Integrated servo system and apparatus for controlling quantum computing operations

Abstract

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a quantum computing system with one or more integrated servo systems. In some embodiments, the one or more integrated servo systems may be dynamically adjusted or tuned, which may provide reduced noise and improved timing of the execution of quantum operations in the quantum computing system. In some embodiments, the integrated servo system may be configured to use a closed-loop control system to adjust the integrated servo system. In some embodiments, the integrated servo system may be configured for live streaming to an operator throughout multiple operations.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 306,261, filed February 3, 2022, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.

[0002] Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to quantum computing systems that include integrated servo systems or apparatus for controlling quantum computing operations. [Background technology]

[0003] Quantum computers require numerous subsystems / components, including electronic devices, optical devices, sensors, mechanical devices, and controllers (e.g., for temperature control). Such subsystems / components must be precisely controlled and coordinated to perform quantum computations, such as by performing multiple quantum operations. For example, in various atomic systems, the performance of quantum operations relies on being able to deliver a laser beam to the system at a specific position, frequency, phase, and / or time to complete various functions, such as implementing a logic gate. Subsystems / components often generate noise that is detrimental to the operation of a quantum computer. Conventional subsystems / components can also take longer to execute, which can be detrimental to the performance of quantum operations by causing atomic objects used as qubits to go from a desired state to an undesired state.

[0004] Quantum computers are expected to have increased requirements with respect to tighter tolerances for noise, timing, etc. Current industry practice is to use multiple separate servo systems / units for closed-loop control of subsystems / components. Using separate servos has limitations that make it impractical for performance reasons, including the noise generated, volume, size, timing, and challenges associated with integrating with other components for closed-loop control. As described herein, applicants have identified problems with current implementations of quantum computing systems, including issues with separate servos. Through diligence, ingenuity, and innovation, applicants have solved many of these identified problems in various implementations and approaches embodied in this disclosure, which are described in detail below. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0005] Generally, embodiments of the present disclosure provided herein provide improved quantum computing environments (e.g., quantum charge-coupled device (QCCD) quantum computing environments). Such improved quantum computing environments include integrated servo systems that improve overall quantum program execution by reducing noise in the quantum computing environment, including during the execution of calibration routines and quantum program execution, by integrating one or more servo systems or devices into a closed-loop control system and by achieving greater precision in the timing of executing quantum operations. Other implementations will be, or become, apparent to those skilled in the art upon review of the following drawings and detailed description. All such additional implementations are intended to be included within this description, be within the scope of this disclosure, and be protected by the following claims.

[0006] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, a quantum computer system is provided that includes a laser source configured to generate a laser beam, a modulator configured to receive the laser beam, receive a servo control signal, and modulate the laser beam based on the laser beam and the servo control signal to generate a modulated laser beam, a sensor configured to receive the modulated laser beam, detect an intensity of the modulated laser beam, and generate a sensor control signal based on the intensity of the modulated laser beam, and an integrated servo system configured to receive the sensor control signal and generate the servo control signal based at least in part on the sensor control signal.

[0007] Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, the quantum computer system includes a control system housing, and the integrated servo system is mounted within the control system housing.

[0008] Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments of the quantum computer system, the integrated servo system is associated with one or more servo channels, each of the servo channels being on a common printed circuit board (PCB).

[0009] Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments of the quantum computer system, the integrated servo system is associated with one or more servo channels, the servo channels being on the PCB and the daughter PCB.

[0010] Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments of the quantum computer system, the integrated servo system further comprises one or more direct digital synthesis (DDS) devices, each DDS device configured to generate a servo control signal based on noise measurements from the sensor control signal.

[0011] Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments of the quantum computer system, the integrated servo system is further configured to, upon receiving servo configuration data from the servo configuration database, load one or more settings of one or more integrated servo system components with settings based on the servo configuration data.

[0012] Additionally or alternatively, some embodiments of the quantum computer system include a controller configured to live stream the integrated servo system data, and a user device configured to receive the integrated servo system data from the live stream and display the servo data.

[0013] According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a quantum computer system is provided, the quantum computer system including a first laser source and a second laser source, the first laser source configured to generate a first laser beam and the second laser source configured to generate a second laser beam; a first modulator and a second modulator, the first modulator associated with the first laser source and the second modulator associated with the second laser source, the first modulator configured to receive the first laser beam, receive a first servo control signal, and modulate the first laser beam to generate a first modulated laser beam based on the first laser beam and the first servo control signal; and the second modulator configured to receive the second laser beam, receive the second servo control signal, and modulate the second laser beam to generate a second modulated laser beam based on the second laser beam and the second servo control signal. a first sensor and a second sensor, wherein the first sensor is configured to receive the first modulated laser beam, detect a first intensity of the first modulated laser beam, and generate a first sensor control signal based on the first intensity of the first modulated laser beam, and the second sensor is configured to receive the second modulated laser beam, detect a second intensity of the second modulated laser beam, and generate a second sensor control signal based on the second intensity of the second modulated laser beam; a first integrated servo system configured to receive the first sensor control signal and generate a first servo control signal based on the first sensor control signal; and a second integrated servo system configured to receive the second sensor control signal and generate a second servo control signal based on the second sensor control signal.

[0014] Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments of the quantum computer system, the quantum computer system includes a control system housing, and the first integrated servo system and the second integrated servo system are mounted within the control system housing.

[0015] Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments of the quantum computer system, the first integrated servo system and the second integrated servo system are mounted on a single PCB.

[0016] Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments of the quantum computer system, the first integrated servo system further includes a first DDS configured to generate the first servo control signal based on a first noise measurement result from the first sensor control signal, and the second integrated servo system further includes a second DDS configured to generate the second servo control signal based on a second noise measurement result from the second sensor control signal.

[0017] Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments of the quantum computer system, the first integrated servo system and the second integrated servo system are further configured to receive servo configuration data from a servo configuration database and load one or more settings of one or more integrated servo system components with settings based on the servo configuration data.

[0018] Additionally or alternatively, some embodiments of the quantum computer system further include a controller configured to live stream integrated servo system data received from the integrated servo system and the second integrated servo system, and a user device configured to receive the integrated servo system data from the live stream and display the servo data.

[0019] According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a quantum computer system is provided, the quantum computer system including an integrated servo system configured to receive a sensor control signal from a sensor, generate a servo control signal based on the sensor control signal, and transmit a plurality of integrated servo system data settings; a laser source configured to generate a laser beam; a modulator configured to receive the laser beam and the servo control signal and modulate the laser beam to generate a modulated laser beam based on the laser beam and the servo control signal; and a controller comprising the integrated servo system, the controller configured to transmit the integrated servo system data settings to a computing entity.

[0020] Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments of the quantum computer system, transmitting the integrated servo system data configuration to the computing entity comprises generating a graphical representation of a warning associated with the integrated servo system data configuration and transmitting the warning for display.

[0021] Having thus described various embodiments of the present disclosure in general terms, reference is now made to the accompanying drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0022] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an exemplary quantum computing system including a quantum system controller, according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 2] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary quantum system controller for a quantum computer. [Figure 3] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an example computing entity of a quantum computer system that may be used in accordance with certain example embodiments. [Figure 4] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an example closed-loop control system that may be used in accordance with certain example embodiments. [Figure 5] 1A-1C illustrate examples of intensity profiles in accordance with at least some example embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 6] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an example servo control system associated with an integrated servo system, according to at least some example embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 7] FIG. 1 illustrates an example process for calibrating a closed-loop control system, according to at least some example embodiments of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0023] Embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which some, but not all, embodiments of the present disclosure are shown. Indeed, embodiments of the present disclosure may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will satisfy applicable legal requirements. The term "or" (also written " / ") is used herein in both the alternative and conjunctive sense, unless otherwise indicated. The terms "exemplary" and "exemplary" are used as examples without denoting a level of quality. The terms "generally," "substantially," and "approximately" refer to being within processing and / or manufacturing tolerances and / or within the user's measurement capabilities, unless otherwise indicated. Like reference numbers in the drawings refer to like elements throughout.

[0024] Those skilled in the art to which this disclosure pertains, having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing description and the associated drawings, will come up with many modifications and other embodiments of the disclosure described herein. Accordingly, it should be understood that embodiments are not to be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Moreover, while the foregoing description and the associated drawings describe exemplary embodiments in the context of certain illustrative combinations of elements and / or functions, it should be understood that different combinations of elements and / or functions may be provided in alternative embodiments without departing from the scope of the appended claims. In this regard, combinations of elements and / or functions other than those expressly described above are also contemplated, for example, as may be recited in some of the appended claims.

[0025] Overview Quantum computing systems, such as QCCD ion trap quantum computers, manipulate qubits for use in various computing activities. The term "QCCD" refers to a quantum charge-coupled device architecture that allows for the storage and placement of qubits via several operations. Qubits in a QCCD are moved (e.g., via gating) to specific locations on the chip to perform quantum operations. Exemplary QCCD architectures use very small objects confined in very small object confinement devices as qubits, such as ions trapped in an ion trap.

