Methods, apparatus and systems relating to enabling tone reservations in wireless systems

Abstract

Disclosed herein are methods, apparatus, systems, etc. directed to implementing relay modifications. In one embodiment, a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) may transmit information to request a peak-reducing tone (PRT) configuration to reduce a peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). In one embodiment, the WTRU may receive an indication of frequency resources to be used for transmitting a PRT signal based on the PRT configuration. In one embodiment, the WTRU may transmit a PRT signal on frequency resources in addition to uplink (UL) transmissions, and the frequency resources for the PRT signal may be assigned based on a set of frequency resources assigned to UL transmissions.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of (i) U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 091,344, filed October 14, 2020, and (ii) U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 228,724, filed August 3, 2021, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. [Background technology]

[0002] The present disclosure relates to network communications, including, but not limited to, methods, apparatus, systems, etc. relating to enabling tone reservation (TR) in wireless systems. Summary of the Invention

[0003] Disclosed herein are methods, apparatus, systems, etc. related to enabling tone reservation (TR) in a wireless system. In one embodiment, a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) may transmit information to request a peak reduction tone (PRT) configuration to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). In the following description, the term peak reduction tone (PRT) may be used to refer to any tone reservation (TR) technique that can enable PAPR reduction by reserving frequency resources or transmission of signals other than data signals. In one embodiment, the WTRU may receive an indication of frequency resources to be used to transmit a PRT signal based on the PRT configuration. In one embodiment, the WTRU may transmit a PRT signal on frequency resources in addition to uplink (UL) transmissions, and the frequency resources for the PRT signal may be assigned based on the set of frequency resources assigned to UL transmissions.

[0004] In one embodiment, a WTRU may receive TR configuration information indicating a set of TR configurations. For example, the WTRU may determine a power headroom (PH) for a first uplink grant. For example, the WTRU may select a first TR configuration from the indicated set of TR configurations based on either the first uplink grant and the determined PH. For example, the WTRU may transmit first information indicating the selected first TR configuration. For example, the WTRU may receive second information indicating a second TR configuration from the indicated set of TR configurations. For example, the WTRU may receive a second uplink grant and may perform a transmission including: (1) a data transmission via the second uplink grant at a first power level; and (2) a TR transmission, where the TR transmission may be transmitted in frequency resources determined according to the second TR configuration, and the TR transmission may be transmitted at a second power level determined based on the first power level and a power offset associated with the second TR configuration.

[0005] Although various embodiments are described and / or claimed herein in which apparatus, systems, devices, etc., and / or any elements thereof are configured to perform an operation, process, algorithm, function, etc., and / or any portion thereof, it should be understood that any embodiment described and / or claimed herein assumes that any apparatus, system, device, etc., and / or any element thereof performs any operation, process, algorithm, function, etc., and / or any portion thereof (and vice versa). [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0006] A more detailed understanding may be had from the following detailed description, given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. The figures of such drawings, like the detailed description, are examples. Therefore, the figures and detailed description should not be considered limiting, as other equally effective examples are possible and likely. Also, like reference numerals in the figures indicate like elements. [Figure 1A] FIG. 1 is a system diagram illustrating an example communication system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. [Figure 1B] 1B is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) that may be used within the communications system shown in FIG. 1A, according to one embodiment. [Figure 1C] 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) that may be used within the communication system shown in FIG. 1A, according to one embodiment. [Figure 1D] 1B is a system diagram illustrating a further exemplary RAN and a further example of a CN that may be used within the communication system shown in FIG. 1A, according to one embodiment. [Figure 2] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a peak tone reduction technique. [Figure 3] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a method for enabling tone reservation. [Figure 4] FIG. 10 illustrates another example of a method for enabling tone reservation. [Figure 5] FIG. 10 illustrates an example of the use of modulated data symbols to generate PRT symbols. [Figure 6] FIG. 10 illustrates another example of a method for enabling tone reservation. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0007] A detailed description of illustrative embodiments will now be described with reference to various figures. While the description provides detailed examples of possible implementations, it should be noted that the details are intended to be illustrative and in no way limit the scope of the present application. In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments and / or examples disclosed herein. However, it will be understood that such embodiments and examples can be practiced without some or all of the specific details set forth herein. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, and circuits have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the following description. Furthermore, embodiments and examples not specifically described herein can be practiced in place of, or in combination with, embodiments and other examples explicitly, implicitly, and / or inherently described, disclosed, or otherwise provided herein (collectively "provided").

[0008] Exemplary Communication Network 1A illustrates an exemplary communication system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. Communication system 100 may be a multiple-access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcasts, etc., to multiple wireless users. Communication system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communication system 100 may employ one or more channel access methods such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tail unique-word DFT-Spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), etc.

[0009] 1A, communications system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, RANs 104 / 113, CNs 106 / 115, public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112, although it will be understood that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, any of which may be referred to as a “station” and / or “STA,” may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include user equipment (UE), mobile stations, fixed or mobile subscriber units, subscription-based units, pagers, cellular phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), smartphones, laptops, netbooks, personal computers, wireless sensors, hotspots or Mi-Fi devices, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, watches or other wearables, head-mounted displays (HMDs), vehicles, drones, medical devices and applications (e.g., remote surgery), industrial devices and applications (e.g., robots and / or other wireless devices operating in industrial and / or automated processing chain situations), consumer electronics devices, devices operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, etc. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be referred to interchangeably as a UE.

[0010] The communications system 100 may also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communications networks, such as the CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node B, an eNodeB, a Home Node B, a Home eNodeB, a gNB, an NR Node B, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, etc. Although the base stations 114a, 114b are each shown as a single element, it will be understood that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0011] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), a relay node, etc. The base station 114a and / or base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive radio signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide wireless service coverage for a particular geographic area, which may be relatively fixed or may change over time. A cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one transceiver for each sector of the cell. In one embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers per sector of the cell, for example, using beamforming to transmit and / or receive signals in desired spatial directions.

[0012] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0013] More specifically, as noted above, the communications system 100 may be a multiple-access system and may use one or more channel access schemes, such as, for example, CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, etc. For example, the base station 114 a and the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c in the RAN 104 / 113 may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 115 / 116 / 117 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communications protocols such as High-Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed ​​Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed ​​Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0014] In one embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or LTE-Advanced (LTE-Advanced, LTE-A) and / or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro).

[0015] In one embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR radio access, which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).

[0016] In one embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may jointly implement LTE radio access and NR radio access, e.g., using dual connectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface utilized by the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions transmitted to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., eNBs and gNBs).

[0017] In other embodiments, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a wireless technology such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity, WiFi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, WiMAX), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), or the like.

[0018] 1A may be, for example, a wireless router, a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or an access point and may utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in a local area such as a location such as a business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a road, etc. In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may establish a picocell or a femtocell using a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.). As shown in FIG. 1A, the base station 114b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Thus, the base station 114b may not need to access the Internet 110 through the CN 106 / 115.

[0019] The RAN 104 / 113 may communicate with the CN 106 / 115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, application, and / or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have various quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput, latency, error tolerance, reliability, data throughput, and mobility requirements. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, prepaid calls, Internet connectivity, video distribution, and / or perform high-level security functions such as user authentication. Although not shown in FIG. 1A , it will be understood that the RAN 104 / 113 and / or the CN 106 / 115 may communicate directly or indirectly with other RANs employing the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104 / 113, which may utilize NR radio technology, the CN 106 / 115 may also communicate with another RAN (not shown) employing GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0020] The CN 106 / 115 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include a public switched telephone network providing plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP), and / or the internet protocol (IP) of the TCP / IP Internet protocol suite. The network 112 may include wired and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, the network 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT.

[0021] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links.) For example, the WTRU 102c shown in FIG. 1A may be configured to communicate with a base station 114a that may use a cellular-based wireless technology and a base station 114b that may use an IEEE 802 wireless technology.

[0022] 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. As shown in FIG. 1B, the WTRU 102 may include, among other things, a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripherals 138. It will be understood that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0023] The processor 118 may be a general-purpose processor, a special-purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, etc. The processor 118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122. While FIG. 1B depicts the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separate components, it will be understood that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0024] The transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signals to or receive signals from a base station (e.g., base station 114a) over the air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In one embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an emitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In yet another embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF and light signals. It will be understood that the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0025] 1B as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may use MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0026] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate signals transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and demodulate signals received by the transmit / receive element 122. As mentioned above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers to enable the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11.

[0027] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to and may receive user-entered data from a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, and / or a display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128. Additionally, the processor 118 may access information from and store data in any type of suitable memory, such as non-removable memory 130 and / or removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, etc. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from and store data in memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or home computer (not shown).

[0028] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134 and may be configured to distribute and / or control the power to other components within the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for providing power to the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, etc.

[0029] The processor 118 may also be coupled to a GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to or instead of information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) over the air interface 116 and / or determine its location based on the timing of signals being received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may obtain location information by way of any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0030] The processor 118 may further be coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality, and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an electronic compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photos and / or videos), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands-free headset, a Bluetooth module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an internet browser, a virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker, etc. The peripheral device 138 may include one or more sensors, which may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a Hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, a direction sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor, a geolocation sensor, an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and / or a humidity sensor.

[0031] The WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio where transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with a particular subframe for both the UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be parallel and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit 139 for reducing and or substantially eliminating self-interference through either hardware (e.g., chokes) or processor-mediated signal processing (e.g., via a separate processor (not shown) or processor 118). In one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for transmission and reception of either some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with a particular subframe for either the UL (e.g., for transmission) or downlink (e.g., for reception)).

[0032] 1C is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 according to one embodiment. As mentioned above, the RAN 104 may communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116 using E-UTRA radio technology. The RAN 104 may also communicate with the CN 106.

[0033] The RAN 104 may include eNodeBs 160a, 160b, and 160c, although it will be understood that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNodeBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNodeBs 160a, 160b, and 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c over the air interface 116. In an embodiment, the eNodeBs 160a, 160b, and 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the eNodeB 160a may, for example, use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a.

[0034] Each of the eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling, etc. in the UL and / or DL. As shown in FIG. 1C, the eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with each other via an X2 interface.

[0035] 1C may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (or PGW) 166. Although each of the foregoing elements is illustrated as part of the CN 106, it will be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0036] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may function as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, activating / deactivating bearers, selecting a particular serving gateway during initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, etc. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0037] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to and from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring the user plane during inter-eNode-B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available to the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and managing and storing the context of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0038] The SGW 164 may be connected to a PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0039] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional landline communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include or communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0040] Although the WTRU is depicted in FIGS. 1A-1D as a wireless terminal, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments, such a terminal may use a wired communication interface (e.g., temporarily or permanently) with the communication network.

[0041] In a representative embodiment, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0042] A WLAN in infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS) mode may have an access point (AP) of the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have access or interface to a Distribution System (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic into and / or out of the BSS. Traffic originating from outside the BSS to a STA may arrive through the AP and be delivered to the STA. Traffic originating from a STA to a destination outside the BSS may be sent to the AP and transmitted to the respective destination. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be transmitted, for example, through the AP; the source STA may send traffic to the AP, which may deliver the traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be viewed and / or referred to as peer-to-peer traffic. Peer-to-peer traffic may be transmitted between a source STA and a destination STA (e.g., directly between them) in a direct link setup (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use 802.11e DLS or 802.11z tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an Independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and STAs within or using the IBSS (e.g., all of the STAs) may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS mode of communication may be referred to herein as an "ad hoc" communication mode.

[0043] When using the 802.11ac infrastructure mode of operation or a similar mode of operation, an AP may transmit beacons on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., a 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a width that is dynamically set via signaling. The primary channel may be the operating channel of the BSS and may be used by STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA / CA) may be implemented, for example, in an 802.11 system. With CSMA / CA, STAs (e.g., all STAs), including the AP, may sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed / detected and / or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA may back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS.

[0044] High Throughput (HT) STAs may use 40 MHz wide channels for communication, which may be formed, for example, through a combination of a primary 20 MHz channel and adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channels.

