Salts, crystalline forms, and methods for making same

Abstract

To provide: shelf-stable, readily bioavailable, pharmaceutical dosage forms for (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine; and a reliable, reproducible process for preparing the same.SOLUTION: Provided are: salts of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine and various crystal forms thereof; compositions, medicaments and pharmaceutically acceptable formulations thereof; and methods of making same. Further provided are: compounds including specific particle size distributions of crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine HCl; and methods of making and modulating the particle size distributions.SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 710,416, filed February 16, 2018, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field Provided herein are (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine salts and polymorphs thereof, formulations containing them, methods for making them, and methods for using them to treat various diseases and disorders. Provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions containing (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride and polymorphs thereof, methods for making the compositions, and methods for using them to treat various diseases and disorders. [Background technology]

[0002] (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine is described in U.S. Patent No. 8,710,245 (the '245 patent). It has the following chemical structure: [ka]

[0003] The use of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine in the treatment, prevention, or management of affective disorders and various other central nervous system disorders is also disclosed in the '245 patent.

[0004] Drug substances are most often administered orally via solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules. Tablets remain a popular dosage form due to the advantages they offer both to manufacturers (e.g., simplicity and economy of manufacturing, stability and convenience of packaging) and patients (e.g., dosage accuracy, compactness, portability, lack of taste, and ease of administration). Tablet preparation almost always requires the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) to be in a solid state. Manufacturing solid APIs requires obtaining a product with reproducible properties, such as chemical purity and composition. For crystalline solid APIs that exhibit polymorphism, producing the desired polymorph is important to ensure the bioavailability and stability of the drug substance. In addition to polymorphism considerations, tablet manufacturing is often sensitive to crystal size and morphology. While the goal of many crystallization operations is to produce crystals large enough to be easily isolated with standard filtration equipment, smaller particle sizes are often desired to enhance dissolution rate, improve bioavailability, and facilitate tablet formation. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0005] A reliable and reproducible process for preparing a storage-stable and readily bioavailable pharmaceutical dosage form for (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine is highly desirable. [Means for solving the problem]

[0006] Overview The present disclosure provides salts of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine, formulations or compositions containing these salts, methods for making the compound, salts, formulations or compositions thereof, and polymorphs of the salts. In various aspects, the present invention relates to substantially pure crystalline forms of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride, methods for making same, compositions, medicaments and formulations containing same, and methods of using same to treat various diseases and disorders.

[0007] In various aspects, (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride ((S)-TPMA HCl) is provided. In various embodiments, a crystalline form of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride, crystalline Form A, is provided. In various embodiments, Form A of crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks at 9.6±0.2°, 14.9±0.2°, 20.5±0.2°, and 25.1±0.2° in terms of two-theta, and in various embodiments further comprising peaks at 20.2±0.2° and 20.8±0.2°, and comprising prominent peaks at two or more of 17.9±0.2°, 24.8±0.2°, and 27.1±0.2°.

[0008] In various embodiments, the present invention provides substantially enantiomerically pure crystalline forms of (S)-TPMA HCl Form A. For example, in various embodiments, the present invention provides crystalline forms of TPMA HCl comprising greater than about 90% (S)-TPMA HCl and 10% (R)-TPMA HCl, greater than about 95% (S)-TPMA HCl and less than 5% (R)-TPMA HCl, greater than about 97% (S)-TPMA HCl and less than 3% (R)-TPMA HCl, greater than about 99% (S)-TPMA HCl and less than 1% (R)-TPMA HCl, greater than about 99.5% (S)-TPMA HCl and less than 0.5% (R)-TPMA HCl, greater than about 99.7% (S)-TPMA HCl and less than 0.3% (R)-TPMA HCl, greater than about 99.9% (S)-TPMA HCl and less than 0.1% (R)-TPMA HCl.

[0009] In various embodiments, the present invention provides a substantially chemically pure crystalline form of Form A (S)-TPMA HCl. For example, in various embodiments, the present invention provides Form A (S)-TPMA HCl having greater than about 80% chemical purity, greater than about 90% chemical purity, greater than about 95% chemical purity, greater than about 97% chemical purity, greater than about 99% chemical purity, greater than about 99.5% chemical purity, greater than about 99.7% chemical purity, or greater than about 99.9% chemical purity. In various embodiments, crystalline Form A (S)-TPMA HCl is provided having less than 8000 ppm residual solvent, less than 6000 ppm residual solvent, less than 4000 ppm residual solvent, less than 2000 ppm residual solvent, less than 1000 ppm residual solvent, less than 800 ppm residual solvent, or less than 500 ppm residual solvent. Parts per million (ppm) are based on the weight of the solvent as a ratio of the weight of the compound plus the solvent, as is commonly understood. (USP 40, § <467> reference)

[0010] In various embodiments, methods for preparing (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride as crystalline Form A are provided.

[0011] In various embodiments, the method comprises: (a) dissolving (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine free base in a solvent system containing an alkyl alcohol of 4 or fewer carbon atoms; (b) adding excess HCl to an alkyl alcohol of 4 carbon atoms or less; and (c) isolating the crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride. In various embodiments, the alkyl alcohol is one or more of n-propanol, isopropanol, and n-butanol, and in various embodiments, the alkyl alcohol is preferably isopropanol.

[0012] In various embodiments of the process for preparing (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride as Form A, the process comprises: (a) combining racemic-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine with a stoichiometric excess of (R)-mandelic acid in a solvent; (b) isolating (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine R-mandelate; (c) liberation of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine from the (R)-mandelate salt; (d) dissolving (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine in a solvent system containing an alkyl alcohol of 4 carbon atoms or less; (e) adding HCl to an alkyl alcohol of 4 carbon atoms or less; (f) isolating the crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride. In various embodiments, the alkyl alcohol is one or more of n-propanol, isopropanol, and n-butanol, and in various embodiments, the alkyl alcohol is preferably isopropanol.

[0013] In various embodiments, a solid oral dosage form is provided that includes a tablet core and an optional coating. The tablet core includes about 30 mg to about 120 mg of crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride Form A; and one or more of: (a) one or more fillers, such as mannitol and microcrystalline cellulose; (b) a disintegrant; and (c) a lubricant. In various embodiments, the optional tablet coating includes one or more of: (a) a polymeric coating system; and (b) an abrasive, such as carnauba wax.

[0014] In various aspects, the present disclosure relates to methods of treating neurological diseases or disorders with compositions, formulations, and / or medicaments comprising (S)-TPMA, salts, and polymorphs thereof. In various aspects, the present disclosure relates to methods of treating neurological diseases or disorders with compositions, formulations, and / or medicaments comprising crystalline (S)-TPMA HCl. In various preferred embodiments, the crystalline (S)-TPMA HCl comprises crystalline Form A of (S)-TPMA HCl. Neurological diseases and disorders include, but are not limited to, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, negative symptoms of schizophrenia, prodromal schizophrenia, delusional disorder, psychosis, attenuated psychotic syndrome, Parkinson's disease psychosis, psychotic disorder, delirium, Tourette's syndrome, post-traumatic stress disorder, behavioral disorder, affective disorder, depression, bipolar depression, major depressive disorder, dysthymia, bipolar disorder, mania, seasonal affective disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, narcolepsy, REM behavior disorder, substance abuse or addiction, Lesch-Nyhan disease, Wilson's disease, autism, Alzheimer's disease with agitation and / or psychosis, and Huntington's chorea.

[0015] These and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of various aspects and embodiments of the invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying tables and drawings.

[0016] In the accompanying drawings, like reference numerals indicate like elements and features in the various views. For clarity, not every element is labeled in every view. Moreover, the drawings are not necessarily complete when viewed without reference to the text, emphasis instead being placed on illustrating the principles of the invention.

[0017] The following abbreviations are used herein: the abbreviation DSC means differential scanning calorimetry; the abbreviation XRD means X-ray diffraction; the abbreviation XRPD means X-ray powder diffraction; the abbreviation NMR means nuclear magnetic resonance; the abbreviation DVS means dynamic vapor sorption; the abbreviation FBRM means focused beam reflectometry; the abbreviation HPLC means high performance liquid chromatography; and the abbreviation GC means gas chromatography; the abbreviation PSD means particle size distribution; the abbreviations D4,3 and D(4,3) mean particle size distribution by volume. The abbreviation D50 means the median of the distribution where half of the population is above this value and half is below; the abbreviation D10 means the point on the distribution where 10% of the population is below this value; the abbreviation D90 means the point on the distribution where 90% of the population is below this value; the abbreviation PVM means Particle Visual Measurement; the abbreviation TPMA means (4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine. Other abbreviations not explicitly stated herein have their usual meaning in the art. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0018] [Figure 1A-D] Figures 1A, 1B, 1C, and 1D show SEM images of crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride; polymorphic form A (Figures 1A and 1B) and polymorphic form B (Figures 1C and 1D). [Figure 2A-B] Figures 2A and 2B show XRPD patterns for (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride Form A; Figure 2A is the XRPD measured in transmission mode, and Figure 2B is the XRPD measured in reflection mode. [Figure 2C] FIG. 2C shows the XRPD pattern of Form B of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride. [Figure 3A]FIG. 3A is a DSC thermogram of polymorphic Form A of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride. [Figure 3B-C] 3B and 3C are DSC thermograms of polymorphic Form B of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride. [Figure 4A-E] Figures 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, and 4E show Raman spectra of various types of polymorphic Form A and Form B (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride; where Figure 4A shows the Raman spectrum of Form A, Figure 4B shows the Raman spectrum of Form B, Figure 4C shows the Raman spectrum of both Form A (lower trace) and Form B (upper trace), Figure 4D shows the terahertz (THz) Raman spectrum of Form A peak at 1089 cm (wavenumber), and Figure 4E shows the terahertz (THz) Raman spectrum of Form B peak at 1162 cm (wavenumber). [Figure 5] FIG. 5 is a DVS water sorption isotherm for polymorphic Form A of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride. [Figure 6A-B] 6A and 6B show various HCl dose profile data of Example 2 for polymorphic Form A of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride. [Figure 7A-B] 7A and 7B show various PSD (particle size distribution) data of Example 2 for polymorphic Form A of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride. [Figure 8A-C]Figures 8A, 8B, and 8C show various PSD (particle size distribution) data of Example 2 for polymorphic Form A of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride. [Figure 9A] FIG. 9A shows various PSD (particle size distribution) data of Example 2 for polymorphic Form A of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride. [Figure 9B-C] 9B and 9C show SEM images for polymorphic Form A crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride. [Figure 10] FIG. 10 is a 1H NMR spectrum of crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride of polymorphic Form A. [Figure 11] FIG. 11 shows the XRPD pattern of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine R-mandelate. [Figure 12] FIG. 12 is a DSC thermogram of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine R-mandelate. [Figure 13] FIG. 13 is a DVS isotherm of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine R-mandelate. [Figure 14] FIG. 14 shows the XRPD pattern of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine L-tartrate. [Figure 15] FIG. 15 is a DSC thermogram of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine L-tartrate. [Figure 16]FIG. 16 is a DVS isotherm of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine L-tartrate. [Figure 17] FIG. 17 shows the XRPD pattern of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine D-tartrate Form DA. [Figure 18] FIG. 18 shows the XRPD pattern of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine D-tartrate salt Form DB. [Figure 19] FIG. 19 shows the XRPD pattern of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine D-tartrate salt Form DC. [Figure 20] FIG. 20 is a DSC thermogram of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine D-tartrate Form DA. [Figure 21] FIG. 21 is a DSC thermogram of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine D-tartrate salt Form DB. [Figure 22] FIG. 22 is a DSC thermogram of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine D-tartrate salt Form DC. [Figure 23] FIG. 23 is a DVS isotherm of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine D-tartrate DA. [Figure 24] FIG. 24 is the DVS isotherm of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine mesylate. [Figure 25]FIG. 25 shows the XRPD pattern of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine D-besylate Form BA. [Figure 26] Figure 26 is a DSC thermogram of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine D-besylate Form BA. [Figure 27] FIG. 27 is a DVS isotherm for (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine D-besylate Form BA. [Figure 28] FIG. 28 is an XRPD of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine D-besylate Form BA showing indexing results. [Figure 29] FIG. 29 is a schematic diagram showing the controlled subsurface addition of acid stream in the region of the high mixing zone near the impeller tip. [Figure 30] FIG. 30 is a dosing profile of HCl IPA solution (mL) versus time (min). [Figure 31] FIG. 31 is a graph of the particle side distribution by volume (%) versus the dosing profile, particle size (um). [Figure 32] FIG. 32 shows the XRPD pattern of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine free base. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0019] Detailed Description All published documents cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0020] Reference herein to "one embodiment," "embodiment," "one aspect," or "aspect" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or aspect is included in at least one embodiment or aspect of the teachings. As used herein, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" are intended to include the plural forms unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. As used herein, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" are intended to include the plural forms unless specifically stated otherwise.

[0021] Unless otherwise specified, the word "includes" (or variations thereof, such as "include," "including," etc.) is intended to be open-ended. For example, "A includes 1, 2, and 3" means that A includes, but is not limited to, 1, 2, and 3.

[0022] As used herein, the term "subject" to which administration is contemplated includes, but is not limited to, humans (i.e., male or female of any age group, e.g., pediatric subjects (e.g., infants, children, adolescents) or adult subjects (e.g., young adults, middle-aged adults, or the elderly), and / or other primates (e.g., cynomolgus monkeys, rhesus monkeys, etc.); mammals, including commercially important mammals such as cattle, pigs, horses, sheep, goats, cats, and / or dogs; and / or birds, including commercially important birds such as chickens, ducks, geese, quail, and / or turkeys. In some embodiments, the term "subject" refers to a patient, such as a human patient.

[0023] As used herein, the terms "treatment," "treat," and "treating" refer to the reversal, alleviation, delay in onset, or inhibition of progression of a disease or disorder, or one or more symptoms thereof, including, but not limited to, therapeutic benefit. In various embodiments, treatment may occur after one or more symptoms have developed. In other embodiments, treatment is administered even in the absence of symptoms. For example, a subject may be treated prior to the onset of symptoms (e.g., in light of a history of symptoms and / or in light of genetic or other susceptibility factors). Treatment may be continued after symptoms have resolved, e.g., to prevent or delay recurrence.

[0024] Therapeutic benefits include eradication and / or amelioration of the underlying disease being treated; therapeutic benefits also include eradication and / or amelioration of one or more symptoms associated with the underlying disease, such that the subject experiences improvement, although the subject may still be afflicted with the underlying disease. In some embodiments, "treatment" or "treating" includes one or more of the following: (a) inhibiting the disorder (e.g., reducing one or more symptoms resulting from the disorder and / or reducing the severity of the disorder); (b) delaying or preventing the onset of one or more symptoms associated with the disorder (e.g., stabilizing the disorder and / or slowing the worsening or progression of the disorder); and / or (c) alleviating the disorder (e.g., causing regression of clinical symptoms, ameliorating the disorder, slowing the progression of the disorder, and / or improving quality of life).

[0025] As used herein, the term "therapeutically effective amount" or "effective amount" means an amount effective to elicit a desired biological or medical response, such as an amount of a compound that, when administered to a subject for treating a disorder, is sufficient to exert such a therapeutic effect on the disorder. The effective amount will vary depending on the compound, the disorder, and its severity, as well as the age, weight, etc., of the subject being treated. An effective amount may be one or more administrations (e.g., a single administration or multiple administrations may be required to achieve a desired therapeutic endpoint). An effective amount may be considered to be given in an effective amount when, in combination with one or more other agents, a desired or beneficial result can be achieved or is achieved. Depending on the combined, additive, or synergistic effects of the compounds, the appropriate dose of any co-administered compound may optionally be lowered.

[0026] As used herein, "delaying" the onset of a disorder means to postpone, prevent, slow, stabilize, and / or postpone the onset of the disorder. Delay can be for varying lengths of time, depending on the history of the disease and / or the individual being treated.

[0027] As used herein, "prevention" or "preventing" refers to a therapy that prevents the onset of a disorder, such that clinical symptoms of the disorder do not occur. Thus, "prevention" relates to the practice of a therapy, such as administering a compound disclosed herein to a subject before signs of disease are detected in the subject (e.g., administering a compound disclosed herein to a subject in the absence of detectable symptoms of the disorder). The subject can be an individual at risk of or developing the disorder.

[0028] As used herein, an "at risk" individual is one who is at risk of developing the disorder to be treated. This may be indicated, for example, by one or more risk factors, which are measurable parameters that correlate with disease development and are known in the art.

[0029] The compositions of the present invention may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation, topically, rectally, nasally, bucally, sublingually, vaginally, or via an implanted reservoir. As used herein, the term "parenteral" encompasses subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intrasynovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intrahepatic, intralesional, and intracranial injection or infusion techniques. Preferably, the compositions are administered orally, intraperitoneally, or intravenously. Sterile injectable forms of the compositions of the present invention may be aqueous or oily suspensions. These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be used include, but are not limited to, water, Ringer's solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. The pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of the present invention may be administered orally in any orally acceptable dosage form such as capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions.

[0030] Polymorphism is the ability of an element or compound to crystallize into distinct crystalline phases. While the term polymorphism refers to multiple forms, it is still used in the art and herein to refer to the crystalline structure of a compound as a polymorph, even if only one crystalline phase is currently known. Thus, polymorphs are distinct solids that share the same molecular formula as other polymorphs and amorphous (non-crystalline) phases. However, because the properties of the solid depend on its structure, polymorphs often exhibit different physical properties from each other and from the amorphous phase, such as different solubility profiles, different melting points, different dissolution profiles, different thermal stabilities, different photostabilities, different hygroscopicity, different shelf lives, different suspension characteristics, and different physiological absorption rates. The inclusion of a solvent in a crystalline solid results in a solvate; in the case of water as the solvent, the hydrate often results in a distinct crystalline form with one or more physical properties distinct from the unsolvated and non-hydrated (e.g., anhydrous) crystalline form.

[0031] As used herein, the term "polymorph" refers to the different crystal structures achieved by a particular chemical substance. As used herein, the term "solvate" refers to a crystal form in which a stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amount of solvent or a mixture of solvents is incorporated into the crystal structure. Similarly, the term "hydrate" refers to a crystal form in which a stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amount of water is incorporated into the crystal structure.

[0032] As used herein, the term "span" when referring to PSD is evaluated as follows: for the D value of the volume-based PSD distribution, span = [(D90-D10) / D50].

[0033] As used herein, the term "significant peak" in the context of XRPD refers to a peak having a relative intensity of greater than about 15%. As used herein, the term "insignificant peak" in the context of XRPD refers to a peak having a relative intensity of less than 2%.

[0034] As used herein, the term "polymorphic purity" refers to the weight percent that is a particular polymorph. For example, if crystalline Form A (S)-TPMA HCl is characterized as being greater than 95% polymorphic pure, it means that more than 95% by weight of the material is crystalline Form A (S)-TPMA HCl and less than 5% by weight is any other polymorph (e.g., Form B) or amorphous (S)-TPMA HCl.

[0035] As used herein, the terms "chiral purity" and "enantiomeric purity" are used interchangeably and refer to the percentage by weight of a particular enantiomer. For example, if an (S)-TPMA-containing material (such as a compound or crystal) is characterized as being greater than 95% chiral pure, it means that more than 95% by weight of the TPMA in the material is the (S)-TPMA enantiomer and less than 5% by weight is any other enantiomeric form of TPMA.

[0036] As used herein, the term "chemical purity" refers to the percentage by weight of a particular chemical substance, including a particular enantiomer or polymorph. For example, if crystalline Form A (S)-TPMA HCl is characterized as being greater than 95% chemically pure, that means that more than 95% by weight of the material is crystalline Form A (S)-TPMA HCl and less than 5% by weight is any other compound other than the enantiomer or polymorph.

[0037] "Pharmaceutically acceptable" or "physiologically acceptable" refers to compounds, salts, compositions, dosage forms and other substances that are useful in the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions suitable for veterinary or human pharmaceutical use.

[0038] As used herein, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" refers to a salt that is, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic reaction, etc., and is commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, SM Berge et al. describe pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1977, 66, 1-19. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the present invention include those derived from suitable inorganic and organic acids and bases. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acid addition salts are salts of amino groups formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, and perchloric acid, or organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, or malonic acid, or by using other methods used in the art, such as ion exchange. Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfonate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanoate, and the like. Counterions include benzoate, benzoylsulfon ...Thus, when such salts are chemical intermediates, X may be a pharmaceutically undesirable anion such as iodide, oxalate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, and the like.

[0039] As used herein, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable excipient" includes, but is not limited to, any binder, filler, adjuvant, carrier, filler, glidant, sweetener, diluent, preservative, dye / colorant, flavor enhancer, surfactant, wetting agent, dispersing agent, suspending agent, stabilizer, isotonicity agent, solvent, emulsifier, anti-caking agent, flavoring agent, desiccant, plasticizer, disintegrant, lubricant, polymer matrix system, and abrasive approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as acceptable for human or veterinary use.

[0040] It will be understood that in various embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, such as, but not limited to, one or more binders, fillers, buffers, stabilizers, surfactants, wetting agents, lubricants, diluents, disintegrants, thickening or reducing agents, emulsifiers, suspending agents, preservatives, antioxidants, opacifiers, glidants, processing aids, colorants, sweeteners, taste-masking agents, flavors, flavorings, abrasives, polymer matrix systems, plasticizers and other known additives, to provide for proper presentation of the drug or aid in the manufacture of a medicament or medicament comprising the composition of the present invention. Examples of carriers and excipients well known to those skilled in the art are described in detail, for example, in Ansel, Howard C., et al., Ansel's Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2004; Gennaro, Alfonso R., et al., Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2000; and Rowe, Raymond C. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients. Chicago, Pharmaceutical Press, 2005.

[0041] In various embodiments, non-limiting examples of excipients include corn starch, potato starch, or other starches, gelatin, acacia, sodium alginate, alginic acid, other alginates, natural and synthetic gums such as powdered tragacanth, guar gum, cellulose and its derivatives (e.g., ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, calcium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), polyvinylpyrrolidone, methyl cellulose, pregelatinized starch, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, (e.g., No. 2208, 2906, 2910), hydroxypropyl cellulose, titanium dioxide, talc, calcium carbonate (e.g., granules or powder), microcrystalline cellulose, powdered cellulose, dextrates, kaolin, silicic acid, sorbitol, starch, pregelatinized starch, agar, alginic acid, calcium carbonate, microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, polacrilin potassium, sodium starch glycolate, potato or tapioca starch, other starches, pregelatinized starch, other starches, clay, other algins , other celluloses, gums, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, mineral oil, light mineral oil, glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol, polyethylene glycol, other glycols, stearic acid, sodium lauryl sulfate, talc, hydrogenated vegetable oils (e.g., peanut oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil, and soybean oil), zinc stearate, ethyl oleate, ethyl laurate, agar, syloid silica gel (AEROSIL 200 (fumed silica, manufactured by Evonik)), agglomerated aerosol of synthetic silica (sold by Evonik Degussa), CAB-O-SIL (a pyrogenic silicon dioxide product sold by Cabot Co., Boston, MA), colorants, and mixtures thereof.

[0042] In various embodiments, the compositions are formulated with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients according to known practices. In various embodiments, the compositions described herein are referred to as formulations or medicaments. Thus, in various embodiments, the compositions are formulated, for example, as a liquid, powder, elixir, injectable solution, or suspension. Formulations for oral use are preferred and may be provided, for example, as tablets, caplets, or capsules, in which the pharmacologically active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent. In various embodiments, the compositions described herein are formulated as tablets. In various embodiments, the oral dosage form is a solid oral dosage form. In various embodiments, the solid oral dosage form includes tablets, and the solid oral dosage form includes capsules. Tablets may also include granulating agents and disintegrants, and may be coated or uncoated. Formulations for topical use may be provided, for example, as topical solutions, lotions, creams, ointments, gels, foams, patches, powders, solids, sponges, tapes, vapors, pastes, or tinctures.

