1101 (1992); Lederman, S., et al., Journal of Immunol. 149:3817-3826 (1992); Lederman, S., et al., Journal of Immunol. 152:2163 (1994); and Cleary, AM, et al., Journal of Immunol., 155:3329-3337 (1995)). A humanized anti-human CD154 IgG1 antibody (hu5c8, ruplizumab, or ANTOVA®) was generated and tested in non-human primates and humans. The crystal structure of hu5c8 demonstrated specific binding of hu5c8 to the CD154 trimer and antibody contacts with the CD154 monomer (Karpusas M, et al. Structure. 9(4):321-9. (2001)). CD154 blockade has demonstrated efficacy in models of autoimmunity, humoral immunity, and allogeneic transplantation (Pierson RN 3rd, et al. Transplantation. 68(11):1800-5 (1999); Chang AC, et al. Transplant Proc. 31(1-2):95 (1999); Kenyon NS, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 96(14):8132-7 (1999); Kenyon NS, et al. Diabetes. 48(7):1473-81 (1999); Elster EA, et al. Transplantation. 72(9):1473-8 (2001); Elster EA, et al. Transplant Proc. 33(1-2):675-6 (2001); Cho CS, et al. Transplantation. 72(4):587-97 (2001);Pierson RN 3rd, et al. Immunol Res. 23(2-3):253-62 (2001);Pfeiffer S, et al.J Heart Lung Transplant. 20(2):250 (2001);Xu H, et al. Transplant Proc. 33(1-2):223-4 (2001);Xu H, Transplantation. 74(7):940-3 (2002);Crowe JE Jr, et al. Am J Transplant. 3(6):680-8 (2003);Ferrant JL, et al., International Immunol October 5;11:1583 (2004);Kawai T, et al., Am J Transplant. 4(9):1391-8 (2004);Preston EH, et al. Am J Transplant. 5(5):1032-41 (2005);Xu H, et al. J Immunol. 170(5):2776-82 (2003);Wu G, et al. Xenotransplantation. 12(3):197-208 (2005);Smith RN, Am J Transplant. 6(8):1790-8 (2006);Zhang T, et al. Transplantation. 102(3):e90-e100 (2018)). However, clinical trials of hu5c8 in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (Huang W, et al. Arthritis Rheum. 46(6):1554-62 (2002); Boumpas DT, et al. Arthritis Rheum. 48:719-27. (2003); Grammer AC, et al. J Clin Invest. 112:1506-20. (2003)) and transplantation (Kawai T, et al. Nat Med. 2000;6:114. (2000); Koyama I, et al. Transplantation. 77(3):460-2. (2004)) were halted due to increased incidence of platelet activation and thromboembolic events (Law and Grewal Adv Exp Med Biol.647:8-36 (2009)). One mechanism of platelet activation may involve activation by platelet CD40 and soluble CD154 (Inwald DP, et al., Circ Res. 92(9):1041-8 (2003)). Several observations suggest that the mechanism of thrombosis in anti-CD154-treated patients is mediated by Fc gamma RIIa receptor (FcγRIIA, FCGR2A, CD32A)-dependent platelet activation by immune complexes composed of anti-CD154 antibodies and soluble CD154, particularly higher-order complexes (Robles-Carrillo L, et al., J Immunol. 185(3):1577-83. (2010)). Eliminating Fc binding to Fc receptors by mutating the Fc region to create aglycosyl hu5c8 (IgG1 N297Q) has been shown to potently reduce or eliminate such thromboembolism (Shock, A, et al., Arthritis Res Ther. 17:234 (2015) and Xie et al., Journal of Immunol. 192(9):4083 (2014)), but also reduced the efficacy of the antibody in inhibiting or preventing transplant rejection in rhesus monkey kidney and pancreatic islet allograft models (Ferrant JL et al., International Immunol (11):1583 (2004)). Eliminating the Fc region entirely, such as in anti-CD154 pegylated Fab' antibody fragments (dapirolizumab pegol (DZP), CDP7657, Biogen and UCB), also reduced the risk of thrombotic events but failed to treat systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a phase IIb clinical trial (Waters J, Biocentury; October 26, (2018)). Kim et al. generated an Fc-silent anti-human CD154 single-domain antibody (dAb; BMS-986004; letolizumab, BMS2h-572-633-CT-L2) by fusing the variable domain of an anti-human CD154 dAb with the Fc derived from CTLA4-Ig (abatacept, ORENCIA®) ​​and a linker called "CT Long Fc" having the amino acid sequence EPKSSDK (SEQ ID NO: 325) (Kim SC et al., Am J Transplant 17(5):1182-1192 (2017); and U.S. Patent No. 9,765,150). BMS-986004 effectively prevented kidney rejection in non-human primates without platelet activation, thrombosis, or thromboembolism (Kim SC et al., Am J Transplant 17(5):1182-1192 (2017)). .

[0008] U.S. Patent No. 9,765,150 also described BMS-986003 (BMS-2h572-633-CT), which shares the same amino acid sequence as BMS-986004, except for a non-native glycine residue at its amino terminus. However, BMS-986003 induced anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) in treated monkeys. ADAs are directed against the dAb (non-Fc) portion of the molecule, and these antibodies have been shown to block BMS-986003 binding to CD154, suggesting that the ADAs may be neutralizing. Furthermore, these ADAs led to increased clearance of BMS-986003 in some monkeys. In contrast, the chimeric mouse 5c8 human IgG1 antibody exhibited a prolonged plasma half-life (U.S. Patent No. 9,765,150).

[0009] BMS-986004 demonstrated efficacy in immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) clinical trials, although the pharmacokinetic profile may be suboptimal (NCT02273960; “Study to Evaluate Safety and Efficacy in Adult Subjects With ITP (ITP)”; results accessed July 1, 2019).

[0010] The mechanism of anti-CD154 treatment for transplant rejection or autoimmunity is not fully understood. Anti-CD154 therapy appears to be more effective than anti-CD40 therapy, suggesting that blocking their interaction is not symmetric. The monoclonal antibody (mAb) hu5c8 appears to be more effective than IDEC-131, a different humanized anti-CD154 mAb (O'Neill NA, et al. Transplantation. 101(9):2038-2047 (2017)). Furthermore, the increase in regulatory T cells, particularly Foxp3+ T cells associated with anti-CD154 therapy, may be associated with efficacy (Ferrer IR, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 108(51):20701-6 (2011)). Another observation supporting a role for regulatory T cells was that dimeric soluble CD40, but not monovalent CD40, induced T regulatory cells (CD4+CD25+ T cells) and treated transplant rejection (Masunaga T, et al. Transplantation. 80:1614-1622 (2005)). These experiments also showed that valency in ligating or blocking CD154 may be related to efficacy (Masunaga T, et al. Transplantation. 80:1614-1622 (2005)). Anti-CD154 treatment has been shown to be particularly effective in promoting allogeneic transplants with mixed allogeneic chimerism (Kawai T, et al., Am J Transplant. 4(9):1391-8 (2004)) and in xenotransplants (Langin M, et al., Nature. 564(7736):430-433 (2018)).

[0011] Antibodies possess various effector functions mediated by the Fc, including FcγR binding and complement C1q binding (the first component of complement activation) for effector function and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Antibody engineering can increase or decrease one or more effector functions. In extreme cases, the Fc can be removed, for example, in F(ab) constructs; however, for therapeutic efficacy, such constructs typically require other modifications to increase half-life, such as modification with polyethylene glycol or pegylation. Eliminating the Fc region entirely can affect the efficacy of anti-CD154 antibodies; anti-CD154 pegylated Fab' antibody fragments (dapirolizumab pegol (DZP), CDP7657, Biogen, and UCB) failed to treat SLE in a Phase IIb clinical trial (Waters J, Biocentury; October 26, (2018)). The "silent" N297Q IgG1 variant of hu5c8 (asialo- or algyco-) lacked FcγR binding but was effective in inhibiting humoral immune responses other than organ rejection in non-human primates. (Tao, MH and Morrison, SLJ Immunol. 143:2595-2601 (1989); Ferrant JL et al., International Immunol (11):1583 (2004)). Therefore, a solution to balancing the efficacy and safety of anti-CD154 antibodies is to engineer anti-CD154 antibodies with altered Fc with selectively reduced effector function. Previous efforts to modify effector function have focused on substitutions in the IgG hinge / CH2 region, which may affect FcγR and C1q binding. A consideration in antibody design is maintaining the CH2 / CH3 region of the Fc domain, which is required for interaction with FcRn, the neonatal Fc receptor, which confers extended serum half-life.

[0012] In IgG1 antibodies, substitution studies have identified several residues that affect Fc binding to C1q and various FcγRs (FcγRI / CD64, FcγRIIa / CD32a, FcγRIIb / CD32b, and FcγRIIIa / CD16a and FcγRIIIb / CD16b). For example, Fc residues at positions 234 and 235 are involved in Fc-CD64 binding (Canfield, SM and Morrison, SL J. Exp. Med. 173:1483-1491 (1991); Chappel, MS, et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 88, 9036-9040 (1991); Alegre, ML, et al. J. Immunol. 148: 3461-3468 (1992); Hezareh, M, et al. J. Virol. 75, 12161-12168 (2001)), Fc-CD32A binding (Hezareh, M, et al. J. Virol. 75, 12161-12168 (2001); Armour, KL, et al. Mol. Immunol. 40, 585-593 (2003)), Fc-CD16 binding (Hezareh, M, et al. J. Virol. 75, 12161-12168 (2001)), and Fc-C1q binding (Xu, D, et al. Cell. Immunol. 200, 16-26 (2000); Hezareh, M, et al. J. Virol. 75, 12161-12168 (2001)). Furthermore, CH2 at position 331 has been shown to be involved in Fc-CD64 binding (Canfield, SM and Morrison, SL J. Exp. Med. 173:1483-1491 (1991)) and Fc-C1q binding (Tao, MH, et al., J. Exp. Med. 178, 661-667 (1993); Hezareh, M, et al. J. Virol. 75, 12161-12168 (2001); Idusogie, EE, et al. J. Immunol. 164:4178-4184 (2000)).For example, affinity for FcγRs (FcγI, FcγRIIa, and FcγRIIIa) and C1q was reduced by substitutions in IgG1 of L234F / L235E / P331S (Oganesyan V, et al. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 64 (Pt 6):700-704 (2008)). In another example, teplizumab is a humanized OKT3 antibody with an IgG1 Fc that reduces effector function through substitutions (L234A, L235A) that is being developed for the treatment of diabetes (Xu, D, et al. Cell. Immunol. 200, 16-26. (2000); Herold KC, et al. N Engl J Med. 10.105 (2019)). Another modified (referred to as "silent") IgG1 Fc modification with substitutions C220S, C226S, C229S, and P238S was used to generate a fusion protein expressing CTLA4 in CTL4-Ig (abatacept, ORENCIA®). The cysteine ​​substitutions eliminated the disulfide bond between the heavy chains (HC) in the dimer (C226S and C229S). Using this modified Fc, Kim et al. generated an Fc-silenced humanized anti-human CD154 antibody that was a mutated version of hu5c8 ("hu5c8-mod") that contained the same modified non-Fc-binding IgG1 tail as the anti-CD154 dAb BMS-986004 (Kim SC et al., Am J Transplant 17(5):1182-1192 (2017)). U.S. Patent No. 9,765,150 also describes an anti-human CD154 "5c8" antibody generated by fusing part or all of the variable domain of "5c8" to the Fc from abatacept and a linker of either "CT Long" having the amino acid sequence AST-EPKSSDK (SEQ ID NO:326) or "CT Short" having the amino acid sequence AS (SEQ ID NO:214) (U.S. Patent No. 9,765,150).

[0013] Among IgG2 antibodies, affinity for FcγR was reduced by substitutions H268Q / 309L / A330S / P331S in a muted version called "IgG2m4" (An, Z. et al., MAbs 1:572-579. (2009)). Another engineered Fc contains V234A / G237A / P238S / H268A / V309L / A330S / P331S substitutions that eliminate affinity for FcγR and the C1q complement protein (Vafa, O. et al., Methods. 1;65(1):114-26. (2014)).

[0014] Among IgG4 antibodies, affinity for FcγR was reduced by the F234A and L235A substitutions. These substitutions, combined with the S228P substitution in the core hinge (IgG1 and IgG2 have a proline at position 228), further stabilize the IgG4 molecule to prevent Fab arm exchange in a "muted" version of IgG4 called "IgG4 Pro-AlaAla" (Tao, MH and Morrison, SLJ Immunol. 143:2595-2601 (1989) and Alegre, ML, et al., J. Immunol. 148: 3461-3468 (1992)) (Silva, JP et al., J. Biol. Chem. 290(9):5462-5469 (2015)). Dulaglutide is a "IgG4 Pro-AlaAla" type IgG4 antibody commercially available as TRULICITY®. These are fusion proteins containing a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonist fused to an Fc. Others have modified IgG4 Fc with substitutions F234A and L235A, including an S228P substitution (Xu, D, et al., Cell. Immunol. 200, 16-26 (2000)), or with substitution L235E, which has an S228P substitution without modifying F234 (Reddy MP, et al., J. Immunol. 64:1925-1933 (2000) and Li, X, et al. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med. 8(3):3607-18 (2015)). Antibody engineering is a complex and expensive technique with unpredictable in vivo outcomes (Saeed AF, et al., Frontiers in Microbiology; Article 495; March (2017)). Antibody engineering strategies involving structural changes or other modifications optimized for one antibody may impair another antibody in vivo (Yan B, et al., The Journal of Biol. Chem. 287(8):5891-97 (2012)). The effect of a mutation to a specific residue (e.g., N297Q) in a particular antibody (e.g., IgG1) may have a very different clinical effect than another type of mutation in the same antibody (e.g., N297A in IgG1). Furthermore, the clinical effect of an intramolecular change within one subtype of antibody (e.g., L235 mutation in IgG1) may be completely unpredictable if the same intramolecular change occurs within another subtype of antibody (e.g., L235 mutation in IgG4). Intramolecular changes can also result in different clinical effects depending on how various mutations pair within the antibody. Species-specific differences add to the unpredictability of the effect of Fc receptor mutations on the efficacy versus toxicity of anti-CD154 antibodies. Previously, anti-CD154 antibodies developed for use in transplantation studies did not cause thrombosis in preclinical rodents and certain non-human primates, but some human patients experienced thromboembolic complications in clinical trials using the same antibodies (i.e., ruploizumab, toralizumab, and ABI793) (Pinelli DF and Ford ML Immunotherapy 7(4): 399-410 (2015)). To date, no fully human or humanized anti-CD154 antibodies exist that satisfy the need for products that can effectively prevent human transplant rejection (including graft-versus-host disease), inflammatory conditions and diseases, autoimmune conditions and diseases, dysfunction of the immune response associated with viral infections and diseases, allergic conditions, atherosclerotic conditions, or neurodegenerative conditions and diseases (with acceptable levels of side effects, e.g., thromboembolic side effects). This highlights the need for antibodies and variants thereof that bind to CD154 with high affinity and inhibit the downstream effects of CD154:CD40 binding in the absence of toxic side effects such as thrombosis. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0015] [Patent Document 1] U.S. Patent No. 5,474,771 [Patent Document 2] U.S. Patent No. 5,933,816 [Patent Document 3] U.S. Patent No. 6,331,615 [Patent Document 4] U.S. Patent No. 6,340,459 [Patent Document 5] U.S. Patent No. 6,403,091 [Patent Document 6] U.S. Patent No. 6,451,310 [Patent Document 7] U.S. Patent No. 6,455,044 [Patent Document 8] U.S. Patent No. 6,592,868 [Patent Document 9] U.S. Patent No. 6,610,294 [Patent Document 10] U.S. Patent No. 6,793,924 [Patent Document 11] U.S. Patent No. 7,070,777 [Patent Document 12] U.S. Patent No. 9,765,150 [Non-licensed literature]

[0016] [Non-licensed Document 1] Karpusas M, et al. Structure. 3(10):1031-9 (1995) [Non-licensed Document 2] Hsu YM, et al. J Biol Chem. 272(2):911-5 (1997) [Non-licensed Document 3] El Fakhry Y, et al. J Biol Chem. 287:18055 (2012) [Non-licensed Document 4] Wolf D, et al. Circ Res. 109:1269 (2011) [Non-licensed Document 5] Michel NA, et al Front Cardiovasc Med. 4:40 (2017) [Non-licensed Document 6] Lederman S, et al. Curr Opin Hematol. 3(1):77-86 (1996) [Non-licensed Document 7] Webster EA, et al. Arthritis Rheum. 42(6):1291-6 (1999) [Non-licensed Document 8] Lederman, S., et al. J. Exp. Med. 175:1091-1101 (1992) [Non-licensed Document 9] Lederman, S., et al., Journal of Immunol. 149:3817-3826 (1992) [Non-licensed Document 10] Lederman, S., et al., Journal of Immunol. 152:2163 (1994) [Non-licensed Document 11] Cleary, AM, et al., Journal of Immunol., 155:3329-3337 (1995) [Non-Patent Document 12] Muramatsu, MK et al. Cell 102: 553 (2000) [Non-Patent Document 13] Xu Y and Song G, J. Biomed Sci. 11(4):426-38 (2004) [Non-Patent Document 14] Quezada SA et al., Annu Rev Immunol. 22:307-28 (2004) Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0017] Summary of the Invention A first aspect of the present disclosure provides an isolated anti-CD154 antibody that binds to mammalian CD154. In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibody comprises a human or humanized variable domain, the variable domain comprising a heavy chain variable region (VH) and a light chain variable region (VL), wherein the VH is operably linked to a human Fc domain having modified effector functions. Optionally, one or more effector functions are reduced. Optionally, one or more effector functions are eliminated. In some embodiments, the antibody is bivalent. In other embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibody is functionally monovalent.

[0018] A second aspect of the present disclosure provides nucleic acid molecules encoding the anti-CD154 antibodies disclosed herein. In some embodiments, separate nucleic acid molecules encode the heavy and light chains of the anti-CD154 immunoglobulin. In other embodiments, the same nucleic acid molecule encodes both the heavy and light chains of the anti-CD154 immunoglobulin.

[0019] A third aspect of the present disclosure provides a vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the vector comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding the heavy chain of the disclosed anti-CD154 antibody. Optionally, the vector comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding the light chain of the disclosed antibody. The vector may comprise nucleotide sequences encoding the heavy and light chains of the disclosed anti-CD154 antibody.

[0020] A fourth aspect of the present disclosure provides a transformed cell comprising a nucleic acid molecule of the present disclosure or a vector of the present disclosure.

[0021] A fifth aspect of the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an anti-CD154 antibody disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-CD154 antibody disclosed herein.

[0022] The sixth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method for inhibiting CD154 activity. In some embodiments, CD154 activity is inhibited by contacting CD154 with the anti-CD154 antibody disclosed herein. If necessary, CD154 is inhibited by administering the anti-CD154 antibody disclosed herein to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered in the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein.

[0023] A seventh aspect of the present disclosure provides a method for inhibiting an immune response in a subject. In some embodiments, the immune response is inhibited by administering an anti-CD154 antibody disclosed herein to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered in a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein. The immune response may be a humoral response, such as an antibody-mediated response. The immune response may be a cell-mediated response, such as one or more of a cytotoxic T cell-mediated immune response, a macrophage-mediated response, a natural killer (NK) cell-mediated immune response, or a cytokine-mediated response. The immune response may be a mixed humoral and cell-mediated response. The immune response may be a complement-mediated response. The immune response may be a primary or secondary response. The immune response may be a dysfunctional immune response, for example, an immune response to a virus that may result in cytokine release syndrome (CRS), cytokine storm, or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The immune response may be a tissue-specific immune response, such as pulmonary, cardiac, or renal inflammation, for example, pulmonary inflammation.

[0024] An eighth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method for inducing hematopoietic chimerism in a transplant recipient. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering an anti-CD154 antibody disclosed herein to the recipient and transplanting hematopoietic stem cells into the recipient, thereby inducing hematopoietic chimerism in the recipient. In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered in a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein.

[0025] A ninth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method for inducing central immune tolerance in a transplant recipient. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering an anti-CD154 antibody disclosed herein to the recipient, transplanting hematopoietic stem cells into the recipient, and transplanting donor tissue into the recipient, wherein the transplanted hematopoietic stem cells produce immune cells that are tolerant to the donor tissue, thereby inducing central immune tolerance in the recipient. In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered in a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein.