[0045] A Very High Throughput (VHT) STA may support 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and / or 160 MHz wide channels. The 40 MHz and / or 80 MHz wide channels may be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel may be formed by combining eight contiguous 20 MHz channels or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels, which may be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, after channel encoding, the data may pass through a segment parser that may split the data into two streams. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing and time-domain processing may be performed separately on each stream. The streams may be mapped to two 80 MHz channels, and the data may be transmitted by the transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the operations described above for the 80+80 configuration may be reversed, and the combined data may be transmitted to the Medium Access Control (MAC).

[0046] Sub-1 GHz operating modes are supported by 802.11af and 802.11ah. Channel operating bandwidths and carriers are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah compared to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, while 802.11ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to representative embodiments, 802.11ah may support meter-type control / machine-type communications, such as MTC devices within macro coverage areas. MTC devices may have specific capabilities, including, for example, support for (e.g., only for) specific and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include batteries with above-threshold battery life (e.g., to maintain very long battery life).

[0047] WLAN systems that can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths, such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah, include a channel that can be designated as a primary channel. The primary channel can have a bandwidth equal to the maximum common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel can be configured and / or limited by the STAs among all STAs operating in the BSS that support the minimum bandwidth operating mode. In an 802.11ah example, the primary channel can be 1 MHz wide for STAs (e.g., MTC-type devices) that support (e.g., only) the 1 MHz mode, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and / or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) configuration can depend on the condition of the primary channel. For example, if the primary channel is busy due to a STA (that only supports 1 MHz mode of operation) transmitting to the AP, the entire available frequency band may be considered busy, even though most of the frequency band may remain idle and be available for use.

[0048] In the United States, the available frequency band that can be used by 802.11ah is 902MHz to 928MHz. In South Korea, the available frequency band is 917.5MHz to 923.5MHz. In Japan, the available frequency band is 916.5MHz to 927.5MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11ah is 6MHz to 26MHz depending on the country code.

[0049] 1D is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 according to one embodiment. As mentioned above, the RAN 113 may communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116 using NR radio technology. The RAN 113 may also communicate with the CN 115.

[0050] The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c, although it will be understood that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c over the air interface 116. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, the gNBs 180a and 180b may utilize beamforming to transmit and / or receive signals to and / or from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c. Thus, the gNB 180a may, for example, transmit wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a using multiple antennas. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on an unlicensed spectrum, and the remaining component carriers may be on a licensed spectrum. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) technology. For example, the WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from the gNBs 180a and 180b (and / or 180c).

[0051] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with scalable numerology. For example, the OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframes or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of varying or scalable lengths (e.g., including varying numbers of OFDM symbols and / or varying lengths of absolute time).

[0052] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and / or a non-standalone configuration. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without accessing another RAN (e.g., eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c, etc.). In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may utilize one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as mobility anchor points. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in unlicensed bands. In a non-standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with and connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating with and connecting to another RAN, such as eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In a non-standalone configuration, the eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c may act as mobility anchors for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, while the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and / or throughput for serving the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0053] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and / or DL, support for network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data to User Plane Functions (UPFs) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information to Access and Mobility Management Functions (AMFs) 182a, 182b, etc. As shown in FIG. 1D , the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may communicate with each other via an Xn interface.

[0054] 1D may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. While each of the foregoing elements is illustrated as part of the CN 115, it will be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0055] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N2 interface and may function as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, supporting network slicing (e.g., handling different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting a particular SMF 183a, 183b, managing registration areas, terminating NAS signaling, mobility management, etc. Network slicing may be used by the AMF 182a, 182b to customize the CN support of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the type of service utilizing the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases, such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for machine type communication (MTC) access, and / or the like. The AMF 182 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies, such as WiFi.

[0056] The SMFs 183a and 183b may be connected to the AMFs 182a and 182b in the CN 115 via an N11 interface. The SMFs 183a and 183b may also be connected to the UPFs 184a and 184b in the CN 115 via an N4 interface. The SMFs 183a and 183b may select and control the UPFs 184a and 184b and configure the routing of traffic through the UPFs 184a and 184b. The SMFs 183a and 183b may perform other functions, such as managing and assigning UE IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notification, etc. The PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, etc.

[0057] The UPFs 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks such as the Internet 110 to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPFs 184a, 184b may perform other functions such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policy, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, etc.

[0058] The CN 115 may facilitate communication with other networks. For example, the CN 115 may include or communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to local data networks (DNs) 185a, 185b through the UPFs 184a, 184b via an N3 interface to the UPFs 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between the UPFs 184a, 184b and the DNs 185a, 185b.

[0059] 1A-1D and the corresponding description thereof, one or more or all of the functions described herein with respect to one or more of the WTRUs 102a-d, base stations 114a-b, eNode-Bs 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNBs 180a-c, AMFs 182a-ab, UPFs 184a-b, SMFs 183a-b, DNs 185a-b, and / or any other devices described herein may be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown). The emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more or all of the functions described herein. For example, the emulation devices may be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0060] The emulation devices may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a lab environment and / or an operator network environment. For example, one or more emulation devices may perform one or more or all functions while fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network to test other devices in the communication network. One or more emulation devices may perform one or more or all functions while temporarily implemented or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The emulation devices may be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and / or may perform testing using terrestrial wireless communication.

[0061] One or more emulation devices may perform one or more functions, inclusive, while not being implemented or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, the emulation devices may be utilized in test scenarios in a test lab and / or in an undeployed (e.g., test) wired and / or wireless communication network to implement testing of one or more components. One or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communication via RF circuitry (which may include, e.g., one or more antennas) may be used by the emulation devices to transmit and / or receive data.

[0062] According to an embodiment, a WTRU may reduce its transmit power to reach RF expectations, such as, for example, any of adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR), in-band emission (IBE), and error vector magnitude (EVM). RF imperfections (e.g., leakage) may be reduced based on either (e.g., advanced) waveforms or baseband techniques that enable the WTRU to increase its transmit power (and, for example, increase coverage). Tone reservation (TR) may be considered a technique for reaching RF expectations without reducing transmit power. Tone reservation may also be referred to herein as tone reduction (collectively TR). For example, TR may include reserving subcarriers (e.g., a set of subcarriers) separate from (e.g., different from) the subcarriers used for data transmission. The reserved subcarriers may be used to transmit a signal (e.g., a TR transmission) that may reduce the peaks of the data signal. For example, a larger number of reserved subcarriers may result in a lower peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). The reservation of subcarriers other than those used for data transmission to reduce peaks in a data signal may be collectively referred to herein as PRTs, either as peak reservation tones or peak reduction tones. Thus, the terms PRTs and TRs may be used interchangeably herein.

[0063] According to embodiments, reserving a set of subcarriers (e.g., always) may reduce spectral efficiency. According to embodiments, a WTRU may, for example, increase its transmit power (e.g., may be able to increase it) without reserving (e.g., a large number of) subcarriers or without using a TR at all. Embodiments described herein may enable a WTRU, for example, to determine when a TR may be performed (e.g., activated). Embodiments described herein may enable a WTRU, for example, to request a TR from a serving base station (e.g., gNB) along with parameters corresponding to the state (e.g., status) of the WTRU. The embodiments described herein are not limited to gNBs and may be applicable to any type of serving base station.

[0064] Example showing PRT configuration from gNB with WTRU According to an embodiment, the PRT configuration may be indicated from the gNB using the WTRU. For example, the WTRU may report to the gNB a (e.g., desired) PRT configuration for either a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmission or a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) transmission. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may select a PRT configuration based on any of the following: - Target modulation and number of resource blocks (RBs) (e.g., resource allocation); in a first example, the WTRU may report (e.g., transmit) a list of configurations corresponding to different allocations of either modulation and coding schemes (MCSs) and RBs (e.g., a group of MCS values ​​may correspond to a PRT configuration). In a second example, the WTRU may determine (e.g., predict) an UL grant allocation and report the corresponding PRT configuration (e.g., as either a configuration or a subset of a configuration). - Power headroom report (PHR); the PHR may indicate (e.g., may include a PH value that may indicate) the amount of transmit power that may be available for the WTRU to use in addition to the power being used by the (e.g., current) transmission. WTRU capabilities, for example, WTRU processing capabilities, power class; - configured maximum WTRU output power (PCmax); - Measurement of reference signals (RS); in case of interworking (e.g. UL and DL using similar frequency bands), DL RS may be used; - Intended transmission type (e.g. physical random-access channel (PRACH), Msg2); -Operating band.

[0065] According to an embodiment, for either requesting or reporting the PRT configuration(s), the WTRU may use a MAC control element (CE), uplink control information (UCI) (e.g., included in the PHR), along with a PHR (e.g., using a particular power headroom (e.g., a range of values)) and radio resource control (RRC) signaling (e.g., messages).

[0066] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive the PRT configuration based on (using) the RRC configuration, downlink control information (DCI), or MAC CE. For example, the processing time of the grant may depend on the received PRT configuration.

[0067] According to an embodiment, the PRT configuration may include any of the following: a number of subcarriers (e.g., RBs) reserved for PRT, the location of the reserved subcarriers (e.g., RBs) within any of the bandwidth portions and carrier components (CCs), and a power offset between the power used in the data RBs and the power used in the subcarriers (e.g., RBs) for PRT.

[0068] According to an embodiment, a WTRU may report (e.g., be triggered to report) its PRT setting (e.g., desired PRT setting), for example, after performing an initial transmission and determining that more power may be needed. In another example, a WTRU may report (e.g., be triggered to report) its PRT setting (e.g., desired PRT setting) based on network congestion (e.g., based on some measurements). In yet another example, a WTRU may report (e.g., be triggered to report) its PRT setting (e.g., desired PRT setting) based on receiving group common signaling.

[0069] Example of WTRU autonomous selection of PRT settings and enabling / disabling of functions According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured with at least two grants (e.g., one with PRT enabled and one without PRT), for example, the WTRU may select one of them and indicate its selection (either implicitly or explicitly) to the gNB.

[0070] According to an embodiment, the PRT frequency resources (e.g., tones) may be within the resources allocated to the UL grant. For example, a set of RBs may be configured (e.g., assigned) to the WTRU, and the WTRU may select the number of PRTs to be applied and may indicate (e.g., transmit) the PRT parameters to be used for, e.g., UL transmission to the gNB.

[0071] term Throughout the embodiments described herein, the properties of the scheduling information (eg, an uplink grant or a downlink assignment) may include any of the following: frequency allocation, -Time allocation aspects such as duration, -priority, - modulation and coding schemes, - transport block size, - number of spatial layers, the number of transport blocks carried, Transmission configuration indication (TCI) status or sounding reference signal (SRS) resource indicator (SRI) - number of retransmissions, - Whether the grant can be a configured grant type 1, a configured grant type 2, or a dynamic grant. whether the retransmission scheme can be type A or type B; - Whether the grant can be a configured grant type 1, a configured grant type 2, or a dynamic grant; - a configured grant index or semi-persistent allocation index, - the periodicity of the grants or allocations established; -Channel Access Priority Class (CAPC), - Any parameters provided in DCI by MAC or RRC for grant scheduling or allocation.

[0072] Peak tone reduction example According to an embodiment, a WTRU may reduce its transmit power to reach RF expectations, such as any of ACLR, IBE, and EVM. The power reduction may result in reduced coverage for the UL channel. For example, coverage may be increased by reducing RF imperfections (e.g., leakage) so that the WTRU can (e.g., be enabled to) transmit at higher power. In another example, using (e.g., advanced) waveforms and / or some baseband techniques, the WTRU may reduce leakage on adjacent channels, resulting in higher transmit power without causing interference in the adjacent channels. TR techniques may enable the WTRU to reach (e.g., meet) RF expectations, e.g., allowing the WTRU to increase its transmit power. TR (e.g., PRT) techniques may include reserving subcarriers (e.g., a set of subcarriers) separate from (e.g., different from) the subcarriers used for any other (e.g., data) transmission. The reserved subcarriers may be used to transmit signals that can reduce the peaks of the data signal, thereby reducing the PAPR. The signal for obtaining (e.g., achieving) a (e.g., given) PAPR value may be based on different techniques. A (e.g., large) number of reserved subcarriers may result in a reduction in PAPR and cubic metric. For example, the signal may be based on the method "Genetic Algorithm Based Near Optimal Peak Reduction Tone Set Selection for Adaptive Amplitude Clipping PAPR Reduction" by Y. Wang, W. Chen, and C. Telambura, published in IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 462-471, September 2012.In another example, the signal may be based on the method "Subcarrier Power Adjustment Technique for Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction of OFDM Systems" by Y Rajbanshi, Rakesh & Wyglinski, AM & Minden, Gary, disclosed at the IEEE Military Communications Conference in 2006. In another example, the signal may be based on the method "Peak to average power ratio reduction for digital video broadcast T2" by Barsanti, Robert & Larue, James, disclosed at the Proceedings of IEEE Southeastcon in 2011.

