Dental models, dental kits, and methods

Abstract

The dental model includes a model dental arch and a plurality of model teeth. The model dental arch includes a first member including a plurality of first openings therethrough and a second member including a plurality of second openings extending therethrough. The plurality of first openings of the first member and the plurality of second openings of the second member are aligned with one another in a one-to-one correspondence. Each model tooth of the plurality of model teeth includes a tooth portion and a connecting portion extending from the tooth portion. The tooth portion of each model tooth is at least partially and slidably received within a respective first opening of the plurality of first openings. The connecting portion of each model tooth is at least partially received within a respective second opening of the plurality of second openings and removably retained within a respective second opening.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to dental models, dental kits, and methods of using dental models.

Background Art

[0002] Dental models are typically used for practicing dental treatments. Specifically, a dentist or dental healthcare provider may practice dental treatments on a dental model before performing the dental treatment on a patient. A dental model can include one or more model teeth representing the corresponding teeth of a patient. Conventional dental models cannot simulate the realistic movement of human teeth during in-vivo procedures. Therefore, such conventional dental models may not be suitable for practicing complex dental treatments.

Summary of the Invention

[0003] Generally, the present disclosure relates to dental models. The present disclosure further relates to dental kits including dental models, and methods of using dental models.

[0004] In a first aspect, the disclosure provides a dental model. The dental model includes a model dental arch and a plurality of model teeth. The model dental arch includes a first member representing a human dental arch. The first member includes a plurality of first openings passing through it. Each of the plurality of first openings extends along a longitudinal axis. The first member further includes a first material having a first modulus. The model dental arch further includes a second member at least partially received within the first member. The second member includes a plurality of second openings extending through it. The plurality of first openings of the first member and the plurality of second openings of the second member are aligned with each other in a one-to-one correspondence. The second member includes a second material having a second modulus. The plurality of model teeth correspond to a plurality of human teeth. Each of the plurality of model teeth includes a tooth portion representing a corresponding human tooth from the plurality of human teeth and a connecting portion extending from the tooth portion. Each tooth portion of the multiple model teeth is at least partially and slidably received within each of the multiple first openings. Each connecting portion of the multiple model teeth is at least partially received within each of the multiple second openings and detachably held within each of the multiple second openings. When a lateral load is applied to each of the multiple model teeth in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, each of the multiple model teeth flexes laterally from at least about 50 microns to a maximum of about 250 microns in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, such that each tooth portion of the multiple model teeth and at least a portion of the surface of the first member forming each of the first openings define a clearance between them and / or, The first elastic modulus of the first material is approximately 0.1 MPa to approximately 5 MPa.

[0005] In a second aspect, the disclosure provides a dental model. The dental model includes a model dental arch and a plurality of model teeth. The model dental arch represents a human dental arch. The model dental arch includes a plurality of openings passing through it. Each of the plurality of openings extends along a longitudinal axis. The model dental arch further includes a material having an elastic modulus. The plurality of model teeth correspond to a plurality of human teeth. Each of the plurality of model teeth includes a tooth portion representing a corresponding human tooth from the plurality of human teeth and a connecting portion extending from the tooth portion. Each tooth portion and connecting portion of each of the plurality of model teeth are at least partially and slidably received within each of the plurality of openings. Each connecting portion of the plurality of model teeth is detachably held within its respective opening. When a lateral load is applied to each of the multiple model teeth in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, each of the multiple model teeth will flex laterally from at least about 50 microns to a maximum of about 250 microns in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, such that a clearance is defined between each tooth portion of the multiple model teeth and at least a portion of the surface of the model dental arch forming its respective opening, or a clearance is defined between each tooth portion of the multiple model teeth and at least a portion of the surface of the model dental arch forming its respective opening, and the elastic modulus of the material is about 750 MPa to about 20000 MPa, or a clearance is defined between each tooth portion of the multiple model teeth and at least a portion of the surface of the model dental arch forming its respective opening, and the elastic modulus of the material is about 0.1 MPa to about 5 MPa.

[0006] In a third aspect, the disclosure provides a dental kit for practicing complex dental restorations. The kit includes a dental model according to the first aspect. The kit further includes one or more dental matrices configured to combine with at least one of a plurality of model teeth to form a mold cavity surrounding at least a portion of at least one of the plurality of model teeth.

[0007] In a fourth aspect, the Disclosure provides a method for using a dental model of the first aspect. The method includes obtaining a three-dimensional representation of a patient's oral cavity. The method further includes additively fabricating a model dental arch based on at least the three-dimensional representation. The method further includes additively fabricating a plurality of model teeth based on at least the three-dimensional representation. The method further includes detachably coupling the plurality of model teeth to a model dental arch to form a dental model. The method further includes practicing a composite dental restoration using one or more dental matrices on the dental model. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0008] The exemplary embodiments disclosed herein can be more fully understood by examining the following “Modes for Carrying Out the Invention” in conjunction with the following figures. The figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. Similar numbers used in the drawings indicate similar components. However, it should be understood that the use of numbers to indicate components in a given figure is not intended to limit components in other figures indicated by the same number.

[0009] [Figure 1] A schematic perspective view of an exemplary human dental arch in a patient is shown. [Figure 2A] A schematic perspective view of a dental model according to one embodiment of this disclosure is shown. [Figure 2B] Figure 2A shows an exploded view of a dental model according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 3A] A schematic perspective view of a first component of a dental model according to one embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. [Figure 3B] Figure 3A shows a schematic top view of the first member. [Figure 3C] Figure 3A shows a schematic bottom view of the first member. [Figure 3D] A schematic block diagram showing one or more coatings on the first member of Figure 3A according to one embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. [Figure 4A] A schematic perspective view of a second component of a dental model according to one embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. [Figure 4B] Figure 4A shows a schematic bottom view of the second member. [Figure 4C] Figure 4A shows a schematic cross-sectional view of the second member. [Figure 4D] A schematic perspective view of a second component of a dental model according to another embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. [Figure 4E] A schematic perspective view of a second component of a dental model according to another embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. [Figure 5A] This document shows schematic perspective views of multiple model teeth according to one embodiment of this disclosure. [Figure 5B] This shows a schematic side view of one of several model teeth according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 5C] A schematic perspective view of one of several model teeth according to another embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. [Figure 6A] A schematic cross-sectional view of a model tooth received within a model dental arch according to one embodiment of this disclosure is shown. [Figure 6B] A schematic cross-sectional view of a model tooth received within a model dental arch according to one embodiment of this disclosure is shown. [Figure 7A] A side view of a model dental arch according to another embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. [Figure 7B] Figure 7A shows a bottom view of the model dental arch. [Figure 8A] A schematic perspective view of a dental model according to another embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. [Figure 8B] Figure 8A shows an exploded perspective view of a dental model according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 9A] Figure 8A shows a schematic top view of the model dental arch. [Figure 9B] Figure 8A shows a schematic bottom view of the model dental arch. [Figure 9C] Figure 8A shows a schematic cross-sectional view of the model dental arch. [Figure 9D] A schematic block diagram is shown illustrating one or more coatings on the model dental arch of Figure 8A according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 10A]Shows a schematic top view of the model dental arch of FIG. 8A according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 10B] Shows a schematic perspective view of the model dental arch of FIG. 8A according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 11A] Shows a schematic cross-sectional view of the model tooth received within the model dental arch according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 11B] Shows a schematic cross-sectional view of the model tooth received within the model dental arch according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 12A] Shows a side view of the model dental arch according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 12B] Shows a bottom view of the model dental arch of FIG. 12A according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 13] Shows a schematic block diagram of a dental kit according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 14] Shows a dental matrix coupled to a model tooth according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 15] Shows a flowchart of a method of using a dental model according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 16A] Shows schematic diagrams of various steps of using a dental model according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 16B] Shows schematic diagrams of various steps of using a dental model according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 16C] Shows schematic diagrams of various steps of using a dental model according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 16D] Shows schematic diagrams of various steps of using a dental model according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 16E] Shows schematic diagrams of various steps of using a dental model according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

[0010] The following description refers to the accompanying drawings, which constitute part of the description and illustrate various embodiments. It should be understood that other embodiments may be conceived and implemented without departing from the scope or spirit of this disclosure. Therefore, the embodiments for carrying out the invention described below should not be construed as restrictive.

[0011] The following definitions are adopted in the following disclosures.

[0012] All numbers mentioned herein shall be deemed to be modified by the term “approximately.” In this specification, “a,” “an,” “the,” “at least one,” and “one or more” are interchangeable.

[0013] When used herein as a modifier for a characteristic or attribute, the term “generally” means, unless otherwise specified, that the characteristic or attribute is readily recognizable to those skilled in the art, but does not require absolute precision or perfect agreement (for example, within ±20% for quantifiable characteristics).

[0014] The term "substantially" means a high degree of approximation (e.g., within ±10% for quantifiable characteristics), unless otherwise specified, but even in this case, absolute precision or perfect agreement is not required.

[0015] The term "approximately," unless otherwise specified, means a high degree of approximation (e.g., within ±5% for quantifiable characteristics), but even in this case, absolute precision or perfect agreement is not required.

[0016] Terms such as identical, equal, uniform, constant, and strictly are understood to mean that they do not require absolute precision or perfect agreement, but rather fall within the normal tolerances or measurement errors applicable to the specific situation.

[0017] As used herein, the terms “First” and “Second” are used as identifiers. Therefore, such terms should not be construed as limiting the disclosure. When used in conjunction with features or elements, the terms “First” and “Second” may be interchangeable throughout the embodiments of the disclosure.

[0018] As used herein, when the first material is referred to as "similar" to the second material, at least 90% by weight of the first material and the second material are identical, and if there is variation between the first material and the second material, the variation is less than about 10% by weight of each of the first and second materials.

[0019] As used herein, “at least one of A and B” should be understood to mean “A only, B only, or both A and B.”

[0020] As used herein, the term “dental restorative material” refers to a material or means for restoring the function of a missing tooth structure. Dental restorative materials may include dental filling materials. Dental restorative materials may be used, for example, for the restoration of a missing tooth structure after trauma, or as part of the restorative treatment of tooth decay, i.e., dental caries.

