POLYHYDROXYALKYLAMIDE MATERIALS FOR USE AS CROSSLINKANTS

Abstract

A polyhydroxyalkylamide material having Formula (I), wherein Z represents a polymer or an alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, or arylene group; Z' represents a divalent organic linker group; m is 0 or 1; X represents a divalent organic bridging group; R represents a hydroxyalkylamide group; and n is at least 2; the present invention also relates to coating compositions containing the polyhydroxyalkylamide material and to articles coated with coatings derived from such coating compositions.

Description

POLYHYDROXYOUILAMIDE MATERIALS FOR USE AS CROSSLINKERS FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to polyhydroxyalkylamide materials for use as crosslinkers in coating compositions. The present invention also relates to coating compositions comprising the polyhydroxyalkylamide materials and to articles coated with such coating compositions. The present invention also relates to methods for preparing the polyhydroxyalkylamide materials. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Coatings are applied to numerous substrates to provide protective and / or decorative attributes. These coatings are often thermosetting coatings, which are cured upon reaction of a functional resin with a crosslinking agent having functionality that reacts with the functionality of the resin. Crosslinkers are often formaldehyde based. Many industries are interested in reducing, or eliminating, formaldehyde from coatings. Coatings that are substantially, essentially, or completely free of formaldehyde are desired. Known β-polyhydroxyalkylamide crosslinkers are generally small molecule crosslinkers and can be substantially insoluble in solvents. This means that such crosslinkers generally may not be used in solvent-borne coating compositions. β-Polyhydroxyalkylamide crosslinkers are desired which are substantially, essentially or completely soluble in solvents. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a polyhydroxyalkylamide material having Formula (I): Formula (I) M A / C / XUX I / UOZ IO or wherein Z represents a polymer or an alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene or arylene group; Z' represents a bivalent organic linking group; m is 0 or 1; X represents a bivalent organic bridging group; R represents a hydroxyalkylamide group; and n is at least 2. Also provided is a coating composition, wherein the coating composition comprises: to) b) a film-forming resin; and a polyhydroxyalkylamide material having Formula (I): Formula (I) wherein Z represents a polymer or an alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene or arylene group; Z' represents a bivalent organic linking group; m is 0 or 1; X represents a bivalent organic bridging group; R represents a hydroxyalkylamide group; and n is at least 2. Also provided is a substrate at least partially coated with a coating, wherein the coating is derived from a coating composition, wherein the coating composition comprises: to) b) a film-forming resin; and a polyhydroxyalkylamide material having Formula (I): Formula (I) wherein Z represents a polymer or an alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene or arylene group; Z' represents a bivalent organic linking group; m is 0 or 1; X represents a bivalent organic bridging group; R represents a hydroxyalkylamide group; and n is at least 2. Also provided is a package having at least a portion coated with a coating, wherein the coating is derived from a coating composition, wherein the coating composition comprises: a) a film-forming resin; and b) a polyhydroxyalkylamide material having Formula (I): EITHER Formula (I) wherein Z represents a polymer or an alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene or arylene group; Z' represents a bivalent organic linking group; m is 0 or 1; X represents a bivalent organic bridging group; R represents a hydroxyalkylamide group; and n is at least 2. Also provided is a food and / or beverage container having at least a portion covered with a coating, wherein the coating is derived from a coating composition, wherein the coating composition comprises: a) a film-forming resin; and b) a polyhydroxyalkylamide material having Formula (I): EITHER Formula (I) wherein Z represents a polymer or an alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene or arylene group; Z' represents a bivalent organic linking group; m is 0 or 1; X represents a bivalent organic bridging group; R represents a hydroxyalkylamide group; and n is at least 2. MA / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or Also provided is a method for preparing a polyhydroxyalkylamide material having Formula (I): EITHER Formula (I) wherein Z represents a polymer or an alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene or arylene group; Z' represents a bivalent organic linking group; m is 0 or 1; X represents a bivalent organic bridging group; R represents a hydroxyalkylamide group; and n is at least 2, wherein the method comprises: reacting an acrylic prepolymer derived from monomers having ethylenic unsaturation, wherein said acrylic prepolymer has at least two epoxy groups and / or a diepoxide with the reaction product of a diacid, and an alkanolamine. Also provided is a polyhydroxyalkylamide material having Formula (I): EITHER Z ΓΟ X ) ' 'n Formula (I) wherein Z represents a polymer or an alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene or arylene group; Z' represents a bivalent organic linking group; m is 0 or 1; X represents a bivalent organic bridging group; R represents a hydroxyalkylamide group; and n is at least 2, wherein the polyhydroxyalkylamide material is obtainable by a method comprising: reacting a prepolymer having one or more epoxy and / or diepoxide groups with the reaction product of a diacid and an alkanolamine. Also provided is a coating composition, wherein the coating composition comprises a polyhydroxyalkylamide material having Formula (I): EITHER Z PO X ) ' 'n Formula (I) where Z represents a polymer derived from monomers having ethylenic unsaturation, and where Z has acid functionality; Z' represents a bivalent organic linking group; m is 0 or 1; X represents a bivalent organic bridging group; R represents a hydroxyalkylamide group; and n is at least 2. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Z represents a polymer or an alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene or arylene group. Z can represent a polymer. Z can represent any suitable polymer. Suitable polymers include, but are not limited to, acrylic polymers, polyester polymers, polyester amide polymers, polyurethane polymers, epoxy polymers, and combinations thereof. Z can represent an acrylic polymer, a polyester polymer, or a combination of these. Z can represent an acrylic polymer grafted onto a polyester or a polyester grafted onto an acrylic polymer. Z may represent an acrylic polymer. Z may represent an acrylic polymer derived from monomers having ethylenic unsaturation. Derived from and similar expressions in this context mean that the monomers that form the acrylic polymer have ethylenic unsaturation when in the monomeric form. Monomers having ethylenic unsaturation are generally caused to be polymerized by said ethylenic unsaturation, such as, for example, by a free radical reaction, so that the acrylic polymer so formed has a substantially, essentially, or completely backbone. saturated. However, this does not exclude the possibility that the acrylic polymer has unsaturation. M A / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or ethylenic either in the main chain or in its side chains. The acrylic polymer can be derived from any suitable monomers having ethylenic unsaturation. The acrylic polymer can be derived from one or more acrylic monomers. One of the average level of the trade will know suitable acrylic monomers. Suitable acrylic monomers include, but are not limited to, alkyl (alkyl)acrylate, such as Ci to Ce alkyl (Ci to Ce alkyl)acrylate, for example, Ci to Ce alkyl (meth)acrylate, and (alkyl)acrylic acid. , such as (Ci to Ce alkyl)acrylic acid. The acrylic monomers from which the acrylic polymer is derived may comprise one or more functional groups, such as an epoxy group. For example, the acrylic monomers from which the acrylic polymer is derived may comprise glycidyl methacrylate. As used herein, the terms (alk)acrylate, (meth)acrylate, and similar terms are used conventionally and herein to refer to both (alk)acrylate and acrylate, such as methacrylate and acrylate. Examples of suitable acrylic monomers include, but are not limited to, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methyl acrylate; methyl methacrylate; ethyl acrylate; ethyl methacrylate; propyl acrylate; propyl methacrylate; butyl acrylate; butyl methacrylate, isobornyl acrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, glycidyl acrylate; glycidyl methacrylate; ethylene glycol diacrylate; ethylene glycol dimethacrylate; 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate; 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate; 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate; 4-hydroxybutyl methacrylate; allyl methacrylate; benzyl methacrylate; 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate phosphate esters; those sold under the tradename SIPOMER, such as SIPOMER PAM-100, SIPOMER PAM-200, and SIPOMER PAM-300 (polypropylene glycol monoacrylate phosphate esters commercially available from Solvay); and combinations of these. Any other acrylic monomer known to the mid-level trade can also be used. Monomers having ethylenic unsaturation may comprise glycidyl acrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, or combinations thereof. Monomers having ethylenic unsaturation may comprise glycidyl methacrylate. Monomers having ethylenic unsaturation may comprise glycidyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and combinations thereof. Thus, the acrylic polymer can be derived from monomers comprising glycidyl acrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, or combinations thereof. The acrylic polymer can be derived from monomers comprising ΜΛ / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or glycidyl. The acrylic polymer can be derived from monomers comprising glycidyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and combinations thereof. Z', when present, represents a bivalent organic linking group. Z' can represent any suitable bivalent organic linking group. Z' can represent a Ci to Cío alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, aralkylene or arylene group, such as a Ci to Cío alkylene group, such as a Ci to Ce alkylene group, such as a Ci to C4 alkylene group, such as a C2 to C4 alkylene, such as a C3 to C4 alkylene group, such as a C4 alkylene group. Z' may be substituted or unsubstituted. Z' can be substituted. Z' may be substituted with any suitable group. Z' may be substituted with OR1, OC(O)R2, C(O)R3, C(O)OR4, NR5R6, C(O)NR7R8, aryl, or Het, wherein each of R1 through R8 independently represents hydrogen, aryl, or alkyl, such as hydrogen, Ce to Cío aryl or Ci to Cío alkyl, such as hydrogen, Ce aryl or Ci to C4 alkyl. Z' may be substituted with one or more OR1 groups, where each R1 represents hydrogen, aryl or alkyl, such as hydrogen or alkyl, such as hydrogen or Ci to Ce alkyl, such as hydrogen or Ci to C4 alkyl, such as hydrogen or Ci to C2 alkyl, such as hydrogen or methyl, such as hydrogen. Z' may or may not be interrupted. Z' may be interrupted. Z' may be interrupted by any suitable atom. Z' may be interrupted by an oxygen atom and / or a carbonyl group. Z' may be substituted by an oxygen atom and a carbonyl group. Z' may be substituted by an oxygen atom and a carbonyl group. Z' may be substituted by an oxygen atom and a carbonyl group. m can be 0 or 1. When Z represents an alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, or arylene group, m can be 0. One of the mid-level trade will appreciate that when m is 0, Z can be attached directly to -OC(=O)-X-R. When Z is a polymer, m can be 1. When Z is an acrylic polymer derived from monomers having ethylenic unsaturation, m can be 1. m can be 1 and Z' can be substituted by an oxygen atom and a carbonyl group, so that the polyhydroxyalkylamide material is represented by Formula (II): o o ' 'n Formula (II) wherein each of X and n is as defined herein; Z represents an acrylic polymer derived from monomers having ethylenic unsaturation; and Z represents an alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, aralkylene or arylene group. Z may represent a Ci to Cío alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, aralkylene or arylene group, such as a Ci to Cío alkylene group, such as a Ci to Ce alkylene group, such as a Ci to C4 alkylene group, such as a Ci group to C3 alkylene, such as a C2 to C3 alkylene, such as a C3 alkylene group. Z may be substituted or unsubstituted. Z can be substituted. Z may be substituted with any suitable group. Suitable groups are as defined herein in relation to Z'. Z may be substituted with one or more OR1 groups, where each R1 represents hydrogen, aryl or alkyl, such as hydrogen or alkyl, such as hydrogen or Ci to Ce alkyl, such as hydrogen or Ci to C4 alkyl, such as hydrogen or Ci to C2 alkyl, such as hydrogen or methyl, such as hydrogen. Z can be a C3 alkylene