[0026] A tenth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method for inhibiting or preventing xenograft rejection in a subject. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of an anti-CD154 antibody disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered in a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein. The present invention provides, for example, the following items. (Item 1) An isolated antibody that binds to CD154, comprising a human or humanized variable domain, wherein the variable domain comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) and a light chain variable region (VL), and the VH is operably linked to a human Fc domain with an altered effector function. (Item 2) 2. The antibody of item 1, which has one or more reduced effector functions. (Item 3) 3. The antibody of item 1 or 2, wherein one or more effector functions are eliminated. (Item 4) 4. The antibody of any one of items 1 to 3, wherein the VH is operably linked to a human Fc region, the human Fc region comprising a human hinge sequence and the human Fc domain, and the human hinge sequence is between the VH and the human Fc domain. (Item 5) 5. The antibody according to item 4, wherein the hinge comprises an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 76 to 90. (Item 6) 6. The antibody of any one of items 1 to 5, wherein the Fc domain is derived from an IgG4 Fc (or crystallizable fragment) region. (Item 7) 7. The antibody of item 6, wherein the Fc domain comprises one or more amino acid modifications that alter effector function. (Item 8) 8. The antibody of item 7, comprising an amino acid modification at any one or combination of positions selected from the group consisting of S228, L235, G237, E318, and N297, wherein the numbering of amino acid residues is according to the EU index as set forth in Edelman. (Item 9) 9. The antibody of item 8, comprising an amino acid modification selected from the group consisting of S228P, F234A, L235A, L235E, G237A, E318A, and N297Q, or a combination thereof. (Item 10) 6. The antibody of any one of items 1 to 5, wherein the Fc domain is derived from an IgG1 Fc (or crystallizable fragment) region and comprises one or more amino acid modifications that alter effector function. (Item 11) E216, R217, K218, C219, C220, C226, C229, P230, E233, L234, L235, G236, G237, P238, S239, V24 0, F241, K246, L251, T260, D265, V266, H268, W277, N297, E318, K322, P329, A330, P331, Q347, N3 11. The antibody of item 10, comprising an amino acid modification at any one of positions selected from the group consisting of: 48, T350, L351, K360, T366, N390, K392, T394, D399, S400, F405, Y407, K409, T411, or a combination thereof, wherein the numbering of amino acid residues is according to the EU index as set forth in Edelman. (Item 12) C220S, C226S, C229S, P230S, E233P, L234A, L234F, L234V, L235A, L235E, L235V, G236E, G237A, P238S, D265S, D265 A, H268Q, W277T, N297G, N297Q, N297D, N297A, E318A, K322A, P329G, P329A, A330S, P331S, Q347R, Q347E, Q347K, T35 0V, L351Y, K360D, K360E, T366A, T366I, T366L, T366M, T366V, N390R, N390K, N390D, K392V, K392M, K392R, K392L, K3 92F, K392E, T394W, D399R, D399W, D399K, S400E, S400D, S400R, S400K, F405A, F405I, F405M, F405T, F405S, F405V, F 405W, Y407A, Y407I, Y407L, Y407V, K409F, K409I, K409S, K409W, T411N, T411R, T411Q, T411K, T411D, T411E, T411W, ΔE216-E222, K246R / L251E / T260R, InR234 / 235, InV235 / 236, InR236 / 237, InR237 / 238, InV238 / 239, InN238 / 239, 12. The antibody of item 11, comprising an amino acid modification selected from the group consisting of InL238 / 239, InE238 / 239, InG238 / 239, InS239 / 240, InG240 / 241, InE240 / 241, InG240 / 241, InL238 / 239 / P238Q, InE238 / 239 / N348A, InS239 / 240 / V266A, and InR237 / 238 / G236A, or a combination thereof. (Item 13) 6. The antibody of any one of items 1 to 5, wherein the Fc domain is derived from an IgG2 Fc (or crystallizable fragment) crystallizable fragment region. (Item 14) 14. The antibody of item 13, comprising an amino acid modification at any one or combination of positions selected from the group consisting of V234, G237, P238, H268, V309, A330, and P331, wherein the numbering of amino acid residues is according to the EU index as set forth in Edelman. (Item 15) 15. The antibody of item 14, comprising an amino acid modification selected from the group consisting of V234A, G237A, P238S, H268Q, H268A, V309L, A330S, and P331S, or a combination thereof. (Item 16) 6. The antibody according to any one of items 1 to 5, wherein the Fc domain comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 3 to 9, 12 to 18, and 238 to 241. (Item 17) 5. The antibody according to item 4, wherein the Fc region comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 21 to 37, 40 to 56, and 243 to 251. (Item 18) the VH is (a) a heavy chain CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57; (b) a heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58, and (c) a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 59 Including, The VL is (a) a light chain CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60; (b) a light chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61, and (c) a light chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62 18. The antibody of any one of items 1 to 17, comprising: (Item 19) 19. The antibody of any one of items 1 to 18, wherein the VH comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 63, 64, 252 and 253. (Item 20) 20. The antibody of any one of items 1 to 19, wherein the VL comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65 or 66. (Item 21) and further comprising a CH1 domain, wherein the CH1 domain comprises: (a) the C-terminus of the VH, and (b) the N-terminus of the hinge 21. The antibody of any one of items 4 to 20, operably linked to (Item 22) 22. The antibody of item 21, wherein the CH1 domain comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 67, 70, and 73. (Item 23) 23. The antibody of any one of items 1 to 22, comprising a linker between the VH and the Fc domain. (Item 24) 23. The antibody of any one of items 4 to 22, comprising a linker between the VH and the hinge. (Item 25) 23. The antibody of item 21 or 22, comprising a linker between the VH and CH1 domains. (Item 26) 26. The antibody of any one of items 23 to 25, wherein the linker comprises an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 199 to 223 and 327 to 330. (Item 27) 27. The antibody of any one of items 1 to 26, wherein the VH is operably linked to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 3 to 9, 12 to 18, 21 to 37, 40 to 56, 238 to 241, and 243 to 251. (Item 28) 28. The antibody of any one of items 1 to 27, wherein the heavy chain comprises any one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 121 to 132, 135 to 146, 149, 151 to 160, 163, 165 to 174, 266 to 277, and 279 to 288. (Item 29) 29. The antibody of any one of items 1 to 28, wherein the light chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 195 or 196. (Item 30) 30. The antibody of any one of items 1 to 29, which is monoclonal. (Item 31) 31. The antibody of any one of items 1 to 30, which is chimeric. (Item 32) 32. The antibody of any one of items 1 to 31, which is humanized. (Item 33) 31. The antibody of any one of items 1 to 17, 21 to 27 and 30, which is human. (Item 34) 34. The antibody of any one of items 1 to 33, wherein binding of the antibody to human CD154 inhibits the interaction between human CD154 and human CD40. (Item 35) 35. The antibody of any one of paragraphs 1 to 34, which inhibits the binding of CD154 to CD40, thereby blocking the activation of one or more of B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, or endothelial cells. (Item 36) When administered to a subject, it has the following effects: (a) a reduced risk of thrombosis or thromboembolic events compared with the hu5c8 antibody; (b) decreased activation of CD154-expressing platelets; (c) inhibition of CD154 shedding; and (d) Alteration of the expression or activity of downstream targets of CD154-CD40 signaling 36. The antibody of any one of items 1 to 35, having one or more of: (Item 37) K for CD154 less than 50 pM, e.g., 5-25 pM or 9.5-23 pM D 37. The antibody of any one of items 1 to 36, having the following structure: (Item 38) 38. The antibody of any one of items 1 to 37, which does not contain an amino acid sequence consisting of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 119, 120, 133, 134, 147, 148, 150, 161, 162, 164, 230, 234 and 278. (Item 39) 39. An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the light chain and the heavy chain of the anti-CD154 antibody of any one of items 1 to 38. (Item 40) An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding an anti-CD154 antibody comprising any one of the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149, 151-160, 163, 165-174, 195, 196, 266-277, and 279-288. (Item 41) A first isolated nucleic acid molecule and a second isolated nucleic acid molecule, wherein the first isolated nucleic acid molecule encodes a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149, 151-160, 163, 165-174, 266-277, and 279-288, and the second isolated nucleic acid molecule encodes a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 195 or 196. (Item 42) 39. A first isolated nucleic acid molecule and a second isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding, respectively, the heavy chain and the light chain of the anti-CD154 antibody of any one of items 1 to 38. (Item 43) 41. A vector comprising the isolated nucleic acid molecule of item 39 or 40. (Item 44) 43. A first vector and a second vector, wherein the first vector comprises the first isolated nucleic acid molecule of item 41 or 42, and the second vector comprises the second isolated nucleic acid molecule of item 41 or 42. (Item 45) A transformed cell comprising the isolated nucleic acid molecule of item 39 or 40, the first and second isolated nucleic acid molecules of item 41 or 42, the vector of item 43, or the first and second vector of item 44. (Item 46) 39. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the anti-CD154 antibody of any one of items 1 to 38 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. (Item 47) A pharmaceutical composition comprising the isolated nucleic acid molecule of item 39 or 40, the first and second isolated nucleic acid molecules of item 41 or 42, the vector of item 43, or the first and second vector of item 44, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. (Item 48) 46. ​​A pharmaceutical composition comprising the transformed cell of item 45 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. (Item 49) 50. A method for inhibiting an immune response in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the antibody of any one of items 1 to 38 or the pharmaceutical composition of any one of items 46 to 48. (Item 50) 50. The method of claim 49, wherein the immune response is a humoral response. (Item 51) 51. The method of claim 50, wherein the immune response is an antibody-mediated response. (Item 52) 50. The method of claim 49, wherein the immune response is a cell-mediated response. (Item 53) 53. The method of claim 52, wherein the cell-mediated response is one or more of a cytotoxic T cell-mediated immune response, a macrophage-mediated response, a natural killer (NK) cell-mediated immune response, or a cytokine-mediated response. (Item 54) 50. The method of claim 49, wherein the immune response is a mixed humoral and cell-mediated response. (Item 55) 55. The method of claim 54, wherein the mixed response is one or more of an antibody-mediated response, a cytotoxic T cell-mediated immune response, a macrophage-mediated response, a natural killer (NK) cell-mediated immune response, or a cytokine-mediated response. (Item 56) 56. The method of any one of items 49 to 55, wherein the subject is a human. (Item 57) 56. The method of any one of items 49 to 55, wherein the subject is a non-human. (Item 58) 58. The method of claim 57, wherein the subject is a monkey. (Item 59) 59. The method of any one of items 49 to 58, wherein the subject has received or will receive a cell, tissue or organ transplant. (Item 60) 60. The method of item 59, wherein the transplant is an allogeneic transplant, an autologous transplant, or a xenogeneic transplant. (Item 61) 61. The method of item 59 or 60, wherein the cells are engineered cells or ex-vivo expanded cells. (Item 62) 62. The method of claim 61, wherein one or more genes in the cells are modified using one or more techniques selected from the group consisting of transduction to express cDNA, CRISPR / Cas9 systems, RNAi techniques, and retroviral techniques. (Item 63) 63. The method of item 61 or 62, wherein the cells are modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) on their surface. (Item 64) 64. The method of any one of items 59 to 63, wherein the cells are selected from the group consisting of stem cells, regulatory T cells, CAR-T cells, CAR-B cells, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). (Item 65) 65. The method of any one of items 59 to 64, comprising treating or preventing transplant rejection in said subject. (Item 66) 66. The method of item 65, wherein the transplant rejection is acute or chronic humoral rejection of the grafted cells, tissue, or organ. (Item 67) 67. The method of item 65 or 66, wherein the transplant rejection is acute or chronic graft rejection in an allograft or xenograft transplant recipient. (Item 68) Promoting long-term survival of the graft of said grafted cells, tissue or organ, said long-term survival of said graft being due to: (a) at least 6 months post-transplant; (b) at least 1 year after transplantation; and (c) at least 5 years after transplantation 68. The method of item 66 or 67, selected from the group consisting of: (Item 69) 69. The method of any one of paragraphs 65 to 68, wherein the transplant rejection is associated with hematopoietic cell or bone marrow transplant, pancreatic islet cell allograft, graft-versus-host disease, or solid organ transplant selected from the group consisting of heart transplant, kidney transplant, liver transplant, lung transplant, pancreas transplant, kidney-pancreas transplant, heart-lung transplant, kidney-heart transplant, kidney-heart-pancreas transplant, heart-liver transplant, heart-liver-kidney transplant, heart-lung-kidney transplant, heart-lung-liver transplant, lung-kidney transplant, lung-liver transplant, liver-intestine-pancreas transplant, intestine-pancreas transplant, liver-kidney-intestine-pancreas transplant, and kidney-intestine transplant. (Item 70) 59. The method of any one of items 56 to 58, wherein the subject has an immune-related disease, an atherosclerotic disorder, or a neurodegenerative disorder. (Item 71) 71. The method of any one of paragraphs 56 to 58 and 70, wherein the subject has or is at risk of having a stroke, a transient ischemic attack (TIA), an aneurysm, or a dissecting aortic aneurysm. (Item 72) The immune-related disease is selected from the group consisting of type 1 diabetes, juvenile diabetes, autoimmune diabetes, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, Addison's disease, Crohn's disease, Graves' disease, Sjogren's syndrome, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, myasthenia gravis, vasculitis, pernicious anemia, celiac disease, Guillain-Barré syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, lupus nephritis, Goodpasture's disease, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, psoriasis, and sclerosing steroids. 71. The method of item 70, wherein the retinal arteritis is selected from the group consisting of cephalic arteritis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, transverse myelitis, thyroiditis, ulcerative colitis, sarcoidosis, hemolytic anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, Behcet's disease, diabetic retinopathy (DR), diabetic macular edema (DME), wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and macular edema after retinal vein occlusion (MEfRVO). (Item 73) 71. The method of claim 70, wherein the immune-related disease is selected from the group consisting of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), cytokine release syndrome (CRS), and cytokine storm syndrome. (Item 74) 71. The method of claim 70, wherein the immune-related disease is selected from the group consisting of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pneumonia, bronchitis, interstitial pneumonia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (Item 75) 71. The method of claim 70, wherein the neurodegenerative disorder is selected from the group consisting of Alzheimer's disease, traumatic brain injury (TBI), chronic traumatic encephalitis (CTE), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Parkinson's disease. (Item 76) 71. The method of claim 70, wherein the atherosclerotic disorder is selected from the group consisting of angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, carotid artery stenosis, transient ischemic attack, and cerebrovascular accident (CVA). (Item 77) 71. The method of claim 70, wherein the immune-related disease is an allergic condition. (Item 78) 78. The method of claim 77, wherein the allergic condition is selected from the group consisting of allergic rhinitis, asthma, atopic eczema, anaphylaxis, insect venom allergy, drug allergy, and food allergy. (Item 79) 50. The method of claim 49, wherein the immune response is a primary response or a secondary response. (Item 80) 80. The method of any one of items 49 to 79, wherein the antibody is administered systemically. (Item 81) 81. The method of item 80, wherein the anti-CD154 antibody is administered subcutaneously, intravenously, intravitreally, orally, by inhalation, transdermally, or rectally. (Item 82) 80. The method of any one of items 49 to 79, wherein the antibody is administered locally. (Item 83) 83. The method of any one of items 49 to 82, wherein the anti-CD154 antibody is administered in combination with one or more additional agents selected from the group consisting of antithrombotic agents, antiplatelet agents, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and antiallergic agents. (Item 84) 84. The method of item 83, wherein the anti-CD154 antibody is administered before, after, or simultaneously with the one or more additional agents. (Item 85) 85. The method according to item 83 or 84, wherein the antithrombotic agent is selected from the group consisting of glycoprotein IIb / IIIa receptor antagonists, direct or indirect factor Xa inhibitors and anticoagulants. (Item 86) 86. The method of item 85, wherein the anticoagulant is selected from the group consisting of heparin, warfarin, rivaroxaban, ximelagatran, dabigatran, apixaban, edoxaban, enoxaparin, and fondaparinux. (Item 87) 86. The method of item 85, wherein the glycoprotein IIb / IIIa receptor antagonist is selected from the group consisting of abciximab, rivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxaban, idrabiotaparinux, tirofiban, and eptifibatide. (Item 88) 86. The method of claim 85, wherein the direct or indirect factor Xa inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of apixaban, idrabiotaparinux, fondaparinux, and rivaroxaban. (Item 89) 85. The method of item 83 or 84, wherein the antiplatelet drug is selected from the group consisting of drugs that inhibit the TXA2 pathway, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) pathway inhibitors, thrombin inhibitors, protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) inhibitors, and phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors. (Item 90) Item 89. The method of item 89, wherein the ADP pathway inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of clopidogrel, ticlopidine, prasugrel, ticagrelor, cangrelor and elinogrel. (Item 91) 89. The method of claim 89, wherein the PDE inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of dipyridamole and cilostazol. (Item 92) 85. The method of item 83 or 84, wherein the NSAID is selected from the group consisting of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), celecoxib, diclofenac, diflunisal, etodolac, ibuprofen, indomethacin, ketoprofen, ketorolac, nabumetone, naproxen, oxaprozin, piroxicam, salsalate, sulindac, tolmetin, and prasugrel. (Item 93) 93. The method of any one of paragraphs 49 to 92, wherein the anti-CD154 antibody is administered in combination with one or more adjuvants selected from the group consisting of immunosuppressants, immunomodulatory agents, anti-CD2 antibodies, anti-CD3 antibodies, anti-CD4 antibodies, anti-CD28 antibodies, anti-CD52 antibodies, mTOR inhibitors, calcineurin inhibitors, and antiviral agents. (Item 94) 94. The method of claim 93, wherein the anti-CD154 antibody is administered before, after, or simultaneously with the one or more adjunctive agents. (Item 95) The immunosuppressant or immunomodulatory drug is selected from the group consisting of cyclosporine A, tacrolimus (FK-506), doxorubicin, azathioprine, busulfan, cyclophosphamide, fludarabine, 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, mizoribine, leflunomide, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, rapamycin, deoxyspergualin, FTY720, muromonab-CD3, alemtuzumab, and basilar. 95. The method of item 93 or 94, wherein the inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of ximab, daclizumab, eculizumab, rituximab, bortezomib, siplizumab, antithymocyte globulin, leronlimab, siltuximab, sarilumab, tocilizumab, bevacizumab, ranibizumab, aflibercept and inhibitors of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), including zanubrutinib, acalabrutinib, and ibrutinib, and aflibercept. (Item 96) 95. The method of item 93 or 94, wherein the mTOR inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of rapamycin, everolimus, temsirolimus, ridaforolimus, and deforolimus. (Item 97) 95. The method of claim 93 or 94, wherein the calcineurin inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of cyclosporine, tacrolimus (FK506), and pimecrolimus. (Item 98) 95. The method of item 93 or 94, wherein the antiviral drug is selected from the group consisting of ribavirin, interferon (Alfacon-1), chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, EIDD-2801, EIDD-1931, GS-5734, ivermectin, favipiravir, indomethacin, chlorpromazine, penciclovir, nafomostat, nitazoxanide, GS-44-524 and remdesivir. (Item 99) 1. A method of inducing hematopoietic chimerism in a transplant recipient, comprising administering one or more doses of an anti-CD154 antibody to the recipient and transplanting hematopoietic stem cells into the recipient, thereby inducing hematopoietic chimerism in the recipient; 39. The method, wherein the anti-CD154 antibody is the anti-CD154 antibody of any one of items 1 to 38. (Item 100) 100. The method of claim 99, wherein the anti-CD154 antibody is administered before, after, or simultaneously with the hematopoietic stem cell transplant. (Item 101) 101. The method of item 99 or 100, wherein the anti-CD154 antibody is administered at a dose of 5 to 50 mg / kg. (Item 102) 102. The method of any one of paragraphs 99 to 101, wherein the anti-CD154 antibody is administered subcutaneously, intravenously, intravitreally, orally, by inhalation, transdermally, or rectally. (Item 103) 103. The method of any one of items 99 to 102, further comprising the step of acclimatizing the transplant recipient prior to the stem cell transplantation. (Item 104) 104. The method of claim 103, wherein the anti-CD154 antibody is administered before, after, or simultaneously with the conditioning step. (Item 105) 105. The method of claim 103 or 104, wherein the conditioning step is selected from the group consisting of total body irradiation, administration of one or more BCL-2 inhibitors, administration of busulfan, administration of fludarabine phosphate, administration of cyclophosphamide, administration of one or more immunosuppressive T cell depleting antibodies, administration of cyclosporine A (CsA), administration of tacrolimus (FK-506), administration of one or more interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor inhibitors, administration of an IL-15 receptor inhibitor, administration of rapamycin, administration of one or more anti-αβ T cell receptor antibodies, and administration of one or more CD122 antagonists, administration of kidney donor-derived CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells and CD3+ T cells (MDR-101 cell therapy), or a combination thereof. (Item 106) 106. The method of claim 105, wherein the one or more T cell depleting antibodies are selected from the group consisting of anti-CD4, anti-CD8, anti-CD45, anti-CTLA4, anti-CD20, and anti-CD33 antibodies or combinations thereof. (Item 107) 107. The method of any one of items 99 to 106, wherein the transplant recipient has cancer. (Item 108) 108. The method of any one of items 99 to 107, wherein the transplant is a bone marrow transplant. (Item 109) 1. A method of inducing central immune tolerance in a transplant recipient, comprising administering one or more doses of an anti-CD154 antibody to the recipient; transplanting hematopoietic stem cells into the recipient; and transplanting donor tissue into the recipient, wherein the hematopoietic stem cells produce immune cells that are tolerant to the donor tissue, thereby inducing central immune tolerance in the recipient; 39. The method, wherein the anti-CD154 antibody is the anti-CD154 antibody of any one of items 1 to 38. (Item 110) 110. The method of claim 109, wherein the anti-CD154 antibody is administered before, after, or simultaneously with the hematopoietic stem cell transplant. (Item 111) 111. The method of item 109 or 110, wherein the anti-CD154 antibody is administered at a dose of 5 to 50 mg / kg. (Item 112) 112. The method of any one of paragraphs 109 to 111, wherein the anti-CD154 antibody is administered subcutaneously, intravenously, intravitreally, orally, by inhalation, transdermally, or rectally. (Item 113) 113. The method of any one of items 109 to 112, further comprising one or more treatments to condition the recipient for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. (Item 114) 114. The method of item 113, wherein the one or more treatments to condition the recipient for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are selected from the group consisting of total body irradiation, administration of abatacept, administration of one or more BCL-2 inhibitors, administration of busulfan, administration of fludarabine phosphate, administration of cyclophosphamide, administration of one or more immunosuppressive T cell depleting antibodies, administration of cyclosporine A (CsA), administration of FK-506, administration of one or more interleukin-2 (IL-2) inhibitors, administration of rapamycin, administration of one or more anti-αβ T cell receptor antibodies, and administration of one or more CD122 antagonists, or a combination thereof. (Item 115) 115. The method of claim 114, wherein the one or more T cell depleting antibodies are selected from the group consisting of anti-CD4, anti-CD8, anti-CD45, anti-CTLA4, anti-CD20, and anti-CD33 antibodies or combinations thereof. (Item 116) 39. A method of inhibiting xenograft rejection in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of an anti-CD154 antibody, wherein the anti-CD154 antibody is the anti-CD154 antibody of any one of items 1 to 38. (Item 117) Item 117. The method of item 116, wherein the anti-CD154 antibody is administered at a dose of 5 to 50 mg / kg. (Item 118) 118. The method of claim 116 or 117, wherein the xenograft is derived from a non-human donor selected from the group consisting of pigs, minipigs, and non-human primates. (Item 119) 119. The method of claim 118, wherein the non-human donor is a pig or minipig that has been engineered to reduce or eliminate expression of one or more genes selected from the group consisting of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV), alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase (GGTA1), cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH), beta 1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (β4GalNT2), and MHC class I. (Item 120) 120. The method of claim 119, wherein the PERV is PERV A, PERV B, or PERV C. (Item 121) 121. The method of claim 119 or 120, wherein expression of all PERV genes is eliminated in the pig or minipig. (Item 122) 122. The method of any one of paragraphs 119 to 121, wherein the expression of the one or more genes is reduced or eliminated using CRISPR / Cas9 gene editing. (Item 123) 123. The method of any one of paragraphs 118 to 122, wherein the non-human donor is engineered to express one or more human proteins selected from the group consisting of a complement regulatory protein, human alpha-galactosidase, a coagulation regulatory protein, a human anti-inflammatory protein, and human CTLA-4-Ig, or a combination thereof. (Item 124) 124. The method of claim 123, wherein the one or more human proteins are expressed in all tissues of the non-human donor. (Item 125) 124. The method of claim 123, wherein the one or more human proteins are expressed in a tissue-specific manner in the non-human donor. (Item 126) 126. The method of any one of items 123 to 125, wherein the complement regulatory protein is selected from the group consisting of human decay-accelerating factor (CD55), membrane cofactor protein (CD46) and CD59. (Item 127) 126. The method of any one of items 123 to 125, wherein the coagulation regulatory protein is selected from the group consisting of thrombomodulin, endothelial protein C receptor, tissue factor pathway inhibitor, CD39, and CD73. (Item 128) 126. The method of any one of items 123 to 125, wherein the human anti-inflammatory protein is selected from the group consisting of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and A20. (Item 129) 129. The method of any one of paragraphs 116 to 128, wherein the xenograft rejection is associated with a solid organ transplant selected from the group consisting of heart transplant, kidney transplant, liver transplant, lung transplant, pancreas transplant, kidney-pancreas transplant, heart-lung transplant, kidney-heart transplant, kidney-heart-pancreas transplant, heart-liver transplant, heart-liver-kidney transplant, heart-lung-kidney transplant, heart-lung-liver transplant, lung-kidney transplant, lung-liver transplant, liver-intestine-pancreas transplant, intestine-pancreas transplant, liver-kidney-intestine-pancreas transplant, and kidney-intestine transplant. (Item 130) 50. The method of claim 49, wherein the immune response is complement-mediated. (Item 131) 99. The method of any one of items 49 to 98, wherein the anti-CD154 antibody is administered optionally in combination with one or more fusion peptides that bind to and block the function of CD28, selected from the group consisting of abatacept and beratocept.