[0021] As used herein, the term “composite dental restoration” refers to a procedure in which a composite material is placed and molded on the surface of a patient’s tooth or within a prepared tooth to restore the function of the tooth or improve its aesthetics. The composite material hardens after being applied to the tooth and can achieve aesthetic and functional properties similar to those of tooth enamel and / or dentin. Composite dental restorations may include synthetic materials in which a polymer matrix is ​​combined with a dispersion of particles and / or short fibers of glass, mineral, ceramic, or resin filler. The properties of these materials can be enhanced with coupling agents to optimize the handling properties of the composite material and to strengthen the chemical bond between the filler and the resin. Composite restorative materials may include glass ionomers and may be cured by light and / or chemical initiators.

[0022] As used herein, the term “direct dental restoration” refers to a procedure to restore the function of a missing tooth structure by placing and shaping a soft or malleable dental filling material on or within a patient’s tooth. Chemical etching and / or application of dental adhesive may precede the placement of the composite material. The soft or malleable dental filling material is placed directly on the prepared tooth. The soft or malleable dental filling material can be cured after being applied to the prepared tooth, thereby restoring the function of the missing tooth structure.

[0023] As used herein, the term “three-dimensional representation” means any three-dimensional surface map of an object, such as a point cloud of surface data, a set of two-dimensional polygons, or any other data representing all or part of the surface of an object, which can be obtained through the acquisition and / or processing of three-dimensional scanning data, unless otherwise explicitly provided or otherwise evident from the context. “Three-dimensional representation” may include volumetric representations and other representations unless otherwise explicitly provided or otherwise evident from the context.

[0024] As used herein, the term "tooth ankylosis" refers to the fusion between the alveolar bone and the cementum of the tooth. Tooth ankylosis can be caused by genetic predisposition, local metabolic changes, dental trauma, or the replantation of a lost tooth.

[0025] As used herein, the term “periodontitis” refers to a severe gingival infection that can result in tooth loss and other serious health complications. Periodontitis can cause damage to gingival tissue and, if left untreated, can damage the alveolar bone.

[0026] As used herein, the term "gingival sulcus" refers to the space between a tooth and the surrounding gingival tissue.

[0027] As used herein, the term “dental matrix” refers to a set of non-custom or custom-made tools from which the clinician selects the appropriate size / shape for the tooth to be restored. The custom-made tool is inserted into the gingival sulcus of the patient’s tooth to isolate the tooth from blood and saliva, allowing for the formation of a composite dental restoration near or across the gingival line. The dental matrix can be placed around at least a portion of the tooth to be restored. The dental matrix may be a metal or plastic strip, and once placed around at least a portion of the tooth to be restored, it can act as a mold for the desired shape of the tooth to be restored. The dental matrix can create separation between the mutually proximal surfaces of the tooth to be restored and the mutually proximal surfaces of a second tooth adjacent to the tooth to be restored. The dental matrix can further enable composite dental restorations of multiple teeth at once.

[0028] This disclosure provides dental models, dental kits including dental models, and methods for using dental models. These dental models, dental kits, and methods can be used to practice dental procedures before in vivo dental procedures. In other words, dental models can be used to practice dental treatment and / or orthodontics. Dental models can be further used for training in dental procedures. Dental models can also be used for demonstration purposes, for example, for demonstrating commercially available dental products.

[0029] The dental model includes a model dental arch and a plurality of model teeth. The model dental arch includes a first member and a second member. The model dental arch includes a first member, which represents a human dental arch and includes a plurality of first openings passing through its interior. Each of the plurality of first openings extends along a longitudinal axis. The first member includes a first material having a first modulus of elasticity. The model dental arch further includes a second member at least partially received within the first member. The second member includes a plurality of second openings extending through its interior. The plurality of first openings in the first member and the plurality of second openings in the second member are aligned with each other in a one-to-one correspondence. The second member includes a second material having a second modulus of elasticity. The plurality of model teeth correspond to a plurality of human teeth. Each of the plurality of model teeth includes a tooth portion representing a corresponding human tooth from the plurality of human teeth and a connecting portion extending from the tooth portion. Each tooth portion of the multiple model teeth is at least partially and slidably received within each of the multiple first openings. Each connecting portion of the multiple model teeth is at least partially received within each of the multiple second openings and detachably held within each of the second openings. When a lateral load is applied to each of the multiple model teeth in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, each of the multiple model teeth flexes laterally from at least about 50 microns to a maximum of about 250 microns in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, such that a clearance is defined between each tooth portion of the multiple model teeth and at least a portion of the surface of the first member forming each of the first openings, and / or the first modulus of elasticity of the first material is about 0.1 MPa to about 5 MPa.

[0030] In another embodiment of the present disclosure, a dental model includes a model dental arch and a plurality of model teeth. The model dental arch represents a human dental arch and includes a plurality of openings passing through its interior. Each of the plurality of openings extends along a longitudinal axis. The model dental arch comprises a material having an elastic modulus. The plurality of model teeth correspond to a plurality of human teeth. Each of the plurality of model teeth includes a tooth portion representing a corresponding human tooth from the plurality of human teeth and a connecting portion extending from the tooth portion. Each tooth portion and connecting portion of each of the plurality of model teeth is at least partially and slidably received within each of the plurality of openings. Each connecting portion of the plurality of model teeth is detachably held within its respective opening. When a lateral load is applied to each of the multiple model teeth in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, each of the multiple model teeth will flex laterally from at least about 50 microns to a maximum of about 250 microns in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, such that a clearance is defined between each tooth portion of the multiple model teeth and at least a portion of the surface of the model dental arch forming its respective opening, and the elastic modulus of the material is about 750 MPa to about 20000 MPa, or the elastic modulus of the material is about 0.1 MPa to about 5 MPa, or a clearance is defined between each tooth portion of the multiple model teeth and at least a portion of the surface of the model dental arch forming its respective opening, and the elastic modulus of the material is about 0.1 MPa to about 5 MPa.

[0031] The dental kit of this disclosure includes a dental model and one or more dental matrices configured to be coupled with at least one of a plurality of model teeth to form a mold cavity surrounding at least a portion of at least one of the plurality of model teeth.

[0032] The method of this disclosure includes obtaining a three-dimensional representation of a patient's oral cavity. The method further includes additively fabricating a model dental arch based on at least the three-dimensional representation. The method further includes additively fabricating a plurality of model teeth based on at least the three-dimensional representation. The method further includes forming a dental model by detachably coupling the plurality of model teeth to the model dental arch. The method further includes practicing complex dental restorations using one or more dental matrices on the dental model.

[0033] Complex dental restorative procedures may involve cutting and removing portions of the tooth (generally referred to as "preparing" the tooth). In some cases, complex dental restorative procedures may involve cutting away carious or structurally unhealthy portions of the tooth. The removed portion of the tooth may be filled with a complex dental restorative material.

[0034] Complex dental restorative procedures can typically utilize conventional dental matrices. The dentist can select the appropriate shape and size of the conventional dental matrix according to the tooth surface of the patient's tooth being restored. The dental matrix can be inserted into the gingival sulcus of the patient's tooth to isolate it from blood and saliva. Furthermore, in some cases, wedges can be inserted between adjacent teeth to increase the separation between them by at least the thickness of the dental matrix.

[0035] Alternatively, a custom-designed dental matrix can enable the restoration of multiple teeth in a patient at once. Unlike conventional dental matrices, a custom-designed dental matrix may not require wedging between adjacent teeth to enlarge the gingival sulcus. Instead, the custom-designed dental matrix can be digitally designed to precisely position around the patient's teeth for complex dental restorations.

[0036] Dental models can include model teeth to simulate the patient's dental arch. Realistic simulation of complex dental restorations on dental models may require careful management of the lateral deflection of the model teeth when lateral loads are applied to them (for example, to wedge the model teeth).

[0037] Conventional dental models may include conventional model teeth connected to the conventional dental model by threaded connectors. These threaded connectors may be inaccessible without disassembling the components of the conventional dental model. Therefore, replacing conventional model teeth can be time-consuming. Furthermore, after replacing conventional model teeth, it may be necessary to reassemble additional components of the conventional dental model. This can further consume the user's time.

[0038] Typically, conventional dental models cannot simulate the human dental arch. Specifically, the model teeth in conventional dental models cannot simulate the realistic movement of human teeth during in vivo procedures. As mentioned above, model teeth can be fixed and held within conventional dental models by threaded connections or any other conventional mounting mechanisms. Therefore, the model teeth in conventional dental models may interfere with the placement of the dental matrix. Furthermore, conventional model teeth may move unrealistically during the placement of the dental matrix. The mobility and movement of conventional model teeth in conventional dental models may not be suitable for realistic simulation of complex dental restorations because the user needs to adjust the mobility of the conventional model teeth in the conventional dental model. Moreover, the simulation becomes highly variable and heavily dependent on the operator using the typodont.

[0039] The dental models, dental kits, and methods described herein can enable dentists to practice specific dental treatments on a dental model before performing in vivo procedures on patients. The dental model may have multiple model teeth composed of a material that allows for drilling to create cavities. The multiple model teeth can further allow for filling their cavities with dental restorative materials such as amalgam or composite materials. In some cases, the dental model may also allow dentists to practice indirect restorations such as crowns and bridges. Furthermore, the dental models according to this disclosure can provide a realistic simulation of the human dental arch. Thus, the dental models according to this disclosure can enable a realistic simulation of composite dental restorations for in vivo procedures. Specifically, the dental models can simulate the realistic movement of multiple human teeth.

[0040] The dental models and dental kits of this disclosure may be further customizable. In some cases, the dental models and dental kits may be patient-specific. Furthermore, the dental kit may include one or more dental matrices for practicing complex dental restorations. As described above, the dental models can provide a realistic simulation of the human dental arch. Thus, one or more dental matrices can be precisely positioned and aligned with the fine features of the dental model. This prevents leakage of dental restorative materials and damage to one or more dental matrices during practice of complex dental restorations. The first component of the model dental arch of the dental model is made from a material with a low modulus of elasticity, which can simulate the soft tissue of human gingiva and the realistic movement of human teeth in the human dental arch. Furthermore, the flexibility, retention, and mobility of each of the multiple model teeth may be adjusted by changing the geometric shapes of the first and second components of the model dental arch, and / or the geometric shapes of each of the multiple model teeth. Unlike conventional dental models, the movement of the model teeth is built into the dental model. Furthermore, each of the multiple model teeth in the dental model is made from a material with a high modulus of elasticity, allowing for the simulation of human teeth.