[0026] Quantum computers may utilize qubits as inputs to logic gates configured to perform logical operations based on the states of the input qubits. For example, logic gate configurations may be combined in countless ways in a quantum program if the quantum program is specifically configured to reach a desired result. The terms "quantum program" and "quantum circuit" refer to any number of gate operations to be performed utilizing one or more qubits in a quantum computer system. A quantum program may include any number of gating operations performed on one or more qubits in a quantum computing environment. Each "gate," "logic gate," "gate operation," "gating operation," or "operation" of a quantum program involves a single qubit or a qubit group of two or more qubits. Quantum operations are controlled by subsystems and components of the quantum computer, including a servo system.

[0027] Quantum computer systems perform quantum computations by executing quantum programs written by a user or operator. These programs are often written in a high-level language that describes how to manipulate qubits. The high-level program is decomposed into many low-level operations for various devices (instrumental, electronic, optical, and mechanical) that manipulate the qubits to perform the desired quantum computation. These operations must be highly precise and coordinated with one another. The system that coordinates these operations may be a "controller," which may include or control multiple servo systems.

[0028] Quantum computer systems may be constrained by the use of separate servo systems due to the noise and slower response introduced by separate servo systems. In various embodiments herein, the servo systems are integrated into the quantum computer's controller (e.g., an integrated servo system). In various embodiments, the controller includes multiple tightly integrated servo systems that are highly customizable to optimize the execution of quantum operations for quantum computing.

[0029] In various embodiments, the integrated servo system may share one or more components (e.g., filters, amplifiers, mixers, splitters, baluns, local oscillators, etc.) In various embodiments, the integrated servo system may cooperate with one or more separate servo systems.

[0030] Additionally or alternatively, through the improvements described herein, some embodiments of the present disclosure may enable quantum computer systems to solve larger and / or more complex problems due to, among other things, the aforementioned ability to execute quantum programs with less noise and greater responsiveness and control over the quantum operations performed by the quantum computer system.

[0031] Exemplary Systems and Apparatus FIG. 1 provides a schematic diagram of an exemplary quantum computing environment comprising a quantum computing system 100, where a quantum processor 115 comprises a micro-object confinement device 120 (e.g., an ion trap, etc.) in which a plurality of micro-objects (e.g., atoms, ions, etc.) are confined, according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0032] In various embodiments, quantum computing system 100 comprises computing entity 10 and quantum computer 110. In various embodiments, quantum computer 110 comprises a quantum system controller 30, which may be referred to as controller 30, and quantum processor 115. In various embodiments, controller 30 is configured, programmed, etc. to control quantum processor 115. In an exemplary embodiment, quantum processor 115 comprises a plurality of qubits (e.g., data qubits, which may be organized into logical qubits, ancillary qubits, etc.). In various embodiments, quantum computer 110 includes or communicates with a database (not shown) as described herein. For example, the database may be stored by one or more computing entities 10 in communication with controller 30 via one or more wired and / or wireless networks 20 and / or by memory local to controller 30.

[0033] In various embodiments, quantum processor 115 comprises means for controlling the evolution of the quantum states of qubits. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, quantum processor 115 comprises a cryostat and / or vacuum chamber 40 enclosing confinement device 120 (e.g., an ion trap), one or more manipulation sources 60, one or more voltage sources 50, and / or one or more optical collection systems 70. For example, cryostat and / or vacuum chamber 40 may be a temperature- and / or pressure-controlled chamber. In an exemplary embodiment, manipulation signals generated by manipulation sources 60 are provided to the interior of cryostat and / or vacuum chamber 40 (where microscopic object confinement device 120 is located) via corresponding optical paths 66 (e.g., 66A, 66B, 66C). In an exemplary embodiment, one or more manipulation sources 60 may comprise one or more lasers (e.g., optical lasers, microwave sources, etc.). In various embodiments, one or more manipulation sources 60 are configured to manipulate and / or cause the evolution of a controlled quantum state of one or more microscopic objects within the confinement device. In various embodiments, generation of manipulation signals by manipulation source 60 is controlled at least in part by one or more integrated servo systems 217. In various embodiments, ultrasmall objects within ultrasmall confinement devices (e.g., ions trapped in an ion trap) act as data qubits and / or ancillary qubits for quantum processor 115 of quantum computer 110. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, one or more manipulation sources 60 comprise one or more lasers, which may provide one or more laser beams to ultrasmall objects trapped in confinement device 120 within cryostat and / or vacuum chamber 40. For example, manipulation source 60 may generate and / or provide laser beams configured to ionize ultrasmall objects, initialize ultrasmall objects within a defined two-state qubit space of the quantum processor, gate one or more qubits of the quantum processor, read the quantum state of one or more qubits of the quantum processor, etc.

[0034] In various embodiments, quantum computer 110 comprises a light collection system 70 configured to collect and / or detect photons generated by the qubits (e.g., during a readout procedure such as a measurement operation). Light collection system 70 may comprise one or more optical elements (e.g., lenses, mirrors, waveguides, fiber optic cables, etc.) and one or more photodetectors. In various embodiments, the photodetectors may be photodiodes, photomultiplier tubes, charge-coupled device (CCD) sensors, complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensors, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensors, and / or other photodetectors sensitive to light at the expected fluorescence wavelengths of the qubits of quantum computer 110. In various embodiments, the detectors may be in electronic communication with quantum system controller 30, such as via one or more A / D converters 225 (see FIG. 2 ).

[0035] In various embodiments, quantum computer 110 includes one or more voltage sources 50. For example, voltage source 50 may include multiple voltage drivers and / or voltage sources and / or at least one RF driver and / or voltage source. In an exemplary embodiment, voltage source 50 may be electrically coupled to a corresponding potential-generating element (e.g., an electrode) of containment device 120. Varying the potential may cause ions to move between multiple positions or states. In various embodiments, how the potential is varied may be defined by a waveform that specifies one or more voltages to be applied over a period of time. In various embodiments, one or more voltage sources 50 may be coupled to the electrodes via a circuit. In various embodiments, the circuitry coupling voltage source 50 to the electrodes may be located outside cryostat and / or vacuum chamber 40, inside cryostat and / or vacuum chamber 40, or both inside and outside cryostat and / or vacuum chamber 40. In various embodiments, the circuitry coupling the voltage source 50 to the electrodes may be comprised of circuit components capable of and / or configured to operate at the temperatures of their location, such as the temperatures within a cryostat and / or vacuum chamber, where the temperatures may be below 4 Kelvin.

[0036] In some embodiments, computing entity 10 embodies one or more computing devices embodied in hardware, software, firmware, and / or any combination thereof. Computing entity 10 may be embodied by a user device configured to provide various functions. In this regard, computing entity 10 may embody a conventional computing environment that interacts with quantum computer 110. Non-limiting examples of computing entity 10 include specially configured mobile devices, tablets, smartphones, personal computers, laptops, enterprise terminals, etc. In some embodiments, computing entity 10 is configured entirely by specially configured software applications installed on and / or otherwise executable via computing entity 10 to provide various functions for accessing and / or otherwise controlling quantum computer 110 as described herein. In various embodiments, computing entity 10 is a conventional and / or classical computer.

[0037] In some embodiments, computing entity 10 includes specially configured hardware, software, firmware, and / or a combination thereof that enables access to and / or configuration of quantum computer 110. In some embodiments, computing entity 10 provides access to functionality for generating and / or retrieving quantum programs for execution via controller 30 of quantum computer 110. In this regard, computing entity 10 may receive one or more user inputs for constructing and / or otherwise embodying a quantum program to be executed. For example, a user of computing entity 10 may interact with computing entity 10 to construct a quantum program, store the quantum program, and submit the quantum program for execution via controller 30 of quantum computer 110. In some embodiments, computing entity 10 is embodied by a user-facing device of quantum computer 110, e.g., so that communication can occur without the need for network 20.

[0038] Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, computing entity 10 allows user input and / or output to access quantum computer 110 to execute a quantum program. In some embodiments, computing entity 10 communicates with one or more computing devices of quantum computer 110, such as controller 30, which may generate and / or compile instructions for execution via quantum computer 110.

[0039] Additionally or alternatively, computing entity 10 is configured to allow a user to provide input to quantum computer 110 (e.g., via a user interface of computing entity 10) and receive, view, etc. output from quantum computer 110.

[0040] In an example embodiment, computing entity 10 may convert, organize, format, etc., information / data, quantum computing algorithms, quantum programs, etc. into a computing language, executable instructions, command set, etc. that quantum system controller 30 can understand and / or implement. In various embodiments, one or more devices (e.g., controller 30) of quantum computer 110 receive data from computing device entity 10 that embodies a quantum program, instructions to be performed to operate the quantum computer, etc. In various embodiments, computing entity 10 may optimize the quantum program to generate an optimized quantum program, such as those described herein.

