Modular insulation arrangement, insulation system, cryogenic storage tank, ocean-going vessel, insulation method, liquefied gas transport arrangement, and marine insulation system

Abstract

The insulation arrangement for an ocean-going vessel comprises a modular arrangement of panels, each panel comprising a first cold layer, an opposing surrounding layer and a volume between them arranged to be evacuated to a vacuum in use.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to an insulating arrangement for insulating cryogenic storage tanks. The invention has particular, but not exclusive, application to the storage and transport (and consumption in the case of fuels) of cryogenic liquids such as liquefied hydrogen and liquefied natural gas (LNG), either as cargo or as fuel. [Background technology]

[0002] By transporting such liquefied gas, it is possible to transport large amounts of gas in a single voyage, reducing pollution and improving transportation efficiency. In order to transport such liquefied gas, it is necessary to maintain extremely low temperatures during the ship's voyage.

[0003] Maintaining the gas in a liquid state at these low temperatures is achieved by applying insulation to the tanks used to contain the liquefied gas. This generally takes the form of one or more layers of insulating material, such as polyurethane foam, sprayed onto the tank surface or attached in the form of prefabricated panels, often including the use of plywood, to prevent ambient heat from reaching the cargo tank and heating the liquefied gas.

[0004] Such systems have been used successfully on a variety of gas carriers that have been able to safely transport liquefied gases around the world. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0005] However, the present inventors have devised a new arrangement that can contain cryogenic liquefied gases and insulate them from ambient conditions more efficiently than existing methods. More specifically, the invention described herein allows for the insulation of cargo or fuel tanks at temperatures close to absolute zero, i.e., below -250°C.

[0006] Advantageously, such a system would allow gases such as hydrogen or methane to be contained and maintained in a liquid state. Since the combustion of hydrogen produces only water as a waste product, the ability to contain and use such fuels offers significant environmental and efficiency benefits. It would also enable compliance with potentially stricter environmental regulations that may apply to the shipping industry in the future.

[0007] Other advantages are described herein.

[0008] Aspects of the invention described herein are set forth in the accompanying claims. [Means for solving the problem]

[0009] According to a first aspect, a modular insulation can be arranged to include one or more tessellated insulation units, each unit including a first inwardly facing layer and a second outwardly facing layer spaced from the first layer, the two layers defining a space therebetween, including one or more spacing members extending between the first and second layers, and the first layer, the second layer and surfaces defining a perimeter extending around the arrangement being air impermeable surfaces.

[0010] Thus, in accordance with the present disclosure, a modular insulation system or arrangement is provided that allows for insulating a variety of tank shapes. The space between the layers can be evacuated to create a perfect or near perfect vacuum that provides enhanced insulating properties and prevents heat from the external ambient environment from being transferred to the tank and, therefore, to the contents of the tank.

[0011] The present invention relates to insulation associated with the containment and / or transportation of liquefied gases, such as LNG, hydrogen, and other related gases. Gases are typically liquefied by reducing their temperature to extreme levels. Under these conditions, insulation is required to prevent vaporization. Additionally, if the liquefied gas is likely to leak from a tank, a barrier may be required for safety reasons and to protect the surrounding environment. Depending on operational or regulatory requirements, insulation systems may be designed to provide both a temperature control device and a barrier. The present invention can be used in applications that meet either or both requirements.

[0012] The present invention can be applied to the insulation of cryogenic tanks to minimize heat leakage and vaporization. Such tanks may be used for the storage or transport of gas as cargo, as well as for fuel. This innovation may be used with different tank types, such as IMO Type A tanks, IMO Type B tanks, IMO Type C tanks, rectangular column tanks, tanks arranged in a vessel structure or standalone, tanks arranged on a standalone skid structure such as ISO containers, or tanks arranged in any other manner. It may also be applied to insulate the tank, the immediate vicinity of the tank, or the room or hold in which the tank is located. Furthermore, the present invention can be deployed to provide a secondary barrier that not only serves the purpose of insulation, but also protects the surrounding area from leaks by ensuring containment and a sufficiently low temperature, preventing the effects of a leak from a damaged cryogenic tank.

[0013] The space between the first and second layers and the surfaces defining the periphery of the arrangement defines an interior volume for the arrangement. Spacing members may be conveniently positioned within this space and between the two surfaces or layers to resist atmospheric pressure acting on the surfaces when the interior volume is evacuated of air. It will be appreciated that when a vacuum is drawn, atmospheric pressure acts to push the two exterior surfaces together. The inclusion of internal support or spacing structures resists this movement and also provides structural strength to the panel to resist pressures caused, for example, by the rupture of a tank to which the insulation is applied.

[0014] A valve may also be provided in fluid communication with the internal volume, the valve being arranged to allow air to be evacuated from the internal volume in use, thereby controlling the internal pressure within the insulating panel or multi-panel structure.

[0015] It is important that the first and second layers are impermeable to air in order to maintain the vacuum. Additionally, the perimeter surrounding the individual panels or multi-panel structure must also be impermeable to air. A thermal break or barrier is conveniently provided between the tank side surface and the perimeter side surface to prevent heat transfer from the perimeter side of the arrangement to the tank side of the arrangement.

[0016] In one arrangement, the gas impermeable surface defining the periphery of the arrangement is formed from a first portion bonded to the first layer and a second portion bonded to the second layer, and further includes a third portion bonded to the first and second portions, such that the periphery is formed from three portions, and the third portion can function as a thermal break or barrier.

[0017] In particular, the third portion may be formed of a material having a lower thermal conductivity coefficient than the first and / or second portion, or may have a shape that is opposite to the first and second portions, such that the third portion acts to prevent heat transfer through the surrounding portions of the arrangement.

[0018] Spacing elements within panels provide a number of functions, including: Maintaining separation of the layers of the arrangement to maintain the interior volume of the arrangement. To provide structural strength to the arrangement so that it can be fixed to a surface such as a tank surface or ship's hull surface. To provide structural strength to the tank in case it leaks or ruptures, compromising its structural strength and subjecting the liquid in the tank to hydraulic loads.

[0019] The spacing members may be provided in many configurations to maintain spacing and provide the necessary strength. For example, the spacing member(s) may be in the form of multiple columns extending between the first and second layers.

[0020] interval Materials To allow air to be evacuated from the interior space of the arrangement comprising the or each column may comprise an opening that allows air to enter or exit the volume within the column.

[0021] interval Materials To prevent heat from passing through the arrangement along the spacing member(s), the spacing member(s) may be formed in whole or in part from a material selected from wood (plywood or other suitable wood or wood composite), bamboo, cardboard, or stainless steel. Other suitable materials include PEEK, polyurethane, and PTFE. Thus, a low thermal conductivity material can be provided to reduce or prevent heat transfer between the tank and the surrounding surface of the arrangement. Alternatively, an ultra-thin metal can be used that has a higher thermal conductivity but still sufficiently limits heat transfer.