[0041] The dental models, dental kits, and methods disclosed herein can further reduce the time required for assembling and disassembling dental models. In other words, each of the multiple model teeth can be quickly removed from the model dental arch as needed. For example, each of the multiple model teeth can be snap-fitted to a first and second member of the model dental arch, facilitating the quick attachment and removal of the multiple model teeth. Furthermore, one or more coatings may be applied to the model dental arch, thereby facilitating the removal of excess cured composite material from the model dental arch and simulating in vivo behavior. Moreover, one or more coatings can prevent excess cured composite material from adhering to the dental model during curing. Thus, the dental model is reusable and can simulate in vivo procedures.

[0042] Referring to the drawings, Figure 1 shows a schematic perspective view of a human dental arch 10 of a patient undergoing dental treatment. The human dental arch 10 includes several human teeth 30. The several human teeth 30 may include one or more of the following: central incisors, lateral incisors, canines, premolars, first molars, second molars, and third molars. The human dental arch 10 shown in Figure 1 is the mandibular dental arch of the patient. However, the several human teeth 30 may be from the mandibular dental arch and / or maxillary dental arch of the patient.

[0043] Figures 2A and 2B show a dental model 100 according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The dental model 100 defines mutually orthogonal X1, Y1, and Z1 axes. The X1 and Y1 axes are in-plane axes of the dental model 100, while the Z1 axis is a transverse axis aligned with the thickness of the dental model 100. In other words, the X1 and Y2 axes are aligned with the plane of the dental model 100, while the Z1 axis is perpendicular to the plane of the dental model 100.

[0044] The dental model 100 can represent a patient's human dental arch 10 (shown in Figure 1). In some embodiments, the dental model 100 may represent only a portion of the human dental arch 10, such as a quadrant of the human dental arch 10. Thus, the dental model 100 can provide important information about one or more of the patient's human teeth 30 to assist in the planning of dental treatments such as oral surgery and dental restorations. The dental model 100 may be manufactured using a suitable process depending on the desired application attributes. In some embodiments, the dental model 100 is patient-specific and manufactured by additive manufacturing. In some other embodiments, the dental model 100 may be manufactured using injection molding; that is, in some embodiments, the dental model 100 is injection molded. The dental model 100 may also be used for training in dental treatment. The dental model may also be used for demonstration purposes, for example, for demonstrating commercially available dental products.

[0045] Referring to Figures 2A and 2B, the dental model 100 includes a model dental arch 110. The model dental arch 110 may have an arch shape. Specifically, the model dental arch 110 may have an arch shape corresponding to a patient's human dental arch 10 (shown in Figure 1). In some embodiments, the model dental arch 110 may have an arch shape corresponding to a portion of the human dental arch 10 represented by the dental model 100.

[0046] In the embodiments illustrated in Figures 2A and 2B, the model dental arch 110 includes a first member 120 and a second member 140 (shown in Figure 2B). The first member 120 represents a human dental arch 10 (shown in Figure 1). Furthermore, the second member 140 is at least partially received within the first member 120. In some embodiments, the first member 120 and the second member 140 of the model dental arch 110 are formed as a single, integrated part. However, in some other embodiments, the first member 120 and the second member 140 of the model dental arch 110 are formed separately. In some embodiments, the first member 120 and the second member 140 are slidably coupled to each other.

[0047] The dental model 100 further includes multiple model teeth 170 corresponding to multiple human teeth 30 (shown in Figure 1). Each of the multiple model teeth 170 may represent a corresponding human tooth from among the multiple human teeth 30. The multiple model teeth 170 can be detachably received in each of the first member 120 and the second member 140.

[0048] In some embodiments, the dental model 100 further includes a bridge member 150 connected to two or more spaced positions 112 on the model dental arch 110. In the embodiments illustrated in Figures 2A and 2B, the bridge member 150 is connected to two spaced positions 112 on the model dental arch 110. The bridge member 150 is connected to two or more spaced positions 112 on the model dental arch 110 and can provide improved stability and rigidity to the model dental arch 110. In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 2B, the bridge member 150 is connected to two or more spaced positions 112 on a second member 140 of the model dental arch 110. In some other embodiments, the bridge member 150 may be connected to two or more spaced positions on a first member 120 of the model dental arch 110.

[0049] Figures 3A, 3B, and 3C show perspective, top, and bottom views, respectively, of a first member 120 according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The first member 120 includes an outer surface 121. Referring to Figures 3A to 3C, the first member 120 includes a plurality of first openings 122 passing through the first member 120. Each of the plurality of first openings 122 extends along a longitudinal axis 102. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of first openings 122 may extend substantially along the Z1 axis. In other words, the longitudinal axis 102 may be substantially parallel to the Z1 axis. In the embodiments illustrated in Figures 3B and 3C, at least a portion of each of the plurality of first openings 122 has a substantially circular shape. Furthermore, the shape of each first opening 122 may vary along its respective longitudinal axis 102. However, each of the multiple first openings 122 may have any preferred shape, such as a semicircle, triangle, rectangle, square, polygon, ellipse, egg shape, shape corresponding to the contour of a natural tooth, or an irregular shape.

[0050] The first member 120 further includes a plurality of surfaces 126 corresponding to a plurality of first openings 122. Each of the plurality of surfaces 126 forms one of the plurality of first openings 122. In other words, each first opening 122 is defined by the corresponding surface 126. In some embodiments, the outer surface 121 of the first member 120 includes a plurality of surfaces 126.

[0051] As shown in Figure 3C, in some embodiments, the first member 120 defines a plurality of coupling channels 128. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of coupling channels 128 is configured to at least partially receive a bridge member 150 (shown in Figures 2A and 2B) internally. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of coupling channels 128 may correspond to two or more spaced positions 112 (shown in Figure 2B) of the second member 140 of the model dental arch 110 and to at least partially receive a bridge member 150 internally.

[0052] In some embodiments, the model dental arch 110 (shown in Figures 2A and 2B) further includes a base surface 130. Specifically, the first member 120 may further include a base surface 130. In some embodiments, the base surface 130 of the first member 120 may be substantially parallel to a plane perpendicular to the Z1 axis. In other words, the base surface 130 of the first member 120 may be substantially located in the X1-Y1 plane.

[0053] The first member 120 further comprises a first material having a first modulus of elasticity. In some embodiments, the first material may simulate the soft tissue of human gingiva. The first modulus of elasticity of the first material is about 0.1 megapascals (MPa) to about 5 MPa. In some embodiments, the first modulus of elasticity of the first material may be less than about 5 MPa and greater than 0.1 MPa, greater than 0.2 MPa, greater than 0.3 MPa, or greater than 0.4 MPa. In some embodiments, the first modulus of elasticity of the first material may be less than 5 MPa, less than 4 MPa, less than 3 MPa, or less than 2 MPa.

[0054] Figure 3D shows a schematic block diagram illustrating one or more coatings 900 disposed on a first member 120 according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the dental model 100 (shown in Figures 2A and 2B) further includes one or more coatings 900 disposed at least partially on the outer surface 121 of the first member 120. In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 3D, the one or more coatings 900 include a first coating 901, a second coating 902, and a third coating 903. The first coating 901, the second coating 902, and the third coating 903 may be similar to or different from each other. The one or more coatings 900 may include, for example, a resin. In some embodiments, the one or more coatings 900 can facilitate cleaning of the first member 120. Thus, the one or more coatings 900 can facilitate preparation of the first member 120 for reuse. Thus, the dental model 100 may be reusable. In some embodiments, one or more coatings 900 are applied at least partially to the outer surface 121 of the first member 120 to improve the surface properties of the outer surface 121 (e.g., reduction of surface roughness and reduction of flaking). In some embodiments, one or more coatings 900 may allow removal of dental restorative material that may have cured on the outer surface 121 of the first member 120.

[0055] Figures 4A and 4B show a perspective view and a top view, respectively, of the second member 140 according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0056] Referring to Figures 4A and 4B, the second member 140 includes a plurality of second openings 142 extending through the second member 140. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of second openings 142 may extend substantially along the Z1 axis. In the embodiments illustrated in Figures 4A and 4B, each of the plurality of second openings 142 has a circular shape. However, each of the plurality of second openings 142 may have any preferred shape, depending on the desired application attributes, such as a semicircular, triangular, rectangular, square, polygonal, elliptical, oval, or a shape based on the anatomical structure of a natural tooth.

[0057] The multiple first openings 122 (shown in Figures 3B and 3C) of the first member 120 (shown in Figures 3A to 3C) and the multiple second openings 142 of the second member 140 are aligned with each other in a one-to-one correspondence. In other words, each of the multiple first openings 122 of the first member 120 can be aligned with each of the second openings 142 of the second member 140. In some embodiments, each of the multiple second openings 142 may have a shape corresponding to the shape of at least a portion of each of the first openings 122.

[0058] In some embodiments, the second member 140 further includes a plurality of tubular segments 146 corresponding to a plurality of second openings 142. Each tubular segment 146 can at least partially define the corresponding second opening 142. Each tubular segment 146 is at least partially received within each of the plurality of first openings 122 (shown in Figures 3B and 3C). Each of the plurality of tubular segments 146 may extend substantially along the Z1 axis. In some embodiments, the plurality of tubular segments 146 may have a shape corresponding to the shape of at least a portion of each of the plurality of first openings 122.

[0059] As described above, in some embodiments, the dental model 100 includes a bridge member 150. Specifically, in some embodiments, a second member 140 of the dental model 100 further includes the bridge member 150. In some embodiments, the bridge member 150 has an elongated rectangular shape. However, in some embodiments, the bridge member 150 may have any suitable shape depending on the desired application attributes. In some embodiments, the bridge member 150 may extend substantially along the X1 axis. Furthermore, in some embodiments, the bridge member 150 and the second member 140 are formed as a single, integrated part. However, in some other embodiments, the second member 140 and the bridge member 150 may be formed as two separate parts joined together. In such embodiments, the second member 140 and the bridge member 150 may be joined together using snap fasteners, sliding joints, bolts, adhesives, etc. In other words, the second member 140 and the bridge member 150 may be snap-fitted, slidably coupled to each other, bolted to each other, or bonded to each other.