[0041] Additionally or alternatively, in various embodiments, controller 30 may receive the quantum program from computing entity 10 and compile it to produce control system instructions embodying hardware operating instructions or machine code level commands configured, when executed, to cause execution of the quantum program on the quantum computer. In various embodiments, execution of the quantum program may include applying voltages to and / or controlling voltages to one or more electrodes. In various embodiments, controller 30 may optimize the quantum program to generate an optimized quantum program, such as having dynamic components as described herein.

[0042] In various embodiments, controller 30 is embodied by one or more computing devices external to, but capable of communicating with, quantum computer 110. For example, controller 30 may be embodied by a circuit compiler embodied in a dedicated computing system, embodied in hardware, software, firmware, and / or combinations thereof internal or external to quantum computer 110, dedicated hardware capable of communicating with quantum computer 110, software running on a computing system capable of communicating with quantum computer 110, etc.

[0043] In various embodiments, controller 30 may embody a conventional computing system that is specially configured, e.g., via one or more special software applications, to execute one or more processes that determine the positions of qubits at various time steps and / or instructions for repositioning qubits to such positions. For example, controller 30 may determine position assignments for each qubit at various time steps and / or instructions that embody gating and / or swap operations that cause the qubits to reach particular positions at each appropriate time step.

[0044] In various embodiments, quantum system controller 30 is configured to control voltage source 50, a cryostat system and / or vacuum system for controlling the temperature and pressure within cryostat and / or vacuum chamber 40, manipulation source 60, and / or other systems configured to control various environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure, etc.) within cryostat and / or vacuum chamber 40 and / or manipulate and / or cause the controlled evolution of the quantum state of one or more atomic objects within the confinement device. For example, quantum system controller 30 may cause the controlled evolution of the quantum state of one or more atomic objects within the confinement device to execute a quantum program, such as with an integrated servo system. For example, quantum system controller 30 may cause a readout procedure (e.g., a measurement operation) comprising coherent shelving to be performed, possibly as part of executing a quantum program. Additionally, quantum system controller 30 is configured to communicate and / or receive input data corresponding to the readout of the quantum states of qubits of quantum computer 110 from light collection system 70. In various embodiments, extremely small objects confined within a confinement device are used as qubits in quantum computer 110.

[0045] In various embodiments, quantum system controller 30 is further configured to control a cryostat system and / or vacuum system that controls the temperature and pressure within cryostat and / or vacuum chamber 40, a refrigeration system, and / or other systems that control environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, humidity, pressure, etc.) within cryostat and / or vacuum chamber 40.

[0046] 2 provides a schematic diagram of an exemplary quantum system controller 30, which may comprise various quantum system controller elements, including processing element 205, memory 210, driver controller element 215, communication interface 220, analog-to-digital (A / D) converter element 225, etc. In various embodiments, quantum system controller 30 is configured to receive input data, including input data generated by a light collection system via A / D converter 225. In various embodiments, processing element 205 is configured to operate as described herein.

[0047] In various embodiments, processing element 205 comprises a processing element, such as a programmable logic device (CPLD), a microprocessor, a co-processing entity, an application specific instruction set processor (ASIP), an integrated circuit, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic array (PLA), a hardware accelerator, other processing element and / or circuit. The term circuit may refer to an entirely hardware embodiment or a combination of hardware and a computer program product. In one exemplary embodiment, processing element 205 of quantum system controller 30 comprises and / or is in communication with a clock.

[0048] In various embodiments, memory 210 comprises non-transitory memory, such as volatile and / or non-volatile memory storage, such as one or more of a hard disk, ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, flash memory, MMC, SD memory card, memory stick, CBRAM, PRAM, FeRAM, RRAM, SONOS, racetrack memory, RAM, DRAM, SRAM, FPM DRAM, EDO DRAM, SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, DDR2 SDRAM, DDR3 SDRAM, RDRAM, RIMM, DIMM, SIMM, VRAM, cache memory, registered memory, etc.

[0049] In various embodiments, memory 210 may store a queue of commands to be executed to cause a quantum program to be executed (e.g., an executable queue), qubit records corresponding to qubits of the quantum computer (e.g., in a qubit record data store, qubit record database, qubit record table, etc.), calibration tables, computer program code (e.g., one or more computer languages, a specialized quantum system controller language, etc.), etc. In an exemplary embodiment, execution (e.g., by processing element 205) of at least a portion of the computer program code stored in memory 210 causes quantum system controller 30 to perform one or more steps, operations, processes, procedures, etc. to generate one or more sets of commands configured to cause quantum processor 115 to implement at least a portion of a quantum program, update one or more qubit registers, etc. In an exemplary embodiment, execution of at least a portion of the computer program code stored in memory 210 causes quantum system controller 30 to cause one or more commands to be performed.

[0050] In various embodiments, driver quantum system controller element 215 includes one or more drivers and / or quantum system controller elements each configured to control one or more drivers. In various embodiments, driver quantum system controller element 215 may comprise a driver and / or a driver controller. For example, a driver controller may be configured to cause one or more corresponding drivers to operate according to executable instructions, commands, etc., generated, scheduled, and executed by quantum system controller 30. For example, processing element 205 may generate one or more commands to be performed by a first driver.

[0051] In various embodiments, driver controller element 215 enables quantum system controller 30 to operate voltage sources 50, manipulation sources 60, cooling systems, vacuum systems, etc. In various embodiments, a driver may be a driver (e.g., configured to operate and / or control one or more voltage sources 50) for controlling the current and / or voltage applied to electrodes used to maintain and / or control the trapping potential of confinement device 120 (and / or other driver for providing driver activity sequences to potential-generating elements of the confinement device), a laser driver (e.g., configured to operate and / or control one or more manipulation sources 60), a vacuum component driver, a cryostat and / or vacuum system component driver, a cooling system driver, etc.

[0052] In various embodiments, each of the driver controller elements 215 corresponds to an endpoint in the system (e.g., a component of the operation source 60, a component of the voltage source 50 (such as a high-frequency voltage source, an arbitrary waveform generator (AWG), a direct digital synthesizer (DDS), and / or other waveform generators), a component of the cooling and / or vacuum system, a component of the light collection system 70, etc.). Each endpoint in the quantum computer 110 represents an individual hardware control means. In various embodiments, each endpoint may have a unique set of accepted microcommands. Examples include, but are not limited to, the voltage source 50, such as a direct digital synthesizer (DDS), a component of the light collection system 70, such as a photomultiplier tube (PMT), a component of the operation source 60, such as a laser driver and / or optical modulator switch, and / or a general-purpose output (GPO). Individual commands for the DDS effect the setting of the power level, frequency, and phase of the control signal generated thereby. In various embodiments, commands for the PMT interface include start / stop photon counting and reset counting. Commands for a GPO endpoint include setting and / or clearing one or more output lines, which may be used to control external hardware in synchronization with quantum program execution.

[0053] In various embodiments, the driver controller element 215 includes one or more integrated servo systems 217. The integrated servo systems 217 can be used for many applications, including controlling temperature (e.g., an integrated temperature servo system), mechanical applications (e.g., an integrated mechanical servo system), electrodes (e.g., an integrated electrode servo system), arbitrary wave generation with feedback (e.g., an integrated AWG servo system), calibration (e.g., an integrated calibration servo system), etc.

[0054] The integrated servo system 217 may include an input arm that receives one or more input signals. In various embodiments, the input signals may be from a local oscillator, a DDS, an AWG, or the like. The signal may be from an AOM, a sensor (eg, a photodetector), or the like.

[0055] The integrated servo system 217 may also include an output arm that outputs one or more signals. In various embodiments, the output signals may be input to a modulator, which may generate a modulated signal (e.g., a modulated laser beam) based on the received output signals of the integrated servo system 217.

[0056] In various embodiments, integrated servo system 217 comprises multiple filters, amplifiers, mixers, dividers, local oscillators, etc. Filters may be used to isolate specific frequencies or phases in the signal propagating through integrated servo system 217. In various embodiments, filters may filter out undesired components of the signal (e.g., generated through amplification, mixing, nonlinear functions, etc.) that should be removed from the signal to prevent further processing of the undesired components of the signal by integrated servo system 217.

[0057] In various embodiments, signals and the like may be propagated between various components of integrated servo system 217 using optical fibers, waveguides, etc. Additionally or alternatively, various embodiments may include two or more of integrated servo systems 217 being physically mounted together such that the input and / or output arms of each integrated servo system may share components.

[0058] In various embodiments, integrated servo system 217 is configured to provide frequency, phase, and / or timing control for the laser beam. For example, integrated servo system 217 may be configured to lock or dynamically adjust the amplitude, phase, or frequency so that noise associated with the laser beam is controlled and / or minimized. In another example, integrated servo system 217 may be configured to modify the amplitude, phase, and / or frequency to a desired intensity profile that may vary over time (e.g., with different pulses). In various embodiments, such modifications may be based on input from a sensor (e.g., a photodetector) or based on input related to the execution of a quantum program (e.g., a calibration program).

