Substituted resorcylate compounds as AMPK activators and their use

Abstract

The present invention relates to substituted resorcylic acid compounds having the general formula I, and compositions comprising said compounds, for use in activating AMPK. The compounds are useful in the treatment or prevention of conditions, disorders or diseases associated with type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and / or obesity.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] Introduction AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an evolutionarily conserved master regulator involved in maintaining energy homeostasis and regulates metabolic pathways for the purpose of balancing nutrient supply and energy demand. AMPK is considered an important drug discovery target for combating the spread of metabolic disorders such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.

[0002] AMPK activity is found in all tissues including the liver, kidney, muscle, lung, and brain (PMID: 10698692). Structurally, AMPK is a heterotrimeric complex consisting of a catalytic subunit (α) and two regulatory subunits (β and γ). The AMPK complex is evolutionarily conserved and can also be found in yeast and plants. Mammalian AMPK is composed of different isoforms of subunits: α1, α2, β1, β2, γ1, γ2, and γ3 (PMID: 11746230), and there are 12 possible combinations of heterotrimers. The α2 isoform is mainly found in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle AMPK, and both the α1 isoform and the α2 isoform are found in liver AMPK. On the other hand, in, for example, adipose and T cells, AMPK of the α1 isoform is dominant (PMID: 16818670, PMID15878856).

[0003] Despite continuous and intensive efforts in the pharmaceutical industry, there are no direct AMPK activators available for treating metabolic disorders. Some synthetic AMPK activators have been identified / developed. However, the above activators either have no oral availability or low oral availability (PMID: 16753576, PMID: 24900234), or chronic and strong AMPK activation can cause an increase in glycogen content and hypertrophy in the heart, so off-target and side effects are a concern (PMID: 11827995).

[0004] Finding naturally occurring bioactive molecules that moderately activate AMPK through defined mechanisms, particularly in muscles, the liver, and kidneys, is likely to provide exercise-mimicking effects and help maintain / improve metabolic health.

[0005] There are many natural compounds / extracts that have been shown to indirectly stimulate AMPK (most likely through inhibition of mitochondrial respiration) and are known to provide some degree of metabolic health benefits. However, it is extremely difficult to determine whether these metabolic effects are mediated by AMPK, and there are further concerns about side effects / toxicities such as cytotoxicity or mitochondrial toxicity.

[0006] It is clear that the need for novel natural compounds that directly activate AMPK remains unmet.

[0007] [Overview of the prefecture] Numerous studies have demonstrated that a wide range of different natural compounds can activate AMPK. However, typically, these natural compounds activate AMPK indirectly, not by directly binding to the enzyme, but by inducing perturbations in mitochondrial respiration. This results in a decrease in cellular ATP levels and activation of AMPK via the binding of AMP / ADP to the nucleotide binding site of the AMPKγ subunit.

[0008] In contrast, in the present invention, the inventors have identified native compounds that directly bind to AMPK via an ADaM (allosteric drug and metabolite) moiety formed at the interface between the AMPKα subunit and the AMPKβ subunit. These compounds are derived from a class of substituted resorsylates and directly activate AMPK in cells.

[0009] The present invention relates to a general formula (I) for use in the activation of AMPK. [ka] [In the formula, R1 and R3 are each independently OH; OCH3; O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate; R2 is OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;Acylated O-glycoside;Acylated C-glycoside;Sulfated O-glycoside;Sulfated C-glycoside;Halogen;Primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol;Ketone;Aldehyde;Ester;Primary, secondary, or tertiary amine;Primary or secondary amide;Cyano;Nitro;Sulfonate;Sulfate;Optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;Optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;Optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;Optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl, or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl; R4 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen atom that is Cl, I, or F;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;primary amine, secondary amine, or tertiary amine;primary amide or secondary amide;cyano;nitro;sulfonate;sulfate;or Selectively substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl groups; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl groups; R5 is a compound having H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;secondary amine or tertiary amine;primary amide or secondary amide;cyano;nitro;sulfonate;sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl, or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl. or derivatives or analogues thereof, which can be optionally selected This invention relates to compounds in which the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0010] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate.

[0011] R2 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;primary amine, secondary amine, or tertiary amine;primary amide or secondary amide;cyano;nitro;sulfonate;sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl.

[0012] R4 is OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; halogen atom that is Cl, I, or F; primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol; ketone; aldehyde; ester; primary, secondary, or tertiary amine; primary or secondary amide; cyano; nitro; sulfonate; sulfate; optional Selectively substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl groups; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl groups.

[0013] R5 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;secondary amine or tertiary amine;primary amide or secondary amide;cyano;nitro;sulfonate;sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl, or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl. Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK.

[0014] In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0015] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate.

[0016] R2 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;primary amine, secondary amine, or tertiary amine;primary amide or secondary amide;cyano;nitro;sulfonate;sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl.

[0017] R4 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen atom that is Cl, I, or F;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;primary amine, secondary amine, or tertiary amine;primary amide or secondary amide;cyano;nitro;sulfonate;sulfate;or The elements are selectively substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl groups; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl groups.

[0018] R5 is OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;Acylated O-glycoside;Acylated C-glycoside;Sulfated O-glycoside;Sulfated C-glycoside;Halogen;Primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol;Ketone;Aldehyde;Ester;Secondary or tertiary amine;Primary or secondary amide;Cyano;Nitro;Sulfonate;Sulfate;Optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;Optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;Optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;Optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl, or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl. Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK.

[0019] In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0020] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate.

[0021] R2 is OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;primary amine, secondary amine, or tertiary amine;primary amide or secondary amide;cyano;nitro;sulfonate;sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C10 polyalkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl, or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl.

[0022] R4 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen atom that is Cl, I, or F;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;primary amine, secondary amine, or tertiary amine;primary amide or secondary amide;cyano;nitro;sulfonate;sulfate;or The elements are selectively substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl groups; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl groups.

[0023] R5 is H; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; halogen; primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol; ketone; aldehyde; ester; secondary amine, or tertiary amine; primary amide or secondary amide; cyano; nitro; sulfonate; sulfate; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl, or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl, or these derivatives or analogs for use in activating AMPK.

[0024] In some embodiments, the OCH3 group may cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy bridge.

[0025] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH; OCH3; O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate.

[0026] R2 is H; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; halogen; primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol; ketone; aldehyde; ester; primary amine, secondary amine, or tertiary amine; primary amide or secondary amide; cyano; nitro; sulfonate; sulfate; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C10 polyalkenyl; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl, or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl.

[0027] R4 is OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; a halogen atom which is Cl, I, or F; primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol; ketone; aldehyde; ester; primary amine, secondary amine, or tertiary amine; primary amide or secondary amide; cyano; nitro; sulfonate; sulfate; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl, or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl, and R5 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;secondary amine or tertiary amine;primary amide or secondary amide;cyano;nitro;sulfonate;sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl, or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl. Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK.

[0028] In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0029] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate.

[0030] R2 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;primary amine, secondary amine, or tertiary amine;primary amide or secondary amide;cyano;nitro;sulfonate;sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C10 polyalkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl, or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl.

[0031] R4 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen atom that is Cl, I, or F;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;primary amine, secondary amine, or tertiary amine;primary amide or secondary amide;cyano;nitro;sulfonate;sulfate;or The elements are selectively substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl groups; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl groups.