[0060] The second member 140 includes a second material having a second modulus of elasticity. In some embodiments, the second modulus of elasticity is approximately equal to the first modulus of elasticity. In some embodiments, the second modulus of elasticity of the second material is approximately 750 MPa to approximately 20,000 MPa. In some embodiments, the second modulus of elasticity of the second material may be greater than 300 MPa, greater than 500 MPa, greater than 750 MPa, greater than 1,000 MPa, or greater than 1,250 MPa. In some embodiments, the second modulus of elasticity of the second material may be greater than approximately 300 MPa and less than 20,000 MPa, less than 18,000 MPa, less than 16,000 MPa, or less than 14,000 MPa. In some embodiments, the second modulus of elasticity of the second material may be approximately 1,000 MPa to approximately 16,000 MPa.

[0061] Figure 4C shows a perspective cross-sectional view of the second member 140, taken roughly along line 1-1 in Figure 4B. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of second openings 142 includes a first portion 152 having a first width 154. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of second openings 142 further includes a second portion 156 positioned adjacent to the first portion 152 and having a second width 158. In some embodiments, the second width 158 of the second portion 156 is greater than the first width 154 of the first portion 152. Furthermore, in some embodiments, the second member 140 further includes a plurality of retaining surfaces 160 corresponding to the plurality of second openings 142. Furthermore, each retaining surface 160 extends between the first portion 152 and the second portion 156 of the corresponding second opening 142.

[0062] In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 4C, each tubular segment 146 includes a narrow portion 162 defining a first portion 152 of each of the multiple second openings 142. Each tubular segment 146 further includes a wider portion 164 defining a second portion 156 of each of the second openings 142.

[0063] Referring to Figures 3A to 4C, in some embodiments, the second modulus of elasticity of the second material may be substantially equal to the first modulus of elasticity of the first material. In some other embodiments, the ratio of the second modulus of elasticity of the second material to the first modulus of elasticity of the first material is at least about 10. In some embodiments, the ratio of the second modulus of elasticity of the second material to the first modulus of elasticity of the first material may be at least about 150, at least about 200, or at least about 250. In some embodiments, the ratio of the second modulus of elasticity of the second material to the first modulus of elasticity of the first material is from about 150 to about 200,000.

[0064] Figure 4D shows a second member 140 of a model dental arch 110 (shown in Figures 2A and 2B) according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 4D, the second member 140 includes a bridge member 300. The bridge member 300 may be substantially similar to the bridge member 150 shown in Figures 4A and 4B. However, the bridge member 300 further includes one or more markings 302 for identifying a dental model 100 (shown in Figures 2A and 2B). In some cases, the dental model 100 may be patient-specific. Therefore, one or more markings 302 can be used to identify a dental model 100 made specifically for a particular patient. In some embodiments, one or more markings 302 may be used to indicate the configuration of a model tooth 170 (shown in Figures 2A and 2B) of a non-customized or off-the-shelf dental model. For example, one or more markings 302 may be used to mark the type of gingiva or the configuration of the model tooth 170 to match the corresponding dental matrix. One or more markings 302 may include shapes, patterns, designs, letters, groups of letters, numbers, and combinations thereof. One or more markings 302 may be printed and / or embossed on the bridge member 300. In some embodiments, one or more markings 302 may include grooves and / or raised areas.

[0065] Figure 4E shows a second member 140 of a model dental arch 110 (shown in Figures 2A and 2B) according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the dental model 100 (shown in Figures 2A and 2B) further includes a labeling plate 402. In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 4E, the second member 140 includes a bridge member 400. The labeling plate 402 can be detachably coupled to the bridge member 400. The bridge member 400 may be substantially similar to the bridge member 150 shown in Figures 4A and 4B. However, the bridge member 400 includes one or more coupling extensions 401 for detachably coupling the labeling plate 402 to the bridge member 400. Specifically, in some embodiments, the labeling plate 402 includes an opening 403, and one or more coupling extensions 401 of the bridge member 400 snap into the opening 403 of the labeling plate 402. In some embodiments, the labeling plate 402 may be slidably coupled to the bridge member 400. In some embodiments, the labeling plate 402 may be bonded to the bridge member 400.

[0066] In some embodiments, the bridge member 400 further includes one or more third openings 404 for detachably connecting a labeling plate 402 to the bridge member 400. In some embodiments, the labeling plate 402 may include one or more protrusions (not shown) that can be snap-fitted into one or more third openings 404. In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 4E, the labeling plate 402 further includes one or more markings 406 for identifying a dental model 100 (shown in Figures 2A and 2B). In some cases, the dental model 100 may be patient-specific. Thus, one or more markings 406 can be used to identify a dental model 100 made specifically for a particular patient. In some cases, one or more markings 406 can be used to label separate configurations of the dental model 100. One or more markings 406 may include, for example, shapes, patterns, designs, letters, groups of letters, numbers, and combinations thereof. One or more markings 406 may be printed and / or embossed on the labeling plate 402. In some embodiments, one or more markings 406 may include grooves and / or raised areas. In some embodiments, one or more markings 406 may be formed of a colored material different from the material of the labeling plate 402.

[0067] Figure 5A shows a schematic perspective view of a plurality of model teeth 170 according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 5B shows a schematic side view of one of the plurality of model teeth 170 according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0068] Referring to Figures 5A and 5B, each of the multiple model teeth 170 includes a tooth portion 174 representing a corresponding human tooth 30 (shown in Figure 1) from among the multiple human teeth 30 (shown in Figure 1). Each tooth portion 174 of the multiple model teeth 170 includes an outer surface 176. Each of the multiple model teeth 170 further includes a connecting portion 178 extending from the tooth portion 174. As shown in Figure 5B, each of the multiple model teeth 170 includes a length 171. The length 171 can be defined as the maximum length of each model tooth 170. The length 171 can be measured substantially along the Z1 axis.

[0069] Furthermore, the connecting portion 178 includes a length 180. The length 180 can be defined as the maximum length of the connecting portion 178 of each model tooth 170. The length 180 can be measured substantially along the Z1 axis. In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 5B, the length 180 of the connecting portion 178 is about 40% of the length 171 of the model tooth 170. However, in some other embodiments, the length 180 of the connecting portion 178 may be at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, or at least about 60% of the length 171 of the model tooth 170. Each connecting portion 178 of the model tooth 170 further includes a maximum width 181. The maximum width 181 can be measured substantially perpendicular to the Z1 axis.

[0070] In some embodiments, each connecting portion 178 of a plurality of model teeth 170 includes a pair of retaining legs 182. The pair of retaining legs 182 define a slot 184 between them. In some embodiments, the slot 184 may be empty, i.e., filled with air. In some other embodiments, the slot 184 may be filled with a low modulus material. Furthermore, each retaining leg 182 includes a length 186. The length 186 can be measured substantially along the Z1 axis. In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 5B, the length 186 of each retaining leg 182 is about 80% of the length 180 of the connecting portion 178. However, in some other embodiments, the length 186 of each retaining leg 182 may be more than about 60%, more than about 70%, more than about 85%, more than about 90%, more than about 95%, or more than about 99% of the length 180 of the connecting portion 178.

[0071] In some embodiments, each of the pair of retaining legs 182 further includes at least one projection 188. In some embodiments, the at least one projection 188 further includes an entrance end 190 and a retaining end 194. The entrance end 190 defines a width 192, and the retaining end 194 defines a width 196. The widths 192 and 196 can be measured substantially perpendicular to the Z1 axis. In some embodiments, the width 196 of the retaining end 194 is greater than the width 192 of the entrance end 190.

[0072] In some embodiments, each connecting portion 178 of a plurality of model teeth 170 includes one or more grooves (not shown). One or more grooves can ensure proper positioning of each model tooth 170 relative to the first member 120 and the second member 140 (shown in Figures 3A-3C and 4A-4E). Specifically, one or more grooves can allow each of the plurality of model teeth 170 to rotate at least partially when received within the first member 120 and the second member 140, ensuring proper positioning of each model tooth 170 within the respective first opening 122 and second opening 142 (shown in Figures 3A-3C and 4A-4E). In some embodiments, the first member 120 and the second member 140 (shown in Figures 3A-3C and 4A-4E) include one or more projections (not shown) corresponding to one or more grooves, ensuring proper positioning of each model tooth 170 within the respective first opening 122 and second opening 142 (shown in Figures 3A-3C and 4A-4E).

[0073] In some embodiments, each of the multiple model teeth 170 comprises a third material having a third modulus. In some embodiments, the third modulus is equal to the second modulus. In some cases, the second member 140 (shown in Figures 4A to 4C) and each of the multiple model teeth 170 may be made from the same material. However, in some other cases, the second member 140 and each of the multiple model teeth 170 may be made from different materials having the same modulus. In some embodiments, the second material of the second member 140 and the third material of the multiple model teeth 170 may include a highly elastic photopolymer. The third material may enable drilling to create cavities in the multiple model teeth 170.

[0074] In some embodiments, each of the first, second, and third materials of the first member 120 (shown in Figures 3A to 3C), the second member 140, and the multiple model teeth 170 may include organic resins having various functionalities, such as acrylic resins, silicone resins, urethane resins, and epoxy resins, each having a different modulus of elasticity. In some embodiments, the first, second, and third materials may include poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) mixed with methyl methacrylate. Each of the first, second, and third materials may be available in powder and liquid form. The resins may be filled with organic fillers, inorganic fillers, and / or composite fillers.

[0075] Figure 5C shows one model tooth 170 from a plurality of model teeth 170 according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 5C, the connecting portion 178 includes one or more indicators 800 for identifying the model tooth 170. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of model teeth 170 may include one or more indicators 800. As described above, the plurality of model teeth 170 can represent a plurality of human teeth 30 (shown in Figure 1) and can therefore be patient-specific. Thus, one or more indicators 800 can be used to identify a plurality of model teeth 170 that have been fabricated specifically for a patient. In some embodiments, one or more indicators 800 can be used to identify a plurality of model teeth 170 configured to be at least partially and slidably received within the respective first openings 122 and second openings 142 (shown in Figures 3A-3C and 4A-4E). In some embodiments, one or more indicators 800 can be used to identify a dental matrix suitable for the configuration of the model tooth 170. One or more markings 800 may include shapes, patterns, designs, letters, groups of letters, numbers, and combinations thereof. One or more markings 800 may be printed and / or embossed on the connecting portion 178 of the model teeth 170. In some embodiments, one or more markings 800 may include grooves and / or ridges.