[0022] In another arrangement for preventing heat transfer, the spacing member(s) may be formed from a first portion extending from a first surface, a second portion extending from a second surface, and an intermediate portion connecting the first and second portions of the spacing member. The intermediate portion may have a lower thermal conductivity coefficient than the first and / or second portions. Thus, a heat break or insulation may be provided.

[0023] Material spacing Materials For example, the first and second portions of the spacing member may be formed of aluminum or an alloy thereof, where the middle portion may be formed of a material selected from the list of aluminum, aluminum alloy, stainless steel, rubber, POM, PTFE, PEEK, or other suitable materials.

[0024] To conveniently and reliably create the tessellation arrangement, the periphery of the or each tessellation unit may include a connecting surface for abutment with an adjacent tessellation unit, the connecting surface providing continuous contact between adjacent units along the surface when the adjacent units are brought together.

[0025] For example, connection surface is the unit's surroundings In the radial direction extending from Stretch The tessellation panels may be in the form of a rim. The rim may extend only radially outward, or may be tapered or angled relative to a perpendicular line extending from the tank surface. Providing an angled rim can advantageously allow some flexibility at the joints between adjacent tessellation panels due to the flexibility provided by the angle at which the rim extends. In this way, heat and loads can be contained within the tessellation structure, which may be important as the tank is loaded and unloaded and thermal expansion and contraction of the arrangement occurs.

[0026] The rim may be provided both on the side of the arrangement facing the tank and also on the side of the arrangement facing the periphery.

[0027] The individual insulation units or panels can have a variety of shapes including, for example, triangles, squares, rectangles, hexagons or other tessellated polygons.

[0028] Advantageously, the units may be hexagonal, with one or more intervals Materials may further be of hexagonal cross section. The hexagonal shape allows for more uniform thermal expansion in the radial direction as the unit heats and cools, thereby allowing for better control of thermally induced loads within the arrangement.

[0029] The spacing element may be in the form of multiple elements within the interior space of the unit. They may be dispersed across the surface, spread out, or abutting one another. If adjacent, the individual elements may not need to be connected together, as the space defined by the layer and perimeter can secure them in place. In another arrangement, the elements may be formed as a single unit, such as a matrix of hexagonal columns. Such an arrangement can be conveniently extruded, allowing for simple and cost-effective manufacture.

[0030] When multiple modular insulating arrangements are tessellated together, they may be in gas communication with each other such that exhausting one arrangement draws air from the others, thus allowing multiple arrangements to be evacuated with a single pump.

[0031] The units may be connected together in a variety of ways: In one example to provide an airtight seal, adjacent modular insulation arrangements may be welded together along the perimeter of each arrangement.

[0032] The performance of the arrangements can be monitored in a number of ways. For example, the insulation system may further comprise a pressure detector arranged during use to monitor the pressure within each arrangement, and a control arrangement arranged to activate the air pump in response to the detected pressure. Alternatively, or additionally, a temperature sensor (probe, thermocouple, thermograph) may be arranged during use, or a control arrangement arranged to monitor the temperature within each arrangement, and a control arrangement arranged to activate the air pump in response to detected temperature and / or detected pressure changes.

[0033] In this way, the performance of the arrangement can be monitored and controlled in real time, and any deterioration in thermal performance can be quickly addressed to avoid an increase in tank temperature.

[0034] In view of another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a cryogenic containment tank including a modular arrangement as described herein, the method including evacuating a space within one or more modular arrangements, which may be performed intermittently, with further evacuation being performed to maintain the vacuum.

[0035] According to a further aspect, there is provided a liquefied gas transport arrangement comprising a tank for containing liquefied gas and an insulating layer surrounding an outer surface of the tank or a surface of a room in which the tank is located, the insulating layer being in the form of a first inwardly facing layer facing the tank and a second outwardly facing layer facing away from the tank, the first and second layers being spaced apart from each other to define a space between the first and second layers, and the surfaces defining the first and second layers being air impermeable surfaces.

[0036] The insulation surrounding the tank or insulating the room / hold space in which the non-insulated tank is located may be divided into separate insulation sections which may be placed against each other in use to encase the tank or cover the surface of the room.

[0037] Advantageously, the arrangements may be housed within support structures which, in use, are arranged to be coupled to adjacent corresponding support structures to form an array of individual liquefied transport arrangements.

[0038] Aspects of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0039] [Figure 1A] FIG. 1A shows a cross section through a conventional liquefied gas carrier. [Figure 1B] FIG. 1B shows a cross section through a conventional liquefied gas carrier, with an enlarged view of a corner of the ship's tank. [Figure 2A] FIG. 2A shows the insulating arrangement described herein. [Figure 2B] FIG. 2B shows the insulating arrangement described herein. [Figure 3] Figure 3 is a single panel view with one exterior surface removed to reveal the internal components. [Figure 4A] FIG. 4A shows the top surface of a panel for connecting to the arrangement shown in FIG. [Figure 4B] FIG. 4B shows the opposite (bottom) surface of the panel. [Figure 5A] FIG. 5A shows a peripheral cross section of the panel. [Figure 5B] FIG. 5B shows a peripheral cross section of the panel. [Figure 6] FIG. 6 shows a cross section through a thermal isolator. [Figure 7] FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a cross section passing through the outer periphery of the panel. [Figure 8A] FIG. 8A shows an arrangement of hexagonal panels. [Figure 8B] FIG. 8B shows an arrangement of hexagonal panels. [Figure 8C] FIG. 8C shows an arrangement of hexagonal panels. [Figure 8D]FIG. 8D shows an arrangement of hexagonal panels. [Figure 9] FIG. 9 shows a hexagonal panel and a number of spacing members. [Figure 9A] FIG. 9A is an exploded view of the components forming the panel of FIG. [Figure 10] Figure 10 shows the exterior of the hexagonal panel arrangement. [Figure 11] FIG. 11 shows the hexagonal perimeter that defines the volume of the retractable panel when bonded to the surface shown in FIG. [Figure 12A] FIG. 12A shows the perimeter of the panel and rim arrangement. [Figure 12B] FIG. 12B shows a cross section through the ambient thermal isolation arrangement. [Figure 12C] FIG. 12C shows the abutments of the adjacent panels. [Figure 13] FIG. 13 shows multiple hexagonal panels joined together to form a single unit or bank of panels. [Figure 14] FIG. 14 shows multiple hexagonal panels joined together to form a single unit or bank of panels. [Figure 15A] FIG. 15A shows one arrangement of hexagonal panels attached to a tank. [Figure 15B] FIG. 15B shows one arrangement of hexagonal panels mounted inside the hull of a vessel's room / hold space (cargo area). [Figure 16] FIG. 16 shows an example of vacuum coupling to a panel. [Figure 17] FIG. 17 is a diagram illustrating a transportation system for liquefied gases incorporating the insulation system described herein. [Figure 18] FIG. 18 is a diagram showing a matrix of the transportation system shown in FIG. [Figure 19A] 19A shows a top, side and end view of an exploded system as shown in FIG. [Figure 19B] FIG. 19B shows a top, side, and end view of an exploded system as shown in FIG. [Figure 19C] 19C shows a top, side and end view of an exploded system as shown in FIG. [Figure 20] FIG. 20 is a diagram showing an example of system dimensions. [Figure 21] FIG. 21 is a cross-sectional view of a marine vessel embodiment of the insulation system described herein. [Figure 22] FIG. 22 shows a cross section through the various layers that form such a system. [Figure 23] FIG. 23 is a cross section through one of the tank support legs. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0040] While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments have been shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the accompanying drawings and detailed description are not intended to limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed, but rather, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as claimed.