[0043] Thus, various aspects and embodiments provided herein provide methods for preparing specific salts of specific enantiomers in crystalline polymorphic forms that are themselves useful in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Additionally, various aspects and embodiments provide formulations of the salt polymorphs for unique dosage forms that exhibit advantageous pharmaceutically properties.

[0044] The present specification provides compounds having the following structure: [ka] (S)-TPMA The present invention provides the compound (S)-(−)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine having the formula:

[0045] (S)-(-)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine may be named or identified using other commonly recognized naming systems. For example, the compound may be named or identified by a common name, a systematic name, or a non-systematic name. Commonly recognized nomenclature in the field of chemistry includes, but is not limited to, the Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) and the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). The IUPAC name provided by ChemDraw Professional 15.0 is used herein for compound 1.

[0046] For brevity, (S)-(-)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine is referred to herein as (S)-TPMA. In some embodiments, (S)-TPMA may be prepared as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. Non-limiting examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include: Hydrochloride, maleate, tartrate, citrate, phosphate, sulfate, pyrosulfate, bisulfate, sulfite, bisulfite, monohydrogen phosphate, dihydrogen phosphate, metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, chloride, bromide, iodide, acetate, propionate, decanoate, caprylate, acrylate, formate, isobutyrate, caproate, heptanoate, propionate, oxalate, malonate, succinate, suberate, sebacate, fumarate, maleate, butyrate-1,4-dioate, hexaphosphate Examples of suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts include benzoate, chlorobenzoate, methylbenzoate, dinitrobenzoate, hydroxybenzoate, methoxybenzoate, phthalate, sulfonate, methylsulfonate, propylsulfonate, besylate, tosylate, xylenesulfonate, naphthalene-1-sulfonate, naphthalene-2-sulfonate, phenylacetate, phenylpropionate, phenylbutyrate, lactate, gamma-hydroxybutyrate, glycolate, and mandelate. A list of other suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be found in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st Edition, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pa., 2006.

[0047] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride, (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine besylate, (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine R-mandelate, (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine L-tartrate, (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine D-tartrate, (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine mesylate, and (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine L-maleate are provided.

[0048] The present inventors have prepared (S)-(−)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride anhydrate (hereinafter referred to as (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride, and for brevity also referred to as (S)-TPMA HCl): [ka] (S)-TPMA HCl have found that crystalline solids have desirable solubility under physiological conditions, are chemically stable, and are physically suitable for formulation.

[0049] The present inventors have also found that (S)-TPMA HCl exists in two polymorphic forms, polymorphic Form A and polymorphic Form B. Furthermore, Form A was found to be thermodynamically stable and not substantially convert to other polymorphic forms or to the amorphous form. Form B formation was found to be kinetically favored over Form A. However, Form B was found to be less thermodynamically stable than Form A; when Form B was kept as a slurry and slightly heated, Form B converted to Form A.

[0050] Crystalline forms of (S)-TPMA and (S)-TPMA HCl, as well as crystalline forms of other salts, hydrates, and solvates (including those of the present invention), can be characterized and distinguished using several conventional analytical techniques, including, but not limited to, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) patterns, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, Raman spectra, infrared (IR) absorption spectra, dynamic vapor sorption (DVS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and melting points. Chemical purity can be characterized using many conventional analytical techniques, including, but not limited to, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC). Chiral purity (also known as enantiomeric purity) can be characterized using many conventional analytical techniques, including, but not limited to, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

[0051] In various embodiments, the crystalline form of (S)-TPMA HCl is characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD). XRPD is a technique for characterizing powder samples of a substance by measuring the diffraction of X-rays by the substance. The result of an XRPD experiment is a diffraction pattern. Each crystalline solid produces a characteristic diffraction pattern containing sharp peaks as a function of the scattering angle 2θ (2-theta). Both the position of the diffraction pattern (corresponding to the lattice spacing) and the relative intensity of the peaks indicate a particular phase and substance. This provides a "fingerprint" for comparison with other substances. In contrast to a crystalline pattern containing a series of sharp peaks, amorphous materials (liquids, glasses, etc.) produce a broad background signal in the diffraction pattern.

[0052] It should be understood that the equipment used, humidity, temperature, powder crystal orientation, and other parameters associated with obtaining an XRPD pattern may result in some variation in the appearance, intensity, and position of lines in a diffraction pattern. An XRPD pattern "substantially consistent" with one of the drawings provided herein (e.g., Figure 2A) is an XRPD pattern that one of ordinary skill in the art would consider to represent a compound having the same crystalline form as the compound providing the XRPD pattern in that drawing. That is, the XRPD pattern may be the same as or slightly different from the pattern in the drawing. Such an XRPD pattern may not necessarily exhibit every line in the diffraction patterns presented herein and / or may exhibit shifts in the appearance, intensity, or position of said lines due to differences in conditions associated with data acquisition. One of ordinary skill in the art can determine whether a sample of a crystalline compound has the same or a different form from those disclosed herein by comparing their XRPD patterns.

[0053] For example, one skilled in the art can use HPLC to determine the enantiomeric identity of a (4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride (TPMA HCl) sample, and, for example, if the sample is identified as (S)-TPMA HCl, one skilled in the art can overlay the sample's XRPD pattern with Figure 2A and / or Figure 2B and, using specialized knowledge and knowledge in the art, readily determine whether the sample's XRPD pattern substantially matches the XRPD pattern of crystalline Form A (S)-TPMA HCl shown in Figure 2A or Form B (S)-TPMA HCl shown in Figure 2B. For example, if HPLC identifies the sample as (S)-TPMA HCl and the sample XRPD pattern substantially matches Figure 2A, the sample can be easily and accurately identified as Form A (S)-TPMA HCl.

[0054] In various embodiments, the crystalline form of (S)-TPMA HCl is characterized by Raman and THz Raman spectroscopy. The peak positions and relative intensities can indicate the vibrational and other low-frequency modes of the compound, providing a "fingerprint" for comparison with other compounds. THz Raman spectroscopy provides additional "fingerprint" information by extending the range into the terahertz frequency region for both the Stokes and anti-Stokes signals, and THz Raman spectroscopy generally provides greater structural information than Raman spectroscopy, such as distinguishing between polymorphs.

[0055] In various embodiments, the crystalline forms of (S)-TPMA HCl are characterized by melting point, which may be determined by conventional methods such as capillary tubes and may indicate the melting point over which complete melting occurs or, in the case of a single number, ±1°C.

[0056] In various embodiments, the crystalline form of (S)-TPMA HCl is characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). DSC is a thermal analysis technique that measures the difference in the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a sample and a reference as a function of temperature. During the experiment, both the sample and the reference are maintained at substantially the same temperature. The result of a DSC experiment is a curve of heat flow versus temperature, called a DSC thermogram.

[0057] In various embodiments, the hygroscopicity of the crystalline form of (S)-TPMA HCl is characterized by dynamic vapor sorption (DVS). DVS is a gravimetric technique that measures the amount of solvent adsorbed on a sample by varying the concentration of vapor (e.g., relative humidity) surrounding the sample and measuring the change in mass. In this application, DVS is used to generate a water sorption isotherm, which represents the equilibrium amount of sorbed vapor as a function of steady-state relative vapor pressure at a constant temperature.

[0058] As used herein, the term "substantially non-hygroscopic" refers to a compound that exhibits a maximum mass change of less than 1% in a moisture sorption isotherm measured by dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) scanned over a relative humidity range of 0-90% at 25°C.

[0059] In various aspects and embodiments, the present invention relates to new crystalline forms of (S)-TPMA HCl, Form A and Form B. Form A is a distinct polymorph from Form B, and has been shown to have distinct structures and XRPD patterns as well as distinct THz Raman spectra.

[0060] Figures 1A and 1B show SEM images of (S)-TPMA HCl Form A crystals, and Figures 1C and 1D show SEM images of (S)-TPMA HCl Form B crystals. Form A was observed to form plate-like crystals and was determined by XRPD to be monoclinic, while Form B was observed to form hollow needle-like crystals and was determined by XRPD to have an orthorhombic crystal structure. As isolated from conventional synthesis or salt conversion, (S)-TPMA hydrochloride typically appears as a mixture of Forms A and B.

[0061] Form B has been determined to be thermodynamically less stable than Form A and can be converted to Form A by solid-state transformation. The solid-state transformation of polymorph Form B needle-like crystals to polymorph Form A block crystals can be monitored by X-ray diffraction, and it was unexpectedly found that the visible morphology retains a needle shape even as the crystal lattice changes to that of Form A.

[0062] The XRPD pattern in Figure 2A was acquired in transmission mode on a Stoe Stadi P (G.52.SYS.S072) with a Mythen1K detector, using Cu Kα radiation, at 40 kV and 40 mA tube power, a curved Ge monochromator detector, a 0.02°20 step size, a 12-second step time, and a scan range of 1.5-50.5°20. The detector mode was set as follows: step scan with a 1°20 detector step; and the sample preparation was a 10-20 mg sample placed between two acetate foils and clamped in a Stoe transmission sample holder. The sample was rotated during the measurement.

[0063] The XRPD patterns in Figures 2B and 2C were obtained in reflectance mode with a Bruker 08 Advance, Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.54180 Å), 40 kV / 40 mA tube power; a LynxEye detector, 0.02° step size at 20°, 37 seconds per step, and a 2.5°-50° 20° scan range. The sample was prepared on a 1.0 mm deep silicon single crystal sample holder and covered with Kapton foil. The sample was rotated during the measurement.

[0064] Details of the crystallographic data and crystallographic data collection parameters are summarized in Table 1, the XRPD peaks for Figure 2A are listed in Table 2A, the XRPD peaks for Figure 2B are listed in Table 2B, and the XRPD peaks for Figure 2C are listed in Table 2C.

[0065] Table 1 (S)-TPMA Hydrochloride Form A and Form B Single crystal data and data collection parameters [Table 1]

[0066] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride, characterized by the monoclinic space group P21. In some embodiments, the crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride has unit cell dimensions of a about 9.2 Å, b about 11.2 Å, c about 10.2 Å, α about 90°, β about 92°, and γ about 90°.

[0067] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride, characterized by the orthorhombic space group P212121. In some embodiments, the crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride has unit cell dimensions of a about 5.1 Å, b about 10.2 Å, c about 20.5 Å, α about 90°, β about 90°, and γ about 90°.

[0068] Table 2A (S)-TPMA Hydrochloride Form A XRPD (Figure 2A) Peak List [Table 2] [Table 3]

[0069] Table 2B (S)-TPMA Hydrochloride Form A XRPD (Figure 2B) Peak List [Table 4] [Table 5]

[0070] Table 2C (S)-TPMA Hydrochloride Form B XRPD (Figure 2C) Peak List [Table 6]

[0071] Raman and THz Raman spectra The Kaiser Raman RXN-Hybrid-785 system was used, with a laser wavelength of 785 nm. The Raman spectrum was measured in the spectral range of +100 cm. -1 ~+1875 cm -1 and for THz Raman spectra, spectral range: -200 cm -1 ~+200 cm -1 Raman and THz Raman spectra were analyzed with a spectral resolution of 4 cm. -1 The Raman spectra in Figures 4A, 4B, and 4C were collected using a regular immerse Raman probe, and the THz Raman spectra in Figures 4D and 4E were collected using a THz-Raman® probe.

[0072] For Figures 4A and 4C, Form A crystals of (S)-TPMA HCl were used as a powder and spectra were taken in a darkroom. For Figures 4B and 4C, Form B crystals of (S)-TPMA HCl were freshly prepared by dissolving Form A crystals in isopropanol and then rotary evaporating to remove the solvent. Form B crystals were then used as a powder and spectra were taken in a darkroom. A list of the various peaks in the spectrum of Figure 4A is provided in Table 3A, and the various peaks in the spectrum of Figure 4B are provided in Table 3B.

[0073] For Figure 4D, Form A crystals of (S)-TPMA HCl were suspended in isopropanol at room temperature, and a spectrum was acquired on the suspension using a THz-Raman® probe. For Figure 4E, Form B crystals of (S)-TPMA HCl were produced by the anti-dumping addition of free base (S)-TPMA to an HCl solution, and a spectrum was acquired on the suspension using a THz-Raman® probe immediately.

[0074] Both Raman and THz Raman spectra were acquired using (a) cosmic ray filtering and (b) baseline correction and smoothing, if necessary, to obtain interpretable data; and for THz Raman spectra, background subtraction was performed on wells filled with IPA, collected under the same conditions.

[0075] Table 3A (S)-TPMA Hydrochloride Form A Raman Spectrum (Figure 4A) Peak List [Table 7]

[0076] Table 3B (S)-TPMA Hydrochloride Form B Raman Spectrum (Figure 4B) Peak List [Table 8]

[0077] 4D and 4E, the THz Raman spectra of the two polymorphs are clearly different. For example, in various embodiments, -1 THZ Raman spectrum of Form B with Raman peaks at 1089 cm and 1090 cm -1 The THz Raman spectrum of the Raman peaks of Form A in the NMR spectrum can be used to distinguish these polymorphs.

[0078] Forms A and B of crystalline (S)-TPMA HCl exhibit different properties and different "fingerprints." The various measurements presented herein for these polymorphs are summarized in Table 4.

[0079] Table 4 [Table 9]

[0080] In various embodiments, the present invention provides a crystalline form of (S)-TPMA HCl characterized by an XRPD pattern containing peaks at 9.6±0.2°, 14.9±0.2°, 20.5±0.2°, and 25.1±0.2° in 2-theta, and a DSC thermogram having a peak at 214±2°C.

[0081] In various embodiments, the present invention provides a crystalline form of (S)-TPMA HCl characterized by an XRPD pattern comprising peaks at 9.6±0.2°, 14.9±0.2°, 20.5±0.2°, and 25.1±0.2° in 2-theta, and a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram substantially in accordance with FIG. 3A.

[0082] In various embodiments, the present invention provides a crystalline form of (S)-TPMA HCl characterized by an XRPD pattern comprising peaks at 9.6±0.2°, 14.9±0.2°, 20.5±0.2°, and 25.1±0.2° in 2-theta, and a Raman spectrum substantially in accordance with FIG. 4A and / or a THz Raman spectrum substantially in accordance with FIG. 4D.

[0083] In various embodiments, the present invention provides a crystalline form of (S)-TPMA HCl characterized by an XRPD pattern comprising peaks at 8.6±0.2°, 17.2±0.2°, and 25.9±0.2° in 2-theta, and a DSC thermogram having a peak at 215±2°C.

[0084] In various embodiments, the present invention provides a crystalline form of (S)-TPMA HCl characterized by an XRPD pattern comprising peaks at 8.6±0.2°, 17.2±0.2°, and 25.9±0.2° in 2-theta, and a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram substantially in accordance with Figure 3B or Figure 3C.

[0085] In various embodiments, the present invention provides a crystalline form of (S)-TPMA HCl characterized by an XRPD pattern comprising peaks at 8.6±0.2°, 17.2±0.2°, and 25.9±0.2° in 2-theta, and a Raman spectrum substantially in accordance with FIG. 4B and / or a THz Raman spectrum substantially in accordance with FIG. 4E.

[0086] In various embodiments, the present invention provides (S)-TPMA HCl in crystalline form A, which is substantially non-hygroscopic. In various embodiments, the present invention provides (S)-TPMA HCl in crystalline form A, which has a maximum mass change of less than 1%, less than 0.5%, less than 0.3%, less than 0.2%, or less than 0.1% in a moisture sorption isotherm measured by dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) scanned over a relative humidity range of 0 to 90% at 25° C.

[0087] Figure 5 and Table 5 show the DVS moisture sorption isotherm for crystalline form A of (S)-TPMA HCl. The moisture sorption isotherm was generated using a VTI SGA-100 Dynamic Vapor Sorption Analyzer. Samples were dried at 25 °C prior to analysis and met an equilibrium criterion of 0.0000 wt% change over 5 minutes or up to 180 minutes. The isothermal equilibrium criterion was less than 0.01 wt% change over each relative humidity (RH) step (5 minutes or 180 minutes). The temperature was fixed at 25 °C, and the relative humidity steps (5% to 95% to 5%) were in 5% increments. The initial sample size ranged from 41 to 47 mg.

[0088] Figure 5 shows the DVS water sorption of two different lots of crystalline Form A (S)-TPMA HCl, and Table 5 presents the data plotted in Figure 5. As can be seen, crystalline (S)-TPMA HCl Form A is essentially non-hygroscopic, exhibiting a maximum mass change of only 0.2% at 95% relative humidity (RH) and less than 0.1% mass change at 90% RH and below.

[0089] Table 5 Figure 5. (S)-TPMA HCl Form A DVS Water Sorption Isotherm [Table 10]

[0090] In various embodiments, the present invention provides a crystalline form of (S)-TPMA HCl characterized by an XRPD pattern comprising peaks at 9.6±0.2°, 14.9±0.2°, 20.5±0.2°, and 25.1±0.2° in 2-theta; in various embodiments, further characterized by peaks at 0.2±0.2° and 20.8±0.2°; and in various embodiments, further characterized by two or more prominent peaks in the XRPD pattern selected from 17.9±0.2°, 24.8±0.2°, and 27.1±0.2° in 2-theta. In various embodiments, the present invention provides a crystalline form of (S)-TPMA HCl characterized by an XRPD pattern substantially in accordance with Figure 2B.

[0091] In various embodiments, the present invention provides a crystalline form of (S)-TPMA HCl characterized by the following properties: an XRPD pattern comprising peaks at 9.6±0.2°, 14.9±0.2°, 20.5±0.2°, and 25.1±0.2° in 2-theta; a melting point of 214±2°C; a chiral purity of greater than about 99%; a chemical purity of greater than about 99%; a residual solvent content of less than 8000 ppm; and being substantially non-hygroscopic.

[0092] In various embodiments, the present invention provides a compound having the following characteristics: an XRPD pattern comprising peaks at 9.6±0.2°, 14.9±0.2°, 20.5±0.2°, and 25.1±0.2° in 2-theta; and One or more of the following characteristics: (a) Powder X-ray diffraction pattern further including peaks at 0.2±0.2° and 20.8±0.2° in 2-theta; (b) a powder X-ray diffraction pattern further comprising two or more prominent peaks at 17.9±0.2°, 24.8±0.2°, and 27.1±0.2° in 2-theta; (c) melting point of 214 ± 2°C; (d) differential scanning calorimetry thermogram with a peak at 214 ± 2°C; (e) Differential scanning calorimetry thermogram substantially consistent with Figure 3A; (f) A Raman spectrum substantially consistent with Figure 4A, a THz Raman spectrum substantially consistent with Figure 4D, or both; (g) a chiral purity of greater than about: (i) 90%, (ii) 95%, (iii) 97%, (iv) 99%, (v) 99.5%, (vi) 99.7%, or (vii) 99.9%; (h) a chemical purity of greater than about: (i) 80%, (ii) 90%, (iii) 95%, (iv) 97%, (v) 99%, (vi) 99.5%, (vii) 99.7%, or (viii) 99.9%; (i) Residual solvent present in an amount less than about: (i) 8000 ppm, (ii) 6000 ppm, (iii) 4000 ppm, (iv) 2000 ppm, (v) 1000 ppm, (vi) 800 ppm, or 500 ppm; (j) maximum mass change in a moisture sorption isotherm measured by dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) scanned over a relative humidity range of 0 to 90% at 25°C of less than (i) 2%, (ii) 1%, (iii) 0.5%, (iv) 0.4%, (v) 0.3%, (vi) 0.2%, or (vii) 0.1%; (k) less than (i) 1%, (ii) 0.5%, (iii) 0.4%, (iv) 0.3%, (v) 0.2%, or (vi) 0.1%; and preferably less than 0.2% maximum mass change in a moisture sorption isotherm measured by dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) scanned over a relative humidity range of 0 to 90% at 25°C; The present invention provides a crystalline form of (S)-TPMA HCl characterized by:

[0093] In various embodiments, the present invention provides a crystalline form of (S)-TPMA HCl characterized by an XRPD pattern comprising peaks at 8.6±0.2°, 17.2±0.2°, and 25.9±0.2° in 2-theta; and in various embodiments, further characterized by peaks at 23.2±0.2° and 31.5±0.2° in 2-theta. In various embodiments, the present invention provides a crystalline form of (S)-TPMA HCl characterized by an XRPD pattern substantially in accordance with Figure 2C.

[0094] In various embodiments, the present invention provides a crystalline form of (S)-TPMA HCl, Form B, characterized by the following properties: an XRPD pattern containing peaks at 8.6±0.2°, 17.2±0.2°, and 25.9±0.2° in 2-theta, and a melting point of 215±2°C.

[0095] In various embodiments, the compound has the following characteristics: an XRPD pattern comprising peaks at 8.6±0.2°, 17.2±0.2°, and 25.9±0.2° in 2-theta; and One or more of the following characteristics: (a) Powder X-ray diffraction pattern further including peaks at 23.2±0.2° and 31.5±0.2° in 2-theta units; (b) a melting point of 215 ± 2°C; (c) differential scanning calorimetry thermogram with a peak at 215 ± 2°C; (d) Differential scanning calorimetry thermogram substantially consistent with Figure 3B or 3C; (e) Raman spectrum substantially consistent with Figure 4B, THz Raman spectrum substantially consistent with Figure 4E, or both; (f) a chiral purity of greater than about: (i) 90%, (ii) 95%, (iii) 97%, (iv) 99%, (v) 99.5%, (vi) 99.7%, or (vii) 99.9%; (g) a chemical purity of greater than about: (i) 80%, (ii) 90%, (iii) 95%, (iv) 97%, (v) 99%, (vi) 99.5%, (vii) 99.7%, or (viii) 99.9%; (h) residual solvents present in an amount less than about: (i) 8000 ppm, (ii) 6000 ppm, (iii) 4000 ppm, (iv) 2000 ppm, (v) 1000 ppm, (vi) 800 ppm, or 500 ppm; and The present invention provides a crystalline form of (S)-TPMA HCl characterized by:

[0096] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides: (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine besylate (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine R-mandelate (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine L-tartrate, (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine D-tartrate, (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine mesylate, and (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine L-maleate The present invention provides a compound selected from:

[0097] (S)-(4,5-Dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine besylate Provided herein is (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine besylate, also known as (S)-TPMA besylate. In some embodiments, the (S)-TPMA besylate is crystalline.

[0098] In some embodiments, the crystalline form of (S)-TPMA besylate is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks at 6.1±0.2°, 12.3±0.2°, and 16.7±0.2° in 2-theta increments. In some embodiments, the crystalline (S)-TPMA besylate is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising a peak at 6.1±0.2° in 2-theta increments. In some embodiments, the crystalline (S)-TPMA besylate is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising a peak at 12.3±0.2° in 2-theta increments. In some embodiments, the crystalline (S)-TPMA besylate is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising a peak at 16.7±0.2° in 2-theta increments. In some embodiments, the crystalline (S)-TPMA besylate is further characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern further comprising peaks at 19.0±0.2° and 24.7±0.2° in 2-theta. In some embodiments, the crystalline (S)-TPMA besylate is further characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern further comprising peaks at two or more of 21.9±0.2°, 22.4±0.2°, and 22.8±0.2° in 2-theta.

[0099] In some embodiments, the crystalline (S)-TPMA besylate salt is characterized by an XRPD pattern substantially in accordance with FIG.