[0027] Particular embodiments of the present disclosure are set forth in the following numbered paragraphs. 1. An isolated antibody that binds to CD154, comprising a human or humanized variable domain, wherein the variable domain comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) and a light chain variable region (VL), and the VH is operably linked to a human Fc domain with an altered effector function. 2. The antibody of paragraph 1, which has one or more reduced effector functions. 3. The antibody of paragraph 1 or 2, wherein one or more effector functions have been eliminated. 4. An antibody described in any one of paragraphs 1 to 3, wherein the VH is operably linked to a human Fc region, the human Fc region comprising a human hinge sequence and a human Fc domain, and the human hinge sequence is between the VH and the human Fc domain. 5. The antibody described in paragraph 4, wherein the hinge comprises the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 76 to 90. 6. The antibody of any one of paragraphs 1 to 5, wherein the Fc domain is derived from an IgG4 Fc (or crystallizable fragment) region. 7. The antibody of paragraph 6, wherein the Fc domain comprises one or more amino acid modifications that alter effector function. 8. The antibody described in paragraph 7, comprising an amino acid modification at any one or combination of positions selected from the group consisting of S228, L235, G237, E318, and N297, wherein the numbering of the amino acid residues is according to the EU index as set forth in Edelman. 9. The antibody of paragraph 8, comprising an amino acid modification selected from the group consisting of S228P, F234A, L235A, L235E, G237A, E318A, and N297Q, or a combination thereof. 10. The antibody of any one of paragraphs 1 to 5, wherein the Fc domain is derived from an IgG1 Fc (or crystallizable fragment) region and contains one or more amino acid modifications that alter effector function. 11. E216, R217, K218, C219, C220, C226, C229, P230, E233, L234, L235, G236, G237, P238, S239, V240 , F241, K246, L251, T260, D265, V266, H268, W277, N297, E318, K322, P329, A330, P331, Q347, N348 11. The antibody of paragraph 10, comprising an amino acid modification at any one of positions selected from the group consisting of: T350, L351, K360, T366, N390, K392, T394, D399, S400, F405, Y407, K409, T411, or a combination thereof, wherein the numbering of amino acid residues is according to the EU index as set forth in Edelman. 12. C220S, C226S, C229S, P230S, E233P, L234A, L234F, L234V, L235A, L235E, L235V, G236E, G237A, P238S, D265S, D265A , H268Q, W277T, N297G, N297Q, N297D, N297A, E318A, K322A, P329G, P329A, A330S, P331S, Q347R, Q347E, Q347K, T350 V, L351Y, K360D, K360E, T366A, T366I, T366L, T366M, T366V, N390R, N390K, N390D, K392V, K392M, K392R, K392L, K39 2F, K392E, T394W, D399R, D399W, D399K, S400E, S400D, S400R, S400K, F405A, F405I, F405M, F405T, F405S, F405V, F40 5W, Y407A, Y407I, Y407L, Y407V, K409F, K409I, K409S, K409W, T411N, T411R, T411Q, T411K, T411D, T411E, T411W, ΔE 216-E222, K246R / L251E / T260R, InR234 / 235, InV235 / 236, InR236 / 237, InR237 / 238, InV238 / 239, InN238 / 239, In 12. The antibody of paragraph 11, comprising an amino acid modification selected from the group consisting of L238 / 239, InE238 / 239, InG238 / 239, InS239 / 240, InG240 / 241, InE240 / 241, InG240 / 241, InL238 / 239 / P238Q, InE238 / 239 / N348A, InS239 / 240 / V266A, and InR237 / 238 / G236A, or a combination thereof. 13. The antibody of any one of paragraphs 1 to 5, wherein the Fc domain is derived from an IgG2 Fc (or crystallizable fragment) region. 14. The antibody of paragraph 13, comprising an amino acid modification at any one or combination of positions selected from the group consisting of V234, G237, P238, H268, V309, A330, and P331, wherein the numbering of the amino acid residues is according to the EU index as set forth in Edelman. 15. The antibody of paragraph 14, comprising an amino acid modification selected from the group consisting of V234A, G237A, P238S, H268Q, H268A, V309L, A330S, and P331S, or a combination thereof. 16. The antibody of any one of paragraphs 1 to 5, wherein the Fc domain comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 3-9, 12-18, and 238-241. 17. The antibody of paragraph 4, wherein the Fc region comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 21-37, 40-56, and 243-251. 18. VH, (a) a heavy chain CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57; (b) a heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58, and (c) a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 59 Including, VL is (a) a light chain CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60; (b) a light chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61, and (c) a light chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62 18. The antibody of any one of paragraphs 1 to 17, comprising: 19. The antibody of any one of paragraphs 1 to 18, wherein the VH comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 63, 64, 252 and 253. 20. The antibody of any one of paragraphs 1 to 19, wherein the VL comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65 or 66. 21. The polypeptide further comprises a CH1 domain, wherein the CH1 domain comprises: (a) the C-terminus of VH, and (b) N-terminus of the hinge 21. The antibody of any one of paragraphs 4 to 20, operably linked to 22. The antibody of paragraph 21, wherein the CH1 domain comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 67, 70, and 73. 23. The antibody of any one of paragraphs 1 to 22, comprising a linker between the VH and Fc domains. 24. The antibody of any one of paragraphs 4 to 22, comprising a linker between the VH and the hinge. 25. The antibody of paragraph 21 or 22, comprising a linker between the VH and CH1 domains. 26. The antibody of any one of paragraphs 23 to 25, wherein the linker comprises the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 199-223 and 327-330. 27. The antibody of any one of paragraphs 1 to 26, wherein the VH is operably linked to an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-9, 12-18, 21-37, 40-56, and 238-241, and 243-251. 28. The antibody of any one of paragraphs 1 to 27, wherein the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149, 151-160, 163, 165-174, 266-277, and 279-288. 29. The antibody of any one of paragraphs 1 to 28, wherein the light chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 195 or 196. 30. The antibody of any one of paragraphs 1 to 29, which is monoclonal. 31. The antibody of any one of paragraphs 1 to 30, which is chimeric. 32. The antibody of any one of paragraphs 1 to 31, which is humanized. 33. The antibody of any one of paragraphs 1 to 17, 21 to 27, and 30, which is human. 34. The antibody of any one of paragraphs 1 to 33, wherein binding of the antibody to human CD154 inhibits the interaction between human CD154 and human CD40. 35. An antibody described in any one of paragraphs 1 to 34, which blocks activation of one or more of B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, or endothelial cells by inhibiting the binding of CD154 to CD40. 36. When administered to a subject, it has the following effect: (a) a reduced risk of thrombosis or thromboembolic events compared with the hu5c8 antibody; (b) decreased activation of CD154-expressing platelets; (c) inhibition of CD154 shedding; and (d) Alteration of the expression or activity of downstream targets of CD154-CD40 signaling 36. The antibody of any one of paragraphs 1 to 35, having one or more of: 37. K for CD154 of less than 50 pM, e.g., 5-25 pM or 9.5-23 pM D 37. The antibody of any one of paragraphs 1 to 36, having the following structure: 38. The antibody of any one of paragraphs 1 to 37, which does not contain an amino acid sequence consisting of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 119, 120, 133, 134, 147, 148, 150, 161, 162, 164, 230, 234, and 278. 39. An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the light chain and the heavy chain of an anti-CD154 antibody of any one of paragraphs 1 to 38. 40. An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding an anti-CD154 antibody comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149, 151-160, 163, 165-174, 195, 196, 266-277, and 279-288. 41. A first isolated nucleic acid molecule and a second isolated nucleic acid molecule, wherein the first isolated nucleic acid molecule encodes a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149, 151-160, 163, 165-174, 266-277, and 279-288, and the second isolated nucleic acid molecule encodes a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 195 or 196. 42. A first isolated nucleic acid molecule and a second isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding, respectively, the heavy chain and the light chain of an anti-CD154 antibody of any one of paragraphs 1 to 38. 43. A vector comprising the isolated nucleic acid molecule of paragraph 39 or 40. 44. A first vector and a second vector, wherein the first vector comprises a first isolated nucleic acid molecule of paragraph 41 or 42, and the second vector comprises a second isolated nucleic acid molecule of paragraph 41 or 42. 45. A transformed cell comprising the isolated nucleic acid molecule of paragraph 39 or 40, the first and second isolated nucleic acid molecules of paragraph 41 or 42, the vector of paragraph 43, or the first and second vectors of paragraph 44. 46. ​​A pharmaceutical composition comprising an anti-CD154 antibody of any one of paragraphs 1 to 38 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 47. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an isolated nucleic acid molecule according to paragraph 39 or 40, a first and second isolated nucleic acid molecule according to paragraph 41 or 42, a vector according to paragraph 43, or a first and second vector according to paragraph 44, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 48. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the transformed cells of paragraph 45 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 49. A method for inhibiting an immune response in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody described in any one of paragraphs 1 to 38 or a pharmaceutical composition described in any one of paragraphs 46 to 48. 50. The method of paragraph 49, wherein the immune response is a humoral response. 51. The method of paragraph 50, wherein the immune response is an antibody-mediated response. 52. The method of paragraph 49, wherein the immune response is a cell-mediated response. 53. The method of paragraph 52, wherein the cell-mediated response is one or more of a cytotoxic T cell-mediated immune response, a macrophage-mediated response, a natural killer (NK) cell-mediated immune response, or a cytokine-mediated response. 54. The method of paragraph 49, wherein the immune response is a mixed humoral and cell-mediated response. 55. The method of paragraph 54, wherein the mixed response is one or more of an antibody-mediated response, a cytotoxic T cell-mediated immune response, a macrophage-mediated response, a natural killer (NK) cell-mediated immune response, or a cytokine-mediated response. 56. The method of any one of paragraphs 49 to 55, wherein the subject is a human. 57. The method of any one of paragraphs 49 to 55, wherein the subject is a non-human. 58. The method of paragraph 57, wherein the subject is a monkey. 59. The method of any one of paragraphs 49 to 58, wherein the subject has received or will receive a cell, tissue, or organ transplant. 60. The method of paragraph 59, wherein the transplant is an allograft, an autograft, or a xenograft. 61. The method of paragraph 59 or 60, wherein the cells are engineered cells or ex-vivo expanded cells. 62. The method of paragraph 61, wherein one or more genes in the cells are modified using one or more techniques selected from the group consisting of transduction to express cDNA, CRISPR / Cas9 systems, RNAi techniques, and retroviral techniques. 63. The method of paragraph 61 or 62, wherein the cells are modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) on their surface. 64. The method of any one of paragraphs 59 to 63, wherein the cells are selected from the group consisting of stem cells, regulatory T (Treg) cells, CAR-T cells, CAR-B cells, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). 65. The method of any one of paragraphs 59 to 64, comprising treating or preventing transplant rejection in a subject. 66. The method of paragraph 65, wherein the transplant rejection is acute or chronic humoral rejection of the grafted cells, tissue, or organ. 67. The method of paragraph 65 or 66, wherein the transplant rejection is acute or chronic graft rejection in an allograft or xenograft recipient. 68. Promoting long-term survival of a graft of grafted cells, tissues, or organs, wherein said long-term survival of said graft is: (a) at least 6 months post-transplant; (b) at least 1 year after transplantation; and (c) at least 5 years after transplantation 68. The method of paragraph 66 or 67, selected from the group consisting of: 69. The method of any one of paragraphs 65 to 68, wherein the transplant rejection is associated with hematopoietic cell or bone marrow transplant, pancreatic islet cell allograft, graft-versus-host disease, or solid organ transplant selected from the group consisting of heart transplant, kidney transplant, liver transplant, lung transplant, pancreas transplant, kidney-pancreas transplant, heart-lung transplant, kidney-heart transplant, kidney-heart-pancreas transplant, heart-liver transplant, heart-liver-kidney transplant, heart-lung-kidney transplant, heart-lung-liver transplant, lung-kidney transplant, lung-liver transplant, liver-intestine-pancreas transplant, intestine-pancreas transplant, liver-kidney-intestine-pancreas transplant, and kidney-intestine transplant. 70. The method of any one of paragraphs 56 to 58, wherein the subject has an immune-related disease, an atherosclerotic disorder, or a neurodegenerative disorder. 71. The method of any one of paragraphs 56 to 58 and 70, wherein the subject has or is at risk of having a stroke, a transient ischemic attack (TIA), an aneurysm, or a dissecting aortic aneurysm. 72. Immune-related diseases include type 1 diabetes, juvenile diabetes, autoimmune diabetes, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, Addison's disease, Crohn's disease, Graves' disease, Sjogren's syndrome, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, myasthenia gravis, vasculitis, pernicious anemia, celiac disease, Guillain-Barré syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, lupus nephritis, Goodpasture's disease, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, psoriasis, and temporal artery disease. 71. The method of paragraph 70, wherein the retinal vein occlusion is selected from the group consisting of inflammatory bowel disease, Churg-Strauss syndrome, transverse myelitis, thyroiditis, ulcerative colitis, sarcoidosis, hemolytic anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, Behcet's disease, diabetic retinopathy (DR), diabetic macular edema (DME), wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and macular edema after retinal vein occlusion (MEfRVO). 73. The method of paragraph 70, wherein the immune-related disease is selected from the group consisting of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), cytokine release syndrome (CRS), and cytokine storm syndrome. 74. The method of paragraph 70, wherein the immune-related disease is selected from the group consisting of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pneumonia, bronchitis, interstitial pneumonia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). 75. The method of paragraph 70, wherein the neurodegenerative disorder is selected from the group consisting of Alzheimer's disease, traumatic brain injury (TBI), chronic traumatic encephalitis (CTE), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Parkinson's disease. 76. The method of paragraph 70, wherein the atherosclerotic disorder is selected from the group consisting of angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, carotid artery stenosis, transient ischemic attack, and cerebrovascular accident (CVA). 77. The method of paragraph 70, wherein the immune-related disease is an allergic condition. 78. The method of paragraph 77, wherein the allergic condition is selected from the group consisting of allergic rhinitis, asthma, atopic eczema, anaphylaxis, insect venom allergy, drug allergy, and food allergy. 79. The method of paragraph 49, wherein the immune response is a primary response or a secondary response. 80. The method of any one of paragraphs 49 to 79, wherein the antibody is administered systemically. 81. The method of paragraph 80, wherein the anti-CD154 antibody is administered subcutaneously, intravenously, intravitreally, orally, by inhalation, transdermally, or rectally. 82. The method of any one of paragraphs 49 to 79, wherein the antibody is administered locally. 83. The method of any one of paragraphs 49 to 82, wherein the anti-CD154 antibody is administered in combination with one or more additional agents selected from the group consisting of antithrombotic agents, antiplatelet agents, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and antiallergic agents. 84. The method of paragraph 83, wherein the anti-CD154 antibody is administered before, after, or simultaneously with the one or more additional agents. 85. The method of paragraph 83 or 84, wherein the antithrombotic agent is selected from the group consisting of glycoprotein IIb / IIIa receptor antagonists, direct or indirect factor Xa inhibitors, and anticoagulants. 86. The method of paragraph 85, wherein the anticoagulant is selected from the group consisting of heparin, warfarin, rivaroxaban (XARELTO®), ximelgatran (EXANTA®), dabigatran (PRADAXA®), apixaban (ELIQUIS®), edoxaban (SAVAYSA®), enoxaparin (LOVENOX®), and fondaparinux (ARIXTRA®). 87. The method of paragraph 85, wherein the glycoprotein IIb / IIIa receptor antagonist is selected from the group consisting of abciximab (REOPRO®), rivaroxaban (XARELTO®), apixaban (ELIQUIS®), edoxaban (SAVAYSA®), idrabiotaparinux, tirofiban (AGGRASTAT®), and eptifibatide (INTEGRILIN®). 88. The method of paragraph 85, wherein the direct or indirect factor Xa inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of apixaban (ELIQUIS®), idrabiotaparinux, fondaparinux (ARIXTRA®), and rivaroxaban (XARELTO®). 89. The method of paragraph 83 or 84, wherein the antiplatelet agent is selected from the group consisting of drugs that inhibit the TXA2 pathway, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) pathway inhibitors, thrombin inhibitors, protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) inhibitors, and phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors. 90. The method of paragraph 89, wherein the ADP pathway inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of clopidogrel (PLAVIX®), ticlopidine (TICLID®), prasugrel (EFFIENT®), ticagrelor (BRILINTA®), cangrelor (KENGREAL®), and elinogrel. 91. The method of paragraph 89, wherein the PDE inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of dipyridamole (PERSANTINE®) and cilostazol (PLETAL®). 92. NSAIDs include acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), celecoxib (CELEBREX®), diclofenac (VOLTAREN®, PENNSAID®, SOLARAZE®, ZIPSOR®, CATAFLAM®, ZORVOLEX®), diflunisal (DOLOBID®), etodolac (LODINE® SR, ECCOXOLAC®), ibuprofen (BRUFEN®, ADVIL®, MOTRIN®), indomethacin (INDOCIN®), ketoprofen (ORUDIS®), ketorolac (TORADOL®, ACULAR®, SPRI 85. The method of paragraph 83 or 84, wherein the active ingredient is selected from the group consisting of prasugrel (EFFIENT®), prasugrel (EFFIENT®), prasugrel (FELDENE®), salsalate (MONO-GESIC®, SALFLEX®, DISALCID®, SALSITAB®), sulindac (CLINORIL®), tolmetin (TOLECTIN®), and prasugrel (EFFIENT®). 93. The method of any one of paragraphs 49 to 92, wherein the anti-CD154 antibody is administered in combination with one or more adjuvants selected from the group consisting of immunosuppressants, immunomodulatory agents, anti-CD2 antibodies, anti-CD3 antibodies, anti-CD4 antibodies, anti-CD28 antibodies, anti-CD52 antibodies, mTOR inhibitors, calcineurin inhibitors, and antiviral agents. 94. The method of paragraph 93, wherein the anti-CD154 antibody is administered before, after, or simultaneously with one or more adjuvant agents. 95. The immunosuppressant or immunomodulatory agent is selected from the group consisting of cyclosporine A, tacrolimus (FK-506), doxorubicin (ADRIAMYCIN®), azathioprine (IMURAN®), busulfan (BUSULFEX®), cyclophosphamide (CYTOXAN®), fludarabine, 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate (OTREXUP®, RASUVO®, RHEUMATREX®, TREXALL®), mycophenolate mofetil (CELLCEPT®), mizoribine (BREDININ™), leflunomide, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, rapamycin (RAPAMUNE®), deoxyspergualin, FTY720, muromonab-CD3 (ORTHOCLONE®), cyclosporine A, cyclosporine B, cyclosporine C, cyclosporine D, cyclosporine E, cyclosporine F, cyclosporine H, cyclosporine I ... OKT3®), alemtuzumab (CAMPATH®, MABCAMPATH®, CAMPATH-1H®, LEMTRADA®), basiliximab (SIMULECT®), daclizumab (ZINBRYTA®), eculizumab (SOLIRIS®), rituximab (RITUXAN®, MABTHERA®), bortezomib (VELCADE®, CHEMOBORT®, BORTECAD®), siplizumab, antithymocyte globulin (THYMOGLOBULIN®, ATGAM®), )), leronlimab, siltuximbab (SYLVANT®), sarilumab (KEVZARA®), tocilizumab (ACTEMRA®), bevacizumab (AVASTIN®), ranibizumab (LUCENTIS®), aflibercept (EYLEA®), and inhibitors of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), including zanubrutinib (BRUKINSA®), acalabrutinib (CALQUENCE®), and ibrutinib (IMBRUVICA®). 96. The method of paragraph 93 or 94, wherein the mTOR inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of rapamycin (RAPAMUNE®), everolimus (AFINITOR®), temsirolimus (TORISEL®), ridaforolimus, and deforolimus. 97. The method of paragraph 93 or 94, wherein the calcineurin inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of cyclosporine (NEORAL®, SANDIMMUNE®, GENGRAF®, RESTASIS®), tacrolimus (FK506, ENVARSUS®, HECORIA®, PROGRAF® PROTOPIC®, ASTRAGRAF®), and pimecrolimus (ELIDEL®). 98. The method of paragraph 93 or 94, wherein the antiviral agent is selected from the group consisting of ribavirin, interferon (Alfacon-1), chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, EIDD-2801, EIDD-1931, GS-5734, GS-441524, ivermectin, favipiravir, indomethacin, chlorpromazine, penciclovir, nafomostat, nitazoxanide, and remdesivir. 99. A method of inducing hematopoietic chimerism in a transplant recipient, comprising administering one or more doses of an anti-CD154 antibody to the recipient and transplanting hematopoietic stem cells into the recipient, thereby inducing hematopoietic chimerism in the recipient; The method, wherein the CD154 antibody is an anti-CD154 antibody according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 38. 100. The method of paragraph 99, wherein the anti-CD154 antibody is administered before, after, or simultaneously with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. 101. The method of paragraph 99 or 100, wherein the anti-CD154 antibody is administered at a dose of 5 to 50 mg / kg. 102. The method of any one of paragraphs 99 to 101, wherein the anti-CD154 antibody is administered subcutaneously, intravenously, intravitreally, orally, by inhalation, transdermally, or rectally. 103. The method of any one of paragraphs 99 to 102, further comprising the step of acclimatizing the transplant recipient prior to stem cell transplantation. 104. The method of paragraph 103, wherein the anti-CD154 antibody is administered before, after, or simultaneously with the conditioning step. 105. The method of paragraph 103 or 104, wherein the conditioning step is selected from the group consisting of total body irradiation, administration of one or more BCL-2 inhibitors, administration of busulfan, administration of fludarabine phosphate, administration of cyclophosphamide, administration of one or more immunosuppressive T cell depleting antibodies, administration of cyclosporine A (CsA), administration of tacrolimus (FK-506), administration of one or more interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor inhibitors, administration of an IL-15 receptor inhibitor, administration of rapamycin, administration of one or more anti-αβ T cell receptor antibodies, and administration of one or more CD122 antagonists, administration of kidney donor-derived CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells and CD3+ T cells (MDR-101 cell therapy), or a combination thereof. 106. The method of paragraph 105, wherein the one or more T cell-depleting antibodies are selected from the group consisting of anti-CD4, anti-CD8, anti-CD45, anti-CTLA4, anti-CD20, and anti-CD33 antibodies or combinations thereof. 107. The method of any one of paragraphs 99 to 106, wherein the transplant recipient has cancer. 108. The method of any one of paragraphs 99 to 107, wherein the transplant is a bone marrow transplant. 109. A method of inducing central immune tolerance in a transplant recipient, comprising administering one or more doses of an anti-CD154 antibody to the recipient, transplanting hematopoietic stem cells into the recipient, and transplanting donor tissue into the recipient, wherein the hematopoietic stem cells produce immune cells that are tolerant to the donor tissue, thereby inducing central immune tolerance in the recipient; The method, wherein the CD154 antibody is an anti-CD154 antibody according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 38. 110. The method of paragraph 109, wherein the anti-CD154 antibody is administered before, after, or simultaneously with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. 111. The method of paragraph 109 or 110, wherein the anti-CD154 antibody is administered at a dose of 5 to 50 mg / kg. 112. The method of any one of paragraphs 109 to 111, wherein the anti-CD154 antibody is administered subcutaneously, intravenously, intravitreally, orally, by inhalation, transdermally, or rectally. 113. The method of any one of paragraphs 109 to 112, further comprising one or more treatments to condition the recipient for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. 114. The method of paragraph 113, wherein the one or more treatments to condition the recipient for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are selected from the group consisting of total body irradiation, administration of abatacept, administration of one or more BCL-2 inhibitors, administration of busulfan, administration of fludarabine phosphate, administration of cyclophosphamide, administration of one or more immunosuppressive T cell depleting antibodies, administration of cyclosporine A (CsA), administration of FK-506, administration of one or more interleukin-2 (IL-2) inhibitors, administration of rapamycin, administration of one or more anti-αβ T cell receptor antibodies, and administration of one or more CD122 antagonists, or a combination thereof. 115. The method of paragraph 114, wherein the one or more T cell-depleting antibodies are selected from the group consisting of anti-CD4, anti-CD8, anti-CD45, anti-CTLA4, anti-CD20, and anti-CD33 antibodies, or combinations thereof. 116. A method for inhibiting xenograft rejection in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of an anti-CD154 antibody, wherein the anti-CD154 antibody is an anti-CD154 antibody described in any one of paragraphs 1 to 38. 117. The method of paragraph 116, wherein the anti-CD154 antibody is administered at a dose of 5 to 50 mg / kg. 118. The method of paragraph 116 or 117, wherein the xenograft is derived from a non-human donor selected from the group consisting of a pig, a minipig, and a non-human primate. 119. The method of paragraph 118, wherein the non-human donor is a pig or minipig that has been engineered to reduce or eliminate expression of one or more genes selected from the group consisting of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV), alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase (GGTA1), cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH), beta1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (β4GalNT2), and MHC class I. 120. The method of paragraph 119, wherein the PERV is PERV A, PERV B, or PERV C. 121. The method of paragraph 119 or 120, wherein expression of all PERV genes is eliminated in the pig or minipig. 122. The method of any one of paragraphs 119 to 121, wherein expression of one or more genes is reduced or eliminated using CRISPR / Cas9 gene editing. 123. The method of any one of paragraphs 118 to 122, wherein the non-human donor has been engineered to express one or more human proteins selected from the group consisting of a complement regulatory protein, human α-galactosidase, a coagulation regulatory protein, a human anti-inflammatory protein, and human CTLA-4-Ig, or a combination thereof. 124. The method of paragraph 123, wherein the one or more human proteins are expressed in all tissues of the non-human donor. 125. The method of paragraph 123, wherein one or more human proteins are expressed in a tissue-specific manner in a non-human donor. 126. The method of any one of paragraphs 123 to 125, wherein the complement regulatory protein is selected from the group consisting of human decay-accelerating factor (CD55), membrane cofactor protein (CD46), and CD59. 127. The method of any one of paragraphs 123 to 125, wherein the coagulation regulatory protein is selected from the group consisting of thrombomodulin, endothelial protein C receptor, tissue factor pathway inhibitor, CD39, and CD73. 128. The method of any one of paragraphs 123 to 125, wherein the human anti-inflammatory protein is selected from the group consisting of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and A20. 129. The method of any one of paragraphs 116 to 128, wherein the xenograft rejection is associated with a solid organ transplant selected from the group consisting of heart transplant, kidney transplant, liver transplant, lung transplant, pancreas transplant, kidney-pancreas transplant, heart-lung transplant, kidney-heart transplant, kidney-heart-pancreas transplant, heart-liver transplant, heart-liver-kidney transplant, heart-lung-kidney transplant, heart-lung-liver transplant, lung-kidney transplant, lung-liver transplant, liver-intestine-pancreas transplant, intestine-pancreas transplant, liver-kidney-intestine-pancreas transplant, and kidney-intestine transplant. 130. The method of paragraph 49, wherein the immune response is complement-mediated. 131. The method of any one of paragraphs 49 to 98, wherein the anti-CD154 antibody is administered in combination with one or more fusion peptides that bind to and block the function of CD28, optionally selected from the group consisting of abatacept and beratocept (NULOJIX®). [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0028] [Figure 1] Figure 1 provides the titer and viability (%) of five stable pools of CHO cells expressing anti-CD154 mAb (TNX01–TNX05) in 100 mL fed-batch culture production.

[0029] [Figure 2] Figure 2 provides an SDS-PAGE analysis of each of the anti-CD154 mAbs (TNX01-TNX05) obtained during the protein production and purification process. MW is a protein standard indicating the molecular weight of each band obtained on a Sypro Ruby-stained gel under non-reducing conditions. The TNX04 antibody appears as two separate bands on a non-reducing gel because it contains a Cys-Ser substitution that disrupts the disulfide bond connecting the heavy and light chains and the disulfide bond connecting the two heavy chains.

[0030] [Figure 3-1] Figures 3(a)-3(e) provide representative CD154 sensorgrams of TNX01-TNX05, respectively, binding to their cognate antigen, CD154. Avidity measurements of purified anti-CD154 antibodies were performed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) using a BIACORE® T200 instrument and a CM-5 sensor chip. The change in refractive index was plotted versus time in the sensorgrams as a response in resonance units (RU) using the Biacore T200 evaluation software. For each sensorgram, the CD154 binding data were fit using a 1:1 binding model. Figure 3(f) summarizes the resulting K (1 / Ms), K (1 / s), and K (M) values. [Figure 3-2] Same as above.

[0031] [Figure 4] Figures 4(a) and 4(b) provide kinetic results based on a 1:1 binding model fit to the sensorgrams in Figure 3. Representative values ​​of sCD40L (i.e., sCD154) binding affinity KD (M) are shown along with standard deviations (n=3) for each of the TNX01-TNX05 anti-CD154 antibodies.

[0032] [Figure 5-1]Figures 5(a)-5(e) provide representative CD154 sensorgrams of binding of TNX01-TNX05 to FcγRIA (CD64), respectively. Avidity measurements of purified anti-CD154 antibodies were performed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) using a BIACORE® T200 instrument and a CM-5 sensor chip. The change in refractive index was plotted versus time in the sensorgrams as a response in resonance units (RU) using the Biacore T200 evaluation software. For each sensorgram, the CD154 binding data were fitted using a 1:1 binding model. Figure 5(f) summarizes the resulting K (1 / Ms), K (1 / s), and K (M) values. [Figure 5-2] Same as above.

[0033] [Figure 6] Figures 6(a) and 6(b) provide kinetic results based on a 1:1 binding model fit to the sensorgrams in Figure 5. Representative values ​​of FcγRIA (CD64) binding affinity KD (M) are shown with standard deviations (n=3). A lower KD value indicates tighter binding between the antibody and FcγRIA, with TNX02 binding most tightly to FcγRIA, followed by (in order): TNX04, TNX05, TNX01, and TNX03.

[0034] [Figure 7] Figures 7(a) and 7(b) provide kinetic results based on a 1:1 binding model fit to the sensorgrams in Figure 3. Representative values ​​of binding affinity for TNX02, TNX04, and TNX05 KD(M) to a panel of low affinity FcγRs (CD16aF, CD16aV, CD32aH, CD32bF) are shown with standard deviations (n=3). KD values ​​for TNX01 and TNX03 could not be determined because these variants exhibited negligible binding activity. A lower KD value indicates tighter binding between the antibody and FcγR.

[0035] [Figure 8]Figures 8(a) and 8(b) provide graphical representations of mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) as a function of concentration (nM) for binding of each antibody to the surface of (a) CD154-positive Jurkat D1.1 cells or (b) CD154-negative Jurkat cells, as determined by flow cytometry. Figure 8(c) provides the binding characteristics (Bmax (maximum number of binding sites), h (Hill coefficient), and apparent Kd (concentration of ligand bound to half of the receptor sites at equilibrium)) of each anti-CD154 antibody (TNX01-TNX05), positive control antibody (mouse anti-human CD40L or CD140), and negative control antibody (SYNAGIS®) to D1.1 cells (CD154-positive) as analyzed using a high-throughput FACS cell binding assay performed for various antibodies.

[0036] [Figure 9] Figures 9(a), 9(b), and 9(c) provide maps of various amino acid modifications to the Fc region of IgG1 (Figure 9(a)), IgG2 (Figure 9(b)), and IgG4 (Figure 9(c)) that can alter (e.g., reduce) FcR effector function.

[0037] [Figure 10]Figure 10 provides an SDS-PAGE analysis of each of the anti-CD154 mAbs (TNX06-TNX13) obtained during the protein production and purification process. STD is a protein standard indicating the molecular weight of each band obtained on a Sypro Ruby-stained gel under non-reducing (NR) or reducing (R) conditions. The lanes on the gel were as follows from left to right: (1) STD; (2) TNX06(NR); (3) TNX06(R); (4) STD; (5) TNX07(NR); (6) TNX07(R); (7) STD; (8) TNX08(NR); (9) TNX08(R); (10) STD; (11) TNX09(NR); (12) TNX09(R); ( 13)STD;(14)TNX10(NR);(15)TNX10(R);(16)STD;(17)TNX11(NR);(18)TNX11(R);(19)STD; (20)TNX12(NR);(21)TNX12(R);(22)STD;(23)TNX13(NR);(24)TNX13(R);(25)STD;(26)STD.

[0038] [Figure 11] Figure 11 provides the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) comparability scores for sCD154 binding by TNX06-13 compared to the score for TNX02. Scores are expressed as percentage similarity from pairwise comparisons.

[0039] [Figure 12-1] Figure 12(a) summarizes the data generated from surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis of the binding of TNX06-13 to FcγRIA (CD64) and the calculated apparent KD values ​​(affinity; ratio of kd to ka) for TNX02. Figures 12(b) and 12(c) show representative values ​​of binding affinity KD (M) for FcγRIA (CD64) along with standard deviations (n=3). Lower KD values ​​indicate tighter binding between the antibody and FcγRIA, with TNX02 binding most tightly to FcγRIA, followed by (in order): TNX13, TNX07, TNX12, TNX06, TNX10, TNX08, and TNX09. [Figure 12-2] Same as above.

[0040] [Figure 13-1] Figure 13(a) provides the average KD values ​​based on sensorgrams obtained for binding of TNX02 and TNX06-13 to low-affinity FcγRs. Figure 13(b) shows representative binding affinity KD (M) values ​​for TNX02, TNX06-10, TNX12, and TNX13 to a panel of low-affinity FcγRs (CD16aF, CD16aV, CD32aH, CD32bF) along with standard deviations (n=3). KD values ​​for TNX11 and for some FcγR panel components of TNX09, TNX10, and TNX12 could not be determined because these variants exhibited negligible binding activity. Lower KD values ​​indicate tighter binding between the antibody and FcγR. [Figure 13-2] Same as above.

[0041] [Figure 14] Figure 14(a) provides a graphical representation of the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) as a function of antibody concentration (nM) upon binding to the surface of CD154-positive Jurkat D1.1 cells. Figure 14(b) provides the binding characteristics (Bmax (maximum number of binding sites), h (Hill coefficient), and apparent Kd (concentration of ligand that binds to half of the receptor sites at equilibrium)) of each anti-CD154 antibody (TNX06-TNX13), positive control antibody (mouse anti-human CD40L or CD154), and negative control antibody (SYNAGIS®) to D1.1 cells (CD154-positive) as analyzed using a high-throughput FACS cell-binding assay performed for various antibodies. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0042] Detailed Description of the Invention Definitions and General Techniques Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical terms used in this application shall have the meanings commonly understood by those skilled in the art. Generally, the nomenclature used in connection with and in the techniques of cell and tissue culture, molecular biology, immunology, microbiology, genetics, and protein and nucleic acid chemistry and hybridization described herein is that well known and commonly used in the art. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control.

[0043] The methods and techniques of the present disclosure employ, unless otherwise specified, conventional techniques of molecular biology (including recombinant techniques), microbiology, cell biology, biochemistry, and immunology that are within the skill of the art. Such techniques include, for example, those described in Green MR & Sambrook J. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 4th ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (2012); Ausubel et al., Short Protocols in Molecular Biology: A Compendium of Methods from Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, 5 thed., Wiley, John & Sons, Inc. (2002);Harlow and Lane Using Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (1998); (2003);Oligonucleotide Synthesis (MJ Gait, ed., 1984);Methods in Molecular Biology, Humana Press; Cell Biology: A Laboratory Notebook (JE Cellis, ed., 1998) Academic Press; Animal Cell Culture (RI Freshney, ed., 1987);Introduction to Cell and Tissue Culture (JP Mather and PE Roberts, 1998) Plenum Press; Cell and Tissue Culture: Laboratory Procedures (A. Doyle, JB Griffiths, and DG Newell, eds., 1993-1998) J. Wiley and Sons; Methods in Enzymology (Academic Press, Inc.);Gene Transfer Vectors for Mammalian Cells (JM Miller and MP Calos, eds., 1987);Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (FM Ausubel et al., eds., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003); eds., 1994).

[0044] Enzymatic reactions and purification techniques are performed according to manufacturer's specifications, as commonly accomplished in the art or as described herein. The nomenclature used in connection with, and the laboratory procedures and techniques of analytical chemistry, synthetic organic chemistry, and medicinal and drug discovery chemistry described herein are those well known and commonly used in the art.

[0045] Standard techniques are used for chemical synthesis and chemical analysis.

[0046] Throughout this specification and the embodiments, the word "comprise," or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising," will be understood to mean the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers, but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers. "Comprising" can be synonymous with "including" or "containing."

[0047] Whenever an embodiment is described herein using the word "comprising," it is understood that similar embodiments otherwise described in terms of "consisting of" and / or "consisting essentially of" are also provided. As used herein, "consisting of" is a closed term including only the specific elements listed, whereas "consisting essentially of" includes the specific elements listed and may include elements that do not consist of additional, unlisted materials.

[0048] The term "including" is used to mean "including but not limited to." "Including" and "including but not limited to" are used interchangeably.

[0049] Any examples following the term "eg" or "for example" are not meant to be exhaustive or limiting.

[0050] Unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular.

[0051] The articles "a," "an," and "the" are used herein to refer to one or more than one (i.e., at least one) of the object of the article. By way of example, "an element" means one or more than one element. As used herein, the term "about," modifying the quantity of an ingredient, parameter, calculation, or measurement of a composition of the present disclosure or used in a method of the present disclosure, refers to variations in the quantity that may occur, for example, due to typical measuring and liquid handling procedures used to make isolated polypeptides or pharmaceutical compositions in the real world; due to inadvertent errors in these procedures; due to differences in the manufacture, source, or purity of the ingredients used to make the composition or carry out the method, and the like, without having a substantial effect on the chemical or physical attributes of the composition or method of the present disclosure. Such variations can be within an order of magnitude, typically within 10%, and even more typically within 5%, of a given value or range. The term "about" also encompasses amounts that differ due to different equilibrium conditions for a composition obtained from a particular initial mixture. Whether or not modified by the term "about," paragraphs include equivalent quantities. As used herein, reference to a value or parameter with "about" includes (and describes) embodiments directed to that value or parameter itself. For example, a description of "about X" includes a description of "X." Numerical ranges are inclusive of the numbers defining the range.

[0052] Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the present disclosure are approximations, the numerical values ​​set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. However, any numerical value inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements. Moreover, all ranges disclosed herein should be understood to encompass any and all subranges subsumed therein. For example, a range stated as "1 to 10" should be deemed to include any and all subranges between (and including) the minimum value of 1 and the maximum value of 10; that is, all subranges beginning with a minimum value of 1 or greater, e.g., 1 to 6.1, and ending with a maximum value of 10 or less, e.g., 5.5 to 10.

[0053] Exemplary methods and materials are described herein; however, methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can also be used in the practice or testing of this application. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. definition

[0054] The following terms, unless otherwise specified, shall be understood to have the following meanings:

[0055] As used herein, the term "antibody" or "Ab" refers to an immunoglobulin molecule (e.g., a complete antibody, antibody fragment, or modified antibody) capable of recognizing and binding to a specific target or antigen, such as a carbohydrate, polynucleotide, lipid, or polypeptide, via at least one antigen recognition site located in the variable region of the immunoglobulin molecule. As used herein, the term "antibody" encompasses any type of antibody, including, but not limited to, monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, human antibodies, and engineered antibodies (humanized antibodies, fully human antibodies, chimeric antibodies, single-chain antibodies, artificially selected antibodies, CDR-granted antibodies, etc.) that specifically bind to a given antigen (e.g., CD154). Furthermore, "antibody" and / or "immunoglobulin" (Ig) refer to a polypeptide comprising at least two heavy (H) chains (approximately 50-70 kDa) and two light (L) chains (approximately 25 kDa), optionally interlinked by disulfide bonds. There are two types of light chains: λ and κ. In humans, lambda and kappa light chains are similar, but only one type is present in each antibody. Heavy chains are classified as mu, delta, gamma, alpha, or epsilon, which define the antibody's isotype as IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA, and IgE, respectively. See generally, Fundamental Immunology Ch. 7 (Paul, W., ed., 2nd ed. Raven Press, NY (1989)), incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The antibodies disclosed herein may be "functionally bivalent" or "functionally monovalent." In other words, the antibodies disclosed herein may have one antigen-binding site (monovalent) or two antigen-binding sites, typically linked by disulfide bonds (bivalent). In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibody is an IgG1 antibody. The anti-CD154 antibody may be an IgG2 antibody. Optionally, the anti-CD154 antibody is an IgG4 antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibody does not contain a final lysine residue at its C-terminus to improve the stability of the antibody.See, for example, Jiang G et al., J Pharm Sci. Jul;105(7):2066-72 (2016); and Hintersteiner B. MAbs. 2016 Nov / Dec;8(8):1548-1560 (2016). It is known in the art that each heavy and light chain is expressed with a leader sequence (also known as a signal sequence) at its N-terminus, which is used to transport newly synthesized chains into the endoplasmic reticulum. During post-translational processing, the leader sequence is removed and therefore is not present in the final chain or mature antibody.

[0056] As used herein, the term "monoclonal antibody" or "mAb" refers to an antibody produced by the same set of immune cells, each a clone of a unique parent cell. Monoclonal antibodies have monovalent affinity (i.e., they bind to the same epitope).