[0073] 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a peak tone reduction technique. FIG. 2 illustrates an example in which six subcarriers may be used at the edge of a set of data RBs 210. A set of three subcarriers 221, 222 may be used (e.g., reserved) on each side of the set of data RBs 210. A data signal (e.g., corresponding to the set of data RBs 210) may be transmitted at a power level 21, e.g., equal to P1. A peak tone reduction (e.g., signal) may be transmitted at a power level 22, e.g., equal to P2 (lower than P1).

[0074] According to embodiments, reserving a set of subcarriers for PRT (e.g., always systematically) may reduce the spectral efficiency of the system because those PRT resources may not be used for data transmission and may be considered overhead. According to embodiments, the WTRU may increase (e.g., can increase) its transmit power without using any number of reserved subcarriers / resource blocks for the tone reservation function. According to embodiments, the number of resources for PRT (e.g., required) may depend on any of the WTRU's available power, target performance (e.g., target block error rate (BLER)), and WTRU capabilities. Embodiments described herein may enable the WTRU to determine when to perform tone reservation and how tone reservation may be requested from the gNB. Embodiments described herein may also enable the WTRU to determine parameters to be used for its different operating scenarios (e.g., situations).

[0075] WTRU assists gNB in ​​setting up PRT PRT setting example According to an embodiment, a WTRU may be configured (e.g., in advance) with any number of PRT configurations (e.g., may receive PRT configuration information indicating any number of PRT configurations). For example, the PRT configuration may be signaled semi-statically, e.g., using either RRC signaling or a system information block (SIB). For example, during initial access, the WTRU may be configured using a SIB to use a PRT on the PRACH channel. In another example, the PRT configuration (e.g., information) may be received dynamically, e.g., using a DCI to indicate a set of PRT configurations that may be supported from the gNB during a certain period and any set of slots. A PRT may be shared among different WTRUs or may be dedicated to a (single) WTRU. For example, a PRT configuration signaled using WTRU RRC (e.g., common) signaling may be shared among WTRUs. The PRT configuration (e.g., information) may include any number of the following parameters (e.g., information, instructions): Any number of subcarriers and resource blocks (RBs) reserved (e.g., to be used) for PRT transmission. A power offset between the power planned to be used for data in the RB and the power planned to be used in either the RB or subcarrier for PRT, which may be a function of, for example, the configured subcarrier spacing, bandwidth, and PRT resource allocation among (e.g., associated with) the component carrier and / or bandwidth portion. The location of the reserved subcarriers within any of the bandwidth portions and carrier components (e.g., associated therewith). For example, the WTRU may be configured with any of the subcarriers and RBs for PRT (e.g., signaling) transmission that may be located at the edge of the bandwidth that may be used for data transmission. A corresponding set of RBs that may be used for data transmission for the reserved peak-reduced tone(s). - Any subframe(s) and slot(s) for which the setting may be applied. Either a periodicity or an offset in the time domain of the PRT. For example, the offset can be either a time offset or a symbol offset (e.g., an offset in terms of symbols). For example, the WTRU may apply (e.g., be configured to apply) the PRT setting with (e.g., a specified, indicated) periodicity. If the UL grant overlaps in the time domain with the (e.g., configured) PRT periodicity, the WTRU may apply the PRT (e.g., transmit information including a data transmission and a PRT transmission). Otherwise, the WTRU may transmit the UL grant (e.g., data thereafter) without transmitting the PRT. The subcarrier spacing that the WTRU can apply to the PRT. - Either a bandwidth portion index or a CC index. -An algorithm or method for generating a PRT, including algorithm (e.g., method) parameters such as coefficients and / or matrices. -Block interleaver for generating tones for PRT. - PRT density, e.g., indicating whether the PRT is continuous or non-continuous and how it may be spread. For example, some WTRUs may support tones (e.g., PRT transmission(s)) that may be adjacent to an UL grant, while other WTRUs may support, e.g., continuous and non-continuous (e.g., both) as a capability. The WTRU may indicate support of such a capability to the network, e.g., by transmitting capability information indicating whether the PRT transmission may be either continuous or non-continuous with respect to the data transmission. -Transmit Power Control (TPC) step size. - Precoder ratio R (further explained below in connection with Figure 5).

[0076] According to an embodiment, a PRT configuration may be identified by an identifier, such as, for example, an index. For example, a WTRU may be pre-configured with a table containing a list of PRT configurations, where the configurations may be represented, for example, by rows and different columns may represent different parameters of the PRT configuration. For example, a row index in the table may identify a PRT configuration (e.g., may be used as an identifier of the PRT configuration). Any data structure capable of representing a set of PRT configurations may be applicable to the embodiments described herein, provided that the configurations may be identified by identifiers and may comprise different parameters as described herein.

[0077] Example Triggers for Requesting PRT Configuration and / or Sending Assistance Information According to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive an instruction from the gNB to request PRT configuration. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive an instruction from the gNB to send an (e.g., assisting) report including information that can assist (e.g., be used by) the gNB to configure the WTRU with a PRT. For example, the gNB may control when the WTRU may request a PRT and / or when it may provide (e.g., assisting) information. The WTRU may either send assistance information and request PRT configuration (e.g., send information indicating a selected PRT configuration) by any of the following: Receiving a (e.g., WTRU-specific) DCI. For example, the gNB may send a DCI including an indication (e.g., a bit field) that may request either (e.g., transmission of) assistance information and a PRT configuration request. Receiving a MAC CE. For example, the WTRU may receive a MAC CE that may request a (eg, preferred) PRT configuration. - Power-limited situation. For example, after performing an UL transmission, the WTRU may determine that more power may be needed, for example, to achieve a performance target. In one example, the WTRU may determine that it is in a power-limited situation (e.g., configuration, operating mode) based on any of the following: ○ Transmitting at (e.g., maximum) power for (e.g., a set, configurable) time. For example, the WTRU may be configured to start a timer after it has been able to transmit at (e.g., maximum) power (e.g., has started transmitting). The WTRU may be configured to reset the timer if it appears that the WTRU is transmitting at less than the (e.g., maximum) power. After (e.g., at) timer expiration, the WTRU may determine that the WTRU may be in a power-limited state (e.g., configuration, operating mode). A (e.g., transport, data) block may be retransmitted with a number of retransmissions exceeding a (e.g., set, configurable threshold) value. For example, the WTRU may be configured for N retransmissions (where N is any integer value greater than 1). Upon (e.g., after) retransmitting a (e.g., transport, data) block N times, the WTRU may determine that the WTRU may be in a power-limited condition (e.g., configured, operating mode). The path loss may exceed a (e.g., set, configurable) value. For example, the WTRU may determine that its path loss is likely to exceed a (e.g., set, configurable) value based on measurements of any of a synchronization signal block (SSB), a channel state information reference signal (CSI RS), a positioning reference signal, and any other configured reference signals. For example, the WTRU may determine (e.g., be configured to) that the WTRU may be in a power-limited situation (e.g., set, operating mode) on the condition that the (e.g., measured) received power of a reference signal is below a (e.g., set, configurable) value for a (e.g., set, configurable) period of time. -PH value. For example, the WTRU may be configured to trigger either a PRT request and / or assistance information (e.g., its transmission) if the PH value is less than or equal to a (e.g., set, configurable) value (e.g., threshold). For example, the WTRU may be configured to request PRT setup if the WTRU's power headroom (e.g., value) is equal to (e.g., close to) 0. Determine network congestion. The WTRU may be configured to determine whether the network is likely to be congested and enable PRT (e.g., functionality) if the network is not congested. For example, a V2X WTRU may determine (e.g., be configured) whether the sidelink is likely to be congested and may send either a PRT request or assistance information to the gNB if the sidelink is not congested. Receiving group-common signaling. For example, the WTRU may receive (e.g., may be configured to receive) a group-common DCI scrambled with a common radio network identifier (RNTI) to trigger the WTRU to transmit either a PRT request or assistance information. In another example, the WTRU may receive (e.g., may be configured to receive) a system information update that may carry a trigger for a PRT request.

[0078] Throughout the embodiments described herein, the terms "PRT request," "PRT configuration request," "request for PRT configuration," "report of desired PRT configuration," "indication of selected (e.g., requested) PRT configuration," and "information indicative of (e.g., selected) PRT configuration" may be used interchangeably and refer to information that may be sent by a WTRU to a serving base station to request a PRT configuration (e.g., operating in a PRT configuration).

[0079] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may transmit (e.g., be configured to transmit) a sounding reference signal (SRS), e.g., along with either assistance information or a PRT configuration request. The SRS transmission may enable the gNB to determine the channel conditions of the WTRU, e.g., to select a (e.g., appropriate) PRT configuration for the WTRU. For example, the WTRU may be configured with (e.g., receive SRS configuration information indicating) a mapping (e.g., a set of associations) between an SRS configuration and (e.g., desired) PRT configuration(s). By receiving the corresponding SRS, the gNB can determine a requested PRT configuration (e.g., a PRT configuration that may be requested by the WTRU). In other words, by transmitting an SRS associated with a particular TR configuration, the WTRU can indicate a request for that particular PRT configuration. In another example, an SRS resource may be configured in the WTRU by the gNB (e.g., by transmitting SRS configuration information) to indicate a PRT feature request. For example, the SRS configuration information may indicate that a PRT configuration may be associated with at least one SRS and at least one SRS resource. For example, the WTRU may transmit (eg, an SRS) on the configured SRS resource to request that the PRT feature (eg, configuration) be enabled.