[0032] R5 is OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;Acylated O-glycoside;Acylated C-glycoside;Sulfated O-glycoside;Sulfated C-glycoside;Halogen;Primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol;Ketone;Aldehyde;Ester;Secondary or tertiary amine;Primary or secondary amide;Cyano;Nitro;Sulfonate;Sulfate;Optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;Optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;Optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;Optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl, or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl. Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK.

[0033] In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0034] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate.

[0035] R2 is OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;primary amine, secondary amine, or tertiary amine;primary amide or secondary amide;cyano;nitro;sulfonate;sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C10-C20 alkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C10-C20 polyalkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl.

[0036] R4 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen atom that is Cl, I, or F;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;primary amine, secondary amine, or tertiary amine;primary amide or secondary amide;cyano;nitro;sulfonate;sulfate;or The elements are selectively substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl groups; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl groups.

[0037] R5 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;secondary amine or tertiary amine;primary amide or secondary amide;cyano;nitro;sulfonate;sulfate;optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl, or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl. Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK.

[0038] In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0039] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate.

[0040] R2 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;primary, secondary, or tertiary amine;primary or secondary amide;cyano;nitro;sulfonate;sulfate;optionally substituted These are and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C10-C20 alkenyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C10-C20 polyalkenyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl groups; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl groups.

[0041] R4 is OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; halogen atom that is Cl, I, or F; primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol; ketone; aldehyde; ester; primary, secondary, or tertiary amine; primary or secondary amide; cyano; nitro; sulfonate; sulfate; optional Selectively substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl groups; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl groups.

[0042] R5 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;secondary amine or tertiary amine;primary amide or secondary amide;cyano;nitro;sulfonate;sulfate;optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl, or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl. Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK.

[0043] In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0044] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate.

[0045] R2 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;primary, secondary, or tertiary amine;primary or secondary amide;cyano;nitro;sulfonate;sulfate;optionally substituted These are and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C10-C20 alkenyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C10-C20 polyalkenyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl groups; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl groups.

[0046] R4 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen atom that is Cl, I, or F;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;primary amine, secondary amine, or tertiary amine;primary amide or secondary amide;cyano;nitro;sulfonate;sulfate;or The elements are selectively substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl groups; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl groups.

[0047] R5 is OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;secondary amine or tertiary amine;primary amide or secondary amide;cyano;nitro;sulfonate;sulfate;optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl, or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl. Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK.

[0048] In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0049] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate.

[0050] R2 is OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside, sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;primary amine, secondary amine, or tertiary amine;primary amide or secondary amide;cyano;nitro;sulfonate;sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C10-C20 alkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl.

[0051] R4 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen atom that is Cl, I, or F;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;primary amine, secondary amine, or tertiary amine;primary amide or secondary amide;cyano;nitro;sulfonate;sulfate;or The elements are selectively substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl groups; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl groups.

[0052] R5 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;secondary amine or tertiary amine;primary amide or secondary amide;cyano;nitro;sulfonate;sulfate;optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl, or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl. Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK.

[0053] In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0054] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate.

[0055] R2 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;primary amine, secondary amine, or tertiary amine;primary amide or secondary amide;cyano;nitro;sulfonate;sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C10-C20 alkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl.

[0056] R4 is OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; halogen atom that is Cl, I, or F; primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol; ketone; aldehyde; ester; primary, secondary, or tertiary amine; primary or secondary amide; cyano; nitro; sulfonate; sulfate; optional Selectively substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl groups; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl groups.

[0057] R5 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;secondary amine or tertiary amine;primary amide or secondary amide;cyano;nitro;sulfonate;sulfate;optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl, or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl. Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK.

[0058] In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0059] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate.

[0060] R2 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;primary amine, secondary amine, or tertiary amine;primary amide or secondary amide;cyano;nitro;sulfonate;sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C10-C20 alkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl.

[0061] R4 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen atom that is Cl, I, or F;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;primary amine, secondary amine, or tertiary amine;primary amide or secondary amide;cyano;nitro;sulfonate;sulfate;or The elements are selectively substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl groups; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl groups; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl groups.

[0062] R5 is OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;secondary amine or tertiary amine;primary amide or secondary amide;cyano;nitro;sulfonate;sulfate;optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl, or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl. Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK.

[0063] In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0064] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate.

[0065] R2 is OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl.

[0066] R4 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen atom which is Cl, I, or F;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl.

[0067] R5 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl, or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl. Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK.

[0068] In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0069] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate.

[0070] R2 and R5 are independently H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl.

[0071] R4 is OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen atom which is Cl, I, or F;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl. Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0072] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate.

[0073] R2 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl.

[0074] R4 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen atom which is Cl, I, or F;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl.

[0075] R5 is OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;Acylated O-glycoside;Acylated C-glycoside;Sulfated O-glycoside;Sulfated C-glycoside;Halogen;Primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;Ketone;Aldehyde;Ester;Sulfate;Optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;Optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;Optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;Optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl, or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl. Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK.

[0076] In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0077] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate.

[0078] R2 is OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;Acylated O-glycoside;Acylated C-glycoside;Sulfated O-glycoside;Sulfated C-glycoside;Halogen;Primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;Ketone;Aldehyde;Ester;Sulfate;Optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;Optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;Optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C10 polyalkenyl;Optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl, or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl.

[0079] R4 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen atom which is Cl, I, or F;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl.

[0080] R5 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl, or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl. Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0081] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate.

[0082] R2 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C10 polyalkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl, or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl.

[0083] R4 is OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen atom which is Cl, I, or F;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl.

[0084] R5 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl, or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl. Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0085] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate.

[0086] R2 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C10 polyalkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl, or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl.

[0087] R4 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen atom which is Cl, I, or F;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl.

[0088] R5 is OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;Acylated O-glycoside;Acylated C-glycoside;Sulfated O-glycoside;Sulfated C-glycoside;Halogen;Primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;Ketone;Aldehyde;Ester;Sulfate;Optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;Optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;Optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;Optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl, or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl. Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0089] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate.

[0090] R2 is OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C10-C20 alkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C10-C20 polyalkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl.

[0091] R4 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen atom which is Cl, I, or F;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl.

[0092] R5 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl, or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl. Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0093] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate; R2 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C10-C20 alkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C10-C20 polyalkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl.

[0094] R4 is OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen atom which is Cl, I, or F;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl.

[0095] R5 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl, or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl. Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0096] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate.

[0097] R2 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C10-C20 alkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C10-C20 polyalkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl.

[0098] R4 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen atom which is Cl, I, or F;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl.

[0099] R5 is OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;Acylated O-glycoside;Acylated C-glycoside;Sulfated O-glycoside;Sulfated C-glycoside;Halogen;Primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol;Ketone;Aldehyde;Ester;Sulfate;Optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;Optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;Optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;Optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl, or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl. Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0100] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate.

[0101] R2 is OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;Acylated O-glycoside;Acylated C-glycoside;Sulfated O-glycoside;Sulfated C-glycoside;Halogen;Primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;Ketone;Aldehyde;Ester;Sulfate;Optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;Optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C10-C20 alkenyl;Optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl, or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl.

[0102] R4 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen atom which is Cl, I, or F;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl.

[0103] R5 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl, or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl. Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0104] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate.