[0057] As used herein, the term "chimeric" antibody refers to antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof that contain portions derived from two or more different species (e.g., mouse and human). Chimeric antibodies can be produced using mouse variable regions of desired specificity spliced ​​onto human constant domain gene segments (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567). In this way, non-human antibodies can be modified to make them more suitable for human clinical application. The term "chimera" can refer to a non-native sequence that has been engineered to have one or more changes relative to the native sequence. As used herein, chimeric antibody refers to an antibody that contains regions derived from two or more different antibodies.

[0058] As used herein, the term "humanized" antibody refers to a chimeric antibody from a non-human species whose amino acid sequence has been modified to increase its similarity to antibodies produced in humans. In some embodiments, a humanized antibody is a chimeric immunoglobulin, immunoglobulin chain, or fragment thereof (e.g., Fv, Fab, Fab', F(ab')2, or other antigen-binding subsequence of an antibody) that contains minimal sequence derived from non-human immunoglobulin. Optionally, a humanized antibody is derived from a human immunoglobulin (i.e., recipient antibody) in which residues from one or more complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of the recipient antibody have been replaced by residues from one or more CDRs of an antibody from a non-human species (donor antibody) with the desired specificity, affinity, and capacity. In some embodiments, the non-human species is mouse, rat, or rabbit. Humanized or CDR-grafted mAbs are particularly useful as therapeutic agents for humans because they are not cleared from circulation as rapidly as murine antibodies and typically do not evoke adverse immune responses. Generally, a humanized antibody has one or more amino acid residues introduced into it from a non-human source.

[0059] In some embodiments, the chimeric antibody is a humanized antibody, such as a humanized anti-CD154 antibody. The humanized anti-CD154 antibody may comprise one or more amino acid sequences of human framework regions and / or amino acid sequences derived from at least a portion of a human constant region, and further comprises sequences derived from a non-human antibody, such as non-human (e.g., mouse) CDR sequences. In some embodiments, the humanized antibody comprises a human constant region. Optionally, all of the framework regions of the humanized antibody are human framework regions.

[0060] Humanized antibodies can be generated by replacing non-human sequences in the Fv variable region that are not directly involved in antigen binding with equivalent sequences from a human Fv variable region. General methods for generating humanized antibodies are described in Morrison, SL, Science, 229:1202-1207 (1985); Oi et al., BioTechniques, 4:214 (1986); Jones et al., Nature, 321:522-525 (1986); Riechmann et al., Nature, 332:323-327 (1988); Verhoeyen et al., Science, 239:1534-1536 (1988); Staelens et al. 2006 Mol Immunol 43: 1243-1257, and U.S. Patent Nos. 5,225,539; 5,585,089; 5,693,761; 5,693,762; 5,859,205; and 6,407,213. These methods involve isolating, manipulating, and expressing nucleic acid sequences encoding all or part of immunoglobulin Fv variable regions from at least one of the heavy or light chains. Sources of such nucleic acids are well known to those skilled in the art and may, for example, be obtained from hybridomas producing antibodies against a predetermined target from germline immunoglobulin genes or synthetic constructs, as described above. Recombinant DNA encoding the humanized antibody can then be cloned into an appropriate expression vector. Humanized antibodies are typically human antibodies in which some CDR residues and / or some framework residues are substituted by residues from analogous sites in rodent antibodies. See, for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 5,225,539; 5,585,089; 5,693,761; 5,693,762; and 5,859,205, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.See also U.S. Patent No. 6,180,370 and PCT International Publication No. WO 01 / 27160 (each incorporated herein by reference), which disclose humanized antibodies and techniques for producing humanized antibodies with improved affinity for a given antigen. Furthermore, humanized and chimeric antibodies may be modified to include residues that are not found in the recipient antibody or in the donor antibody to further improve antibody properties, such as affinity or effector function.

[0061] As used herein, the term "human antibody" refers to an antibody having variable and constant regions derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences. Human antibodies may contain amino acid residues not encoded by human germline immunoglobulin sequences (e.g., mutations introduced by random or site-specific mutagenesis in vitro or by somatic mutation in vivo). However, the term "human antibody" does not include antibodies in which CDR sequences derived from the germline of another mammalian species, such as a mouse, have been grafted onto human framework sequences (i.e., humanized antibodies). The term encompasses antibodies derived from human genes but with altered sequences, for example, to reduce potential immunogenicity, increase affinity, or eliminate cysteines that may cause undesired folding. The term also encompasses such antibodies recombinantly produced in non-human cells, which may confer glycosylation that is not typical for human cells.For the production of human antibodies, see Mendez et al. Nature Genetics 15:146-156 (1997), Green and Jakobovits J. Exp. Med. 188:483-495 (1998), Lonberg, Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 23(5): 1117-1125 (2005), the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. Jackobovits, "Therapeutic Antibodies from XenoMouse Transgenic Mice," Chapter 7, Recombinant Antibodies for Immunotherapy, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2009, Murphy, "VelocImmune: Immunoglobulin Variable Region Humanized Mice," Chapter 8, Recombinant Antibodies for Immunotherapy, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2009, Murphy et al., PNAS, 2014, vol. 111(14): 5153-5158; Bruggemann et al., Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp., 2015, vol. 63:101-108. Human antibodies and methods for making them are further discussed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,939,598; 6,673,986; 6,114,598; 6,075,181; 6,162,963; 6,150,584; 6,713,610; 6,657,103; 6,586,251; and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006-0015957 A1; and International Patent Publication Nos. WO 98 / 24893; and WO 2007 / 117410. The disclosures of each of the above patents, applications, and references are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0062] As used herein, the term "amino acid modification" refers to at least one amino acid substitution, insertion, deletion, or mutation in an amino acid sequence compared to the wild-type amino acid sequence. Such modifications are within the skill of those skilled in the art. Certain modifications, including amino acid deletions, substitutions, and additions of the Fc region, have been demonstrated to alter the binding of the Fc region to its ligands and / or receptors, resulting in concomitant changes in effector function (e.g., Shields et al., J Biol Chem 276:6591-6604 (2001); Presta et al., Biochem Soc Trans 30:487-490 (2002); Escobar-Cabrera E et al. Antibodies. 6: 7 (2017); Duncan AR et al. Nature. 1988; 332: 738-740 (1988); Duncan AR et al. Nature. 332: 563-564 (1988); Hezareh M et al. J Virol. 75: 12161-12168 (2001); Oganesyan V et al. Acta, all of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties). Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr; 64: 700-704 (2008);Schlothauer T et al. Protein Eng Des Sel. Oct; 29(10):457-466 (2016);Tao MH et al. J. Immunol. 143: 2595-2601 (1989);Von Kreudenstein TS et al. MAbs. 5(5):646-654 (2013);Wang X et al. Protein Cell. 9(1):63-73 (2018); U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 20040132101; 20070111260; 20110287032; 20180194860; U.S. Patent No. 8,409,568; International Publication No. WO2017 / 177337). Amino acid deletions are indicated as "Δ" and insertions are indicated as "In". For example, the deletion of the amino acid sequence from E216 to E222 is indicated as ΔE216-E222.The insertion of arginine (R) between amino acid residues 234 and 235 can be designated as InR234 / 235.

[0063] As used herein, the term "Fc domain" refers to the crystallizable fragment of an antibody after papain digestion. The Fc domain comprises two identical protein fragments derived from the hinge region and the second and third constant domains of IgA, IgD, and IgG antibody isotypes, or the hinge region and the second, third, and fourth constant domains of IgM and IgE antibody isotypes. The Fc domain is the portion of an antibody that binds to cell surface Fc receptors and certain proteins of the complement system. The term "Fc region" refers to the Fc domain combined with the hinge region. The hinge region is typically located between the C-terminus of the variable domain and the N-terminus of the Fc domain. Although the boundaries of the Fc region might vary, the human IgG heavy chain Fc region as defined herein includes residue E216 at its carboxyl terminus of the CH3 domain (or CH4 domain in IgM and IgE antibodies), numbering in the EU format as in Edelman GM et al., (1969) Proc. Natl. Acad. USA, 63, 78-85. "EU format as shown in Edelman" refers to the residue numbering of the human IgG1 EU antibody described in Edelman GM et al., supra. Human IgG2 and human IgG4 residue numbering is also in EU format (see Dillon TM, et al., J Biol Chem. Jun 6;283(23):16206-15 (2008); Aalberse RC and Schuurman J et al., Immunology 105:9-19 (2002); and Scholthauer T et al, Protein Engineering, Design and Selection, 29(10): 457-466, (2016)). The terms "Fc domain" and "Fc region" can refer to these sequences alone or in the context of an antibody, antibody fragment, or Fc fusion protein. The Fc variant protein can be an antibody, an Fc fusion, or any protein or protein domain containing an F domain or Fc region.The amino acid sequence of a non-naturally occurring Fc domain or Fc region (also referred to herein as a "variant Fc domain" or "variant Fc region," respectively) may contain amino acid modifications. Any new amino acid residue that appears in the sequence of a variant Fc domain or variant Fc region as a result of an insertion or substitution may be referred to as a non-naturally occurring amino acid residue. Polymorphisms have been observed at several Fc domain positions, including, but not limited to, positions 270, 272, 312, 315, 356, and 358, and thus slight differences may exist from the sequence(s) presented in the prior art.

[0064] As used herein, the term "linker" refers to a polypeptide sequence that joins two or more antibody domains. The characteristics of linkers and their suitability for specific purposes are known in the art. See, for example, Chen et al. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. October 15; 65(10): 1357-1369 (2013), which discloses various types of linkers, their properties, and related linker design tools and databases, incorporated herein by reference. Linkers may be flexible, rigid, or in vivo cleavable. Preferably, linkers are flexible. Flexible linkers typically contain small, nonpolar (e.g., Gly) or polar (e.g., Ser or Thr) amino acids. The most commonly used flexible linkers have a sequence consisting primarily of a stretch of Gly and Ser residues ("GS" linker). Optionally, flexible linkers contain five repeats of Gly and Ser residues. A non-limiting example of a flexible linker is (Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser) n (SEQ ID NO: 327), (Ser-Ser-Ser-Ser-Gly) n (SEQ ID NO: 328), (Gly-Ser-Ser-Gly-Gly) n (SEQ ID NO: 329), and (Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly) n(SEQ ID NO: 330) (where n can be any integer between 1 and 5). The linker is optionally between 5 and 25 amino acid residues in length. Other suitable linkers may be selected from the group consisting of AS (SEQ ID NO: 214), AST (SEQ ID NO: 215), TVAAPS (SEQ ID NO: 216), TVA (SEQ ID NO: 217), ASTSGPS (SEQ ID NO: 218), KESGSVSSEQLAQFRSLD (SEQ ID NO: 219), EGKSSGSGSESKST (SEQ ID NO: 220), (Gly)6 (SEQ ID NO: 221), (Gly)8 (SEQ ID NO: 222), and GSAGSAAGSGEF (SEQ ID NO: 223). In general, flexible linkers should provide good flexibility and solubility and can serve as passive linkers to maintain distance between functional domains. The length of the flexible linker can be adjusted to allow proper folding or to achieve optimal biological activity of the fusion protein.

[0065] As used herein, the twenty conventional amino acids and their abbreviations follow conventional usage. See Immunology—A Synthesis (2nd Edition, E.S. Golub and D.R. Gren, Eds., Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass. (1991)), incorporated herein by reference.

[0066] A "conservative amino acid substitution" is one in which an amino acid residue is replaced with a different amino acid residue having similar biochemical properties (e.g., charge, hydrophobicity, or size). Typically, a conservative amino acid substitution does not substantially change the functional properties of a protein. When comparing proteins with conservative substitutions, the percent sequence identity or degree of similarity may be adjusted to account for the conservative nature of the substitution. Such adjustments are well known to those skilled in the art. See, e.g., Pearson, Methods Mol. Biol. 243:307-31 (1994).

[0067] Groups of amino acids with similar biochemical properties that can be used in conservative substitutions include: 1) amino acid residues with aliphatic side chains: glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine; 2) amino acid residues with aliphatic-hydroxyl side chains: serine and threonine; 3) amino acid residues with amide-containing side chains: asparagine and glutamine; 4) amino acid residues with aromatic side chains: phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan; 5) amino acid residues with basic side chains: lysine, arginine, and histidine; 6) amino acid residues with acidic side chains: aspartic acid and glutamic acid; and 7) amino acid residues with sulfur-containing side chains: cysteine ​​and methionine. Preferred conservative amino acid substitution groups include valine-leucine-isoleucine, phenylalanine-tyrosine, lysine-arginine, alanine-valine, glutamic acid-aspartic acid, and asparagine-glutamine.

[0068] Each heavy chain is composed of a heavy chain variable domain (VH) and multiple heavy chain constant domains (CH). In IgA, IgD, and IgG antibodies, the heavy chain typically contains three domains: CH1, CH2, and CH3. In IgM and IgE antibodies, the heavy chain typically contains four domains: CH1, CH2, CH3, and CH4. In some embodiments, the antibody contains two domains: CH2 and CH3. Each light chain contains a light chain variable domain (VL) and a light chain constant domain. Light chains typically contain one domain: CL. The light chain variable domain is encoded by two gene segments: a variable (V) gene segment, which encodes the first 95-101 amino acids of the light chain, and a joining (J) gene segment, which encodes approximately 12 or more amino acids. The heavy chain variable domain is encoded by three gene segments, with a diversity (D) gene segment, which encodes approximately three or more amino acids, between the V and J gene segments. The VH and VL domains can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability called "complementarity-determining regions" (CDRs) separated by more conserved "framework regions" (FRs). Each VH and VL is composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino terminus to carboxyl terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4.

[0069] The pairing of the variable domains of the heavy and light chains (VH and VL) forms the antibody binding site that interacts with an antigen. Thus, each antibody typically has two binding sites. Except for multifunctional / multispecific (e.g., bifunctional or bispecific) antibodies, the two binding sites are identical. The Fc region of the antibody constant region typically mediates the binding of the antibody to host tissues and factors, including various cells of the immune system (e.g., effector cells) and the first component (Clq) of the classical complement system.

[0070] Residues in variable domains are numbered according to Edelman, also known as the EU numbering system, which is the numbering system used for heavy or light chain variable domains of antibody compilations. See Edelman Proc Natl Acad Sci US A. May;63(1):78-85 (1969) and Kabat, EA, Wu, TT, Perry, H., Gottesman, K., and Foeller, C. (1991) Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th ed., NIH Publication No. 91-3242, Bethesda, MD. The EU numbering of residues can be determined for a given antibody by aligning the homology regions of the antibody's sequence with the "standard" EU numbering sequence. The variable region CDRs (CDR L1, CDR L2, CDR L3, CDR H1, CDR H2, CDR H3) are identified by contacts based on the crystal structure as defined in Karpusas et al. Structure. Apr 4;9(4):321-9 (2001) and numbered according to Edelman.

[0071] As used herein, the term "operably linked" refers to a first structure placed in a functional relationship with a second structure. In the context of an antibody, a targeting structure may be operably linked to a structure that confers effector function. For example, an antibody antigen-binding sequence (e.g., a variable region or VH or VL domain) may be operably linked to an Fc region. In the context of a polynucleotide, a coding sequence may be operably linked to a non-coding regulatory sequence, such as a promoter, enhancer, signal sequence, ribosome binding sequence, splice acceptor sequence, splice donor sequence, or termination sequence. Two operably linked structures may be directly connected. Alternatively, two operably linked structures may be connected via one or more intermediate structures. For example, an antibody antigen-binding portion may be operably linked to an Fc region via a CH1 domain, hinge region, and / or linker sequence. Similarly, operably linked non-coding regulatory sequences include both sequences that are adjacent to the coding sequence and sequences that act in trans or at a distance to control the coding sequence.

[0072] As used herein, the term "effector function" refers to responses triggered by the interaction of antibodies and antibody-antigen complexes with cells of the immune system. These effector functions typically involve one of three major mechanisms: antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), and opsonization and phagocytosis. In ADCC, Fc receptors on cytotoxic T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, or macrophages bind the Fc region of antibodies bound to target cells, resulting in the secretion of substances such as lytic enzymes, perforin, granzymes, and tumor necrosis factor that mediate target cell destruction. In CDC, cell death is induced by activation of the complement cascade. See Daeron, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 15:203-234 (1997); Ward and Ghetie, Therapeutic Immunol., 2:77-94 (1995); and Ravetch and Kinet, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 9:457-492 (1991). In opsonization and phagocytosis, the Fc region of an antibody bound to a pathogen binds to an Fc receptor on the surface of a phagocyte, inducing phagocytosis. Such effector functions generally require the Fc region to be combined with a binding domain (e.g., an antibody variable domain) and can be evaluated using standard assays known in the art (see, e.g., WO 05 / 018572, WO 05 / 003175, and U.S. Patent No. 6,242,195). The Fc domain of an antibody mediates immune effector mechanisms. IgG antibodies activate effector pathways of the immune system by binding to members of the cell surface Fcγ receptor family and Clq of the complement system. Ligation of effector proteins by clustered antibodies triggers various responses, including the release of inflammatory cytokines, modulation of antigen production, endocytosis, and cell death. These responses can lead to unwanted side effects, such as inflammation and thrombosis.Thus, the present disclosure further relates to anti-CD154 antibodies with altered effector functions, including antibodies in which one or more effector functions are reduced or eliminated. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that the anti-CD154 antibodies disclosed herein do not cause platelet activation or aggregation because antibodies containing mutated Fc regions do not bind to FcγRIIa (also known as CD32a) on the platelet surface.

[0073] As used herein, the term "altered effector function" refers to an Fc domain or Fc region whose effector function differs from that of a wild-type immunoglobulin. In some embodiments, one or more effector functions are reduced. Optionally, one or more effector functions are eliminated. An altered or reduced effector function can be the result of a reduced binding affinity of the Fc region of an antibody disclosed herein to an effector molecule (e.g., FcγR and / or C1q). For example, the anti-CD154 antibodies disclosed herein have reduced Fc receptor binding and complement activation compared to that of a wild-type anti-CD154 antibody. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region has reduced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). The effector function of an anti-CD154 antibody can be determined using one of many known assays, including CDC assays, ADCC assays, and phagocytosis assays (see Xu-Rong Jiang et al., Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 10: 101-111 (2011) and Liu et al. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 292:1876-1883 (2017)). One or more of the effector functions of an anti-CD154 antibody can be reduced by at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% compared to the effector function of a wild-type anti-CD154 antibody.

[0074] As used herein, the terms "CD154," "CD40 ligand," and "CD40L" can be used interchangeably and refer to a mammalian protein primarily expressed on the surface of activated T cells. The soluble form of CD154, cleaved and released by activated T cells, is a member of the TNF superfamily and binds the CD40 protein on antigen-presenting cells. The term CD154 is intended to include recombinant CD154 and recombinant chimeric forms of CD154, which can be prepared by standard recombinant expression methods. In some embodiments, CD154 refers to human CD154.

[0075] As used herein, the term "inhibit" refers to the property of an antibody or other molecule that prevents the interaction of CD154 with CD40, or that inhibits the binding of CD154 to CD40, or that inhibits the cleavage or shedding of CD154. In some embodiments, the antibody inhibits the binding of CD154 to CD40 by at least about 20%, preferably 40%, more preferably 60%, even more preferably 80%, or even more preferably 85%. Optionally, the antibody inhibits the cleavage or shedding of CD154 by at least about 20%, preferably 40%, more preferably 60%, even more preferably 80%, or even more preferably 85%. The inhibitory ability of anti-CD154 antibodies can be determined, for example, by their ability to inhibit the upregulation of specific downstream target genes of CD40. For example, anti-CD154 antibodies can alter the expression, activity, or activation of kinases and genes responsive to CD154-CD40 signaling. Anti-CD154 antibodies can inhibit upregulation of CD23 expression, inhibit upregulation of CD69 expression, inhibit upregulation and activity of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), inhibit rescue from apoptosis, inhibit upregulation of NF-κB activity, inhibit immunoglobulin isotype class switching, inhibit immunoglobulin CDR somatic hypermutation, alter the expression or activity, kinase activation of molecules within the TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF) family, such as TRAF-2, TRAF3 (also known as CRAF1), TRAF-5 and TRAF-6, or inhibit the expression of other genes responsive to CD154-CD40 signaling.Furthermore, Lederman, S., et al. J. Exp. Med. 175:1091–1101. (1992);Lederman, S., et al., Journal of Immunol. 149:3817–3 (1992);Lederman, S., et al., Journal of Immunol. 152:2163. (1994);Cleary, AM, et al., Journal of Immunol., 155:3329-3337 (1995);Cheng et al., Science. 267(5203):1494-8 (1995);Bankert KC et al., Journal of Immunol. Proc Natl Acad Sci US A. 93(18):9437-42 (1996). Muramatsu, MK et al. 2000. Cell 102: 553 (2000);Buchta CM and Bishop GA., Journal of Immunol. 192(1):145-50. (2014) Arcipowski KM, et al. International Immunology. 26(3):149-58 (2014);Mambetsariev N, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci US A. 113(4):1032-7 (2016);Arcipowski KM, Bishop GA, PLoS One. 7(7) (2012);Bishop GA. Journal of Immunol. 91(7):3483-5. (2013);Peters AL and Bishop GA. Journal of Immunol. 185(11):6555–6 (2010);Rowland SL, et al., Journal of Immunol. 179(7):4645–53. (2007)、Benson RJ, et al, European Journal of Immunol. 6(9):2535-43. (2006) is available.

[0076] As used herein, the term "immune response" refers to the reaction of the body's immune system to the presence of a substance not recognized as a component of the body itself. The immune response may be a humoral immune response, a cell-mediated immune response, or a mixed humoral and cell-mediated immune response. The humoral response may be an antibody-mediated response. The cell-mediated response may be one or more of a cytotoxic T cell-mediated immune response, a macrophage-mediated response, a natural killer (NK) cell-mediated immune response, or a cytokine-mediated response. The mixed humoral and cell-mediated response may be one or more of an antibody-mediated response, a cytotoxic T cell-mediated immune response, a macrophage-mediated response, a natural killer (NK) cell-mediated immune response, or a cytokine-mediated response. The immune response may refer to an adaptive and / or innate immune response. For a description of various types of immune responses, see David Chaplin J Allergy Clin Immunol February; 125(2 Suppl 2): ​​S3-23 (2010).

[0077] As used herein, the term "affinity" of an antibody refers to the strength of the interaction between the antigen-binding site of the antibody and the epitope. The affinity of an antibody for an antigen is typically measured by the binding affinity equilibrium dissociation constant (K D ) The antibody is expressed as K D An antibody is said to specifically bind an antigen when its affinity is 1 mM or less, preferably 100 nM or less. High affinity antibodies generally have low nanomolar (10 -9 ) range of K D and very high affinity antibodies are generally thought to have a binding affinity of picomolar (10 -12 ) range of K D It is believed that K DThe binding affinity constant can be measured by surface plasmon resonance, for example, using the BIACORE® system (Pharmacia Biosensor AB, Uppsala, Sweden and Piscataway, NJ) discussed in Example 3. See also Jonsson et al., Ann. Biol. Clin. 51:19-26 (1993); Jonsson et al., Biotechniques 11:620-627 (1991); Jonsson et al., J. Mol. Recognit. 8:125-131 (1995); Johnsson et al., Anal. Biochem. 198:268-277 (1991); Hearty S et al., Methods Mol Biol. 907:411-42 (2012), each of which is incorporated herein by reference. D can also be measured using the KINEXA® system (Sapidyne Instruments, Hanover, Germany and Boise, ID).

[0078] As used herein, the terms "k" or "affinity constant" and "k" or "dissociation constant" refer to the amount of antibody-antigen complex present at the point where equilibrium concentrations between an antibody and an antigen are reached. D is the ratio of kd to ka.

[0079] As used herein, the term "avidity" refers to the overall strength of an antibody-antigen complex. Avidity relates to three main parameters: the affinity of the antibody for the epitope; the valency of both the antibody and the antigen; and the structural arrangement of the interacting moieties. As used herein, "avidity" describes the increased affinity that results from multiple antigen-binding sites on an immunoglobulin.

[0080] As used herein, the term "transplantation" refers to the process of surgically removing cells, tissues, or organs from a first organism (donor) and placing them into a second organism (recipient). The donor can be a human or a non-human organism. In some embodiments, the donor is a primate. The donor may be a non-human primate. Optionally, the donor is a human. In some embodiments, the donor is a pig or a mini-pig. The recipient can be a human or a non-human organism. Preferably, the recipient is a human. Optionally, the recipient is a non-human primate. The transferred cells, tissues, or organs are referred to as "transplants" or "grafts." "Xenotransplantation" refers to the transfer of cells, tissues, or organs from a donor of one species (e.g., a monkey or pig) to a recipient of a different species (e.g., a human).

[0081] As used herein, the term "engineered cells" refers to cells that have been modified from their natural state.Engineered cells can be modified using one or more techniques, such as transduction to express cDNA, CRISPR / Cas9 system, RNAi technology and retroviral technology.For example, cells can be modified to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) on their surface. Examples of cells that may be transplanted include, but are not limited to, stem cells, regulatory T (Treg) cells, CAR-T cells (see Zhang, C et al. Biomarker Research (5)22. (2017)), CAR-B cells (Voss JE et al., Elife. Jan 17;8. (2019)), and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) (Zhang L et al., Clin Cancer Res. May 15;21(10):2278-88. doi: 10.1158 / 1078-0432.CCR-14-2085 (2015)).

[0082] As used herein, the term "ex-vivo expanded cells" refers to cells produced in an ex-vivo method to enhance the yield of cells (e.g., hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)) used in clinical applications such as transplantation. See, for example, Xie J, and Zhang C, Sci China Life Sci. Sep;58(9):839-53 (2015), which discusses methods for expanding the number of HSCs, including stromal / HSC co-culture, continuous perfusion and fed-batch culture, and culture systems supplemented with exogenous ligands, membrane-transportable transcription factors, complement components, protein-modifying enzymes, metabolites, or small molecule chemicals. The desired cells to be transplanted can also be expanded ex-vivo by applying endogenous Notch signaling activators (see, for example, Ex vivo expansion of human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, Dahlberg A, et al., Blood 117:6083-6090 (2011)).

[0083] As used herein, the term "transplant rejection" refers to the phenomenon that occurs when cells, tissues, or organs transplanted from a donor are rejected by the recipient's immune system. The recipient's immune system can initiate an adaptive immune response (cellular immunity) mediated by killer T cells that induce apoptosis of donor cells, a humoral immune response mediated by activated B cells that secrete antibodies, and / or an innate immune response mediated by phagocytes and soluble immune proteins (see Ochanda J et al., Cell Mol Immunol. Apr;16(4):350-356 (2019); Koo J, and Wang HL. Surg Pathol Clin. Jun;11(2):431-452 (2018); Wang H, and Yang YG, Curr Opin Organ Transplant. Apr;17(2):162-7 (2012); and da Silva MB, World J Transplant. Feb 24;7(1):1-25 (2017)).

[0084] As used herein, the term "immune-related disease" refers to a condition in which the host immune system plays an essential role in mediating disease and contributes to disease progression. The term encompasses "autoimmune diseases," which are conditions that occur when a specific adaptive immune response is mounted against self-antigens, resulting in chronic inflammatory injury to tissues caused by immune effector pathways. Autoimmune diseases include, but are not limited to, type 1 diabetes, juvenile diabetes, autoimmune diabetes, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, Addison's disease, Crohn's disease, Graves' disease, Sjogren's syndrome, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, myasthenia gravis, vasculitis, pernicious anemia, celiac disease, Guillain-Barré syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, lupus nephritis, Goodpasture's disease, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, psoriasis, temporal arteritis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, transverse myelitis, thyroiditis, ulcerative colitis, sarcoidosis, hemolytic anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, and Behcet's disease. Immune-related diseases may also refer to allergic diseases, including, but not limited to, allergic rhinitis, asthma, atopic eczema, anaphylaxis, insect venom allergies, drug allergies, and food allergies.

[0085] Immune-related diseases can also refer to dysfunctional immune responses that cause or contribute to inflammatory conditions in organs, including, but not limited to, the lungs, heart, and kidneys. For example, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a form of hypoxic respiratory failure characterized by severe impairment of gas exchange and high mortality rates in lung function. ARDS occurs when small blood vessels in the lungs leak fluid, which can invade and fill the alveoli. Multiple immunological processes involving neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells mediate the tissue injury of ARDS. See Han, S, and Mallampalli RK. Journal of immunology 194,3: 855-60 (2015). Other pulmonary inflammatory conditions include, but are not limited to, pneumonia, bronchitis, interstitial pneumonia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). See Moldoveanu, B et al. Journal of inflammation research (2):1-11 (2009).