[0059] In various embodiments, quantum system controller 30 comprises means for communicating and / or receiving signals from one or more receiver components (e.g., of light collection system 70). For example, quantum system controller 30 may comprise one or more analog-to-digital (A / D) converter elements 225 configured to receive signals from one or more receiver components (e.g., photodetectors of light collection system 70), calibration sensors, etc. In various embodiments, A / D converter elements 225 are configured to write input data to memory 210 generated by converting received signals generated by one or more receiver components of light collection system 70.

[0060] In various embodiments, quantum system controller 30 may comprise a communications interface 220, for example, for interfacing and / or communicating with computing entity 10. For example, quantum system controller 30 may comprise a communications interface 220 for receiving executable instructions, command sets, etc. from computing entity 10, and for providing to computing entity 10 outputs received from quantum computer 110 (e.g., from light collection system 70) and / or results of processing the outputs. In various embodiments, computing entity 10 and quantum system controller 30 may communicate via a direct wired and / or wireless connection, and / or via one or more wired and / or wireless networks 20.

[0061] 3 provides an exemplary schematic diagram depicting an exemplary computing entity 10 that may be used with embodiments of the present disclosure. In various embodiments, computing entity 10 is a classical (e.g., semiconductor-based) computer configured to enable a user to provide input to quantum computer 110 (e.g., via a user interface of computing entity 10) and receive, display, analyze, etc., output from quantum computer 110. In various embodiments, a user may use computing entity 10 to provide input to quantum computer 110, such as when a user may provide input that results in the creation and / or execution of a quantum program.

[0062] 3, computing entity 10 may include an antenna 312, a transmitter 304 (e.g., wireless), a receiver 306 (e.g., radio), and a processing element 308 that provides signals to transmitter 304 and receives signals from receiver 306. The signals provided to transmitter 304 and received from receiver 306 may include signaling information / data in accordance with an applicable wireless system air interface standard for communicating with various entities, such as quantum system controller 30, other computing entities 10, etc. Computing entity 10 may include a network interface 320, which may provide signals and receive signals in accordance with an applicable network system interface standard for communicating with various entities, such as quantum system controller 30, other computing entities 10, etc.

[0063] In this regard, computing entity 10 may be capable of operating with one or more air interface standards, communication protocols, modulation types, and access types. For example, computing entity 10 may be configured to receive and / or provide communications using a wired data transmission protocol, such as Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), Ethernet, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), Frame Relay, Data over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS), or any other wired transmission protocol.Similarly, the computing entity 10 may be configured to support a variety of standards, including general packet radio service (GPRS), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Code Division Multiple Access 2000 (CDMA2000), CDMA2000 1X (1xRTT), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TDSCDMA), Long Term Evolution (LTE), Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN), Evolution-Data Optimized (EVDO), High Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA), High Speed ​​Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), Wi-Fi Direct, 802.16 (WiMAX), ultra wideband It may be configured to communicate over a wireless external communications network using any of a variety of protocols, such as Ultra Wideband (UWB), infrared (IR) protocol, near field communication (NFC) protocol, Wibree, Bluetooth protocol, wireless universal serial bus (USB) protocol, and / or any other wireless protocol.Computing entity 10 may use such protocols and standards to communicate using Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), Domain Name System (DNS), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), HTTP over TLS / SSL / Secure, Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), Network Time Protocol (NTP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Telnet, Transport Layer Security (TLS), Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), Internet Protocol (IP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), Data Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP), Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP), Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), and the like.

[0064] Through such communication standards and protocols, computing entity 10 may communicate with various other entities using concepts such as Unstructured Supplementary Service Information / Data (USSD), Short Message Service (SMS), Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency Signaling (DTMF), and / or Subscriber Identity Module Dialer (SIM Dialer), etc. Computing entity 10 may also download modifications, add-ons, and updates to its firmware, software (including, e.g., executable instructions, applications, program modules), and operating system, for example.

[0065] Computing entity 10 may also include user interface devices comprising one or more user input / output interfaces (e.g., a display 316 and / or speakers / speaker drivers coupled to processing element 308, as well as a touchscreen, keyboard, mouse, and / or microphone coupled to processing element 308). For example, the user output interface may be configured to provide an application, browser, user interface, interface, dashboard, screen, webpage, page, and / or similar terms used interchangeably herein running on and / or accessible through computing entity 10 for causing a display or audible presentation of information / data and for interacting with the information / data via one or more user input interfaces. The user input interface may comprise any of a number of devices that enable computing entity 10 to receive data, such as a keypad 318 (hard or soft), a touch display, a voice / speech or motion interface, a scanner, reader, or other input device. In embodiments including a keypad 318, the keypad 318 may include (or cause the display of) conventional numeric (0-9) and related keys (#, *), and other keys used to operate computing entity 10, or may include a full set of alphanumeric keys or a set of keys that can be enabled to provide a full set of alphanumeric keys. In addition to providing input, the user input interface may be used to enable or disable certain features, such as, for example, a screen saver and / or sleep mode. Through such input, computing entity 10 may collect information / data, user interaction / input, etc.

[0066] Computing entity 10 may also include volatile storage or memory 322 and / or non-volatile storage or memory 324, which may be embedded and / or removable. For example, non-volatile memory may be ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, flash memory, MMC, SD memory card, memory stick, CBRAM, PRAM, FeRAM, RRAM, SONOS, racetrack memory, etc. Volatile memory may be RAM, DRAM, SRAM, FPM DRAM, EDO DRAM, SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, DDR2 SDRAM, DDR3 SDRAM, RDRAM, RIMM, DIMM, SIMM, VRAM, cache memory, registered memory, etc. Volatile and non-volatile storage or memory may store databases, database instances, database management system entities, data, applications, programs, program modules, scripts, source code, object code, byte code, compiled code, interpreted code, machine code, executable instructions, etc., to implement the functionality of computing entity 10.

[0067] In various embodiments, the closed-loop control system may include one or more sensors for measuring one or more parameters, settings, subsystems, etc. of quantum computing system 100. The sensors may, for example, output a control signal (e.g., voltage or current) indicative of the sensed parameter. In various embodiments, the sensors may be photodetectors that may provide an output control signal of an output voltage indicative of light or electromagnetic radiation detected by the photodetector. In various embodiments, the control signal from the sensor may be provided as an input to one or more integrated servo systems 217, which may be used to adjust the output of integrated servo system 217, which may be a control signal to another component of the closed-loop control system.

[0068] FIG. 4 provides a schematic diagram of an exemplary closed-loop control system that may be used in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments. The closed-loop control system may consist of one or more components of other systems or subsystems of quantum computing system 100. In various embodiments, integrated servo system 217 may be used to control the laser beam intensity for ion trap computing system 100 to provide the specific laser beam intensity profile required to implement the execution of a quantum operation. Causing the evolution of the quantum states of qubits according to a quantum program may require a specific intensity profile with specific pulses having specific shapes at specific times. Ion trap quantum computers may use lasers, such as those from manipulation source 60, to manipulate qubits and control their motional states. Such lasers present many challenges that separate servo systems cannot satisfy, including reducing noise and providing precise, dynamically controlled intensity profiles to manipulate and control qubits during one or more quantum operations of a quantum program.

[0069] In various embodiments, the controller 30 may coordinate adjustments to the laser intensity profile using sensors including electro-optical devices (e.g., photodetectors) in a closed-loop control system. In various examples, the execution of the quantum program may result in fluctuations in noise (e.g., electrical noise, thermal noise, mechanical noise, etc.) that create fluctuations in the intensity of the laser. The sensor output voltage changes as electrical, thermal, and mechanical noise sources affect the system. In various embodiments, noise in the laser intensity may cause operational errors during the execution of the quantum program.

[0070] In various embodiments, computing entity 10 may provide the quantum program to controller 30. Controller 30 may include a control system housing 410. Control system housing 410 may include one or more FPGA printed circuit boards (PCBs) 420, and each FPGA PCB may include one or more FPGAs 430. While FIG. 4 shows one control system housing 410, one FPGA 420, and one FPGA 430, it will be understood that various embodiments may include more than one of each.