group. Z may be a C3 alkylene group and may be substituted with a -OR1 group, where R1 is defined as herein. Z may be a C3 alkylene group and may be substituted by a -OR1 group, where R1 is defined as herein, such that the polyhydroxyalkylamide may be represented by Formula (III): MA / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or where each of X and R is as defined herein; and Z represents an acrylic polymer derived from monomers having ethylenic unsaturation. Z can represent an alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene or arylene group. Z may represent a Ci to C20 alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene or arylene group, such as a Ci to C20 alkylene group, such as a Ce to C20 alkylene group, such as a Ce to C20 cyclic alkylene group, such as a Cs to Cíe cyclic alkylene, such as a Cío group to Cío cyclic alkylene. Z can understand a. Z may be substituted or unsubstituted. Z can be substituted. Z may be substituted with any suitable group. Suitable groups are as defined herein in relation to Z'. Z' may be substituted with a group OR1, where each R1 represents hydrogen, aryl or alkyl, such as hydrogen or alkyl, such as hydrogen or Ci to Ce alkyl, such as hydrogen or Ci to C4 alkyl, such as hydrogen or Ci to C2 alkyl, such as hydrogen or methyl, such as hydrogen. Z may or may not be interrupted. Z may be interrupted. Z may be interrupted by any suitable atom. Z may be interrupted by an oxygen atom and / or a carbonyl group, such as by an oxygen atom and a carbonite group. Z may not be interrupted by a nitrogen atom. Z may not contain an amide group. Z can be derived from a material that has one or more epoxy groups. Derived from and similar terms in this context mean that the material from which Z is derived has one or more epoxy groups in their free form, ie before they are formed in the polyhydroxyalkylamide material. A mid-level trader will appreciate that where Z is derived from material having one or more epoxy groups, said epoxy groups may or may not be present in the final polyhydroxyalkylamide material. For example, the one or more epoxy groups can be reacted during the formation of the polyhydroxyalkylamide material. For example, the one or more epoxy groups can be reacted with an acid group during the formation of the polyhydroxyalkylamide material. Z can be derived from a polymer that has at least two epoxy groups. Z can be derived from an acrylic polymer having at least two epoxy groups. When Z is derived from a polymer having at least two epoxy groups, Z may suitably be made up of one or more monomers comprising an epoxy group. When Z is derived from a polymer having at least two epoxy groups, Z may comprise 5 to 80% by weight of monomers having an epoxy group, such as 10 to 70% by weight of monomers having an epoxy group, such as such as 10 to 60% by weight of monomers having an epoxy group. When Z is derived from an acrylic polymer having at least two epoxy groups, Z may be derived from an acrylic polymer made up of monomers comprising one or more glycidyl groups, such as glycidyl methacrylate. Z can be derived from a diepoxide. Z can be derived from any suitable diepoxide. Z may be derived from an aliphatic diepoxide, such as a cycloaliphatic diepoxide, such as a C4 to C20 cycloaliphatic diepoxide, such as a Ce to C20 cycloaliphatic diepoxide. Z may be derived from (3',4'epoxycyclohexanjmethyl 3,4-epoxycyclohexylcarboxylate. When Z is derived from a diepoxide, the diepoxide may be a commercially available diepoxide. The diepoxide can be any suitable commercially available diepoxide. Suitable commercially available diepoxides include, for example, tas sold under the trade name CELLOXIDE (RTM), such as CELLOXIDE 202IP (commercially available from DAICEL U.S.A.). X represents a bivalent organic bridging group. X may represent any suitable bivalent organic bridging group. X may represent an alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, aralkylene or arylene group, such as a Co to Cio alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, aralkylene or M A / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or arylene, such as a Co to Cio alkylene or arylene group, such as a Co to Ce alkylene or arylene group, such as a Ci to Ce alkylene or arylene group, such as a Ci group a Ce alkylene, such as a Ci to C4 alkylene group, such as a Ci to C3 alkylene group, such as a Ci to C2 alkylene group, such as ethylene. A mid-level trader will appreciate that when X is Co, there is no linking group and there is a direct bond between the carbon atom of Z-O-C(=O)- and -R. R represents a hydroxyalkylamide group. R can represent any suitable hydroxyalauylamide group. It may be according to Formula ÍIVI: either R9 Formula (IV) wherein R9 represents hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl group, or -YOH; and each Y independently represents an alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, or arylene linker group. One of the mid-level trade will appreciate that when R is according to Formula (IV), the polyhydroxyalkylamide material can be represented by Formula (V): ΜΛ / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or Formula (V) wherein each of Z, Z', X, R9, m and n is as defined herein. R9 can represent hydrogen, an alkyl group or -Y-OH, where each Y independently represents an alkylene linker group. R9 can represent hydrogen, a Ci to Cio alkyl group or -Y-OH, where each Y independently represents a Ci to Cio alkylene linking group. R9 can represent hydrogen, a Ci to C3 alkyl group or -Y-OH, where each Y independently represents a Ci to C3 alkylene linker group. R9 can represent hydrogen, a Ci to C2 alkyl group or -Y-OH, where each Y independently represents a Ci to C2 alkylene linker group. R9 can represent hydrogen, a Ci to C2 alkyl group or -CH2CH2-OH. R9 can represent hydrogen, methyl or ethyl. R9 can represent hydrogen or methyl. Y can represent ethylene. R9 can be hydrogen or methyl and Y can be ethylene. R9 can be methyl and Y can be ethylene. Therefore, R can be according to Formula (VI): either ΜΛ / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or ooh R10 Formula (VI) where R10 represents hydrogen or methyl. When R9 is a methyl group and X is an alkylene group, R9 may, together with one or more atoms of X, form a cyclic group, such that the polyhydroxyalkylamide material may be represented by Formula (VII): Y—OH Formula (VII) wherein each of Z, Z', m and n is as defined herein; R11 is the bivalent radical of R9y represents a methylene group; X' is a fragment of X and represents -CR11-, wherein R11 represents hydrogen or a Ci to C9 alkyl group, such as hydrogen or a Ci to C4 alkyl group, such as hydrogen or a