[0086] Furthermore, immune-related diseases, such as dysfunctional immune responses that cause or contribute to inflammatory conditions in organs, can be caused by viral infections. For example, ARDS, pneumonia, bronchitis, interstitial pneumonia, and COPD can occur in infections with viruses, such as cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, influenza virus, smallpox virus, orthopoxvirus, or coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV. Such viral infections can be associated with inflammatory conditions or dysfunctional immune responses, such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS), or a "cytokine storm," a severe immune response in which the host releases too many cytokines into the bloodstream too quickly. For example, the host may release large amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1A, IL-6, and TNF-alpha, into the bloodstream. (See Prompetchara E. et al., Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol, 38(1):1-9 (2020)). Cytokine storms can occur as a result of infection, autoimmune conditions, or other diseases. For example, cytokine storms can occur in infections with viruses such as cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, influenza virus, smallpox virus, SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV. Immune-related diseases can refer to conditions associated with a dysfunctional immune response in the host, cytokine storm, or cytokine storm syndrome. Such viral-mediated immune-related diseases include, but are not limited to, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The transition from pneumonia to ARDS has been described as a "cytokine storm."Many patients with severe COVID-19 lung disease manifest typical ARDS, while others manifest atypical forms of ARDS with relatively high compliance and well-preserved lung gas volumes, which may be associated with loss of pulmonary perfusion regulation, hypoxic vasoconstriction (Gattinoni L et al., Am J. Respir Crit Care Med. (2020)) and / or microvascular thrombosis and potential disseminated intravascular coagulation (Phend C. MedPage Today, Infectious Disease. April 8, 2020).

[0087] As used herein, the term "primary response" refers to the body's immune response to an antigen that occurs the first time it is encountered. The term "secondary response" refers to an immune response that involves both B cells and T cells after a subsequent encounter with the same antigen and leads to the more rapid activation of previously generated memory cells. As discussed in Ademokun and Dunn-Walters, Immune Responses: Primary and Secondary; John Wiley & Sons, (2010) and Kuby Immunology Macmillan; 8th edition (2018), secondary responses have some quantitative and qualitative differences from primary responses. In primary immune responses, responding cells are naive B cells and T cells, while in secondary responses, responding cells are memory cells.

[0088] As used herein, the term "hematopoietic chimerism" refers to the coexistence of hematopoietic cells from both the host and donor resulting from the engraftment of donor pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells into the host. The host and donor cells may tolerate each other. Mechanisms of hematopoietic chimerism are known in the art. See Pasquet L, et al. Front Immunol. 2:80 (2011) and Nikolic B, and Sykes M, Immunol Res. 16(3):217-28. (1997), which are incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, such hematopoietic chimerism results in "central immune tolerance." The mechanisms of such chimeric "central immune tolerance" may involve central intrathymic clonal deletion, selection of regulatory T cells, and / or other related immune mechanisms. See, for example, Nikolic B, and Sykes M, Immunol Res. 16(3):217-28. (1997) and Hogquist KA et al., Nature Reviews Immunology 5:772-782 (2005), which are incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, hematopoietic stem cells are isolated or purified. Optionally, hematopoietic stem cells are passenger cells transplanted with organs, such as kidney or liver transplants. Stem cells can be derived from donor bone marrow or adipocytes / adipose tissue.

[0089] As used herein, the term "conditioning" or "conditioning" refers to preparing a recipient for stem cell transplantation, e.g., hematopoietic cell transplantation. Gyurkocza B and Sandmaier BM Blood 124:344-353 (2014) provide a review of high-dose, reduced-intensity, and non-myeloablative conditioning regimens, as well as the most commonly used agents, such as total body irradiation, fludarabine phosphate, cyclophosphamide, T cell depletion antibodies, and cyclosporine A (CsA). Monoclonal antibodies, such as anti-CD20 Ab, anti-CD33 Ab, and anti-CD45 Ab, may also be used alone or in combination with conventional therapy as part of a conditioning regimen to prevent transplant rejection. See, for example, Topcuoglu P et al; Progress in Stem Cell Transplantation; December (2015). Other agents that can be used in conditioning regimens include, but are not limited to, BCL-2 inhibitors (Perini GF et al., Journal of Hematology & Oncology 11:65 (2018)) and anti-CTLA4 Ab (Pree I et al., Transplantation. Mar 15; 83(5): 663-667 (2007)). Conditioning regimens may also include chemotherapeutic agents, including, but not limited to, alemtuzumab (CAMPATH™), busulfan, carboplatin, carmustine, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine (Ara-C), daunorubicin, etoposide (VP-16), fludarabine, melphalan, rituximab, and vincristine.

[0090] The term "isolated antibody" refers to an antibody that is at least partially free from other biological molecules present in the cells used to produce them. Other biological molecules that isolated antibodies do not include include nucleic acid molecules, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, cell debris, and culture medium. The term "isolated antibody" does not require, but includes, the complete absence of such other biological molecules. The term "isolated antibody" also does not refer to the complete absence of other molecules such as water, buffers, salts, or components of pharmaceutical formulations. Thus, a molecule that is chemically synthesized or synthesized in a cell-free system will be "isolated" from its naturally associated components. A molecule may also be "isolated" using purification techniques well known in the art.

[0091] As used herein, the terms "nucleic acid," "nucleic acid molecule," and "polynucleotide" are used interchangeably and refer to a polymeric form of nucleotides at least 10 bases in length. A polynucleotide may contain ribonucleotides, deoxynucleotides, modified forms of either type of nucleotide, or combinations thereof. A polynucleotide may be single-stranded or double-stranded.

[0092] As used herein, the term "isolated polynucleotide" or "isolated nucleic acid molecule" means a polynucleotide of genomic, mRNA, cDNA, or synthetic origin, or a combination of portions thereof, meaning that (1) the "isolated nucleic acid" is not associated with all or a portion of a polynucleotide with which it is naturally associated, (2) it is operably linked to a polynucleotide with which it is not naturally linked, or (3) it is not naturally occurring as part of a larger sequence. An isolated polynucleotide "comprising" a particular sequence may also include coding sequences for other proteins or immunoglobulin chains, expression control sequences, or vector sequences.

[0093] Molecular purity or homogeneity can be assayed by several means well known in the art. For example, the purity of an antibody sample can be assayed using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and staining of the gel to visualize the antibody using techniques well known in the art. For certain purposes, higher resolution can be provided by using HPLC or other means for purification well known in the art. The purity of a nucleic acid sample can be assayed using the spectrophotometric absorbance of the sample at 260 nm to 280 nm using techniques well known in the art. For certain purposes, higher resolution can be provided by using means for purification well known in the art.

[0094] Examples of isolated antibodies include, but are not limited to, anti-CD154 antibodies that have been affinity purified using CD154 and anti-CD154 antibodies synthesized by cell lines in vitro.

[0095] The term "vector" as used herein refers to a construct capable of delivering, and preferably expressing, one or more polynucleotide sequences of interest in a host cell. Non-limiting examples of vectors include viral vectors, naked DNA or RNA expression vectors, bacterial vectors, mammalian vectors, plasmids, cosmids, phage vectors, DNA or RNA expression vectors associated with cationic condensing agents, DNA or RNA expression vectors encapsulated in liposomes, and certain eukaryotic cells, such as producer cells. In some embodiments, vectors autonomously replicate in the host cells into which they are introduced. Optionally, vectors integrate into the genome of the host cell and replicate together with the host genome. Vectors may be capable of directing the expression of coding sequences to which they are operably linked. Such vectors are referred to herein as "recombinant expression vectors" or "expression vectors."

[0096] The term "host cell," as used herein, refers to a cell into which a vector or polynucleotide has been introduced. It should be understood that "host cell" includes not only the particular subject cell but also the progeny of such a cell. Because certain modifications may occur in successive generations due to either mutation or environmental influences, such progeny may not actually be identical to the parent cell, but are still included within the scope of the term "host cell" as used herein so long as they still contain the vector, polynucleotide, or a portion thereof, either episomally or integrated into the host cell genome.

[0097] The term "percent sequence identity" in the context of polynucleotide (or polypeptide) sequences is defined as the percentage of nucleic acid (or amino acid) residues in a candidate sequence that are identical with those of a reference nucleotide (or polypeptide) sequence, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity. Such conservative substitutions are taken into account (in addition to identical residues) when calculating the "percent sequence similarity" of the two sequences. Residue positions that are not identical but similar differ by conservative amino acid substitutions.

[0098] Alignment, for example, to determine the percent amino acid sequence identity, sequence similarity, or sequence homology between a wild-type protein and its mutein, can be accomplished in a variety of ways within the skill of the art using publicly available sequence analysis computer software, such as BLAST, BLAST-2, ALIGN, Megalign (DNASTAR), Gap, BESTFIT®, and other programs in the Wisconsin Package Version 10.0 or the Genetics Computer Group (GCG), Madison, Wisconsin. Software programs. Those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters for aligning sequences, including any algorithms needed to achieve maximum alignment over the full length of the sequences being compared. Polypeptide sequences can also be compared using FASTA, using default or recommended parameters. In the context of polypeptide sequences, FASTA takes a query amino acid sequence and searches a sequence database using local sequence alignment to identify similar sequences within the database (Pearson, Methods Enzymol. 183:63-98 (1990); Pearson, Methods Mol. Biol. 132:185-219 (2000); Pearson Curr Protoc Bioinformatics. Mar 24;53:3.9.1-25 (2016) each of which is incorporated herein by reference). BLAST, particularly blastp or tblastn, using default parameters can be used to compare a query sequence to a database containing sequences from various organisms. See, e.g., Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410 (1990); Altschul et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-402 (1997); Eser et al., PLoS One. 22;9(12): e115445 (2014), each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0099] As used herein, a reference to a nucleotide sequence includes its complement unless otherwise specified. Thus, a reference to a nucleic acid having a particular sequence should be understood to encompass the complementary strand, including its complementary sequence.

[0100] The terms "patient," "subject," and "individual" are used interchangeably herein and refer to either a human or non-human animal in need of treatment. These terms include mammals, such as humans, and primates (e.g., monkeys). Optionally, the subject is a human. In some embodiments, the subject is in need of an inhibited or reduced immune response.

[0101] The term "primate" refers to mammals of the order Primates, including anthropoids and prosimians, characterized by elaborately developed hands and feet, short snouts, and large brains. The mammalian order Primates includes humans, apes, monkeys, and prosimians, or lower primates.

[0102] As used herein, the term "therapeutically effective amount" refers to an amount of an administered therapeutic agent that alleviates to some extent one or more of the symptoms of the condition being treated. With respect to the treatment of transplant rejection, a therapeutically effective amount refers to an amount that has at least one of the following effects: reducing, inhibiting, or preventing acute or chronic rejection of transplanted cells, tissues, or organs and one or more symptoms associated with the rejection; prolonging graft survival; reducing thrombosis; and reducing the risk of life-threatening infections, cancer, and other complications such as cardiovascular disease and renal failure. See, for example, Romano et al. Front Immunol. 10:43 (2019) and Ingulli E. Pediatr Nephrol. 25(1):61-74 (2010) for mechanisms of cell rejection in transplantation. With respect to the treatment of autoimmune diseases and antibody-mediated inflammatory diseases, a therapeutically effective amount refers to an amount that has at least one of the following effects: reducing one or more symptoms associated with the autoimmune disease, such as fatigue, muscle pain, fever, inflammation, and skin rash.

[0103] The pharmaceutical composition may contain a therapeutically effective amount or a prophylactically effective amount of the antibody disclosed herein. The therapeutically effective amount of an antibody may vary depending on factors such as the individual's disease state, age, sex, and weight, as well as the ability of the antibody or antibody portion to induce a desired response in the individual. A therapeutically effective amount is also an amount in which any toxic or adverse effects of the antibody are outweighed by the therapeutically beneficial effects. It is routine for those skilled in the art to determine the therapeutically effective amount of an antibody disclosed herein based on these factors. A "prophylactically effective amount" refers to an amount effective to achieve the desired preventive result, at the necessary dosage and for the necessary duration. Typically, a prophylactic dose is used in subjects before transplantation or in the early stages of transplant rejection, so the prophylactically effective amount may be less than the therapeutically effective amount.

[0104] As used herein, the terms "treat," "treating," and "treatment" refer to the internal or external administration of a therapeutic agent, such as a composition containing any of the antibodies disclosed herein, to a subject or patient having, or suspected of having, one or more disease symptoms for which the agent has therapeutic activity. "Treat," "treating," and "treatment" refer to therapeutic and / or prophylactic treatment. Therapeutic treatment includes, for example, methods that alleviate or reduce the severity of a condition or eliminate the condition, including alleviating or reducing the severity of one or more symptoms of a condition. Treatment is considered prophylactic if it is administered before the clinical manifestation of a condition. Alleviation or reduction of disease symptoms can typically be assessed by any clinical measure used by a physician or other skilled artisan to assess the severity or progression of the condition. The term further refers to postponing the onset of one or more disease symptoms and / or reducing the severity of one or more disease symptoms. The term further includes alleviating existing uncontrolled or unwanted disease symptoms, preventing further disease symptoms, and alleviating or preventing the underlying causes of such disease symptoms. Thus, the term indicates that a beneficial result has been imparted to the subject.

[0105] With respect to the treatment of transplant rejection, treatment can refer to the alleviation, reduction, or delay of the rejection of transplanted cells, tissues, or organs or one or more symptoms associated with the rejection. Treatment can also result in the prolongation of graft survival, reduction of thrombosis, and / or a reduction in the risk of other complications such as life-threatening infections, cancer, and cardiovascular disease and renal failure. With respect to the treatment of autoimmune diseases, treatment can refer to weakening the body's immune response and controlling the autoimmune reaction. With respect to the treatment of antibody-mediated inflammatory diseases, treatment can refer to reducing one or more symptoms associated with autoimmune diseases, such as fatigue, muscle pain, low fever, inflammation, and skin rash. With respect to treatment with the antibodies disclosed herein, these terms can simply mean that the life expectancy and quality of life of an individual receiving a transplant or suffering from an autoimmune or inflammatory disease is increased, or that one or more symptoms associated with transplant rejection or the autoimmune or inflammatory disease is reduced.

[0106] As used herein, the terms "prevent," "preventing," and "prevention" refer to preventing or delaying the recurrence or onset of, or reducing, one or more symptoms of a condition in a subject as a result of administration of an anti-CD154 antibody of the present disclosure. For example, in the context of administering a therapy to a subject, "prevent," "preventing," and "prevention" refer to inhibiting, reducing, or delaying the onset or onset of transplant rejection or associated thrombosis, or preventing or delaying the recurrence, onset, or onset of one or more symptoms associated with administration of a transplant (e.g., a solid organ transplant) or combination of therapies (e.g., a solid organ transplant and an immunosuppressant) in a subject.

[0107] As used herein, the terms "administering" an antibody or composition of the present disclosure to a subject or "administration of" an antibody or composition to a subject refers to contacting the antibody or composition with the subject or the subject's cells, tissues, organs, or biological fluids. Such administration can be carried out using one of a variety of methods known to those of skill in the art. For example, an antibody or composition of the present disclosure can be administered systemically or locally. In some embodiments, a composition can be administered subcutaneously, intravenously, intravitreally, orally, by inhalation, transdermally, or rectally. Administering can also be carried out, for example, once, multiple times, and / or over one or more extended periods of time. In some embodiments, administering includes both direct administration (including self-administration) and indirect administration, including the act of prescribing a drug.

[0108] As used herein, the term "highly stringent conditions" refers to hybridization to filter-bound DNA in 0.1× sodium chloride / sodium citrate (SSC) at 65°C, followed by one or more washes in 0.1× SSC, 0.1% SDS at 50-65°C (Ausubel et al., eds., 1989, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Vol. I, Green Publishing Associates, Inc., and John Wiley & Sons, Inc., NY, at p. 2.10.3). Anti-CD154 antibody

[0109] A first aspect of the present disclosure provides isolated anti-CD154 antibodies with altered effector functions that bind to mammalian CD154, more preferably human CD154. In some embodiments, one or more effector functions are reduced. Optionally, one or more effector functions are eliminated. In some embodiments, the antibody with one or more reduced effector functions demonstrates reduced binding to an Fc receptor relative to an antibody having a wild-type IgG1 heavy chain. Optionally, the reduced binding to an Fc receptor is 10-3200 times weaker than the binding demonstrated by a wild-type IgG heavy chain. In some embodiments, the K for FcγR1A that binds the Fc domain of the antibody with reduced effector function is 10-3200 times weaker than the binding demonstrated by a wild-type IgG heavy chain. D is between 0.1 and 100 nM, for example, between 0.3 and 92 nM. Optionally, the K for CD16aF binding the Fc domain of an antibody with one or more reduced effector functions is D In some embodiments, the K for CD16aV that binds the Fc domain of an antibody with one or more reduced effector functions is greater than 2 μM. D Optionally, the K for CD32aH binding the Fc domain of an antibody with one or more reduced effector functions is greater than 0.4 μM. D In some embodiments, the K for CD32bF that binds the Fc domain of an antibody with one or more reduced effector functions is greater than 0.5 μM. D is greater than 1 μM.

[0110] In some embodiments, the isolated antibody is a fully human monoclonal antibody. In some embodiments, the isolated antibody is a chimeric antibody. In some embodiments, the isolated antibody is a humanized antibody. In some embodiments, the human anti-CD154 antibody is produced by immunizing a non-human transgenic animal, e.g., a rodent, whose genome contains human immunoglobulin genes such that the transgenic animal produces human antibodies.

[0111] In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibody comprises a human or humanized variable region, wherein the variable region comprises a heavy chain variable domain (VH) and a light chain variable domain (VL), wherein the VH is operably linked to a human Fc domain having altered effector function(s). In some embodiments, one or more effector functions of the human Fc domain are reduced. Optionally, one or more effector functions of the human Fc domain are eliminated. Optionally, the VH is operably linked to a human Fc region, wherein the human Fc region comprises a human hinge sequence and a human Fc domain, the human hinge sequence being between the VH and the human Fc domain. In some embodiments, one or more effector functions of the human Fc region are reduced. Optionally, one or more effector functions of the human Fc region are eliminated. The hinge may comprise the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 76-90. In some embodiments, the hinge comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 76. Optionally, the hinge comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 77. The hinge may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 78. In some embodiments, the hinge comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 79. Optionally, the hinge comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80. The hinge may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 81. In some embodiments, the hinge comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 82. Optionally, the hinge comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83. The hinge may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84. In some embodiments, the hinge comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 85. Optionally, the hinge comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 86. The hinge may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 87. In some embodiments, the hinge comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 88. Optionally, the hinge comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 89. The hinge may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 90.

[0112] In some embodiments, the human Fc domain is derived from an IgG1 Fc (or crystalline fragment) region. Optionally, the human Fc domain is derived from an IgG1 constant region. The human Fc domain may be derived from an IgG2 Fc (or crystalline fragment) region. In some embodiments, the Fc domain is derived from an IgG2 constant region. The human Fc domain may be derived from an IgG4 Fc (or crystalline fragment) region. In some embodiments, the Fc domain is derived from an IgG4 constant region. In some embodiments, the human Fc region is derived from an IgG1 Fc (or crystalline fragment) region. Optionally, the human Fc region is derived from an IgG1 constant region. In some embodiments, the human Fc region is derived from an IgG2 Fc (or crystalline fragment) region. In some embodiments, the Fc region is derived from an IgG2 constant region. Optionally, the human Fc region is derived from an IgG4 Fc (or crystalline fragment) region. The human Fc region may be derived from an IgG4 constant region.

[0113] In some embodiments, the Fc domain of an antibody disclosed herein comprises one or more amino acid modifications that alter effector function, including reducing or eliminating one or more effector functions. In some embodiments, the Fc domain comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-9, 12-18, and 238-241. Optionally, the Fc domain comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% similar to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-9, 12-18, and 238-241. The Fc domain may comprise an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 3-9, 12-18, and 238-241. In some embodiments, the Fc domain comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-9, 12-18, and 236-241. Optionally, the Fc domain comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% similar to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-9, 12-18, and 236-241. In some embodiments, the Fc domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. Optionally, the Fc domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the Fc domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. Optionally, the Fc domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the Fc domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7. Optionally, the Fc domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the Fc domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9. Optionally, the Fc domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, the Fc domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13. Optionally, the Fc domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14. In some embodiments, the Fc domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15. Optionally, the Fc domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16.In some embodiments, the Fc domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17. Optionally, the Fc domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18. In some embodiments, the Fc domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 236. Optionally, the Fc domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 237. In some embodiments, the Fc domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 238. Optionally, the Fc domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 239. In some embodiments, the Fc domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 240. Optionally, the Fc domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 241. In some embodiments, the Fc domain does not comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 236. Optionally, the Fc domain does not comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 237. In some embodiments, the Fc domain does not comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 236 and 237.

[0114] In some embodiments, the Fc region of an antibody disclosed herein comprises one or more amino acid modifications that alter effector function, including reducing or eliminating one or more effector functions. In some embodiments, the Fc region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 21-37, 40-56, and 243-251. Optionally, the Fc region comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% similar to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 21-37, 40-56, and 243-251. The Fc region may comprise an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 21-37, 40-56, and 243-251. In some embodiments, the Fc region comprises an amino acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 21-37, 40-56, and 242-251. Optionally, the Fc region comprises an amino acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% similar to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 21-37, 40-56, and 242-251. The Fc region may comprise an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 21-37, 40-56, and 242-251. In some embodiments, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21. Optionally, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23. Optionally, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24. In some embodiments, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25. Optionally, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26. In some embodiments, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27. Optionally, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28. In some embodiments, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29. Optionally, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30.In some embodiments, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31. Optionally, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32. In some embodiments, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33. Optionally, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34. In some embodiments, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35. Optionally, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 36. In some embodiments, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 37. In some embodiments, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40. Optionally, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41. In some embodiments, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42. Optionally, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43. In some embodiments, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44. Optionally, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 45. In some embodiments, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46. Optionally, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 47. In some embodiments, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 48. Optionally, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 49. In some embodiments, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 50. Optionally, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 51. In some embodiments, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 52. Optionally, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53. In some embodiments, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54. Optionally, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 55. In some embodiments, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56. In some embodiments, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 242. Optionally, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 243. In some embodiments, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 244. Optionally, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 245. In some embodiments, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 246. Optionally, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 247. In some embodiments, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:248.Optionally, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 249. In some embodiments, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 250. Optionally, the Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 251. In some embodiments, the Fc domain does not comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 236. Optionally, the Fc domain does not comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 237. In some embodiments, the Fc domain does not comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 242. Optionally, the Fc domain does not comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 236, 237, and 242.

[0115] In some embodiments, an antibody comprising an IgG4-derived Fc domain or Fc region comprises an amino acid modification at any one or combination of positions selected from the group consisting of S228, L235, L236, G237, E318, and N297, where the numbering of amino acid residues is according to the EU index set forth in Edelman GM et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. USA, 63, 78-85 (1969). In a preferred embodiment, an antibody comprising an IgG4-derived Fc domain or Fc region comprises an amino acid modification selected from the group consisting of S228P, L235A, L235E, L236E, G237A, E318A, and N297Q, or a combination thereof. See, e.g., Figure 9c.

[0116] In some embodiments, an antibody comprising an Fc domain or Fc region from IgG1 is selected from the group consisting of E216, R217, K218, C219, C220, C226, C229, P230, E233, L234, L235, G236, G237, P238, S239, V240, F241, K246, L251, T260, D265, V266, H268, W277, N297, E318 , K322, P329, A330, P331, Q347, N348, T350, L351, K360, T366, N390, K392, T394, D399, S400, F405, Y407, K409, T411, or a combination of such amino acid modifications, wherein the numbering of the amino acid residues is according to the EU index as set forth in Edelman GM et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. USA, 63, 78-85 (1969).In a preferred embodiment, the antibody comprising an Fc domain or Fc region from IgG1 is selected from the group consisting of C220S, C226S, C229S, P230S, E233P, L234A, L234F, L234V, L235A, L235E, L235V, G236E, G237A, P238S, D265S, D265A, H268Q, W277T, N297G, N297Q, N297D, N297A, E318A, K322A, P329G, P329A, A3 30S, P331S, Q347R, Q347E, Q347K, T350V, L351Y, K360D, K360E, T366A, T366I, T366L, T366M, T366V, N390R, N390K, N390 D, K392V, K392M, K392R, K392L, K392F, K392E, T394W, D399R, D399W, D399K, S400E, S400D, S400R, S400K, F405A, F405I, F 405M, F405T, F405S, F405V, F405W, Y407A, Y407I, Y407L, Y407V, K409F, K409I, K409S, K409W, T411N, T411R, T411Q, T41 1K, T411D, T411E, T411W, ΔE216-E222, K246R / L251E / T260R, InR234 / 235, InV235 / 236, InR236 / 237, InR237 / 238, InV2 InN238 / 239, InL238 / 239, InE238 / 239, InG238 / 239, InS239 / 240, InG240 / 241, InE240 / 241, InG240 / 241, InL238 / 239 / P238Q, InE238 / 239 / N348A, InS239 / 240 / V266A, and InR237 / 238 / G236A, or a combination thereof. See, e.g., Figure 9a.

[0117] In some embodiments, an antibody comprising an IgG2-derived Fc domain or Fc region comprises an amino acid modification at any one or combination of positions selected from the group consisting of V234, G237, P238, H268, V309, A330, and P331, where the numbering of amino acid residues is according to the EU numbering system set forth in Edelman. In a preferred embodiment, an antibody comprising an IgG2-derived Fc domain or Fc region comprises an amino acid modification selected from the group consisting of V234A, G237A, P238S, H268Q, H268A, V309L, A330S, P331S, or a combination thereof. See, e.g., Figure 9b.

[0118] In some embodiments, the VH comprises (a) a heavy chain CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57, (b) a heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58, and (c) a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 59, and the VL comprises (a) a light chain CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60, (b) a light chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61, and (c) a light chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62.

[0119] In some embodiments, the VH comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63, 64, 252 or 253. Optionally, the VH comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% similar to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63, 64, 252 or 253. The VH may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63, 64, 252 or 253. In some embodiments, the VH comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63. Optionally, the VH comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 64. In some embodiments, the VH comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 252. Optionally, the VH comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 253. In some embodiments, the VH does not comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 233.

[0120] In some embodiments, the VL comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65 or 66. Optionally, the VL comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% similar to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65 or 66. The VL may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65 or 66. In some embodiments, the VL comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65. Optionally, the VL comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 66.

[0121] In some embodiments, the antibody further comprises a CH1 domain, wherein the CH1 domain is operably linked to (a) the C-terminus of the VH and (b) the N-terminus of the hinge. Optionally, the CH1 domain comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 67, 70, and 73. The CH1 domain may comprise an amino acid sequence at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% similar to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 67, 70, and 73. In some embodiments, the CH1 domain comprises the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 67, 70, and 73. The CH1 domain may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 67. Optionally, the CH1 domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 70. In some embodiments, the CH1 domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 73.

[0122] In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a linker between the VH and Fc domains. Optionally, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 199-223 and 327-330. In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 199-223. The linker may comprise the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 327-330. In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 199. Optionally, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 200. In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 201. Optionally, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 202. In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 203. Optionally, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 204. In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 205. Optionally, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 206. In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 207. Optionally, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 208. In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 209. Optionally, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 210. In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 211. Optionally, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 212. In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 213. Optionally, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 214. In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 215. Optionally, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 216. In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 217. Optionally, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 218. In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 219. Optionally, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 220. In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 221. Optionally, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 222. In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:223.Optionally, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 327. In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 328. Optionally, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 329. In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 330. The linker may be between the VH and the hinge. In some embodiments, the linker is between the VH and the CH1 domain.

[0123] In some embodiments, the VH is operably linked to an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-9, 12-18, 21-37, 40-56, 238-241, and 243-251. Optionally, the VH is operably linked to an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% similar to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-9, 12-18, 21-37, 40-56, 238-241, and 243-251. The VH may be operably linked to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-9, 12-18, 21-37, 40-56, 238-241, and 243-251. In some embodiments, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. Optionally, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. The VH may be operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6. Optionally, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7. The VH may be operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9. Optionally, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12. The VH may be operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13. In some embodiments, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14. Optionally, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15. The VH may be operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17. Optionally, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18. The VH may be operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22. Optionally, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23. The VH may be operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24.In some embodiments, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25. Optionally, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26. The VH may be operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27. In some embodiments, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28. Optionally, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29. The VH may be operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30. In some embodiments, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31. Optionally, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32. The VH may be operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33. In some embodiments, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34. Optionally, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35. The VH may be operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 36. In some embodiments, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 37. Optionally, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40. The VH may be operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41. In some embodiments, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42. Optionally, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43. The VH may be operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44. In some embodiments, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 45. Optionally, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46. The VH may be operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 47. In some embodiments, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 48. Optionally, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 49. The VH may be operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 50. In some embodiments, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 51. Optionally, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 52. The VH may be operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:53.In some embodiments, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54. Optionally, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 55. The VH may be operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56. Optionally, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 236. The VH may be operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 237. Optionally, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 238. The VH may be operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 239. In some embodiments, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 240. Optionally, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 241. In some embodiments, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 242. The VH may be operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 243. Optionally, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 244. The VH may be operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 245. Optionally, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 246. The VH may be operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 247. Optionally, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 248. The VH may be operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 249. Optionally, the VH is operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 250. The VH may be operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 251. Optionally, the VH is not operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 236. In some embodiments, the VH is not operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 237. Optionally, the VH is not operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 242. In some embodiments, the VH is not operably linked to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 236 and 237. Optionally, the VH is not operably linked to the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 236, 237, and 242.