[0105] R2 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C10-C20 alkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl.

[0106] R4 is OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen atom which is Cl, I, or F;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl.

[0107] R5 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl, or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl. Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0108] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate.

[0109] R2 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C10-C20 alkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl.

[0110] R4 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen atom which is Cl, I, or F;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl.

[0111] R5 is OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;Acylated O-glycoside;Acylated C-glycoside;Sulfated O-glycoside;Sulfated C-glycoside;Halogen;Primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol;Ketone;Aldehyde;Ester;Sulfate;Optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl;Optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl;Optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl;Optionally branched C2-C20 alkynyl, or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkynyl. Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0112] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate.

[0113] R2 is CH3,OH;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;chlorine;CHO (aldehyde);sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C15 alkenyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C15 polyalkenyl. R4 is H;CH3, OH;OCH3;chlorine, or a 3,3-dimethylallyl chain (1h). R5 is H; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl. Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0114] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate.

[0115] R2 is H;CH3,OH;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;chlorine;CHO (aldehyde);sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C15 alkenyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C15 polyalkenyl.

[0116] R4 is CH3,OH;OCH3;chlorine; or a 3,3-dimethylallyl chain (1h). R5 is H; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl. Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK.

[0117] In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0118] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate.

[0119] R2 is H;CH3,OH;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;chlorine;CHO (aldehyde);sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C15 alkenyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C15 polyalkenyl. R4 is H;CH3, OH;OCH3;chlorine, or a 3,3-dimethylallyl chain (1h). R5 is an optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl; an optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl; or an optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl. Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0120] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate.

[0121] R2 is CH3,OH;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;chlorine;CHO (aldehyde);sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C10 polyalkenyl.

[0122] R4 is H;CH3, OH;OCH3;chlorine, or a 3,3-dimethylallyl chain (1h). R5 is H; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl. Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0123] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate.

[0124] R2 is H;CH3;OH;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;chlorine;CHO (aldehyde);sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C10 polyalkenyl.