Ci to C2 alkyl group, such as hydrogen or methyl, such as hydrogen; and X is the remaining fragment of X and represents a Co to Cs alkylene group, such as a Ci to Cs alkylene group, such as a Ci to C4 alkylene group, such as a Ci to C2 alkylene group, such as a Ci alkylene group. It will be appreciated that when X is a Co alkylene group, the cyclic group so formed will be an N-substituted β-lactam group and, when X is a Ci alkylene group, the cyclic group so formed will be an N-substituted γ-lactam group. , etc. The polyhydroxyalkylamide material can be represented by Formula (VIII): MA / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or Formula (VIII) wherein each of Z, Z', Y, m and n is as defined herein. When the polyhydroxyalkylamide material is represented by Formula (VIII), Y may be ethylene. R can comprise at least one amide group. R may comprise an amide group. R can comprise at least two amide groups, such as two, three, four, five, six, etc. amide groups. For example, the polyhydroxyalkylamide material can be represented by Formula (IX): Formula (IX) wherein each of Z, Z' X, Y, R9, m and n is as defined herein; and n' is at least 1. For example, polyhydroxyalkylamide can be represented by Formula (X): Formula (X) wherein each of Z, Z', X', X, Y, R11, m and n is as defined herein; and n' is at least 1. n' is at least 1. n' can be from 1 to 30, such as 1 to 20, such as 1 to 10, such as 1 to 5, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. n is at least 2. When Z is a Ci to C20 alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene or arylene group, n may be 2. When Z is a polymer, such as an acrylic polymer or even an acrylic polymer derived from monomers having ethylenic unsaturation , n can be at least 2. The polyhydroxyalkylamide materials can have any suitable number of bridging atoms between the hydroxyalkylamide groups, R, of the polyhydroxyalkylamide materials. The polyhydroxyalkylamide material may have at least 6 bridging atoms, such as at least 8 bridging atoms, such as at least 10 bridging atoms, such as at least 15 bridging atoms, such as at least 18 bridging atoms, such as at least 20 bridging atoms. bridging, such as at least 30 bridging atoms, such as at least 40 bridging atoms, or even at least 50 bridging atoms between hydroxyalkylamide groups, R. For the avoidance of doubt, bridging atoms between hydroxyalkylamide groups and similar expressions, as used in herein, mean the number of atoms in the chain of atoms directly connecting two R groups (i.e., -C(=O)N(R9)(YOH) groups, for example) and are not intended to include any atoms that branch from there. For example, a polyhydroxyalkylamide material according to Formula (XIII) below has 19 (nineteen) bridging atoms between the hydroxyalkylamide groups. The polyhydroxyalkylamide material may be according to Formula (XI): wherein Z represents an acrylic polymer derived from monomers having ethylenic unsaturation; and n is at least 2. The polyhydroxyalkylamide material may be according to Formula (XII): wherein Z represents an acrylic polymer derived from monomers having ethylenic unsaturation; and n is at least 2. The polyhydroxyalkylamide material may be according to Formula (XIII): Formula IXIII) MA / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or The polyhydroxyalkylamide material can have any suitable hydroxyalkylamide equivalent weight. The polyhydroxyalkylamide material may have a hydroxyalkylamide equivalent weight of at least 50 g / equivalent, such as at least 100 g / equivalent, such as at least 200 g / equivalent, such as at least 300 g / equivalent, such as at least 400 g / equivalent, such as at least 500 g / equivalent, such as at least 600 g / equivalent, or even at least 700 g / equivalent. The polyhydroxyalkylamide material can have a hydroxyalkylamide equivalent weight of up to 1000 g / equivalent. The polyhydroxyalkylamide material may have a hydroxyalkylamide equivalent weight of 50 to 1000 g / equivalent, such as 100 to 1000 g / equivalent, such as 200 to 1000 g / equivalent, such as 300 to 1000 g / equivalent, such as such as 400 to 1000 g / equivalent, such as 500 to 1000 g / equivalent, such as 600 to 1000 g / equivalent, or even 700 to 1000 g / equivalent. The polyhydroxyalkylamide material may have a hydroxyalkylamide equivalent weight of 50 to 200 g / equivalent. The polyhydroxyalkylamide material may have a hydroxyalkylamide equivalent weight of 700 to 1000 g / equivalent. The equivalent weight of polyhydroxyalkylamide can be calculated by any suitable method. A person of the mid-level trade will know proper methods. As reported herein, the polyhydroxyalkylamide equivalent weight can be calculated as the ratio of the weight average molecular weight of the polyhydroxyalkylamide material to the hydroxyalkylamide equivalent number (Mw / hydroxyalkylamide equivalent number). The equivalent weight of hydroxyalkylamide is appropriately expressed as solids. The polyhydroxyalkylamide material can have any suitable weight average molecular weight (Mw). The polyhydroxyalkylamide material can have a Mw of at least 500 daltons (Da = g / mol), such as at least 1,000 Da, such as at least 2,000 Da, such as at least 2,500 Da, or even at least 5,000 Da. The polyhydroxyalkylamide material may have an Mw of up to 250,000 Da, such as up to 100,000 Da, such as up to 50,000 Da, such as up to 25,000 Da, such as up to 15,000 Da, or even up to 10,000 Da. The polyhydroxyalkylamide material may have a Mw of 500 to 250,000 Da, such as 1,000 to 250,000 Da, such as 2,000 to 250,000 Da, such as 2,500 to 250,000 Da, or even 5,000 to 250,000 Da. The polyhydroxyalkylamide material may have a Mw of 500 to 100,000 Da, such as 1,000 to 100,000 Da, such as 2,000 to 100,000 Da, such as 2,500 to 100,000 Da, or even 5,000 to 100,000 Da. The polyhydroxyalkylamide material may have a Mw of 500 to 50,000 Da, such as 1,000 to 50,000 Da, such as 2,000 to 50,000 Da, such as 2,500 to 50,000 Da, or even 5,000 to 50,000 Da. The polyhydroxyalkylamide material may have a Mw of 500 to 25,000 Da, such as 1,000 to 25,000 Da, such as 2,000 to 25,000 Da, such as 2,500 to 25,000 Da, or even 5,000 to 25,000 Da. The polyhydroxyalkylamide material may have a Mw of 500 to 15,000 Da, such as 1,000 to 15,000 Da, such as 2,000 to 15,000 Da, such as 2,500 to 15,000 Da, or even 5,000 to 15,000 Da. The polyhydroxyalkylamide material may have a Mw of 500 to 10,000 Da, such as 1,000 to 10,000 Da, such as 2,000 to 10,000 Da, such as 2,500 to 10,000 Da, or even 5,000 to 10,000 Da. The polyhydroxyalkylamide material may have an Mw of 2,500 to 25,000 Da, such as 2,500 to 10,000 Da. The weight average molecular weight can be measured by any suitable