[0124] In some embodiments, the heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149-160, 163-174 and 266-288. Optionally, the heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% similar to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149-160, 163-174 and 266-288. The heavy chain may comprise the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149-160, 163-174 and 266-288. In some embodiments, the heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149-160, 163-174, 266-277, and 279-288. Optionally, the heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% similar to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149-160, 163-174, 266-277, and 279-288. The heavy chain may comprise the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149-160, 163-174, 266-277, and 279-288. In some embodiments, the heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149, 151-160, 163, 165-174, and 266-288. Optionally, the heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% similar to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149, 151-160, 163, 165-174 and 266-288.The heavy chain may comprise the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149, 151-160, 163, 165-174, and 266-288. In some embodiments, the heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149, 151-160, 163, 165-174, 266-277, and 279-288. Optionally, the heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% similar to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149, 151-160, 163, 165-174, 266-277, and 279-288. The heavy chain may comprise the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149, 151-160, 163, 165-174, 266-277, and 279-288. In some embodiments, the heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149, 151-160, 163, 165-174, 267-271, 273-277, and 279-288. Optionally, the heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% similar to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149, 151-160, 163, 165-174, 267-271, 273-277, and 279-288. The heavy chain may comprise the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149, 151-160, 163, 165-174, 267-271, 273-277, and 279-288. In some embodiments, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 121. Optionally, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 122. The heavy chain may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 123. In some embodiments, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 124.Optionally, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 125. The heavy chain may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 126. In some embodiments, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 127. Optionally, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 128. The heavy chain may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 129. In some embodiments, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 130. Optionally, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 131. The heavy chain may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 132. In some embodiments, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 135. Optionally, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 136. The heavy chain may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 137. In some embodiments, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 138. Optionally, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 139. The heavy chain may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 140. In some embodiments, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 141. Optionally, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 142. The heavy chain may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 143. In some embodiments, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 144. Optionally, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 145. The heavy chain may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 146. In some embodiments, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 149. Optionally, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 150. The heavy chain may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 151. In some embodiments, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152. Optionally, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 153. The heavy chain may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 154. In some embodiments, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 155. Optionally, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 156. The heavy chain may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 157. In some embodiments, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 158. Optionally, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 159. The heavy chain may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 160. In some embodiments, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 163. Optionally, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 164.The heavy chain may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 165. In some embodiments, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 166. Optionally, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 167. The heavy chain may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 168. In some embodiments, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 169. Optionally, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 170. The heavy chain may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 171. In some embodiments, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 172. Optionally, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 173. The heavy chain may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 174. In some embodiments, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 266. Optionally, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 267. The heavy chain may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 268. In some embodiments, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 269. Optionally, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 270. The heavy chain may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 271. The heavy chain may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 272. In some embodiments, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 273. Optionally, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 274. The heavy chain may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 275. Optionally, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 276. The heavy chain may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 277. In some embodiments, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 278. In some embodiments, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 279. Optionally, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 280. The heavy chain may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 281. In some embodiments, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 282. Optionally, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 283. The heavy chain may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 284. In some embodiments, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 285. Optionally, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 286. The heavy chain may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 287. In some embodiments, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 288. Optionally, the heavy chain does not comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 150.In some embodiments, the heavy chain does not comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 164. Optionally, the heavy chain does not comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 150 and 164. In some embodiments, the heavy chain does not comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 234. Optionally, the heavy chain does not comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 266. In some embodiments, the heavy chain does not comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 272. In some embodiments, the heavy chain does not comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 278. Optionally, the heavy chain does not comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 234 and 278. In some embodiments, the heavy chain does not comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 234, 266, 272 and 278. Optionally, the heavy chain does not comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 150, 164, 234 and 278. In some embodiments, the heavy chain does not comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 150, 164, 234, 266, 272 and 278.

[0125] In some embodiments, the light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 195 and 196. Optionally, the light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% similar to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 195 and 196. The light chain may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 195 or 196. In some embodiments, the light chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 195. Optionally, the light chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 196.

[0126] In some embodiments, the antibody is monoclonal. Optionally, the antibody is a chimeric antibody. The antibody may be a humanized antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is a human antibody.

[0127] In some embodiments, the binding of the antibody to human CD154 inhibits the interaction between human CD154 and human CD40. Optionally, the antibody blocks the activation of one or more of B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, or endothelial cells by inhibiting the binding of CD154 to CD40. In some embodiments, a reduced level of thrombosis is observed after administration of the antibody compared to the level of thrombosis after administration of the 5c8 or hu5c8 antibody. Optionally, the antibody does not cause thrombosis when administered to a subject.

[0128] In some embodiments, the antibody has one or more of the following effects when administered to a subject: (a) a reduced risk of thrombosis or thromboembolic events compared to a hu5c8 antibody; (b) reduced activation of CD154-expressing platelets; (c) inhibition of CD154 shedding; and (d) alteration of the expression or activity of downstream targets of CD154-CD40 signaling. Optionally, administration of the antibody results in a reduced risk of thrombosis or thromboembolic events compared to a subject administered a 5c8 or hu5c8 antibody. In some embodiments, administration of the antibody results in a reduced activation of CD154-expressing platelets. Optionally, administration of the antibody results in inhibition of CD154 shedding. In some embodiments, administration of the antibody results in altered expression of the activity of downstream targets of CD154-CD40 signaling.

[0129] In some embodiments, the human Fc domain with altered effector function does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 10, 11, 231, and 236. Optionally, the human Fc domain with altered effector function does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the human Fc domain with altered effector function does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2. Optionally, the human Fc domain with altered effector function does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the human Fc domain with altered effector function does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 11. Optionally, the human Fc domain with altered effector function does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 231. In some embodiments, the human Fc domain with altered effector function does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 236. In some embodiments, the antibody does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 10, 11, 231, and 236. Optionally, the antibody does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the antibody does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2. Optionally, the antibody does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the antibody does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 11. Optionally, the antibody does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 231. In some embodiments, the antibody does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 236.

[0130] Optionally, the human Fc region with altered effector function does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19, 20, 38, 39, 232, and 235. In some embodiments, the human Fc region with altered effector function does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 19. Optionally, the human Fc region with altered effector function does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 20. In some embodiments, the human Fc region with altered effector function does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 20. Optionally, the human Fc region with altered effector function does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 38. In some embodiments, the human Fc region with altered effector function does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 39. Optionally, the human Fc region with altered effector function does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 232. In some embodiments, the human Fc region with altered effector function does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 235. Optionally, the antibody does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19, 20, 38, 39, 232, and 235. In some embodiments, the antibody does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 19. Optionally, the antibody does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 20. In some embodiments, the antibody does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 20. Optionally, the antibody does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 38. In some embodiments, the antibody does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 39. Optionally, the antibody does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 232. In some embodiments, the antibody does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 235.

[0131] In some embodiments, a heavy chain with altered effector function does not comprise the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 119, 120, 133, 134, 147, 148, 150, 161, 162, 164, 230, 234, and 278. Optionally, a heavy chain with altered effector function does not comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 119. In some embodiments, a heavy chain with altered effector function does not comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 120. Optionally, a heavy chain with altered effector function does not comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 133. In some embodiments, a heavy chain with altered effector function does not comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 134. Optionally, a heavy chain with altered effector function does not comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 147. In some embodiments, a heavy chain with altered effector function does not comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 148. In some embodiments, a heavy chain with altered effector function does not comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 150. Optionally, the heavy chain with altered effector function does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 161. In some embodiments, the heavy chain with altered effector function does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 162. In some embodiments, the heavy chain with altered effector function does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 164. Optionally, the heavy chain with altered effector function does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 230. In some embodiments, the heavy chain with altered effector function does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 234. Optionally, the heavy chain with altered effector function does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 278. In some embodiments, the antibody does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 119, 120, 133, 134, 147, 148, 150, 161, 162, 164, 230, 234, and 278. Optionally, the antibody does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 119. In some embodiments, the antibody does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 120. Optionally, the antibody does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO:133.In some embodiments, the antibody does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 134. Optionally, the antibody does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 147. In some embodiments, the antibody does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 148. Optionally, the antibody does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 161. In some embodiments, the antibody does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 162. In some embodiments, the heavy chain with altered effector function does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 164. Optionally, the antibody does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 230. In some embodiments, the antibody does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 234. Optionally, the heavy chain with altered effector function does not comprise the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 278. In some embodiments, the antibody does not comprise an amino acid sequence consisting of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 10, 11, 19, 20, 38, 39, 119, 120, 133, 134, 147, 148, 150, 161, 162, 164, 230, 231, 232, 234, 235, 236, and 278. Anti-CD154 antibody characteristics Binding affinity of anti-CD154 antibodies to CD154

[0132] Binding affinity of anti-CD154 antibodies to CD154 (K D ) and dissociation rate (k off ) can be determined by methods known in the art. Binding affinity can be measured by ELISA, RIA, flow cytometry, or surface plasmon resonance (SPR), such as by a BIACORE® system. The dissociation rate can be measured by SPR. Optionally, binding affinity and dissociation rate are measured by SPR. In some embodiments, binding affinity and dissociation rate are measured using BIACORE®. One of skill in the art can determine whether an antibody disclosed herein has substantially the same K as another anti-CD154 antibody by using methods known in the art. D It can be determined whether K D and k offSuch methods for determining K can be used during initial screening stages and subsequent optimization stages. In some embodiments, the antibody has a K of less than 50 pM for CD154. D Optionally, the antibody has a K with respect to CD154 of less than 25 pM. D In some embodiments, the antibody has a K with respect to CD154 of 5 to 25 pM. D Optionally, the antibody has a K with respect to CD154 of 9.5 to 23 pM. D It has. Inhibition of CD154 activity by anti-CD154 antibodies

[0133] Anti-CD154 antibodies that inhibit the binding of CD154 to CD40 can be identified using any one of several assays, such as competitive binding assays, FACS analysis, B cell activation assays, B cell proliferation assays, T cell activation assays, and T cell proliferation assays. See, e.g., Barr et al., Immunology, 102(1):39-43 (2001); and Blair et al., J. Exp. Med., 191(4):651-660 (2001). For example, neutralizing anti-CD154 antibodies can be identified by their inhibition of upregulation of specific downstream target genes of CD154, such as CD23, CD44H, CD54, TRAF-3, and NFκB. In some embodiments, anti-CD154 antibodies have an IC of 500 nM, 300 nM, 200 nM, 150 nM, 100 nM, 50 nM, 20 nM, 10 nM, or 1 nM or less. 50 It has. Effector function-platelet assay

[0134] The effector function of anti-CD154 can be determined using any one of several assays, such as in vitro platelet activation and / or aggregation assays. See, for example, U.S. Patent No. 9,765,150; Langer F et al., Thromb Haemost. Jun;93(6):1137-46 (2005); McKenzie, SE et al., J Immunol 162 (7) 4311-4318 (1999); and Scholthauer T et al., Protein Engineering, Design and Selection, 29(10): 457-466, (2016). Platelet function can be assayed using blood from human donors or mice expressing FcγRIIA (CD32a) on platelets. Platelet activation can be detected by flow cytometry using antibodies against the platelet activation markers P-selectin (CD62P) and PAC-1 (activated GPIIb / IIIa). Platelet aggregation analysis can be performed using a minicell impedance device and quantifying the area under the curve as a measure of the platelet aggregation impedance curve. Nucleic acids, vectors, host cells, and recombinant methods for producing antibodies nucleic acid

[0135] A second aspect of the present disclosure provides nucleic acid molecules encoding the anti-CD154 antibodies disclosed herein. In some embodiments, separate nucleic acid molecules encode the heavy and light chains of the anti-CD154 immunoglobulin. In other embodiments, the same nucleic acid molecule encodes both the heavy and light chains of the anti-CD154 immunoglobulin.

[0136] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a sequence encoding the VL of an anti-CD154 antibody disclosed herein.

[0137] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 65 and 66. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 65 and 66, or a portion thereof. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid encodes the amino acid sequence of one, two, or all three light chain CDRs of the antibody. In some embodiments, the portion encodes the contiguous regions of CDR1-CDR3 of the light chain of an anti-CD154 antibody.

[0138] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encodes a VL comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to the VL amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65 or 66. Optionally, the nucleic acid molecule encodes a VL comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% similar to the VL amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65 or 66. The nucleic acid molecule may comprise a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under highly stringent conditions to the complement of a nucleic acid encoding the amino acid sequence of the VL region of SEQ ID NO: 65 or 66.

[0139] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a sequence encoding the VH of an anti-CD154 antibody disclosed herein.

[0140] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 63, 64, 252, and 253. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 63, 64, 252, and 253, or a portion thereof. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid encodes the amino acid sequence of one, two, or all three heavy chain CDRs of the antibody. In some embodiments, the portion encodes the contiguous regions of CDR1-CDR3 of the heavy chain of an anti-CD154 antibody.

[0141] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encodes a VH comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to the VH amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63, 64, 252 or 253. Optionally, the nucleic acid molecule encodes a VH comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% similar to the VH amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63, 64, 252 or 253. The nucleic acid molecule may comprise a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under highly stringent conditions to the complement of a nucleic acid encoding the amino acid sequence of the VH region of SEQ ID NO: 63, 64, 252 or 253.

[0142] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a sequence encoding the Fc domain of an anti-CD154 antibody disclosed herein.

[0143] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding an Fc domain comprising the amino acid sequence of one of SEQ ID NOs: 3 to 9, 12 to 18, and 236 to 241. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding an Fc domain comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3 to 9, 12 to 18, and 236 to 241, or a portion thereof.

[0144] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encodes an Fc domain comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to any one of the amino acid sequences in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-9, 12-18 and 238-241. Optionally, the nucleic acid molecule encodes an Fc domain comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% similar to any one of the amino acid sequences in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-9, 12-18 and 238-241. The nucleic acid molecule may comprise a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under highly stringent conditions to the complement of a nucleic acid encoding any one of the amino acid sequences of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-9, 12-18, and 238-241, or to the complement of a nucleic acid comprising the Fc region portion of a heavy chain nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 177-179, 192-194, 289, 291-297, and 316, 318-324. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encodes an Fc domain comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to any one of the amino acid sequences of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-9, 12-18, and 236-241. Optionally, the nucleic acid molecule encodes an Fc domain comprising an amino acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% similar to any one of the amino acid sequences of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-9, 12-18, and 236-241. The nucleic acid molecule may comprise a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under highly stringent conditions to the complement of a nucleic acid encoding any one of the amino acid sequences of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-9, 12-18, and 236-241, or to the complement of a nucleic acid comprising the Fc region portion of a heavy chain nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 177-179, 192-194, 289-297, and 316-324.In some embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule encoding an Fc domain comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the Fc region portion of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 177-179, 192-194, 289-297, and 316-324. Optionally, a nucleic acid molecule encoding an Fc domain comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% similar to the Fc region portion of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 177-179, 192-194, 289-297, and 316-324. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule encoding an Fc domain comprises the nucleotide sequence of the Fc region portion of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 177-179, 192-194, 289-297, and 316-324.

[0145] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a sequence encoding the Fc region of an anti-CD154 antibody disclosed herein.

[0146] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding an Fc region comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-9, 12-18, 21-37, 40-56, 238-241, and 243-251. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding an Fc region comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-9, 12-18, 21-37, 40-56, 238-241, and 243-251, or a portion thereof. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding an Fc region comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-9, 12-18, 21-37, 40-56, and 236-251. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding an Fc region comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-9, 12-18, 21-37, 40-56, and 236-251, or a portion thereof. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding an Fc region comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 21-37, 40-56, and 243-251. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding an Fc region comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 21-37, 40-56, and 243-251, or a portion thereof. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding an Fc region comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 21-37, 40-56, and 242-251. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding an Fc region comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 21-37, 40-56, and 242-251, or a portion thereof.

[0147] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encodes an Fc region comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to any one of the amino acid sequences in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-9, 12-18, 21-37, 40-56, 238-241, and 243-251. Optionally, the nucleic acid molecule encodes an Fc region comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% similar to any one of the amino acid sequences in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-9, 12-18, 21-37, 40-56, 238-241, and 243-251. The nucleic acid molecule may comprise a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under highly stringent conditions to the complement of a nucleic acid encoding any one of the amino acid sequences of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-9, 12-18, 21-37, 40-56, 238-241, and 243-251. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encodes an Fc region comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to any one of the amino acid sequences of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-9, 12-18, 21-37, 40-56, and 236-251. Optionally, the nucleic acid molecule encodes an Fc region comprising an amino acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% similar to any one of the amino acid sequences of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-9, 12-18, 21-37, 40-56, and 236-251. The nucleic acid molecule may comprise a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under highly stringent conditions to the complement of a nucleic acid encoding any one of the amino acid sequences of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-9, 12-18, 21-37, 40-56, and 236-251. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encodes an Fc region comprising an amino acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to any one of the amino acid sequences of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 21-37, 40-56, and 243-251.Optionally, the nucleic acid molecule encodes an Fc region comprising an amino acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% similar to any one of the amino acid sequences of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 21-37, 40-56, and 243-251. The nucleic acid molecule may comprise a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under highly stringent conditions to the complement of a nucleic acid encoding any one of the amino acid sequences of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 21-37, 40-56, and 243-251. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encodes an Fc region comprising an amino acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to any one of the amino acid sequences of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 21-37, 40-56, and 242-251. Optionally, the nucleic acid molecule encodes an Fc region comprising an amino acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% similar to any one of the amino acid sequences of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 21-37, 40-56, and 242-251. The nucleic acid molecule may comprise a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under highly stringent conditions to the complement of a nucleic acid encoding any one of the amino acid sequences of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 21-37, 40-56, and 242-251.

[0148] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a sequence encoding the light chain of an anti-CD154 antibody disclosed herein. Optionally, the nucleic acid molecule encoding the light chain comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 197 and 198. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding the light chain comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 197 and 198. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding the light chain comprises a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under highly stringent conditions to the complement of a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 197 and 198.

[0149] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 195 and 196. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 195 and 196, or a portion thereof.

[0150] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encodes a light chain amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to any one of the amino acid sequences of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 195 and 196. Optionally, the nucleic acid molecule encodes a light chain amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% similar to any one of the amino acid sequences of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 195 and 196. The nucleic acid molecule may comprise a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under highly stringent conditions to the complement of a nucleic acid encoding any one of the light chain amino acid sequences of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 195 and 196, or to the complement of a nucleic acid comprising the light chain nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 197 and 198.

[0151] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a sequence encoding the heavy chain of an anti-CD154 antibody disclosed herein. Optionally, the nucleic acid molecule encoding the heavy chain comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 177-179, 182-184, 187-189, and 192-194. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding the heavy chain comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 177-179, 182-184, 187-189, and 192-194. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding the heavy chain comprises a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under highly stringent conditions to the complement of a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 177-179, 182-184, 187-189, and 192-194.

[0152] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149-160, 163-174, and 266-288. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149-160, 163-174, and 266-288, or a portion thereof. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149-160, 163-174, 266-277, and 279-288. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149-160, 163-174, 266-277, and 279-288, or a portion thereof. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149, 151-160, 163, 165-174, and 266-288, or a portion thereof. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149, 151-160, 163, 165-174, and 266-288, or a portion thereof. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149, 151-160, 163, 165-174, 266-277, and 279-288. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149, 151-160, 163, 165-174, 266-277, and 279-288, or a portion thereof. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149, 151-160, 163, 165-174, 267-271, 273-277, and 279-288.In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149, 151-160, 163, 165-174, 267-271, 273-277, and 279-288, or a portion thereof.

[0153] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encodes a heavy chain amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to any one of the amino acid sequences in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149-160, 163-174 and 266-288. Optionally, the nucleic acid molecule encodes a heavy chain amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% similar to any one of the amino acid sequences in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149-160, 163-174 and 266-288. The nucleic acid molecule may comprise a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under highly stringent conditions to the complement of a nucleic acid encoding any one of the heavy chain amino acid sequences in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149-160, 163-174, and 266-288, or to the complement of a nucleic acid comprising a heavy chain nucleotide sequence in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 177-179, 182-184, 187-189, 192-194, and 289-324. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encodes a heavy chain amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to any one of the amino acid sequences in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149-160, 163-174, 266-277, and 279-288. Optionally, the nucleic acid molecule encodes a heavy chain amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% similar to any one of the amino acid sequences of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149-160, 163-174, 266-277, and 279-288.The nucleic acid molecule can comprise a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under highly stringent conditions to the complement of a nucleic acid encoding any one of the heavy chain amino acid sequences of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149-160, 163-174, 266-277, and 279-288, or to the complement of a nucleic acid comprising a heavy chain nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 177-179, 182-184, 187-189, 192-194, and 289-324. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encodes a heavy chain amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to any one of the amino acid sequences in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149, 151-160, 163, 165-174, 266-277, and 279-288. Optionally, the nucleic acid molecule encodes a heavy chain amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% similar to any one of the amino acid sequences in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149, 151-160, 163, 165-174, 266-277, and 279-288. The nucleic acid molecule can comprise a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under highly stringent conditions to the complement of a nucleic acid encoding any one of the heavy chain amino acid sequences of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149, 151-160, 163, 165-174, 266-277, and 279-288, or to the complement of a nucleic acid comprising a heavy chain nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 177-179, 182-184, 187-189, 192-194, and 289-324. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encodes a heavy chain amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to any one of the amino acid sequences of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149, 151-160, 163, 165-174, 266-277, and 279-288.Optionally, the nucleic acid molecule encodes a heavy chain amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% similar to any one of the amino acid sequences of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149, 151-160, 163, 165-174, 266-277, and 279-288. The nucleic acid molecule can comprise a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under highly stringent conditions to the complement of a nucleic acid encoding any one of the heavy chain amino acid sequences of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149, 151-160, 163, 165-174, 266-277, and 279-288, or to the complement of a nucleic acid comprising a heavy chain nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 177-179, 182-184, 187-189, 192-194, and 289-324. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encodes a heavy chain amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to any one of the amino acid sequences in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149, 151-160, 163, 165-174, 267-271, and 273-288. Optionally, the nucleic acid molecule encodes a heavy chain amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% similar to any one of the amino acid sequences in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149, 151-160, 163, 165-174, 267-271, and 273-288. The nucleic acid molecule can comprise a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under highly stringent conditions to the complement of a nucleic acid encoding any one of the heavy chain amino acid sequences of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 121-132, 135-146, 149, 151-160, 163, 165-174, 267-271, and 273-288, or to the complement of a nucleic acid comprising a heavy chain nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 177-179, 182-184, 187-189, 192-194, and 289-324. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule does not encode a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 164 or SEQ ID NO: 150.Optionally, the nucleic acid molecule does not comprise the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 188 or SEQ ID NO: 183. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule does not encode a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 278 or SEQ ID NO: 234. Optionally, the nucleic acid molecule does not comprise the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 299 or SEQ ID NO: 308. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding the heavy chain comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 177-179, 192-194, 289-297, and 316-324. Optionally, the nucleic acid molecule encoding the heavy chain comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% similar to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 177-179, 192-194, 289-297, and 316-324. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding the heavy chain comprises the nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 177-179, 192-194, 289-297, and 316-324.

[0154] Nucleic acid molecules encoding the heavy or light chain of an anti-CD154 antibody can be isolated from any source that produces such an antibody. In various embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules are isolated from B cells expressing anti-CD154 antibodies isolated from animals immunized with CD154, or from immortalized cells derived from such B cells. Methods for isolating nucleic acids encoding antibodies are well known in the art. See, for example, Sambrook J. & Russell D., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3rd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (2000). In another embodiment, the nucleic acid is isolated from a non-human, non-transgenic animal. Nucleic acid molecules isolated from non-human, non-transgenic animals can be used, for example, for humanized antibodies comprising one or more amino acid sequences from the human anti-CD154 antibodies disclosed herein. vector

[0155] A third aspect of the present disclosure provides a vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the vector comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding the heavy chain of the disclosed anti-CD154 antibody. Optionally, the vector comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding the light chain of the disclosed antibody. The vector may comprise nucleotide sequences encoding the heavy and light chains of the disclosed anti-CD154 antibody.

[0156] In some embodiments, anti-CD154 antibodies are expressed by inserting DNA encoding the partial or full-length light and / or heavy chains obtained as described above into an expression vector so that the genes are operably linked to expression control sequences, such as transcriptional and translational control sequences. In some embodiments, the DNA encoding the partial light and / or heavy chains may contain VH and / or VL sequences. Expression vectors include plasmids; retroviruses; adenoviruses; adeno-associated viruses (AAV); plant viruses such as cauliflower mosaic virus and tobacco mosaic virus; cosmids; YACs; episomes derived from EBV; and the like. Polynucleotides encoding the heavy and / or light chains may be ligated into a vector so that transcriptional and translational control sequences within the vector perform their intended function of regulating the transcription and translation of the polynucleotide. Expression vectors and expression control sequences can be selected to be compatible with the expression host cell used. The antibody light chain gene and the antibody heavy chain gene may be inserted into separate vectors. In some embodiments, both genes are inserted into the same expression vector. In some embodiments, polynucleotides encoding VH and / or VL sequences are inserted into an expression vector comprising CH and / or CL nucleotide sequences. Optionally, polynucleotides encoding VH sequences are inserted into an expression vector comprising Fc domain nucleotide sequences. In some embodiments, polynucleotides encoding VH sequences are inserted into an expression vector comprising Fc region nucleotide sequences. Polynucleotides encoding heavy and / or light chains are inserted into the expression vector by standard methods (e.g., ligation of complementary restriction sites on the antibody gene fragment and vector, or blunt-end ligation if no restriction sites are present).

[0157] A convenient vector may encode a functionally complete CH or CL immunoglobulin sequence with appropriate restriction sites engineered so that any VH or VL nucleotide sequence can be easily inserted 5' to the CH or CL nucleotide sequence and expressed, as described above. In such vectors, splicing typically occurs between the splice donor site in the inserted J region and the splice acceptor site preceding the C domain, as well as at splice regions occurring within the CH exon. Optionally, the vector encodes an Fc domain with modified effector function with appropriate restriction sites engineered so that a VH nucleotide sequence can be easily inserted 5' to the Fc domain nucleotide sequence and expressed. In some embodiments, the vector contains a linker-encoding sequence 5' to the Fc domain-encoding sequence with appropriate restriction sites engineered so that a VH nucleotide sequence can be easily inserted 5' to the linker sequence and expressed. Optionally, the vector encodes an Fc region with altered effector function with a suitable restriction site engineered 5' to the Fc region nucleotide sequence so that the VH nucleotide sequence can be easily inserted and expressed. In some embodiments, the vector comprises a linker-encoding sequence 5' to the Fc region-encoding sequence with a suitable restriction site engineered 5' to the linker polynucleotide sequence so that the VH nucleotide sequence can be easily inserted and expressed. In some embodiments, the vector comprises a CH1 domain-encoding sequence 5' to the Fc region-encoding sequence with a suitable restriction site engineered 5' to the CH1 domain polynucleotide sequence so that the VH nucleotide sequence can be easily inserted and expressed.

[0158] In some embodiments, the vector comprises a polyadenylation and / or transcription termination sequence downstream of the coding region. The recombinant expression vector may also encode a signal peptide that facilitates secretion of the antibody chain from a host cell. The antibody chain gene may be cloned into the vector such that the signal peptide is linked in-frame to the amino terminus of the immunoglobulin chain. Optionally, the signal peptide is an immunoglobulin signal peptide or a heterologous signal peptide (i.e., a signal peptide from a non-immunoglobulin protein).

[0159] In addition to the antibody chain coding sequences, the recombinant expression vector may optionally carry regulatory sequences that control the expression of the antibody chain coding sequences in a host cell. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the design of the expression vector, including the selection of regulatory sequences, can depend on factors such as the choice of host cell to be transformed and the desired expression level of protein. Preferred regulatory sequences for expression in mammalian host cells include viral elements that direct high levels of protein expression in mammalian cells, e.g., promoters and / or enhancers from retroviral long terminal repeats (LTRs), promoters and / or enhancers from cytomegalovirus (CMV) (e.g., the CMV promoter / enhancer), promoters and / or enhancers from simian virus 40 (SV40) (e.g., the SV40 promoter / enhancer), promoters and / or enhancers from adenovirus (e.g., the adenovirus major late promoter (AdMLP)), polyoma and strong mammalian promoters, such as native immunoglobulin and actin promoters. For further details of viral regulatory elements and their sequences, see, for example, U.S. Patent No. 5,168,062, U.S. Patent No. 4,510,245, and U.S. Patent No. 4,968,615. Methods for expressing antibodies in plants, including descriptions of promoters and vectors, and plant transformation are known in the art. See, for example, U.S. Patent No. 6,517,529, which is hereby incorporated by reference. Methods for expressing polypeptides in bacterial cells or fungal cells, such as yeast cells, are also well known in the art.