[0125] R4 is CH3;OH;OCH3;chlorine; or a 3,3-dimethylallyl chain (1h). R5 is H; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl; optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl. Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0126] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate. R2 is H;CH3;OH;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;chlorine;CHO (aldehyde);sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C10 polyalkenyl. R4 is H;CH3;OH;chlorine; or a 3,3-dimethylallyl chain (1h). R5 is an optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl; an optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl; or an optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl. Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0127] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate. R2 is CH3;OH;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;chlorine;CHO (aldehyde);sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C10-C15 alkenyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C10-C15 polyalkenyl. R4 is H;CH3;OH;OCH3;chlorine; or a 3,3-dimethylallyl chain (1h). R5 is H; optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl; optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl; or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl. Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0128] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate. R2 is H;CH3;OH;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;chlorine;CHO (aldehyde);sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C10-C15 alkenyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C10-C15 polyalkenyl. R4 is CH3;OH;OCH3;chlorine, or a 3,3-dimethylallyl chain (1h). R5 is H; optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl; optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl; or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl. Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0129] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate. R2 is H;CH3;OH;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;chlorine;CHO (aldehyde);sulfate;optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C10-C15 alkenyl; or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C10-C15 polyalkenyl. R4 is H;CH3;OH;OCH3;chlorine; or a 3,3-dimethylallyl chain (1h). R5 is optionally a branched C1-C20 alkyl group; optionally a branched C2-C20 alkenyl group; or optionally a branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl group. Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0130] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate. R2 is CH3;OH;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;chlorine;CHO(aldehyde);sulfate;or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C10-C15 alkenyl. R4 is H;CH3;OH;OCH3;chlorine, or a 3,3-dimethylallyl chain (1h). R5 is H; optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl; optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl; or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl. Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0131] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate. R2 is H;CH3;OH;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;chlorine;CHO(aldehyde);sulfate;or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C10-C15 alkenyl. R4 is CH3;OH;OCH3;chlorine; or a 3,3-dimethylallyl chain (1h). R5 is H; optionally branched C1-C20 alkyl; optionally branched C2-C20 alkenyl; or optionally branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl. Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0132] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate. R2 is H;CH3;OH;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;chlorine;CHO(aldehyde);sulfate;or optionally substituted and / or optionally branched C10-C15 alkenyl. R4 is H;CH3;OH;OCH3;chlorine; or a 3,3-dimethylallyl chain (1h). R5 is optionally a branched C1-C20 alkyl group; optionally a branched C2-C20 alkenyl group; or optionally a branched C4-C20 polyalkenyl group. Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0133] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate. R2 is an OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; halogen; primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol; ketone; aldehyde; ester; primary, secondary, or tertiary amine; primary or secondary amide; cyano; nitro; sulfonate; sulfate; one of the following representative examples of a C5 isoprenoid chain: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(E) Poxyprenyl (1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl (1,1-dimethylallyl) (1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl (1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl (1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl (1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl (1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl (1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1- Methylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl Tyl-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3 b) 7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl (3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methyl-1-propen-1-yl)-3-furanyl]-2-hexen-1-yl (3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl) (4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl) (4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); R4 is a C5 isoprenoid chain, one of the following representative examples: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-hydroxy) Ranyl(methyl)epoxyprenyl(1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl(1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl(1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl(3,3-dimethylallyl)(1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl(1,1-dimethylallyl)(1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl(1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl(1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl(1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl(1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl(1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl(1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl(1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); R5 is a C5 isoprenoid chain, one of the following representative examples: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxy) Cyprenyl (1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl (1,1-dimethylallyl) (1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl (1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl (1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl (1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl (1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl (1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0134] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate; R2 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;primary amine, secondary amine, or tertiary amine;primary amide or secondary amide;cyano;nitro;sulfonate;sulfate;one of the following is a representative example of a C5 isoprenoid chain: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl( Epoxyprenyl (1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl (1,1-dimethylallyl) (1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl (1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl (1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl (1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl (1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl (1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); R4 is a C5 isoprenoid chain, such as OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; a halogen atom that is Cl, I, or F; primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol; ketone; aldehyde; ester; primary, secondary, or tertiary amine; primary or secondary amide; cyano; nitro; sulfonate; sulfate; and one of the following representative examples: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxy Methyl(epoxyprenyl)(1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl(1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl(1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl(3,3-dimethylallyl)(1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl(1,1-dimethylallyl)(1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl(1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl(1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl(1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl(1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl(1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl(1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl(1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); R5 is a C5 isoprenoid chain, one of the following representative examples: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(E) Poxyprenyl (1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl (1,1-dimethylallyl) (1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl (1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl (1m), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl (1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl (1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl (1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0135] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate; R2 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;primary amine, secondary amine, or tertiary amine;primary amide or secondary amide;cyano;nitro;sulfonate;sulfate;one of the following is a representative example of a C5 isoprenoid chain: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl( Epoxyprenyl (1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl (1,1-dimethylallyl) (1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl (1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl (1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl (1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl (1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl (1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); R4 is a C5 isoprenoid chain, one of the following representative examples: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-hydroxy) Ranyl(methyl)epoxyprenyl(1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl(1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl(1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl(3,3-dimethylallyl)(1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl(1,1-dimethylallyl)(1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl(1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl(1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl(1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl(1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl(1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl(1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl(1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); R5 is a C5 isoprenoid chain, one of the following representative examples: OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; halogen; primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol; ketone; aldehyde; ester; secondary or tertiary amine; primary or secondary amide; cyano; nitro; sulfonate; sulfate; one of the following representative examples: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxy) Prenyl (1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl (1,1-dimethylallyl) (1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl (1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl (1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl (1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl (1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl (1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0136] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate. R2 is an OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; halogen; primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol; ketone; aldehyde; ester; primary, secondary, or tertiary amine; primary or secondary amide; cyano; nitro; sulfonate; sulfate; one of the following representative examples of a C5 isoprenoid chain: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(E) Poxyprenyl (1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl (1,1-dimethylallyl) (1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl (1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl (1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl (1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl (1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl (1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-pentene-1- (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl)(2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl)(2e), Tadien-1-yl(neryl)(2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl)(2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl(2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7- A C15 isoprenoid chain exclusively represented by dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a); a C20 isoprenoid chain exclusively represented by 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); R4 is a C5 isoprenoid chain, one of the following representative examples: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-hydroxy) Ranyl(methyl)epoxyprenyl(1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl(1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl(1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl(3,3-dimethylallyl)(1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl(1,1-dimethylallyl)(1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl(1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl(1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl(1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl(1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl(1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl(1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl(1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); R5 is a C5 isoprenoid chain, one of the following representative examples: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxy) Cyprenyl (1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl (1,1-dimethylallyl) (1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl (1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl (1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl (1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl (1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl (1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0137] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate; R2 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;primary amine, secondary amine, or tertiary amine;primary amide or secondary amide;cyano;nitro;sulfonate;sulfate;one of the following is a representative example of a C5 isoprenoid chain: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl( Epoxyprenyl (1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl (1,1-dimethylallyl) (1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl (1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl (1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl (1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl (1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl (1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-pentene-1- (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl)(2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl)(2e), Tadien-1-yl(neryl)(2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl)(2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl(2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7- A C15 isoprenoid chain exclusively represented by dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a); a C20 isoprenoid chain exclusively represented by 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); R4 is a C5 isoprenoid chain, such as OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; a halogen atom that is Cl, I, or F; primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol; ketone; aldehyde; ester; primary, secondary, or tertiary amine; primary or secondary amide; cyano; nitro; sulfonate; sulfate; and one of the following representative examples: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxy Methyl(epoxyprenyl)(1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl(1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl(1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl(3,3-dimethylallyl)(1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl(1,1-dimethylallyl)(1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl(1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl(1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl(1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl(1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl(1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl(1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl(1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); R5 is a C5 isoprenoid chain, one of the following representative examples: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxy) Cyprenyl (1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl (1,1-dimethylallyl) (1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl (1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl (1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl (1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl (1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl (1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0138] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate; R2 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;primary amine, secondary amine, or tertiary amine;primary amide or secondary amide;cyano;nitro;sulfonate;sulfate;one of the following is a representative example of a C5 isoprenoid chain: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl( Epoxyprenyl (1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl (1,1-dimethylallyl) (1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl (1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl (1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl (1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl (1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl (1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-pentene-1- (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl)(2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl)(2e), Tadien-1-yl(neryl)(2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl)(2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl(2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7- A C15 isoprenoid chain exclusively represented by dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a); a C20 isoprenoid chain exclusively represented by 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); R4 is a C5 isoprenoid chain, one of the following representative examples: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-hydroxy) Ranyl(methyl)epoxyprenyl(1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl(1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl(1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl(3,3-dimethylallyl)(1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl(1,1-dimethylallyl)(1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl(1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl(1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl(1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl(1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl(1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl(1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl(1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); R5 is a C5 isoprenoid chain, one of the following representative examples: OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; halogen; primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol; ketone; aldehyde; ester; secondary or tertiary amine; primary or secondary amide; cyano; nitro; sulfonate; sulfate; one of the following representative examples: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxy) Prenyl (1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl (1,1-dimethylallyl) (1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl (1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl (1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl (1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl (1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl (1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0139] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate. R2 is an OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; halogen; primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol; ketone; aldehyde; ester; primary, secondary, or tertiary amine; primary or secondary amide; cyano; nitro; sulfonate; sulfate; and one of the following representative examples of a C5 isoprenoid chain: 3-methylbutyl(1a), 4-hydroxy-3 -Methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxyprenyl) (1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g); one representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl) (2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl (2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(s) (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl)(2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl(2E -2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl)(2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl)(2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl(2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o);One of the representative examples of C15 isoprenoid chains is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b), 7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadiene-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methyl [Tylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl (3d); one of the following representative examples of C20 isoprenoid chains: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl) (4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl) (4b);One representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain is: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-Hydroxy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-Hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), Tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-Hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-Hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-Hydroxy Xyphenyl)-2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); a representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), or a representative example of a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain is: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl (16a), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl (18a); R4 is a C5 isoprenoid chain, one of the following representative examples: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-hydroxy) Ranyl(methyl)epoxyprenyl(1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl(1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl(1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl(3,3-dimethylallyl)(1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl(1,1-dimethylallyl)(1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl(1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl(1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl(1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl(1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl(1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl(1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl(1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); R5 is a C5 isoprenoid chain, one of the following representative examples: 3-methylbutyl(1a), 3-methyl-2-butene-1 -yl(3,3-dimethylallyl)(1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl(1,1-dimethylallyl)(1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl(1j), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl(1p); one of the following representative examples of C10 isoprenoid chains: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl(2g), (2E)-3, 7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl)(2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl)(2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavanduryl)(2j), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one of the following representative examples of C15 isoprenoid chains: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10- Dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b); C20 isoprenoid chains, one of the following representative examples: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b); linear or branched alkyl chains, one of the following representative examples: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonyl, undecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl;One representative example of an alkenyl chain is a polyalkenyl chain exclusively represented by: ethenyl(12a), 1-propenyl(12b), 1-methylethenyl(12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl(12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl(12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl(12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl(12g); or 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a); Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0140] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate; R2 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;primary, secondary, or tertiary amine;primary or secondary amide;cyano;nitro;sulfonate;sulfate;one of the following is a representative example of a C5 isoprenoid chain: 3-methylbutyl(1a), 4-hydroxy- 3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxyprenyl) (1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g); one representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl) (2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl (2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl)(2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl(2E -2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl)(2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl)(2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl(2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o);One of the representative examples of C15 isoprenoid chains is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b), 7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadiene-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methyl [Tylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl (3d); one of the following representative examples of C20 isoprenoid chains: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl) (4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl) (4b);One representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain is: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-Hydroxy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-Hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), Tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-Hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-Hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-Hydroxy Xyphenyl)-2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); a representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), or a representative example of a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain is: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl (16a), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl (18a); R4 is a C5 isoprenoid chain, such as OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; a halogen atom that is Cl, I, or F; primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol; ketone; aldehyde; ester; primary, secondary, or tertiary amine; primary or secondary amide; cyano; nitro; sulfonate; sulfate; and one of the following representative examples: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxy Methyl(epoxyprenyl)(1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl(1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl(1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl(3,3-dimethylallyl)(1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl(1,1-dimethylallyl)(1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl(1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl(1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl(1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl(1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl(1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl(1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl(1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); R5 is a C5 isoprenoid chain, one of the following representative examples: 3-methylbutyl(1a), 3-methyl-2-butene-1 -yl(3,3-dimethylallyl)(1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl(1,1-dimethylallyl)(1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl(1j), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl(1p); one of the following representative examples of C10 isoprenoid chains: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl(2g), (2E)-3, 7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl)(2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl)(2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavanduryl)(2j), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one