[0076] Figures 6A and 6B show schematic cross-sectional views of model teeth 170 received in the first openings 122 and 242 of the first member 120 and the second member 140, respectively. In some embodiments, each tooth portion 174 of the model teeth 170 is at least partially and slidably received in each of the first openings 122 of the plurality of first openings 122. Furthermore, each connecting portion 178 of the plurality of model teeth 170 is at least partially received in each of the second openings 142 of the plurality of second openings 142 and detachably held in each of the second openings 142. In some embodiments, the shape of the surface 126 of the first member 120 forming each of the first openings 122 is at least partially similar to the shape of the outer surface 176 of the tooth portion 174.

[0077] As described above, in some embodiments, the pair of retaining legs 182 define a slot 184 between them. Specifically, in some embodiments, the pair of retaining legs 182 define a slot 184 between them so that when the pair of retaining legs 182 are inserted into the first portion 152 of each second opening 142, the pair of retaining legs 182 move elastically toward each other. In other words, when the connecting portion 178 is inserted into the first portion 152 of each second opening 142, the pair of retaining legs 182 can be elastically bent toward each other. The pair of retaining legs 182 can move elastically toward each other until at least one projection 188 is received within the second portion 156 of each second opening 142.

[0078] As described above, in some embodiments, the pair of retaining legs 182 further include at least one projection 188. Specifically, in some embodiments, the pair of retaining legs 182 further include at least one projection 188, the at least one projection 188 being configured to engage with the retaining surface 160 of each second opening 142. Specifically, the at least one projection 188 includes an entrance end 190 configured to be received within a second portion 156 of each second opening 142, and a retaining end 194 configured to engage with the retaining surface 160. Furthermore, the pair of retaining legs 182 are at least partially flexible, and the engagement between the retaining surface 160 and the retaining end 194 is configured to hold the at least one projection 188 within the second portion 156 of each second opening 142.

[0079] In some embodiments, a pair of retaining legs 182 can be elastically moved toward each other to remove a plurality of model teeth 170 from the model dental arch 110, so that the retaining end 194 of at least one projection 188 can pass through the first portion 152 of each second opening 142. In some embodiments, a suitable tool (not shown) can be used to remove the plurality of model teeth 170 from the model dental arch 110.

[0080] Therefore, the dental model 100 can reduce the time required for assembly and disassembly. In other words, each of the multiple model teeth 170 can be quickly removed from the model dental arch 110 as needed. For example, each of the multiple model teeth 170 can be snap-fitted to the first member 120 and the second member 140 of the model dental arch 110, facilitating the quick attachment and removal of the multiple model teeth 170.

[0081] In some embodiments, the maximum width 181 (shown in Figure 5B) of each connecting portion 178 of the multiple model teeth 170 is at least about 95% of the first width 154 of the first portion 152 of the second opening 142. In some embodiments, the maximum width 181 of each connecting portion 178 of the multiple model teeth 170 is at least about 96%, or at least about 98%, of the first width 154 of the first portion 152 of the second opening 142. In such embodiments, the amount of deflection of the connecting portion 178 during snap-fit ​​engagement and disengagement of the model teeth 170 with respect to the dental model 100 can be reduced.

[0082] In some other embodiments, the maximum width 181 (shown in Figure 5B) of each connecting portion 178 of the multiple model teeth 170 is at most about 75% of the first width 154 of the first portion 152 of the second opening 142. In some embodiments, the maximum width 181 of each connecting portion 178 of the multiple model teeth 170 is at most about 50%, at most about 60%, or at most about 70% of the first width 154 of the first portion 152 of the second opening 142. In such embodiments, the amount of deflection of the connecting portion 178 during engagement and disengagement of the model teeth 170 with respect to the dental model 100 can be relatively large.

[0083] Referring to Figures 6A and 6B, in some cases, when a lateral load is applied to each of the multiple model teeth 170 in a direction 104 substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 102, each of the multiple model teeth 170 flexes laterally in the direction 104 substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 102 from at least about 50 microns to a maximum of about 250 microns, such that a clearance 198 is defined between each tooth portion 174 of the multiple model teeth 170 and at least a portion 125 of the surface 126 of the first member 120 forming each of the first openings 122. In some embodiments, the clearance 198 is at least about 50 microns. In some other embodiments, the clearance 198 may be at least about 55 microns, at least about 60 microns, at least about 65 microns, or at least about 70 microns.

[0084] In some embodiments, dental model 100 (shown in Figures 2A and 2B) further includes a low modulus material (not shown) that at least partially fills the clearance 198. In some embodiments, the low modulus material may include an elastomer silicone. The low modulus material has a modulus of elasticity of up to about 20% of the second modulus. In some embodiments, the modulus of elasticity of the low modulus material may be up to about 15%, up to about 10%, or up to about 5% of the second elastic material.

[0085] In some other cases, when a lateral load is applied to each of the multiple model teeth 170 in a direction 104 substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 102, the first modulus of the first material is about 0.1 MPa to about 5 MPa such that each of the multiple model teeth 170 flexes laterally in the direction 104 substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 102 from at least about 50 microns to a maximum of about 250 microns. That is, in some embodiments, the first modulus of the first material may be smaller than the second modulus of the second material of the second member 140 and the third modulus of the third material of the multiple model teeth 170.

[0086] In some other cases, when a lateral load is applied to each of the multiple model teeth 170 in a direction 104 substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 102, each of the multiple model teeth 170 flexes laterally in a direction 104 substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 102 from at least about 50 microns to a maximum of about 250 microns, such that each of the multiple model teeth 170 flexes laterally from at least about 50 microns to a maximum of about 250 microns between each tooth portion 174 of the multiple model teeth 170 and at least a portion 125 of the surface 126 of the first member 120 forming each of the first openings 122, with a clearance 198 defined between them and the first modulus of elasticity of the first material being about 0.1 MPa to about 5 MPa.

[0087] In other words, each of the multiple model teeth 170 within the first opening 122 and the second opening 142 results in a lateral deflection 106 of at least about 50 microns and up to about 250 microns in a direction 104 substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 102. Thus, the lateral deflection 106 can be designed to simulate the movement of human teeth 30 (shown in Figure 1) in a human dental arch 10 (shown in Figure 1).

[0088] In some embodiments, the mobility of each of the model teeth 170 relative to the model dental arch 110 (shown in Figures 2A and 2B) may be low. Using such embodiments, a case of ankylosis can be simulated, and the model teeth 170 can be configured to have low mobility, similar to the human teeth 30 in a human dental arch 10 having a case of ankylosis.

[0089] In some other embodiments, the mobility of each of the multiple model teeth 170 may be relatively high. Using such embodiments, a case of periodontitis can be simulated, and the model teeth 170 can be configured to have high mobility, similar to the human teeth 30 of a human dental arch 10 having a case of periodontitis.

[0090] Therefore, the dental model 100 can provide a realistic simulation of the human dental arch 10 for in vivo procedures. Specifically, the dental model 100 can simulate the realistic movement of multiple human teeth 30.

[0091] Figures 7A and 7B show a schematic side view and a schematic bottom view of the model dental arch 110, respectively. As described above, in some embodiments, the model dental arch 110 includes a bottom surface 130. Specifically, in some embodiments, the model dental arch 110 includes a bottom surface 130 distal to each tooth portion 174 (shown in Figures 5A and 5B) of a plurality of model teeth 170. In some embodiments, the bottom surface 130 defines a plurality of channels 131.

[0092] Furthermore, in the embodiments illustrated in Figures 7A and 7B, each of the multiple channels 131 passes through at least one of the multiple first openings 122. In some cases, each of the multiple channels 131 may be equidistant from one another. In some embodiments, the model dental arch 110 may be additively fabricated starting from the bottom surface 130 and extending to the surface 126. In some embodiments, the model dental arch 110 may be additively fabricated in an inverted manner. In some embodiments, the multiple channels 131 can allow ventilation during the additive fabrication process of the model dental arch 110. Specifically, the multiple channels 131 can prevent the multiple first openings 122 from collapsing due to the suction pressure generated during the additive fabrication process. Thus, the multiple channels 131 can improve the efficiency of the additive fabrication process and prevent manufacturing defects.

[0093] Figures 8A and 8B show a dental model 200 according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. The dental model 200 defines mutually orthogonal X2, Y2, and Z2 axes. The X2 and Y2 axes are in-plane axes of the dental model 200, while the Z2 axis is a transverse axis aligned with the thickness of the dental model 200. In other words, the X2 and Y2 axes are aligned with the plane of the dental model 200, while the Z2 axis is perpendicular to the plane of the dental model 200.

[0094] Referring to Figures 8A and 8B, the dental model 200 includes a model dental arch 210. The model dental arch 210 represents the patient's human dental arch 10 (shown in Figure 1). In some embodiments, the model dental arch 210 may have an arch shape corresponding to a portion of the human dental arch 10 represented by the dental model 200. The dental model 200 further includes a plurality of model teeth 170 corresponding to a plurality of human teeth 30 (shown in Figure 1). The dental model 200 can provide important information about one or more of the patient's human teeth 30 to assist in the planning of dental treatments such as intraoral surgery and dental restorations. The dental model 200 may be manufactured using a preferred process depending on the desired application attributes. In some embodiments, the dental model 200 is patient-specific and is additively manufactured. In some other embodiments, the dental model 200 may be manufactured in whole or in part using injection molding. That is, in some embodiments, the dental model 200 is injection molded.

[0095] In the embodiments shown in Figures 8A and 8B, the dental model 200 further includes a bridge member 250 connected to two or more spaced positions 212 on the model dental arch 210. The bridge member 250 is connected to two or more spaced positions 212 on the model dental arch 110 and can provide improved stability and rigidity to the model dental arch 110.

[0096] In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 8B, the model dental arch 210 has a single-part configuration, in contrast to the two-part configuration of the model dental arch 110 shown in Figure 2B.