[0041] Any reference herein to a prior art document shall not be deemed an admission that such prior art is widely known or forms part of the general general knowledge in the field. As used herein, the words "comprises," "comprising," and similar words are not to be construed in an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is, they are intended to mean "including, but not limited to." The present invention is further described with reference to the following examples. It will be understood that the invention as claimed is not intended to be limited in any way by these examples. It will also be recognized that the present invention is directed to not only the individual embodiments but also combinations of the embodiments described herein.

[0042] The various embodiments described herein are presented solely to aid in the understanding and teaching of the claimed features. These embodiments are provided only as a representative sample of embodiments and are not intended to be exhaustive and / or exclusive. The advantages, embodiments, examples, functions, features, structures, and / or other aspects described herein should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention as defined by the claims or limitations on equivalents to the claims, and it will be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the claimed invention. Various embodiments of the present invention may suitably consist of, consist of, or consist essentially of any suitable combination of the disclosed elements, components, features, parts, steps, means, etc., other than those specifically described herein. Furthermore, the present disclosure may include other inventions not currently claimed but that may be claimed in the future.

[0043] It will be appreciated that the features of the aspects of the invention described herein can be used conveniently and interchangeably in any suitable combination.

[0044] FIG. 1A shows a cross section through a conventional gas carrier 1 adapted for the transport of liquefied gas cargo. The gas is liquefied and pumped into tanks on board the ship for long-distance transportation. To keep the gas in a liquefied state, the ship's tanks must be maintained at a very low temperature, necessitating special insulation of the cargo tanks.

[0045] The ship comprises a cargo support system 2 which provides support for cargo tanks 3 against and within the hull. The tanks 3 act as the primary containment barriers for the ship and are typically formed from steel or aluminum designated for cryogenic applications.

[0046] An inter-barrier space 4 is provided which defines a space between the tank 3 and a further secondary barrier. This may be the inner hull of the vessel, or may be another layer of insulation or the vessel's insulation arrangement. In such a case, the inter-barrier space provides an accessible space between the outer surface of the tank 3 and the insulation disposed on the surface of the inner hull.

[0047] Alternatively, the insulating arrangement may be constructed adjacent to or attached to the tank and itself act as a barrier, in which case the inter-barrier space would be defined by the distance from the outer surface of the tank 3 and the insulating arrangement which also acts as a barrier.

[0048] Tanks 3 are arranged to contain the ship's cargo, which may be a variety of liquefied gases. In one example, the cargo may be liquefied natural gas (LNG) maintained at a temperature of -163°C, and in another example, liquefied hydrogen maintained at a temperature of -253°C.

[0049] To comply with legal requirements for the transportation of liquefied gas, a secondary protective layer 5 is provided. This may be located on the interior surface of the hull or by other means. In the event of a failure or leak in the primary tank 3, the liquefied gas will enter a space, such as the inter-barrier space 4, where it can be contained by the secondary protective layer 5. This layer prevents the liquefied gas from contacting the hull, which, due to its extremely low temperature, could cause catastrophic damage to the hull.

[0050] The arrangement shown in Figure 1A is a common configuration for ships transporting liquefied gases such as LNG. These gas carriers have a primary safety tank to contain the cold liquid and a secondary backup tier system in case the primary tank leaks or fails.

[0051] A drawback to building such LNG carriers is the time and therefore cost involved, as well as challenges associated with the logistics of the construction process. As described herein, construction of such vessels can be slow because tanks cannot be installed until the vessel structure and secondary barriers are first installed on the hull surface.

[0052] An advantage of the present invention is that the overall construction time of a liquefied gas carrier can be reduced due to the method allowing components of the vessel to be installed in parallel.

[0053] Figure 1B is a close-up view of a corner of the conventional arrangement as shown in Figure 1A, where the inter-barrier space 4 and secondary insulation layer 5 are more clearly visible.

[0054] 2A and 2B show a side view and a cross section (respectively) through one embodiment of the thermal insulation arrangement described herein.

[0055] Figure 2A shows a typical arrangement of insulating arrangements. The arrangement 6 comprises a first inward-facing layer 7 and a second outward-facing layer 8. The inward-facing layer is positioned such that in use it faces or abuts a tank containing liquefied gas (e.g., primary containment tank 3 shown in Figure 1), i.e., the term "inward-facing" refers to the side of the arrangement that, in use, faces inward, towards the cold cargo.

[0056] The facing surface 8 is positioned such that, in use, it faces outwards from the inter-barrier space 4 or the hull (see Figures 1A and 1B), i.e. the cryogenic cargo.

[0057] 2B shows the arrangement in cross section. As shown, a first layer 7 and a second layer 8 are spaced apart by a distance d, which defines a cavity or space 9. Discrete elements 10 are disposed between the two layers or surfaces 7, 8 and maintain the space between the two layers.

[0058] 2A and 2B also illustrate corrugations 11 formed on one or both surfaces to increase structural strength by increasing the stiffness of the layer and additionally and advantageously accommodate thermal expansion and contraction of the surface of the panel.

[0059] 2A and 2B also show a vacuum valve 12 that allows air communication between the space within the arrangement and the external ambient conditions. The valve 12 is arranged to receive an air pump (vacuum pump) operable to reduce the pressure in the space between the layers to a vacuum or near-vacuum condition, as will be further described below.

[0060] Figure 3 shows another view of the unit shown in Figures 2A and 2B, showing the internal arrangement of the unit or panel. As shown, a series of corrugations 11 are disposed across and along the length of the panel. Referring to Figure 4A, a corresponding profile 11B is shown that fits within the corrugated profile 11 when two parts are brought together. Thus, the corrugations can increase the stiffness of the panel.

[0061] Returning to Figure 3, in one embodiment, the discrete elements separating surfaces 7, 8 are in the form of a plurality of elongated members 14A, 14B, 14C, 14D. It will be appreciated that any number of elements may be used. The discrete elements extend from one end of the panel to the other, supporting two faces along their entire length.

[0062] Each discrete interval allows air movement within the panel and between two opposing layers. Materials (14A-14D) are provided with a number of openings 13 that allow air to move freely within the panel. Thus, when air is drawn through the valve 12, the entire space within the panel can be evacuated of air and a vacuum can be created.