method. Techniques for measuring weight average molecular weight will be known to a person of the mid-level trade. As reported herein, Mw can be determined by gel permeation chromatography using a polystyrene standard in accordance with ASTM D6579-11 (Standard Practice for Molecular Weight Averages and Molecular Weight Distribution of Hydrocarbon, Rosin and Terpene Resins by Size Chromatography exclusion UV detector: 254 nm, solvent: unstabilized THF, retention time marker: toluene, sample concentration: 2 mg / mL). The polyhydroxyalkylamide material can have any suitable number average molecular weight (Mn). The polyhydroxyalkylamide may have an Mn of at least 500 daltons (Da = g / mol), such as at least 1,000 Da, such as at least 2,000 Da, such as at least 2,500 Da, or even at least 5,000 Da. The polyhydroxyalkylamide material may have an Mn of up to 250,000 Da, such as up to 100,000 Da, such as up to 50,000 Da, such as up to 25,000 Da, such as up to 15,000 Da, or even up to 10,000 Da. The polyhydroxyalkylamide material may have an Mn of 500 to 250,000 Da, such as 1,000 to 250,000 Da, such as 2,000 to 250,000 Da, such as 2,500 to 250,000 Da, or even 5,000 to 250,000 Da. The polyhydroxyalkylamide material may have an Mn of 500 to 100,000 Da, such as 1,000 to 100,000 Da, such as 2,000 to 100,000 Da, such as 2,500 to 100,000 Da, or even 5,000 to 100,000 Da. The polyhydroxyalkylamide material may have an Mn of 500 to 50,000 Da, such as 1,000 to 50,000 Da, such as 2,000 to 50,000 Da, such as 2,500 to 50,000 Da, or even 5,000 to 50,000 Da. The polyhydroxyalkylamide material may have an Mn of 500 to 25,000 Da, such as 1,000 to 25,000 Da, such as 2,000 to 25,000 Da, such as 2,500 to 25,000 Da, or even 5,000 to 25,000 Da. The polyhydroxyalkylamide material may have an Mn of 500 to 15,000 Da, such as 1,000 to 15,000 Da, such ΜΛ / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or as from 2,000 to 15,000 Da, such as from 2,500 to 15,000 Da, or even from 5,000 to 15,000 Da. The polyhydroxyalkylamide material may have an Mn of 500 to 10,000 Da, such as 1,000 to 10,000 Da, such as 2,000 to 10,000 Da, such as 2,500 to 10,000 Da, or even 5,000 to 10,000 Da. The polyhydroxyalkylamide material may have an Mn of 500 to 15,000 Da, such as 500 to 10,000 Da. One of the mid-level trade will appreciate that techniques for measuring weight average molecular weight can also be used to measure number average molecular weight. The polyhydroxyalkylamide material can have any suitable polydispersity index (PDI). The polydispersity index of a polymer is derived from the ratio of Mw to Mn (Mw / Mn), where Mw is the weight average molecular weight and Mn is the number average molecular weight. The polyhydroxyalkylamide material can have a polydispersity index of 1 to 20, such as 1 to 10, such as 1 to 5, or even 2 to 5. The present invention provides a coating composition, wherein the coating composition may comprise a film-forming resin and a polyhydroxyalkylamide material as described herein. The coating compositions may comprise a film-forming resin. The film-forming resin can be any suitable film-forming resin. Suitable examples of film-forming resins include, but are not limited to, the following: polyester resins; acrylic resins; polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resins; alkyd resins, polyurethane resins, polysiloxane resins, epoxy resins or combinations thereof. The film-forming resin may comprise an acid-functional resin. The film-forming resin may comprise an acrylic resin. The acrylic resin can be any suitable acrylic resin. The film-forming resin may comprise a solution polymerized acrylic resin, an emulsion polymerized acrylic resin, or a combination thereof. The film-forming resin may comprise a solution-polymerized acrylic resin, an emulsion-polymerized acrylic resin, or a combination thereof, wherein one or both of the solution-polymerized acrylic material and the emulsion-polymerized acrylic latex material have acid functionality. The film-forming resin may comprise a solution-polymerized acrylic resin and an emulsion-polymerized acrylic resin. The film-forming resin may comprise a solution-polymerized acrylic resin and an emulsion-polymerized acrylic resin, wherein one or both of the solution-polymerized acrylic material and the emulsion-polymerized acrylic latex material have acid functionality. When the film-forming resin comprises a solution polymerized acrylic resin, the solution polymerized acrylic resin may be any suitable solution polymerized acrylic material. As used herein, solution polymerized and similar terms mean that a polymer is formed by a polymerization method in which one or more monomers are substantially dissolved in a solvent and polymerized. Once said monomers are polymerized, the resulting solution polymerized acrylic material is suitably substantially soluble in said solvent. The solution polymerized acrylic material is suitably formed from one or more acrylic monomers. Suitable acrylic monomers are as described herein in relation to the acrylic polymer, Z. The solution polymerized acrylic material may comprise acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ethyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, or combinations thereof. The solution polymerized acrylic material may comprise acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, butyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, or combinations thereof. The solution polymerized acrylic material can be formed from acrylic acid, butyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, and combinations thereof. When the solution polymerized acrylic material is comprised of acrylic acid, butyl methacrylate, and butyl acrylate, the acrylic acid, butyl methacrylate, and butyl acrylate may be present in any suitable weight ratio. The weight ratio of acrylic acid : butyl methacrylate : butyl acrylate may be from 1:1 to 10:1 to 5, suitably 1:1 to 5:1 to 3, such as 1:1 to 3:1 to 2, or even 1 : 1.5 to 2.5 : 1.5 to 2. The solution polymerized acrylic material may comprise methacrylic acid and / or acrylic acid. The solution polymerized acrylic material may comprise any suitable amount of methacrylic acid and / or acrylic acid. The solution polymerized acrylic material may comprise 5 to 60% by weight, such as 10 to 50% by weight, such as 10 to 40% by weight, such as 10 to 30% by weight, such as to 30% by weight, or even from 15 to 25% by weight of methacrylic acid and / or acrylic acid based on the total weight of the monomers. The solution polymerized acrylic material may be formed from one or more additional ethylenically unsaturated monomers. Suitable additional ethylenically unsaturated monomers