[0160] In addition to the antibody chain coding sequence and regulatory sequences, the recombinant expression vectors disclosed herein may contain additional sequences, such as sequences regulating replication of the vector in host cells (e.g., origins of replication) and selectable marker genes. If desired, the vector contains a selectable marker gene that facilitates selection of host cells into which the vector has been introduced (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,399,216, 4,634,655, and 5,179,017, which are incorporated herein by reference). For example, the selectable marker gene can confer resistance to drugs such as geneticin (G418), hygromycin, or methotrexate on the host cell into which the vector has been introduced. For example, selectable marker genes include the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene (for use in methotrexate selection / amplification in DHFR-deficient host cells), the neomycin resistance (neo) gene (for G418 selection), and the glutamate synthetase gene. Host cells and methods for recombinantly producing proteins

[0161] Any of the nucleic acid molecules encoding the anti-CD154 antibodies disclosed herein and vectors containing these nucleic acid molecules can be used to transfect suitable mammalian, plant, or yeast host cells or transform bacterial host cells. Methods for transfecting / transforming host cells with polynucleotides are well known in the art. For example, methods for introducing heterologous polynucleotides into mammalian cells are well known in the art and include, but are not limited to, dextran-mediated transfection, calcium phosphate precipitation, polybrene-mediated transfection, protoplast fusion, electroporation, encapsulation of polynucleotides in liposomes, and direct microinjection of DNA into the nucleus. Furthermore, nucleic acid molecules may be introduced into mammalian cells via viral vectors. Methods for transforming cells are well known in the art. See, for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 4,399,216, 4,912,040, 4,740,461, and 4,959,455, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Methods for transforming plant cells are well known in the art and include, for example, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, biolistic transformation, direct injection, electroporation, and viral transformation. Methods for transforming bacterial and yeast cells are also well known in the art.

[0162] Mammalian cell lines available as expression hosts are well known in the art and include many immortalized cell lines available from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). Non-limiting examples include Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, NS0 cells, SP2 cells, HEK-293T cells, 293 Freestyle cells (Invitrogen), NIH-3T3 cells, HeLa cells, baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells, African green monkey kidney cells (COS), human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (e.g., Hep G2), A549 cells, and several other cell lines, among others. Other cell lines that can be used are insect cell lines, such as Sf9 or Sf21 cells. Plant host cells include, for example, tobacco, Arabidopsis, duckweed, corn, wheat, potato, etc. Bacterial host cells include E. coli and Streptomyces species. Yeast host cells include Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Pichia pastoris. It is within the skill of one in the art to select a cell line based on specific characteristics, such as expression level and glycosylation pattern. When a recombinant expression vector encoding an antibody chain is introduced into a mammalian host cell, the antibody is produced by culturing the host cell for a period of time sufficient to allow expression of the antibody in the host cell, or more preferably, secretion of the antibody into the culture medium in which the host cell is grown. Standard protein purification methods can be used to recover the antibody from the culture medium or host cell.

[0163] Furthermore, expression from the cell line producing the antibody of the present disclosure can be enhanced using several known techniques. For example, the glutamine synthetase gene expression system (GS system) is a common approach for enhancing expression under certain conditions. See, for example, European Patent Nos. 0216846, 0256055, 0323997, and 0338841, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0164] Antibodies expressed by different cell lines or in transgenic animals may have different glycosylation patterns. The antibodies disclosed herein may be expressed by any suitable host cell system and therefore may have any glycosylation pattern. Pharmaceutical Compositions and Administration

[0165] A fourth aspect of the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an anti-CD154 antibody described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-CD154 antibody described herein.

[0166] The antibodies disclosed herein can be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration to a subject. Typically, the pharmaceutical composition comprises the antibodies disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As used herein, "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" and "pharmaceutically acceptable excipient" are used interchangeably and refer to any and all physiologically compatible solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are well known in the art. See, for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences and US Pharmacopeia: National Formulary, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, PA (1984), which are incorporated herein by reference. Some examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are water, saline, phosphate-buffered saline, dextrose, glycerol, ethanol, and the like, as well as combinations thereof. In many cases, it is preferable to include an isotonic agent, such as a sugar, a polyalcohol such as mannitol, sorbitol, or sodium chloride, in the composition. Additional examples of pharmaceutically acceptable substances are wetting agents or minor amounts of auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, preservatives or buffers, which enhance the shelf life or effectiveness of the antibodies.Pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared by mixing the antibodies disclosed herein with acceptable carriers, excipients, or stabilizers, for example, in the form of a lyophilized powder, a slurry, an aqueous solution, or a suspension (see, e.g., Hardman, et al. (2001) Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY; Gennaro (2000) Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins, New York, NY; Avis, et al. (eds.) (1993) Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Parenteral Medications, Marcel Dekker, NY; Lieberman, et al. (eds.) (1990) Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Tablets, Marcel Dekker, NY; Lieberman, et al. (eds.) (1990) Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Disperse Systems, Marcel Dekker, NY; see Weiner and Kotkoskie (2000) Excipient Toxicity and Safety, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY).

[0167] Pharmaceutical compositions can be in a variety of forms, such as liquid, semi-solid, and solid dosage forms, such as liquid solutions (e.g., injectable and infusible solutions), dispersions, suspensions, tablets, pills, powders, liposomes, and suppositories. The preferred form depends on the intended mode of administration and therapeutic use. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of an injectable or infusible solution, such as a composition similar to that used for passive immunization of humans. Optionally, the mode of administration is parenteral (e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular). In some embodiments, the mode of administration is intravitreal injection. The pharmaceutical composition can be administered by intravenous infusion or injection. In some embodiments, the antibody is administered by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection. Injectable formulations can be stored in unit dosage form, such as ampoules, prefilled syringes, or multi-dose containers, with or without added preservatives. The pharmaceutical composition can take forms such as suspensions, solutions, or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and can contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing, and / or dispersing agents. Alternatively, the active ingredient may be prepared in powder form for reconstitution with a suitable vehicle, eg, sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.

[0168] Therapeutic compositions typically must be sterile and stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage. The compositions can be formulated as solutions, microemulsions, dispersions, liposomes, or other ordered structures suitable for high drug concentrations. Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the required amount of anti-CD154 antibody in an appropriate solvent, with one or a combination of the ingredients listed above, as needed, followed by filtered sterilization. Dispersions can be prepared by incorporating the anti-CD154 antibody into a sterile vehicle containing the basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those listed above. For sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, preferred methods include vacuum drying and freeze-drying, which yield a powder of the anti-CD154 antibody and any additional desired ingredients from a previously sterile-filtered solution. The proper fluidity of the solution can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by maintaining the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and / or by the use of surfactants. Prolonged absorption of injectable compositions can be achieved by including an agent that delays absorption, such as monostearate salts and gelatin, in the composition.

[0169] Pharmaceutical compositions can be administered by various methods known in the art.In some embodiments, preferred route / mode of administration is subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous injection.In some embodiments, the mode of administration is intravitreal.As recognized by those skilled in the art, the route and / or mode of administration varies according to the desired result.

[0170] In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared with carriers that protect antibodies from rapid release, such as sustained-release formulations, including implants, transdermal patches, and microencapsulated delivery systems.Biodegradable and biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid.Methods for preparing such formulations are generally known to those skilled in the art.For example, see "Sustained and Controlled Release Drug Delivery Systems" by JR Robinson, ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1978, which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0171] Additional active compounds can also be incorporated into the composition. In certain embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibody disclosed herein is co-formulated and / or co-administered with one or more additional therapeutic agents. These agents include, but are not limited to, antibodies that bind to other targets, antithrombotic agents, antiplatelet agents, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and antiallergic agents. Such combination therapy requires lower dosages of the anti-CD154 antibody and the co-administered agents, thereby avoiding the potential toxicity or complications associated with various monotherapies.

[0172] The dosage regimen can be adjusted to provide the optimum desired response (e.g., therapeutic or prophylactic response). For example, a single bolus can be administered, several divided doses can be administered over time, or the dose can be proportionally reduced or increased depending on the exigencies of the therapeutic situation. For ease of administration and uniformity of dosage, it can be advantageous to formulate parenteral compositions into unit dosage forms. The term "unit dosage form" as used herein refers to a physically discrete unit suitable as a unit dosage for the mammalian subject to be treated; each unit contains a predetermined amount of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the necessary pharmaceutical carrier. The specifications of the unit dosage form are influenced by and directly depend on (a) the unique characteristics of the anti-CD154 antibody and the specific therapeutic or prophylactic effect to be achieved, and (b) the limitations in the art when producing such antibodies for the treatment of susceptibility in individuals.

[0173] An exemplary, non-limiting range for a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of an antibody disclosed herein is 5 to 50 mg / kg. A therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of an antibody disclosed herein can be about 5 to about 50 mg / kg. In some embodiments, a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of an antibody disclosed herein is 5 to 30 mg / kg. A therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of an antibody disclosed herein can be about 5 to about 30 mg / kg. Optionally, a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of an antibody disclosed herein is 5 mg / kg, 10 mg / kg, 15 mg / kg, 20 mg / kg, 25 mg / kg, 30 mg / kg, 35 mg / kg, 40 mg / kg, 45 mg / kg, or 50 mg / kg. In some embodiments, a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of an antibody disclosed herein is about 5 mg / kg, about 10 mg / kg, about 15 mg / kg, about 20 mg / kg, about 25 mg / kg, about 30 mg / kg, about 35 mg / kg, about 40 mg / kg, about 45 mg / kg, or about 50 mg / kg. Dosage values ​​may vary with the type and severity of the condition to be alleviated. For any particular subject, specific dosage regimens may be adjusted over time according to the individual's needs and the professional judgment of the person administering or supervising the administration of the composition, and dosage ranges set forth herein are merely exemplary and are not intended to limit the scope or practice of the compositions described herein. Therapeutic uses

[0174] A fifth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method for inhibiting CD154 activity. In some embodiments, CD154 activity is inhibited by contacting CD154 with an anti-CD154 antibody disclosed herein. Optionally, CD154 is inhibited by administering an anti-CD154 antibody disclosed herein to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of the anti-CD154 antibody is administered. Optionally, the anti-CD154 is administered in a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein.

[0175] A sixth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method for inhibiting an immune response in a subject. In some embodiments, the immune response is inhibited by administering an anti-CD154 antibody disclosed herein to a subject in need thereof. Optionally, a therapeutically effective amount of the anti-CD154 antibody is administered. In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 is administered in a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein. The immune response can be a humoral response, such as an antibody-mediated response. The immune response can be one or more of a cell-mediated response, such as a cytotoxic T cell-mediated immune response, a macrophage-mediated response, a natural killer (NK) cell-mediated immune response, or a cytokine-mediated response. The immune response can be a mixed humoral response and a cell-mediated response. The immune response can be a primary or secondary response.

[0176] Any of the antibodies disclosed herein can be used therapeutically. In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibody is a human, chimeric, or humanized antibody. Optionally, the subject is a human. The subject can be a non-human, such as a monkey. Optionally, the anti-CD154 antibody is a human antibody and the subject is a human. In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibody is a humanized antibody and the subject is a human. Alternatively, the subject can be a mammal (e.g., a monkey) expressing a CD154 with which the anti-CD154 antibody cross-reacts. The antibody can be administered to a non-human mammal (e.g., a cynomolgus monkey) expressing a CD154 with which the antibody cross-reacts for veterinary purposes or as an animal model of human transplantation or disease. Such animal models can be useful for evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of the antibodies disclosed herein.

[0177] The antibody may be administered once. Optionally, the antibody may be administered multiple times. The antibody may be administered three times daily to once every six months or longer. Administration may be three times daily, twice daily, once daily, once every two days, once every three days, once weekly, once every two weeks, once monthly, once every two months, once every three months, once every six months, twice weekly, three times weekly, four times weekly, twice every two weeks, three times every two weeks, and four times every two weeks. The antibody may also be administered continuously via a minipump. The antibody may be administered via mucosal, buccal, intranasal, inhalation, intravenous, intravitreal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, parenteral, or intratumoral routes. In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered systemically, for example, subcutaneously, intravenously, orally, by inhalation, transdermally, or rectally. Optionally, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered topically. In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered intravitreally. The antibody may be administered once, at least twice, or at least until the condition is treated, alleviated, or cured. The antibody is generally administered for as long as the condition exists. The antibody is generally administered as part of a pharmaceutical composition, as described above. The antibody dosage generally ranges from 5 to 50 mg / kg. The antibody dosage may be about 5 to about 50 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the antibody dosage is 5 to 30 mg / kg. The antibody dosage may be about 5 to about 30 mg / kg. Optionally, the antibody dosage is 5 mg / kg, 10 mg / kg, 15 mg / kg, 20 mg / kg, 25 mg / kg, 30 mg / kg, 35 mg / kg, 40 mg / kg, 45 mg / kg, or 50 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the dosage of the antibody is about 5 mg / kg, about 10 mg / kg, about 15 mg / kg, about 20 mg / kg, about 25 mg / kg, about 30 mg / kg, about 35 mg / kg, about 40 mg / kg, about 45 mg / kg, or about 50 mg / kg.

[0178] In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibodies disclosed herein are administered to a subject expressing inappropriately high levels of CD154. Optionally, the subject has received or will receive a cell, tissue, or organ transplant. The transplant may be an allograft, autograft, or xenograft of cells, tissue, or organs. The cells may be engineered cells or ex-vivo expanded cells. For example, the cells may be modified using one or more techniques, such as transduction to express cDNA, the CRISPR / Cas9 system, RNAi technology, and retroviral technology. Optionally, the cells are modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) on their surface. Examples of cells that may be transplanted include, but are not limited to, stem cells, regulatory T (Treg) cells, CAR-T cells, CAR-B cells, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs).

[0179] In some embodiments, any of the anti-CD154 antibodies disclosed herein can be administered to a subject to prevent transplant rejection in the subject. For example, an anti-CD154 antibody can be administered to prevent acute or chronic humoral rejection of transplanted cells, tissues, or organs. The rejection can be acute or chronic transplant rejection in allograft or xenograft transplant recipients. The methods disclosed herein can promote long-term transplant survival of transplanted cells, tissues, or organs. Optionally, long-term transplant survival is at least 6 months after transplantation, at least 1 year after transplantation, or at least 5 years after transplantation.

[0180] The transplant rejection may be associated with hematopoietic cell or bone marrow transplants, pancreatic islet cell allografts, graft-versus-host disease, or solid organ transplants selected from the group consisting of heart transplants, kidney transplants, liver transplants, lung transplants, pancreas transplants, kidney-pancreas transplants, heart-lung transplants, kidney-heart transplants, kidney-heart-pancreas transplants, heart-liver transplants, heart-liver-kidney transplants, heart-lung-kidney transplants, heart-lung-liver transplants, lung-kidney transplants, lung-liver transplants, liver-intestine-pancreas transplants, intestine-pancreas transplants, liver-kidney-intestine-pancreas transplants, and kidney-intestine transplants.

[0181] In some embodiments, any of the anti-CD154 antibodies disclosed herein may be administered to a subject with one or more of an immune-related disease, an atherosclerotic disorder, or a neurodegenerative disorder. The subject may also have had or be at risk of having one or more of a stroke, a transient ischemic attack (TIA), an aneurysm, or a dissecting aneurysm.

[0182] Examples of immune-related diseases that can be treated / prevented by the compositions / methods disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, type 1 diabetes, juvenile diabetes, autoimmune diabetes, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, Addison's disease, Crohn's disease, Graves' disease, Sjogren's syndrome, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, myasthenia gravis, vasculitis, pernicious anemia, celiac disease, Guillain-Barré syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, lupus nephritis, Goodpasture's disease, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, psoriasis, and the like. Examples of immune-related diseases include psoriasis, temporal arteritis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, transverse myelitis, thyroiditis, ulcerative colitis, sarcoidosis, hemolytic anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, immune response dysfunction associated with viral-mediated diseases, cytokine release syndrome (CRS), cytokine storm syndrome, Behçet's disease, diabetic retinopathy (DR), diabetic macular edema (DME), wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and macular edema after retinal vein occlusion (MEfRVO). Immune-related diseases may also include allergic conditions, including, but not limited to, allergic rhinitis, asthma, atopic eczema, anaphylaxis, insect venom allergy, drug allergy, and food allergy. Optionally, the immune-related disease is an inflammatory condition of an organ. In some embodiments, the organ is selected from the group consisting of the lung, heart, and kidney. Optionally, the organ is the lung. In some embodiments, the immune-related disease is acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pneumonia, bronchitis, pneumonitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The immune-related disease may be selected from the group consisting of ARDS, pneumonia, and pneumonitis. Optionally, the immune-related disease is ARDS. In some embodiments, the immune-related disease is a condition associated with cytokine storm, cytokine release syndrome (CRS), or cytokine storm syndrome in a host.

[0183] In some embodiments, the immune-related disease is a dysfunction of the immune response associated with a viral infection. Optionally, the virus is selected from the group consisting of cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, influenza virus, smallpox virus, orthopoxvirus, coronavirus, such as SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV. In some embodiments, the virus is selected from the group consisting of SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV. The virus may be SARS-CoV-2. In some embodiments, the immune-related disease is selected from the group consisting of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), cytokine release syndrome (CRS), and cytokine storm syndrome. The immune-related disease may be selected from the group consisting of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and influenza. Optionally, the immune-related disease is COVID-19.

[0184] Examples of neurodegenerative disorders that can be treated / prevented by the compositions / methods disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, Alzheimer's disease, traumatic brain injury (TBI), chronic traumatic encephalitis (CTE), and Parkinson's disease.

[0185] Examples of atherosclerotic disorders that can be treated / prevented by the compositions / methods disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, carotid artery stenosis, transient ischemic attack, and cerebrovascular accident (CVA).

[0186] In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-CD154 antibody disclosed herein in combination with one or more additional agents. Optionally, the one or more additional agents are selected from the group consisting of antithrombotic agents, antiplatelet agents, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The anti-CD154 antibody may be administered simultaneously with the one or more additional agents. In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered sequentially with the one or more agents. Optionally, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered before the one or more additional agents. The anti-CD154 antibody may be administered subsequent to the one or more additional agents. In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered in the same composition as the one or more additional agents. Optionally, the anti-CD154 antibody and the one or more additional agents are administered in separate compositions.

[0187] Examples of antithrombotic agents include, but are not limited to, glycoprotein IIb / IIIa receptor antagonists, direct or indirect factor Xa inhibitors, and anticoagulants, including, but not limited to, heparin, warfarin, rivaroxaban (XARELTO®), ximelgatran (EXANTA®), dabigatran (PRADAXA®), apixaban (ELIQUIS®), edoxaban (SAVAYSA®), enoxaparin (LOVENOX®), and fondaparinux (ARIXTRA®). Examples of antithrombotic agents include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,782,069; 5,332,822; 5,492,895; 5,612,363; 5,691,364; 5,693,641; 5,721,214; 5,726, No. 173; No. 5,753,635; No. 5,846,970; No. 5,849,759; No. 5,889,005; No. 6,107,280; No. 6,1 No. 40,351; No. 6,150,329; No. 6,180,627; No. 6,200,976; No. 6,242,432; No. 6,248,770; No. 6 ,271,215;No.6,280,731;No.6,287,794;No.6,300,330;No.6,300,342;No.6,333,338 ; No. 6,395,731; No. 6,417,203; No. 6,432,955; No. 6,444,672; No. 6,451,832; No. 6,458,79 Nos. 6,753,331; 6,774,110; 6,797,710; and 6,924,296.Examples of glycoprotein IIb / IIIa receptor antagonists include, but are not limited to, abciximab (REOPRO®), rivaroxaban (XARELTO®), apixaban (ELIQUIS®), edoxaban (SAVAYSA®), idrabiotaparinux, tirofiban (AGGRASTAT®), and eptifibatide (INTEGRILIN®). Direct or indirect factor Xa inhibitors include, but are not limited to, apixaban (ELIQUIS®), idrabiotaparinux, fondaparinux (ARIXTRA®), and rivaroxaban (XARELTO®).

[0188] Examples of antiplatelet drugs include, but are not limited to, drugs that inhibit the TXA2 pathway, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) pathway inhibitors, thrombin inhibitors, protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) inhibitors, and phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors. Examples of ADP pathway inhibitors include, but are not limited to, clopidogrel (PLAVIX®), ticlopidine (TICLID®), prasugrel (EFFIENT®), ticagrelor (BRILINTA®), cangrelor (KENGREAL®), and elinogrel. Non-limiting examples of PDE inhibitors include, but are not limited to, dipyridamole (PERSANTINE®) and cilostazol (PLETAL®).

[0189] Examples of NSAIDs include, but are not limited to, acetylsalicylic acid, celecoxib (CELEBREX®), diclofenac (VOLTAREN®, PENNSAID®, SOLARAZE®, ZIPSOR®, CATAFLAM®, ZORVOLEX®), diflunisal (DOLOBID®), etodolac (LODINE®), SR®, ECCOXOLAC®), ibuprofen (BRUFEN®, ADVIL®, MOTRIN®), indomethacin (INDOCIN®), ketoprofen (ORUDIS®), ketorolac (TORADOL®, ACULAR®, SPRIX®), nabumetone (RELAFEN®), naproxen (AFLAXEN®, ALEVE®, ANAPROX®, NAPRELAN®), oxaprozin (DAYPRO®, DAYRUN®, DURAPROX®), piroxicam (FELDENE®), salsalate (MONO-GESIC®, SALFLEX®, DISALCID®, SALSITAB®), sulindac (CLINORIL®), tolmetin (TOLECTIN®), prasugrel (EFFIENT®), ticagrelor (BRILINTA®), and cangrelor (KENGREAL®).

[0190] In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibody may be administered in combination with one or more adjuvants, including, but not limited to, immunosuppressants, immunomodulators, and monoclonal and / or polyclonal antibodies. The anti-CD154 antibody may be administered simultaneously with one or more adjuvants. In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered sequentially with one or more adjuvants. Optionally, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered before one or more adjuvants. The anti-CD154 antibody may be administered subsequent to one or more adjuvants. In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered in the same composition as one or more adjuvants. Optionally, the anti-CD154 antibody and one or more adjuvants are administered in separate compositions. Examples of such one or more adjunctive agents include, but are not limited to, anti-CD2 antibodies, anti-CD3 antibodies, anti-CD4 antibodies, anti-CD28 antibodies, anti-CD52 antibodies, anti-C5 antibodies, mTOR inhibitors, calcineurin inhibitors, antiviral drugs, and fusion peptides that bind to CD28 and block its function. Non-limiting examples of fusion peptides that bind to CD28 and block its function include abatacept and beratocept (NULOJIX®). For example, the anti-CD52 antibody can be alemtuzumab (CAMPATH®). Optionally, the anti-C5 antibody is eculizumab (SOLIRIS®).

[0191] Non-limiting examples of immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory agents include cyclosporine A, tacrolimus (FK-506), doxorubicin (ADRIAMYCIN®), azathioprine (IMURAN®), busulfan (BUSULFEX®), cyclophosphamide (CYTOXAN®), fludarabine, 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate (OTREXUP®, RASUVO®, RHEUMATREX®, TREXALL™), mycophenolate mofetil (CELLCEPT®), mizoribine (BREDININ™), leflunomide, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, rapamycin (RAPAMUNE®), deoxyspergualin, FTY720, muromonab-CD3 (ORTHOCLONE®), and the like. OKT3®), alemtuzumab (CAMPATH®, MABCAMPATH®, CAMPATH-1H®, LEMTRADA®), basiliximab (SIMULECT®), daclizumab (ZINBRYTA®), eculizumab (SOLIRIS®), rituximab (RITUXAN®, MABTHERA®), bortezomib (VELCADE®, CHEMOBORT®, BORTECAD®), siplizumab, antithymocyte globulin (THYMOGLOBULIN®), ), ATGAM®), leronlimab, siltuximbab (SYLVANT®), sarilumab (KEVZARA®), tocilizumab (ACTEMRA®), bevacizumab (AVASTIN®), ranibizumab (LUCENTIS®), aflibercept (EYLEA®), and inhibitors of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), including zanubrutinib (BRUKINSA®), acalabrutinib (CALQUENCE®), and ibrutinib (IMBRUVICA®).

[0192] Examples of mTOR inhibitors include, but are not limited to, rapamycin (Rapamune®), everolimus (AFINITOR®), temsirolimus (TORISEL®), ridaforolimus, and deforolimus. Examples of calcineurin inhibitors include, but are not limited to, cyclosporine (NEORAL®, SANDIMMUNE®, GENGRAF®, RESTASIS®), tacrolimus (FK506, ENVARSUS®, HECORIA®, PROGRAF® PROTOPIC®, ASTRAGRAF®), and pimecrolimus (ELIDEL®).

[0193] Examples of anti-allergy medications include, but are not limited to, antihistamines, decongestants, corticosteroids, mast cell stabilizers, leukotriene inhibitors, epinephrine injections, azelastine eye drops (OPTIVAR®), azelastine nasal spray (ASTELIN®, ASTEPRO®), beclomethasone (QNASL® and QVAR®), betamethasone (DERMABET®, DIPROLENE®), brompheniramine (DIMETANE®), budesonide (RHINOCORT® and PULMICORT®), and azelastine ophthalmic solution (OPTIVAR®). FLEXHALER®), carbinoxamine (PALGIC®), cetirizine (ZYRTEC®), ciclesonide (ALVESCO®, ZETONNA®), cyproheptadine, chlorpheniramine (CHLOR-TRIMETON®), clemastine (TAVIST®), cromolyn (CROLOM®), desloratadine (CLARINEX®), desonide (DESONATE®, DESOWEN®), diphenhydramine (BENADRYL®), emedastine ophthalmic solution (EMADINE®), epinastine ophthalmic solution (ELESTAT®), fexofenadine (ALLEGRA®), fluorometholone (FLAREX®, FML®), fluticasone furoate (FLONASE®), SENSIMIST®, VERAMYST®), fluticasone propionate (FLONASE ALLERGYRELIEF®), hydrocortisone (CORTAID®, MICORT-HC®), hydroxyzine (ATARAX®, VISTARIL®), ketotifen (ZADITOR®), levocabastine ophthalmic solution (LIVOSTIN®), levocabastine oral solution (XYZAL®), lodoxamide (ALOMIDE®), loratadine (ALAVERT®, CLARITIN®), loteprednol (ALREX®, LOTEMAX®), methylprednisolone (MEDROL®), mometasone (ASMANEX®) TWISTHALER®, NASONEX®, ELOCON®), naphazoline and pheniramine combination ophthalmic solution (OCUHIST®), nedocromil (ALOCRIL®), olopatadine ophthalmic solution (PATANOL®), oxymetazoline (AFRIN®, DRISTAN®), pemirolast (ALAMAST®), prednisolone (PRELONE®, OMNIPRED®, PRED FORTE®), prednisone (PREDNISONE INTENSOL®, RAYOS®), tetrahydrozoline (TYZINE®), and triamcinolone (NASACORT ALLERGY 24 HOUR®).

[0194] Examples of antiviral drugs include, but are not limited to, ribavirin, interferon (alfacon-1), chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, EIDD-2801, EIDD-1931, GS-5734, GS-441524, ivermectin, favipiravir, indomethacin, chlorpromazine, penciclovir, nafomostat, nitazoxanide, and remdesivir. Methods for inducing chimerism

[0195] A seventh aspect of the present disclosure provides a method for inducing hematopoietic chimerism in a transplant recipient. In some embodiments, the method includes administering an anti-CD154 antibody disclosed herein to the recipient and transplanting hematopoietic stem cells into the recipient, thereby inducing hematopoietic chimerism in the recipient. Optionally, a therapeutically effective amount of the anti-CD154 antibody is administered. In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 is administered in a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein. The anti-CD154 antibody may be administered simultaneously with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered sequentially with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Optionally, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The anti-CD154 antibody may be administered following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 is administered in a single dose. Optionally, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered in multiple doses.

[0196] In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered at a dose of 5 to 50 mg / kg. The anti-CD154 antibody may be administered at a dose of about 5 to about 50 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered at a dose of 5 to 30 mg / kg. The anti-CD154 antibody may be administered at a dose of about 5 to about 30 mg / kg. Optionally, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered at a dose of 5 mg / kg, 10 mg / kg, 15 mg / kg, 20 mg / kg, 25 mg / kg, 30 mg / kg, 35 mg / kg, 40 mg / kg, 45 mg / kg, or 50 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered at a dose of about 5 mg / kg, about 10 mg / kg, about 15 mg / kg, about 20 mg / kg, about 25 mg / kg, about 30 mg / kg, about 35 mg / kg, about 40 mg / kg, about 45 mg / kg, or about 50 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered systemically. The anti-CD154 antibody can be administered subcutaneously, intravenously, intravitreally, orally, by inhalation, transdermally, or rectally. Optionally, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered locally.

[0197] In some embodiments, the transplant recipient is conditioned prior to stem cell transplantation. The anti-CD154 antibody may be administered simultaneously with the conditioning step. Optionally, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered consecutively with the conditioning step. In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered before the conditioning step. Optionally, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered following the conditioning step.