[0097] Figures 9A and 9B show a model dental arch 210 according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. Specifically, Figures 9A and 9B show a top view and a bottom view of the model dental arch 210, respectively. Figure 9C shows a schematic cross-sectional view of the model dental arch 210 taken along line 2-2 in Figure 9B. The model dental arch 210 includes an outer surface 221. The dental arch 210 includes a plurality of openings 222 passing through the dental arch 210. Each of the plurality of openings 222 extends along a longitudinal axis 202 (shown in Figures 8A and 8B). In some embodiments, each of the plurality of openings 222 may extend substantially along the Z2 axis. In other words, the longitudinal axis 202 may be substantially parallel to the Z2 axis. In the embodiments illustrated in Figures 9A and 9B, at least a portion of each of the plurality of openings 222 has a substantially circular shape. However, each of the multiple openings 222 may have any preferred shape, such as a semicircle, triangle, rectangle, square, polygon, ellipse, egg shape, shape based on the structure of a natural tooth, or an irregular shape. As shown in Figures 9B and 9C, in some embodiments, the model dental arch 210 further includes multiple retaining surfaces 260 corresponding to the multiple openings 222.

[0098] Referring to Figures 9A and 9B, the model dental arch 210 further includes a plurality of surfaces 226 corresponding to a plurality of openings 222. Each of the plurality of surfaces 226 forms one of the plurality of openings 222. In other words, each opening 222 is defined by the corresponding surface 226. In some embodiments, the outer surface 221 of the model dental arch 210 includes a plurality of surfaces 226.

[0099] Furthermore, the model dental arch 210 further includes a base surface 230. In some embodiments, the base surface 230 of the model dental arch 210 may be substantially parallel to a plane perpendicular to the Z2 axis. In other words, the base surface 230 of the model dental arch 210 may be substantially located in the X2-Y2 plane.

[0100] In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 9B, the model dental arch 210 further defines a plurality of coupling channels 228. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of coupling channels 228 is configured to at least partially receive a bridge member 250 internally. In some embodiments, the bridge member 250 and the model dental arch 210 may be formed as a single, integrated part. However, in some other embodiments, the model dental arch 210 and the bridge member 250 may be formed as two separate parts joined to each other using at least one of the following: snap-fit, slidable coupling, bolt, adhesive, etc. In other words, the model dental arch 210 and the bridge member 250 may be snap-fit, slidably coupled to each other, bolted to each other, or bonded to each other. In some embodiments, the bridge member 250 has an elongated rectangular shape. However, in some other embodiments, the bridge member 250 may include any suitable shape depending on the desired application attributes. In some embodiments, the bridge member 250 may extend substantially along the X2 axis.

[0101] The model dental arch 210 further includes a material having an elastic modulus. In some embodiments, the elastic modulus of the material is about 0.1 MPa to about 5 MPa. In some embodiments, the elastic modulus of the material may be less than about 5 MPa and greater than 0.1 MPa, greater than 0.2 MPa, greater than 0.3 MPa, or greater than 0.4 MPa. In some embodiments, the elastic modulus of the material may be less than 5 MPa, less than 4 MPa, less than 3 MPa, or less than 2 MPa. In some other embodiments, the elastic modulus of the material is about 750 MPa to about 20000 MPa. In some embodiments, the elastic modulus of the material may be greater than 300 MPa and less than 20000 MPa, less than 18000 MPa, less than 16000 MPa, or less than 14000 MPa. In some embodiments, the elastic modulus of the material may be about 1000 MPa to about 16000 MPa.

[0102] In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 9C, each of the multiple openings 222 includes a first portion 252 having a first width 254 and a second portion 256 positioned adjacent to the first portion 252 and having a second width 258. In some embodiments, the second width 258 of the second portion 256 is greater than the first width 254 of the first portion 252. Furthermore, in some embodiments, each retaining surface 260 extends between the first portion 252 and the second portion 256 of the corresponding opening 222.

[0103] Figure 9D shows a schematic block diagram illustrating one or more coatings 950 placed on a model dental arch 210. In some embodiments, the dental model 200 (shown in Figures 8A and 8B) further includes one or more coatings 950 at least partially placed on the outer surface 221 of the model dental arch 210. In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 9D, the one or more coatings 950 include a first coating 951, a second coating 952, and a third coating 953. The first coating 901, the second coating 902, and the third coating 903 may be similar to or different from each other. The one or more coatings 950 may include, for example, a resin. The one or more coatings 950 may also include an inorganic layer. In some embodiments, the one or more coatings 950 may be applied on the model dental arch 210 to simulate an in vivo procedure and facilitate the removal of excess cured composite material from the model dental arch 210. Furthermore, one or more coatings 950 can prevent excess cured composite material from adhering to the dental model 200 during curing. Thus, one or more coatings 950 can facilitate the preparation of the model dental arch 210 for reuse. Thus, the dental model 200 is reusable and can simulate in vivo procedures. In some embodiments, one or more coatings 950 can be placed at least partially on the outer surface 221 of the model dental arch 210 to improve the surface properties of the outer surface 221 (e.g., reduction of surface roughness and reduction of flaking). In some embodiments, one or more coatings 900 can allow for the removal of dental restorative material that may have cured on the outer surface 221 of the model dental arch 210, thereby further simulating dental treatment.

[0104] Figure 10A shows a model dental arch 210 according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 10A, the model dental arch 210 includes a bridge member 500. The bridge member 500 may be substantially the same as the bridge member 250 shown in Figures 8A and 8B. However, the bridge member 500 further includes one or more markings 502 for identifying a dental model 200 (shown in Figure 8A). In some cases, the dental model 200 may be patient-specific. Therefore, one or more markings 502 can be used to identify a dental model 200 made specifically for a particular patient. In some embodiments, one or more markings 502 may be used to indicate the configuration of a model tooth 170 (shown in Figures 2A and 2B) of a non-custom specification, i.e., off-the-shelf dental model. In some embodiments, one or more markings 502 may be used to mark the type of gingiva or the configuration of the model tooth 170 to match the corresponding dental matrix. One or more markings 502 may include shapes, patterns, designs, letters, groups of letters, numbers, and combinations thereof. One or more markings 502 may be printed and / or embossed on the bridge member 500. In some embodiments, one or more markings 502 may include grooves and / or raised areas.

[0105] Figure 10B shows a dental model 200 according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the dental model 200 further includes a labeling plate 602. In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 10B, the model dental arch 210 includes a bridge member 700. The labeling plate 602 may be detachably coupled to the bridge member 700. The bridge member 700 may be substantially the same as the bridge member 250 shown in Figures 8A and 8B. However, the bridge member 700 includes one or more openings 704 for detachably coupling the labeling plate 602 to the bridge member 700. In some embodiments, the labeling plate 602 may further include one or more projections (not shown) that can be snap-fitted into one or more openings 704. In some embodiments, the labeling plate 602 may be slidably coupled to the bridge member 700. In some embodiments, the labeling plate 602 may be bonded to the bridge member 700.

[0106] In some embodiments, the labeling plate 602 further includes one or more markings 606 for identifying the dental model 200. As described above, the dental model 200 may be patient-specific. One or more markings 606 can be used to identify a dental model 200 made specifically for a particular patient. One or more markings 606 may include shapes, patterns, designs, letters, groups of letters, numbers, and combinations thereof. One or more markings 606 may be printed and / or embossed on the labeling plate 602. In some embodiments, one or more markings 606 may include grooves and / or raised areas. In some embodiments, one or more markings 606 may be formed of a colored material different from the material of the labeling plate 602.

[0107] In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 10B, the dental model 200 further includes one or more coupling extensions 702 for detachably coupling a labeling plate 602 to a bridge member 700. Specifically, in some embodiments, the labeling plate 602 includes an opening 604, and one or more coupling extensions 702 of the bridge member 700 are snap-fitted into the opening 604 of the labeling plate 602.

[0108] Figures 11A and 11B show schematic cross-sectional views of model teeth 170 received within the openings 222. Each tooth portion 174 and connecting portion 178 of the multiple model teeth 170 are at least partially and slidably received within each of the multiple openings 222. In some embodiments, the shape of the surface 226 of the model dental arch 210 forming each opening 222 (shown in Figures 9A, 9B, and 9C) is at least partially similar to the shape of the outer surface 176 of the tooth portion 174.

[0109] Each connecting portion 178 of the multiple model teeth 170 is detachably held within its respective opening 222. Furthermore, a pair of retaining legs 182 of the model teeth 170 define a slot 184 between them, so that when the pair of retaining legs 182 are inserted into the first portion 252 of the respective opening 222, the pair of retaining legs 182 move elastically toward each other. In other words, when the pair of retaining legs 182 are inserted into the first portion 252 of the respective opening 222, the pair of retaining legs 182 can be elastically bent toward each other. Each of the pair of retaining legs 182 further includes at least one projection 188, the at least one projection 188 being configured to engage with the retaining surface 260 of the respective opening 222. Specifically, at least one projection 188 includes an entrance end 190 configured to be received within a second portion 256 of the respective opening 222, and a retaining end 194 configured to engage with the retaining surface 260. Furthermore, the pair of retaining legs 182 can be at least partially flexed back, and at least one projection 188 is held within the respective opening 222 by the retaining surface 260 and the retaining end 194. In some embodiments, the pair of retaining legs 182 can be elastically moved toward each other to remove a plurality of model teeth 170 from the model dental arch 210, so that the retaining end 194 of at least one projection 188 can pass through the first portion 252 of the respective opening 222. In some embodiments, the plurality of model teeth 170 can be removed from the model dental arch 210 using a suitable tool (not shown). Thus, the dental model 200 can reduce the time required for assembly and disassembly of the dental model 200. In other words, each of the plurality of model teeth 170 can be quickly removed from the model dental arch 210 as needed. For example, each of the plurality of model teeth 170 can be snap-fitted into the model dental arch 210, facilitating the quick attachment and removal of the plurality of model teeth 170.

[0110] In some embodiments, the maximum width 181 of each connecting portion 178 of a plurality of model teeth 170 is at least about 95% of the first width 254 of the first portion 252 of the respective opening 222. In some embodiments, the maximum width 181 of each connecting portion 178 of a plurality of model teeth 170 is at least about 96%, or at least about 98%, of the first width 154 of the first portion 152 of the respective second opening 142. In such embodiments, the amount of deflection of the connecting portion 178 during snap-fit ​​engagement and disengagement of the model teeth 170 with respect to the dental model 100 can be reduced.