include, but are not limited to, aryl-substituted ethylenically unsaturated monomers such as, for example, styrene; ethylenically unsaturated nitriles such as, for example, acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile; and combinations of these. The solution polymerized acrylic material may be substantially free, essentially free, or completely free of styrene. Substantially free, relative to styrene, means that the solution polymerized acrylic material is made up of monomers comprising less than 5% by weight of styrene based on the total weight of the monomers that make up the solution polymerized acrylic material. Essentially free, in relation to styrene, means that the solution polymerized acrylic material is made up of monomers comprising less than 1% by weight of styrene based on the total weight of the monomers that make up the solution polymerized acrylic material. Completely free, in relation to styrene, means that the solution polymerized acrylic material is made up of monomers comprising less than 0.01% by weight of styrene based on the total weight of the monomers that make up the solution polymerized acrylic material. Suitably, the solution polymerized acrylic material is formed from monomers that do not comprise, ie 0% by weight, styrene based on the total weight of the monomers that form the solution polymerized acrylic material. The solution polymerized acrylic material is suitably formed by a solution polymerization method. One of the average level of the trade will know suitable solution polymerization methods. The solution polymerization method suitably comprises a plurality of components, which may be referred to as a solution polymerization reaction mixture. The solution polymerization reaction mixture suitably comprises a solution polymerization monomer component. The solution polymerization monomer component may comprise one or more acrylic monomers as described herein. The solution polymerization monomer component may optionally comprise additional ethylenically unsaturated monomers as described herein. The solution polymerization reaction mixture may further comprise an initiator. The initiator can be a free radical initiator. Suitable initiators include, but are not limited to, tertiary butyl perbenzoate; tert butyl peroxy 3,5,5 trimethylhexanoate; tertiary butyl peroxy 2-ethyl hexanoate; tertiary dibutyl peroxide; tertiary butyl peracetate; tertiary butyl peroctoate; azo type initiators such as, for example, 2,2'-azobis(isobutryonitrile), 2,2'-azobis(2methylbutyronitrile), 2,2'-azobis(2.4-dimethyl valeronitrile ) and 2,2'-azob¡s(4-methoxy-2.4-dimethyl valeronitrile); persulfate initiators such as, for example, ammonium persulfate, sodium persulfate or potassium persulfate; and combinations of these. The initiator may be soluble in the solution polymerization reaction mixture. The initiator may be soluble in the monomer mixture. The initiator may comprise tert-butyl peroxy 3,5,5-trimethylhexanoate, tertiary-butyl peroctoate, or combinations thereof. The solution polymerization reaction mixture suitably comprises a solvent or a mixture of solvents. A person in the mid-level trade will know suitable solvents. Examples of suitable solvents include, but are not limited to, alcohols such as, for example, n-butanol, pentanol, or hexanol; glycols such as, for example, butyl glycol; glycol ethers such as, for example, 2-butoxyethanol, 1-methoxypropan-2-ol or dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether; and combinations of these. The solvent may comprise a mixture of solvents, such as n-butanol and butyl glycol. A mid-level trade person will appreciate that the solvent or solvent mixture is generally chosen such that the monomer mixture is substantially soluble in said solvent or solvent mixture. The solution polymerization monomer component is caused to undergo polymerization in the solvent or mixture of solvents to form the solution polymerized acrylic material. Therefore, solution polymerization of the solution polymerization monomer component is generally carried out as a free radical-initiated solution polymerization in a solvent or a mixture of solvents. Solution polymerization is generally carried out in a suitable reaction vessel. The solution polymerization monomer component, initiator and / or solvent or mixture of solvents can be added to the reaction vessel in any suitable order. For example, the solvent or mixture of solvents can be added to the reaction vessel prior to adding the solution polymerization monomer component and / or initiator to the reaction vessel. The solution polymerization monomer component and initiator can be added to the reaction vessel at the same time. The solution polymerization monomer component and / or initiator can be added to the reaction vessel over any suitable period of time. The solution polymerization monomer component and / or initiator may be added to the reaction vessel over a period of time from 0 to 12 hours, such as 30 minutes to 8 hours, such as 1 hour to 6 hours. , or even from 2 hours to 4 hours. The solution polymerization monomer component and / or initiator can be added to the reaction vessel over a 3 hour time period. For the avoidance of doubt, when the solution polymerization monomer component and / or initiator is added over a 0 hour time period, all of the solution polymerization monomer component and / or initiator is added to the same time (i.e., in a single addition). Solution polymerization can be carried out at any suitable temperature. Solution polymerization can be carried out at elevated temperature. The solution polymerization can be carried out at a temperature of 80°C to 200°C, suitably 100 to 180°C, such as 120 to 160°C, or even 130 to 150°C. Solution polymerization can be carried out at a temperature of 135 to 140°C. Solution polymerization can be carried out under reflux. The solution polymerized acrylic suitably comprises pendant acid groups such that the solution polymerized acrylic has acid functionality. MA / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or The acid groups of the acid-functional solution polymerized acrylic material may be at least partially neutralized. The acid groups of the acid-functional solution-polymerized acrylic material may be at least partially neutralized by contacting said acid-functional solution-polymerized acrylic material with a neutralizer. Thus, the solution polymerized acrylic material may comprise a neutralizer. A person in the mid-level trade will know suitable neutralizers. Examples of suitable neutralizers include, but are not limited to, tertiary amines such as, for example, dimethylethanolamine (DMEA), trimethylamine, methyldiethanolamine, ethylmethylethanolamine, dimethylethylamine, dimethylpropylamine, dimethyl 3-hydroxy-l-propylamine, dimethylbenzylamine, dimethyl 2-hydroxy-l-propylamine , diethylmethylamine, dimethyl 1-hydroxy-2-propylamine, triethylamine, tributylamine, N-methylmorpholine; ammonia; hydrazine; metallic aluminum; metallic zinc; water-soluble oxides of the elements L¡, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe(II) and Sn(II); water-soluble hydroxides of the elements L¡, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe(II) and Sn(II); water-soluble carbonates of the elements L¡, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe(II) and Sn(II); and combinations of these. The neutralizer may comprise a tertiary amine. The neutralizer may comprise dimethylethanolamine (DMEA). Any suitable amount of neutralizer may be added to the acid-functional solution-cured acrylic material. The acid-functional solution polymerized acrylic material may be at least 10% neutralized, suitably at least 20% neutralized, such as at least 30% neutralized, such as at least 40%, or even at least 50% neutralized by the acid. neutralizer. For example, at least 20% neutralized means that at least 20% of the available acid groups of the solution polymerized acrylic material are neutralized. Therefore, a mid-level trade person will appreciate that at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50% neutralized, etc., means that at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50% of the Available acid groups of the solution polymerized acrylic material are neutralized. Acid-functional solution-cured acrylic may be 50% neutralized by the neutralizer. For example, at least 0.2, suitably at least 0.3, such as at least 0.4, or even at least 0.5 equivalents of neutralizer may be added to the solution polymerized acrylic per equivalent of acid groups. The solution polymerized acrylic material can be substantially dissolved and / or dispersed in water. The solution polymerized acrylic material can be substantially dissolved in water. The solution polymerized acrylic material may be substantially dissolved and / or dispersed in water before, during, or after the addition of neutralizer. The solution polymerized acrylic material can be substantially dissolved and / or dispersed in water during the addition of neutralizer. Thus, the solution polymerized acrylic material can be formed in one or more solvents and subsequently substantially dissolved and / or dispersed in water. acrylic material M A / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or solution polymerized can be formed in one or more solvents and subsequently substantially dissolved in water. The solution polymerized acrylic material has sufficient functionality to be substantially soluble in water. When the film-forming resin comprises an emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material, the emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material may be any suitable emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material. As used herein, "emulsion polymerized" and similar terms mean a polymer that is formed by a polymerization method that begins with an emulsion comprising at least water and one or more monomers that are substantially insoluble in said water. Typically, the one or more monomers form an oil phase in the aqueous (water) phase. The resulting emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material is in the form of a stable emulsion of polymer microparticles in the aqueous medium. The emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material may be formed from one or more acrylic monomers. Suitable acrylic monomers are as described herein in relation to the acrylic polymer, Z. The emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material can be substantially free, essentially free, or completely free of styrene. Substantially free, essentially free and completely free in relation to styrene are as described herein in relation to the solution polymerized acrylic material. The emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material may comprise acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ethyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, or combinations thereof. The emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material may comprise acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, butyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, or combinations thereof. The emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material can be formed from acrylic acid, butyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, and combinations thereof. When the emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material is comprised of acrylic acid, butyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, the acrylic acid, butyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate may be present in any weight ratio adequate. The weight ratio of acrylic acid:butyl methacrylate:butyl acrylate:methyl methacrylate may be from 1:2 to 10:1 to 5:1 to 4, suitably 1:2 to 6:1 to 4:1 to 3, such as I:3a5:2a4:la3. Suitably, the weight ratio of acrylic acid:butyl methacrylate:butyl acrylate:methyl methacrylate may be 1:4:3:2. The emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material may comprise methacrylic acid. The emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material may comprise any amount MA / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or suitable methacrylic acid. The emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material may comprise 1 to 50% by weight, such as 5 to 40% by weight, such as 5 to 30% by weight, such as 10 to 30% by weight, or even from 10 to 20% by weight of methacrylic acid based on the total weight of the monomers. The emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material may comprise acrylic acid. The emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material may comprise any suitable amount of acrylic acid. The emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material may comprise 1 to 50% by weight, such as 1 to 40% by weight, such as 1 to 30% by weight, such as 1 to 20% by weight, or even from 1 to 10% by weight of methacrylic acid based on the total weight of the monomers. The emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material comprises acrylic acid and / or methacrylic acid. The emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material comprises acrylic acid and methacrylic acid. The emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material comprises acrylic acid and methacrylic acid in the amounts defined herein. The emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material