[0063] Advantageously, by forming a vacuum within the panel, as opposed to using insulating materials such as foam, the insulating properties of the panel can be significantly improved. Additionally, the weight of the panel can be significantly reduced because the spaces between the layers of the panel are voids of material and exclude air.

[0064] The two faces or layers 7, 8 are then structurally supported from one another by a plurality of discrete support elements, an example of which is shown in Figure 3. The layers and support elements may, by way of example, be manufactured from aluminum by extrusion. The panel is therefore capable of supporting or resisting forces caused by atmospheric pressure acting on the two faces 7, 8 and the perimeter 15 when air is sucked from the panel and a vacuum is established. The panel is further capable of supporting any external loads applied to the panel, which may result, for example, from a leak or rupture of a tank, causing the weight of the liquid to act on the panel.

[0065] 4A and 4B show an example of a panel construction that uses extruded layers 7, 8 to form two opposing layers of the panel. In one embodiment, each layer is extruded from aluminum, which advantageously allows the layers to be formed in any convenient length and width. This allows for a cost-effective and simple method for forming each layer, and further allows for the corrugations 11 to be formed quickly and easily.

[0066] Next, the outer periphery of each panel will be described with reference to FIGS. 5A and 5B.

[0067] As shown in Figure 5A, the perimeter P extends around the four sides of the panel and provides an impermeable seal when connected to the ends of each of the two opposing layers shown in Figures 4A and 4B. The ends have a profile complementary to the corrugations 11. The panel is formed by welding the perimeter P to the two layers, thereby forming an enclosed interior space bounded by the ends and a perimeter around the two opposing faces.

[0068] By way of example, the perimeter of each panel will now be described with reference to Figures 5A and 5B. The perimeter forms the lateral boundaries of the panel. When the inward and outward facing surfaces are joined to the perimeter (e.g., by welding), an enclosed volume is thereby formed. Air can be evacuated from this volume, creating a vacuum inside the arrangement.

[0069] 5B illustrates the perimeter as two adjacent but unconnected components P1 and P2, with a space S between the two perimeter components. This space can be bridged (as described below) with a dissimilar material that has lower heat transfer properties than the material used for P1 and / or P2. In this way, a thermal isolator can be formed.

[0070] The perimeter may advantageously be metal which may be conveniently welded in two layers to provide an impermeable surface around the perimeter of the panel.

[0071] Because the inward-facing panels will be in close proximity to the cold primary tank, the temperature of the inward-facing surfaces will be substantially lower than the temperature of the outward-facing layers, which may be, for example, ambient temperature or about seawater temperature.

[0072] In one embodiment of an apparatus for containing liquefied hydrogen, the inward-facing surface may be at a temperature below −250° C., while the outward-facing surface may be at a temperature above 0° C. Thus, there is a significant temperature difference or gradient across the panel.

[0073] Any suitable material can be used to form the layers of the panel and the discreet support elements. For example, aluminum can be used, which has a low density and can be corrugated to create a strong structure. However, aluminum has a thermal conductivity of approximately 121 W / mK, which disadvantageously allows ambient temperature to be conducted through the material to the cold side of the panel (and the liquefied gas-containing tank).

[0074] Therefore, a thermal isolator can be used to prevent heat transfer between the two surfaces, as shown in Figure 6, by way of example.

[0075] 6 shows first and second layers 7, 8 with a single, discrete support element 14 extending therebetween. The support element 14 is formed of a first portion 16 extending from the first layer and a second portion 17 extending from the second layer. The two portions may be coupled via a thermal break or isolator 18.

[0076] Thermal isolator 18 may be made of a dissimilar material to the two sections 16, 17. For example, layers 7, 8 and sections 16, 17 may be made of aluminum. In one embodiment, sections 16, 17 may be integrally formed with layers 7, 8, for example by extrusion, or may be welded at the intersections of the sections with their respective layers.

[0077] 6, the thermal isolator 18 may be a section of stainless steel, which has a much lower thermal conductivity than the adjacent aluminum (e.g., about 12 W / mK compared to 121 W / mK). In this way, heat is restricted from passing directly along the discrete elements and instead is prevented from passing through the thermal isolator.

[0078] In an arrangement where stainless steel is used for the isolator and aluminum is used for the two parts 17, 18, the connection may be by known welding techniques for connecting stainless steel to aluminum. Other suitable joining processes may also be applied.

[0079] The thermal isolator may alternatively be a polymer such as rubber, POM, PTFE or PEEK suitable for cryogenic applications. The connection may be made by adhesive bonding or vulcanization bonding.

[0080] Thermal isolators 18 may also be required around the perimeter of the panel, as shown in Figures 5A and 5B. A similar arrangement may be used, as shown in Figure 6. Importantly, the perimeter also experiences lateral forces due to atmospheric pressure acting on the perimeter when the internal air within the panel is evacuated. Therefore, thermal isolators are required to resist lateral or sideways movement.

[0081] Figure 7 shows one example of how surround 15 can be adapted to incorporate a thermal isolator. Here, isolator 18 is triangular in cross section, meaning that atmospheric pressure acts to bias the isolator into the gap between the first and second portions of surround 15. The isolator may alternatively be a welded plate or other shape.

[0082] The thermal isolators can be placed at any distance from the upper or lower layers 7,8.

[0083] In yet another example, the discrete support elements may be formed from wood such as plywood, bamboo, cardboard, or other materials that preferably have poor heat transfer properties.

[0084] 7 also illustrates a perimeter layer that can be used to conveniently allow two adjacent panels to be welded together. In such an arrangement, a single interior volume or space can be created by sealing one or more adjacent panels together via an impermeable weld joint. The weld can be applied, for example, to the top and bottom edges of two adjacent panels when they abut one another.

[0085] As noted above, the individual panels may be rectangular or square in shape so that adjacent shapes can be conveniently tessellated and joined together (e.g., by welding). Other shapes, including triangular, may also be used. A combination of different shapes may be used depending on the geometry of the tank or room / hold space to be insulated.

[0086] 8A-8C show alternative tessellated panels in the form of hexagons. Advantageously, the hexagons can be tessellated so that thermal expansion is uniform when measured radially outward from the center of the hexagon. FIG. 8D shows an exhaust valve that allows air to be evacuated to create a vacuum inside the hexagonal panel.

[0087] Next, the inside of the hexagonal panel will be described with reference to FIG.

[0088] The hexagonal panel may be constructed from a plurality of discrete support elements 14 arranged in a range of different distributions and configurations. In the example shown in Figure 9, instead of elongated strips of material extending along the panel or concentric rings spaced radially across the panel, the support elements are in the form of a plurality of columns.