[0111] In some other embodiments, the maximum width 181 of each connecting portion 178 of the multiple model teeth 170 is at most about 75% of the first width 254 of the first portion 252 of the respective opening 222. In some embodiments, the maximum width 181 of each connecting portion 178 of the multiple model teeth 170 is at most about 50%, at most about 60%, or at most about 70% of the first width 154 of the first portion 152 of the respective second opening 142. In such embodiments, the amount of deflection of the connecting portion 178 during snap-fit ​​engagement and disengagement of the model teeth 170 with respect to the dental model 100 can be relatively large.

[0112] Referring to Figures 11A and 11B, in some cases, when a lateral load is applied to each of the multiple model teeth 170 in a direction 204 substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 202, each of the multiple model teeth 170 flexes laterally in the direction 204 substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 202 from at least about 50 microns to a maximum of about 250 microns, such that each of the multiple model teeth 170 and at least a portion 225 of the surface 226 of the model dental arch 210 forming the respective openings 222 define a clearance 298 between them. In some embodiments, the clearance 298 is at least about 50 microns. In some other embodiments, the clearance 298 may be at least about 55 microns, at least about 60 microns, at least about 65 microns, or at least about 70 microns.

[0113] In some embodiments, the dental model 200 (shown in Figures 8A and 8B) further includes a low modulus material (not shown) that at least partially fills the clearance 298. In some embodiments, the low modulus material may include an elastomer silicone. The low modulus material has a lower modulus than the material of the model dental arch 210. In some embodiments, the modulus of the low modulus material may be up to about 50%, up to about 40%, up to about 30%, up to about 20%, up to about 15%, up to about 10%, or up to about 5% of the elastic material of the model dental arch 210.

[0114] In some other cases, when a lateral load is applied to each of the multiple model teeth 170 in a direction 204 substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 202, a clearance 298 is defined between each tooth portion 174 of the multiple model teeth 170 and at least a portion 225 of the surface 226 of the model dental arch 210 forming the respective openings 222, such that each of the multiple model teeth 170 flexes laterally in a direction 204 substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 202 from at least about 50 microns to a maximum of about 250 microns, and the modulus of elasticity of the material is about 750 MPa to about 20000 MPa.

[0115] In some other cases, when a lateral load is applied to each of the multiple model teeth 170 in a direction 204 substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 202, the elastic modulus of the material of the model dental arch 210 is approximately 0.1 MPa to approximately 5 MPa such that each of the multiple model teeth 170 flexes laterally in the direction 204 substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 202 from at least approximately 50 microns to a maximum of approximately 250 microns.

[0116] In some other cases, when a lateral load is applied to each of the multiple model teeth 170 in a direction 204 substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 202, a clearance 298 is defined between each tooth portion 174 of the multiple model teeth 170 and at least a portion 225 of the surface 226 of the model dental arch 210 forming the respective openings 222, such that each of the multiple model teeth 170 flexes laterally in a direction 204 substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 202 from at least about 50 microns to a maximum of about 250 microns, and the elastic modulus of the material of the model dental arch 210 is about 0.1 MPa to about 5 MPa.

[0117] In other words, each of the multiple model teeth 170 within each opening 222 results in a lateral deflection 206 of at least about 50 microns and up to about 250 microns in a direction 204 substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 202. Thus, the lateral deflection 206 can be designed to simulate the movement of human teeth 30 (shown in Figure 1) in a human dental arch 10 (shown in Figure 1).

[0118] In some embodiments, the mobility of each of the multiple model teeth 170 relative to the model dental arch 210 may be low. Using such embodiments, a case of ankylosis can be simulated, and one of the multiple model teeth 170 may be configured to have low mobility, similar to a human tooth 30 in a human dental arch 10 (shown in Figure 1) having a case of ankylosis.

[0119] In some other embodiments, the mobility of each of the multiple model teeth 170 may be relatively high. Using such embodiments, a case of periodontitis can be simulated, and one of the multiple model teeth 170 may be configured to have high mobility, similar to a human tooth 30 in a human dental arch 10 having a case of periodontitis.

[0120] Therefore, the dental model 200 can provide a realistic simulation of the human dental arch 10 for in vivo procedures. Specifically, the dental model 200 can simulate the realistic movement of multiple human teeth 30.

[0121] Figures 12A and 12B show schematic side and bottom views, respectively, of the model dental arch 210. The model dental arch 210 includes a bottom surface 230 distal to each tooth portion 174 (shown in Figures 5A and 5B) of a plurality of model teeth 170. In some embodiments, the bottom surface 230 defines a plurality of channels 231.

[0122] In the embodiments illustrated in Figures 12A and 12B, each of the multiple channels 231 passes through at least one of the multiple openings 222. In some cases, each of the multiple channels 231 may be equidistant from one another. In some embodiments, the dental model 200 may be additively fabricated starting from the bottom surface 230 and extending to the surface 226. In some embodiments, the dental model 200 may be additively fabricated in an inverted manner. In some embodiments, the multiple channels 231 can allow ventilation during the additive fabrication process of the dental model 200. Specifically, the multiple channels 231 can prevent the multiple openings 222 from collapsing due to the suction pressure generated during the additive fabrication process. Thus, the multiple channels 231 can improve the efficiency of the additive fabrication process and prevent manufacturing defects.

[0123] Figure 13 shows a schematic block diagram of a dental kit 1000 (hereinafter, "Kit 1000") for practicing complex dental restorations according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, Kit 1000 may be used to practice dental restorations directly. Kit 1000 includes a dental model 100 (shown in Figures 2A and 2B) and one or more dental matrices 1002. However, in some other embodiments, Kit 1000 may include a dental model 200 (shown in Figures 8A and 8B) and one or more dental matrices 1002.

[0124] In some embodiments, one or more dental matrices 1002 are patient-specific and are additively fabricated. In some embodiments, the dental model 100 and at least one of the one or more dental matrices 1002 are injection molded. In some embodiments, the kit 1000 further includes at least one dental restorative material 1004, an adhesive material 1006, a polishing material 1008, and a cleaning material 1010. In some embodiments, the cleaning material 1010 may include an alcohol solution. In some embodiments, the kit 1000 further includes one or more labeling plates. In some embodiments, one or more labeling plates 1003 may be substantially similar to labeling plate 402 (shown in Figure 4E). One or more labeling plates 1003 are configured to be detachably coupled to the bridge member 400. One or more labeling plates 1003 may be used to identify or label different configurations of the dental model 100.

[0125] In some embodiments, the dental restorative material 1004 may include, but is not limited to, dental porcelain, zirconia, glass ceramics, composite materials, ceramic-composite hybrid materials, resin composite materials, metals, CAD / CAM restorative materials, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the dental restorative material 1004 may include glass, polycrystalline ceramic materials, e.g., alumina (e.g., Al2O3), zirconia (ZrO2), partially or fully stabilized zirconia (e.g., yttrium-stabilized zirconia), titanium dioxide (TiO2), high-strength oxides of Group II, III, IV and Subgroup III, IV elements and mixtures thereof, metals, metal alloys, precious metals, precious metal alloys, or combinations thereof (e.g., cobalt alloys such as cobalt-chromium, titanium alloys, gold / platinum / palladium alloys, etc., and combinations thereof).

[0126] Figure 14 shows a schematic perspective view of one of one or more dental matrices 1002 coupled to at least one model tooth 170 according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, one or more dental matrices 1002 are configured to be coupled to at least one of a plurality of model teeth 170 to form a mold cavity 1012 surrounding at least a portion of at least one of the plurality of model teeth 170. In other words, at least one of the plurality of model teeth 170 of the dental model 100 is surrounded by one or more dental matrices 1002. As described above, the dental model 100 can provide a realistic simulation of the human dental arch 10. Thus, one or more dental matrices 1002 can be precisely positioned and precisely aligned with the fine features of the dental model 100. This can prevent leakage of dental restorative material 1004 and damage to one or more dental matrices 1002 during practice of complex dental restorations.

[0127] The dental matrix 1002 may include a main body, which includes a lingual portion and an occlusal portion as a facial portion. The dental matrix 1002 can be bonded to a model tooth 170 to form a mold cavity 1012. The mold cavity 1012 may contain missing tooth structures of the model tooth 170. Missing tooth structures of the model tooth 170 may include, for example, tooth structures removed when preparing the model tooth 170 to remove carious lesions (or caries). Missing tooth structures may form a cavity 1014 suitable for receiving dental restorative material 1004 (shown in hatching). Furthermore, at least one of the dental restorative materials 1004 is configured to be received within the mold cavity 1012. Specifically, by placing one or more dental matrices 1002 on the model tooth 170, the mold cavity 1012 can receive the dental restorative material 1004 and take the form of missing tooth structures.

[0128] Figure 15 shows a method 1100 using a dental model 100 (shown in Figures 2A and 2B) according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, method 1100 may use a dental model 200 (shown in Figures 8A and 8B). Method 1100 will be described with reference to the dental model 100 in Figures 2A, 2B, and 14. Figures 16A to 16E show exemplary steps using the dental model 100. Method 1100 will be described further with reference to Figures 16A to 16E.

[0129] Figure 16A shows a schematic front view of the patient's oral cavity 1202. In some embodiments, method 1100 may include a dentist examining the patient's oral cavity 1202 to determine whether the teeth are decayed or deformed. The oral cavity 1202 includes deformed teeth 1204.

[0130] In step 1102, method 1100 includes obtaining a three-dimensional representation of the patient's oral cavity 1202. In some embodiments, obtaining a three-dimensional representation may further include optically scanning the oral cavity 1202 to obtain scanning data representing a human dental arch (e.g., the human dental arch 10 shown in Figure 1). In some embodiments, optically scanning the oral cavity 1202 may further include performing an intraoral scan. In some embodiments, optically scanning the oral cavity 1202 may include performing digital data acquisition, computed tomography (CT), or computed tomography (CAT) of the patient's oral cavity 1202. In some other embodiments, optically scanning the oral cavity 1202 may include indirectly performing digital data acquisition of the patient's oral cavity 1202 by performing digital data acquisition of a plaster model of the patient's oral cavity 1202 or a dental impression of the patient's oral cavity 1202, rather than directly acquiring the three-dimensional structure of the patient's oral cavity 1202. When using a dental impression, the digital data acquisition can be inverted from negative volume to positive volume.