[0100] In some embodiments, the crystalline (S)-TPMA besylate salt has a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram with a peak at 142±2° C. In some embodiments, the crystalline (S)-TPMA besylate salt has a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram substantially in accordance with FIG.

[0101] In some embodiments, the crystalline form of (S)-TPMA besylate is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks at 6.1±0.2°, 12.3±0.2°, and 16.7±0.2° in 2-theta, and a powder X-ray diffraction pattern substantially in accordance with Figure 25. In some embodiments, the crystalline form of (S)-TPMA besylate is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks at 6.1±0.2°, 12.3±0.2°, and 16.7±0.2° in 2-theta, and has a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising a peak at 142±2°C. In some embodiments, the crystalline form of (S)-TPMA besylate is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks at 6.1±0.2°, 12.3±0.2°, and 16.7±0.2° in 2-theta and has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern substantially in accordance with FIG. 26.

[0102] In some embodiments, the crystalline (S)-TPMA besylate is characterized by the monoclinic space group P21. In some embodiments, the crystalline (S)-TPMA besylate has unit cell dimensions of a about 7.7 Å, b about 7.5 Å, c about 14.8 Å, α about 90°, β about 103°, and γ about 90°.

[0103] In some embodiments, the material comprises (S)-TPMA besylate, wherein the chiral purity of the material is greater than about 90% (S)-TPMA besylate. In some embodiments, the material comprises (S)-TPMA besylate, wherein the chiral purity of the material is greater than about 95% (S)-TPMA besylate. In some embodiments, the material comprises (S)-TPMA besylate, wherein the chiral purity of the material is greater than about 97.5% (S)-TPMA besylate. In some embodiments, the material comprises (S)-TPMA besylate, wherein the chiral purity of the material is greater than about 99% (S)-TPMA besylate.

[0104] In some embodiments, the substance comprises (S)-TPMA besylate, wherein the substance has a chemical purity of greater than about 90% (S)-TPMA besylate. In some embodiments, the substance comprises (S)-TPMA besylate, wherein the substance has a chemical purity of greater than about 95% (S)-TPMA besylate. In some embodiments, the substance comprises (S)-TPMA besylate, wherein the substance has a chemical purity of greater than about 97.5% (S)-TPMA besylate. In some embodiments, the substance comprises (S)-TPMA besylate, wherein the substance has a chemical purity of greater than about 99% (S)-TPMA besylate.

[0105] (S)-(4,5-Dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine R-mandelate Provided herein is (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine R-mandelate, also referred to as (S)-TPMA R-mandelate. In some embodiments, the (S)-TPMA R-mandelate is crystalline.

[0106] In some embodiments, the crystalline form of (S)-TPMA R-mandelate is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks at 9.4±0.2°, 14.3±0.2°, and 16.3±0.2° in 2-theta increments. In some embodiments, the crystalline (S)-TPMA R-mandelate is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising a peak at 9.4±0.2° in 2-theta increments. In some embodiments, the crystalline (S)-TPMA R-mandelate is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising a peak at 14.3±0.2° in 2-theta increments. In some embodiments, the crystalline (S)-TPMA R-mandelate is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising a peak at 16.3±0.2° in 2-theta increments. In some embodiments, the crystalline (S)-TPMA R-mandelate is further characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern further comprising peaks at 4.7±0.2° and 19.6±0.2° in 2-theta. In some embodiments, the crystalline (S)-TPMA R-mandelate is further characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern further comprising peaks at two or more of 21.8±0.2°, 23.7±0.2°, and 25.0±0.2° in 2-theta.

[0107] In some embodiments, the crystalline (S)-TPMA R-mandelate salt is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern substantially in accordance with FIG.

[0108] In some embodiments, the crystalline (S)-TPMA R-mandelate salt has a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram with a peak at 129±2° C. In some embodiments, the crystalline (S)-TPMA R-mandelate salt has a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram substantially in accordance with FIG.

[0109] In some embodiments, the crystalline form of (S)-TPMA R-mandelate is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks at 9.4±0.2°, 14.3±0.2°, and 16.3±0.2° in 2-theta, and a powder X-ray diffraction pattern substantially in accordance with Figure 11. In some embodiments, the crystalline form of (S)-TPMA R-mandelate is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks at 9.4±0.2°, 14.3±0.2°, and 16.3±0.2° in 2-theta, and has a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising a peak at 129±2°C. In some embodiments, the crystalline form of (S)-TPMA R-mandelate salt is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks at 9.4±0.2°, 14.3±0.2°, and 16.3±0.2° in 2-theta and has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern substantially in accordance with FIG. 12 .

[0110] In some embodiments, the material comprises (S)-TPMA R-mandelate, wherein the chiral purity of the material is greater than about 90% (S)-TPMA R-mandelate. In some embodiments, the material comprises (S)-TPMA R-mandelate, wherein the chiral purity of the material is greater than about 95% (S)-TPMA R-mandelate. In some embodiments, the material comprises (S)-TPMA R-mandelate, wherein the chiral purity of the material is greater than about 97.5% (S)-TPMA R-mandelate. In some embodiments, the material comprises (S)-TPMA R-mandelate, wherein the chiral purity of the material is greater than about 99% (S)-TPMA R-mandelate.

[0111] In some embodiments, the substance comprises (S)-TPMA R-mandelate, wherein the substance has a chemical purity of greater than about 90% (S)-TPMA R-mandelate. In some embodiments, the substance comprises (S)-TPMA R-mandelate, wherein the substance has a chemical purity of greater than about 95% (S)-TPMA R-mandelate. In some embodiments, the substance comprises (S)-TPMA R-mandelate, wherein the substance has a chemical purity of greater than about 97.5% (S)-TPMA R-mandelate. In some embodiments, the substance comprises (S)-TPMA R-mandelate, wherein the substance has a chemical purity of greater than about 99% (S)-TPMA R-mandelate.

[0112] (S)-(4,5-Dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine L-tartrate Provided herein is (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine L-tartrate, also referred to as (S)-TPMA L-tartrate. In some embodiments, the (S)-TPMA L-tartrate is crystalline.

[0113] In some embodiments, the crystalline form of (S)-TPMA L-tartrate is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks at 6.3±0.2°, 12.7±0.2°, and 19.1±0.2° in 2-theta increments. In some embodiments, the crystalline (S)-TPMA L-tartrate is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising a peak at 6.3±0.2° in 2-theta increments. In some embodiments, the crystalline (S)-TPMA L-tartrate is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising a peak at 12.7±0.2° in 2-theta increments. In some embodiments, the crystalline (S)-TPMA L-tartrate is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising a peak at 19.1±0.2° in 2-theta increments. In some embodiments, the crystalline (S)-TPMA L-tartrate is further characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern further comprising peaks at 12.9±0.2°, 16.0±0.2°, 17.1±0.2°, and 17.4±0.2° in 2-theta. In some embodiments, the crystalline (S)-TPMA L-tartrate is further characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern further comprising peaks at two or more of 18.1±0.2°, 22.9±0.2°, 25.8±0.2°, and 26.3±0.2° in 2-theta.

[0114] In some embodiments, the crystalline (S)-TPMA L-tartrate salt is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern substantially in accordance with Figure 14. In some embodiments, the crystalline (S)-TPMA L-tartrate salt has a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram with a peak at 152±2°C.

[0115] In some embodiments, the crystalline (S)-TPMA L-tartrate salt has a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram substantially in accordance with FIG.

[0116] In some embodiments, the crystalline form of (S)-TPMA L-tartrate is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks at 6.3±0.2°, 12.7±0.2°, and 19.1±0.2° in 2-theta, and a powder X-ray diffraction pattern substantially in accordance with Figure 14. In some embodiments, the crystalline form of (S)-TPMA L-tartrate is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks at 6.3±0.2°, 12.7±0.2°, and 19.1±0.2° in 2-theta, and has a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising a peak at 152±2°C. In some embodiments, the crystalline form of (S)-TPMA L-tartrate is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks at 6.3±0.2°, 12.7±0.2°, and 19.1±0.2° in 2-theta, and has a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram substantially in accordance with FIG. 15.

[0117] In some embodiments, the material comprises (S)-TPMA L-tartrate, wherein the chiral purity of the material is greater than about 90% (S)-TPMA L-tartrate. In some embodiments, the material comprises (S)-TPMA L-tartrate, wherein the chiral purity of the material is greater than about 95% (S)-TPMA L-tartrate. In some embodiments, the material comprises (S)-TPMA L-tartrate, wherein the chiral purity of the material is greater than about 97.5% (S)-TPMA L-tartrate. In some embodiments, the material comprises (S)-TPMA L-tartrate, wherein the chiral purity of the material is greater than about 99% (S)-TPMA L-tartrate.

[0118] In some embodiments, the substance comprises (S)-TPMA L-tartrate, which is a substance with a chemical purity of greater than about 90% (S)-TPMA L-tartrate. In some embodiments, the substance comprises (S)-TPMA L-tartrate, which is a substance with a chemical purity of greater than about 95% (S)-TPMA L-tartrate. In some embodiments, the substance comprises (S)-TPMA L-tartrate, which is a substance with a chemical purity of greater than about 97.5% (S)-TPMA L-tartrate. In some embodiments, the substance comprises (S)-TPMA L-tartrate, which is a substance with a chemical purity of greater than about 99% (S)-TPMA L-tartrate.

[0119] (S)-(4,5-Dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine D-tartrate The present specification provides (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine D-tartrate, also referred to as (S)-TPMA D-tartrate. In some embodiments, the (S)-TPMA D-tartrate is crystalline. In some embodiments, the crystalline form of (S)-TPMA D-tartrate is referred to as Form DA, Form DB, or Form DC.

[0120] In some embodiments, crystalline form DA of (S)-TPMA D-tartrate is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern containing peaks at 7.0±0.2°, 15.0±0.2°, and 17.6±0.2° in 2-theta increments. In some embodiments, crystalline form DA of (S)-TPMA D-tartrate is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern containing a peak at 7.0±0.2° in 2-theta increments. In some embodiments, crystalline form DA of (S)-TPMA D-tartrate is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern containing a peak at 15.0±0.2° in 2-theta increments. In some embodiments, crystalline form DA of (S)-TPMA D-tartrate is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern containing a peak at 17.6±0.2° in 2-theta increments. In some embodiments, crystalline Form DA of (S)-TPMA D-tartrate is further characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern further comprising peaks at 12.9±0.2°, 19.5±0.2°, and 20.8±0.2° in 2-theta. In some embodiments, crystalline Form DA of (S)-TPMA D-tartrate is further characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern further comprising peaks at two or more of 21.8±0.2°, 22.0±0.2°, 26.0±0.2°, and 27.8±0.2° in 2-theta.

[0121] In some embodiments, crystalline Form DA of (S)-TPMA D-tartrate is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern substantially in accordance with FIG.

[0122] In some embodiments, crystalline form DA of (S)-TPMA D-tartrate has a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram with a peak at 169±2° C. In some embodiments, crystalline form DA of (S)-TPMA D-tartrate has a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram substantially in accordance with FIG.

[0123] In some embodiments, crystalline Form DA of (S)-TPMA D-tartrate is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks at 7.0±0.2°, 15.0±0.2°, and 17.6±0.2° in 2-theta, and a powder X-ray diffraction pattern substantially in accordance with Figure 17. In some embodiments, crystalline Form DA of (S)-TPMA D-tartrate is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks at 7.0±0.2°, 15.0±0.2°, and 17.6±0.2° in 2-theta, and has a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising a peak at 169±2°C. In some embodiments, crystalline Form DA of (S)-TPMA D-tartrate is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks at 7.0±0.2°, 15.0±0.2°, and 17.6±0.2° in 2-theta and has a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram substantially in accordance with FIG. 20.

[0124] In some embodiments, crystalline Form DB of (S)-TPMA D-tartrate is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern containing peaks at 11.6±0.2°, 17.5±0.2°, and 20.7±0.2° in 2-theta increments. In some embodiments, crystalline Form DB of (S)-TPMA D-tartrate is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern containing a peak at 11.6±0.2° in 2-theta increments. In some embodiments, crystalline Form DB of (S)-TPMA D-tartrate is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern containing a peak at 17.5±0.2° in 2-theta increments. In some embodiments, crystalline Form DB of (S)-TPMA D-tartrate is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern containing a peak at 20.7±0.2° in 2-theta increments. In some embodiments, crystalline Form DB of (S)-TPMA D-tartrate is further characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern further comprising peaks at 23.4±0.2°, 29.2±0.2°, and 35.8±0.2° in 2-theta. In some embodiments, crystalline Form DB of (S)-TPMA D-tartrate is further characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern further comprising peaks at two or more of 26.9±0.2°, 33.4±0.2°, 35.3±0.2°, and 36.7±0.2° in 2-theta.

[0125] In some embodiments, crystalline Form DB of (S)-TPMA D-tartrate is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern substantially in accordance with FIG.

[0126] In some embodiments, crystalline Form DB of (S)-TPMA D-tartrate has a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram with a peak at 111±2° C. In some embodiments, crystalline Form DB of (S)-TPMA D-tartrate has a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram substantially in accordance with FIG.

[0127] In some embodiments, crystalline Form DB of (S)-TPMA D-tartrate is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks at 11.6±0.2°, 17.5±0.2°, and 20.7±0.2° in 2-theta, and a powder X-ray diffraction pattern substantially in accordance with Figure 18. In some embodiments, crystalline Form DB of (S)-TPMA D-tartrate is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks at 11.6±0.2°, 17.5±0.2°, and 20.7±0.2° in 2-theta, and has a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising a peak at 111±2°C. In some embodiments, crystalline Form DB of (S)-TPMA D-tartrate is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks at 11.6±0.2°, 17.5±0.2°, and 20.7±0.2° in 2-theta and has a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram substantially in accordance with FIG. 21.

[0128] In some embodiments, crystalline Form DC of (S)-TPMA D-tartrate is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern containing peaks at 10.8±0.2°, 15.8±0.2°, and 17.5±0.2° in 2-theta increments. In some embodiments, crystalline Form DC of (S)-TPMA D-tartrate is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern containing a peak at 10.8±0.2° in 2-theta increments. In some embodiments, crystalline Form DC of (S)-TPMA D-tartrate is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern containing a peak at 15.8±0.2° in 2-theta increments. In some embodiments, crystalline Form DC of (S)-TPMA D-tartrate is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern containing a peak at 17.5±0.2° in 2-theta increments. In some embodiments, crystalline Form DC of (S)-TPMA D-tartrate is further characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern further comprising peaks at 20.7±0.2° and 23.6±0.2° in 2-theta. In some embodiments, crystalline Form DC of (S)-TPMA D-tartrate is further characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern further comprising peaks at two or more of 19.4±0.2°, 21.7±0.2°, and 26.8±0.2° in 2-theta.

[0129] In some embodiments, crystalline Form DC of (S)-TPMA D-tartrate is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern substantially in accordance with FIG.

[0130] In some embodiments, (S)-TPMA D-tartrate crystalline Form DC has a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram with a peak at 185±2° C. In some embodiments, (S)-TPMA D-tartrate crystalline Form DC has a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram substantially in accordance with FIG.

[0131] In some embodiments, crystalline Form DC of (S)-TPMA D-tartrate is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks at 10.8±0.2°, 15.8±0.2°, and 17.5±0.2° in 2-theta, and a powder X-ray diffraction pattern substantially in accordance with Figure 19. In some embodiments, crystalline Form DC of (S)-TPMA D-tartrate is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks at 10.8±0.2°, 15.8±0.2°, and 17.5±0.2° in 2-theta, and has a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising a peak at 185±2°C. In some embodiments, crystalline Form DC of (S)-TPMA D-tartrate is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks at 10.8±0.2°, 15.8±0.2°, and 17.5±0.2° in 2-theta and has a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram substantially in accordance with FIG. 22.

[0132] In some embodiments, the material comprises (S)-TPMA D-tartrate, wherein the chiral purity of the material is greater than about 90% (S)-TPMA D-tartrate. In some embodiments, the material comprises (S)-TPMA D-tartrate, wherein the chiral purity of the material is greater than about 95% (S)-TPMA D-tartrate. In some embodiments, the material comprises (S)-TPMA D-tartrate, wherein the chiral purity of the material is greater than about 97.5% (S)-TPMA D-tartrate. In some embodiments, the material comprises (S)-TPMA D-tartrate, wherein the chiral purity of the material is greater than about 99% (S)-TPMA D-tartrate.

[0133] In some embodiments, the substance comprises (S)-TPMA D-tartrate, which is a substance with a chemical purity of greater than about 90% (S)-TPMA D-tartrate. In some embodiments, the substance comprises (S)-TPMA D-tartrate, which is a substance with a chemical purity of greater than about 95% (S)-TPMA D-tartrate. In some embodiments, the substance comprises (S)-TPMA D-tartrate, which is a substance with a chemical purity of greater than about 97.5% (S)-TPMA D-tartrate. In some embodiments, the substance comprises (S)-TPMA D-tartrate, which is a substance with a chemical purity of greater than about 99% (S)-TPMA D-tartrate.

[0134] (S)-(4,5-Dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine mesylate Provided herein is (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine mesylate, also referred to as (S)-TPMA mesylate. In some embodiments, the crystalline form of (S)-TPMA mesylate is characterized by a DVS substantially in accordance with Figure 24.

[0135] In some embodiments, the material comprises (S)-TPMA mesylate, where the chiral purity of the material is greater than about 90% (S)-TPMA mesylate. In some embodiments, the material comprises (S)-TPMA mesylate, where the chiral purity of the material is greater than about 95% (S)-TPMA mesylate. In some embodiments, the material comprises (S)-TPMA mesylate, where the chiral purity of the material is greater than about 97.5% (S)-TPMA mesylate. In some embodiments, the material comprises (S)-TPMA mesylate, where the chiral purity of the material is greater than about 99% (S)-TPMA mesylate.

[0136] In some embodiments, the substance comprises (S)-TPMA mesylate, where the substance has a chemical purity of greater than about 90% (S)-TPMA mesylate. In some embodiments, the substance comprises (S)-TPMA mesylate, where the substance has a chemical purity of greater than about 95% (S)-TPMA mesylate. In some embodiments, the substance comprises (S)-TPMA mesylate, where the substance has a chemical purity of greater than about 97.5% (S)-TPMA mesylate. In some embodiments, the substance comprises (S)-TPMA mesylate, where the substance has a chemical purity of greater than about 99% (S)-TPMA mesylate.

[0137] (S)-(4,5-Dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine L-maleate Provided herein is (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine L-maleate, also known as (S)-TPMA L-maleate.

[0138] In some embodiments, the material comprises (S)-TPMA L-maleate, wherein the chiral purity of the material is greater than about 90% (S)-TPMA L-maleate. In some embodiments, the material comprises (S)-TPMA L-maleate, wherein the chiral purity of the material is greater than about 95% (S)-TPMA L-maleate. In some embodiments, the material comprises (S)-TPMA L-maleate, wherein the chiral purity of the material is greater than about 97.5% (S)-TPMA L-maleate. In some embodiments, the material comprises (S)-TPMA L-maleate, wherein the chiral purity of the material is greater than about 99% (S)-TPMA L-maleate.

[0139] In some embodiments, the substance comprises (S)-TPMA L-maleate, the chemical purity of which is greater than about 90% (S)-TPMA L-maleate. In some embodiments, the substance comprises (S)-TPMA L-maleate, the chemical purity of which is greater than about 95% (S)-TPMA L-maleate. In some embodiments, the substance comprises (S)-TPMA L-maleate, the chemical purity of which is greater than about 97.5% (S)-TPMA L-maleate. In some embodiments, the substance comprises (S)-TPMA L-maleate, the chemical purity of which is greater than about 99% (S)-TPMA L-maleate.

[0140] (S)-(4,5-Dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine free base Provided herein is (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine free base, also referred to as (S)-TPMA or (S)-TPMA free base. In some embodiments, the (S)-TPMA free base is crystalline.

[0141] In some embodiments, the crystalline form of (S)-TPMA free base is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks at 13.6±0.2°, 16.4±0.2°, 20.0±0.2°, and 20.4±0.2° in 2-theta increments. In some embodiments, the crystalline (S)-TPMA free base is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising a peak at 13.6±0.2° in 2-theta increments. In some embodiments, the crystalline (S)-TPMA free base is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising a peak at 16.4±0.2° in 2-theta increments. In some embodiments, the crystalline (S)-TPMA free base is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising a peak at 20.0±0.2° in 2-theta increments. In some embodiments, the crystalline (S)-TPMA free base is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising a peak at 20.4±0.2° in 2-theta. In some embodiments, the crystalline (S)-TPMA free base is further characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern further comprising peaks at 22.4±0.2°, 23.2±0.2°, and 27.3±0.2° in 2-theta.

[0142] In some embodiments, the crystalline (S)-TPMA free base is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern substantially in accordance with FIG.

[0143] In some embodiments, the crystalline (S)-TPMA free base is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks at 13.6±0.2°, 16.4±0.2°, 20.0±0.2°, and 20.4±0.2° in 2-theta, and an X-ray powder diffraction pattern substantially in accordance with FIG. 32.

[0144] In various aspects, the present invention provides methods for preparing (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride as crystalline Form A. In various embodiments, the method for preparing Form A (S)-TPMA HCl begins with (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine, and in various other embodiments begins with substantially racemic (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine.

[0145] In various aspects, the present invention provides methods for preparing (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride as crystalline Form A having various particle size distributions.

[0146] Examples 1A-1C provide and describe various embodiments of methods for preparing (S)-TPMA HCl Form A. Example 2 provides and describes methods for preparing (S)-TPMA HCl Form A with various particle size distributions.

[0147] Racemic (4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine HCl: [ka] The synthesis of is disclosed in US 8,710,245. In the '245 patent, the racemate is separated by column chromatography into the (R) and (S) enantiomers: [ka] (R) enantiomer (S) enantiomer The free base of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine is a yellow oil that deteriorates over time when exposed to air.

[0148] In various embodiments of the process of the present invention, the balance of polymorphs A and B is obtained by the controlled addition of about 5% to about 10% HCl solution in isopropanol to a solution of (S)-TPMA free base in isopropanol at a temperature between 20° C. and 60° C., preferably about 40° C., resulting in substantially pure polymorph Form A. In various embodiments, the controlled addition is preferably carried out as a logarithmic addition, where the HCl solution is added slowly initially and the rate steadily increases. The HCl addition rate, in various embodiments, is such that 10% of the HCl solution is added over a first period of about 10 minutes to about 90 minutes, 30% of the HCl solution is added over a second period of about 10 minutes to about 90 minutes, and the remaining HCl solution is added over a third period of about 10 minutes to about 90 minutes.

[0149] In various embodiments, slower addition of the acid solution (e.g., slower rate of supersaturation) with a logarithmic addition profile (e.g., including but not limited to, a Mullin-Nyvlt type addition profile; see, e.g., J. W. Mullin and J. Nyvlt, Chem Eng Sci. 1971;26:3, 369-377), higher operating temperatures, lower starting free base solution concentrations, and higher water content of the crystallization mixture promote the production of large crystals of (S)-TPMA HCl Form A; whereas, lower operating temperatures, higher free base solution concentrations, and lower water content of the crystallization mixture promote the production of smaller crystals of (S)-TPMA HCl Form A. It should be understood that the mean, typical, and / or median particle size is generally not the only determinant of the desired PSD, and that the width of the PSD is often important.