[0089] The columns may be, for example, circular or hexagonal columns extending from the inward and outward facing surfaces, as shown in FIG. 9. The columns may rest directly on the inward and / or outward facing panels, or on a material-support layer applied to the inside of each layer. This material-support layer may advantageously have low thermal conductivity characteristics. The columns can then provide the support necessary to maintain the separation of the two surfaces or layers when a vacuum is drawn within the panel. Low thermal conductivity also means that heat does not transfer throughout the panel.

[0090] As shown in Figure 9, the columns may be hexagonal in shape, which advantageously allows the individual columns to tessellate within the body of the hexagonal panel and extend across the area of ​​the panel, thus accommodating vertical and lateral loads.

[0091] Each column can be constructed as described with reference to Figure 6 with an intermediate thermal isolator. However, it is also possible to use, advantageously, a single continuous material with low thermal conductivity, such as wood (e.g., plywood or wood composite), bamboo, cardboard, or stainless steel. In this way, thermal isolators can be used, which can increase convenience and reduce manufacturing costs.

[0092] Figure 9A shows the subcomponents that make up the hexagonal panel shown in Figure 9. As shown, a hexagonal arrangement of individual hexagonal columns is disposed between the top and bottom surfaces and within the perimeter of the panel.

[0093] In an alternative optional arrangement, the columns may themselves be filled with insulating materials such as Styrofoam, perlite, etc. Each column may be fully or partially filled with such materials, which may advantageously increase the strength and / or thermal properties of the panel. All or a subset of the columns may be filled so that a balance between strength, weight, and thermal performance can be achieved.

[0094] Figures 9 and 10 show details of the interior of the hexagonal panel. Figure 10 also shows two perimeter portions P1 and P2, which correspond to the perimeter described above with reference to Figure 5B. Figure 11 shows the perimeter 22 of the hexagonal panel.

[0095] Each column shown in Figure 9 may further include holes, slots, or openings that allow air to pass through each column. Thus, air can be drawn from each column through the valves, creating a vacuum throughout the panel and within each column. Pressure differences within the panel are avoided, and the thermal properties of the vacuum are maintained.

[0096] The requirement for the hexagonal panels remains that they be airtight (gas tight) all around while maintaining the required insulating properties between the inward and outward facing surfaces, which can be achieved by referring to Figure 12A.

[0097] FIG. 12A shows one embodiment of a hexagonal panel arrangement.

[0098] The panel comprises an inwardly facing surface 7 and an outwardly facing surface 8, and two further lips or rims Ri and Ro.

[0099] The rim or lip is additionally illustrated in Figure 8C, where it can be seen that the rim extends from the outward facing surface around the periphery of the panel. The function of the rim is explained below.

[0100] The rim is angled relative to the vertical sides of the panel's perimeter, as indicated by angle a (greater than 90 degrees). The panel is composed of an outwardly facing component P1 and an inwardly facing component P2, as also shown in Figures 8C and 10. A separation S is provided between the two components that form the opposing faces of the hexagonal panel.

[0101] To create a seal around the periphery of the panel, a thin layer of stainless steel 20 is bonded to the periphery of the panel so as to overlap the separation S and to bond to the two components P1 and P2.

[0102] The stainless steel layer may advantageously be bonded to an inner liner of wood or similar material within the periphery of the panel, which itself extends across the separation S. The provision of a backing layer allows the stainless steel layer to be extremely thin, thereby simultaneously providing (a) the required airtight surface around the periphery of the panels, and (b) the required thermal isolation around the periphery of each panel.

[0103] The stainless steel may extend the entire depth of the panel, ie, from L1 to L2 in FIG. 12B.

[0104] Figure 12B shows a thin stainless steel layer and backing as described above. The thickness of the material forming the arrangement shown in Figure 12A may be selected according to the desired thermal and structural performance of the panel. For example, the dimensions may be within the following ranges: Outer layer thickness range: 0.2mm~1mm Inner layer thickness range: 0.2mm~1mm Separation S range: up to 200mm Thickness of the thermal isolation layer: smaller than the thickness of the adjacent material, e.g., 0.8 mm when the thickness of the adjacent material is 1 mm

[0105] FIG. 12C is a diagram illustrating the functions of the outer rim Ro and the inner rim Ri.

[0106] As shown, two adjacent insulating arrangements A1 and A2 are abutted to form part of a tessellated arrangement of an insulating system, where the two adjacent arrangements A1 and A2 come into contact along six linear perimeter lines of a hexagonal shape when the arrangement is tessellated.

[0107] Now, at point J in Figure 12C, a weld bead can be formed to weld the two arrangements together. The weld itself forms a gas-tight seal that prevents the passage of air from the cold side of the arrangement to the ambient side. If the arrangement is to be connected to a tank, the weld is placed on the ambient side of the panel; conversely, if the arrangement is to be placed on the hull, the weld is placed on the cold side of the panel.

[0108] The angle a of the rims allows some flexibility and movement of the adjacent arrangements A1 and A2. Thermal contraction on the cold side of the panel tends to push the two adjacent rims apart. On the perimeter side of the panel, thermal expansion tends to pull the adjacent rims together.

[0109] Advantageously, the cold or ambient side of the panel will not be rigidly bonded to the tank or hull to allow heat transfer of the insulating arrangement to the tank / hull surface as the tank is emptied (and potentially warmed) and refilled (and therefore cooled). Advantageously, the connection to the tank or hull is flexible to allow relative movement between the tank / hull and the panel.

[0110] To fully optimize thermal performance, the gaps In formed between adjacent panels may be filled with insulating material. For example, the gaps may be filled with polyurethane, mineral wool, EPS (expanded polystyrene), or other insulating material that can be conveniently positioned with the gap to fill the space. Alternatively, a vacuum may be introduced into the gap.

[0111] Figures 13 and 14 show multiple hexagonal panels joined together for connection to the inner hull of a vessel or the outer surface of a tank. In such an arrangement, a perimeter impermeable seal is only required around the outermost perimeter of the entire arrangement, as opposed to the perimeter of each individual panel. Thus, a single interior volume of the arrangement is provided, and a single evacuation valve may be used. This allows for faster installation and evacuation of the arrangement.

[0112] In situations where adjacent groups or panels are brought together on a surface, any voids between adjacent groups may advantageously be filled with an insulating material such as foam as described above, or a vacuum may be introduced into the voids.

[0113] Furthermore, it facilitates convenient checking and monitoring of the vacuum level within the arrangement, which is critical to the thermal performance of the arrangement. In such an arrangement, only one valve needs to be checked to determine the internal pressure of multiple connected panels. Additionally or alternatively, a pressure gauge may be installed.

[0114] FIG. 15A shows the installation of a hexagonal arrangement on the outer surface of a tank.

[0115] FIG. 15B shows the installation of the hexagonal arrangement inside the hull of a ship in the interior / hold space (luggage compartment).