of the following representative examples of C15 isoprenoid chains: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10- Dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b); C20 isoprenoid chains, one of the following representative examples: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b); linear or branched alkyl chains, one of the following representative examples: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonyl, undecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl;One representative example of an alkenyl chain is a polyalkenyl chain exclusively represented by: ethenyl(12a), 1-propenyl(12b), 1-methylethenyl(12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl(12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl(12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl(12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl(12g); or 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a); Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0141] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate; R2 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;primary, secondary, or tertiary amine;primary or secondary amide;cyano;nitro;sulfonate;sulfate;one of the following is a representative example of a C5 isoprenoid chain: 3-methylbutyl(1a), 4-hydroxy- 3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxyprenyl) (1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g); one representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl) (2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl (2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl)(2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl(2E -2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl)(2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl)(2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl(2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o);One of the representative examples of C15 isoprenoid chains is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b), 7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadiene-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methyl [Tylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl (3d); one of the following representative examples of C20 isoprenoid chains: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl) (4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl) (4b);One representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain is: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-Hydroxy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-Hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), Tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-Hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-Hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-Hydroxy Xyphenyl)-2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); a representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), or a representative example of a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain is: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl (16a), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl (18a); R4 is a C5 isoprenoid chain, one of the following representative examples: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-hydroxy) Ranyl(methyl)epoxyprenyl(1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl(1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl(1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl(3,3-dimethylallyl)(1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl(1,1-dimethylallyl)(1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl(1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl(1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl(1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl(1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl(1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl(1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl(1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); R5 is a C5 isoprenoid chain, one of the following representative examples: OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; halogen; primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol; ketone; aldehyde; ester; secondary or tertiary amine; primary or secondary amide; cyano; nitro; sulfonate; sulfate; and a C5 isoprenoid chain, one of the following representative examples: 3-methylbutyl(1a), 3-methyl-2-butene-1-a (3,3-dimethylallyl)(1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl(1,1-dimethylallyl)(1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl(1j), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl(1p); one representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl(2g), (2E)-3,7 -dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl)(2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl)(2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavanduryl)(2j), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one of the following representative examples of C15 isoprenoid chains: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10- Dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b); C20 isoprenoid chains, one of the following representative examples: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b); linear or branched alkyl chains, one of the following representative examples: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonyl, undecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl;One representative example of an alkenyl chain is a polyalkenyl chain exclusively represented by: ethenyl(12a), 1-propenyl(12b), 1-methylethenyl(12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl(12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl(12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl(12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl(12g); or 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a); Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0142] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate. R2 is OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; halogen; primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol; ketone; aldehyde; ester; primary, secondary, or tertiary amine; primary or secondary amide; cyano; nitro; sulfonate; sulfate; one of the following representative examples of a C5 isoprenoid chain: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxyprenyl) (1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g); one of the following representative examples Certain C10 isoprenoid chains: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxy C15 isoprenoid chains exclusively represented by (2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl (2o); 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a); C20 isoprenoid chains exclusively represented by 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a);One representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain is: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxy Heptadecyl (5i), 10-Methoxyundecyl (5j), 12-Methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(Acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(Acetyloxy)-13-Hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(Acetyloxy)-12-Hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-Bis(Acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(Acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), Benzyl (6a), 2-Phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3 ,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-Hydroxy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-Hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), Tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-Dioxopropyl (9a), 3-Oxopentyl (9b), 2-Oxopentyl (9c), 2-Oxoheptyl (9d), 2-Oxononyl (9e), 14-Oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-Ox Sotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); or one of the following representative examples of (substituted) alkenyl chains: 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a); R4 is a C5 isoprenoid chain, one of the following representative examples: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-hydroxy) Ranyl(methyl)epoxyprenyl(1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl(1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl(1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl(3,3-dimethylallyl)(1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl(1,1-dimethylallyl)(1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl(1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl(1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl(1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl(1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl(1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl(1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl(1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); R5 is a C5 isoprenoid chain, one of the following representative examples: 3-methylbutyl(1a), 3-methyl-2-butene-1 -yl(3,3-dimethylallyl)(1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl(1,1-dimethylallyl)(1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl(1j), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl(1p); one of the following representative examples of C10 isoprenoid chains: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl(2g), (2E)-3, 7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl)(2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl)(2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavanduryl)(2j), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one of the following representative examples of C15 isoprenoid chains: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10- Dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b); C20 isoprenoid chains, one of the following representative examples: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b); linear or branched alkyl chains, one of the following representative examples: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonyl, undecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl;One representative example of an alkenyl chain is a polyalkenyl chain exclusively represented by: ethenyl(12a), 1-propenyl(12b), 1-methylethenyl(12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl(12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl(12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl(12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl(12g); or 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a); Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0143] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate; R2 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;primary amine, secondary amine, or tertiary amine;primary amide or secondary amide;cyano;nitro;sulfonate;sulfate;one of the following representative examples of C5 isoprenoid chains: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxyprenyl) (1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g);one of the following representative examples The C10 isoprenoid chains are: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxyranyl) C15 isoprenoid chains exclusively represented by (2e)(hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)hexyl(2f) and 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a); C20 isoprenoid chains exclusively represented by 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a);One representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain is: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxy Cyheptadecyl (5i), 10-Methoxyundecyl (5j), 12-Methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(Acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(Acetyloxy)-13-Hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(Acetyloxy)-12-Hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-Bis(Acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(Acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), Benzyl (6a), 2-Phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2- (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2 -Oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); or one of the following representative alkenyl chains: 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a); R4 is a C5 isoprenoid chain, such as OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; a halogen atom that is Cl, I, or F; primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol; ketone; aldehyde; ester; primary, secondary, or tertiary amine; primary or secondary amide; cyano; nitro; sulfonate; sulfate; and one of the following representative examples: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxy Methyl(epoxyprenyl)(1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl(1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl(1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl(3,3-dimethylallyl)(1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl(1,1-dimethylallyl)(1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl(1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl(1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl(1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl(1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl(1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl(1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl(1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); R5 is a C5 isoprenoid chain, one of the following representative examples: 3-methylbutyl(1a), 3-methyl-2-butene-1 -yl(3,3-dimethylallyl)(1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl(1,1-dimethylallyl)(1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl(1j), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl(1p); one of the following representative examples of C10 isoprenoid chains: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl(2g), (2E)-3, 7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl)(2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl)(2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavanduryl)(2j), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one of the following representative examples of C15 isoprenoid chains: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10- Dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b); C20 isoprenoid chains, one of the following representative examples: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b); linear or branched alkyl chains, one of the following representative examples: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonyl, undecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl;One representative example of an alkenyl chain is a polyalkenyl chain exclusively represented by: ethenyl(12a), 1-propenyl(12b), 1-methylethenyl(12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl(12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl(12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl(12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl(12g); or 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a); Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0144] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate; R2 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;primary amine, secondary amine, or tertiary amine;primary amide or secondary amide;cyano;nitro;sulfonate;sulfate;one of the following representative examples of C5 isoprenoid chains: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxyprenyl) (1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g);one of the following representative examples The C10 isoprenoid chains are: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxyranyl) C15 isoprenoid chains exclusively represented by (2e)(hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)hexyl(2f) and 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a); C20 isoprenoid chains exclusively represented by 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a);One representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain is: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxy Heptadecyl (5i), 10-Methoxyundecyl (5j), 12-Methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(Acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(Acetyloxy)-13-Hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(Acetyloxy)-12-Hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-Bis(Acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(Acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), Benzyl (6a), 2-Phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-( 3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-Hydroxy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-Hydroxy-2-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), Tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-Dioxopropyl (9a), 3-Oxopentyl (9b), 2-Oxopentyl (9c), 2-Oxoheptyl (9d), 2-Oxononyl (9e), 14-Oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-O Xotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a); R4 is a C5 isoprenoid chain, one of the following representative examples: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-hydroxy) Ranyl(methyl)epoxyprenyl(1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl(1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl(1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl(3,3-dimethylallyl)(1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl(1,1-dimethylallyl)(1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl(1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl(1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl(1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl(1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl(1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl(1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl(1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); R5 is a C5 isoprenoid chain, one of the following representative examples: OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; halogen; primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol; ketone; aldehyde; ester; secondary or tertiary amine; primary or secondary amide; cyano; nitro; sulfonate; sulfate; and a C5 isoprenoid chain, one of the following representative examples: 3-methylbutyl(1a), 3-methyl-2-butene-1-a (3,3-dimethylallyl)(1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl(1,1-dimethylallyl)(1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl(1j), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl(1p); one representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl(2g), (2E)-3,7 -dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl)(2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl)(2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavanduryl)(2j), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one of the following representative examples of C15 isoprenoid chains: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10- Dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b); C20 isoprenoid chains, one of the following representative examples: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b); linear or branched alkyl chains, one of the following representative examples: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonyl, undecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl;One representative example of an alkenyl chain is a polyalkenyl chain exclusively represented by: ethenyl(12a), 1-propenyl(12b), 1-methylethenyl(12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl(12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl(12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl(12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl(12g); or 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a); Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0145] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate. R2 is an OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; halogen; primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol; ketone; aldehyde; ester; sulfate; one of the following representative examples of a C5 isoprenoid chain: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxyprenyl) (1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methyl Rubyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl (1,1-dimethylallyl) (1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl (1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl (1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl (1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl (1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl (1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); R4 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen atom which is Cl, I, or F;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;C5 isoprenoid chain which is one of the following representative examples:3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxyprenyl) (1e), 2,3-dihyde Roxy-3-methylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl (1,1-dimethylallyl) (1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl (1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl (1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl (1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl (1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl (1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); R5 is a C5 isoprenoid chain, one of the following representative examples: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxyprenyl) (1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl Tylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl (1,1-dimethylallyl) (1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl (1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl (1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl (1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl (1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl (1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0146] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate; R2 and R5 are independently H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;and one of the following representative examples of a C5 isoprenoid chain: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxyprenyl) (1e), 2,3-dihydroxyl C-3-methylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl (1,1-dimethylallyl) (1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl (1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl (1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl (1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl (1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl (1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); R4 is a C5 isoprenoid chain, such as OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; a halogen atom that is Cl, I, or F; a primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol; a ketone; an aldehyde; an ester; a sulfate; or one of the following representative examples: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxyprenyl) (1e), 2,3-dihydro Xy-3-methylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl (1,1-dimethylallyl) (1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl (1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl (1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl (1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl (1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl (1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0147] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate; R2 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;one of the following representative examples of C5 isoprenoid chains: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxyprenyl) (1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methyl Tylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl (1,1-dimethylallyl) (1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl (1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl (1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl (1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl (1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl (1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); R4 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen atom which is Cl, I, or F;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;C5 isoprenoid chain which is one of the following representative examples:3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxyprenyl) (1e), 2,3-dihyde Roxy-3-methylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl (1,1-dimethylallyl) (1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl (1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl (1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl (1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl (1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl (1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); R5 is an OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; halogen; primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol; ketone; aldehyde; ester; sulfate; one of the following representative examples of a C5 isoprenoid chain: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxyprenyl) (1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methyl Rubyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl (1,1-dimethylallyl) (1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl (1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl (1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl (1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl (1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl (1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0148] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate. R2 is an OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; halogen; primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol; ketone; aldehyde; ester; sulfate; one of the following representative examples of a C5 isoprenoid chain: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxyprenyl) (1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methyl Rubyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl (1,1-dimethylallyl) (1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl (1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl (1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl (1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl (1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl (1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-pentene-1- (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl)(2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl)(2e), Tadien-1-yl(neryl)(2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl)(2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl(2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7- A C15 isoprenoid chain exclusively represented by dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a); a C20 isoprenoid chain exclusively represented by 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); R4 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen atom which is Cl, I, or F;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;C5 isoprenoid chain which is one of the following representative examples:3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxyprenyl) (1e), 2,3-dihyde Roxy-3-methylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl (1,1-dimethylallyl) (1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl (1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl (1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl (1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl (1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl (1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); R5 is a C5 isoprenoid chain, one of the following representative examples: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxyprenyl) (1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl Tylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl (1,1-dimethylallyl) (1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl (1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl (1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl (1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl (1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl (1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0149] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate; R2 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;one of the following representative examples of C5 isoprenoid chains: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxyprenyl) (1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methyl Tylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl (1,1-dimethylallyl) (1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl (1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl (1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl (1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl (1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl (1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-pentene-1- (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl)(2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl)(2e), Tadien-1-yl(neryl)(2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl)(2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl(2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7- A