[0150] The inventors have also discovered methods for adjusting the particle size distribution of crystalline (S)-TPMA hydrochloride, particularly crystalline (S)-TPMA hydrochloride Form A, to a desired range, e.g., a PSD favorable for tablet compression and / or providing a superior dissolution rate. In various embodiments, it has been discovered that the particle size distribution of (S)-TPMA hydrochloride can be adjusted by: (i) the rate of addition of HCl during the formation of (S)-TPMA HCl (e.g., step 4b of Scheme 4); (ii) the concentration of (S)-TPMA free base in the solution prior to the addition of HCl (the concentration of Compound F between steps 4a and 4b of Scheme 4); (ii) the temperature of the solution during the addition of HCl; (iv) the water content of the crystallization mixture; and (v) the reaction process.

[0151] Figures 7A, 7B, 8A, 8B, 8C, and 9A show various PSD data for (S)-TPMA HCl Form A obtained under various conditions, which are further discussed in Example 2. The PSD data in Figures 7A, 7B, 8A, 8B, and 8C were obtained by laser diffraction particle sizing techniques using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 analyzer instrument, and the PSD data in Figure 9A were obtained by laser diffraction particle sizing techniques using a Horiba LA-920 instrument, with all data displayed as volume percent as a function of particle size.

[0152] It has been found that the PSD of Form A (S)-TPMA HCl crystals can be affected, in various embodiments, by the supersaturation generation rate (e.g., controlled by the HCl solution dosing profile in step 4b of Scheme 4), operating temperature, water content, and reaction process (e.g., mixing, sonication, etc.). For example, in various embodiments, it has been found that sonication during the addition of HCl to form (S)-TPMA HCl (e.g., step 4b of Scheme 4) can dramatically reduce the final Form A (S)-TPMA HCl crystal size (e.g., D50 = 20-30 μm) by promoting nucleation during the addition of HCl.

[0153] In various embodiments of the reactive crystallization of (S)-TPMA HCl, the rate of supersaturation formation can be directly controlled by the rate of addition of the HCl solution; faster dosing (HCl addition) promotes the formation of smaller crystals, and slower dosing promotes the formation of larger crystals. However, faster dosing results in a broader PCD distribution.

[0154] In various embodiments, the operating temperature can be used to influence the kinetics of nucleation and crystal growth, as well as solubility. Higher temperatures have been found to increase the average crystal size and width of the PSD.

[0155] In various embodiments, the starting (S)-(-)-TPMA free base concentration prior to reactive recrystallization can be used to influence the kinetics of nucleation and crystal growth. Higher starting (S)-(-)-TPMA free base concentrations have been found to decrease both the median particle size and the width of the PSD.

[0156] The solvent in Example 1A and the experiments described above is isopropanol, however, in various embodiments, alkyl alcohols containing up to four carbon atoms can be used, including but not limited to, temperature / solubility, n-propanol, isopropanol, and n-butanol.

[0157] In various embodiments, the (S)-TPMA free base is dissolved in a solvent system comprising 90% to 100% isopropanol.

[0158] In various embodiments, the solvent system is 90%-99% isopropanol, the remainder is water. In various embodiments, the solvent system is 93%-97% isopropanol, the remainder is water.

[0159] In various embodiments, the solvent system is >99% isopropanol. In various embodiments, the presence of up to about 5% water results in crystals of (S)-TPMA HCl polymorph Form A that are more cubic than hexagonal in morphology. In various embodiments, the methods of the present invention provide Form A (S)-TPMA HCl crystals with increased cubic morphology. In various embodiments of the compositions, medicaments, and formulations of the present invention, Form A (S)-TPMA HCl crystals with increased cubic morphology are preferred because they have better flow properties than hexagonal morphology and because they offer advantages in forming certain solid oral dosage forms, e.g., certain tableting operations.

[0160] In Example 1A, hydrogen chloride in isopropanol was prepared at 6% by weight, but other concentrations could be used; for example, in various embodiments, from about 4% to about 10%. In various embodiments, an alkyl alcohol of 4 or fewer carbon atoms, e.g., isopropanol, can be added in a stoichiometric ratio of 1.0:1 to 1.2:1 based on the amine in (S)-TPMA.

[0161] It has been observed that the concentration of (S)-TPMA free base in an alkyl alcohol of four or fewer carbon atoms, e.g., isopropanol, can be manipulated over a wide range. In various embodiments, the concentration of the (S)-TPMA free base solution is about 5.0% to 25.0% by weight, and preferably about 10% to about 15%. In various embodiments, the concentration of the (S)-TPMA free base solution is about 10.0%, about 11.0%, about 13.0%, or, in some cases, about 15.0% by weight.

[0162] With reference to the teachings herein, one skilled in the art will understand that very dilute solutions of (S)-TPMA free base will likely result in lower yields due to the limited solubility of (S)-TPMA hydrochloride in alkyl alcohols of 4 or fewer carbon atoms, e.g., isopropanol.

[0163] In some embodiments, the size distribution of Form A (S)-TPMA HCl crystals can be controlled by a balance between reactant addition rates, local and global supersaturation, mass transfer, and crystal surface area. For example, it has been found that a Mullin-Nyvlt-like addition profile, higher operating temperatures, lower free base solution concentrations, the presence of water in the solvent system, and slow addition of the acid solution with seeding promote the formation of larger polymorph Form A (S)-TPMA HCl crystals, while sonication during supersaturation promotes the formation of smaller polymorph Form A (S)-TPMA HCl crystals.

[0164] In various embodiments, the present invention provides compounds comprising Form A crystals of (S)-TPMA HCl having a particle size distribution (e.g., as measured by laser diffraction, as shown in Example 2) with a median (D50) of about 15 μm to about 30 μm, a D10 of greater than about 10 μm, and a D90 of less than about 40 μm; and preferably a D50 of about 20 μm to about 30 μm.

[0165] In various embodiments, the present invention provides compounds comprising Form A crystals of (S)-TPMA HCl having a particle size distribution (e.g., as measured by laser diffraction, as shown in Example 2) that is between about 15 μm and about 30 μm in median (D50) (and preferably between about 20 μm and about 30 μm), and a span of less than 1.75, less than 1.5, less than 1, or less than 0.8.

[0166] In various embodiments, the present invention provides compounds, including Form A crystals of (S)-TPMA HCl, having a particle size distribution (e.g., as measured by laser diffraction, as shown in Example 2) that is a median (D50) of about 100 μm to about 135 μm (and preferably, a D50 of about 100 μm to about 110 μm), a D10 of greater than about 60 μm, and a D90 of less than about 165 μm; and preferably, a D10 of greater than about 70 μm and a D90 of less than about 150 μm.

[0167] In various embodiments, the present invention provides compounds comprising Form A crystals of (S)-TPMA HCl having a particle size distribution (e.g., as measured by laser diffraction as shown in Example 2) that is between about 100 μm and about 135 μm in median (D50) (and preferably between about 100 μm and about 110 μm) and a span of less than 1.75, less than 1.5, less than 1, or less than 0.8.

[0168] In various embodiments, the present invention provides compounds comprising Form A crystals of (S)-TPMA HCl having a particle size distribution (e.g., as measured by laser diffraction, as shown in Example 2) that is a median (D50) of about 135 μm to about 180 μm (and preferably, a D50 of about 160 μm to about 170 μm), a D10 of greater than about 100 μm, and a D90 of less than about 250 μm; and preferably, a D10 of greater than about 110 μm and a D90 of less than about 230 μm.

[0169] In various embodiments, the present invention provides compounds comprising Form A crystals of (S)-TPMA HCl having a particle size distribution (e.g., as measured by laser diffraction, as shown in Example 2) of a median (D50) of about 135 μm to about 180 μm (and preferably a D50 of about 160 μm to about 170 μm), and a span of less than 1.75, less than 1.5, less than 1, or less than 0.8.

[0170] In various embodiments, the present invention provides compounds comprising Form A crystals of (S)-TPMA HCl having a particle size distribution (e.g., as measured by laser diffraction, as shown in Example 2) that is a median (D50) of about 185 μm to about 23 μm (and preferably, a D50 of about 190 μm to about 220 μm), a D10 greater than about 110 μm, and a D90 less than about 350 μm; and preferably, a D10 greater than about 120 μm and a D90 less than about 340 μm.

[0171] In some embodiments, D10 is greater than about 50 μm. In some embodiments, D10 is greater than about 75 μm. In some embodiments, D10 is greater than about 80 μm. In some embodiments, D10 is greater than about 90 μm. In some embodiments, D10 is greater than about 100 μm. In some embodiments, D10 is greater than about 110 μm. In some embodiments, D10 is greater than about 120 μm. In some embodiments, D10 is greater than about 130 μm. In some embodiments, D10 is greater than about 150 μm. In some embodiments, D90 is greater than about 200 μm. In some embodiments, D90 is greater than about 250 μm. In some embodiments, D90 is greater than about 300 μm. In some embodiments, D90 is greater than about 350 μm. In some embodiments, D90 is greater than about 400 μm. In some embodiments, the median value (D50) is within any of the ranges in the embodiments provided herein, such as, for example, about 50 μm to about 400 μm, about 100 μm to about 300 μm, or about 120 μm to about 300 μm.

[0172] In various embodiments, the present invention provides compounds comprising Form A crystals of (S)-TPMA HCl having a particle size distribution (e.g., as measured by laser diffraction, as shown in Example 2) of a median (D50) of about 180 μm to about 230 μm (and preferably a D50 of about 190 μm to about 220 μm), and a span of less than 1.75, less than 1.5, less than 1, or less than 0.8.

[0173] In various embodiments, the present invention provides compounds comprising Form A crystals of (S)-TPMA HCl having a PSD (e.g., as measured by laser diffraction as shown in Example 2) that is median (D50) of about 15 μm to about 30 μm, a D10 of greater than about 10 μm, and a D90 of less than about 40 μm; and preferably a D50 of about 20 μm to about 30 μm, a D10 of greater than about 10 μm, and a D90 of less than about 40 μm; wherein the method comprises sonication during the step of supersaturation of a solution of (S)-TPMA free base to form (S)-TPMA HCl.

[0174] In various embodiments, the methods of the present invention comprise: In various embodiments, Form A crystals of (S)-TPMA HCl are provided having a PSD (e.g., as measured by laser diffraction, as shown in Example 2) with a median (D50) of about 100 μm to about 230 μm, about 100 μm to about 135 μm, about 135 μm to about 180 μm, or about 180 μm to about 230 μm, and a span of less than 1.75, less than 1.5, less than 1, or less than 0.8; wherein the method comprises using logarithmic addition of HCl during reactive recrystallization of (S)-TPMA to form (S)-TPMA HCl. In various embodiments, the logarithmic addition comprises adding about 10% to about 15% of the HCl solution over a first period of time, adding about 30% to about 40% of the HCl solution over a second period of time after the first period of time, and adding the remainder (about 45% to about 60%) of the HCl solution over a third period of time after the second period of time. In various embodiments, the first, second, and third periods are independently in the range of about 10 minutes to about 90 minutes, and in various embodiments, the first, second, and third periods are substantially equal to within ±10% of each other.

[0175] In various aspects, the present invention provides a method for preparing (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride as crystalline Form A. In various embodiments, the method comprises the steps of: (a) dissolving (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine free base in a solvent system containing an alkyl alcohol of 4 or fewer carbon atoms; (b) adding excess HCl to an alkyl alcohol of 4 carbon atoms or less; and (c) isolating the crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride. In various embodiments, the alkyl alcohol is one or more of n-propanol, isopropanol, and n-butanol, and in various embodiments, the alkyl alcohol is preferably isopropanol.

[0176] In various embodiments of the process for preparing (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride as Form A, the process comprises: (a) combining racemic-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine with a stoichiometric excess of (R)-mandelic acid in a solvent; (b) isolating (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine R-mandelate; (c) liberation of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine from the (R)-mandelate salt; (d) dissolving (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine in a solvent system containing an alkyl alcohol of 4 carbon atoms or less; (e) adding HCl to an alkyl alcohol of 4 carbon atoms or less; (f) isolating the crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride. In various embodiments, the alkyl alcohol is one or more of n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, and in various embodiments, preferably, the alkyl alcohol is isopropanol.

[0177] The synthesis of (S)-TPMA hydrochloride is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,710,245. The synthetic procedure reported in the '245 patent is used to produce small amounts of the compound. This procedure requires chromatographic separation, which is typically not suitable for large-scale production. For example, normal-phase or chiral-phase chromatographic separation is not practical for large-scale production. A resolution procedure was developed to replace the chiral chromatographic separation. The resolution procedure is robust, practical, and easy to scale up, and is routinely used in the production of chiral compounds at various scales. For large-scale production of (S)-TPMA hydrochloride, R-mandelic acid-mediated resolution of (S)-TPMA free base was developed to replace the chiral chromatographic separation of N-Boc-TPMA.

[0178] The procedure of the '245 patent is carried out on a 1 g scale. Workup of the reaction involved neutralization of the product (S)-TPMA triflate salt with potassium carbonate, and the resulting free base was treated with methanolic HCl to produce the (S)-TPMA HCl salt, which was isolated after addition of the anti-solvent MTBE. The method described herein provided highly pure (S)-TPMA triflate. Typically, (S)-TPMA triflate is obtained in >99.2% purity and 76-80% yield. The method described herein is shorter because it does not require creating the free base and then converting it to the (S)-TPMA HCl salt. 2-Methyl THF is a suitable solvent for this step. MTBE is used as an anti-solvent for the crystallization step. 2-Methyl THF is a highly desirable green solvent over 1,4-dioxane, a Class II solvent used in the '245 patent method.

[0179] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method for preparing (4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine, comprising: (a) reacting 2-(thiophen-3-yl)ethan-1-ol with N-methylaminoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal and triflic acid to obtain (4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine triflate; and (b) reacting (4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine triflate with a base to obtain (4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine; The present invention provides a method comprising:

[0180] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method for preparing (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine, comprising: (a) reacting 2-(thiophen-3-yl)ethan-1-ol with N-methylaminoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal and triflic acid to give (4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine triflate; (b) reacting (4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine triflate with a base to obtain (4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine; (c) reacting (4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine with (R)-mandelic acid to obtain (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine (R)-mandelate; and (d) reacting (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine (R)-mandelate with a base to obtain (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine; The present invention provides a method comprising:

[0181] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method for preparing (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine, comprising reacting (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine with an acid. For example, reacting (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine with HCl produces the corresponding HCl salt.

[0182] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method for preparing (4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine triflate. In some embodiments, the method includes reacting 2-(thiophen-3-yl)ethan-1-ol with N-methylaminoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal and triflic acid to provide (4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine triflate. In some embodiments, the reaction can be carried out in the presence of a solvent. The solvent can be an ether, such as 2-methyltetrahydrofuran. In some embodiments, the reaction of 2-(thiophen-3-yl)ethan-1-ol with N-methylaminoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal and triflic acid is carried out at a temperature of about 50° C. to 100° C. In some embodiments, the temperature is about 75° C. to 85° C., e.g., 80° C. In some embodiments, the method comprises reacting 2-(thiophen-3-yl)ethan-1-ol with sulfuric acid, N-methylaminoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal, and triflic acid.

[0183] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method for preparing (4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine. In some embodiments, the method includes reacting (4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine triflate with a base to provide (4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine. In some embodiments, the base is an alkali metal base such as KOH. In some embodiments, the reaction is carried out in the presence of a solvent. The solvent can be an ether such as methyl t-butyl ether.

[0184] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method for preparing (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine (R)-mandelate. In some embodiments, the method comprises reacting (4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine with (R)-mandelic acid to provide (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine (R)-mandelate. In some embodiments, the reaction is carried out in a polar aprotic solvent, such as acetonitrile and acetone, or a mixture thereof.

[0185] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method for preparing (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine. In some embodiments, the method includes reacting (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine (R)-mandelate with a base to provide (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine. In some embodiments, the base is an alkali metal base, such as KOH. In some embodiments, the reaction is carried out in a solvent. The solvent can be an ether or water, or a mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent is an ether, such as methyl t-butyl ether.

[0186] Example 1A: Preparation of Crystalline Form A of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine HCl

[0187] Scheme 1: Preparation of (4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine trifluoromethanesulfonate [ka]

[0188] 3-Thiopheneethanol (compound A) (77 g) was added to a solution of N-methylaminoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal (69 g) in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2Me THF) (595 ml, 508 g). After stirring for 5 minutes, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (99 g, 58.2 ml) was added. It is important to note that trifluoromethanesulfonic acid is an extremely hazardous substance. The reaction was heated to reflux (80 ± 2 °C) for 1 hour. The reaction was then distilled at atmospheric pressure for 4-8 hours to remove the by-product methanol and reduce the reaction volume to the target 460 ml. The reaction was deemed complete when HPLC analysis of the sample (HPLC peak area % of the peaks for the desired compounds A, B, and C) showed that less than 1.0% compound 1B remained.

[0189] If the amount of compound B was 1% or more, an appropriate amount of 2-methyl THF was added, and distillation was continued until the target volume was reached. If the target volume was reached before the end of the reaction (approximately 4 hours), 300 ml of 2-methyl THF was added to the reaction mixture, and distillation was continued. After the reaction was completed, the reaction mixture was cooled to approximately 40-50°C and concentrated to a target volume of 325 ml under vacuum distillation. Toluene (218 g (325 ml)) was then added over approximately 15 minutes, and the resulting reaction slurry was stirred at 50±2°C for 1 hour, and then cooled linearly to 20±2°C over 1 hour and 45 minutes with stirring. The slurry was filtered, and the product cake was washed with 2-methyl THF and toluene (1:1 v / v). The wet cake was dried under vacuum at 40±5°C to a constant weight to give racemic TPMA trifluoromethanesulfonate (compound C) as an off-white solid in approximately 79% yield.

[0190] Scheme 2: Preparation of (S)-(-)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine (R)-mandelate [ka]

[0191] In various embodiments, di-p-toluoyl-D-tartaric acid (D-DTTA) was used as the resolving agent to generate the (S)-TPMA-D-DTTA salt, which we found to be kinetically resolved using D-DTTA. However, as shown in Scheme 2 of this Example, we found that crystallization of the diastereomers with (R)-mandelic acid resulted in a thermodynamically based separation.

[0192] To a suspension of TPMA trifluoromethanesulfonate (compound 1C) (555.3 g) in methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE, 1668 ml) was added 1.77 N aqueous KOH (1076 g). After stirring for 10 minutes, the pH was checked, and if it was below 13, small portions of 1.77 N KOH were added until the pH reached 13 or higher. The aqueous and organic layers were allowed to settle and then collected separately. The MTBE (upper) organic layer was retained for further processing. The (lower) aqueous layer was extracted twice with MTBE (first 835 ml and then 150 ml), collecting the organic (MBTE) layer each time. The combined MTBE layers were washed with 20% aqueous NaCl (492.9 g), stirred, and the phases were allowed to settle for 10 minutes. The aqueous layer was removed, and the remaining MTBE organic layer was distilled under atmospheric pressure to reduce the reaction volume to a target level of 1.9 L. Upon completion, the process stream was cooled to approximately 45°C and concentrated under vacuum distillation to a target volume of 890 ml while maintaining the temperature at 35-45°C. The water content after vacuum evaporation was found to be approximately 0.37 wt%. Filtration was then performed, using a wash of MTBE (204 ml) to remove insoluble material, and the process stream (filtrate) was transferred to a clean reactor. Acetonitrile (2512 mL) was added, and a solvent exchange was performed via vacuum distillation at 35-45°C to a target volume of 800 ml. The reactor was rinsed with acetonitrile (150 ml) and added to the process stream. Next, acetonitrile was added, if necessary, to the acetonitrile solution of TPMA free base (Compound D) to yield approximately 33 wt% Compound D.

[0193] A solution of (R)-mandelic acid (250.3 g) in acetone (1828 ml) was warmed to 48±2°C. The acetone solvent can be replaced with acetonitrile. A solution of TPMA free base in acetonitrile (917.7 g of a solution of Compound D (302.1 g) in acetonitrile) was then added at a rate to maintain the reaction temperature below 51°C. After stirring for approximately 10 minutes at 48±2°C, the process stream was cooled to 45±2°C and seeded with 1.5 g of (S)-TPMA (R)-mandelate salt. The process stream was held at 45±2°C for approximately 30 minutes and linearly cooled to 21±2°C over 90 minutes. After holding at 45±2°C for approximately 30 minutes, the process stream was linearly cooled to 10±2°C over 45 minutes. The reaction slurry was then stirred at 10±2°C for 60 min, filtered, and the product cake washed with a mixture of acetone / CHCN (2.3:1 wt / wt). The wet cake was dried under vacuum at 40±2°C to a constant weight to produce crude (S)-TPMA·(R)-mandelate (compound E) as a white crystalline solid in approximately 41% yield.

[0194] Scheme 3: Recrystallization of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine (R)-mandelate

[0195] Scheme 3 provides a method for recrystallizing (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine (R)-mandelate ((S)-TPMA (R)-mandelate). It should be understood that various other recrystallization solvents can be used. Scheme 3 of this example provides the use of acetone, which the inventors have found to provide a combination of sufficiently high yield and effective elimination of problematic impurities. In various embodiments, the amount of acetone was selected based on the solubility of (S)-TPMA (R)-mandelate in acetone at reflux temperature; preferably, the minimum amount of acetone required to dissolve crude (S)-TPMA (R)-mandelate at reflux temperature was used. In various embodiments, the solvent is acetonitrile instead of acetone, in which (S)-TPMA (R)-mandelate dissolves at approximately 52±2°C. In various embodiments, Scheme 3 shows seed-induced crystallization by linear cooling from 47±2° C. to 21±2° C. over 90 minutes, followed by a 30-minute hold at 21±2° C., followed by linear cooling to 10±2° C. over 45 minutes, and a hold at 10±2° C., preferably for a minimum of 1 hour. [ka]

[0196] A slurry of crude (S)-TPMA (R)-mandelate salt (Compound E) (200.1 g) from Scheme 2 in acetone (4205 ml) was heated to approximately 56°C (the boiling point of acetone) and stirred until a clear solution was obtained. The solution was cooled to 47±2°C over approximately 20 minutes, after which (S)-TPMA (R)-mandelate crystal seeds were added. The process stream was stirred at 47±2°C for approximately 30 minutes and linearly cooled to 21±2°C over 90 minutes. After holding at 21±2°C for approximately 30 minutes, the slurry was linearly cooled over 45 minutes, then stirred at 10±2°C for 1 hour, filtered, and the product cake was washed with acetone (2 times, each with 401 ml). The wet cake was dried under vacuum at about 40±2° C. to constant weight to produce (S)-TPMA (R)-mandelate (purified Compound E) as a white crystalline solid in about 77% yield.

[0197] Scheme 4: Formation of crystalline form A of (S)-(-)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride [ka]

[0198] Scheme 4 of this example provides the reactive crystallization of (S)-(-)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine HCl ((S)-TPMA·HCl) as crystalline Form A. The inventors have found that when (S)-TPMA·HCl crystallizes, it exhibits two distinct forms (polymorphs): a first block-like crystal (Form A) and a second needle-like crystal (Form B). Based on single-crystal x-ray diffraction studies, as described herein, Form A has a monoclinic crystal system, while Form B has an orthorhombic crystal system. The inventors have found that Form A is a stable form under the reaction conditions of this example and have discovered a method to avoid the formation of Form B. In various embodiments, (S)-TPMA·(R)-mandelate salt is first converted to the free base and then slurried with HCl.