[0071] In various embodiments of FIG. 4 , the integrated servo system 217 may consist of an FPGA 430 and additional components such as those described herein, including one or more servo channels, ADCs, DACs, FPGA memory, FPGA memory interfaces, etc. The FPGA PCB 420 may include one or more channels, such as servo channels. A servo channel may include one or more channel components for conditioning, filtering, and / or modifying a signal. A servo channel may include one or more inputs and / or outputs for transmitting control signals between one or more components of the closed-loop control system. The closed-loop control system of FIG. 4 includes the following components: a laser source 440, an acousto-optic modulator (AOM) 450, an optical element 460 (e.g., a mirror, a lens, a splitter, etc.), and a sensor 470 (e.g., a photodetector). Also shown in FIG. 4 are an FPGA output signal (e.g., a control signal) 432, a laser output 442, a modulated laser output 444, and a sensor output signal (e.g., a control signal) 472. In various embodiments, the control signals (e.g., FPGA output signal 432 and sensor output 472) may be modified by one or more electrical components (e.g., filters, amplifiers, mixers, splitters, baluns, etc.), which may be located on FPGA 430, on FPGA PCB 420 (e.g., in a servo channel), or may be separate components located remotely from FPGA PCB 420.

[0072] FPGA output signal 432 can be an analog signal or a digital signal. FPGA output signal 432 is input at AOM 450 to modulate laser output 442. After laser output 442 (e.g., a laser beam) is modulated at AOM 450, modulated laser output 444 is input to optical element 460. In various embodiments, optical element 460 may diffract a small portion of modulated laser output 444 to sensor 470 while directing the remainder to quantum processor 115. Sensor 470 may be a photodetector that generates a voltage sensor output signal 470 upon receiving the diffracted amount of modulated laser output 444. Sensor output signal 470 may be input to FPGA 430. In various embodiments, this creates a closed-loop control system such that control signal 432 is output by FPGA 430, control signal 472 is received by FPGA 430, and FPGA 430 is configured to alter control signal 432 based on control signal 472. In various embodiments, a daughter card PCB (not shown) may be located within the control system housing 410, which may include being mounted either directly or indirectly to the FPGA PCB 420. A daughter card may be associated with a particular integrated servo system 217, or may be associated with more than one integrated servo system 217. A daughter card may include one or more components similar to the FPGA PCB 420.

[0073] 4 is provided for integrated servo system 217 in conjunction with FPGA 430 to monitor and adjust the intensity of laser output 442 of laser 440 by AOM 450 to produce a desired intensity profile. For example, integrated servo system 217 dynamically modulates laser output 442 using AOM 450 to remove fluctuations (e.g., fluctuations due to noise) in the modulated laser 444 observed by sensor 470.

[0074] In various embodiments, the control signal 432 may be generated using a DDS. Additionally, the generation of the control signal 432 may be coordinated with other hardware and applications associated with the controller 30 to modulate the laser output 442 according to a quantum program.

[0075] In various embodiments, multiple integrated servo systems 217 may be used to control and modify the output of multiple lasers. In various embodiments, the multiple lasers may be larger than the multiple integrated servo systems 217. Alternatively, the multiple integrated servo systems 217 may be larger than the multiple lasers. In various embodiments, the control signal output 432 may be input to multiple AOMs 450, and each AOM 450 may be associated with a different laser output 442.

[0076] In various embodiments, the control system housing 410 may include multiple FPGA PCBs 420. The FPGA PCBs may be connected via servo channels, I / O connectors, board-to-board connectors, edge connects, backplane connectors, etc.

[0077] In various embodiments, there may be multiple independent control systems (e.g., N control systems). Each control system may include one or more laser sources 440 for generating a respective one or more laser outputs 442 (e.g., laser beams), one or more AOMs 450, one or more optical elements 460, and one or more sensors 470 that may each receive a respective one or more control signals 432, which may each be generated by one or more FPGAs 430, used to modulate the respective laser outputs 442. Each of the independent control systems may be associated with a respective integrated servo system 217 that may be used to control and modify the output of the laser source 440 as described herein. In various embodiments, each independent control system may be associated with a unique FPGA PCB 420 and FPGA 430. Alternatively and / or additionally, two or more of the independent control systems may share the FPGA PCB 420 and / or FPGA 430. For example, an FPGA 430 may include only one integrated servo system 217, or may include more than one integrated servo system 217. In various embodiments, each of the independent control systems may operate independently. Additionally or alternatively, each of the independent control systems (e.g., a first independent control system) may operate in combination with and / or simultaneously with one or more other independent control systems (e.g., a second independent control system) of the plurality of independent control systems. In various embodiments, each of the independent control systems (e.g., a first independent control system) may utilize only distinct components from other independent control systems (e.g., a second independent control system), such that each independent control system is utilized in parallel. Alternatively and / or additionally, one or more of the independent control systems (e.g., a third independent control system) may utilize one or more components of another independent control system (e.g., a fourth independent control system).

[0078] In various embodiments, FPGA 430 may comprise one or more DDSs, one or more analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), digital-to-analog converters (DACs), baluns, VGAs, AMs, amplifiers, mixers, splitters, and other components. In various embodiments, FPGA 430 may be configured as part of integrated servo system 217, for example, to determine adjustments to control or modulate a laser beam. In various embodiments, FPGA 430 may include a processor for converting high-level descriptions of comments from a user (e.g., in computing entity 10) into low-level code that can be executed by hardware. Additionally or alternatively, FPGA 430 may include a compiler that compiles code and / or programs from a user into machine-executable instructions. Additionally and / or alternatively, FPGA 430 may be configured with an analytical engine and / or a real-time engine.

[0079] In various embodiments, the analysis engine may include circuitry configured to analyze one or more control signals (e.g., 472), such as monitoring one or more sensors, such as sensors of a closed-loop control system, and quantifying and classifying noise that may be indicated by fluctuations in the control signals 472. In various embodiments, the analysis engine may perform frequency analysis and / or execute signal analysis algorithms, such as algorithms that may indicate frequency content as specific times associated with one or more portions of a quantum program (e.g., portions related to gate pulses and / or quantum operations) and / or algorithms related to analyzing noise during events related to the quantum computing system but not directly related to the integrated servo system 217 (e.g., a temperature increase due to a failure of a system component (e.g., an HVAC unit)). In various examples, the control signal may be analyzed for its frequency content. In various embodiments, the analysis engine may classify noise as passive noise and / or active noise. Passive noise may be noise in a system and / or components when no operations are being performed, which may vary with time, temperature, number of components, etc. Active noise may be noise in a system during the execution of operations. The analytics engine may be associated with or in communication with one or more memories and / or databases to store past analyses over time and generate historical trends related to monitoring and analyzing control signals from one or more sensors. In various embodiments, a determination from the past trends may indicate that one or more components need to be replaced or that an adaptive filter needs to be adjusted or optimized. In various embodiments, the analytics engine may create a data object containing measurements related to the integrated servo system 217 for communication with the controller 30, for example, which may include decimating larger files into smaller files with specific data samples.

[0080] The analytical engine may cooperate with the controller 30 to adjust the FPGA output signal 432 for controlling the AOM 450 to perform quantum operations, such as by removing noise from the laser output 442, so that a modulated laser output 444 can be provided to the quantum processor 115 within the tolerances (e.g., amplitude tolerances) required to perform the quantum operations according to the quantum program.

[0081] In various embodiments, the real-time engine may include circuitry configured to communicate with components of the integrated servo system 217, including the analysis engine, to coordinate the execution of portions of the program associated with the integrated servo system 217 to execute quantum operations with the precise timing required by the quantum program. Additionally, the real-time engine may determine and make adjustments (e.g., adjustments to the timing of execution) to synchronize hardware to cause execution of quantum operations as needed. In various embodiments, the real-time engine may monitor and communicate real-time measures regarding the performance of the integrated servo system 217. In various embodiments, the real-time engine may also make adjustments to control algorithms for one or more other components of the integrated servo system 217. Additionally and / or alternatively, the real-time engine may provide operational insights, including parameters, measurements, and feedback, that may be communicated to the controller 30 and / or computing entity 10. In various embodiments, such operational insights may include diagnostic data, which may indicate performance data for one or more components, fault data for one or more components, etc.

[0082] In various embodiments, integrated servo system 217 may incorporate signal processing and / or logic from other components of quantum computing system 100, including, but not limited to, components external to the closed-loop control system associated with integrated servo system 217, such as an analytics engine and / or a real-time engine, any of which may be used to dynamically or programmatically adjust FPGA output 432 of integrated servo system 217. In one example, such components may include environmental control equipment (e.g., HVAC) that may be associated with cooling control enclosure 410 in which integrated servo system 217 may be located, and operation (or failure of operation) of HVAC may positively or negatively affect the amount of noise in integrated servo system 217 and / or associated closed-loop control system components.

[0083] In various embodiments, calibration of quantum computer system 100 may include integrated servo system 217 incorporating signal processing and / or logic from other components to properly calibrate either integrated servo system 217 or other components (e.g., lasers, modulators, sensors, etc.).