[0080] Example WTRU report of desired PRT setting(s) According to an embodiment, the WTRU may (e.g., be configured to) report (e.g., transmit information indicating) a (e.g., desired, expected) PRT setting after the WTRU is enabled to trigger as described herein. For example, the WTRU may report (e.g., transmit) to the gNB (e.g., the desired) PRT setting for, e.g., configured PUSCH / PUCCH transmission(s) and expected PUSCH transmission(s). According to an embodiment, the WTRU may determine the (e.g., desired, expected) PRT setting based on any of the following: - Either modulation and number of RBs. For example, the WTRU may indicate the (e.g., desired) number of subcarriers for the PRT based on the (e.g., target) modulation. In a first example, the WTRU may report a list of (e.g., desired) PRT configurations corresponding to different (e.g., supported) MCS and frequency resource (e.g., RB) allocations. For example, the WTRU may report a desired PRT configuration for (e.g., each) MCS value. In another example, the WTRU may report a (e.g., desired) PRT configuration for an MCS value (e.g., a group of MCS values). o In a second example, the WTRU may determine (e.g., and / or predict) an UL grant allocation and may report a corresponding (e.g., desired) PRT setting. For example, the WTRU may be configured for configured grant (CG) transmission. The WTRU may report a (e.g., preferred, desired) PRT setting that may correspond to the MCS and RB allocation of the CG setting. In another example, the WTRU may obtain (e.g., predict) the number of allocated RBs and MCSs, e.g., based on buffer status reports and reported channel state information, and may request a PRT setting that corresponds to the (e.g., predicted) number of allocated RBs and MCSs. Available power headroom. For example, the WTRU may determine the available PH based on the power level for a previous transmission. In another example, the WTRU may determine the PH based on an uplink grant (e.g., estimating the power level to be used for the next transmission based on uplink grant information associated with the uplink grant (e.g., any of the RB allocation and MCS)). For example, based on the (e.g., available) PH, the WTRU may determine a (e.g., desired) power offset between the transmit power on the data subcarriers / RBs and the transmit power on the PRT subcarriers / RBs. The transmit power used for the previous UL transmission(s). For example, based on the power used in the previous transmission(s), the WTRU can indicate a (e.g., desired) number of subcarriers for the PRT for a subsequent UL transmission. The (e.g., desired) number of subcarriers can enable the WTRU to increase the transmit power in the next UL transmission. WTRU capabilities. For example, based on the processing capabilities of the WTRU, the WTRU may indicate a PRT setting that may be desirable for an upcoming (e.g., next) transmission. Power class. For example, a WTRU with a higher power class may not require performing PRT if it determines that it can reach its (e.g., target) performance with its channel conditions and (e.g., maximum) transmit power. Reference signal measurements. For example, in case of reciprocity (e.g., similar channel conditions for UL and DL), the DL RS can be used to determine the channel conditions of the UL channel. If the channel conditions deteriorate, the WTRU can request PRT configuration. - Received TPC commands. For example, the WTRU may request a PRT configuration if it receives N consecutive TPC commands to increase transmit power, where N is an integer greater than 1. -Type of intended transmission (e.g., PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH). For example, the WTRU may request a different PRT configuration for PUCCH than for PUSCH. -Operating band. Target BLER for UL transmission(s). For example, for enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) type services where a high BLER target can be expected, the WTRU may request several (e.g., many) reserved subcarriers. The PRT configuration closest to the UL grant. For example, the WTRU may be configured with multiple PRT configurations (e.g., may receive PRT configuration information indicating multiple PRT configurations), and each PRT configuration may have a different frequency allocation. For example, the WTRU may select the PRT configuration with the frequency allocation that may be closest to the uplink grant frequency allocation.

[0081] The WTRU may be (pre-)configured with a set of PRT configurations (e.g., may receive PRT configuration information indicating the PRT configuration set), where, for example, each configuration may be identified by an index. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may use, for example, a bit field in the UCI that indicates one of the PRT configurations by index to indicate the selected (e.g., desired) PRT configuration, and indicate the selected (e.g., desired) PRT to the gNB (e.g., send information indicating the PRT configuration).

[0082] Example of a WTRU report of supporting information According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured to transmit information (e.g., assistance information) to the gNB that may enable the gNB to determine (e.g., select) an (e.g., appropriate) PRT configuration. For example, the (e.g., assistance) information may include a power offset between power levels used for data RBs and for RB tone transmissions, respectively.

[0083] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured to report the PHR (e.g., including the PH value(s)) to the gNB as part of assistance information sent to the gNB. According to an embodiment, a range of PH values ​​may be associated with a PRT configuration. The WTRU may be configured (e.g., may receive configuration information indicating the mapping) with a mapping (e.g., a set of associations) between PH values ​​and PRT configurations. The WTRU may select a PRT configuration based on corresponding PH ranges / values ​​that may be available to the WTRU.

[0084] Examples of sending PRT requests and / or assistance information According to an embodiment, the WTRU may (eg, be configured to) request PRT configuration(s) and / or report assistance information using any of the following: -MAC CE. In a first example, the WTRU may use (e.g., in a transmission) a (e.g., dedicated, specific) MAC CE to request a PRT setting and / or indicate assistance information (e.g., may be configured to do so). In another example, the WTRU may use (e.g., may be configured to use) one of the (e.g., existing) MAC CEs to jointly report the (e.g., desired) PRT setting along with additional information. For example, the WTRU may transmit (e.g., may be configured to transmit together) the PH (e.g., value(s)) and the (e.g., desired) PRT within the same MAC CE. - (e.g. proprietary, specific) UCI ​​format, e.g. flags within the UCI. The WTRU may (eg, be configured to) report (eg, send information indicating) the (eg, desired) PRT configuration using RRC signaling.

[0085] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may multiplex (e.g., be configured to multiplex) the PRT request (e.g., information indicating a selected PRT configuration) with other UCI information, such as, for example, any of scheduling request (SR) information, hybrid automatic repeat request acknowledge (HARQ-ACK) feedback information, and CSI (e.g., reports). For example, the WTRU may configure a PUCCH to transmit UCI (e.g., information) (e.g., HARQ ACK feedback). When the WTRU determines to transmit (e.g., is triggered to transmit) a PRT request, the WTRU may select a (e.g., first) PUCCH opportunity (e.g., available after the trigger) and may multiplex the PRT request with the UCI (e.g., information) on the PUCCH resources. In another example, the WTRU may be configured to transmit UCI (e.g., information) on the PUSCH. The WTRU may use UCI transmission (e.g., resources) on the PUSCH and may multiplex the PRT request with the UCI (e.g., transmission) on the PUSCH. For example, a WTRU that may be configured to transmit UCI (e.g., information) on either the PUCCH or the PUSCH may multiplex a PRT request (e.g., information indicating a selected PRT configuration) with the UCI (e.g., information to be transmitted). The WTRU may transmit the UCI (e.g., information) multiplexed with the PRT request on either the PUCCH or the PUSCH.

[0086] Example of receiving PRT settings According to embodiments, the WTRU may be configured (e.g., semi-statically) with a first set of parameters (e.g., may receive first configuration information including the first set of parameters). According to embodiments, the WTRU may be configured (e.g., dynamically) with a second set of parameters (e.g., may receive second configuration information including the second set of parameters), e.g., based on any number of DCI fields (e.g., information). According to embodiments, the WTRU may receive (e.g., be configured to receive) any of the PRT configuration (e.g., information) and any parameter(s) associated with the PRT configuration by any of the following: Receiving (e.g., using) at least one indication included in the DCI (e.g., at least one dedicated bit field therein). In a first example, the WTRU may receive a PRT configuration index that indicates one (e.g., any) of the (e.g., pre-configured) PRT configurations. In another example, the PRT configuration that may be indicated in the DCI may be associated with another indication in the DCI. For example, the PRT configuration that may be indicated in the DCI may be associated with an indicated frequency domain resource allocation (FDRA) field. For example, the DCI (e.g., a bit field therein) may indicate that some RBs (e.g., two RBs) may be reserved for (e.g., assigned to) the PRT. The WTRU may determine the frequency location of the PRT as a function of the indicated RBs for data (e.g., at the edge of the RBs used for data transmission). In another example, a (e.g., a particular, given) field may indicate (e.g., directly, explicitly) the frequency allocation for the PRT. Receiving (e.g., using) at least one indication included in the DCI (e.g., an existing bit field therein). For example, the FDRA information (e.g., a field) in the DCI may include either a PRT resource allocation or a data resource allocation. For example, the WTRU may determine a subset of RBs to be used for PRT within the resource (e.g., frequency) allocation based on a (e.g., implicit) rule. For example, some RBs may be located at the edge of the resource (e.g., frequency) allocation, where the number of RBs may either be configured (e.g., by higher layers), indicated in the DCI field, or determined (e.g., implicitly) based on the total number of RBs indicated in the FDRA field (e.g., according to a predefined rule). receiving a MAC CE indicating a PRT configuration; RRC configuration. For example, after sending assistance information to the gNB, the WTRU may use RRC reconfiguration to receive a PRT configuration for a configured grant (e.g., of Type 1).

[0087] According to an embodiment, at least one parameter of the PRT configuration may depend on properties of the grant. For example, the number of RBs for the PRT (e.g., to be used) may depend on the number of RBs allocated in the grant. For example, the number of RBs for the PRT may be based on either a (e.g., predefined) relationship (e.g., table, association) or a (e.g., higher layer) configuration. For example, the location(s) of the RBs for the PRT may be relative to either the minimum or maximum RBs of the allocation (e.g., implicitly).

[0088] According to an embodiment, a WTRU may process (e.g., interpret) the timing indication of an uplink grant (e.g., a K2 indication in a DCI) based on a PRT configuration. The K2 indication may be carried in a DCI that may be scheduling an uplink grant. The K2 indication may indicate the timing of a scheduled UL transmission relative to the timing of receiving the DCI. For example, a WTRU that receives a DCI (e.g., scheduling an UL grant) in slot n with K2=4 may perform an UL transmission in slot n+4. For example, the WTRU processing time for an UL grant may vary (e.g., significantly) for each PRT configuration. Processing (e.g., interpreting) the K2 value differently for each PRT configuration may make it possible to avoid sending timing indications supporting all possible values ​​(which may be based on a large field size, for example).

[0089] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured (e.g., configured) with a grant transmission. For example, the WTRU may start monitoring for a DCI that may include a PRT configuration after either transmitting assistance information or requesting a PRT configuration.

[0090] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may use (for example) different PCmax value(s) associated with (for example) different PRT configuration(s). For example, when the WTRU reports, requests, and / or evaluates a PRT configuration, the WTRU may apply different PCmax values ​​associated with the different PRT configurations.

[0091] According to an embodiment, a WTRU may determine power control parameters for uplink transmissions based on an enabled (e.g., configured) PRT setting. For example, in closed-loop power control, the WTRU may determine a transmit power control command (TPC) step size based on the enabled PRT setting. For example, the WTRU may be (e.g., in advance) configured (e.g., receive information indicating the TPC step size) with respect to (e.g., associated with) the PRT setting. When the WTRU receives a PRT setting (e.g., information indicating the PRT setting), the WTRU may assume (e.g., use) a corresponding TPC command (e.g., based on the associated TPC step size).

[0092] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may determine an MCS table for uplink transmissions based on an enabled (e.g., configured) PRT configuration. The WTRU may be configured with (e.g., any number of) MCS tables, each associated with a PRT configuration. If the WTRU receives a PRT configuration, the WTRU may assume (e.g., use, transmit based on) the corresponding MCS table (e.g., associated with the received PRT configuration).

[0093] Example of reporting a PHR with additional information (extended PHR) According to some embodiments, the WTRU may (e.g., be configured to) report (e.g., transmit) a normal PHR (e.g., PH value(s)) that may be obtained (e.g., calculated) using a normal (e.g., current) PC value and a new PC value that may correspond to any of the selected preferred PRT settings. For example, the WTRU may (e.g., be configured to) report (e.g., transmit information indicating a first difference value calculated using) a difference between the normal (e.g., current) PC value and a new PC value that may correspond to any of the selected preferred PRT settings. In another example, the WTRU may (e.g., be configured to) report (e.g., transmit) both the normal PHR (e.g., PH value(s)) and additional PHR information that may be calculated by the WTRU, assuming (e.g., if) any of the selected preferred PRT settings is valid. The WTRU may (e.g., be configured to) report (e.g., transmit information indicating a second difference value calculated using) the difference between the normal (e.g., current) PH value and this new PH value corresponding to one of the selected preferred PRT settings (e.g., determined based on one of the selected preferred PRT settings). In another example, the WTRU may indicate (e.g., be configured to indicate and transmit information about) whether use of the PRT functionality may enable the WTRU to increase transmit power and how much power the WTRU may gain. For example, the WTRU may transmit power information associated with a transition from the normal (e.g., current) PRT setting to one of the selected preferred PRT settings. For example, the power information may include power gain information indicating a (e.g., transmit) power gain associated with the transition. For example, the WTRU may indicate the power difference (e.g., gain) in dB.

[0094] The WTRU may use the same transport block (TB) to report (e.g., transmit) the PHR (e.g., PH value(s)) and the additional information described above. The WTRU may use the same MAC CE to report (e.g., transmit) the PHR (e.g., PH value(s)) and the additional information. For example, the WTRU may use either a flag or a bit field to indicate (e.g., transmit information to indicate) to the gNB that a PHR with additional information (extended PHR) may be transmitted (e.g., 0 may indicate normal, 1 may indicate extended PHR, or any other value may be applicable to the embodiments described herein). In another example, the WTRU may use a separate MAC CE to transmit the additional information. For example, the normal PHR (e.g., PH value(s)) may be transmitted using a first MAC CE, and either new PCmax information (e.g., value) and new PH information (e.g., value(s)) corresponding to any of the selected preferred PRT settings may be transmitted using a second MAC CE.