[0199] To a suspension of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine (R)-mandelate (Compound E) (100 g) from Scheme 3 in MTBE (305 ml) was added 172.5 ml of 10% aqueous KOH solution. After stirring for 10 minutes at 20±2°C, the aqueous and organic layers were separated. The organic MTBE (top) layer was reserved for further processing. If the pH of the aqueous layer was below 13, small portions of 10% KOH solution were added to raise the pH to 13. The aqueous (bottom) layer was back-extracted twice with MTBE (first with 208 ml of MTBE and then with 155 ml of MTBE), reserving the organic layer each time for further processing. The reserved organic layers were combined, and the combined organic layer was subjected to azeotropic distillation to remove water and distilled at atmospheric pressure to a target volume of 140 ml. The process stream was then filtered to remove insoluble materials (e.g., salts precipitated due to water removal), and the filtrate was transferred to a clean reaction vessel. Isopropanol (775 ml) was added (bringing the total volume of the process stream to approximately 1030 ml), and a solvent exchange was performed via vacuum distillation at a temperature below 45° C. to yield a 16-19% solution of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine in isopropanol.

[0200] In various embodiments, the amount of isopropanol added was selected to adjust the weight percent concentration of the free base (Compound F) to 16-19%. The reaction mixture was cooled to 20±2°C, polish filtered, and the filtrate was washed with 78 ml of isopropanol and transferred to a clean reaction vessel. A 6% (w / w) solution of HCl in isopropanol (201.6 g) was then added to the reaction vessel over 45 minutes at about 20±2°C. Note that in various embodiments, the targeted amount of HCl is approximately 10% in excess of the molar equivalent of the free base (Compound F). The HCl was added as follows: 10% over 15 minutes, then 30% over 15 minutes, and then the remaining amount over 15 minutes. A retreating curve impeller was used in a 5 L-scale reactor at 160 rpm to 270 rpm with a process stream volume of approximately 740 ml, producing particles of reasonable size and particle distribution without any apparent agglomeration. A slurry was formed, which was linearly warmed to 40 ± 2 °C over 20 minutes and held at 40 ± 2 °C for approximately 30 minutes. It was then linearly cooled to 20 ± 2 °C over 20 minutes. After stirring at 20 ± 2 °C for approximately 30 minutes, the slurry was filtered, and the product cake was washed with isopropanol (first 86 ml, then 92 ml). The cake was dried under vacuum at 40 ± 2 °C to constant weight, producing (S)-(-)-TPMA·hydrochloride (Compound G) as a white crystalline solid in approximately 84% yield.

[0201] In step 4b of Scheme 4, slow addition, resulting in a low rate of supersaturation, favors the formation of the desired bulk (S)-(-)-TPMA·HCl crystals (Form A), while reducing the formation of undesired needles (Form B). High temperatures also favor the formation of bulky crystals, Form A, relative to Form B.

[0202] (S)-(-)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride (Compound G) obtained in Example 1A 1The H NMR spectrum is shown in Figure 10 and has the following characteristics: 1 H NMR(300MHz, DMSO-d6);δ (ppm):2.53(s,3H,-CH3);2.5-2.8 (m,2H,-CH2-);3.15-3.37(2dd,2H,CH2-NH);3.77 and 4.13(2ddd,2H,CH2-O);5.19(d d,1H,O-CH-C=);6.95(d,J=5Hz,1H,HC=);7.49(dd,J=5Hz,1H,HC=);9.12(br,2H,NH2 + )

[0203] Example 1B: Alternative Preparation of (4,5-Dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine Trifluoromethanesulfonate

[0204] 2-(Thiophen-3-yl)ethanol (40 g, 0.31 mol) was placed in a 1 L reaction vessel equipped with a mechanical stirrer, N2 inlet, and thermocouple. N-Methylaminoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal (38.8 g, 0.28 mol) and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (600 mL) were added. The resulting solution was cooled to approximately 5 °C. Sulfuric acid (111.3 g, 1.13 mol) was added slowly while maintaining the reaction temperature below 20 °C. The reaction was allowed to warm to 35 °C and stirred for 4 h. HPLC analysis of the reaction indicated approximately 31% formation of the product (4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine (TPMA). The reaction was cooled to room temperature, and the solvent was removed under vacuum. The resulting residue was diluted with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) (300 mL). The mixture was cooled to approximately 10°C, and 25 wt% NaOH (500 mL) was added while maintaining the reaction temperature below 30°C. The mixture was stirred for 20 minutes, and the layers were allowed to separate. The aqueous layer was extracted twice with MTBE (150 mL and 100 mL). The organic layers were then combined and concentrated via removal of the solvent by distillation. The concentrated organic layer was then cooled to 0°C, and triflic acid (20 g, 0.13 mol) was added slowly while maintaining the reaction temperature below 10°C. The resulting slurry was stirred at 0°C for 30 minutes. The slurry was filtered, and the wet cake was washed with MTBE (2 x 20 mL) and dried under vacuum to give TPMA-trifluoromethanesulfonate (13.0 g, 13.75% yield, 97% purity) as a white solid.

[0205] 1 H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d6) δ ppm 2.62(s,3H), 2.64-2.76(m,2H), 3.22(dd,J=12.91, 9.78Hz,1H), 3.40(dd,J=12.91, 2.74Hz,1H), 3.79(ddd,J=11.54, 8.80, 4 .30Hz,1H), 4.00-4.20(m,1H), 5.09(dd,J=9.59, 1.76Hz,1H), 6.95(d,J=5.09Hz,1H), 7.50(d,J=5.02Hz,1H), 8.59(brs,2H)

[0206] 13 C NMR (101MHz, DMSO-d6) δ ppm 25.53, 33.02, 52.19, 62.73, 70.23, 124.62, 127.54, 131.01, 134.87

[0207] Example 1C. Alternative Preparation of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine (R)-mandelate

[0208] To a slurry of TPMA-trifluoromethanesulfonate (1.0 g, 3.0 mmol) in MTBE (3 mL), 10% KOH (0.217 g, 3.8 mmol in 2 mL of water) was added and stirred for 15 min. The organic layer was separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with MTBE (2 × 3 mL). The organic layers were combined and washed with 20 wt% aqueous NaCl (1 × 2 mL). The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and evaporated to dryness to give (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine free base as a colorless oil (0.473 g, 86.2%). This was dissolved in acetonitrile (2.4 mL) and added to a solution of R-mandelic acid (0.392 g, 2.5 mmol) in acetonitrile (2.4 mL). The resulting solution was heated to 38 °C, seeded with crystals of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine (R)-mandelate (15 mg), stirred at 38 °C for 30 min, cooled to room temperature, and then to 10 °C. The slurry was stirred at 10 °C for 30 min and filtered. The wet cake was washed with cold (10 °C) acetonitrile (2 × 1 mL) and dried to give crude (S)-TPMA (R)-mandelate as a white solid (0.292 g, 33.75% yield, 96% purity, R:S isomer ratio 9.3:91.7).

[0209] 1H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d6) δ ppm 2.49(s,3H), 2.57-2.79(m,2H), 3.00-3.17(m,2H), 3.69(ddd,J=11.64, 8.90, 4.50Hz,1H), 4.08(ddd,J=11.35, 5.48, 3.52Hz,1H), 4.66(s,1H), 4.89-5.07(m,1H), 6.91(d,J=4.70Hz,1H), 7.13-7.32(m,3H), 7.36-7.44(m,3H)

[0210] 13 C NMR (101MHz, DMSO-d6) δ ppm 25.63, 33.72, 53.42, 62.70, 71.26, 73.20, 124.23, 126.36, 126.42, 127.29, 127.52, 132.48, 134.24, 142.85, 174.78

[0211] Example 2: Adjusting the particle size distribution of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine HCl Form A crystals

[0212] A series of experiments was conducted on various forms of reactive recrystallization (e.g., Scheme 4 of Example 1A) to develop a method and provide various particle size distributions of crystals of (S)-(-)-TPMA·HCl Form A. The reaction conditions were essentially the same as those described in Example 1A for Scheme 4, except modified as described in this Example 2.

[0213] The PSD data for this Example 2 were obtained by subjecting samples dispersed in solvent to laser diffraction particle size measurements. The data in Figures 7A, 7B, 8A, 8B, and 8C were obtained using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 analyzer, and the data in Figure 9A were obtained using a Horiba LA-920 laser diffraction particle size analyzer. All particle sizes and values, such as D(4,3), D10, D50, and D90, are expressed in micrometers (μm), and all distributions are expressed as a function of particle size in volume percent.

[0214] The (S)-TPMA·HCl sample was dispersed in a solution of Span®-85 (sorbitan trioleate) and hexane. In this example, the dispersant solution was a solution of 2 g of Span®-85 in 1 L of hexane to produce a 0.2% (w / v) Span®-85 solution in hexane. All samples were gently sieved through a #30 mesh screen before being added to the dispersant solution.

[0215] The analytical suspended solution was prepared by adding approximately 5 mL of a 0.2% Span®-85 dispersant solution in hexane to 1.5–3 g of sieved (S)-TPMA·HCl sample and slowly stirring the solution until all solids were wetted. Next, 35 mL of a 0.2% Span®-85 dispersant solution in hexane was added, and the solution was mixed for at least 1 minute before measuring with an impeller set at 500 rpm. The actual amount of (S)-TPMA·HCl sample was experimentally determined and adjusted so that the laser attenuation was between 10% and 20% when the dispersant solution was added and 2–3 mL of the resulting suspended solution was measured using the instrument.

[0216] Before the measurement, the device was positioned, the background was measured, and 2–3 mL of the suspended solution was transferred to the sample cell of the device for measurement.

[0217] The data in Figures 7A, 7B, 8A, 8B, and 8C were obtained using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 analyzer, and Table 6 provides further details about the instrument settings for the Malvern Mastersizer 2000 analyzer used in this example. Corresponding and similar settings were also used for the Horiba LA-920 laser diffraction particle size analyzer used to obtain the data in Figure 9A, specifically the PSD data generated on the Horiba LA-920 using 3% lecithin in Isopar G. Table 6 Setting up the Malvern Mastersizer 2000 analyzer instrument [Table 11]

[0218] Adjusting the rate at which supersaturation occurs

[0219] A solution containing (S)-(-)-TPMA free base (e.g., a solution of Compound F in Scheme 4) was subjected to reactive recrystallization as the crystalline form of (S)-(-)-TPMA·HCl salt by adding HCl in isopropanol (IPA) to form supersaturated (S)-(-)-TPMA·HCl, which resulted in crystallization. Figures 6A and 6B show various 6% HCl / IPA addition profiles, which are also summarized in Table 7. The PSDs obtained for the addition profiles of Figures 6A and 6B were measured and are shown in Figures 7A and 7B, respectively. Table 8 provides various PSD parameters for the PSD data shown in Figures 7A and 7B.

[0220] It was found that logarithmic-like addition of the reagent responsible for supersaturation (HCl in IPA) favored the formation of Form A crystals, with slower addition rates resulting in larger median particle sizes and a narrower span for the PSD. Table 7 HCl IPA solution addition profile [Table 12] Table 8 Particle size distribution parameters for the addition profile [Table 13]

[0221] Temperature Adjustment

[0222] A solution containing (S)-(-)-TPMA free base (e.g., a solution of compound F in Scheme 4) was subjected to reactive recrystallization as the crystalline form of (S)-(-)-TPMA·HCl salt by adding HCl in isopropanol (IPA) at two temperatures, 25° C. and 40° C. Table 9 provides various PSD parameters of the PSD data measured at these two temperatures.

[0223] It was found that increasing the temperature increases the median and mean particle size of ( S )-(−)-TPMA·HCl Form A crystals, but increasing the temperature also increases the span of the PSD. Table 9 Particle size distribution parameters for different temperatures [Table 14]

[0224] Free base concentration adjustment

[0225] Solutions containing (S)-(-)-TPMA free base (e.g., solutions of Compound F in Scheme 4) were subjected to reactive recrystallization as the crystalline form of (S)-(-)-TPMA·HCl salt by adding HCl in isopropanol (IPA) to three starting concentrations of (S)-(-)-TPMA free base: 10.8%, 13.0%, and 15.2%. Table 10 provides various PSD parameters for the measured PSD data shown in Figures 8A-8C; where Figure 8A shows the PSD data at a concentration of 15.2% (S)-(-)-TPMA free base, Figure 8B shows the PSD data at a concentration of 13.0% (S)-(-)-TPMA free base, and Figure 8C shows the PSD data at a concentration of 10.8% (S)-(-)-TPMA free base.

[0226] It was found that increasing the starting concentration of (S)-(-)-TPMA free base decreased both the median particle size and PSD span, and decreasing the starting concentration of (S)-(-)-TPMA free base increased both the median particle size and PSD span. Table 10 Particle size distribution parameters for various free base concentrations [Table 15]

[0227] Water content adjustment

[0228] Solutions containing (S)-(-)-TPMA free base (e.g., solutions of compound F in Scheme 4) were subjected to reactive recrystallization as the crystalline form of the (S)-(-)-TPMA·HCl salt by adding HCl in isopropanol (IPA) to solutions of (S)-(-)-TPMA free base with different water contents (i.e., pre-nucleation water content) ranging from 2%-5.5%. Table 11 provides various PSD parameters of the measured PSD data with suggested water content.

[0229] It was found that increasing the moisture content generally resulted in an increase in median particle size but a decrease in the span of the PSD. Table 11 Particle size distribution parameters for different moisture contents [Table 16]

[0230] Adjustment by reaction process

[0231] Reactive recrystallization was carried out by two different processes: (i) Process 1, which utilizes a plug flow reactor (PFR) step in which ultrasound is applied to the reaction mixture during nucleation (e.g., during step 4b in Scheme 4); and (ii) Process 2, which involves a multi-step process including mixed suspension and mixed product removal (MSMPR).

[0232] The chemistry, e.g., compounds, concentrations, and stoichiometries, used for reactive recrystallization under Process 1 and Process 2 were substantially the same as that of Example 1A (Process 1 and Process 2 start with solutions of (S)-(−)-TPMA free base (Compound F) at various concentrations in Scheme 4 of Example 1A).

[0233] Reactive recrystallization under Process 1 was carried out as follows: A solution of (S)-(-)-TPMA free base and a solution of HCl / IPA were fed as separate feed streams using a peristaltic pump through a Tee mixer to a tubing crystallizer with controlled temperature (e.g., 40°C) and residence time, performing step 4b of Scheme 4. Crystallization occurred as a process stream flowing through the tubing after contact with the Tee. An N2 injection system was connected to both feed streams, allowing for periodic introduction of gas. The output solution after the Tee mixer was passed through a tubing coil (1 / 8-inch PFA tubing) of a predetermined length depending on the desired residence time. A coil length of 3.5 m was used for a residence time of approximately 2.5 minutes, and a coil length of 7 m was used for a residence time of approximately 5 minutes. Temperature control of the coil was achieved using a water bath in which the Tee, approximately 10 cm of each input stream tubing, and coil were immersed, and sonication was achieved by sonicating the water bath during the process flow.

[0234] Reactive recrystallization under Process 2 was carried out as follows: The multistage MSMPR process utilized three process streams: continuously pumping starting material into a first reactor (first-stage crystallizer), continuously pumping from the first reactor to a second reactor (second-stage crystallizer), continuously pumping from the second reactor to a third reactor (third-stage crystallizer), and continuously pumping from the third reactor to a vessel receiving the product. Operating volumes and reaction conditions were maintained at steady state during the process, and each reactor was agitated.

[0235] The starting materials, an isopropanol solution of (S)-(-)-TPMA free base and a 13% HCl solution in isopropanol, were pumped into the first stage at set flow rates, adjusting the residence time and the ratio of (S)-(-)-TPMA free base to HCl in each stage. The suspension was transferred from the first stage crystallizer to a second stage crystallizer, and a 37% HCl isopropanol solution was pumped into the second stage crystallizer. The suspension was transferred from the second stage crystallizer to a third stage crystallizer, and the remaining (50%) HCl isopropanol solution was pumped into the third stage crystallizer. Pumping was performed with a peristaltic pump. The various flow and other conditions for each stage are summarized in Table 12. Table 12 MSMPR Stage Conditions and Parameters [Table 17]

[0236] Table 13 provides various PSD parameters of the measured PSD data shown in Figure 9A; Figures 9B and 9C represent SEM images of crystalline Form A of (S)-(-)-TPMA·HCl obtained by Process 2 and Process 1, respectively.

[0237] Sonication during the supersaturation step was found to provide PSDs with small median particle size and acceptable PSD span. Additionally, sonication during the supersaturation step was found to favor the predominant formation of the blocky crystalline form of (S)-(-)-TPMA HCl (Form A) and to avoid the needle-like form (Form B). Table 13 [Table 18]

[0238] In various embodiments, the crystalline forms of the present invention have several advantageous physical properties. For example, the crystalline form of Polymorph A of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride is substantially non-hygroscopic, and in various embodiments, exhibits a maximum mass change of less than about 0.2%, preferably less than about 0.1%, in a moisture sorption isotherm scanned at 25° C. from 0 to 90% relative humidity, as measured by dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) (see, e.g., FIG. 5).

[0239] It should be appreciated that various embodiments of the present invention provide crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride polymorph Form A in high chiral and chemical purity.

[0240] In various embodiments, the present invention provides a substantially enantiomerically pure crystalline form of polymorph A of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride.For example, in various embodiments, the present invention provides a composition containing greater than about 90% (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride and less than about 10% (R)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride, or greater than about 95% (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride and less than about 10% (R)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride. or (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride at less than about 5%, or (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride at greater than about 97% and (R)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride at less than about 3%, or (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride at greater than about 99% and (R)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3- or (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride at less than about 1%, or (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride at greater than about 99.5% and (R)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride at less than about 0.5%, or (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride at greater than about 99.7% and (R)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride at greater than about 1%. A crystalline form of (4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine is provided, which contains less than about 0.3% (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride, or greater than about 99.9% (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride and less than about 0.01% (R)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride.

[0241] In various embodiments, the present invention provides a substantially chemically pure crystalline form of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride polymorph A. For example, in various embodiments, the present invention provides crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride polymorph A having a chemical purity greater than about 80%, a chemical purity greater than about 90%, a chemical purity greater than about 95%, a chemical purity greater than about 97%, a chemical purity greater than about 99%, a chemical purity greater than about 99.5%, a chemical purity greater than about 99.7%, or a chemical purity greater than about 99.9%. In various embodiments, crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride polymorph Form A is provided, having less than about 8000 ppm residual solvent, less than about 6000 ppm residual solvent, less than about 4000 ppm residual solvent, less than about 2000 ppm residual solvent, less than about 1000 ppm residual solvent, less than about 800 ppm residual solvent, or less than about 500 ppm residual solvent.

[0242] In various embodiments, the present invention provides formulations and compositions comprising (S)-TPMA·HCl, and / or a crystalline form thereof, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, carriers, adjuvants, or vehicles.

[0243] In various embodiments, the composition is formulated with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients according to known and established practice.Thus, in various embodiments, the composition is formulated as, for example, a liquid, a powder, an elixir, an injection, or a suspension.Preferably, oral preparations are those in which pharmacologically active ingredients are mixed with an inert solid diluent, and can be provided as, for example, tablets, caplets, or capsules.Tablets can also contain granulating agents and disintegrating agents, and can be coated or uncoated.Topical preparations can be provided as, for example, topical solutions, lotions, creams, ointments, gels, foams, patches, powders, solids, sponges, tapes, vapors, pastes, or tinctures.

[0244] In various embodiments, provided herein are compositions comprising (S)-TPMA or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, carriers, adjuvants, or vehicles, wherein the amount of (S)-TPMA is between about 10 mg and about 120 mg based on the free base. In some embodiments, the amount of (S)-TPMA is about 30 mg to about 100 mg based on the free base. In some embodiments, the amount of (S)-TPMA is about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 70 mg, about 75 mg, about 80 mg, about 90 mg, or about 100 mg based on the free base. In some embodiments, the amount of (S)-TPMA is about 30 mg based on the free base. In some embodiments, the amount of (S)-TPMA is about 50 mg based on the free base. In some embodiments, the amount of (S)-TPMA is about 75 mg based on the free base. In some embodiments, the amount of (S)-TPMA is about 100 mg on a free base basis.

[0245] In various embodiments, the present invention includes compositions comprising (S)-TPMA·HCl and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, carriers, adjuvants, or vehicles, wherein the amount of (S)-TPMA·HCl is between about 30 mg and about 120 mg, and in various embodiments, preferably between about 30 mg and about 90 mg.

[0246] In various embodiments, provided herein are compositions comprising (S)-TPMA·HCl and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, carriers, adjuvants, or vehicles, wherein the amount of (S)-TPMA·HCl is about 10 mg to about 120 mg based on the free base. In some embodiments, the amount of (S)-TPMA·HCl is about 30 mg to about 100 mg based on the free base. In some embodiments, the amount of (S)-TPMA·HCl is about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 70 mg, about 75 mg, about 80 mg, about 90 mg, or about 100 mg based on the free base. In some embodiments, the amount of (S)-TPMA·HCl is about 30 mg based on the free base. In some embodiments, the amount of (S)-TPMA·HCl is about 50 mg based on the free base. In some embodiments, the amount of (S)-TPMA·HCl is about 75 mg based on the free base. In some embodiments, the amount of (S)-TPMA·HCl is about 100 mg on a free base basis.

[0247] In various embodiments, the composition comprising (S)-TPMA·HCl is formulated as a solid oral dosage form. It should be appreciated that the entire amount of the composition comprising (S)-TPMA·HCl need not be provided in a single dosage unit, e.g., a single tablet, capsule, etc. In various embodiments, the composition is preferably provided in a dosage unit form, e.g., such that administration of two dosage unit forms results in administration of the desired amount of (S)-TPMA·HCl.

[0248] Pharmaceutical compositions containing the active ingredient ((S)-TPMA·HCl and its crystalline forms) may be in any form suitable for the intended method of administration. For example, tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsions, hard or soft capsules, syrups, or elixirs are suitable forms for oral administration. Compositions intended for oral use may contain one or more excipients, such as sweeteners, flavoring agents, coloring agents, and preservatives, to provide a palatable preparation.

[0249] In various embodiments, the compositions of the present invention are formulated for oral administration to a subject; in various preferred embodiments, the compositions are provided in a solid oral dosage form. In various embodiments, the solid oral dosage form comprises a tablet.

[0250] In various embodiments, tablets are provided containing the active ingredient mixed with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients suitable for tablet manufacture. These excipients may be, for example, inert diluents such as microcrystalline cellulose, mannitol, calcium or sodium carbonate, lactose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, povidone, calcium or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents such as corn starch or alginic acid; binders such as cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, starch, gelatin, or acacia; disintegrating agents such as crospovidone, croscarmellose sodium, or sodium starch glycolate; and lubricants such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid, or talc. The tablets may be uncoated or coated by known techniques.

[0251] Tablet manufacturing almost always requires the inclusion of excipients in the formulation to facilitate handling, enhance appearance, improve stability, and aid in the delivery of the drug to the bloodstream after administration. These potentially inactive ingredients, as well as the manufacturing method used, often affect the absorption or bioavailability of the drug. Therefore, care must be taken in selecting and evaluating excipients and manufacturing methods to ensure that the target drug delivery and therapeutic effect of the active ingredient are not compromised. A drug's solubility and other physicochemical properties affect its physiological effect from a solid dosage form. Important physicochemical properties include its particle size, whether the particles are amorphous or crystalline, whether the particles are solvated or unsolvated, and its polymorphic form. Even when other clinically effective formulations are obtained, dosage unit-to-unit variation within a given batch, as well as batch-to-batch variations, can result in pharmacologically unacceptable outcomes.

[0252] In various embodiments, formulations are provided that contain (S)-TPMA or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in a range of about 2 to about 80% w / w based on the free base. In various embodiments, formulations are provided that contain (S)-TPMA or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in a range of about 5 to about 75% w / w based on the free base. In various embodiments, formulations are provided that contain (S)-TPMA or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in a range of about 40 to about 80% w / w based on the free base. In various embodiments, formulations are provided that contain (S)-TPMA or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in a range of about 50 to about 80% w / w based on the free base. In various embodiments, formulations are provided that contain (S)-TPMA or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in a range of about 60 to about 80% w / w based on the free base. In some embodiments, the amount is about 70% w / w.