[0116] Figure 16 shows the vacuum connections connected to vacuum valves on the panels and associated conduits through which air can be evacuated. It will be appreciated that multiple individual panels or banks of panels can be connected to a single vacuum pump to create one or more vacuums. For example, a manifold arrangement may be provided to allow convenient connection and maintenance.

[0117] While the above examples relate to hexagonal panels, it will be appreciated that the same approach can be used for other shapes that can be quadrilateralized. This could be, for example, square or triangular panels. Depending on the shape of the tank being insulated, a combination of different shapes can be utilized and tessellated to provide a complete barrier over the entire surface of the tank or the interior surface of the hull. Rim and perimeter thermal isolation structures can also be used with different shaped panels as well.

[0118] Monitoring of the insulation arrangement can be achieved using temperature and / or pressure monitoring.

[0119] Each panel or panels defined by an impermeable seal may be connected to a pressure control and monitoring system and a vacuum pump via a vacuum valve 12. Deviations between the defined vacuum pressure, the default value, and the actual pressure are monitored. The vacuum pump connected to the grid (bank) of panels is activated when and as needed to restore the default vacuum pressure.

[0120] Alternatively, instead of or in addition to pressure, temperature can be applied as a monitored parameter. Temperature measurements can be made using sensors such as thermocouples or passive ones such as infrared (IR) cameras to monitor changes in temperature between panels relative to the desired operating temperature. If the temperature rises above a pre-set default value, a loss of vacuum is indicated. A vacuum pump connected to a panel or grid of panels is activated to restore the default vacuum pressure when needed.

[0121] It will be appreciated that the insulation arrangements described herein may be used to enable the transport of liquefied gases in cargo applications such as those described above, i.e., where large capacity tanks are used in ships specifically constructed for transporting liquefied gases. The inventors have established that the insulating panel arrangements may also be used in other related applications. For example, the panels may be attached to the tanks themselves or, if the tanks are not insulated, to the walls of the room / hold space in which the uninsulated tanks are located.

[0122] Additionally or alternatively, LNG fuel tanks may be implemented using the insulation arrangements described herein.

[0123] Additionally or alternatively, liquid hydrogen (LH2) fuel tanks may be implemented using the insulating arrangements described herein. Thus, by providing such an insulated fuel tank capable of containing liquefied hydrogen, clean fuels can be used.

[0124] The above discussion has focused on the use of insulation arrangements in dedicated cargo ships with large tanks or several large tanks as shown in Figure 15, and also on fuel tanks (either LNG / LH2). However, it is also possible to realise modular cargo arrangements as just described with reference to Figures 17 to 20.

[0125] 17 shows a liquefied gas transport arrangement 26 incorporating the insulation arrangement described herein. The transport arrangement is arranged to be contained within the dimensions of an ISO standard container, such as, but not limited to, a 20-foot, 40-foot, or 45-foot length, including a high cube cargo container of the type used to transport cargo on ships, or any other suitable skid-like structure.

[0126] The external structure 27 is arranged so that separate transport arrangements can be coupled together, as shown in Figure 18. An array of individual liquefied gas transport arrangements can then be secured together for transport, for example, within a cargo ship or on deck. In Figure 18, 12 individual liquefied gas transport arrangements are coupled together to form an array of tanks.

[0127] Next, insulation of the arrangement will be described with reference to Figures 19 and 20.

[0128] Figure 19A is a plan view of the arrangement, Figure 19B is a side view of the arrangement, and Figure 19C is an end view.

[0129] 19A is an exploded perspective view of the components that make up the insulating layer surrounding the tank. Tank 28 is arranged to contain a liquefied gas such as hydrogen (LH2) or LNG. Tank 28 is surrounded by an insulating layer that is itself formed of four sections. While any number of sections can be used, it will be appreciated that using four sections increases the simplicity of the construction.

[0130] The tank 28 may be surrounded by two end sections 29A, 29B and two sleeve sections 30A, 30B. The sleeve sections 30A, 30B are slidably positioned over the length of the tank. The tank is then "sealed" by locking the end sections 29A, 29B together, forming an enclosure around the tank 28. Referring to Figure 17, the enclosed tank is shown with an access port 31 for loading, unloading, and vacuuming the insulation.

[0131] The insulation layer may be in the form of a tessellated arrangement of individual panels, as described herein. However, the sleeve arrangement shown in Figures 19A-19C allows for the use and convenient manufacture of longer cross sections of the insulation layer with the same vacuum interior cavity. As described herein, spacing Materials can be used to provide the necessary structural support for the insulation when a vacuum is drawn within the layer.

[0132] interval Materials may be discrete elements or may be elongated members extending along the length of the sleeve (and within the space defined between the tank-facing layer and the outward-facing layer), allowing for convenient manufacture, such as by extrusion.

[0133] Figure 20 shows side, end, and plan views of the arrangement, with dimensions suitable for checking against the size of containers used on cargo ships and in international shipping. The arrangement can therefore be conveniently operated using conventional logistics systems without requiring special equipment or configurations for loading and unloading.

[0134] In another arrangement, the tank 28 may be cylindrical and the sleeve may be a correspondingly cylindrical shape to surround the cylindrical tank, and the ends would be two opposing concave insulating "caps" on either end of the tank.

[0135] The arrangements described herein for vacuum, temperature sensing and boil-off processing / control may be conveniently located within the outer confines of the vessel, for example, if a single vessel is used. Alternatively, multiple vessels may be connected to a primary vessel that houses the control and monitoring equipment for the vacuum, temperature sensing and boil-off arrangements, for example, if multiple vessels are used together.

[0136] It will also be appreciated that each vessel may be equipped with appropriate conduits and connectors to allow vacuum to be drawn from multiple vessel insulation arrangements from a single vacuum source. Electrical connections may also be provided for communication of power and temperature / pressure information between the vessels. In this manner, a completely modular system of vessels may be achieved.

[0137] The invention described herein may also be used in marine fuel tank applications, as previously mentioned.

[0138] In any of the above configurations, the arrangement may include a boil-off management system to limit the pressure buildup in the tank that develops as the liquid vaporizes to a gas and ensure it remains within a safe level. This may include re-liquefaction for refilling.

[0139] Yet another example of insulation and transportation according to the invention described herein is described with reference to FIGS.

[0140] The insulation arrangement described above is formed of a plurality of discrete units which may be closely aligned to either the tank surface and / or the hull surface as described above.

[0141] This is further explained with reference to Figure 21, which shows a cross section of a liquefied gas carrier 32, including the vessel's superstructure above the cargo storage tank(s). Here, the vessel 32 contains a tank 33 in which the liquefied fuel is loaded and stored during transport. The tank 33 is supported within the structure of the vessel 32 by a number of supports or "feet" 34. The supports 34 connect the tank to the hull and provide structural support for the tank 33, as well as a thermal break between the cold tank and the underside of the hull, as will be explained further below.

[0142] Figure 21 also illustrates a primary layer of insulation 35, positioned adjacent to and bonded to the tank 33, as described above in connection with the panels. Also illustrated is a secondary layer of insulation 36, positioned adjacent to and bonded to the hull.