[0095] Example of sending UL TB using PRT settings According to an embodiment, the WTRU may transmit any number of UL TBs based on the PRT configuration. After receiving the PRT configuration (e.g., information), the WTRU may use the PRT subcarriers / RBs to transmit a signal (which may be referred to herein as a PRT signal), which may be different from the data signal. In a first example, the PRT signal may be generated (e.g., transmitted) based on the (e.g., intended) uplink data transmission, for example, to reduce (e.g., minimize) the PAPR of the sum of the PRT signal and the data signal. In a second example, the PRT signal may be generated (e.g., transmitted) in a manner that reduces (e.g., minimizes) the cubic metric of the sum of the data signal and the PRT signal.

[0096] Example of a method for enabling tone reservation 3 illustrates an example method 300 for enabling tone reservation. According to an embodiment, in step 310, a WTRU may be configured (e.g., receive a CG configuration) for CG transmission, e.g., having a number of allocated RBs and an MCS. For example, the WTRU may receive uplink grant information (e.g., a CG configuration) associated with an uplink grant, where the uplink grant information indicates any of the number of allocated RBs and the MCS. For example, the CG configuration (e.g., an uplink grant) may enable the WTRU to transmit at a first (e.g., maximum) power.

[0097] According to an embodiment, in step 320, the WTRU may determine that it can operate in a power-limited state (e.g., configuration, operating mode) based on, for example, either the (e.g., estimated) path loss and the transmit power (e.g., used in the previous transmission).

[0098] According to an embodiment, in step 330, the WTRU may determine a (e.g., preferred) configuration based on either the CG grant properties (e.g., MCS and RB allocation) and the available power headroom. For example, the WTRU may determine whether more transmit power may be involved (e.g., may require) based on, for example, its available power headroom (e.g., an available power headroom of 0). For example, the WTRU may determine the number of subcarriers / RBs for the configured grant transmission to achieve (e.g., reach, obtain) a target BLER based, for example, on its power class.

[0099] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may send either a PRT request or assistance information to the gNB in ​​step 340. Either the PRT request or assistance information may indicate a determined (e.g., preferred) PRT configuration.

[0100] According to an embodiment, in step 350, the WTRU may monitor the DCI and may reconfigure the CG configuration using, for example, a PRT function (eg, configuration).

[0101] In an example scenario, a WTRU may receive a first UL grant (e.g., first uplink grant information associated therewith) and may determine that a condition for requesting a PRT may be met. For example, the WTRU may determine that it is in a power-limited situation. For example, the WTRU may determine that a power condition may be met based on, for example, any of a measured path loss, a transmit power used during a configured period, and a (e.g., available, determined) PH. For example, the WTRU may select a (e.g., preferred) PRT setting and may transmit information to the gNB indicating the selected PRT setting, for example, using either a current grant (e.g., first UL grant) and a later (e.g., further) grant. For example, the WTRU may receive a second UL grant (e.g., second UL grant information associated with the second UL grant) from the gNB with the (e.g., preferred, selected) PRT setting enabled.

[0102] Example of WTRU autonomously enabling PRT According to embodiments, a WTRU can (e.g., autonomously) enable PRT to reduce PAPR. For example, a WTRU can indicate (e.g., declare) in its capabilities that it may be able to (e.g., autonomously) enable PRT. Because PAPR may depend on the RB allocation and modulation type, the PRT capability may be expressed, for example, in the form of a table that describes (e.g., indicates) the modulation and the number of RBs reserved for PRT on the edge of a contiguous allocation. For example, the PRT allocation granularity may be down to the resource element (RE) level, for example, for allocation at the RB level and modulation type. According to embodiments, when a WTRU uses a PRT technique for its UL transmission, the gNB may know (e.g., be indicated) which UL resources can be used by the WTRU for PRT, for example, to cancel the PRT and retrieve UL data modulation resources (e.g., only UL data modulation resources). For example, the gNB may determine the locations of the RBs used for data and the RBs used for PRT. The gNB may process the data and discard the PRT signal based on the determined location.

[0103] According to an embodiment, a gNB may receive a WTRU capability message from a WTRU indicating the WTRU's PRT capabilities. The gNB may use these capabilities when the WTRU reaches any power-limited condition (e.g., configuration, operating mode), such as, for example, any of the zero-power headroom and power scaling conditions. After determining that the WTRU may be in a power-limited condition (e.g., configuration, operating mode), the gNB may begin scheduling the WTRU with alternative grants, e.g., a grant with a PRT tone and a grant without a PRT tone, allowing the WTRU to select between both grants based, for example, on its power limit estimate. Such two alternative grants may be referred to herein as a dual grant. For example, a WTRU receiving a dual grant (e.g., grant information associated therewith) may determine (e.g., select) one of two UL grants to use for transmission depending on whether it is in a power-limited condition (e.g., configuration, operating mode).

[0104] According to an embodiment, the gNB may determine that a WTRU may be in a power-limited state (e.g., configuration, operating mode) based on receiving a PHR (e.g., indicating zero power headroom), receiving any of a Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) and Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) report that may reveal (e.g., indicate) a cell-edge WTRU location, and any other signaling or trigger for a power-limited state (e.g., configuration, operating mode).

[0105] UL Dynamic Grant - RB Allocation vs. PRT Location Example Contiguous Allocation Example According to an embodiment, a DCI including a dynamic UL grant (e.g., information) may be received by a WTRU, and the DCI may include an indication (e.g., specific additional bits) indicating the WTRU's possibility of using any number of fixed and dedicated physical resource blocks (PRBs) for PRT techniques, for example, according to its declared PRT capabilities. For example, one RB on each outer edge of the data-related RB allocation from the UL grant may be used to transmit a PRT signal. According to an embodiment, after receiving a dual grant (e.g., grant information associated therewith), the WTRU may determine whether to use the dual grant (e.g., transmit a PRT signal) or not, for example, based on a power limitation criterion. For example, after receiving an UL grant (e.g., grant information associated therewith), the WTRU may calculate a power allocation for grants associated with transport blocks on data-related RBs. The power allocation calculation may result in either a scaling situation (e.g., operation) or a power limitation situation (e.g., configuration, operating mode). For example, in a carrier aggregation situation, different channels in different carriers belonging to the same UL RF chain may result in a power-limited situation (e.g., configuration, operation mode). For example, a WTRU may not have enough power to transmit multiple signals and may reduce its transmit power accordingly (e.g., based on a scaling factor). For example, a WTRU transmitting a first signal (e.g., a PUSCH) and a second signal (e.g., a PUCCH) may determine a first transmit power (P1) and a second transmit power (P2) for transmitting the first signal (e.g., a PUSCH) and the second signal (e.g., a PUCCH), respectively. If the sum (P1+P2) of the transmit powers of the first (P1) and the second (P2) exceeds the configured maximum output power (Pcmax), the WTRU may reduce the transmit power for transmitting the first (e.g., PUSCH) and the second (e.g., PUCCH) signal, respectively, by applying a scaling factor to the transmit powers of the first (P1) and the second (P2), respectively.

[0106] According to an embodiment, when the WTRU determines that it is in either a scaling state (e.g., operating) or a power-limited state (e.g., configuration, operating mode), the WTRU may add PRT tones (e.g., transmit PRT signals) to the indicated area according to its PRT declaration capabilities.

[0107] According to an embodiment, a WTRU may receive a dynamic UL grant (e.g., UL grant information associated therewith) that includes an RB allocation and associated modulation, and an (e.g., separate) indication (e.g., DCI bit) that may enable a PRT technique within the RB allocation. For example, the WTRU may arrange PRT tones (e.g., transmit PRT signals) according to its declared PRT capabilities when the power UL allocation evaluation results in either a scaling situation (e.g., operation) or a power-limited situation (e.g., configuration, operation mode). For example, in a carrier aggregation situation, different channels in different carriers belonging to the same UL RF chain may result in a power-limited situation (e.g., configuration, operation mode).

[0108] Non-contiguous allocation and PRT location examples According to an embodiment, a WTRU may receive non-contiguous allocations (e.g., including any number of allocation gaps). For example, the maximum power reduction (MPR) associated with the allocation (which may be higher than the MPR for contiguous allocations) allows the WTRU to use the PRT scheme in any power-limited situation (e.g., configuration, operating mode). The WTRU may, for example, place PRT RBs (e.g., further) within the RB allocation gaps, e.g., to reduce the global PAPR. For example, uplink control information (UCI) describing (e.g., detailed) PRT RB placement may be transmitted by the WTRU.

[0109] Random PRT location example According to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive an UL grant (e.g., UL grant information associated with the UL grant) with an indication that a PRT technique may be enabled. For example, a (e.g., PRT technique) bit may be set for the UL grant. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may evaluate a power allocation (e.g., for UL transmission) and determine that the WTRU may be in a power-limited state (e.g., configuration, operating mode). If the WTRU is determined to be in a power-limited state (e.g., configuration, operating mode), the WTRU may use PRT position determination through a (e.g., randomized) scheme. For example, the WTRU capabilities may include the (e.g., maximum) number of any of PRT RB and RE resources, and the UL grant may be calculated (e.g., determined) by the gNB scheduler, for example, based on the (e.g., maximum) number. In another example, there may be no established restriction. The gNB may signal (e.g., indicate) the (e.g., maximum) number of PRT resources in the DCI grant (e.g., along with the PRT indication (e.g., bit)). According to an embodiment, the randomization of the PRT location may follow a (e.g., specific) algorithm that may be shared (e.g., publicly known) by the gNB and the WTRU. The (e.g., specific) algorithm for PRT location randomization may either be indicated (e.g., declared) in the WTRU capabilities or may be a standards-based randomization scheme / algorithm, and the seed may be known (e.g., the WTRU RNTI, etc.).

[0110] UL Semi-Persistent Grant (RRC Configuration) Example - RB Allocation vs. PRT Allocation According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured with a semi-persistent UL grant by the RRC. For example, a description of a (e.g., alternative) PRT grant technique may be signaled (e.g., indicated) to the WTRU by the RRC.

[0111] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured with either a Type 1 configured grant or a Type 2 configured grant. A Type 1 configured grant may, for example, be configured based on RRC (re)configuration without any Layer 1 signaling. For example, a Type 1 configured grant may not depend on DCI-based activation. The WTRU may be configured (e.g., receive configuration information indicating) any of the following: (e.g., normal Type 1) grants, PRT-related allowed locations, and (e.g., specific) UCI ​​information that can be relayed (e.g., sent) to the gNB when the WTRU uses a PRT technique (e.g., transmits a PRT signal).

[0112] A Type 2 configured grant may have a transmission periodicity that may be provided (e.g., configured and indicated) through RRC. Layer 1 / Layer 2 signaling may be used to control transmission deactivation / activation. For example, transmission parameters may be received by (e.g., indicated to) the WTRU, similar to a dynamic grant. For example, the WTRU may transmit (e.g., periodically) as long as, for example, buffer data is not empty. As with a configured grant Type 1, any of the PRT properties (e.g., parameters), PRT location, PRT algorithm that may be used, and PRT-related UCI information may be received by (e.g., signaled or indicated to) the WTRU via RRC. Sending such PRT-related information via RRC may allow the dynamic information carried in the PDCCH to be kept reduced (e.g., to a minimum).

[0113] Examples of UL Control Information (UCI related to PRT technology) According to an embodiment, in the case of a dual grant configuration, the WTRU may be configured to use the UCI to indicate (e.g., to the gNB, by transmitting UCI information indicating them) which grants may have been selected.

[0114] Example of PRT technique without UL UCI information According to an embodiment, a WTRU may receive an UL grant (e.g., UL grant information associated with the UL grant) with a DCI indication that it may use a PRT technique with a fixed PRT sequence according to a fixed table. After receiving such an UL grant (e.g., information), the WTRU may apply it (e.g., transmit a PRT signal in the granted PRT resource). For example, a gNB may cancel a fixed (e.g., PRT) location without any (e.g., special) UCI ​​information from the WTRU. The table may be seen as an extension of an MPR table that may be implemented in a gNB scheduler.