C15 isoprenoid chain exclusively represented by dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a); a C20 isoprenoid chain exclusively represented by 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); R4 is a C5 isoprenoid chain, such as OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; a halogen atom that is Cl, I, or F; a primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol; a ketone; an aldehyde; an ester; a sulfate; or one of the following representative examples: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxyprenyl) (1e), 2,3-dihydro Xy-3-methylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl (1,1-dimethylallyl) (1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl (1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl (1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl (1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl (1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl (1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); R5 is a C5 isoprenoid chain, one of the following representative examples: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxyprenyl) (1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl Tylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl (1,1-dimethylallyl) (1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl (1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl (1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl (1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl (1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl (1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0150] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate; R2 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;one of the following representative examples of C5 isoprenoid chains: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxyprenyl) (1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methyl Tylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl (1,1-dimethylallyl) (1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl (1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl (1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl (1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl (1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl (1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-pentene-1- (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl)(2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl)(2e), Tadien-1-yl(neryl)(2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl)(2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl(2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7- A C15 isoprenoid chain exclusively represented by dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a); a C20 isoprenoid chain exclusively represented by 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); R4 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen atom which is Cl, I, or F;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;C5 isoprenoid chain which is one of the following representative examples:3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxyprenyl) (1e), 2,3-dihyde Roxy-3-methylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl (1,1-dimethylallyl) (1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl (1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl (1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl (1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl (1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl (1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); R5 is an OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; halogen; primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol; ketone; aldehyde; ester; sulfate; one of the following representative examples of a C5 isoprenoid chain: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxyprenyl) (1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methyl Rubyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl (1,1-dimethylallyl) (1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl (1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl (1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl (1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl (1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl (1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0151] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate. R2 is an OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; halogen; primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol; ketone; aldehyde; ester; sulfate; one of the following representative examples is a C5 isoprenoid chain: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3- Methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxyprenyl) (1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g); one representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl) (2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl (2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl) (2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl) (2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl (2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl) (2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethyl Tyl-octa-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)hexyl(2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl(2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl)(2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1- Il(neryl)(2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl)(2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl(2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o);One of the representative examples of C15 isoprenoid chains is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b), 7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadiene-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methyl [Tylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl (3d); one of the following representative examples of C20 isoprenoid chains: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl) (4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl) (4b);One representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain is: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-Hydroxy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-Hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), Tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-Hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-Hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-Hydroxy Xyphenyl)-2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); a representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), or a representative example of a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain is: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl (16a), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl (18a); R4 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen atom which is Cl, I, or F;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;C5 isoprenoid chain which is one of the following representative examples:3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxyprenyl) (1e), 2,3-dihyde Roxy-3-methylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl (1,1-dimethylallyl) (1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl (1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl (1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl (1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl (1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl (1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); R5 is a C5 isoprenoid chain, one of the following representative examples: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propene-1 -yl(1,1-dimethylallyl)(1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl(1j), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl(1p); one representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl(2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl)(2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavanduryl)(2j), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl (Farnesyl)(3b); C20 isoprenoid chains, one of the following representative examples: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b); linear or branched alkyl chains, one of the following representative examples: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonyl, undecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl;One representative example of an alkenyl chain is a polyalkenyl chain exclusively represented by: ethenyl(12a), 1-propenyl(12b), 1-methylethenyl(12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl(12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl(12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl(12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl(12g); or 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a); Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0152] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate; R2 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;one of the following representative examples is a C5 isoprenoid chain: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy- 3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxyprenyl) (1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g); one representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl) (2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl (2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl) (2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-di Methyl-octa-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)hexyl(2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl(2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl)(2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1- Il(neryl)(2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl)(2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl(2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o);One of the representative examples of C15 isoprenoid chains is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b), 7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadiene-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methyl [Tylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl (3d); one of the following representative examples of C20 isoprenoid chains: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl) (4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl) (4b);One representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain is: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-Hydroxy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-Hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), Tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-Hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-Hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-Hydroxy Xyphenyl)-2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); a representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), or a representative example of a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain is: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl (16a), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl (18a); R4 is a C5 isoprenoid chain, such as OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; a halogen atom that is Cl, I, or F; a primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol; a ketone; an aldehyde; an ester; a sulfate; or one of the following representative examples: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxyprenyl) (1e), 2,3-dihydro Xy-3-methylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl (1,1-dimethylallyl) (1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl (1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl (1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl (1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl (1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl (1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); R5 is a C5 isoprenoid chain, one of the following representative examples: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propene-1 -yl(1,1-dimethylallyl)(1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl(1j), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl(1p); one representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl(2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl)(2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavanduryl)(2j), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl (Farnesyl)(3b); C20 isoprenoid chains, one of the following representative examples: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b); linear or branched alkyl chains, one of the following representative examples: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonyl, undecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl;One representative example of an alkenyl chain is a polyalkenyl chain exclusively represented by: ethenyl(12a), 1-propenyl(12b), 1-methylethenyl(12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl(12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl(12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl(12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl(12g); or 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a); Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0153] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate; R2 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;one of the following representative examples is a C5 isoprenoid chain: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy- 3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxyprenyl) (1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g); one representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl) (2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl (2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl) (2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-di Methyl-octa-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)hexyl(2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl(2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl)(2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1- Il(neryl)(2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl)(2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl(2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o);One of the representative examples of C15 isoprenoid chains is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b), 7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadiene-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methyl [Tylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl (3d); one of the following representative examples of C20 isoprenoid chains: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl) (4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl) (4b);One representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain is: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-Hydroxy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-Hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), Tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-Hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-Hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-Hydroxy Xyphenyl)-2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); a representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), or a representative example of a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain is: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl (16a), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl (18a); R4 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen atom which is Cl, I, or F;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;C5 isoprenoid chain which is one of the following representative examples:3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxyprenyl) (1e), 2,3-dihyde Roxy-3-methylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl (1,1-dimethylallyl) (1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl (1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl (1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl (1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl (1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl (1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); R5 is an OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; halogen; primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol; ketone; aldehyde; ester; sulfate; one of the following representative examples of a C5 isoprenoid chain: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propene-1- (1,1-dimethylallyl)(1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl(1j), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl(1p); one representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl(2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl)(2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavanduryl)(2j), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one of the following representative examples of C15 isoprenoid chains: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl( Farnesyl) (3b); C20 isoprenoid chains, one of the following representative examples: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl) (4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl) (4b); linear or branched alkyl chains, one of the following representative examples: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonyl, undecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl;One representative example of an alkenyl chain is a polyalkenyl chain exclusively represented by: ethenyl(12a), 1-propenyl(12b), 1-methylethenyl(12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl(12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl(12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl(12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl(12g); or 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a); Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0154] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate. R2 is an OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; halogen; primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol; ketone; aldehyde; ester; sulfate; one representative example of a C5 isoprenoid chain is: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxyprenyl) (1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g); one representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(Te Trahydrogeranyl) (2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl (2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl) (2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl (2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide) (2e), 5-hydroxyl C15 isoprenoid chains exclusively represented by c-5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl (2o); 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl) (3a); C20 isoprenoid chains exclusively represented by 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl) (4a);One representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain is: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxy Cyheptadecyl (5i), 10-Methoxyundecyl (5j), 12-Methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(Acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(Acetyloxy)-13-Hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(Acetyloxy)-12-Hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-Bis(Acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(Acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), Benzyl (6a), 2-Phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2- (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2 -Oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); or one of the following representative alkenyl chains: 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a); R4 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen atom which is Cl, I, or F;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;C5 isoprenoid chain which is one of the following representative examples:3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxyprenyl) (1e), 2,3-dihyde Roxy-3-methylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl (1,1-dimethylallyl) (1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl (1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl (1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl (1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl (1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl (1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); R5 is a C5 isoprenoid chain, one of the following representative examples: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propene-1 -yl(1,1-dimethylallyl)(1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl(1j), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl(1p); one representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl(2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl)(2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavanduryl)(2j), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl (Farnesyl)(3b); C20 isoprenoid chains, one of the following representative examples: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b); linear or branched alkyl chains, one of the following representative examples: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonyl, undecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl;One representative example of an alkenyl chain is a polyalkenyl chain exclusively represented by: ethenyl(12a), 1-propenyl(12b), 1-methylethenyl(12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl(12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl(12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl(12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl(12g); or 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a); Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0155] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate; R2 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;C5 isoprenoid chain, one of the following representative examples: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxyprenyl) (1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g);C10 isoprenoid chain, one of the following representative examples: 3,7-dimethyloctyl Tetrahydrogeranyl) (2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl (2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl) (2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl (2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide) (2e), 5-hydro C15 isoprenoid chains exclusively represented by xy-5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl (2o); 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl) (3a); C20 isoprenoid chains exclusively represented by 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl) (4a);One representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain is: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxy Cyheptadecyl (5i), 10-Methoxyundecyl (5j), 12-Methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(Acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(Acetyloxy)-13-Hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(Acetyloxy)-12-Hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-Bis(Acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(Acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), Benzyl (6a), 2-Phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2- (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2 -Oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); or one of the following representative alkenyl chains: 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a); R4 is a C5 isoprenoid chain, such as OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; a halogen atom that is Cl, I, or F; a primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol; a ketone; an aldehyde; an ester; a sulfate; or one of the following representative examples: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxyprenyl) (1e), 2,3-dihydro Xy-3-methylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl (1,1-dimethylallyl) (1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl (1j), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1k), 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (1l), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl (1m), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbuta-1-en-1-yl (1n), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-buten-1-yl (1o), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl (1p);One of the following is a representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl(2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl (Tylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl (2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl) (2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavandulyl) (2j), 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl (2k), 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl L-2,7-octadien-1-yl(2l), 3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-octadienyl(2m), 3,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,6-octadienyl(2n), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl(farnesyl)(3b) ,7-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,10-dodecadieno-1-yl(3c), 3-methyl-6-[5-(2-methylpropa-1-en-1-yl)furan-3-yl]hexa-2-en-1-yl(3d); one representative example of a C20 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b);One of the following is a representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxyheptadecyl (5i), 10-methoxyundecyl (5 j), 12-methoxytridecyl (5k), 2-(acetyloxy)pentadecyl (5l), 2-(acetyloxy)-13-hydroxytridecyl (5m), 2-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxytridecyl (5n), 2,12-bis(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5o), 2-(acetyloxy)tridecyl (5p), benzyl (6a), 2-phenylethyl (6b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6c), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (6d), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl (6e), 2-hydro Xy-2-phenylethyl (7a), 2-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl (7b), tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl (8a), 1,2-dioxopropyl (9a), 3-oxopentyl (9b), 2-oxopentyl (9c), 2-oxoheptyl (9d), 2-oxononyl (9e), 14-oxopentadecyl (9f), 2-oxotridecyl (9g), 1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl (10a), 13-hydroxy-2-oxotridecyl (10b), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-oxoethyl (11a), 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl (11b); one representative example of a (substituted) alkenyl chain is: ethenyl (12a), 1-propenyl (12b), 1-methylethenyl (12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl (12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl (12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl (12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl (12g), 10-(acetyloxy)-8-pentadecenyl (13a), 2-phenylethenyl (14a), 1-hydroxymethylene-2-oxopropyl (15a);Alternatively, one of the following representative examples is a (substituted) polyalkenyl chain: 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a), 1-oxo-2,4-octadien-1-yl(17a), 4,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl(17b), (6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl(17c), 8-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,7-octadien-1-yl(18a); R5 is a C5 isoprenoid chain, one of the following representative examples: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl (3,3-dimethylallyl) (1h), 1,1-dimethyl-2-propene-1 -yl(1,1-dimethylallyl)(1i), 3-methyl-1-buten-1-yl(1j), 3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl(1p); one representative example of a C10 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7-dimethyloctyl(tetrahydrogeranyl)(2a), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl)(2c), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl(2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl) (2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl)(2i), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-yl(lavanduryl)(2j), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); one representative example of a C15 isoprenoid chain is: 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl)(3a), (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl (Farnesyl)(3b); C20 isoprenoid chains, one of the following representative examples: 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl)(4a), (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl(geranylgeranyl)(4b); linear or branched alkyl chains, one of the following representative examples: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonyl, undecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl;One representative example of an alkenyl chain is a polyalkenyl chain exclusively represented by: ethenyl(12a), 1-propenyl(12b), 1-methylethenyl(12c), 1-methyl-1-propen-1-yl(12d), 8-pentadecene-1-yl(12e), 8-heptadecene-1-yl(12f), 10-heptadecene-1-yl(12g); or 8,11-heptadecadiene-1-yl(16a); Alternatively, derivatives or analogues thereof for use in activating AMPK. In some embodiments, the OCH3 group can cyclize with an adjacent OH group to form a methylenedioxy crosslink.