[0143] A cavity 37 is disposed between the primary insulation layer 35 and the secondary insulation layer 36. As mentioned above, this cavity may form part of the vessel's insulation system by providing an additional thermal step between the cold liquid in the tank and the relatively warm liquid in the sea. This cavity 37 may be filled with inert nitrogen gas, helium gas, or a vacuum may be applied.

[0144] As shown in Figure 22, there is a cavity V1 between the primary insulation layer 35 and the surface of the tank 33. This cavity or gap may be filled with a gas, advantageously having a condensation temperature lower than that of the liquid in the tank, and a vacuum may be applied.

[0145] Two possible gases are helium (which condenses at a temperature of approximately -269°C) and hydrogen gas (which condenses at a temperature of approximately -253°C). A third option is to evacuate cavity 37. In each of these three scenarios, the contents of the cavity are prevented from condensing into ice or slush within the cavity. It will be appreciated that in a vacuum, no gas is present.

[0146] Perfect contact between the primary insulation and the tank, and between the secondary insulation and the (inner) hull, is unlikely to be achieved, resulting in small separations between the respective insulation panels and surfaces, creating air gaps. The air gap between the tank and the insulation maintains a temperature slightly higher than the temperature of the load when the tank is carrying a load such as LH2. If this gap is filled with air containing oxygen and nitrogen, these components will condense at -183°C and -196°C, respectively, forming ice. Other gases, except hydrogen and helium (which condense at -269°C), will also condense and cause the same problem.

[0147] Thus, by applying helium or hydrogen to the cavity, the gas advantageously remains gaseous at this low temperature, i.e., it does not condense or form ice. A third method is to evacuate the cavity.

[0148] It is not exposed to temperature. The cavity can be filled with air, nitrogen or helium.

[0149] The two gaps between the tank / insulation and the insulation / hull may not be intentional. Both are a result of the fact that no adhesive is used to bond the insulation to the surface, meaning it is never a perfect fit and there will always be some gap between the insulation and the surface. On the warm side, this is not a disadvantage. On the cold side, however, such gaps between the insulation and the tank are a disadvantage. The temperature of this gap is slightly higher than the temperature of the tank itself. If air were to enter this gap, the oxygen and nitrogen in the air would condense at -183°C and -196°C, respectively, forming unwanted ice. Other gases, except helium (-269°C) and hydrogen, would also condense. If hydrogen were used, the hydrogen outside the tank would not condense because it would be slightly higher than the condensation temperature of hydrogen.

[0150] In this way, a multi-layer insulation system 38 can be created, with the following layers starting from the tank within the vessel: This is explained with reference to Figure 22, which is a cross section through a portion of the insulation layer shown in Figure 21.

[0151] A multi-layer insulation system can be divided into the following layers:

[0152] [Table 1]

[0153] [Table 2]

[0154] The inventors have established that the lowest thermal performance is achieved with polyurethane / polyurethane pairs and the optimum thermal performance is achieved with tessellating panels / multiple panels (as described with reference to Figures 1-20). Furthermore, the vacuum arrangement in such panels provides the best thermal performance.

[0155] Thus, with reference to Tables 1, 2, and FIG. 22, it will be appreciated that complex thermal arrangements may be provided for containers in accordance with the invention described herein.

[0156] Advantageously, the thermal properties of each layer may be optimized for a particular cargo. Furthermore, manufacturing and installation are simplified and may be adapted to form multiple air gap layers. The tight manufacturing tolerances allow for greater tolerances in tank and hull shapes while allowing for additional air gap layers.

[0157] FIG. 23 shows a support for the "foot" 34 shown in FIG.

[0158] The supports 34 provide structural support for the tank, physical location of the tank (i.e., preventing movement), and a thermal barrier to prevent heat from the surrounding seawater from being transferred to the tank. Additionally, to maintain the integrity of the air gap, the perimeter of each support or leg must be sealed to prevent gas escape, ingress, or loss of vacuum.

[0159] This is achieved by means of the load-bearing main member 40, which is positioned below the hull and above the tank.

[0160] As noted above, the described voids can be filled with helium. Helium liquefies at a lower temperature than hydrogen and can be used within the voids to prevent ice / sludge formation. In such an arrangement, an additional supply system for helium, and therefore piping / valving arrangements to individual voids, may be provided (using similar arrangements as described above). The perimeter of each void can be sealed to prevent the passage or egress of a selected gas, such as helium.

[0161] Figure 23 shows the connection between the tank and the underside of the hull, i.e. how the tank is supported and critically insulated.

[0162] Figure 23 shows one of the multiple legs 34 shown in Figure 21. As shown, the leg arrangement consists of a thermal break 40 that provides a structural connection between the tank wall 33 and the hull. This may be made of any suitable material, including, for example, wood.

[0163] As shown, the primary insulation layer 35 is positioned to follow the contour of the side of the steel support structure 41 that extends from the thermal break 40 to the tank 33. This contour of the layer 35 provides continuity of insulation around the leg structure.

[0164] A metal weld cap or hat 42 is welded to the inner surface of the metal outer layer 43 of the insulation panel or layer 36 to provide a gas seal to enclose the thermal bridge / tank support 40. The weld encloses the foot, thereby providing a gas seal to maintain the integrity of the cavity 37, which may be filled with an inert gas such as nitrogen, as described above.

[0165] The trapezoid shape of the tank's "legs" (trapeze) resting on the supports (40) is a closed steel box, with an internal void that may be a vacuum. The inventors have demonstrated that the panels and insulation arrangements described herein, including multiple insulation layers and air gap arrangements, can also be applied to spheroid tanks, essentially football or prolate spheroid shapes, where each plane of the spheroid corresponds to a panel described herein. The panels may be constructed with various numbers of sides, including pentagonal and hexagonal shapes, each welded or bonded together.

[0166] Viewed from another aspect, there is provided a modular insulation arrangement for a marine vessel comprising one or more tessellation insulation units as described herein positioned against or adjacent to a cargo holding tank of the marine vessel, defining a first layer of insulation and a second layer of insulation spaced apart from the first layer to define a space therebetween.

[0167] The second layer may also be multiple tessellated insulation units, or a layer or polyurethane (e.g., spray-on). If used for LNG but not LH2, the second insulation layer may not be necessary.

[0168] The gap or cavity between one or more tessellation insulation units and the cargo holding tanks and the ship may be filled with a gas selected from helium or hydrogen, and a vacuum may be applied, which may in turn be applied to tessellation panels that form an insulating layer against or adjacent to the ship's hull or ballast water tanks (which are often part of the ship's hull).