[0253] In various embodiments, formulations are provided that contain (S)-TPMA or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 40, about 45, about 50, about 55, about 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, or about 80% w / w based on the free base. In various embodiments, formulations are provided that contain (S)-TPMA or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 10% w / w based on the free base. In various embodiments, formulations are provided that contain (S)-TPMA or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 20% w / w based on the free base. In various embodiments, formulations are provided that contain (S)-TPMA or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 40% w / w based on the free base. In various embodiments, formulations are provided that contain (S)-TPMA or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 50% w / w based on the free base. In various embodiments, a formulation is provided that includes (S)-TPMA or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 60% w / w based on the free base. In various embodiments, a formulation is provided that includes (S)-TPMA or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 70% w / w based on the free base.

[0254] In various embodiments, tablet formulations are provided that contain (S)-TPMA·hydrochloride in a range of between about 2.4% w / w and about 60% w / w, and in various preferred embodiments, in a range of between about 10% w / w and about 40% w / w.

[0255] In various embodiments, formulations are provided that contain (S)-TPMA·HCl in a range of between about 2 and about 80% w / w based on the free base. In various embodiments, formulations are provided that contain (S)-TPMA·HCl in a range of between about 5 and about 75% w / w based on the free base. In various embodiments, formulations are provided that contain (S)-TPMA·HCl in a range of between about 5 and about 50% w / w based on the free base. In various embodiments, formulations are provided that contain (S)-TPMA·HCl in a range of between about 5 and about 40% w / w based on the free base. In various embodiments, formulations are provided that contain (S)-TPMA·HCl in a range of between about 10 and about 40% w / w based on the free base. In various embodiments, formulations are provided that contain (S)-TPMA·HCl in a range of between about 10 and about 40% w / w based on the free base.

[0256] In various embodiments, a formulation is provided that includes (S)-TPMA·HCl in an amount of about 10% w / w based on the free base. In various embodiments, a formulation is provided that includes (S)-TPMA·HCl in an amount of about 20% w / w based on the free base. In various embodiments, a formulation is provided that includes (S)-TPMA·HCl in an amount of about 25% w / w based on the free base. In various embodiments, a formulation is provided that includes (S)-TPMA·HCl in an amount of about 30% w / w based on the free base. In various embodiments, a formulation is provided that includes (S)-TPMA·HCl in an amount of about 35% w / w based on the free base.

[0257] In some embodiments, the formulation is a tablet. In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises a filler. In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises a disintegrant. In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises a lubricant. In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises a coating agent.

[0258] ; In various embodiments, the tablets provided herein comprise a core comprising: (i) (S)-TPMA or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in a range of between about 10 and about 40% w / w based on the free base; (ii) a filler; (iii) a disintegrant; (iv) a lubricant; and optionally, (v) a glidant. In some embodiments, the tablets comprise: (i) a matrix as a polymer coating system; and optionally, one or more of (ii) whitening agents and colorants, (iii) polishing agents, and (iv) other colorants, for example, to provide a variety of tablet colors to meet market needs.

[0259] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of (S)-TPMA is (S)-TPMA·HCl. In some embodiments, the (S)-TPMA·HCl is Form A or Form B. In some embodiments, provided herein is a formulation comprising (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in a range of between about 2 and about 80% w / w based on the free base, wherein the (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride is Form A or Form B.

[0260] In some embodiments, the filler is microcrystalline cellulose, mannitol, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the disintegrant is sodium starch glycolate. In some embodiments, the lubricant is magnesium stearate. In some embodiments, the glidant is colloidal silicon dioxide. In some embodiments, the polymer coating system is (hydroxypropyl)methylcellulose (HPMC) / hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC). In some embodiments, the bleaching agent and colorant is titanium dioxide. In some embodiments, the polishing agent is carnauba wax.

[0261] In various embodiments, the tablets of the present invention comprise: (a) a core comprising: (i) (S)-TPMA·hydrochloride in a range of between about 2.4% w / w and about 60% w / w, and in various embodiments, in a range of between about 10% w / w and about 40% w / w; (ii) microcrystalline cellulose and mannitol as fillers; (iii) sodium starch glycolate as a disintegrant; (iv) magnesium stearate as a lubricant; and optionally (v) colloidal silicon dioxide (optionally) as a glidant; and (b) (i) a (hydroxypropyl)methylcellulose (HPMC) / hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) matrix as a polymer coating system; and optionally one or more of (ii) titanium dioxide as a whitening and coloring agent, (iii) carnauba wax as a glazing agent, and (iv) other coloring agents, for example, to provide a variety of tablet colors to meet market needs. In various preferred embodiments, the concentration of each component is selected based on powder flowability, tabletability, and tablet stability after storage at accelerated and long-term conditions.

[0262] In some formulations, microcracking was observed in tablets. This was addressed by modifying the compression process, for example, by changing the compression position in the die. The extrusion force can be reduced by omitting colloidal silicon dioxide (Cabosil) from the formulation and increasing the microcrystalline cellulose (MCC):mannitol ratio. In some embodiments, the formulation does not contain colloidal silicon dioxide, and the MCC:mannitol ratio is about 5:1. Binary mixtures (1:1) of API with Opadry 03F110000 (green), Opadry 03F180011 (white), Opadry II85F18422 (white), copovidone, crospovidone, or sodium stearyl fumarate were found to be stable when stored in sealed glass vials at 40°C / 75% RH for 6 or 9 months. Based on the compatibility data of the binary excipients, these excipients could potentially be used in tablet formulations. A binary mixture (1:1) of API and colloidal silicon dioxide is not stable after 2 weeks at 40°C / 75% RH.

[0263] In some embodiments, the formulation does not contain colloidal silicon dioxide (e.g., (S)-TPMA·hydrochloride granules, microcrystalline cellulose, mannitol, sodium starch glycolate, and magnesium stearate). In some embodiments, the formulation does not contain mannitol (e.g., (S)-TPMA·hydrochloride granules, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium starch glycolate, colloidal silicon dioxide, and magnesium stearate). In some embodiments, the formulation does not contain mannitol and colloidal silicon dioxide (e.g., (S)-TPMA·hydrochloride granules, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium starch glycolate, and magnesium stearate).

[0264] In some embodiments, the (S)-TPMA·hydrochloride is Form A or Form B. In some embodiments, the (S)-TPMA·hydrochloride is Form A. In some embodiments, the (S)-TPMA·hydrochloride is Form B.

[0265] In various embodiments, methods are provided for making solid oral dosage forms comprising (S)-TPMA, such as by direct compression or dry granulation to form tablets.

[0266] Example 3: Tablet Formation and Manufacturing

[0267] Tablets of (S)-TPMA·hydrochloride were manufactured using a dry process. Direct compression was used for the 25 mg tablets, while dry granulation followed by compression was used for the 50, 75, and 100 mg active ingredient strengths. In some embodiments, the API is milled before blending with excipients. The compositions of the 25 mg tablet strength are summarized in Table 14, and the compositions of the 50, 75, and 100 mg tablet strengths are summarized in Tables 15A, 15B, 15C, and 15D, which include a core tablet and a coating applied to the core. While these tables list the color of the coated tablets as yellow, it should be understood that the color of the tablets can be changed based on market needs, for example, while the polymer coating system remains unchanged. Based on the amount of free base, i.e., for an active ingredient content of 25 mg of (S)-TPMA in the compound's (S)-TPMA·hydrochloride salt, microcrystalline cellulose, mannitol, and sodium starch glycolate were individually sieved through a #30 mesh screen and placed in a low-shear blender. The mixture was blended at up to 500 revolutions. In some cases, the mixture was blended at up to 300 revolutions. Magnesium stearate was sieved through a #60 mesh screen and placed in the blender, and the mixture was blended for an additional 75 revolutions. The blend was then compressed into tablets with a target tablet weight of 300 mg. The tablets were then coated with Opadry 20A120006 Yellow, Opadry 20A18407 White, or Opadry 20A110008 Green (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose / hydroxypropyl cellulose) and, after drying, carnauba wax was applied to the tablets.

[0268] When the active ingredient strength (based on the amount of free base) was greater than 25 mg, the intragranular blend included (S)-TPMA hydrochloride, microcrystalline cellulose, and sodium starch glycolate, each individually sieved through a #30 mesh screen and placed in a low-shear blender. The mixture was blended at up to 500 revolutions. In some instances, the mixture was blended at up to 300 revolutions. In some instances, the mixture was blended at up to 250 revolutions, magnesium stearate was sieved through a #60 mesh screen and placed in the blender, and the mixture was blended for an additional 75 revolutions. The intragranular blend was then dry-granulated into ribbons and milled into granules.

[0269] Depending on the target tablet strength, different amounts of granules were used after dry granulation and blended with extragranular excipients before compression. The final blend included (S)-TPMA·hydrochloride granules, microcrystalline cellulose, mannitol, sodium starch glycolate, colloidal silicon dioxide (for 75 and 100 mg only), and magnesium stearate. In some instances, the final blend does not include colloidal silicon dioxide (e.g., (S)-TPMA·hydrochloride granules, microcrystalline cellulose, mannitol, sodium starch glycolate, and magnesium stearate). In some embodiments, the final blend does not include mannitol (e.g., (S)-TPMA·hydrochloride granules, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium starch glycolate, colloidal silicon dioxide, and magnesium stearate). In some instances, the final blend does not include mannitol and colloidal silicon dioxide (e.g., (S)-TPMA·hydrochloride granules, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium starch glycolate, and magnesium stearate). Based on the free base, 25 mg, 50 mg, 75 mg, and 100 mg strengths of (S)-TPMA·hydrochloride can be prepared from the final blend with or without colloidal silicon dioxide, or with or without mannitol. Microcrystalline cellulose, mannitol, sodium starch glycolate, and colloidal silicon dioxide were individually sieved through a #30 mesh screen or sieved together with microcrystalline cellulose (for colloidal silicon dioxide only) and placed in a low-shear blender along with the (S)-TPMA·hydrochloride granules for blending. The mixture was blended for 250 revolutions. Extragranular magnesium stearate was sieved through a #60 mesh screen and placed in the blender. The mixture was then blended for 75 revolutions and then compressed into tablets with a target tablet weight of 300 mg. The tablets were then coated with Opadry 20A120006 Yellow, Opadry 20A18407 White, or Opadry 20A110008 Green (hydroxypropylmethylcellulose / hydroxypropylcellulose), dried, and then carnauba wax was applied to the tablets.

[0270] When the active ingredient strength (based on the amount of free base) was greater than 25 mg, the intragranular blend containing (S)-TPMA hydrochloride, microcrystalline cellulose, and sodium starch glycolate were individually sieved through a #30 mesh screen and placed in a low-shear blender. In some cases, the (S)-TPMA hydrochloride was milled before granulation. The mixture was blended for 300 revolutions. Magnesium stearate was sieved through a #60 mesh screen and placed in the blender, and the mixture was blended for an additional 75 revolutions. The intragranular blend was then dry granulated into ribbons and milled into granules. After dry granulation, the granules and extragranular excipients were blended before compression. The final blend included granules of (S)-TPMA hydrochloride, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium starch glycolate, and magnesium stearate. The 50 mg and 75 mg versions also contained mannitol as an extragranular excipient. Microcrystalline cellulose, mannitol, and sodium starch glycolate were sieved through a #30 mesh screen and placed in a low-shear blender with the (S)-TPMA hydrochloride granules for blending. The mixture was blended for 300 revolutions. Extragranular magnesium stearate was sieved through a #60 mesh screen and placed in the blender. The mixture was then blended for 75 revolutions and then compressed into tablets with a target tablet weight of 300 mg. The tablets were then coated with Opadry 20A120006 Yellow, Opadry 20A18407 White, or Opadry 20A110008 Green (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose / hydroxypropyl cellulose), dried, and then carnauba wax was applied to the tablets.

[0271] Tablets weighing 75 mg, 150 mg, 225 mg, and 300 mg can be manufactured using a conventional blend for all four dosage strengths: 25 mg, 50 mg, 75 mg, and 100 mg. For example, (S)-TPMA hydrochloride, microcrystalline cellulose, and sodium starch glycolate were individually sieved through a #30 mesh screen and placed in a low-shear blender. The mixture was blended for 300 revolutions. Magnesium stearate was sieved through a #60 mesh screen and placed in the blender, and the mixture was blended for an additional 75 revolutions. The intragranular blend was then dry granulated into ribbons and milled into granules. After dry granulation, the granules and extragranular excipients were blended prior to compression. The final blend included (S)-TPMA hydrochloride granules, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium starch glycolate, and magnesium stearate. Microcrystalline cellulose and sodium starch glycolate were sieved through a #30 mesh screen and placed in a low-shear blender with the (S)-TPMA hydrochloride granules for blending. The mixture was blended for 300 revolutions. Extragranular magnesium stearate was sieved through a #60 mesh screen and placed in the blender. The mixture was then blended for 75 revolutions. The blends can be compressed into 75 mg, 150 mg, 225 mg, and 300 mg tablets for tablet strengths of 25 mg, 50 mg, 75 mg, and 100 mg, respectively. In other words, different strengths of (S)-TPMA hydrochloride can be compressed by applying corresponding amounts of the blends and tableting them. It may be made from a single blend having the same components, see, for example, Tables 15C and 15D. Table 14 Exemplary composition of a tablet containing 25 mg of (S)-TPMA hydrochloride [Table 19] Table 15A Exemplary compositions of tablets of (S)-TPMA·hydrochloride having active ingredient strengths of 50, 75, and 100 mg [Table 20] Note: For the 50 mg strength, similar batches were prepared with colloidal silicon dioxide (Carbozil) as shown in Table 15A. Batches of the 75 and 100 mg strengths were also prepared without Carbozil as shown in Table 15A. Table 15B Further exemplary compositions of tablets of (S)-TPMA·hydrochloride having active ingredient strengths of 50, 75, and 100 mg [Table 21] Table 15C Regular blend formulation [Table 22] Table 15D Composition of tablet formulation for compressing formulation using conventional blends [Table 23]

[0272] The amounts of polymer coating system are actually estimates shown in Table 15D. If lower weight tablets are produced, the actual amounts may be modified and coated. Similarly, the amount of polishing agent is also actually an estimate. If lower weight tablets are produced, the actual amounts may be modified and subjected to coating and wax / polish.

[0273] XRPD analysis of Examples 4-8 and 12 was performed using a desktop X-ray diffractometer, MiniFlex II (Rigaku), with Cu radiation. The tube voltage and current were set at 30 kV and 15 mA, respectively. The scattering slit was fixed at 1.25°, and the receiving slit was fixed at 0.3 mm. Diffracted radiation was detected with a NaI scintillation detector. A θ-2θ continuous scan at 1.0° / min was used with a step size of 0.02-0.05° from 3 to 45° 2θ. Data were collected and analyzed using Jade 8.5.4. Each sample was prepared for analysis by placing it in a low-background round 0.1 mm indented sample holder.

[0274] DSC analyses for Examples 4-8 were performed using a TA Instrument Q100 Differential Scanning Calorimeter. Each sample was analyzed in an aluminum pan with a crimped lid. Each sample was heated at a heating rate of 10°C / min from a room temperature of 25°C to a final temperature of 200-300°C under a nitrogen purge of 50 mL / min. Sample sizes ranged from 1.6 to 8.0 mg.

[0275] Coulometric water content analysis for Examples 4-8 was performed using an EM Scientific Aquastar C3000 titrator to measure water content. Sample sizes ranged from 18 mg to 134 mg.

[0276] DVS moisture sorption isotherms for Examples 4-8 were generated using a VTI SGA-100 Symmetric Vapor Sorption Analyzer. The analysis included a pre-analysis run at 25°C, with an equilibrium criterion of 0.0000 wt.% change over 5 minutes or up to 180 minutes. The equilibrium criterion was a change of less than 0.01 wt.% over 5 minutes or 180 minutes for each RH step. The temperature was fixed at 25°C, and the relative humidity steps (25% to 95% to 25%) were in 5% increments. The analysis was repeated for each sample in successive runs (samples were not removed from the analyzer). Sample sizes ranged from 14 mg to 73 mg. Example 4: (S)-TPMA·R-mandelate

[0277] The crystalline form of (S)-TPMA·R-mandelate was analyzed using XRPD, DSC, coulometric titration, and DVS. Figure 11 shows the XRPD and Table 4 provides the peak list. Table 4. Peak list for XRPD of (S)-TPMA·R-mandelic acid (Figure 12). [Table 24] [Table 25]

[0278] The DSC, shown in Figure 12, shows an onset temperature of 127°C with an endothermic peak at 129°C. The moisture content, determined by coulometric titration, was 0.03% water. The TGA is shown in Figure 13. Example 5: (S)-TPMA·L-tartrate

[0279] The crystalline form of (S)-TPMA·L-tartrate was analyzed using XRPD, DSC, coulometric titration, and DVS. Figure 14 shows the XRPD and Table 5 provides the peak list. Table 5. Peak list for (S)-TPMA·L-tartrate XRPD (Figure 14) [Table 26] [Table 27]

[0280] The DSC shown in Figure 15 shows an onset temperature of 149°C with an endothermic peak at 152°C. The moisture content determined by coulometric titration was 0.07% water. The DVS is shown in Figure 16. Example 6: (S)-TPMA·D-tartrate

[0281] The crystalline forms of (S)-TPMA·D-tartrate were analyzed using XRPD, DSC, coulometric titration, and DVS. Three crystalline forms were observed: Form DA, Form DB, and Form DC. Figure 17 shows the XRPD of Form DA; Table 6A provides the listed peaks. Figure 18 shows the XRPD of Form DB; Table 6B provides the listed peaks. Figure 19 shows the XRPD of Form DC; Table 6C provides the listed peaks. The XRPD patterns of Forms DA, DB, and DC may not represent unique, pure polymorphs but may be mixtures of forms. Table 6A. XRPD peak list for (S)-TPMA·D-tartrate (Figure 17). [Table 28] [Table 29] Table 6B. XRPD Peak List for (S)-TPMA·D-Tartrate (Figure 18) [Table 30] [Table 31] Table 6C. XRPD Peak List for (S)-TPMA·D-Tartrate (Figure 19) [Table 32] [Table 33]

[0282] The DSC of form DA, shown in Figure 20, shows an onset temperature of 168°C with an endothermic peak at 170°C. The DSC of form DB, shown in Figure 21, shows an onset temperature of 107°C with an endothermic peak at 111°C. The DSC of form DC, shown in Figure 22, shows an onset temperature of 158°C with an endothermic peak at 160°C, and an onset temperature of 183°C with an endothermic peak at 185°C. Shows.

[0283] The moisture content, as measured by coulometric titration, was 0.12% for form DA, 0.09% water for form DB, and 0.06% water for form DC. The DVS for form DA is shown in FIG. Example 7: (S)-TPMA·Mesylate and (S)-TPMA·L-Malate

[0284] The mesylate salt was observed in polymorphism experiments and analyzed using DVS, Figure 24 shows the DVS.

[0285] The L-maleate salt was observed in the polymorphism experiments and analyzed using DVS. Figure 25 shows the DVS. Example 8: (S)-TPMA besylate

[0286] The crystalline form of (S)-TPMA·besylate salt was analyzed using XRPD, DSC, coulometric titration, and DVS. Form BA was observed. Figure 25 shows the XRPD and Table 8 provides a peak list for Form BA. Table 8. XRPD of (S)-TPMA·Besylate Form BA (Figure 25) Peak Out [Table 34] [Table 35]

[0287] The DSC shown in Figure 26 shows an onset temperature of 141°C with an endothermic peak at 142°C. The moisture content determined by coulometric titration was 0.03% water. The DVS is shown in Figure 27. Example 9: Solid-state stability studies

[0288] Solid samples of (S)-TPMA·HCl and (S)-TPMA·besylate (approximately 25 mg each) were placed in 4 mL clear borosilicate glass screw-top vials. Samples were stored at 40 °C / 75% RH and analyzed by AR&D after 27 days of storage.

[0289] The results show no change in the area of ​​the parent peak or the area % of the impurities for either the HCl salt or the besylate salt. The results are set out in Table 9. Table 9. Solid-state stability results for HCl and besylate salts [Table 36] The HCl and besylate salts are stable in the solid state after 27 days at 40°C / 75% RH. Impurity 1 is: [ka] is. Example 10: Solubility studies in aqueous systems

[0290] Buffer preparations mimicking gastric fluid (pH 1.2, approximately 0.1 N HCl, 0.03 M NaCl), intestinal fluid (pH 6.7, 0.05 M KH2PO4, approximately 0.02 N NaOH), and acetate buffer (pH 4.6, 0.02 M sodium acetate, 0.03 M acetic acid) were prepared according to USP 27 [Ref 3]. No enzymes were added to the simulated gastric or intestinal fluids. Approximately 200 mg of the selected salt was weighed into a clear glass HPLC vial. 1 mL of deionized water was added to each vial. In each case, a clear solution was obtained, and the pH of the final solution was measured. The results (Table 11a) were reported as "greater than" the solution's concentration.

[0291] Further solubility experiments were performed on the (S)-TPMA·HCl salt. Approximately 250 mg of (S)-TPMA·HCl salt was weighed into a clear glass HPLC vial. Approximately 900 μL of each test solvent was added to each vial. In each case, a clear yellow solution was obtained, and the pH of the final solution was measured.

[0292] The results (Table 10a) were reported as "greater than" the concentration of the solution. Tables 10a and 10b refer to the solubility results. Table 10a. Apparent solubility of (S)-TPMA salts in deionized water [Table 37] a = solubility in units of free base Table 10b. Apparent solubility of (S)-TPMA·HCl in aqueous buffer systems [Table 38] a = solubility in units of free base No enzyme was added to the simulated gastric or intestinal fluids.

[0293] The selected salts have good solubility (i.e., solubility) at physiological pH and conditions, such as SGF (pH 1.2), SIF (pH 6.8), and acetate buffer (pH 4.5). > The salts tested (HCl, L-tartrate, besylate, and R-mandelate) all had a pH of 1 mgA / mL. All salts tested (HCl, L-tartrate, besylate, and R-mandelate) were freely soluble in deionized water. The HCl salt was freely soluble in aqueous buffers ranging in pH from 1.3 to 7.7. Example 11: Polymorphic Study of (S)-TPMA·Besylate

[0294] A polymorphic study was conducted on (S)-TPMA·besylate. The starting material used in this study is designated Form BA, which has the characteristics shown below.

[0295] (S)-TPMA is light sensitive and was handled to minimize exposure to light throughout the experiment. In this work, the following abbreviations are used: ACN - acetonitrile, B / E - birefringence / extinction, CC - crash cooling, DCM - dichloromethane, DSC - differential scanning calorimetry, EtOAc - ethyl acetate, EtOH - ethanol, FE - fast evaporation, HO - water, IPA - isopropanol, IS - not enough sample, MEK - methyl ethyl ketone, MeOH - methanol, mg - milligram, mL - milliliter, PO - preferred orientation, Rotovap - rotary evaporation, RT - room temperature / ambient temperature, S / AS - solvent / antisolvent, SC - slow cooling, SE - slow evaporation, Tg - glass transition temperature, THF - tetrahydrofuran, UM - vague form, v / v - volume / volume, vac - vacuum, VD - vapor diffusion, VT - variable temperature, and XRPD - X-ray powder diffraction.

[0296] Approximate solubility determination: Aliquots of test solvent were added to weighed samples of (S)-TPMA·besylate, sonicating during each addition. Dissolution was determined by visual inspection. If the sample dissolved upon addition of the first aliquot, the solubility was reported as "more than." If the sample did not dissolve, the solubility was reported as "less than." Actual solubility may be higher than reported due to slow dissolution rates and addition of too large aliquots.