[0156] In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are each independently OH;OCH3;O-aliphatic saturated or unsaturated acyl, O-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; or sulfate; R2 is H;OH;OCH3;O-glycoside;C-glycoside;acylated O-glycoside;acylated C-glycoside;sulfated O-glycoside;sulfated C-glycoside;halogen;primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, or tertiary alcohol;ketone;aldehyde;ester;sulfate;C5 isoprenoid chain, one of the following representative examples: 3-methylbutyl (1a), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1b), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1c), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1d), (3,3-dimethyl-2-oxyranyl)methyl(epoxyprenyl) (1e), 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl (1f), 3-methyl-2-oxobutyl (1g);C10 isoprenoid chain, one of the following representative examples: 3,7-dimethyloctyl Tetrahydrogeranyl) (2a), 8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl (2b), 3,7-dimethylocta-6-en-1-yl(citronellyl) (2c), 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2-enyl (2d), [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide) (2e), 5-hydro C15 isoprenoid chains exclusively represented by xy-5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)hexyl (2f), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl (2o); 3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl(hexahydrofarnesyl) (3a); C20 isoprenoid chains exclusively represented by 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl(phytanyl) (4a);One representative example of a (substituted) alkyl chain is: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heptyl, nonylundecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosyl, hydroxymethyl (5a), 6-hydroxyheptyl (5b), 8-hydroxynonyl (5c), 12-hydroxytridecyl (5d), 2-hydroxytridecyl (5e), ​​2,12-dihydroxytridecyl (5f), 2-hydroxypentadecyl (5g), 14-hydroxypentadecyl (5h), 16-hydroxy Cyheptadecyl (5i), 10-Methoxyundecyl (5j), 12-Meth...