[0115] According to an embodiment, the RB allocation included in the UL grant (e.g., information) may be accompanied by (e.g., include) an allocation region that may be accompanied by an additional maximum power reduction (A-MPR), e.g., additional reduction due to coexistence cases. If the UL grant is accompanied by A-MPR, the PRT scheme may not be applicable and (e.g., regular) Pcmax procedure may take precedence (e.g., may be applied).

[0116] Example of PRT technique with UL UCI information According to an embodiment, the WTRU may use a PRT technique (e.g., transmit a PRT signal in a PRT resource). According to an embodiment, the WTRU may transmit uplink control information (UCI) to the gNB for PRT signal demodulation and PRT cancellation. For example, the UCI may be mapped (e.g., included) in the first symbol of a UL slot using a PRT technique (e.g., carrying a PRT signal). For example, the WTRU may multiplex an Ack / NAck in the first symbol along with the PRT UCI, which may be part of the RB allocation. For example, the PRT-related UCI may not puncture any data or Ack / NAck-related bits.

[0117] According to an embodiment, a WTRU that has been allocated an UL grant may include UCI information. Any of the embodiments relating to UCI may be used individually or in combination, without limitation.

[0118] According to an embodiment, a (e.g., simple, fixed) PRT scheme may be used. For example, the WTRU may use all PRT tones (e.g., frequency resources (e.g., RBs) that could have been allocated for PRT signaling). For example, the UCI may be a single bit (e.g., as small as a single bit) that indicates the use or non-use of a PRT technique with the current UL grant (e.g., PRT signaling on all PRT tones). The (e.g., single bit) indication of whether a PRT technique is used may be referred to herein as a PRT technique indicator.

[0119] According to an embodiment, the UCI may include a PRT technology indicator and an indication of the power offset of the PRT tones.

[0120] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may use fewer PRT resources than allocated (e.g., allocated for PRT signal transmission). For example, the WTRU may indicate (e.g., include) a PRT technique indicator and the number of RBs used for the PRT technique in the UCI. For example, all or half of the PRT resource usage may be signaled using, for example, a single bit. The number of RBs used to transmit PRT signals may be indicated by any number of bits, from a single bit indicating the use or non-use of a PRT technique to N bits, where N is an integer greater than 1. For example, N bits may be 2 N-1 It may indicate (e.g., be used to indicate) a number of possible (e.g., different) PRT configurations and configurations without PRTs.

[0121] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may indicate a selected PRT configuration to the gNB (e.g., transmit information indicating the selected PRT configuration). For example, the WTRU may be (pre-)configured with a set of PRT configurations (e.g., receive configuration information indicating the set of PRT configurations), and each configuration may be identified by an index (e.g., identifier). The WTRU may indicate the selected PRT configuration, for example, by transmitting UCI information indicating a PRT index (e.g., identifier), using, for example, a bit field in the UCI (that points to (e.g., indicates) one of the PRT configurations). Any technique for transmitting information indicating a selected PRT configuration (e.g., via UCI information) may be applicable to the embodiments described herein.

[0122] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may determine the PRT location through a (e.g., a particular randomization) scheme. For example, the WTRU may indicate a PRT location determination (e.g., randomization) algorithm. If more than one (e.g., randomization) algorithm is possible, the PRT location determination (e.g., randomization) algorithm may be indicated, for example, by a pointer. In another example, if the algorithm uses a particular sequence as a seed, the seed may be indicated by a pointer. For example, the randomization algorithm may use the WTRU RNTI, for example, as either a seed and a mask, to determine the PRT location in an UL slot transmission (e.g., each symbol of an UL slot transmission).

[0123] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may include in the UCI an indication of the PRT location (eg, a bitmap) along with, for example, a PRT technique indicator.

[0124] Example of multiplexing PRT with uplink transmission The WTRU may generate a PRT symbol using a set of N modulated data symbols. FIG. 5 illustrates such an example. For example, a precoder may be used to generate the PRT symbol, where the N modulated data symbols may be the input of the precoder and the PRT symbol may be the output of the precoder, as shown in block 501 of FIG. 5. The WTRU may then map (e.g., associate) the generated PRT symbol to a set of REs using the (e.g., configured) REs for UL data transmission and PRT transmission, as shown in block 503 of FIG. 5. The N modulated data symbols may be provided directly to block 505 (e.g., before precoding in block 501), where the WTRU may map (e.g., associate) the N modulated data symbols to a set of REs using the remaining REs from the REs available for UL data transmission and PRT transmission. For example, the WTRU may transmit both REs with PRT symbols and REs for UL data, as shown in FIG. 5. PRT precoder 501 may be characterized by (eg, associated with) a ratio R=M / N, where M and N may be the generated PRT symbols and data symbols, respectively.

[0125] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may generate (e.g., be configured to use) either rate matching or puncturing to generate the number of symbols N, and may map (e.g., associate) the N symbols to a set of REs based on either a value of the ratio R or M. For example, for any value of R and M that may be above a threshold, the WTRU may use rate matching, and for any value of R and M that is below the threshold, the WTRU may use puncturing.

[0126] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may determine that a small number of REs may be needed (e.g., may be transmitted) for PRT configuration. For example, if the WTRU determines that the number of REs needed (e.g., required) for PRT configuration is less than a (e.g., configured) threshold, the WTRU may use puncturing when mapping (e.g., associating) modulated data symbols. The locations of the REs to which the PRT may be transmitted may be pre-configured. For example, the WTRU may be configured (e.g., receive configuration information indicating) to use edge RBs of the UL grant.

[0127] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may indicate (e.g., configure and transmit information) to the gNB whether puncturing or rate matching may be used by the WTRU to transmit the PRT. In one example, the WTRU may use piggybacked UCI in a PUSCH transmission to indicate whether rate matching or puncturing may be used by the WTRU to transmit the PRT. For example, the UCI position in the set of REs configured for the UL grant may be shifted in either the frequency or time domain due to the PRT transmission. For example, the shift parameter may depend on any number of REs and RBs configured for the PRT. For example, the gNB may blindly detect the WTRU transmission to determine the UCI position.

[0128] According to an embodiment, a WTRU may transmit either a PRT configuration request and assistance information (e.g., for determining PRT configuration) provided that the WTRU receives group common signaling that enables PRT functionality and provided that the WTRU determines that it is in a power-limited state (e.g., configuration, operating mode).

[0129] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may obtain (e.g., select) a PRT configuration (e.g., requested from the gNB) depending on the available power headroom, modulation, and number of RBs used for uplink transmission.

[0130] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may transmit (eg, report) a list of PRT configurations that the WTRU may be able to support for a list of (eg, supported) modulations and frequency resource allocations.

[0131] According to an embodiment, a WTRU may receive two UL grants (e.g., UL grant information associated with two UL grants), e.g., one including a PRT tone and one not including a PRT tone. The PRT tones may be considered frequency resources used by the WTRU to transmit PRT signals. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may select one of the two grants to use for UL transmission depending on whether it is in a power-limited situation (e.g., configuration, operating mode).

[0132] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may indicate (e.g., to the gNB) the UL grant to be used for UL transmission after the WTRU selects one of the two UL grants.

[0133] FIG. 4 illustrates an example method 400 for enabling tone reservation.

[0134] According to an embodiment, in step 410, the WTRU may transmit information to request PRT configuration, for example, to reduce PAPR.

[0135] According to an embodiment, in step 420, the WTRU may receive an indication of the (eg, PRT) frequency resources to be used for transmitting the PRT signal based on the (eg, requested) PRT configuration.

[0136] According to an embodiment, in step 430, the WTRU may transmit a PRT signal in (e.g., PRT) frequency resources in addition to the UL transmission. For example, the UL transmission may be performed to transmit any type of data (e.g., user data, control data, etc.). For example, the PRT frequency resources may be based on (e.g., assigned to) frequency resources (e.g., a set) that may have been allocated for the UL transmission. For example, the (e.g., PRT) frequency resources may be located at (e.g., each) edge of a block of (e.g., contiguous) frequency resources that may have been allocated for the UL transmission. Any type of PRT frequency resource allocation based on (e.g., aligned with) other frequency resources allocated for the UL transmission to reduce the PAPR of the transmission may be applicable to the embodiments described herein.

[0137] For example, the (eg, requested) PRT configuration may belong to a set of PRT configurations that may be pre-configured in the WTRU.

[0138] For example, the information for requesting a PRT configuration may include an indication (eg, an index, an identifier) ​​of the requested PRT configuration.

[0139] For example, the WTRU may send an SRS with information to request a PRT configuration.

[0140] For example, the (eg, transmitted) SRS may indicate the requested PRT configuration.

[0141] For example, the SRS may be transmitted in an SRS resource that may indicate (eg, allow identification of) the requested PRT configuration.

[0142] For example, the requested PRT setting may be determined by the WTRU based on any of the amount of resources for UL transmission, available power headroom, transmit power level in the previous UL transmission, WTRU capabilities, power class, reference signal measurements, received transmit power control commands, type of UL transmission, operating band, and target block error rate for UL transmission.

[0143] For example, the information may include assistance information to assist the network element in selecting a PRT configuration.

[0144] For example, the assistance information may include a power offset between the powers used to transmit the PRT signal and the UL transmission, respectively.

[0145] For example, an indication of the frequency resources to be used to transmit the PRT signal may be received in either the DCI or the RRC configuration message.

[0146] For example, the PRT signal may be based on the UL transmission to minimize the PAPR of the sum of the PRT signal and the UL transmission.

[0147] For example, the PRT signal may be obtained (eg, generated) to minimize a cubic metric of the sum of the PRT signal and the UL transmission.

[0148] For example, the WTRU may transmit a PHR that may include a first PH value calculated using a first (e.g., normal) PCmax value and a second PH value calculated using a second PCmax value that may correspond to a setting of the transmitted PRT signal.

[0149] For example, the WTRU may transmit the difference between the first PCmax value and the second PCmax value.

[0150] For example, the WTRU may transmit the difference between the first PH value and the second PH value.

[0151] For example, transmitting a PRT signal may include (1) generating M PRT symbols from N data symbols; (2) mapping the M PRT symbols to a first set of resource elements (REs); and (3) mapping the N data symbols to a second set of REs, where if the ratio R (R=M / N) is above a threshold, the WTRU may use rate matching to generate the N data symbols and map the N data symbols to the REs, and if R is below the threshold, the WTRU may use puncturing to generate the N data symbols and map the N data symbols to the REs.

[0152] For example, the WTRU may transmit an indication of whether rate matching or puncturing was used to transmit the PRT.

[0153] 6 illustrates an example method 600 for enabling tone reservation. For example, the method may be implemented in a WTRU.

[0154] According to an embodiment, in step 610, tone reservation (TR) configuration information may be received, where the TR configuration information may indicate a set of TR configurations. For example, the TR configuration information may comprise a set of TR configuration information elements, where (e.g., each) TR configuration information element may be associated with a TR configuration in the set of TR configurations. For example, (e.g., each) TR configuration information element may include information (e.g., parameter(s) as described in any embodiment described herein) indicating the associated TR configuration.

[0155] According to an embodiment, in step 620, a power headroom (PH) may be determined for the first uplink grant.

[0156] According to an embodiment, in step 630, a first TR setting may be selected from the set of indicated TR settings. For example, the first TR setting may be selected based on any of the first uplink grant and the determined PH. In another example, the first TR setting may be selected based on any of the downlink RS measurement(s), the number N of (e.g., consecutive) received TPC commands, and the target BLER of the uplink transmission. Any other example of criteria for selecting (e.g., requesting) the first TR setting may be applicable to the embodiments described herein.

[0157] According to an embodiment, first information indicating the selected first TR configuration may be transmitted in step 640. According to an embodiment, second information indicating a second TR configuration of the indicated set of TR configurations may be received in step 650.

[0158] According to an embodiment, in step 660, a second uplink grant may be received.