[0297] First evaporation: A solution of (S)-TPMA besylate was prepared and filtered. The sample was left open under ambient conditions to evaporate.

[0298] Slow evaporation: A solution of (S)-TPMA besylate was prepared and filtered. The vial containing the sample was covered with a pinhole wheel. The covered sample was left to evaporate under ambient conditions.

[0299] Slurry formation: A solution of (S)-TPMA·besylate containing an excess of solid was prepared and stirred at a predetermined temperature for a predetermined time.

[0300] Slow cooling: A saturated solution of (S)-TPMA besylate was prepared in a hot oil bath. The sample was filtered through a heated filter into a heated vial and then returned to the oil bath. The heat was turned off and the sample was allowed to cool slowly to ambient temperature. When no precipitation was observed at ambient temperature, the sample was placed in the refrigerator. After refrigeration, the sample was transferred to the freezer.

[0301] Crash-cooling: A saturated solution of (S)-TPMA besylate was prepared in a hot oil bath. The sample was filtered through a warm filter into a vial, which was then plunged into a dry ice / acetone bath. If no precipitation occurred, the sample was placed in the freezer.

[0302] Solvent / Anti-Solvent Crash Precipitation: A solution of (S)-TPMA besylate was prepared, filtered, and combined with an anti-solvent. If no precipitation was observed, the sample was placed in the freezer. If no precipitation was observed in the freezer, the sample was either partially evaporated or evaporated to dryness.

[0303] Grinding experiments: (S)-TPMA besylate samples were placed in an agate canister containing agate spheres. For solvent drop grinding experiments, a small amount (10 μL) of solvent was added. The samples were capped, covered with Parafilm, and ground in a Retsch Mixer Mill, Model MM200, at 30 Hz for 20 minutes.

[0304] Vapor diffusion: A solution of (S)-TPMA·besylate was prepared and filtered into a vial. The vial was placed uncapped in a larger vial containing antisolvent. The larger vial was capped and the sample was allowed to equilibrate.

[0305] Rotary evaporation: A solution of (S)-TPMA·besylate was prepared and filtered. The sample was placed on a rotary evaporator at ambient temperature and evaporated to dryness.

[0306] Lyophilization: An aqueous solution of (S)-TPMA·besylate was prepared, filtered, and frozen using a dry ice / acetone bath. The sample was placed in an FTS-Systems Flexi-Dry freeze dryer.

[0307] Heating experiments: A sample of (S)-TPMA·besylate was placed in a vial, capped, and placed in an oil bath at a predetermined temperature.

[0308] Mechanical Engineering

[0309] XRPD: Most XRPD patterns were collected on a PANalytical X'Pert PRO MPD diffractometer using an incident beam of Cu radiation generated with an Optic long-fine focus source. An elliptical gradient multilayer mirror focused the Cu Kα X-rays through the sample onto the detector. Prior to analysis, a silicon specimen (NIST SRM 640d) was analyzed to confirm the Si 111 peak position. The sample specimen was sandwiched between 3 μm-thick films and analyzed in transmission geometry. A beam stop, short anti-scatter extensions, and an anti-scatter knife edge were used to minimize background generated by air. Soller slits for the incident and diffracted beams were used to minimize broadening due to axial divergence. Diffraction patterns were collected using a scanning position-sensitive detector (X'Celerator) positioned 240 mm from the sample and Data Collector software v.2.2b. The data acquisition parameters for each pattern are displayed above the images in the data section of this report, including the divergence slit (DS) in front of the mirror and the anti-scatter slit (SS) for the incident beam.

[0310] XRPD patterns of 1 were collected on a PANalytical X'Pert PRO MPD diffractometer using an incident beam of Cu Kα radiation generated using a long, fine-focus source and a nickel filter. The diffractometer was configured with a symmetric Bragg-Brentano diffractometer. Prior to analysis, a silicon specimen (NIST SRM 640d) was analyzed to confirm its Si 111 peak position. The sample specimen was fabricated as a thin circular layer centered on the substrate with zero silicon background. An anti-scatter slit (SS) was used to minimize background generated by air. Soller slits for the incident and diffracted beams were used to minimize broadening due to axial divergence. Diffraction patterns were collected using a scanning position-sensitive detector (X'Celerator) positioned 240 mm from the sample and Data Collector software v.2.2b. Data acquisition parameters for each pattern, including the divergence slit (DS) and incident beam SS, are displayed above the images in the data section of this report.

[0311] VT-XRPD (non-cGMP): VT-XRPD patterns were collected on a PANalytical X'Pert PRO MPD diffractometer using an incident beam of Cu Kα radiation generated using a long, fine-focus source and a nickel filter. The diffractometer was configured with a symmetric Bragg-Brentano geometry. Prior to analysis, a silicon specimen (NIST SRM 640d) was analyzed to confirm the Si 111 peak position. Data were collected and analyzed using Data Collector software v.2.2b. Prior to analysis, a silicon specimen (NIST SRM 640d) was analyzed to confirm that the observed Si 111 peak position matched the NIST-certified position. Sample specimens were packed into nickel-coated copper wells. Antiscatter slits were used to minimize background generated by air. Soller slits were used for the incident and diffracted beams to minimize broadening due to axial divergence. Diffraction patterns were collected using a scanning position-sensitive detector (X'Celerator) positioned 240 mm from the sample. Data acquisition parameters for each pattern are displayed above the images in the data section of this report, including the divergence slit (DS) and incident beam SS.

[0312] In situ XRPD patterns were collected as a function of temperature using an Anton Paar TTK 450 stage. The sample was heated by a resistive heater located directly below the sample holder, and the temperature was monitored by a Platinum-100 resistive sensor placed inside the sample holder. The heater was powered and regulated by an Anton Paar TCU 100 connected to a data collector.

[0313] Standard DSC: Standard DSC was performed using a TA Instruments Q2000 Differential Scanning Calorimeter. Temperature calibration was performed using NIST-traceable indium metal. The sample was placed in an aluminum DSC pan, the lid was placed on, the lid was crimped, and the weight was accurately recorded. (This pan configuration is designated "TOC" in the thermogram comments in the data section.) A weighed aluminum pan, configured as the sample pan, was placed on the reference side of the cell. The sample was heated from -30°C to 250°C at 10°C / min (abbreviated as "-30-250-10" in the method section of the thermogram).

[0314] Cycling Hyper-DSC: Hypercycling DSC was performed using a Perkin-Elmer diamond-input compensated differential scanning calorimeter. Temperature calibration was performed using NIST-traceable indium metal. The sample was placed in an aluminum DSC pan, and the weight was accurately recorded. The pan was covered with a lid and crimped. The weighed, crimped aluminum pan was placed on the reference side of the cell. The sample was equilibrated at 50°C and heated to 145°C at 100°C / min under a helium purge, where it was held for 5 minutes. The sample was then cooled to -50°C at approximately 500°C / min. The sample was then heated to 50°C at 100°C / min and cooled again to -50°C at approximately 500°C / min. Finally, the sample was heated at 100°C / min to a final temperature of 150°C. Note that the instrument was not calibrated to cool at 500° C. / min, and these cooling steps are considered "uncontrolled" cooling.

[0315] Hot Stage Microscopy: Hot stage microscopy was performed using a Linkam hot stage (FTIR600) mounted on a Leica DM LP microscope equipped with a SPOT Insight® color digital camera. Temperature calibration was performed using USP melting point standards. Samples were placed on a cover glass, and another cover glass was placed on top of the sample. Once the stage was heated, each sample was visually observed using a 20x0.40 N.A. long working distance objective with crossed polarizers and a first-order red compensator. Images were captured using SPOT software (v.4.5.9).

[0316] Light microscopy: Light microscopy was performed using a Wolfe stereomicroscope equipped with a polarizer and a 2x or 4x objective.

[0317] Indexing (non-cGMP): The XRPD pattern of (S)-TPMA·besylate Form BA was indexed using proprietary SSCI software.

[0318] Indexing and structure refinement are computational studies performed under the "Procedures for SSCI Non-cGMP Activities."

[0319] result

[0320] The approximate solubility of (S)-TPMA·besylate in different solvents shows that it has high solubility in methanol and water, as well as in aqueous mixtures. Table 11a. Approximate solubility of (S)-TPMA besylate [Table 39]

[0321] a: Solubility is rounded to the nearest mg / mL. Dissolution is measured by visual inspection; the actual solubility may be higher than reported due to slow dissolution rates or the addition of too large an aliquot. If no dissolution is observed, the solubility is reported as "less than." If dissolution is observed with the addition of the first aliquot, the solubility is reported as "greater than or equal to." b: After experimenting at room temperature, the sample was placed on a hot plate at approximately 68°C. Most of the solids melted at the elevated temperature. The identity of the hot plate and thermometer was not documented, so the elevated temperature observation is considered non-cGMP.

[0322] Over 60 polymorphic crystallization experiments of (S)-TPMA·besylate salt were performed during screening. Experimental types included evaporation and cooling at different rates, slurry, grinding with and without solvent, antisolvent crash precipitation, rotary evaporation, vapor diffusion, freeze-drying, and heating experiments. Isolated solids were analyzed using XRPD. XRPD patterns were compared with each other and with the starting material.

[0323] Overall, material consistent with Form BA was obtained in the majority of experiments conducted. Selected samples of Form BA showed signs of preferred orientation consistent with the observed plate-like morphology. Material B was produced in a single experiment. Indicating strict preferred orientation, Material B exhibited an XRPD pattern similar to that of Form BA, but with additional peaks. DSC and replicate XRPD data collected on the material appeared consistent with Form BA, suggesting that conversion had occurred. Attempts to replicate Material B yielded Form BA. X-ray amorphous (S)-TPMA was not produced during the polymorphic experiments.

[0324] Form BA

[0325] Hot stage microscopy data is shown in Table 11b. Based on the combined property data, (S)-TPMA Form BA is a crystalline, stable, anhydrous, non-hygroscopic material with a melting point of 142-143°C. Table 11b. Hot stage microscopy analysis [Table 40]

[0326] The XRPD pattern of (S)-TPMA form BA was cleanly indexed, suggesting that the sample consisted primarily of a single crystalline phase. See Figure 28. The agreement of the observed peaks with the allowed peak positions, labeled with red bars in the figure, indicates that the unit cell determination was consistent. The assigned annihilation symbols, unit cell parameters, and space group consistent with the derived values ​​are displayed in tabular form below the figure. To confirm the tentative indexing solution, the molecular packing motif within the crystallographic unit cell must be determined. No attempt at molecular packing was made.

[0327] DSC data for (S)-TPMA Form BA revealed a single endothermic transition at 142-143°C, which could be attributed to melting, based on hot-stage microscopy analysis. Hot-stage microscopy experiments showed no evidence of decomposition upon melting, and crystallization was observed upon cooling. Reheating the sample revealed melting at the same temperature as the initial melt, consistent with the sample crystallizing to the same form. VT-XRPD experiments showed that the melt of Form FB crystallized to Form A upon cooling. Specifically, Form BA was observed at room temperature, exhibiting a halo indicative of melting at 145°C (a ramp rate from room temperature of 35°C / min), and some disordered Form BA at -60 to -90°C.

[0328] Material B

[0329] Material B was obtained in one batch from an acetone slow cooling experiment from 45°C. The XRPD pattern for this material showed severe preferred orientation effects and few peaks. Although some peaks appeared to be consistent with Form BA, additional peaks were observed that could not be associated with Form BA. The additional peaks observed did not appear to arise from either the (S)-TPMA free base or benzenesulfonic acid.

[0330] A sample of Material B was analyzed using DSC. The resulting thermogram was indistinguishable from that of Form BA. The sample was then subjected to repeated XRPD analysis, which revealed conversion to Form BA. Further experiments targeting Material B were attempted. A sample was selected and subjected to wet analysis under the assumption that the material may be an unstable solvate. However, the experiment resulted in Form BA based on the XRPD data. Alternatively, Material B may represent a mixture of primarily Form A with low levels of contaminants.

[0331] amorphous materials

[0332] Amorphous (S)-TPMA·besylate has a glass transition temperature of approximately 20°C and tends to crystallize to Form A.

[0333] In summary, a polymorphic study of (S)-TPMA was conducted to estimate the number and type of solid forms. Overall, a crystalline form of 1, designated Form BA, was observed in the majority of screening experiments. Characterization data indicated that Form A of (S)-TPMA·besylate is a crystalline, stable, anhydrous, hygroscopic material that melts in the range of 142–143°C. Experiments with 1 yielded Material B, suggesting the existence of another possible form. Attempts to reconstitute this material yielded Form BA. Finally, amorphous (S)-TPMA·besylate appears unstable, exhibiting a glass transition temperature at approximately 20°C and tending to crystallize to Form A. Example 12. Crystalline Form of (S)-TPMA Free Base

[0334] The crystalline form of (S)-TPMA free base was analyzed using XRPD, DSC, coulometry, and DVS. Figure 32 shows the XRPD and Table 12a provides the peak list for Form BA. Table 12a. Peak list for XRPD of (S)-TPMA free base (Figure 32). [Table 41] [Table 42]

[0335] Example 13. Control of PSD and aggregation during scale-up of reactive crystallization

[0336] The aggregation behavior and particle size distribution (PSD) of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine HCl Form A crystals were studied successfully during scale-up to industrial-scale production.

[0337] The results showed that mixing control and flow dynamics influence the flocculation and PSD control. When the inlet HCl solution stream mixes with the bulk free base solution, the convective transport time (resomixing time) plays a role in terms of flocculation and PSD control. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the flow patterns and mixing behavior of the reactor through simulation equipment and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations.

[0338] Specific process parameters were identified to treat agglomeration and PSD, including addition type (subsurface or overhead addition), addition tube discharge configuration in subsurface addition (specific mixing zone or dead zone), addition tube diameter (affects convective transport time), and HCl flow addition profile (addition rate).

[0339] To develop a method for obtaining (S)-(-)-TPMA HCl Form A crystals and provide various particle size distributions, a series of studies were conducted on various modes of reactive recrystallization (e.g., Scheme 4 in Example 1A). The reaction conditions were essentially the same as those described in Example 1A for Scheme 4, except modified as described in the following studies. Research 1

[0340] Elimination of the agglomeration effect in the final crystallization of (S)-(-)-TPMA·HCl was demonstrated by using controlled subsurface addition of the acid stream in the region of the high-mixing zone near the tip of the impeller. Figure 29 illustrates such controlled addition impacts at two different addition points; when the acid stream is added to the center of the free base solution, the resulting morphology is that of an agglomerated form, and when the acid stream is added subsurface near the tip of the impeller (Figure 29), the resulting morphology is that of a larger crystalline product without any agglomerates. Research 2

[0341] In any crystallization process, the balance between nucleation, crystal growth, and aggregation determines the particle size distribution, and the rate of supersaturation generation is the driving force for crystallization and can be a well-defined parameter for balancing nucleation, crystal growth, etc.

[0342] Recently, in the reactive crystallization of (S)-TPMA·HCl, the rate of supersaturation formation can be directly controlled by the addition rate of the HCl solution. A series of experiments was carried out to examine the effect of different HCl addition profiles on particle size distribution. The results are summarized in Tables 13A and 13B, and Figures 30 and 31 show that faster addition favors the formation of smaller crystals, while slower addition favors the formation of larger crystals. Table 13A. HCl IPA solution addition profile [Table 43] Table 13B. Particle size distribution parameters for the addition profile [Table 44] Note: 1mm ID addition tube, operating temperature: 20°C Research 3

[0343] The PSD control strategy was implemented and effectively demonstrated during the scale-up of the process to a manufacturing plant (100 kg equipment). Using subsurface addition and keeping the convective transport time constant throughout the scale-up, simply changing the acid addition profile from Profile A to Profile B resulted in a particle size reduction from an average of about 175 μm to about 100 μm (D50). [Table 45] Addition Profile A: First 10%: Add over approximately 90 minutes; Next 30%: Add over approximately 45 minutes; Remainder: Add over approximately 45 minutes; Addition Profile B: First 10%: Add over approximately 15 minutes; Next 30%: Add over approximately 15 minutes; Remainder: Add over approximately 18 minutes

[0344] The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (hereinafter "DSM-5"), published by the American Psychiatric Association in 2013 and incorporated herein by reference, provides a standard diagnostic system upon which those skilled in the art rely to diagnose various diseases and disorders.

[0345] As used herein, the term "mood disorder" includes depression, major depression, major depressive disorder, mild depression, severe depression without psychosis, severe depression with psychosis, melancholia (formerly endogenous depression), atypical depression, dysthymic disorder, manic depression, bipolar disorder, bipolar depression, bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, bipolar III disorder, cyclothymic disorder, and chronic hypomania.

[0346] Mental disorders are pathological conditions of the brain characterized by identifiable symptoms that result in abnormalities in cognition, affect, or mood, or in the most integrative aspects of behavior. These disorders may vary in symptom severity, duration, and functional impairment. Mental disorders cause tremendous human suffering and economic burden through lost productivity, afflicting millions of people worldwide. Mood disorders are a type of mental disorder defined as a heterogeneous, typically relapsing group of illnesses, including unipolar (depressive) and bipolar (manic-depressive) disorders, often characterized by pervasive mood disturbances, psychomotor dysfunction, and autonomic symptoms. Suicide accounts for 15-25% of deaths in untreated patients with mood disorders and is the most troubling problem for patients with mood disorders; failure to recognize or inadequate treatment of depression contributes to 50-70% of all completed suicides.

[0347] In various embodiments, the neurological disorder is depression (e.g., major depressive disorder or dysthymia); bipolar disorder, seasonal affective disorder; cognitive impairment; fibromyalgia; pain (e.g., neuropathic pain); sleep-related disorders (e.g., sleep apnea, insomnia, narcolepsy, cataplexy) (including those sleep disorders caused by psychiatric conditions); chronic fatigue syndrome; attention deficit disorder (ADD); attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); restless legs syndrome; schizophrenia; anxiety (e.g., generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder); obsessive-compulsive disorder; post-traumatic stress disorder; seasonal affective disorder (SAD); premenstrual dysphoria; postmenstrual vasomotor symptoms (e.g., hot flashes, night sweats); neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis); manic disorder; dysthymic disorder; cyclothymic disorder; obesity; and substance abuse or addiction (e.g., cocaine addiction, nicotine addiction). In another embodiment, the compounds provided herein are useful for treating, preventing, and / or managing two or more co-occurring conditions / disorders, such as psychosis and depression.

[0348] Neurological disorders also include, but are not limited to, cerebral dysfunction, including senile dementia, Alzheimer's dementia, dementia, memory loss, amnesia / amnestic syndrome, epilepsy, confusion, coma, decreased attention, speech disorders, Lennox syndrome, autism, and hyperactivity syndrome.

[0349] In various embodiments, the diseases or disorders treated by the medicaments and methods of the present invention include one or more of mood disorders, bipolar disorder (BPD), bipolar depression, sleep disorders, REM behavior disorders, psychotic disorders, Alzheimer's disease with agitation and / or psychosis, Parkinson's disease with psychosis, schizophrenia, attenuated psychotic syndrome, prodromal schizophrenia, and schizoaffective disorder.

[0350] In various embodiments, the neurological or psychiatric disease or disorder is one or more of mood disorder, bipolar disorder (BPD), bipolar depression, sleep disorder, REM behavior disorder, psychotic disorder, Alzheimer's disease with agitation and / or psychosis, Parkinson's disease with psychosis, schizophrenia, attenuated psychotic syndrome, prodromal schizophrenia, and schizoaffective disorder.

[0351] In various embodiments, the neurological or psychiatric disease or disorder is psychosis, including "schizophrenia spectrum" disorders such as schizophrenia (paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, or undifferentiated), schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, brief psychosis, shared psychosis, psychoaffective disorder, psychic aggression, mental confusion, Parkinson's psychosis, excited psychosis, psychosis due to general health conditions, and substance-induced or drug-induced (e.g., phencyclidine, ketamine and other dissociative drugs, amphetamines and other psychostimulants, and cocaine) psychosis, psychosis associated with affective disorders, brief responsive psychosis, schizoaffective psychosis, schizotypal or schizotypal personality disorder, or illnesses associated with psychosis, including both positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia and other psychoses (major depression, manic-depressive (bipolar) psychosis, etc.). ) disorders, Alzheimer's disease and post-traumatic stress syndrome); anxiety disorders including acute stress disorder, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic attack, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, separation anxiety disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, substance-induced anxiety disorder and anxiety due to general health conditions; substance-related disorders and addictive behaviors (including substance-induced mental confusion, persistent dementia, persistent amnestic disorder, psychotic or anxiety disorder; tolerance, dependence or withdrawal from substances including alcohol, amphetamines, cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, inhalants, nicotine, opioids, phencyclidine, sedatives, hypnotics, or anxiolytics) and Alzheimer's disease with agitation and / or psychosis.

[0352] In some embodiments, a method for treating schizophrenia is provided, comprising administering (S)-TPMA or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a subject in an amount of about 25 mg to about 100 mg per day, based on the free base, to a formulation (e.g., a tablet) as described herein. In some embodiments, the amount is about 25 mg, about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 70 mg, about 75 mg, about 80 mg, about 90 mg, or about 100 mg of (S)-TPMA or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, based on the free base, per day.

[0353] In various embodiments, the neurological or psychiatric disease or disorder is selected from depressive disorders, including, but not limited to, unipolar depression, seasonal depression, postpartum depression, atypical depression, catatonic depression, geriatric depression, endogenous depression, melancholic depression, perinatal depression, situational depression, chronic depression, bipolar depression, major depressive disorder (MDD), major depressive disorder with mixed features (MDD-MF), treatment-resistant depression (TRD), and dysthymia, and are associated with depressed mood (sadness), poor concentration, insomnia, fatigue, appetite disorders, excessive guilt and suicidal ideation, premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PDD), mood disorders due to general health conditions, and substance-induced mood disorders.

[0354] In various embodiments, the neurological or psychiatric disease or disorder is selected from, but is not limited to, bipolar disorders, including bipolar depression, bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorder, substance / medication-induced bipolar and related disorders, bipolar and related disorders due to another medical condition, other specific bipolar and related disorders, and non-specific bipolar and related disorders.

[0355] In various embodiments, the neurological or psychiatric disease or disorder is an eating disorder, including, but not limited to, obesity, bulimia nervosa, pica, and compulsive eating disorders.

[0356] In various embodiments, the neurological or psychiatric disease or disorder is selected from sleep disorders, including, but not limited to, insomnia, sleep disorders, jet lag, hypersomnia, cataplexy, sleep apnea, obstructive sleep apnea, REM sleep behavior disorder, restless legs syndrome, periodic limb movement disorder, circadian rhythm sleep disorder, delayed sleep phase disorder, sleepwalking, night terrors, enuresis, REM sleep behavior disorder, shift work sleep disorder, excessive daytime sleepiness, non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome, sleep paralysis, and narcolepsy.

[0357] In various embodiments, the neurological or psychiatric disease or disorder is bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder (including both bipolar I and bipolar II) is a serious mental disorder with a prevalence of approximately 2% of the population, affecting both genders equally. It is a relapsing-remitting condition characterized by cycling between elevated moods (i.e., manic states) and depressed moods, which distinguishes it from other disorders such as major depressive disorder and schizophrenia. Bipolar I is defined by the occurrence of full-blown mania, but most individuals experience significant depression. Manic symptoms include elevated or stimulating mood, hyperactivity, a sense of grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, dizziness, and in some cases, psychosis. Depressive episodes are characterized by anhedonia, sadness, hopelessness, low self-esteem, decreased concentration, and lethargy. Bipolar II is defined as the occurrence of major depressive episodes and hypomanic (less severe) episodes, but patients spend a significant amount of time in a depressed state. Other associated conditions include cyclothymic disorder.