[0084] In various embodiments, the analytics engine may be configured to analyze historical trends of the closed control loop, including, but not limited to, noise associated with the performance of integrated servo system 217 and / or components associated with that closed control loop as well as components external to the closed-loop control system. In various embodiments, the analytics engine may incorporate machine learning to analyze the noise, including determining correlations between noise (electrical noise, thermal noise, mechanical noise, active noise, passive noise, etc.) and one or more components, operations being performed, etc. The machine learning may be based on a test set, which may include historical data sets including measurements, adjustments, and settings associated with integrated servo system 217 and / or other components of quantum computing system 100. In one example, the analytics engine may analyze noise in sensor output 472 over a long period of time, e.g., comparing the noise to similar signals from calibrations, from previous quantum program runs, from historical trends, and from long-term averages.

[0085] FIG. 5 provides an example of an intensity profile, according to at least some example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0086] In various embodiments, the modulated laser output 444 may be controlled by the integrated servo system 217, such as using the FPGA output 432. To perform a specific quantum operation when the modulated laser output 444 is provided to the quantum processor 115, such as that shown in FIG. 5, the modulated laser output 444 may be controlled such that the modulated laser output 444 has a specific laser intensity profile. In various embodiments, performing a specific quantum operation, such as during gating, requires exposing ions to pulses of laser light with a precisely defined profile that may include a specific shape, amplitude, and / or duration. The integrated servo system 217 may incorporate feedback (e.g., sensor output 472 from sensor 470) to adjust and / or steer the pulses and compensate for noise and / or nonlinear responses of components, creating a closed-loop control system. The closed control loop may also be calibrated to remove noise and / or correct for nonlinear responses of components, such as the response of the AOM 450. In various embodiments, this may be necessary for gating operations that require laser pulses of widely different intensity levels for short periods of time, such as those in FIG. 5.

[0087] FIG. 5 includes rectangular pulse sets 510A, 510B and shaped pulse set 520. Rectangular pulse sets 510A, 510B may include one or more rectangular pulses (FIG. 5 shows each 510A and 510B with four rectangular pulses). In various embodiments, rectangular pulse sets 510A, 510B may be examples of wrapper pulse sets when such rectangular pulse sets 510A, 510B are on either side of another pulse set (e.g., shaped pulse set 520). Shaped pulses may include one or more shaped pulses (FIG. 5 shows two shaped pulses). Shaped pulses may be limited to a maximum amplitude, which may flatten the peak of the shaped pulse for a period of time, which may be the maximum amplitude. By controlling the intensity profile of the laser light (e.g., pulses) provided to the quantum processor 115, the fidelity of gates (e.g., one-qubit gates, two-qubit gates, etc.) may be improved and / or even enabled, where the operations required by the quantum program require faster response times of particular quantum operations and / or particular ordering of quantum operations.

[0088] In various embodiments, the AOM may have a response function that may be nonlinear. Integrated servo system 217 may determine the response function of AOM 450 through calibration and provide FPGA output 432 to AOM 450 for controlling AOM 450 to correct undesired portions of the response function to output modulated laser output 444 with a desired intensity profile during execution of a quantum program. In various embodiments, the correction may be to correct for drift and / or noise that causes the intensity profile to deviate from the desired intensity profile needed to perform a quantum operation.

[0089] 6 provides a schematic diagram of an example servo control system 600 associated with integrated servo system 217, according to at least some example embodiments of the present disclosure. In various embodiments, servo control system 600 may be configured to be controlled by controller 30 and / or computing entity 10. In various embodiments, multiple portions of servo control system 600 reside within integrated servo system 217, controller 30, and / or computing entity 10.

[0090] Servo control system 600 may be configured to control (e.g., set, adjust, read, measure, etc.) a servo channel or components of a servo channel, which may include numerous available settings. Available settings may include frequency, phase, gain ratio of servo input and output arms, DC voltage offset, signal delay coefficient, filter parameters (e.g., filter response type, gain, gain ratio, cutoff or corner frequency, phase offset, etc.), modulation type (e.g., amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, etc.), control and data processing parameters (e.g., sample rate, decimation, interpolation, average, minimum, maximum, standard deviation, statistical analysis, etc.), and various toggle states (e.g., servo output on hold, bypass individual filter stages, disable servo loop, etc.). In various embodiments, a servo channel may be a path on a PCB with one or more components for signal conditioning (e.g., filters, amplifiers, mixers, splitters, baluns, local oscillators, ADCs, DACs, etc.). In various embodiments, one or more servo channels may be included on the servo PCB, including servo channels with input signals for the integrated servo control system 217 and servo channels for output signals for the integrated servo control system. In various embodiments, a servo channel may be shared by one or more integrated servo systems 217. In various embodiments, each servo channel may correspond to an output control signal associated with a single laser source. In various embodiments, a servo channel may use digital signals, analog signals, or both digital and analog signals. In various embodiments, digital signals from the servo channels may be monitored by the controller 30 to determine the status of the integrated servo system 217, the status of components of the integrated servo system 217, and / or data values ​​related to the integrated servo system 217, which may be analyzed (e.g., at the computing entity 10) and provided to a user.

[0091] In various embodiments, servo control system 600 may include a servo driver 610, a servo GUI 620, a servo remote procedure call (RPC) server 630, a servo command line interface 632, an operator interface 634, a database writer 640, a time series database 642, a servo configuration database 650, a servo FPGA memory interface 660, a streaming interface 670, and a control system 680. In various embodiments, servo driver 610 may be software hosted on computing entity 10, controller 30, and / or integrated servo system 217. Servo driver 610 may provide high-level methods for writing and / or querying servo channel-specific settings and / or parameter values. Servo driver 610 may associate each high-level method with one or more FPGA memory addresses corresponding to one or more servo channel parameter values. The servo driver 610 can convert parameter values ​​and formats (e.g., floating-point numbers, integers, strings, or Booleans) to or from values ​​and formats (e.g., binary numbers) used in memory registers of the FPGA 430. In various embodiments, when a high-level write method is called, the servo driver 610 sends a command including the address of the FPGA register and the corresponding binary value to one or more servo FPGA memory interfaces 660. The servo FPGA memory interfaces 660 write the value to a memory register in the FPGA 430. In various embodiments, when a high-level query method is called, the servo driver 610 sends a query message including the address of the FPGA memory register to one or more servo FPGA memory interfaces 660. The servo FPGA memory interfaces 660 read the value from the register in the FPGA 430 and return the result to the servo driver 610, which converts the binary register value to the parameter data type and reports the parameter value.

[0092] Servo control system 600 may interface with a user through one or more interfaces, including servo GUI 620, command line interface 632, and operator interface 634. In various embodiments, command line interface 632 and operator interface 634 may interface with servo driver 610 through servo RPC server 630. Alternatively, command line interface 632 and operator interface 634 may interface directly with servo driver 610. In various embodiments, servo GUI 620, command line interface 632, and operator interface 634 operate on computing entity 10 and may communicate over network 20 to controller 30, integrated servo system 217, and / or quantum computer 110 including FPGA 430.

[0093] Servo GUI 620 may provide a user-friendly interface, such as a graphical user interface, for providing commands to be executed. The graphical user interface may provide a graphical representation of settings associated with integrated servo system 217, such as the system component settings described herein, which may be generated by controller 30 and / or integrated servo system 217. Command line interface 632 may provide an interface that allows a user to execute one or more commands using commands on a command line, which may be preferred for the execution of one or more routines or subroutines, such as during calibration, diagnostics, or troubleshooting. Operator interface 634 may be used during operation of the quantum computer system. In various embodiments, servo GUI 620, command line interface 632, and / or operator interface 634 may display alerts, parameter settings, historical trends, and / or operating parameters. In various embodiments, an operator may use the interface for managing or developing quantum programs, including individually controlling the settings of one or more components of quantum computing system 100, including integrated servo system 217.

[0094] In various embodiments, the servo driver 610 and servo FPGA memory are located within the integrated servo system 217 , such as within the FPGA 430 .

[0095] Servo control system 600 may be used to adjust settings of one or more components associated with integrated servo system 217, including signal processing, setting, and / or filter parameters (e.g., gain, phase, transfer function, etc.), including or not including inputs and / or outputs in closed-loop control systems (e.g., mixers, splitters, etc.), etc. For example, servo GUI 620 may present an operator with controls for settings of individual servo channels, such as on a display of computing entity 10.

[0096] In various embodiments, the RPC server 630 communicates with the command line interface 632 and / or the operator interface 634 and the servo driver 610 to exchange data. In various embodiments, the RPC server 630 may operate in cooperation with the servo driver 610 on the computing entity 10, the controller 30, and / or the integrated servo system 217. The RPC server 630 may expose the server driver 610's high-level servo parameter writing and query methods to one or more RPC clients. An operator may set or adjust settings or parameters of components of the integrated servo system 217 through the command line interface 632 and / or the operator interface 634. The RPC server 630 may communicate with the command line interface 632 and / or the operator interface 634 over the network 20.