[0159] According to an embodiment, in step 670, the WTRU may transmit information including (1) a data transmission with a second uplink grant at a first power level and (2) a TR transmission, wherein the TR transmission may be transmitted within a frequency resource determined according to the second TR setting, and the TR transmission may be transmitted at a second power level determined based on the first power level and a power offset associated with the second TR setting.

[0160] For example, the method 600 may further include receiving first uplink grant information associated with the first uplink grant, where the first uplink grant information indicates either (1) a resource block (RB) allocation or (2) a modulation and coding scheme (MCS), and selection of the first TR setting may be according to either the RB allocation or the MCS.

[0161] For example, the first TR setting may be selected based on any of the following conditions: (1) the path loss is less than a first threshold, (2) the transmit power is at a maximum power level for a set time, and (3) the PH is less than a second threshold.

[0162] For example, TR configuration information indicating a second TR configuration (e.g., a TR configuration information element associated with the second TR configuration) may indicate any of: (1) the number of RBs reserved for TR transmission; (2) a power offset between a first power level used for data transmission and a second power level used for TR transmission; (3) a location of the reserved RBs associated with any of a bandwidth part (BWP) and a carrier component (CC); (4) at least one subframe and at least one slot to which the second TR configuration may apply; (5) any of the periodicity and offset to which the second TR configuration may apply; (6) a subcarrier spacing; (7) any of a BWP index and a CC index; (8) a method for generating the TR transmission; (9) a density indication indicating whether the TR transmission is contiguous or non-contiguous with the data transmission; (10) a transmit power control step size; and (11) a precoder ratio.

[0163] For example, the TR configuration information may be received in either a downlink control information (DCI) or a radio resource control (RRC) message.

[0164] For example, the selection of the first TR setting may be based on any of the transmit power level of the previous data transmission, the WTRU capabilities, the power class, the reference signal measurements, the received transmit power control commands, the type of data transmission, the operating band, the target block error rate for the data transmission, and the frequency allocation of the first uplink grant.

[0165] For example, transmitting the first information indicating the selected first TR setting may include transmitting a sounding reference signal (SRS).

[0166] For example, method 600 may further include receiving SRS configuration information indicating that the first TR configuration may be associated with either an SRS and at least one SRS resource. For example, the SRS configuration information may be received either as part of the TR configuration information (e.g., included in the TR configuration information) or may be separate (e.g., independent) from the TR configuration information.

[0167] For example, a transmitted SRS associated with a first TR configuration may indicate that the first TR configuration may be selected.

[0168] For example, the transmitted SRS may indicate that the first TR configuration may have been selected, provided that the SRS is transmitted in at least one SRS resource associated with the first TR configuration.

[0169] For example, the first information indicating the selected first TR configuration may be transmitted in any one of a MAC CE, a UCI, and an RRC message.

[0170] For example, the method 600 may further include multiplexing the first information indicating the selected first TR configuration with UCI on the PUCCH, where the UCI may include any of SR information, HARQ-ACK feedback information, and CSI.

[0171] For example, the method 600 may further include multiplexing first information indicating the selected first TR configuration with the UCI on the PUSCH.

[0172] For example, the first information indicating the selected first TR configuration may be transmitted based on either the first uplink grant or the further uplink grant.

[0173] For example, the method 600 may further include transmitting a power headroom report (PHR) including power information associated with the transition from the current TR setting to the selected first TR setting.

[0174] For example, the power information may indicate any of: (1) a first PH value calculated using a first set maximum output power (PCmax) value corresponding to the current TR setting; (2) a second PH value calculated using a second PCmax value corresponding to the selected first TR setting; (3) a first difference value calculated using the difference between the first PCmax value and the second PCmax value; and (4) a second difference value calculated using the difference between the first PH value and the second PH value.

[0175] For example, transmitting a TR transmission may include generating a first number M of TR symbols from a second number N of data symbols, where the M TR symbols are associated with a first set of resource elements (REs) and the N data symbols are associated with a second set of REs, and generating the N data symbols may include either rate-matching or puncturing the N data symbols based on either (1) a ratio R of M to N or (2) M.

[0176] For example, the method 600 may further include transmitting an indication of whether rate matching or puncturing may have been used to transmit the TR transmission.

[0177] For example, the TR transmission may be performed to minimize either (1) the cubic metric of the sum of the TR transmission and the data transmission, or (2) the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of the sum of the TR transmission and the data transmission.

[0178] According to an embodiment, a WTRU may receive TR configuration information indicating a set of TR configurations. For example, the TR configuration information may include SRS-related information indicating that at least one TR configuration may be associated with at least one SRS and at least one SRS resource. For example, the WTRU may select a first TR configuration according to any embodiment described herein and may transmit an indication of the selected first TR configuration by either transmitting at least one SRS associated with the first TR configuration and transmitting (e.g., transmitting) on ​​the at least one SRS resource associated with the first TR configuration.

[0179] In an embodiment, a WTRU may receive TR configuration information indicating a set of TR configurations. For example, a TR configuration may be selected from the indicated set of TR configurations. For example, the WTRU may transmit information including (1) a data transmission via an uplink grant at a first power level and (2) a TR transmission, where the TR transmission may be transmitted within a frequency resource determined according to the selected TR configuration and the TR transmission may be transmitted at a second power level determined based on the first power level and a power offset associated with the selected TR configuration.

[0180] In a first example, a first TR configuration may be selected by the WTRU from an indicated set of TR configurations based on any criteria described herein. First information indicating the first TR configuration may be transmitted (e.g., to a gNB). Second information indicating a second TR configuration may be received (e.g., from the gNB). The second TR configuration may correspond to the selected TR configuration (e.g., to be used to perform a TR transmission).

[0181] In a second example, capability information may be transmitted by the WTRU (e.g., to a gNB). The capability information may indicate the WTRU's ability to (e.g., autonomously) enable TR operation. For example, first uplink grant information associated with a first uplink grant may be received. The first uplink grant information may indicate that the WTRU can enable TR operation (e.g., perform TR transmission as described herein). For example, the WTRU may transmit UCI indicating either a (e.g., autonomously) selected TR configuration and a frequency resource for the TR transmission.

[0182] conclusion Although features and elements are described above in particular combinations, those skilled in the art will understand that each feature or element may be used alone or in any combination with the other features and elements. Furthermore, the methods described herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware embodied in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (transmitted via wired or wireless connections) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), registers, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROM disks and digital versatile disks (DVDs). A processor in association with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

[0183] Although not explicitly stated, the embodiments described herein may be used in any combination or subcombination, for example, the principles described herein are not limited to the variations described, but rather any arrangement of variations and embodiments may be used.

[0184] Additionally, any features, variations, or embodiments described in the methods are compatible with an apparatus device including means for processing the disclosed methods, compatible with a device with a processor configured to process the disclosed methods, compatible with a computer program product including program code instructions, and compatible with a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing program instructions.

[0185] While features and elements are described above in particular combinations, those skilled in the art will understand that each feature or element may be used alone or in any combination with the other features and elements. Furthermore, the methods described herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware embodied in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of non-transitory computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), registers, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, and optical media such as magneto-optical media and CD-ROM disks and digital versatile disks (DVDs). A processor in association with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in the WTRU 102, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

[0186] Furthermore, in the above embodiments, processing platforms, computing systems, controllers, and other devices including processors are described. These devices may include at least one central processing unit ("CPU") and memory. In accordance with the practices of those skilled in the art of computer programming, references to acts and symbolic representations of operations or instructions may be performed by various CPUs and memories. Such acts and operations or instructions may be referred to as being "executed," "executed by a computer," or "executed by a CPU."

[0187] Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the operations and symbolically represented operations or instructions include the manipulation of electrical signals by a CPU. The electrical system represents data bits that can cause a resulting transformation or reduction of the electrical signals, and maintains the data bits in memory locations in a memory system, thereby reconfiguring or otherwise altering the operation of the CPU and the processing of other signals. The memory locations in which the data bits are maintained are physical locations that have particular electrical, magnetic, optical, or organic properties that correspond to or represent the data bits. It should be understood that exemplary embodiments are not limited to the above-mentioned platforms or CPUs, and that other platforms and CPUs may support the provided methods.

[0188] The data bits may also be maintained on computer-readable media, including magnetic disks, optical disks, and any other volatile (e.g., random access memory ("RAM")) or non-volatile (e.g., read-only memory ("ROM")) mass storage system readable by a CPU. The computer-readable media may include cooperative or interconnected computer-readable media that reside exclusively on a processing system or that are distributed among multiple interconnected processing systems, which may be local or remote to a processing system. Representative embodiments are not limited to the memories described above, and it will be understood that other platforms and memories may support the described methods.

[0189] In an exemplary embodiment, any of the operations, processes, etc. described herein may be implemented as computer-readable instructions stored on a computer-readable medium, which may be executed by a processor of a mobile, a network element, and / or any other computing device.

[0190] There is little distinction between hardware and software implementations of aspects of the system. The use of hardware or software is generally a design choice representing a cost vs. efficiency trade-off (e.g., in that the choice between hardware and software can be important in certain contexts, although not always). There may be a variety of vehicles (e.g., hardware, software, and / or firmware) in which the processes and / or systems and / or other techniques described herein may be effective, and the preferred vehicle may vary depending on the context in which the processes and / or systems and / or other techniques are deployed. For example, if an implementer determines that speed and accuracy are paramount, the implementer may select a primarily hardware and / or firmware vehicle. If flexibility is paramount, the implementer may select a primarily software implementation. Alternatively, the implementer may select some combination of hardware, software, and / or firmware.

[0191] The foregoing detailed description has illustrated various embodiments of devices and / or processes through the use of block diagrams, flowcharts, and / or examples. To the extent that such block diagrams, flowcharts, and / or examples include one or more functions and / or operations, those skilled in the art will appreciate that each function and / or operation in such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples may be individually and / or collectively implemented by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or substantially any combination thereof. Suitable processors include, by way of example, a general-purpose processor, a special-purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), an application specific standard product (ASSP), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), and / or a state machine.

[0192] While features and elements have been provided above in particular combinations, those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that each feature or element can be used alone or in any combination with other features and elements. The present disclosure is not limited in terms of the specific embodiments described herein, which are intended as examples of various aspects. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many modifications and variations can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. No element, act, or instruction used in the description of the present application should be construed as critical or essential to the invention unless explicitly stated as such. Functionally equivalent methods and apparatuses within the scope of the present disclosure, in addition to those enumerated herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications and variations are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. The present disclosure is limited only by the terms of the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. It is understood that the present disclosure is not limited to any particular method or system.

[0193] It should also be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the invention. As used herein, and when referred to herein, "station" and its abbreviation "STA," "user equipment" and its abbreviation "UE" may mean (i) a wireless transmit and / or receive unit (WTRU) such as the described infrastructure, (ii) any of several embodiments of a WTRU such as the described infrastructure, (iii) a wireless-enabled and / or wired (e.g., tethered) device configured with some or all of the structure and functionality of a WTRU such as the described infrastructure, among others, (iii) a wireless-enabled and / or wired device configured with less than all of the structure and functionality of a WTRU such as the described infrastructure, or (iv) others. Details of an exemplary WTRU that may represent any of the UEs enumerated herein are provided below with respect to FIGS. 1A-1D.

[0194] In certain exemplary embodiments, portions of the subject matter described herein may be implemented via application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), and / or other integrated formats. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that certain aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein may be equivalently implemented in an integrated circuit, in whole or in part, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors), as firmware, or as substantially any combination thereof, and that designing circuitry and / or writing software and / or firmware code is within the skill of those skilled in the art in light of this disclosure. Furthermore, those skilled in the art will recognize that the mechanisms of the subject matter described herein may be distributed as program products in various forms, and that exemplary embodiments of the subject matter described herein apply regardless of the particular type of signal-bearing medium used to actually effect the distribution. Examples of signal bearing media include, but are not limited to, recordable-type media such as floppy disks, hard disk drives, CDs, DVDs, digital tape, computer memory, and transmission-type media such as digital and / or analog communications media (e.g., fiber optic cables, wave guides, wired communications links, wireless communications links, etc.).