Claims

1. A pharmaceutical composition for use in the treatment or prevention of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a subject, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound having the following general formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as an active ingredient, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 【Chemistry 1】 [wherein R1 is an OH, O-glycoside, or sulfate; R2 is H, [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl(2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl)(2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl)(2i), or 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); R3 is OH, OCH3, O-glycoside, or sulfate; R4 is H; R5 is CH3, n-propyl, n-butyl, or pentyl.

2. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the compound of general formula I is cannabidiolic acid, CAS number 1244-58-2.

3. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the compound is obtained from a plant or plant extract.

4. A pharmaceutical composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3, which is a food, beverage, or dietary supplement.

5. Use of a compound having the following general formula I in the preparation of a drug for treating or preventing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a subject. 【Chemistry 2】 [wherein R1 is an OH, O-glycoside, or sulfate; R2 is H, [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl(2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl)(2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl)(2i), or 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); R3 is OH, OCH3, O-glycoside, or sulfate; R4 is H; R5 is CH3, n-propyl, n-butyl, or pentyl.

6. The use according to claim 5, wherein the compound is contained in a pharmaceutical composition, and the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

7. The use according to claim 5 or 6, wherein the compound is contained in a food, beverage or dietary supplement.

8. An in vitro method for activating AMPK, comprising contacting AMPK with a compound having the following general formula I. 【Transformation 3】 [wherein R1 is an OH, O-glycoside, or sulfate; R2 is H, [3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-2-oxyranyl]methyl(geranyl 2,3-epoxide)(2e), 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl(2g), (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(geranyl)(2h), (2Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(neryl)(2i), or 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl(2o); R3 is OH, OCH3, O-glycoside, or sulfate; R4 is H; R5 is CH3, n-propyl, n-butyl, or pentyl.

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