[0097] In various embodiments, database writer 640 may write and / or read data from one or more databases, such as time series database 642. In various embodiments, database writer 640 may operate in cooperation with servo driver 610 on computing entity 10, controller 30, and / or integrated servo system 217. Servo driver 610 may publish servo parameter values ​​or data received from streaming interface 670 to database writer. Time series database 642 may store time series data related to control signals, components, historical trends, and / or analyses related to or performed by integrated servo system 217.

[0098] In various embodiments, servo configuration database 650 may store configurations for and / or components of integrated servo system 217 as servo configuration data. In various embodiments, such configuration settings may include calibration settings and / or adjustments, which may be for a particular component, multiple specific components, on a servo channel and / or multiple servo channels, such as the components and settings described herein.

[0099] In various embodiments, the servo FPGA memory interface 660 may include an interface for writing values ​​to specific FPGA memory addresses, which may set and / or adjust settings or parameters, such as with components of one or more servo channels.

[0100] In various embodiments, streaming interface 670 may be located in controller 30 and / or integrated servo system 217, such as in FPGA 430 or on FPGA PCB 420. Streaming interface 670 may be configured to provide a live stream of historical, trend, and / or real-time data (collectively, live stream servo data) related to integrated servo system 217, components of integrated servo system 217, and / or one or more servo channels. In various embodiments, such data may include noise, frequency content, trends, warnings, alarms, etc. In various embodiments, streaming interface 670 may record data, which may be provided to memory or a database, such as in a data object. In various embodiments, data in a data object, etc., may be provided by streaming interface 670 to control system 680, to servo GUI 620, to command line interface 632, and / or to operator interface 634. Streaming interface 670 may include one interface or more interfaces, and an interface may be specific to one or more integrated servo system 217 and / or servo channels. In various embodiments, streaming interface 670 may stream data to or from time series database 642, which may include providing data to be stored to time series database 642 and / or receiving data to be visualized along with the streaming data. The visualized data may include real-time monitoring of the integrated servo system status in addition to data, which may be transmitted to and received by a user device (e.g., computing entity 10) for display to a user.In various embodiments, the data may indicate whether a value of a component in integrated servo system 217 is at or near a threshold value and / or an analysis of the data (e.g., whether a component is near a rail and / or whether there is additional headroom). In various embodiments, the user may responsively input and / or select a setting to adjust and transmit the adjustment to integrated servo system 217, which implements the transmitted setting.

[0101] Example Process Having described exemplary system and device architectures in accordance with the present disclosure, exemplary processes in accordance with the present disclosure are described below. It should be understood that the processes illustrated in each of the following figures may be embodied in any number of ways.

[0102] FIG. 7 provides a first example process for a closed-loop control system, according to at least some example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0103] In operation 710, the integrated servo system 217 receives a program. In various embodiments, the program may be received from the computing entity 10, the controller 30, the servo GUI 620, the command line interface 632, and / or the operator interface 634. In various embodiments, the program may be received in the FPGA 430. The program may be a quantum program or a portion of a quantum program specific to the integrated servo system 217.

[0104] In operation 720, the integrated servo system 217 generates settings. In various embodiments, the FPGA 430 of the integrated servo system 217 may translate the received portion of the program into specific settings for the components associated with the integrated servo system 217. Such settings may include, but are not limited to, gain, phase, filter settings, transfer functions, etc., that may be used by the integrated servo system 217 during execution of one or more operations. In various embodiments, such as when the quantum program 217 may include multiple operations for the integrated servo system 217, multiple settings may be generated, which may include when the settings should be applied at specific times to execute the multiple operations of the program. In various embodiments, data indicative of the settings may be stored in a database, such as the servo configuration database 650, which may store the data along with an indicator specifying the program or portion of the program received in 710.

[0105] In operation 730, the integrated servo system 217 loads the configuration. In various embodiments, loading the configuration may include loading and / or adjusting the configuration generated for the execution of operations at a particular time period corresponding to some or all of the program. In various embodiments, the configuration may be loaded into FPGA memory for use during the execution of operations by the program.

[0106] At operation 740, integrated servo system 217 receives feedback. In various embodiments, feedback is received, such as at FPGA 430, as operations occur and a controller of the closed-loop control system generates feedback. The feedback may be generated by one or more sensors associated with the closed-loop control system. Additionally or alternatively, feedback may be generated by components of quantum computer system 100 unrelated to integrated servo system 217, which may be used as input for use in analyzing feedback associated with integrated servo system 217.

[0107] In operation 750, the integrated servo system 217 analyzes the feedback. In various embodiments, feedback from sensors associated with the integrated servo system 217 may be used to determine whether adjustments to settings are necessary. In various embodiments, the adjustments to settings may be to remove noise from one or more components associated with the integrated servo control system 217.

[0108] In operation 760, integrated servo system 217 generates an adjustment. In various embodiments, if analysis of the feedback determines that an adjustment may need to be made, the adjustment may be generated by integrated servo system 217 and / or an operator. In various embodiments, integrated servo system 217 may be configured to dynamically generate the adjustment, which may be based on control signals (e.g., 472) received as feedback from sensors (e.g., 470). Additionally or alternatively, adjustment suggestions may be provided to the operator in interfaces (e.g., 620, 632, 634), and the operator may input an adjustment or select an adjustment from one or more lists, which may provide the adjustment to integrated servo system 217 or may provide an indication of the adjustment, which may then generate the adjustment. In various embodiments, if it is determined in operation 750 that no adjustment is needed, the operation may be performed by quantum computer system 100 without generating an adjustment in operation 760.

[0109] In an exemplary embodiment, the process of FIG. 7 may be utilized to calibrate the integrated servo system 217. A user may provide a program or command to calibrate the integrated servo system 217, such as executing a calibration routine, which is received by the integrated servo system 217. Alternatively, the controller 30 or the integrated servo system 217 may decide to perform a calibration if it determines that a monitored component of the integrated servo system 217, a component of the closed-loop control system, or an external signal is found to generate an error or be outside of a tolerance range, or if a certain amount of time has passed since the last calibration. The calibration routine may be for determining noise and response in system components associated with the integrated servo system 217, such as the AOM 450. The integrated servo system 217 may generate one or more settings associated with the calibration routine, which may be loaded into components of the integrated servo system 217 (e.g., DDS, mixer, splitter, etc.). The calibration routine may then be executed, which includes the laser 440 generating a laser output 442 to be shaped by the AOM 450. The FPGA 430 may output an FPGA output signal 432, which may be generated based on the loaded configuration. Execution of the operation may cause the sensor 470 to generate a sensor output signal 472 indicative of the noise and nonlinear response of the AOM during pulse shaping, which may be received by the FPGA 430. The FPGA 430 may analyze feedback of the sensor output signal 472 to determine adjustments to adjust the settings to make the AOM less noisy and behave with a linear response. The analysis may include generating multiple adjustments to be iteratively applied to calibrate the integrated servo system 217 and the AOM 450 to generate a desired intensity profile, including pulse shape. The adjustments may be used to generate the iteratively loaded configuration. For each iteration, the FPGA 430 may use feedback of the sensor output signal 472 to dynamically adjust the settings, such as to compensate for thermal or mechanical noise associated with the iteration.

[0110] In an alternative exemplary embodiment, transfer functions associated with components of the closed-loop control system may be determined, and the associated integrated servo system 217 may be calibrated. The AOM 450 may be known to have a nonlinear response or may be determined to have a nonlinear response, such as using measurements of increasing output based on increasing input. The sensor output signal 472 may be measured with increasing input to the AOM 450, which may also include decreasing the input to account for hysteresis, etc. The integrated servo system 217 may determine, using a real-time engine and / or an analytical engine, etc., that the AOM 450 has a nonlinear response and determine multiple FPGA output signals 432 that cause the AOM 450 to provide a linear response.

[0111] conclusion Although exemplary systems are described above, implementations or embodiments of the subject matter and operations described herein may be implemented in other types of digital electronic circuitry, computer software or programs, firmware, or hardware, or in combinations of one or more of them, including the structures disclosed herein and their structural equivalents.

[0112] Embodiments of the subject matter described herein may be implemented as one or more computer programs, i.e., one or more modules of computer program instructions, encoded on a computer storage medium for execution by or to control the operation of an information / data processing apparatus. Alternatively or additionally, the program instructions may be encoded on an artificially generated propagated signal, e.g., a machine-generated electrical, optical, or electromagnetic signal, which is generated to encode information / data for transmission to an appropriate receiver for execution by the information / data processing apparatus. The computer storage medium may be or be included in a computer-readable storage device, a computer-readable storage substrate, a random or serial access memory array or device, or one or more combinations thereof. Moreover, while the computer storage medium is not a propagated signal, the computer storage medium may be a source or destination for computer program instructions encoded on an artificially generated propagated signal. The computer storage medium may also be or be included in one or more separate physical components or media (e.g., multiple CDs, disks, or other storage devices).

[0113] The operations described herein may be implemented as operations performed by an information / data processing apparatus on information / data stored in one or more computer-readable storage devices or received from other sources.