Claims

1. 1. A modular insulation arrangement comprising one or more tessellation insulation units, each of the one or more tessellation insulation units having a first inward-facing layer and a second outward-facing layer spaced apart from the first inward-facing layer, the two layers defining a space therebetween, one or more spacing members extending between the first inward-facing layer and the second outward-facing layer, surfaces defining a perimeter extending around the first inward-facing layer, the second outward-facing layer and the modular insulation arrangement being air impermeable surfaces, the one or more spacing members being in the form of a plurality of columns extending between the first inward-facing layer and the second outward-facing layer, each column including an opening allowing air to enter and exit a volume within the column. A modular insulation arrangement characterized by:

2. 2. The modular insulation arrangement of claim 1, wherein a space between the first inward-facing layer and the second outward-facing layer and surfaces defining the periphery of the modular insulation arrangement define an interior volume for the modular insulation arrangement, and wherein the one or more spacing members are positioned to resist atmospheric pressure acting on the first inward-facing layer, the second outward-facing layer and the surfaces defining the periphery extending around the modular insulation arrangement when air in the interior volume is evacuated.

3. 3. The modular insulation arrangement of claim 2, further comprising a valve in fluid communication with the internal volume, the valve being positioned to allow air to be evacuated from the internal volume in use.

4. 4. The modular insulation arrangement of claim 1, wherein the air-impermeable surface defining the periphery of the modular insulation arrangement is formed from a first portion bonded to the first inward-facing layer and a second portion bonded to the second outward-facing layer, and further includes a third portion bonded to the first and second portions.

5. 5. The modular insulation arrangement of claim 4, wherein the third portion has a lower coefficient of thermal conductivity than the first portion and / or the second portion.

6. 6. A modular insulation arrangement according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the one or more spacing members are formed in whole or in part from a material selected from wood, plywood, wood composite, bamboo, cardboard, polyurethane, PEEK, PTFEE or stainless steel.

7. 7. The modular insulation arrangement of claim 1, wherein the one or more spacing members are formed of a first portion extending from the first inward-facing layer, a second portion extending from the second outward-facing layer, and an intermediate portion connecting the first and second portions of the one or more spacing members.

8. 8. The modular insulation arrangement of claim 7, wherein the intermediate portion has a lower coefficient of thermal conductivity than the first portion and / or the second portion.

9. 9. The modular insulation arrangement of claim 7 or 8, wherein the first and second portions of the one or more spacing members are formed from aluminum or an alloy thereof, and the intermediate portion is formed from a material selected from the list of aluminum, an aluminum alloy, stainless steel, rubber, POM, PTFE or PEEK.

10. A modular insulation arrangement as described in any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the periphery of each of the one or more tessellation insulation units has a connecting surface for abutting an adjacent tessellation insulation unit, said connecting surface providing continuous contact between adjacent units along said connecting surface when adjacent units are brought together.

11. 11. The modular insulation arrangement of claim 10, wherein the connecting surface is in the form of a radially extending rim extending from the periphery of the one or more tessellation insulation units.

12. A modular insulation arrangement as described in claim 11, characterized in that each of the one or more tessellation insulation units includes a first radially extending rim on the first inwardly facing layer of each of the one or more tessellation insulation units and a second radially extending rim on the second outwardly facing layer of each of the one or more tessellation insulation units.

13. 13. The modular insulation arrangement of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the one or more tessellation insulation units have a shape selected from a triangle, a square, a rectangle, a hexagon or a tessellated polygon.

14. 14. The modular insulation arrangement of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the one or more tessellation insulation units are hexagonal and the one or more spacing members have a hexagonal cross-section.

15. 15. The modular insulation arrangement of claim 14, wherein the one or more spacing members are in the form of a single matrix of hexagonal columns.

16. 16. An insulation system comprising a plurality of modular insulation arrangements according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the modular insulation arrangements are in gas communication with one another such that evacuation of one modular insulation arrangement causes aspiration of air from the other modular insulation arrangements.

17. 17. The insulation system of claim 16, wherein adjacent modular insulation arrangements are welded together along the perimeter of each modular insulation arrangement.

18. 18. An insulation system according to claim 16 or 17, further comprising one or more air pumps in gaseous communication with one or more insulation arrangements and arranged to draw air from each said insulation arrangement in use.

19. A. a pressure detector arranged, in use, to monitor the pressure within each said modular insulation arrangement, the pressure detector further comprising a control arrangement arranged to operate an air pump in response to the detected pressure; and / or B. A temperature sensor arranged to monitor the temperature within each said modular insulation arrangement in use, the temperature sensor further comprising a control arrangement arranged to operate an air pump in response to the detected temperature.

19. The insulation system of any one of claims 16 to 18, further comprising:

20. 20. A cryogenic containment tank comprising an outer insulation layer formed from a modular insulation arrangement according to any one of claims 1 to 15 or an insulation system according to any one of claims 16 to 19.

21. 21. An ocean-going vessel comprising the cryogenic storage tank of claim 20.

22. 16. A method of insulating a cryogenic storage tank comprising a modular insulation arrangement according to any one of claims 1 to 15, the method comprising evacuating the space of one or more modular insulation arrangements.

23. The method of claim 22, wherein the vacuum is measured intermittently and further evacuation is performed to maintain the vacuum.

24. 1. A liquefied gas transport arrangement comprising: a tank for storing liquefied gas; and an insulating layer surrounding an outer surface of the tank, the insulating layer having the form of a first inward-facing layer facing the tank and a second outward-facing layer facing away from the tank, the first inward-facing layer and the second outward-facing layer being spaced apart from one another to define a space between the first inward-facing layer and the second outward-facing layer, one or more spacing members extending between the first inward-facing layer and the second outward-facing layer, the surfaces defining the first inward-facing layer and the second outward-facing layer being air-impermeable surfaces, the one or more spacing members being in the form of a plurality of columns extending between the first inward-facing layer and the second outward-facing layer, each column including an opening allowing air to enter and exit a volume within the column.

25. 25. A liquefied gas transport arrangement as described in claim 24, wherein the insulation layer surrounding the tank is divided into separate insulation sections, the separate insulation sections being arranged in use to abut each other to encase the tank.

26. 26. A liquefied gas transport arrangement as described in claim 24 or 25, characterized in that the liquefied gas transport arrangement is housed within a support structure, and the support structures are arranged, in use, to be coupled to adjacent corresponding support structures to form an array of individual liquefied gas transport arrangements.

27. ​​A marine insulation system comprising one or more tessellation insulation units as described in any one of claims 1 to 14 positioned against or adjacent to a cargo holding tank of a ship and defining a first insulation layer, the system having a second insulation layer positioned spaced apart from the first inward-facing layer and defining a space therebetween.

28. 30. The marine insulation system of claim 27, wherein the second insulation layer may also be a plurality of tessellated insulation units, or layers or polyurethane.

29. 29. A marine insulation system according to claim 27 or 28, wherein a gap or cavity between the one or more tessellation insulation units and the cargo holding tanks of the marine vessel may be filled with a gas selected from helium or hydrogen, or may be evacuated.

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