[0195] The subject matter described herein may, in some cases, depict different components that are contained within or connected to different other components. It should be understood that such illustrated architectures are merely examples, and that in fact many other architectures that achieve the same functionality may be implemented. Conceptually, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively “associated” such that the desired functionality may be achieved. Thus, any two components combined herein to achieve a particular function can be viewed as “associated” with each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, regardless of the architecture or intermediate components. Similarly, any two components so associated may also be considered to be “operably connected” or “operably coupled” to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components so associated may also be considered to be “operably coupleable” to each other to achieve the desired functionality. Examples of operably coupleable include, but are not limited to, physically matable and / or physically interacting components, wirelessly interacting and / or wirelessly interacting components, and / or logically interacting and / or logically interacting components.

[0196] With respect to the use of virtually any plural and / or singular term herein, those skilled in the art can convert from plural to singular and / or from singular to plural as appropriate to the context and / or application. Various singular / plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for purposes of clarity.

[0197] In general, those skilled in the art will understand that terms used in this specification, and particularly in the appended claims (e.g., the body of the appended claims), are generally intended as "open" terms (e.g., the term "including" should be interpreted as "including, but not limited to," the term "having" should be interpreted as "having at least," and the term "comprises" should be interpreted as "including, but not limited to"). Furthermore, where a specific number of recitations of an introduced claim are intended, such intention will be explicitly set forth in the claim; in the absence of such recitation, those skilled in the art will understand that no such intention exists. For example, where only one item is intended, the term "single" or similar language may be used. To assist in understanding, the following appended claims and / or description of this specification may include the use of the introductory phrases "at least one" and "one or more" to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed as meaning that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite article "a" or "an" limits any particular claim containing such an introduced claim recitation to embodiments containing only one such recitation, even if the same claim contains the introductory phrase "one or more" or "at least one" and an indefinite article such as "a" or "an" (e.g., "a" and / or "an" should be interpreted to mean "at least one" or "one or more"). The same applies to the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. Furthermore, those skilled in the art will recognize that even when a specific number of recitations of an introduced claim are explicitly recited, such recitation should be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the simple recitation "two recitations" without other modifiers means at least two recitations, or more than two recitations).

[0198] Furthermore, when notation similar to "at least one of A, B, and C" is used, such structure is generally intended as the meaning that one of ordinary skill in the art would understand the notation (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B, and C" includes, but is not limited to, a system having A only, B only, C only, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and / or A, B, and C together). When notation similar to "at least one of A, B, or C" is used, such structure is generally intended as the meaning that one of ordinary skill in the art would understand the notation (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B, or C" includes, but is not limited to, a system having A only, B only, C only, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and / or A, B, and C together). Those skilled in the art will further appreciate that virtually any disjunctive word and / or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibility of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase "A or B" should be understood to include the possibilities of "A" or "B" or "A and B." Furthermore, as used herein, the term "any of," followed by a list of items and / or a list of categories of items, is intended to include "any of," "any combination of," "any plurality of," and / or "any combination of" the items and / or categories of items, individually or in combination with other items and / or other categories of items. Furthermore, as used herein, the terms "set" or "group" are intended to include any number of items, including zero. Furthermore, as used herein, the term "number" is intended to include any number, including zero.

[0199] Furthermore, where features or aspects of the disclosure are described in terms of a Markush group, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group.

[0200] As will be understood by those skilled in the art, for all purposes, including in terms of providing a written description, all ranges disclosed herein encompass any possible subranges and combinations of subranges. Any recited range can be readily recognized as fully descriptive and allowing the same range to be broken down into at least equal halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, tenths, etc. As a non-limiting example, each range described herein can be easily broken down into a lower third, middle third, upper third, etc. As will also be understood by those skilled in the art, all terms such as "up to," "at least," "greater than," "less than," etc., refer to ranges that are inclusive of the recited number and that can be further broken down into subranges as described above. Finally, as will be understood by those skilled in the art, ranges include each individual element. Thus, for example, a group having 1 to 3 cells refers to a group having 1, 2, or 3 cells. Similarly, a group having 1 to 5 cells refers to a group having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 cells, and so on.

[0201] Furthermore, the claims should not be read as limited to the provided order or to the provided elements unless specifically so stated. Furthermore, the use of the term "means for" in any claim is intended to invoke 35 U.S.C. 112, paragraph 6, or means-plus-function claim format, and any claim without the term "means for" is not so intended.

[0202] A processor in association with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), user equipment (UE), terminal, base station, mobility management entity (MME), or evolved packet core (EPC), or any host computer. The WTRU may be used in conjunction with modules implemented in hardware and / or software, such as, for example, a software defined radio (SDR), and may also be implemented in other components, such as a camera, a video camera module, a video phone, a speaker phone, a vibration device, a speaker, a microphone, a television transceiver, a hands-free headset, a keyboard, a Bluetooth module, a frequency modulation (FM) radio unit, a near field communication (NFC) module, an LCD display unit, an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an internet browser, and / or a wireless local area network (WLAN) or ultra wide band (UWB) module.

[0203] Although the present invention has been described with respect to a communications system, it is contemplated that the system may be implemented in software on a microprocessor / general purpose computer (not shown). In particular embodiments, one or more of the functions of the various components may be implemented in software controlling a general purpose computer.

[0204] Moreover, although the invention is illustrated and described herein with reference to specific embodiments, the invention is not intended to be limited to the details shown. Rather, various modifications of the details can be made within the scope of the claims and their equivalents without departing from the invention.

[0205] Throughout this disclosure, those skilled in the art will understand that certain exemplary embodiments may be used alternatively or in combination with other exemplary embodiments.

[0206] Although features and elements are described above in particular combinations, those skilled in the art will understand that each feature or element can be used alone or in any combination with the other features and elements. Furthermore, the methods described herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware embodied in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of non-transitory computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), registers, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, and optical media such as magneto-optical media and CD-ROM disks and digital versatile disks (DVDs). A processor in association with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

[0207] Furthermore, in the above embodiments, processing platforms, computing systems, controllers, and other devices including processors are described. These devices may include at least one central processing unit ("CPU") and memory. In accordance with the practices of those skilled in the art of computer programming, references to acts and symbolic representations of operations or instructions may be performed by various CPUs and memories. Such acts and operations or instructions may be referred to as being "executed," "executed by a computer," or "executed by a CPU."

[0208] Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the operations and symbolically represented operations or instructions involve the manipulation of electrical signals by a CPU. An electrical system represents data bits that can cause a resulting transformation or reduction of the electrical signals, and maintains the data bits in memory locations in a memory system, thereby reconfiguring or otherwise altering the operation of the CPU and the processing of other signals. The memory locations in which the data bits are maintained are physical locations that have particular electrical, magnetic, optical, or organic properties that correspond to or represent the data bits.

[0209] The data bits may also be maintained on computer-readable media, including magnetic disks, optical disks, and any other volatile (e.g., random access memory ("RAM")) or non-volatile (e.g., read-only memory ("ROM")) mass storage system readable by a CPU. The computer-readable media may include cooperative or interconnected computer-readable media that reside exclusively on a processing system or that are distributed among multiple interconnected processing systems, which may be local or remote to a processing system. Representative embodiments are not limited to the memories described above, and it will be understood that other platforms and memories may support the described methods.

[0210] Suitable processors include, by way of example, a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), an application specific standard product (ASSP), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), and / or a state machine.

[0211] Although the present invention has been described with respect to a communications system, it is contemplated that the system may be implemented in software on a microprocessor / general purpose computer (not shown). In particular embodiments, one or more of the functions of the various components may be implemented in software controlling a general purpose computer.

[0212] Moreover, although the invention is illustrated and described herein with reference to specific embodiments, the invention is not intended to be limited to the details shown. Rather, various modifications of the details can be made within the scope of the claims and their equivalents without departing from the invention.

Claims

1. 1. A method implemented by a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), comprising: determining that a power condition is met; selecting a requested tone reservation setting (TR setting) from a set of TR settings based on the power condition being satisfied; transmitting first information indicating the requested TR configuration; receiving second information indicating the requested TR setting or a different TR setting from the set of TR settings; performing transmission according to the requested TR setting or the different TR setting indicated in the received second information; A method for providing the above.

2. The step of performing the transmission comprises: selecting a first set of resources for data transmission and a second set of resources adjacent to the first set of resources for TR transmission; and selecting a first transmit power for the first set of resources that is greater than a second transmit power for the second set of resources such that the data transmission is transmitted on the first set of resources at a higher power than the TR transmission; 10. The method of claim 1, comprising:

3. determining the second set of resources according to the requested TR configuration or the different TR configuration indicated in the received second information; The method of claim 2 further comprising:

4. determining the second transmit power based on the first transmit power and a power offset associated with the requested TR setting or the different TR setting indicated in the received second information; The method of claim 2 or 3, further comprising:

5. Receiving TR configuration information indicating said set of TR configurations. The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, further comprising:

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the power condition is met if a power headroom is less than a threshold, and the requested TR setting is selected according to the power headroom.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the power condition is met if a reference signal received power is less than a threshold.

8. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the power condition is met when a maximum power is used to transmit over a period of time, and the requested TR setting is selected according to the maximum power used over the period of time.

9. receiving uplink grant information indicating either (1) a resource block allocation (RB allocation) and (2) a modulation and coding scheme (MCS); The method of claim 1 , further comprising: wherein the requested TR setting is selected according to one of the RB allocation and the MCS.

10. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the second information indicates any of: (1) a number of RBs reserved for tone reservation (TR); (2) the power offset between the first transmit power and the second transmit power; (3) a position of the reserved RB associated with any of a bandwidth portion (BWP) and a carrier component (CC); (4) any of at least one subframe and at least one slot to which the requested TR setting or the different TR setting applies; (5) any of a periodicity and offset when the requested TR setting or the different TR setting applies; (6) a subcarrier spacing; (7) any of a BWP index and a CC index; (8) a method for generating the TR; (9) a density indication indicating whether the TR is contiguous or discontinuous with the data; (10) a transmit power control step size; and (11) a precoder ratio.

11. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the first information indicating the requested TR configuration is transmitted in one of a Medium Access Control (MAC) control element, an Uplink Control Information (UCI), and a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message.

12. multiplexing the first information indicating the requested TR configuration with UCI on a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH); 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the UCI comprises any of scheduling request (SR) information, hybrid automatic repeat request-acknowledgement (HARQ-ACK) feedback information, and channel state information (CSI).

13. multiplexing the first information indicating the requested TR configuration with UCI on a Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH). The method of any one of claims 1 to 11, further comprising:

14. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) comprising circuitry including a transmitter, a receiver, a processor, and a memory, determining that the power conditions are met; selecting a requested tone reservation setting (TR setting) from a set of TR settings based on said power conditions being met; transmitting first information indicating the requested TR configuration; receiving second information indicating a different TR setting from the requested TR setting or the set of TR settings; performing transmission according to the requested TR setting or the different TR setting indicated in the received second information; A WTRU configured as follows:

15. The WTRU: selecting a first set of resources for data transmission and a second set of resources adjacent to the first set of resources for TR transmission; Selecting a first transmit power for the first set of resources that is greater than a second transmit power for the second set of resources such that the data transmission is transmitted on the first set of resources at a higher power than the TR transmission. The WTRU of claim 14 further configured to:

16. 16. The WTRU of claim 15, wherein the WTRU is further configured to determine the second set of resources according to the requested TR setting or the different TR setting indicated in the received second information.

17. 17. The WTRU of claim 15 or 16, wherein the WTRU is further configured to determine the second transmit power based on the first transmit power and a power offset associated with the requested TR setting or the different TR setting indicated in the received second information.

18. The WTRU of claim 14, wherein the WTRU is further configured to receive TR configuration information indicating the set of TR configurations.

19. The WTRU of claim 14 , wherein the power condition is met if a power headroom is less than a threshold, and the requested TR setting is selected according to the power headroom.

20. 20. The WTRU of any one of claims 14 to 19, wherein the power condition is met if a received reference signal received power is below a threshold.

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