[0114] The term "data processing apparatus" as used above encompasses all kinds of apparatuses, devices, and machines for processing data, including, by way of example, a programmable processor, a computer, a system on a chip, or a plurality or combination thereof. An apparatus may include special-purpose logic circuitry, such as an FPGA (field-programmable gate array) or an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit). In addition to hardware, an apparatus may also include code that creates an execution environment for a subject computer program, such as code that creates processor firmware, a protocol stack, a repository management system, an operating system, a cross-platform runtime environment, a virtual machine, or one or more combinations thereof. The apparatus and execution environment may implement a variety of different computing model infrastructures, such as web services, distributed computing, and grid computing infrastructures.

[0115] Computer software or computer programs (also known as programs, software, software applications, scripts, or code) may be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted, declarative or procedural, and may be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, object, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. A computer program may, but need not, correspond to a file in a file system. A computer program may be stored in a portion of a file that holds other programs or information / data (e.g., one or more scripts stored in a markup language document), in a single file dedicated to the program in question, or in multiple coordinated files (e.g., files storing one or more modules, subprograms, or portions of code). A computer program may be deployed to run on one computer or on multiple computers located at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communications network.

[0116] The processes and logic flows described herein may be implemented by one or more programmable processors executing one or more computer programs to perform activities by operating on input information / data and generating output. Processors suitable for executing computer programs include, by way of example, both general-purpose and special-purpose microprocessors, and any one or more processors of any type of digital computer. Generally, a processor receives instructions and information / data from a read-only memory or a random-access memory, or both. The essential elements of a computer are a processor for performing activities in accordance with the instructions and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer also includes one or more mass storage devices, e.g., magnetic disks, magneto-optical disks, or optical disks, for storing data, or is operably coupled to receive information / data from or transfer information / data to them, or both. However, a computer need not have such devices. Suitable devices for storing computer program instructions and information / data include all forms of non-volatile memory, media, and memory devices, including, by way of example, semiconductor memory devices, such as EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices, magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks or removable disks, magneto-optical disks, and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. The processor and memory may be supplemented by, or incorporated in, special purpose logic circuitry.

[0117] To achieve interaction with a user, embodiments of the subject matter described herein may be implemented on a computer having a display device, e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor, for displaying information / data to the user, as well as a keyboard and pointing device, e.g., a mouse or trackball, by which the user can provide input to the computer. Other types of devices may also be used to achieve interaction with a user. For example, feedback provided to the user may be any form of sensory feedback, e.g., visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback, and input from the user may be received in any form, including acoustic input, speech input, or tactile input. Additionally, a computer may interact with a user by sending documents to and receiving documents from a device used by the user, e.g., by sending a web page to a web browser on the user's client device in response to a request received from the web browser.

[0118] Embodiments of the subject matter described herein may be implemented in a computing system that includes back-end components, e.g., as information / data servers, or includes middleware components, e.g., application servers, or includes front-end components, e.g., client computers having graphical user interfaces or web browsers through which users can interact with implementations of the subject matter described herein, or includes any combination of one or more such back-end, middleware, or front-end components. The components of the system may be interconnected by any form or medium of digital information / data communication, e.g., a communications network. Examples of communications networks include local area networks (“LANs”) and wide area networks (“WANs”), internetworks (e.g., the Internet), and peer-to-peer networks (e.g., ad hoc peer-to-peer networks).

[0119] A computing system may include clients and servers. Clients and servers are generally remote from each other and typically interact through a communication network. The relationship of client and server arises by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client-server relationship to each other. In some embodiments, a server sends information / data (e.g., HTML pages) to client devices (e.g., for the purpose of displaying the information / data and receiving user input from a user interacting with the client device). Information / data generated at the client device (e.g., results of user interaction) may be received at the server from the client device.

[0120] While this specification contains details of many specific implementations, these should not be considered limitations on the scope of the disclosure or what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features unique to particular embodiments of a particular disclosure. Some features described herein in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, while multiple features may be described above as functioning in a certain combination, and may even be initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination may in some cases be deleted from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variations of the subcombination.

[0121] Similarly, although operations are illustrated in the figures in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring such operations to be performed in the particular order or sequential order shown, or that all of the shown operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In some situations, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of various system components in the above-described embodiments should not be understood as requiring such separation in all embodiments, and it should be understood that the described program components and systems may generally be integrated together into a single software product or packaged into multiple software products.

[0122] Thus, specific embodiments of the subject matter have been described. Other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. In some cases, the activities recited in the claims may be performed in a different order and still achieve desirable results. In addition, the processes depicted in the accompanying figures do not necessarily require the particular order shown or sequential order to achieve desirable results. In some implementations, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. [Explanation of symbols]

[0123] 10 Computing Entities 20 Wireless Network 30 Controllers 40 Cryostat and / or vacuum chamber 50 Voltage Source 60 Operation source 66 Light Path 70 Optical Collection System 100 Quantum Computing Systems 110 Quantum Computer 115 Quantum Processor 120 Extremely Small Object Confinement Device 205 Processing Elements 210 memory 215 Driver Controller Elements 217 Integrated Servo System 220 Communication Interface 225 A / D converter 304 Transmitter 306 Receiver 308 Processing Elements 312 Antenna 316 Display 318 keypad 320 network interface 322 Volatile Memory 324 Non-volatile memory 410 Control System Enclosure 420 FPGA PCB 430 FPGA 432 FPGA output signals 440 Laser 442 laser power 444 Modulated Laser Output 450 AOM 460 Optical Elements 470 Sensors 472 Sensor Output Signal 510 Square Pulse Set 520 Shaped Pulse Set 610 Servo Driver 620 Servo GUI 630 Servo RPC Server 632 Command Line Interface 634 Operator Interface 640 Database Writer 642 Time Series Database 650 Servo Calibration Database 660 Servo FPGA Memory Interface 670 Streaming Interface 680 Control System

Claims

1. a laser source configured to generate a laser beam; a modulator configured to receive the laser beam, receive a servo control signal, and modulate the laser beam to generate a modulated laser beam based on the laser beam and the servo control signal; an optical element disposed between the modulator and a sensor and configured to split the modulated laser beam into a first portion of the modulated laser beam and a second portion of the modulated laser beam, direct the first portion of the modulated laser beam to a quantum processor, and direct the second portion of the modulated laser beam to the sensor; an optical element configured such that the sensor receives a second portion of the modulated laser beam, detects an intensity of the second portion of the modulated laser beam, and generates a sensor control signal based on the intensity of the second portion of the modulated laser beam; Integrated servo system; wherein the integrated servo system is configured to receive at least a portion of a quantum program, generate one or more settings based on at least a portion of the quantum program, receive the sensor control signals, and produce the servo control signals based on the sensor control signals and the one or more settings.

2. The integrated servo system comprises:

10. The quantum computer system of claim 1, comprising one or more DDSs, each DDS further configured to generate a servo control signal based on a noise measurement from a sensor control signal.

3. a first laser source and a second laser source, the first laser source configured to generate a first laser beam and the second laser source configured to generate a second laser beam; a first modulator and a second modulator, the first modulator associated with the first laser source and the second modulator associated with the second laser source, the first modulator configured to receive the first laser beam, receive a first servo control signal, and modulate the first laser beam to generate a first modulated laser beam based on the first laser beam and the first servo control signal, and the second modulator configured to receive the second laser beam, receive a second servo control signal, and modulate the second laser beam to generate a second modulated laser beam based on the second laser beam and the second servo control signal; a first optical element disposed between the first modulator and a first sensor, the first optical element configured to receive the first modulated laser beam, split the first modulated laser beam into a first portion of the first modulated laser beam and a second portion of the first modulated laser beam, direct the first portion of the first modulated laser beam to a quantum processor, and direct the second portion of the first modulated laser beam to the first sensor; a first optical element configured to cause the first sensor to receive a second portion of the first modulated laser beam, detect a first intensity of the second portion of the first modulated laser beam, and generate a first sensor control signal based on the first intensity of the second portion of the first modulated laser beam; a second optical element disposed between the second modulator and a second sensor, the second optical element configured to receive the second modulated laser beam, split the second modulated laser beam into a first portion of the second modulated laser beam and a second portion of the second modulated laser beam, direct the first portion of the second modulated laser beam to the quantum processor, and direct the second portion of the second modulated laser beam to the second sensor; a second optical element configured for the second sensor to receive a second portion of the second modulated laser beam, detect a second intensity of the second portion of the second modulated laser beam, and generate a second sensor control signal based on the second intensity of the second portion of the second modulated laser beam; a first integrated servo system configured to receive at least a portion of a quantum program, generate one or more settings based on at least a portion of the quantum program, receive the first sensor control signal, and generate the first servo control signal based on the first sensor control signal and the one or more settings; a second integrated servo system configured to receive the second sensor control signal and generate the second servo control signal based on the second sensor control signal; and A quantum computer system comprising:

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