[0131] In some embodiments, method 1100 may include temporarily restoring the deformed tooth 1204 of the patient for a desired final shape of the deformed tooth 1204. In some embodiments, temporarily restoring the caries or deformed tooth 1204 may include placing a repair portion (not shown) on the caries or deformed tooth 1204. In some embodiments, a three-dimensional representation of the oral cavity 1202 is obtained after the caries or deformed tooth 1204 has been temporarily restored.

[0132] In some embodiments, obtaining a three-dimensional representation may further include processing scan data to generate a three-dimensional representation of the oral cavity 1202. In some other embodiments, obtaining a three-dimensional representation may further include retrieving a three-dimensional representation of the oral cavity 1202 from a database. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the three-dimensional representation may be provided by a set of tooth libraries or databases which may end up replicating at least a portion of the oral cavity 1202. The use of a database may be necessary for severely worn, damaged, or completely missing teeth, such as a deformed tooth 1204. In some embodiments, the three-dimensional representation may be provided by the patient's file history or from previous digital data acquisitions.

[0133] In step 1104, method 1100 further includes forming a model dental arch 110 (as shown in Figure 16B). In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 16B, method 1100 further includes additively fabricating the model dental arch 110 based on at least a three-dimensional representation. In some embodiments, additively fabricating the model dental arch 110 includes integrally forming a first member 120 and a second member 140.

[0134] In some other embodiments, additive manufacturing of the model dental arch 110 includes forming a first member 120 and a second member 140 separately. In such embodiments, method 1100 further includes slidably coupling the first member 120 and the second member 140.

[0135] However, in some other embodiments, method 1100 may further include forming a model dental arch 110 using an injection molding process based on at least a three-dimensional representation.

[0136] In step 1106, method 1100 further includes forming a plurality of model teeth 170 (as shown in Figure 16C). In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 16C, method 1100 further includes additively manufacturing the plurality of model teeth 170 based on at least a three-dimensional representation. However, in some embodiments, method 1100 may further include forming the plurality of model teeth 170 using an injection molding process based on at least a three-dimensional representation.

[0137] In the exemplary embodiments shown in Figures 16B and 16C, an exemplary additive manufacturing apparatus 1208 is used to form a model dental arch 110 and a plurality of model teeth 170. In some embodiments, the model dental arch 110 and the plurality of model teeth 170 may be additively manufactured using an additive manufacturing technique such as stereolithography (SLA). Other examples of additive manufacturing techniques include fused filament fabrication (FFF) and powder bed fusion (PBF). In SLA, a continuous layer of material may be laid by the additive manufacturing apparatus 1208 under the control of a computer (not shown). In some embodiments, the computer may include a display and one or more user input devices such as a mouse or keyboard. In some embodiments, the additive manufacturing apparatus 1208 may also include input or output devices such as a control input section (e.g., buttons, a touchpad, a thumbwheel, etc.) or a display (e.g., an LCD or LED display) to provide state information.

[0138] In some other embodiments, an injection molding apparatus may be used to form the model dental arch 110 and a plurality of model teeth 170.

[0139] In some embodiments, method 1100 further includes additively fabricating one or more dental matrices 1002 based on at least a three-dimensional representation.

[0140] In some other embodiments, method 1100 may further include forming one or more dental matrices 1002 using an injection molding process based on at least a three-dimensional representation.

[0141] In step 1108, method 1100 further includes forming a dental model 100 by detachably coupling a plurality of model teeth 170 to a model dental arch 110 (as shown in Figure 16D). Each of the plurality of model teeth 170 is at least partially and slidably received into the first opening 122 and the second opening 142 (as shown in Figures 3B-3C and 4A-4C) of the first member 120 (as shown in Figures 3A-3C) and the second member 140 (as shown in Figures 4A-4C).

[0142] In step 1110, method 1100 further includes practicing complex dental restorations using one or more dental matrices 1002 on a dental model 100 (as shown in Figure 16E).

[0143] In some embodiments, practicing a composite dental restoration using one or more dental matrices 1002 on a dental model 100 includes combining one or more dental matrices 1002 with at least one of a plurality of model teeth 170 to form a mold cavity 1012 surrounding at least a portion of at least one of the plurality of model teeth 170. Furthermore, practicing a composite dental restoration using one or more dental matrices 1002 on a dental model 100 includes at least partially filling the mold cavity 1012 with a dental restorative material 1004.

[0144] Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers used in this specification and the claims to represent feature sizes, quantities, and physical properties should be understood as being modified by the term “approximately.” Therefore, unless specifically indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters described in the above specification and the appended claims are approximations that may vary depending on the desired properties that a person skilled in the art would seek to obtain using the teachings disclosed herein.

[0145] While specific embodiments are illustrated and described herein, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that these specific embodiments may be replaced by various alternative and / or equivalent embodiments without departing from the scope of this disclosure. This application is intended to encompass any adaptation or modification of any specific embodiment discussed herein. Accordingly, this disclosure is intended to be limited only by the claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. This is a model dental arch, A first member representing a human dental arch and having a plurality of first openings passing through its interior, wherein each of the plurality of first openings extends along a longitudinal axis, and the first member comprises a first material having a first modulus of elasticity, A second member, at least partially received within the first member, wherein the second member comprises a plurality of second openings extending through the second member, the plurality of first openings of the first member and the plurality of second openings of the second member are aligned with each other in a one-to-one correspondence, and the second member comprises a second material having a second modulus of elasticity. A model dental arch equipped with, A plurality of model teeth corresponding to a plurality of human teeth, wherein each of the plurality of model teeth comprises a tooth portion representing a corresponding human tooth among the plurality of human teeth and a connecting portion extending from the tooth portion, wherein the tooth portion of each of the plurality of model teeth is at least partially and slidably received in each of the first openings of the plurality of first openings, and the connecting portion of each of the plurality of model teeth is at least partially received in each of the second openings of the plurality of second openings and detachably held in each of the second openings, Equipped with, Each of the plurality of second openings comprises a first portion having a first width and a second portion adjacent to the first portion and having a second width greater than the first width. The second member comprises a plurality of retaining surfaces corresponding to the plurality of second openings, each retaining surface extending between the first and second portions of the corresponding second openings. The second member comprises a plurality of tubular segments corresponding to the plurality of second openings, each tubular segment comprising a narrow portion defining the first portion of each of the second openings and a wide portion defining the second portion of each of the second openings, and each tubular segment being at least partially received within each of the first openings. The connecting portion comprises a pair of retaining legs, the pair of retaining legs defining a slot between them, and the pair of retaining legs moving elastically toward each other when inserted into the first portion of each of the second openings. Each of the pair of retaining legs is provided with at least one projection configured to engage with the retaining surface, The at least one projection comprises an entrance end configured to be received within the second portion of each of the second openings, and a retaining end configured to engage with the retaining surface, wherein the width of the retaining end is greater than the width of the entrance end. When a lateral load is applied to each of the plurality of model teeth in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, each of the plurality of model teeth will bend laterally from at least 50 microns to a maximum of 250 microns in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. Each of the tooth portion of the plurality of model teeth and at least a portion of the surface of the first member forming each of the first openings define a clearance between them and / or A dental model wherein the first elastic modulus of the first material is 0.1 MPa to 5 MPa.

2. At least one of the following, namely, The second elastic modulus of the second material is approximately 750 MPa to approximately 20,000 MPa. Each of the plurality of model teeth comprises a third material having a third elastic modulus, wherein the third elastic modulus is approximately equal to the second elastic modulus. The second modulus of elasticity is approximately equal to the first modulus of elasticity. The ratio of the second modulus of elasticity to the first modulus of elasticity is at least 10, and The ratio of the second elastic modulus of the second material to the first elastic modulus of the first material is approximately 150 to approximately 200,000. The dental model according to claim 1, comprising at least one of the following.

3. A model dental arch representing a human dental arch, having multiple openings passing through its interior, each of which extends along a longitudinal axis, and the model dental arch comprising a material having an elastic modulus, A plurality of model teeth corresponding to a plurality of human teeth, each of the plurality of model teeth comprising a tooth portion representing a corresponding human tooth among the plurality of human teeth and a connecting portion extending from the tooth portion, wherein the tooth portion and the connecting portion of each of the plurality of model teeth are at least partially and slidably received within each of the plurality of openings. A dental model comprising a plurality of model teeth, each of which the connecting portion of the plurality of model teeth is detachably held within the respective openings, Each of the plurality of openings comprises a first portion having a first width and a second portion adjacent to the first portion and having a second width greater than the first width. The model dental arch comprises a plurality of retaining surfaces corresponding to the plurality of openings, and each retaining surface extends between the first and second portions of the corresponding openings. The model dental arch comprises a plurality of tubular segments corresponding to the plurality of openings, and each tubular segment comprises a narrow portion defining the first portion of each opening and a wide portion defining the second portion of each opening. The connecting portion comprises a pair of retaining legs, the pair of retaining legs defining a slot between them, and the pair of retaining legs moving elastically toward each other when inserted into the first portion of each opening. Each of the pair of retaining legs is provided with at least one projection configured to engage with the retaining surface, The at least one projection comprises an entrance end configured to be received within the second portion of each opening, and a retaining end configured to engage with the retaining surface, wherein the width of the retaining end is greater than the width of the entrance end. When a lateral load is applied to each of the plurality of model teeth in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, each of the plurality of model teeth will bend laterally from at least about 50 microns to a maximum of about 250 microns in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, such that a clearance is defined between the tooth portion of each of the plurality of model teeth and at least a portion of the surface of the model dental arch forming the respective openings, or Each of the tooth portion of the plurality of model teeth and at least a portion of the surface of the model dental arch forming the respective openings define the clearance between them, and the elastic modulus of the material is approximately 750 MPa to approximately 20,000 MPa, or The elastic modulus of the aforementioned material is approximately 0.1 MPa to approximately 5 MPa, or A dental model wherein the tooth portion of each of the plurality of model teeth and at least a portion of the surface of the model dental arch forming the respective openings define the clearance between them, and the elastic modulus of the material is about 0.1 MPa to about 5 MPa.

4. This is a dental kit for practicing complex dental restorations. A dental model according to claim 1 or claim 3, A dental kit comprising: one or more dental matrices configured to be coupled to at least one of the plurality of model teeth to form a mold cavity surrounding at least a portion of the at least one of the plurality of model teeth.

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