[0198] Methods for acclimatizing the recipient include, but are not limited to, total body irradiation, administration of one or more BCL-2 inhibitors, busulfan, fludarabine phosphate, cyclophosphamide, one or more immunosuppressive T cell-depleting antibodies, cyclosporine A (CsA), FK-506, one or more interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor inhibitors, an IL-15 receptor inhibitor, rapamycin, one or more anti-αβ T cell receptor antibodies, and one or more CD122 antagonists (which block both IL2 and IL15 signaling), administration of kidney donor-derived CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells and CD3+ T cells (MDR-101 cell therapy), or a combination thereof. Non-limiting examples of one or more T cell-depleting antibodies include anti-CD4, anti-CD8, anti-CD45, anti-CTLA4, anti-CD20, and anti-CD33 antibodies, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the transplant recipient has cancer, hi some embodiments, the transplant is a bone marrow transplant. Methods for inducing central immune tolerance

[0199] An eighth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method for inducing central immune tolerance in a transplant recipient. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering an anti-CD154 antibody disclosed herein to the recipient, transplanting hematopoietic stem cells into the recipient, and transplanting donor tissue into the recipient, wherein the transplanted hematopoietic stem cells generate immune cells that are tolerant to the donor tissue, thereby inducing central immune tolerance in the recipient. Optionally, a therapeutically effective amount of the anti-CD154 antibody is administered. In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 is administered in a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein. The anti-CD154 antibody may be administered simultaneously with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered sequentially with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Optionally, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The anti-CD154 antibody may be administered following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 is administered in a single dose. If desired, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered in multiple doses.

[0200] In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered at a dose of 5 to 50 mg / kg. The anti-CD154 antibody may be administered at a dose of about 5 to about 50 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered at a dose of 5 to 30 mg / kg. The anti-CD154 antibody may be administered at a dose of about 5 to about 30 mg / kg. Optionally, the anti-CD154 antibody may be administered at a dose of 5 mg / kg, 10 mg / kg, 15 mg / kg, 20 mg / kg, 25 mg / kg, 30 mg / kg, 35 mg / kg, 40 mg / kg, 45 mg / kg, or 50 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered at a dose of about 5 mg / kg, about 10 mg / kg, about 15 mg / kg, about 20 mg / kg, about 25 mg / kg, about 30 mg / kg, about 35 mg / kg, about 40 mg / kg, about 45 mg / kg, or about 50 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered systemically. The anti-CD154 antibody can be administered subcutaneously, intravenously, intravitreally, orally, by inhalation, transdermally, or rectally. Optionally, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered locally.

[0201] In some embodiments, the transplant recipient is conditioned prior to stem cell transplantation. The anti-CD154 antibody can be administered simultaneously with the conditioning step. Optionally, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered consecutively with the conditioning step. In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered before the conditioning step. Optionally, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered following the conditioning step.

[0202] Methods for conditioning the recipient include, but are not limited to, total body irradiation, administration of one or more BCL-2 inhibitors, administration of busulfan, administration of fludarabine phosphate, administration of cyclophosphamide, administration of one or more immunosuppressive T cell-depleting antibodies, administration of cyclosporine A (CsA), administration of FK-506, administration of one or more interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor inhibitors, administration of rapamycin, administration of one or more anti-αβ T cell receptor antibodies, and administration of one or more CD122 antagonists, or combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of one or more T cell-depleting antibodies include anti-CD4, anti-CD8, anti-CD45, anti-CTLA4, anti-CD20, and anti-CD33 antibodies, or combinations thereof. Methods for preventing xenograft rejection

[0203] A ninth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method for preventing xenograft rejection in a transplant recipient. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to a subject an effective amount of an anti-CD154 antibody disclosed herein. Optionally, a therapeutically effective amount of the anti-CD154 antibody is administered. In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 is administered in a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein. The anti-CD154 antibody may be administered simultaneously with the xenograft. In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered sequentially with the xenograft. Optionally, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered prior to the xenograft. The anti-CD154 antibody may be administered subsequent to the xenograft. In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 is administered in a single dose. Optionally, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered in multiple doses. Optionally, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered in four doses. Optionally, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered in four doses of 30 mg / kg. Optionally, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered in four doses within two weeks. If necessary, the first dose of anti-CD154 antibody is administered twice, with the first half dose administered before the transplant is revascularized and the second half dose administered after the xenotransplantation procedure has been confirmed to be successful.

[0204] The anti-CD154 antibody may be administered at a dose of 5 to 50 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered at a dose of about 5 to about 50 mg / kg. The anti-CD154 antibody may be administered at a dose of 5 to 30 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered at a dose of about 5 to about 30 mg / kg. Optionally, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered at a dose of 5 mg / kg, 10 mg / kg, 15 mg / kg, 20 mg / kg, 25 mg / kg, 30 mg / kg, 35 mg / kg, 40 mg / kg, 45 mg / kg, or 50 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered at a dose of about 5 mg / kg, about 10 mg / kg, about 15 mg / kg, about 20 mg / kg, about 25 mg / kg, about 30 mg / kg, about 35 mg / kg, about 40 mg / kg, about 45 mg / kg, or about 50 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered systemically. The anti-CD154 antibody can be administered subcutaneously, intravenously, intravitreally, orally, by inhalation, transdermally, or rectally. Optionally, the anti-CD154 antibody is administered locally.

[0205] The transplant recipient may be a human, and the xenograft may be derived from a non-human donor. In some embodiments, the non-human donor is selected from the group consisting of a pig, a minipig, and a non-human primate. Optionally, the non-human donor is a pig or minipig engineered to reduce or eliminate expression of one or more genes. In some embodiments, the reduced or eliminated genes include, but are not limited to, porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV), alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase (GGTA1), cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH), beta-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (β4GalNT2), and MHC class I. Optionally, the reduced or eliminated genes include a PERV. The PERV may be PERV A, PERV B, or PERV C. Expression of all PERV genes may be eliminated in the pig or minipig. Expression of one or more genes can be reduced or eliminated using CRISPR / Cas9 gene editing.

[0206] In some embodiments, the non-human donor may be engineered to express one or more human proteins. Examples of the one or more human proteins include, but are not limited to, complement regulatory proteins, human α-galactosidase, coagulation regulatory proteins, human anti-inflammatory proteins, and human CTLA-4-Ig, or a combination thereof. The one or more human proteins may be expressed in all tissues of the non-human donor. In some embodiments, the one or more human proteins are tissue-specifically expressed in the non-human donor. Examples of complement regulatory proteins include, but are not limited to, human decay-accelerating factor (CD55), membrane cofactor protein (CD46), and CD59. Examples of coagulation regulatory proteins include, but are not limited to, thrombomodulin, endothelial protein C receptor, tissue factor pathway inhibitor, CD39, and CD73. Examples of human anti-inflammatory proteins include, but are not limited to, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and A20.

[0207] The xenograft rejection may be associated with a solid organ transplant selected from the group consisting of heart transplant, kidney transplant, liver transplant, lung transplant, pancreas transplant, kidney-pancreas transplant, heart-lung transplant, kidney-heart transplant, kidney-heart-pancreas transplant, heart-liver transplant, heart-liver-kidney transplant, heart-lung-kidney transplant, heart-lung-liver transplant, lung-kidney transplant, lung-liver transplant, liver-intestine-pancreas transplant, intestine-pancreas transplant, liver-kidney-intestine-pancreas transplant, and kidney-intestine transplant. [Example]

[0208] The following examples are provided for illustrative purposes only and do not limit the scope of the present disclosure or the paragraphs in any way. Indeed, various modifications of the present disclosure in addition to those shown and described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and fall within the scope of the paragraphs. The following examples and paragraphs use the following abbreviations: "MSX" refers to methionine sulfoximine; "RU" refers to ratio units; "FACS" refers to fluorescence-activated cell sorting; "MW" refers to molecular weight; "His-Tag" refers to a C-terminal polyhistidine (6xHis) (SEQ ID NO: 331) tag for rapid purification with nickel-chelating resin and detection with anti-His (C-term) antibodies; "BSA" refers to bovine serum albumin; "EDTA" refers to ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; "DMSO" refers to dimethyl sulfoxide; "MOPS" refers to 3- "MES" refers to 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid; "PBS" refers to phosphate-buffered saline; "dPBS" refers to Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline; "HEMA" refers to 2-hydroxy-ethyl methacrylate; "DMEM" refers to Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; "FBS" refers to fetal bovine serum; "NEAA" refers to non-essential amino acids; "HEPES" refers to N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid; and "DMF" refers to dimethylformamide. Example 1 Generation of a stable pool of CHO cells expressing anti-CD154 monoclonal antibody

[0209] DNA molecules encoding the sequences of the TNX01-TNX05 anti-CD154 antibodies with various Fc domains (SEQ ID NOS: 175-178 and 194) were codon-optimized for CHO cells by removing internal EcoRI and BamH1 sites and synthesized by one of two vendors: GeneScript (GS) and ATUM (AT). SEQ ID NOS: 228 (5'-GAATTCGGCCGGCCACC) and 229 (3'-TAATGAACGCGTGGATCC) were included in the final sequence as EcoRI and BamH1 restriction sites, respectively. The DNA molecules were cloned into the pTT109™ (National Research Council, Canada) plasmid using EcoRI and BamH1 sites and stably transfected into CHO55E1™ cells (National Research Council, Canada). For all five constructs, 100 μg of industrial-grade plasmid was prepared in ddH2O. Stable pools were generated using 50 μM MSX as the selection agent. Stable pool generation using 50 μM MSX was performed in duplicate. Stable pools were generated in six extra-deep well plates and fed-batch culture production was performed on Feed 4 (FUJIFILM IRVINE SCIENTIFIC®). Stable pools were then generated in small-scale 100 ml volumes in shake flasks on Feed 12.7 (FUJIFILM IRVINE SCIENTIFIC®). Figure 1 summarizes the titer and usability of five stable pools of CHO cells expressing anti-CD154 mAbs in 100 mL fed-batch culture production. Table 1 summarizes the production of anti-CD154 mAbs (TNX01-05; light chains comprise SEQ ID NO: 196; heavy chains comprise SEQ ID NOs: 147-150 and 165, respectively) from the supernatant of stably transfected CHO cells as starting material. A similar process was used to generate the TNX06-TNX13 anti-CD154 antibodies (SEQ ID NOs: 316-319 and 293-296) with various Fc domains.Table 2 summarizes the production of anti-CD154 mAbs (TNX06-13; light chain comprises SEQ ID NO: 196; heavy chain comprises SEQ ID NOs: 166, 234, 284, 285, 159, 160, 281, and 282, respectively) from the supernatant of stably transfected CHO cells as starting material. Table 1. Antibody production from stable CHO cells (100 mL fed-batch culture production) [Table 1] Table 2. Antibody production from stable CHO cells (100 mL fed-batch culture production) [Table 2] Example 2 Purification of anti-CD154 monoclonal antibody

[0210] Anti-CD154 monoclonal antibodies (TNX01-TNX13) from Example 1 were purified by Protein A affinity purification using 4 × 1 mL HiTrap MabSelect SuRe columns. The following steps were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions: (1) equilibration / washing was performed using DPBS; (2) 4 × 10 mL of sample was loaded with a linear flow rate for binding set at approximately 45 cm / hr (0.3 mL / min), resulting in a retention time of approximately 3.3 minutes; (3) elution was performed using 0.1 M citric acid, pH 3.0; and (4) neutralization was performed using 10% (v / v) 1 M HEPES buffer. The sample was buffer exchanged into DPBS using a 5 mL Zeba Spin Desalting Column (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham MA) and sterile filtered at 0.22 μm. No precipitation was observed during elution or neutralization. Table 3 below summarizes the antibody characteristics and yields obtained after Protein A purification and desalting of 13 purified anti-CD154 monoclonal antibody samples obtained from the CHO55EI stable pool. Note that TNX04 and TNX05 required further purification using preparative size exclusion chromatography (prep-SEC) to remove aggregates. Table 3. Antibody recovery after purification [Table 3]

[0211] Samples were analyzed by SDS-PAGE at each step of the purification process using Sypro Ruby-stained gels under non-reducing conditions. Samples were also analyzed after the final product was obtained. As shown in Figure 2, under non-reducing conditions, mAbs TNX01–TNX05 were estimated to have molecular weights of 160–170 kDa, except for TNX04, which exists as a free heavy chain (HC) and a free light chain (LC). Given that TNX04 has mutated disulfide-bond-forming cysteines (C220, C226, and C229), the heavy and light chains were run separately on denaturing SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions. UPLC-SEC results suggest that non-covalent interactions form intact mAbs under physiological conditions. The lower molecular weight (LMW) bands may be due to artificial fragmentation of the mAb during SDS-PAGE sample preparation. As shown in Figure 10, mAbs TNX06 to TNX13 were estimated to have molecular weights of 160 to 170 kDa, except for TNX11, which behaved as a half antibody and likely formed a non-covalent 2HC-2LC structure.

[0212] The final product was also analyzed using size exclusion ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC-SEC) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Results: These results demonstrate that highly pure samples of the anti-CD154 antibodies of the present disclosure were obtained. Example 3 Determining the binding of anti-CD154 monoclonal antibodies to CD40L by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) using BIACORE®

[0213] Binding of purified anti-CD154 antibodies from Example 2 to CD40L was measured by surface plasmon resonance using a BIACORE® T200 instrument and sensor chip CM-5 according to the manufacturer's instructions.

[0214] Specifically, commercially available CD40L (SINO BIOLOGICAL® catalog no. LC12AP2301) was injected over an anti-CD154 antibody pool (TNX01-05) captured on a Protein A surface (2,000 Rus; catalog no. Z02201 GENSCRIPT®, Piscataway, NJ) using PBST (PBS with 0.05% Tween® 20) at pH 7.4 as the running buffer. The SPR antibody capture surface was prepared using Protein A (catalog no. Z02201 GENSCRIPT®, Piscataway, NJ), 2,000 Rus. The ligand was 1.25-2.5 μg / mL mAb (TNX01-TNX05) captured for 10 s at a flow rate of 10 μL / min, generating an antibody surface of approximately 50 RU. The analyte was CD40L (SINO BIOLOGICAL® 10239-H08E) resuspended according to the manufacturer's recommendations. One cycle of kinetics was performed at four concentrations (6.0 / 1.5 / 0.38 nM, 3-fold dilutions, 75 μL / min flow rate, 1 s association, 1800 s dissociation. Regeneration was performed for 1 × 60 s with 10 mM glycine, pH 1.5, at a flow rate of 30 μL / min.

[0215] Raw data (n=3) were processed using BIACORE® T200 evaluation software. Figure 3 provides representative CD40L sensorgrams for TNX01-TNX05, demonstrating the 1:1 binding model. Because CD40L is a trimer, the sensorgrams deviated somewhat from ideal binding behavior due to the potential for strong binding (multiple binding sites) by the trimeric antigen. Because the sensorgrams deviated from 1:1 binding behavior, all fits were based on the "apparent" K D CD40L binding is based on a calculated fit of the sensorgram.

[0216] Figure 4 shows the data generated from the SPR analysis and the calculated apparent K DThe values ​​(affinity; ratio of kd to ka) are summarized. TNX05 did not bind as efficiently to the Protein A surface as TNX01-TNX04. Weaker binding may represent a smaller component of avidity in these sensorgrams. The lower surface density indicates that TNX05 molecules are further apart, which may equate to fewer sCD40L molecules engaging multiple antibody paratopes at any one time. TNX01-TNX05 exhibited a K D The affinity measurements were comparable in terms of on-rate and reached the lower limit of the affinity measurements of the instrument platform in terms of the measured on-rate.

[0217] Sensorgrams for TNX06-TNX13 were generated using BIACORE® T200 evaluation software and compared using a sensorgram comparability approach. This method, developed by GE Healthcare for the Biacore T200 platform, is a statistical comparison of sensorgram shape alone, independent of kinetic analysis. A 3SD window of representative sensorgram scattering variation was generated for one batch as a reference (TNX02) and then compared pairwise with other variants. Each pairwise comparison was assessed for a similarity score based on the number of points within the window of variation and the distance of points outside the reference window. Using this method, all samples were compared to TNX02 scattering windows collected in triplicate. All tested variants (TNX06-TNX13) showed approximately 80% similarity to TNX02 sensorgrams for sCD40L binding, with no significant deviations evident in on-rates or off-rates, indicating that they all bind in a similar manner. See Figure 11. Results: These results demonstrate that each of the anti-CD154 antibodies of the present disclosure binds to CD40L. TNX01-TNX04 (purified anti-CD154 antibodies) bind to CD40L with a binding affinity of approximately 10 pM (see Figure 4). TNX05 had slightly weaker binding at approximately 20 pM (see Figure 4). TNX06-13 are approximately 80% similar to TNX02 in that they bind to CD40L without any apparent significant deviations. Example 4 Determining Binding of Anti-CD154 Monoclonal Antibodies to FcγRIA by Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Using BIACORE®

[0218] Binding of purified anti-CD154 antibodies from Example 2 to high affinity FcγRIA (CD64) was measured by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) using a BIACORE® T200 instrument and sensor chip CM-5 according to the manufacturer's instructions.

[0219] Specifically, FcγRIA was injected over an anti-CD154 antibody pool immobilized on a Protein A surface (2,000 RUs; Catalog No. Z02201 GENSCRIPT®, Piscataway, NJ) using PBST (PBS with 0.05% Tween® 20) at pH 7.4 as the running buffer. The ligand was 1.25–2.5 μg / mL mAb (TNX01–TNX05) captured for 10 s at a flow rate of 10 μL / min, generating an antibody surface of approxima...

Claims

1. 1. An isolated antibody that binds to CD154, comprising a humanized variable domain, wherein the variable domain comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) and a light chain variable region (VL), wherein the VH is operably linked to a human Fc region derived from IgG4, wherein the human Fc region comprises a substitution of S at position 228 with P and a substitution of L at position 235 with A, relative to a human Fc region derived from wild-type IgG4; The VH is (a) a heavy chain CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57; (b) a heavy chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58; and (c) a heavy chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 59; The VL is (a) a light chain CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60; (b) a light chain CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61; and (c) comprising a light chain CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62; antibody.

2. The antibody of claim 1, wherein the human Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23 or 42.

3. The antibody of claim 1 or 2, wherein the heavy chain comprises a constant region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 95 or 109.

4. The antibody of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the VH comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:

64.

5. The antibody of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the VL comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:

66.

6. The antibody of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 151 or 165.

7. 7. The antibody of claim 1, wherein the light chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:

196.

8. An antibody that binds to CD154, comprising a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 196 and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 151 or 165.

9. An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the light and heavy chains of an antibody according to any one of claims 1 to 8.

10. A first isolated nucleic acid molecule and a second isolated nucleic acid molecule, wherein the first and second isolated nucleic acid molecules encode the heavy chain and the light chain, respectively, of an antibody according to any one of claims 1 to 8.

11. A vector comprising the isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 9.

12. A first vector and a second vector, wherein the first vector comprises the first isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 10, and the second vector comprises the second isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 10.

13. A transformed cell comprising the isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 9, the first and second isolated nucleic acid molecules of claim 10, the vector of claim 11, or the first and second vectors of claim 12.

14. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody according to any one of claims 1 to 8 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

15. (a) inhibiting an immune response in a subject (b) treating or preventing transplant rejection in a subject; (c) inducing hematopoietic chimerism in the transplant recipient upon transplantation of the hematopoietic stem cells into said transplant recipient; (d) inducing central immune tolerance in a transplant recipient upon transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells and donor tissue into said transplant recipient; or (e) inhibiting xenograft rejection in a subject A composition comprising an antibody according to any one of claims 1 to 8, or a pharmaceutical composition according to claim 14, for use in

16. 16. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of claim 15, wherein the immune response is a humoral response, an antibody-mediated response, or a cell-mediated response.

17. 17. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of claim 16, wherein the cell-mediated response is one or more of a cytotoxic T cell-mediated immune response, a macrophage-mediated response, a natural killer (NK) cell-mediated immune response, or a cytokine-mediated response.

18. 16. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of claim 15, wherein the immune response is a mixed humoral and cell-mediated response.

19. 19. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of claim 18, wherein the mixed humoral and cell-mediated response is one or more of an antibody-mediated response, a cytotoxic T cell-mediated immune response, a macrophage-mediated response, a natural killer (NK) cell-mediated immune response, or a cytokine-mediated response.

20. 16. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of claim 15, wherein the subject is a human.

21. 16. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of claim 15, wherein the subject is a non-human.

22. 16. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of claim 15, wherein the subject is a monkey.

23. The composition or pharmaceutical composition according to any one of claims 15 to 22, wherein the subject has received or will receive a cell, tissue or organ transplant.

24. 24. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of claim 23, wherein the transplant is an allograft, an autograft, or a xenograft.

25. 25. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of claim 23 or 24, wherein the cells are engineered cells or ex-vivo expanded cells.

26. 26. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of claim 25, wherein one or more genes in the cells are modified using one or more techniques selected from the group consisting of transduction to express cDNA, CRISPR / Cas9 system, RNAi technology and retroviral technology.

27. 27. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of claim 25 or 26, wherein the cells are modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) on their surface.

28. 28. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 23 to 27, wherein the cells are selected from the group consisting of stem cells, regulatory T cells, CAR-T cells, CAR-B cells, and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs).

29. 29. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 23 to 28, wherein said use comprises treating or preventing transplant rejection in said subject.

30. 30. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of claim 29, wherein the transplant rejection is an acute or chronic humoral rejection of grafted cells, tissue, or organs.

31. 31. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of claim 29 or 30, wherein the transplant rejection is acute or chronic graft rejection in an allograft or xenograft transplant recipient.

32. The use promotes long-term survival of the graft of the grafted cells, tissue, or organ, and the long-term survival of the graft is characterized by: (a) at least 6 months after transplantation; (b) at least 1 year after transplantation; and (c) at least 5 years after transplantation 31. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of claim 30, selected from the group consisting of:

33. 33. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 29 to 32, wherein the transplant rejection is associated with hematopoietic cell or bone marrow transplant, pancreatic islet cell allograft, graft versus host disease, or solid organ transplant selected from the group consisting of heart transplant, kidney transplant, liver transplant, lung transplant, pancreas transplant, kidney-pancreas transplant, heart-lung transplant, kidney-heart transplant, kidney-heart-pancreas transplant, heart-liver transplant, heart-liver-kidney transplant, heart-lung-kidney transplant, heart-lung-liver transplant, lung-kidney transplant, lung-liver transplant, liver-intestine-pancreas transplant, intestine-pancreas transplant, liver-kidney-intestine-pancreas transplant, and kidney-intestine transplant.

34. 23. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 20 to 22, wherein the subject has an immune-related disease, an atherosclerotic disorder, or a neurodegenerative disorder.

35. 35. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 20 to 22 and 34, wherein the subject has or is at risk of having a stroke, a transient ischemic attack (TIA), an aneurysm, or a dissecting aortic aneurysm.

36. (a) The immune-related disease is selected from the group consisting of type 1 diabetes, juvenile diabetes, autoimmune diabetes, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, Addison's disease, Crohn's disease, Graves' disease, Sjogren's syndrome, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, myasthenia gravis, vasculitis, pernicious anemia, celiac disease, Guillain-Barré syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, lupus nephritis, Goodpasture's disease, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, temporal arteritis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, transverse myelitis, thyroiditis, ulcerative colitis, sarcoidosis, hemolytic anemia, and idiopathic hemolytic anemia. selected from the group consisting of thrombocytopenic purpura, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, Behcet's disease, diabetic retinopathy (DR), diabetic macular edema (DME), wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), cytokine release syndrome (CRS), cytokine storm syndrome, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pneumonia, bronchitis, interstitial pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and macular edema after retinal vein occlusion; (b) the neurodegenerative disorder is selected from the group consisting of Alzheimer's disease, traumatic brain injury (TBI), chronic traumatic encephalitis (CTE), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinson's disease; or (c) the atherosclerotic disorder is selected from the group consisting of angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, carotid artery stenosis, transient ischemic attack, and cerebrovascular accident (CVA); 35. A composition or pharmaceutical composition according to claim 34.

37. 37. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of claim 36, wherein the subject has an immune-related disease selected from the group consisting of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis, Sjogren's syndrome, and type I diabetes.

38. 38. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of claim 37, wherein the immune-related disease is SLE.

39. 38. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of claim 37, wherein the immune-related disease is multiple sclerosis.

40. 38. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of claim 37, wherein the immune-related disease is Sjogren's syndrome.

41. 38. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of claim 37, wherein the immune-related disease is type I diabetes.

42. 35. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of claim 34, wherein the immune-related disease is an allergic condition selected from the group consisting of allergic rhinitis, asthma, atopic eczema, anaphylaxis, insect venom allergy, drug allergy, and food allergy.

43. 16. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of claim 15, wherein the immune response is a primary or secondary response.

44. 44. A composition or pharmaceutical composition according to any one of claims 15 to 43, characterized in that the composition or pharmaceutical composition is formulated for systemic administration.

45. 45. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of claim 44, wherein the composition or pharmaceutical composition is formulated to be administered subcutaneously, intravenously, intravitreally, orally, or rectally.

46. 44. A composition or pharmaceutical composition according to any one of claims 15 to 43, characterized in that the composition or pharmaceutical composition is formulated to be administered topically.

47. 47. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 15 to 46, characterized in that the composition or pharmaceutical composition is formulated to be administered in combination with one or more additional agents selected from the group consisting of antithrombotic agents, antiplatelet agents, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and antiallergic agents.

48. 48. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of claim 47, wherein the composition or pharmaceutical composition is formulated to be administered before, after, or simultaneously with the one or more additional pharmaceutical agents.

49. 16. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of claim 15, wherein the composition or pharmaceutical composition is formulated to be administered before, after, or simultaneously with transplantation of the hematopoietic stem cells.

50. 50. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of claim 15 or 49, wherein the composition or pharmaceutical composition is formulated to be administered at a dose of 5 to 50 mg / kg of the antibody.

51. 51. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 15, 49 and 50, wherein said use further comprises a step of acclimatizing said transplant recipient prior to said stem cell transplantation.

52. 52. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of claim 51, wherein the composition or pharmaceutical composition is formulated to be administered before, after, or simultaneously with the conditioning step.

53. 53. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of claim 51 or 52, wherein the conditioning step is selected from the group consisting of total body irradiation, administration of one or more BCL-2 inhibitors, administration of busulfan, administration of fludarabine phosphate, administration of cyclophosphamide, administration of one or more immunosuppressive T cell depleting antibodies, administration of cyclosporine A (CsA), administration of tacrolimus (FK-506), administration of one or more interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor inhibitors, administration of an IL-15 receptor inhibitor, administration of rapamycin, administration of one or more anti-αβ T cell receptor antibodies, and administration of one or more CD122 antagonists, administration of kidney donor-derived CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells and CD3+ T cells (MDR-101 cell therapy), or a combination thereof.

54. 54. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of claim 53, wherein the one or more T cell depleting antibodies are selected from the group consisting of anti-CD4, anti-CD8, anti-CD45, anti-CTLA4, anti-CD20, and anti-CD33 antibodies or combinations thereof.

55. 55. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 15 and 49-54, wherein the transplant recipient has cancer.

56. 56. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 15 and 49 to 55, wherein the transplant is a bone marrow transplant.

57. 16. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of claim 15, wherein the xenograft is derived from a non-human donor selected from the group consisting of a pig, a minipig, and a non-human primate.

58. 58. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of claim 57, wherein the non-human donor is a pig or minipig that has been engineered to reduce or eliminate expression of one or more genes selected from the group consisting of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV), alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase (GGTA1), cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH), beta 1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (beta4GalNT2), and MHC class I.

59. 59. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of claim 58, wherein the PERV is PERV A, PERV B, or PERV C.

60. 60. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of claim 58 or 59, wherein expression of all PERV genes is eliminated in the pig or minipig.

61. 61. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of any one of Claims 58-60, wherein the expression of the one or more genes is reduced or eliminated using CRISPR / Cas9 gene editing.

62. 62. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 58-61, wherein the non-human donor is engineered to express one or more human proteins selected from the group consisting of a complement regulatory protein, human alpha-galactosidase, a coagulation regulatory protein, a human anti-inflammatory protein, and human CTLA-4-Ig, or a combination thereof.

63. 63. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of claim 62, wherein the one or more human proteins are expressed in all tissues of the non-human donor.

64. 63. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of claim 62, wherein the one or more human proteins are expressed in a tissue-specific manner in the non-human donor.

65. 65. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 62 to 64, wherein the complement regulatory protein is selected from the group consisting of human decay-accelerating factor (CD55), membrane cofactor protein (CD46) and CD59.

66. 65. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 62 to 64, wherein the coagulation regulatory protein is selected from the group consisting of thrombomodulin, endothelial protein C receptor, tissue factor pathway inhibitor, CD39, and CD73.

67. 65. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 62 to 64, wherein the human anti-inflammatory protein is selected from the group consisting of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and A20.

68. 68. The composition or pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 15 and 57-67, wherein the xenograft rejection is associated with a solid organ transplant selected from the group consisting of heart transplant, kidney transplant, liver transplant, lung transplant, pancreas transplant, kidney-pancreas transplant, heart-lung transplant, kidney-heart transplant, kidney-heart-pancreas transplant, heart-liver transplant, heart-liver-kidney transplant, heart-lung-kidney transplant, heart-lung-liver transplant, lung-kidney transplant, lung-liver transplant, liver-intestine-pancreas transplant, intestine-pancreas transplant, liver-kidney-intestine-pancreas transplant, and kidney-intestine transplant.

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