[0358] In bipolar I disorder, episodes of mature mania and major depression alternate. Bipolar I disorder usually begins with depression and is characterized by at least one manic period and one period of elation during its course. The depressive period can be the immediate prelude or immediate aftermath of the manic episode, and the depressive and manic episodes can be separated by months or years.

[0359] In bipolar II disorder, depressive episodes alternate with hypomania (relatively mild, nonpsychotic periods usually lasting <1 week). During hypomanic episodes, mood brightens, sleep need decreases, and psychomotor activity accelerates beyond the patient's usual level. Often, the alternation is triggered by circadian factors (e.g., sleeping during the depressed state and waking early during the hypomanic state). Hypersomnia and overeating are characteristic and may recur seasonally (e.g., in the fall or winter); insomnia and loss of appetite occur during the depressive phase. For some individuals, hypomanic periods are applicable because they are associated with high energy, self-confidence, and above-average social functioning. Many patients experience a pleasurable mood elevation, usually at the end of the depressive phase, but do not report it unless specifically questioned.

[0360] Patients with major depressive episodes and a family history of bipolar disorder (informally referred to as bipolar III) often exhibit subtle hypomanic tendencies; their temperament is described as exhilarating (i.e., active, motivated, and achievement-oriented).

[0361] In cyclothymic disorder, periods of less severe hypomania and minor depression occur in an irregular course, lasting 2 to 3 days. Cyclothymic disorder is usually a precursor to bipolar II disorder. However, it can also occur as extreme irritability without being exacerbated by major mood disturbances. In such cases, short cycles of delayed depression accompanied by low self-confidence and increased sleep give way to increased elation or enthusiasm, and sleep duration decreases. In other forms, mild depressive features predominate; the bipolar tendency is indicated primarily by how easily elation or irritability is induced by antidepressants. In the clinically rare form of chronic hypomania, periods of elation predominate, and sleep duration is habitually reduced to less than 6 hours. This type of person is always cheerful, confident, energetic, full of plans, not thinking ahead, overly involved, and busybody; they rush up to people and call out to them with a constant impulse.

[0362] Thus, in various embodiments, the neurological or psychiatric disease or disorder is one or more of bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorder, other specified bipolar and related disorders, or unspecified bipolar and related disorders, as well as bipolar I disorder or bipolar II disorder with anxiety disorder specifiers, mixed features, rapid cycling, melancholic features, atypical features, mood-concordant psychotic features, mood-incongruent psychotic features, catatonic, perinatal onset, and / or seasonal pattern. A recent article by Hu et al. [Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2014;16(2):PCC.13r01599] emphasizes that bipolar disorder, while commonly encountered in primary care settings, is often misdiagnosed or undiagnosed. DSM-5 attempts to capture the majority of patients with subsyndromal mixed symptoms by including mixed specifiers.

[0363] In various embodiments, the neurological or psychiatric disease or disorder is depressive disorder.Depressive disorder includes but is not limited to unipolar depression, seasonal depression and postpartum depression, atypical depression, catatonic depression, geriatric depression, endogenous depression, melancholic depression, perinatal depression, situational depression, chronic depression, bipolar depression, major depressive disorder (MDD), major depressive disorder with mixed features (MDD-MF), treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and dysthymia, and is associated with depressed mood (sadness), poor concentration, insomnia, fatigue, appetite disorder, excessive guilt and suicidal ideation, premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PDD), mood disorder due to general health condition and substance-induced mood disorder.

[0364] Depression is an affective disorder whose etiology cannot be explained by any single cause or theory. Unfortunately, treatment options are limited for depressed patients who have a suboptimal clinical response to treatment with antidepressants. Approximately 30% of patients who initiate antidepressant treatment have a suboptimal or delayed clinical response to the first antidepressant commonly used to treat depression.

[0365] Typically, if a patient shows a suboptimal or delayed clinical response after several weeks of treatment with an antidepressant, a clinician's first approach is to increase the dose of the antidepressant. If the patient's response remains unsatisfactory after increasing the dose, the most common approaches many clinicians pursue are: a) switching to a different antidepressant; or b) adding a second antidepressant; or c) attempting augmentation therapy by administering agents such as lithium carbonate, thyroid hormone (triiodotyrosine), psychostimulants, modafinil, atypical antipsychotics, buspirone, or pindolol.

[0366] In its full syndromic manifestation, clinical depression manifests as major depressive disorder, with an episodic course and varying degrees of residual manifestation between episodes. Mood is typically depressed, irritable, and / or anxious. Patients may appear depressed with furrowed brows, downturned mouth corners, hunched posture, poor eye contact, and curt (or absent) conversation. Morbid mood may be accompanied by preoccupations with guilt, self-deprecating thoughts, poor concentration, indecisiveness, decreased interest in usual activities, social withdrawal, feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, and recurring thoughts of death and suicide. Sleep disturbances are common. In some cases, mood is so severe that tears dry up; patients complain of being unable to experience normal emotions, including sadness, joy, and contentment, and that the world feels colorless, lifeless, and dead.

[0367] Melancholia (formerly called endogenous depression) is characterized by marked slowing or agitation (of thought and activity) or agitation (e.g., restlessness, clasping of hands, pressure to speak), weight loss, irrational feelings of guilt, and loss of ability to experience satisfaction. Mood and activity vary from day to day but are worst in the morning. Many melancholic patients complain of difficulty falling asleep, frequent waking, and insomnia in the middle of the night or early morning. Sexual desire is often reduced or absent. Amenorrhea may occur. Loss of appetite and weight loss can lead to debilitating and secondary disorders of electrolyte balance.

[0368] In atypical depression, reverse vegetative features influence the clinical symptoms: they include anxiety-phobia, evening worsening, early insomnia, hypersomnia that often extends into the day, and hyperphagia accompanied by weight gain. Unlike melancholic patients, atypical depressed patients exhibit upbeat moods in response to potentially positive events, but often fall into paralyzing depression at the slightest adversity. There is considerable overlap between atypical depression and bipolar II disorder.

[0369] In dysthymic disorder, depressive symptoms typically begin insidiously in childhood or adolescence and run an intermittent or low-grade course over years or decades; episodes of major depression may exacerbate it (double depression). In pure dysthymia, the symptoms of major depression occur at subthreshold levels and overlap significantly with those of depressive temperament: habitually melancholic, pessimistic, humorless, or unable to enjoy life; passive and lethargic; introverted; skeptical, hypercritical, or dissatisfied; self-critical, self-blaming, self-deprecating; and preoccupation with shortcomings, failures, and negative events.

[0370] Thorough evaluation of large numbers of depressed individuals has revealed the characteristics of bipolar disorder, and one in five patients with depressive disorder also develops frank hypomania or mania. Most switches from unipolar to bipolar disorder occur within five years of the onset of depressive symptoms. Predictors of switching include early onset of depression (before age 25), postpartum depression, frequent depressive episodes, rapid mood improvement with physical treatments (e.g., antidepressants, phototherapy, sleep deprivation, electroconvulsive therapy), and a history of mood disorders in three consecutive generations.

[0371] Between episodes, patients with bipolar disorder exhibit depressed mood and sometimes high-energy activity; disruptions in developmental and social functioning are more common in bipolar depression than in unipolar disorder. Compared to unipolar disorder, bipolar disorder has shorter depressive episodes (3–6 months), a younger age of onset, a more abrupt onset of episodes, and shorter cycles (the time between the onset of one episode and the next). Cycling is particularly pronounced in rapid-cycling bipolar disorder (usually defined as four or more episodes per year). Additionally, depressive episodes in bipolar disorder complicate the treatment of BPD. For example, psychiatrists report that approximately 70% of patients with bipolar disorder are refractory during depressive episodes, compared with approximately 25% of patients overall who are refractory during manic episodes.

[0372] Thus, in various embodiments, the neurological or psychiatric disease or disorder is one or more of bipolar depression, major depressive disorder (MDD), persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia), premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), major depressive disorder with mixed features (MDD-MF), depressive disorder due to another medical condition, other specified depressive disorder, unspecified depressive disorder, or treatment-resistant depression (TRD), and MDD with anxiety disorder specifiers, with mixed features, with melancholic features, with atypical features, with mood-congruent psychotic features, with mood-incongruent psychotic features, with catatonia, with perinatal onset, and / or with a seasonal pattern, and with seasonal affective disorder.

[0373] It should be understood that TRD is a term used in the field of clinical psychiatry to describe cases of major depressive disorder (MDD) that do not respond adequately to an adequate course of at least two antidepressants.

[0374] In various embodiments, the depressive disorder is associated with acute suicidality or suicidal ideation. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has adopted a "black box" label warning indicating that antidepressants may increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior in some children, adolescents, and young adults (up to age 24) with depressive disorders, such as MDD. In various embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention are not expected to increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior in children, adolescents, and / or young adults with depressive disorders, such as MDD. In various embodiments, the present invention provides agents for treating one or more symptoms of depressive disorders (e.g., MDD) in children, adolescents, and / or young adults without increasing the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior, and provides methods for treating the same.

[0375] In various embodiments, the neurological or psychiatric disease or disorder is schizophrenia.Schizophrenia is a disorder of unknown cause, which usually first appears in adulthood and is characterized by psychotic symptoms, gradual progression and development, and / or decline in social behavior and professional ability.Characteristic psychotic symptoms include disturbances in thought content (e.g., multiple, fragmented, disorganized, unbelievable, or simply delusional thoughts, or persecutory thoughts), and mental disorders (e.g., loss of association, lack of imagination, incomprehensible disorganization), as well as perceptual disorders (e.g., hallucinations), emotional disorders (e.g., superficial or inappropriate emotions), disturbances in self-perception, intentions, impulses, and / or interpersonal relationships, and psychomotor disorders (e.g., catatonia).Other symptoms are also associated with individual disorders. Schizophrenia is divided into subtypes: paranoid, characterized by delusions and hallucinations, lack of thought disorder, disorganized behavior, and flattened affect; disorganized, also called "Hefferenian schizophrenia," characterized by the coexistence of thought disorder and flat affect; catatonic, characterized by prominent psychomotor disturbances and symptoms that may include catatonic stupor and inflexibility; and undifferentiated, characterized by psychotic symptoms but without meeting the criteria for paranoid, disorganized, or catatonic. Schizophrenia symptoms typically manifest themselves in three broad categories: positive, negative, and cognitive. Positive symptoms indicate "excesses" of normal experiences, such as hallucinations and delusions. Negative symptoms indicate that patients suffer from a lack of normal experiences, such as anhedonia and impaired social interaction. Cognitive symptoms relate to the cognitive impairments of schizophrenia, such as a lack of sustained attention and impaired decision-making.

[0376] Thus, in various embodiments, the neurological or psychiatric disease or disorder is one or more of schizophreniform (personality) disorder, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, schizophreniform disorder, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, substance / drug-induced psychotic disorder, psychotic disorder due to another medical condition, other specified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders, schizophrenia spectrum not otherwise specified, and other psychotic disorders.

[0377] Schizoaffective disorder encompasses conditions that include aspects of both schizophrenia and mood disorders, such as, for example, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and the like.

[0378] In various embodiments, the neurological or psychiatric disease or disorder is anxiety disorder.Anxiety disorder is characterized by fear, apprehension, and anxiety, which is usually generalized and not focused as an overreaction to a situation.Anxiety disorders differ in the type of situation or object that induces fear, anxiety, or avoidance behavior, and related cognitive thoughts.Anxiety differs from fear in that anxiety is an emotional response to the perception of future threat, while fear is associated with a perceived or actual imminent threat.They also differ in the content of the associated thoughts and beliefs. Examples of anxiety disorders include separation anxiety disorder, selective mutism, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder (social phobia), panic disorder, panic attack specifier, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, substance / medication-induced anxiety disorder, anxiety disorder due to another medical condition, illness anxiety disorder, social (pragmatic) communication disorder, other specified anxiety disorder, and anxiety disorder not otherwise specified; stressor-related disorders including reactive attachment disorder, disinhibited interpersonal interaction disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), acute stress disorder, and adjustment disorder.

[0379] In various embodiments, the neurological or psychiatric disease or disorder is a sleep disorder, including those sleep disorders caused by mental conditions, including, but not limited to, insomnia, sleep disorders, jet lag, hypersomnia, cataplexy, sleep-related disorders (e.g., sleep apnea, insomnia, narcolepsy, cataplexy), obstructive sleep apnea, REM sleep behavior disorder, restless legs syndrome, periodic limb movement disorder, circadian rhythm sleep disorder, delayed sleep phase disorder, sleepwalking, night terrors, enuresis, REM sleep behavior disorder, shift work sleep disorder, excessive daytime sleepiness, non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, sleep paralysis, and narcolepsy.

[0380] The following embodiments are also provided herein: Embodiment 1. A formulation comprising a salt of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine and one or more excipients, wherein the amount of the salt of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine is from about 2 to about 80% w / w based on the free base. Embodiment 2. A salt of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine is: (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine besylate (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine R-mandelate (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine L-tartrate, (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine D-tartrate, (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine mesylate, and (S)-(4,5-Dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine L-Malic acid 2. The formulation of embodiment 1, selected from: Embodiment 3. The formulation of embodiment 2, wherein the salt of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine is crystalline. Embodiment 4. The formulation of embodiment 3, wherein the crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks at 9.6±0.2°, 14.9±0.2°, 20.5±0.2°, and 25.1±0.2° in 2-theta. Embodiment 5. The formulation of embodiment 4, wherein the crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride is further characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern further comprising peaks at 20.2±0.2° and 20.8±0.2° in 2-theta. Embodiment 6. The formulation of embodiment 4 or embodiment 5, wherein the crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride is further characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern further comprising prominent peaks at two or more of the following angles in 2-theta: 17.9±0.2°, 24.8±0.2°, and 27.1±0.2°. Embodiment 7. The formulation of any one of Embodiments 4-6, wherein the crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern substantially in accordance with FIG. 2B. Embodiment 8. The formulation of any one of Embodiments 4 to 7, wherein the crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride has a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising a peak at 214±2°C. Embodiment 9. The formulation of any one of Embodiments 4-8, wherein the crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride has a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram substantially in accordance with Figure 3A. Embodiment 10. The formulation of any one of embodiments 3 to 9, wherein the crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride is characterized by the monoclinic space group P21. Embodiment 11. The formulation of any one of embodiments 3 to 10, wherein the crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride has unit cell dimensions: a = about 9.2 Å, b = about 11.2 Å, c = about 10.2 Å, α = about 90°, β = about 92°, and γ = about 90°. Embodiment 12. The formulation of any one of Embodiments 3 to 11, wherein the crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride has a chiral purity of greater than about 90% for (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride. Embodiment 13. The formulation of any one of Embodiments 3-12, wherein the crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride has a chiral purity of greater than about 99% for (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride. Embodiment 14. The formulation of embodiment 3, wherein the crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks at 8.6±0.2°, 17.2±0.2°, and 25.9±0.2° in 2-theta. Embodiment 15. The formulation of embodiment 14, wherein the crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern substantially in accordance with Figure 2C. Embodiment 16. The formulation of embodiment 14 or embodiment 15, wherein the crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride has a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising a peak at 215±2°C. Embodiment 17. The formulation of any one of Embodiments 14-16, wherein the crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride has a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram substantially in accordance with Figure 3B. Embodiment 18. The formulation of any one of embodiments 14 to 17, wherein the crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride is characterized by the orthorhombic space group P212121. Embodiment 19. The formulation of any one of embodiments 3 and 14-17, wherein the crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride has unit cell dimensions: a = about 5.1 Å, b = about 10.2 Å, c = about 20.5 Å, α = about 90°, β = about 90°, and γ = about 90°. Embodiment 20. The formulation of embodiment 2, wherein the salt of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine is (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine besylate. Embodiment 21. The formulation of embodiment 2, wherein the salt of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine is (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine R-mandelate. Embodiment 22. The formulation of embodiment 2, wherein the salt of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine is (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine L-tartrate. Embodiment 23. The formulation of embodiment 2, wherein the salt of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine is (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine D-tartrate. Embodiment 24. The formulation of embodiment 2, wherein the salt of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine is (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine mesylate. Embodiment 25. The formulation of embodiment 2, wherein the salt of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine is (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine L-malic acid. Embodiment 26. The formulation of any one of embodiments 1 to 25, wherein the formulation is a tablet. Embodiment 27. The formulation of any one of Embodiments 1 to 26, wherein the amount of the salt of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine is about 50 to about 80% w / w. Embodiment 28. The formulation of any one of Embodiments 1 to 26, wherein the amount of the salt of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine is about 60 to about 80% w / w. Embodiment 29. The formulation of any one of embodiments 1 to 26, wherein the amount of salt of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine is about 70% w / w. Embodiment 30. The formulation of any one of Embodiments 1 to 29, wherein the excipient is one or more fillers. Embodiment 31. The formulation of embodiment 30, wherein the amount of filler is about 10 to about 50% w / w. Embodiment 32. The formulation of embodiment 30, wherein the amount of filler is about 20 to about 40% w / w. Embodiment 33. The formulation of any one of Embodiments 30 to 33, wherein the filler is microcrystalline cellulose, mannitol, or a mixture thereof. Embodiment 34. The formulation of any one of Embodiments 1 to 33, wherein the excipient is one or more disintegrants. Embodiment 35. The formulation of embodiment 34, wherein the amount of disintegrant is about 0.5 to about 10% w / w. Embodiment 36. The formulation of embodiment 35, wherein the amount of disintegrant is about 1 to about 5% w / w. Embodiment 37. The formulation of embodiment 35, wherein the amount of disintegrant is about 2% w / w. Embodiment 38. The formulation of embodiment 37, wherein the disintegrant is sodium starch glycolate. Embodiment 39. The formulation of any one of Embodiments 1 to 38, wherein the excipients include one or more lubricants. Embodiment 40. The formulation of embodiment 39, wherein the amount of lubricant is about 0.1 to about 0.5% w / w. Embodiment 41. The formulation of Embodiment 39, wherein the amount of lubricant is about 0.2% w / w. Embodiment 42. The formulation of Embodiment 41, wherein the lubricant is magnesium stearate. Embodiment 43. The formulation of any one of embodiments 1 to 42, further comprising a coating agent. Embodiment 44. The formulation of any one of Embodiments 1 to 29, comprising a salt of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine, a filler, a disintegrant, and a lubricant. Embodiment 45. The formulation of any one of Embodiments 1 to 19, comprising (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride, a filler, a disintegrant, and a lubricant. Embodiment 46. The formulation of any one of Embodiments 1 to 19 and 45, comprising (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride, microcrystalline cellulose, mannitol, sodium starch glycolate, and magnesium stearate. Embodiment 47. A method for treating a neurological disease or disorder, comprising administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of the formulation of any one of Embodiments 1 to 46. Embodiment 48. The method of embodiment 47, wherein the neurological disease or disorder is schizophrenia. Embodiment 49. The method of embodiment 47, wherein the neurological disease or disorder is schizophrenia spectrum disorder, negative symptoms of schizophrenia, attenuated psychotic syndrome, prodromal schizophrenia, delusional disorder, psychosis, attenuated psychotic syndrome, mental disorder, mental confusion, Tourette's syndrome, post-traumatic stress disorder, behavioral disorder, affective disorder, depression, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, dysthymia, bipolar disorder, manic disorder, seasonal affective disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, narcolepsy, REM behavior disorder, substance abuse or dependence, Lesch-Nyhan disease, Wilson's disease, autism, Alzheimer's disease, agitation and psychosis, or Huntington's disease. Embodiment 50. The method of embodiment 49, wherein the schizophrenia spectrum disorder is selected from schizophrenia, attenuated psychotic syndrome, prodromal schizophrenia, schizoid personality disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder. Embodiment 51. The method of any one of embodiments 47 to 49, wherein about 25 mg to about 100 mg of a salt of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine is administered to the subject per day. Embodiment 52. A method for preparing (4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine, comprising: (a) 2-(thiophen-3-yl)ethan-1-ol is reacted with N-methylaminoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal and triflic acid to give (4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine trifluoromethanesulfonate; and (b) (4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine trifluoromethanesulfonate is reacted with a base to obtain (4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine; A manufacturing method comprising: Embodiment 53. A method for preparing (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine, comprising: (a) 2-(thiophen-3-yl)ethan-1-ol is reacted with N-methylaminoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal and triflic acid to give (4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine trifluoromethanesulfonate; (b) (4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine trifluoromethanesulfonate is reacted with a base to obtain (4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine; (c) (4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine reacts with (R)-mandelic acid to obtain (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine (R)-mandelate; (d) (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine (R)-mandelate is reacted with a base to obtain (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine; A manufacturing method comprising: In addition to those modifications described herein, various modifications of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the above. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. The references cited herein, including any and all patents, patent applications, and publications, are each hereby incorporated by reference.

Claims

1. A crystalline form of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride, characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern containing peaks at 8.6±0.2°, 17.2±0.2°, and 25.9±0.2° in 2-theta units.

2. 2. The crystal of claim 1, wherein the crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride is further characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern further comprising one or more peaks at 23.2±0.2° and 31.5±0.2° in 2-theta.

3. 2. The crystal of claim 1, wherein the crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride is further characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern further comprising one or more peaks at 8.54±0.2°, 8.89±0.2°, 33.87±0.2°, 43.08±0.2°, 43.74±0.2°, and 44.60±0.2° in 2-theta.

4. 2. The crystal of claim 1, wherein the crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride is further characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern further comprising one or more peaks at 8.54±0.2°, 43.08±0.2°, and 43.74±0.2° in 2-theta.

5. Crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride is shown in Figure 2C below: The crystal of claim 1 characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern consistent with:

6. The crystal of claim 1, wherein the crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride has a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram including a peak at 215±2°C.

7. Crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride is shown in FIG. 3B: Or Figure 3C: The crystal of claim 1 having a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram of:

8. The crystal of claim 1, wherein the crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride is characterized by an orthorhombic space group P212121.

9. The crystal of claim 1, wherein the crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride has unit cell dimensions: a = about 5.1 Å, b = about 10.2 Å, c = about 20.5 Å, α = about 90°, β = about 90°, and γ = about 90°, wherein the term "about" is meant to include a difference of within 2% of each indicated value.

10. 2. The crystal of claim 1, wherein the crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride has a chiral purity of greater than 97% for (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride.

11. 2. The crystal of claim 1, wherein the crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride has a chemical purity of greater than 97% (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride.

12. Crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride is shown in FIG. 4B: The crystal of claim 1 having a Raman spectrum of:

13. Crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride is shown in FIG. 4E: The crystal of claim 1 having a THz Raman spectrum of

14. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the crystal of claim 1 and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.

15. 15. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 14, wherein the one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are selected from a filler, a disintegrant, and a lubricant.

16. 15. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 14, wherein the one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are selected from the group consisting of mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium starch glycolate, and magnesium stearate.

17. (a) 10 mg to 120 mg, based on the free base, of crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride; (b) mannitol, (c) microcrystalline cellulose; (d) sodium starch glycolate, and (e) magnesium stearate 15. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 14, comprising:

18. A crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride, characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern containing three or more peaks at 8.54±0.2°, 8.89±0.2°, 33.87±0.2°, 43.08±0.2°, 43.74±0.2°, and 44.60±0.2° in 2-theta.

19. The crystal of claim 18, wherein the crystalline (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride is characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising three peaks at 8.54±0.2°, 43.08±0.2°, and 43.74±0.2° in 2-theta.

20. Figure 2C below: Crystals of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride, characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern consistent with

21. Figure 2A: Or Figure 2B: Crystals of (S)-(4,5-dihydro-7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride, characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction pattern consistent with

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