may be formed from one or more additional ethylenically unsaturated monomers. Additional suitable ethylenically unsaturated monomers are as described herein in connection with solution polymerized acrylic. The emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material may comprise an aqueous dispersion of said emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material. The emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material is suitably formed by an emulsion polymerization method. One of the average level of the trade will know suitable emulsion polymerization methods. The emulsion polymerization method suitably comprises a plurality of components, which may be referred to as an emulsion polymerization reaction mixture. The emulsion polymerization reaction mixture suitably comprises an emulsion polymerization monomer component. The emulsion polymerization monomer component may comprise one or more acrylic monomers as described herein. The emulsion polymerization monomer component may optionally comprise additional ethylenically unsaturated monomers as described herein. The emulsion polymerization monomer component of the emulsion polymerization reaction mixture may be the same as or different from the solution polymerization monomer component of the solution polymerization reaction mixture. The monomer component of the emulsion polymerization reaction mixture may be different than the monomer component of the solution polymerization reaction mixture. The emulsion polymerization monomer component can be ΜΛ / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or substantially hydrophobic. For example, the emulsion polymerization monomer component may have a partition coefficient of at least 1 (one), suitably at least 1.25, such as at least 1.5, such as at least 2, or even at least 2.5. A mid-level trader will appreciate that it is the emulsion polymerization monomer component in general and not each individual monomer present in the emulsion polymerization monomer component that should have a partition coefficient of at least 1 (one). . The emulsion polymerization reaction mixture may further comprise an initiator. Suitable initiators are as described herein in connection with solution polymerized acrylic. Suitably, the initiator may comprise ammonium persulfate, hydrogen peroxide, benzoin, or combinations of these. The initiator may comprise ammonium persulfate, hydrogen peroxide, and benzoin. The emulsion polymerization reaction mixture may comprise any suitable amount of ammonium persulfate. The emulsion polymerization reaction mixture may comprise 0.01 to 1% by weight, such as 0.05 to 0.75% by weight, such as 0.1 to 0.5% by weight, or even 0.1 to 0.25% by weight of ammonium based on the total weight of the monomers. The emulsion polymerization reaction mixture may comprise from 0.4 to 0.5% by weight of ammonium persulfate based on the total weight of the monomers. The emulsion polymerization reaction mixture may comprise 0.15 to 0.25% by weight, such as 0.18 to 0.22% by weight, such as 0.2% by weight of ammonium persulfate based on the total weight of the monomers. The emulsion polymerization reaction mixture may comprise from 0.15 to 0.25% by weight, such as 0.18 to 0.22% by weight, such as 0.2% by weight of ammonium persulfate based on the total weight of the monomers, when the initiator it comprises ammonium persulfate, hydrogen peroxide and benzoin. The emulsion polymerization reaction mixture suitably comprises water. Suitably, the monomer component of the emulsion polymerization reaction mixture is caused to undergo polymerization in water to form the emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material. Therefore, polymerization of the monomer component of the emulsion polymerization reaction mixture is generally carried out as a free radical-initiated emulsion polymerization in water. The monomer component of the emulsion polymerization reaction mixture suitably forms an oil phase in water. ΜΛ / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or The emulsion polymerization reaction mixture may comprise a buffer. A person in the mid-level trade will know suitable shock absorbers. The buffer can be made to act as a hydrogen ion acceptor. Examples of suitable buffers include, but are not limited to, sodium bicarbonate. The emulsion polymerization reaction mixture may comprise a surfactant. The surfactant can be a stabilizer of the anionic, cationic or nonionic type. Suitable examples of anionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, alkyl sulfates such as, for example, sodium dodecyl sulfate or sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl ether sulfate; aryl sultanates such as, for example, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate; sulfosuccinates such as, for example, sodium diisobutylsulfosuccinate, sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate and sodium dicyclohexylsulfosuccinate; and combinations of these. Suitable examples of nonionic emulsifiers include, inter alia, fatty alcohol ethoxylates such as, for example, polyethylene glycol monolauryl ether; fatty acid ethoxylates such as, for example, polyethylene glycol monostearate or polyethylene glycol monolaurate; polyether block polymers such as, for example, polyethylene glycol / polypropylene glycol block polymers, also called pluronics, where typical commercial products of this type include Tergitol (RTM) XJ, XH or XD, commercially available from Dow Chemical; and combinations of these. Suitable examples of cationic emulsifiers include, inter alia, amine salts such as, for example, cetyltrimethylammonium chloride or benzyldodecyldimethylammonium bromide; and combinations of these. A mid-level trade person will appreciate that mixtures of anionic and cationic emulsifiers would not generally be desirable. The surfactant can be polymeric. The surfactant may be polymerizable with the emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material. For example, the surfactant may be polymerizable with the monomers that form the emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material. The emulsion polymerization reaction mixture can be substantially free, essentially free, or completely free of surfactant. Substantially free, in relation to surfactants, means that the emulsion polymerization reaction mixture comprises less than 5% by weight of surfactant based on the total weight of the emulsion polymerization reaction mixture. Essentially free, in relation to surfactants, means that the emulsion polymerization reaction mixture comprises less than 1% by weight of surfactant based on the total weight of the emulsion polymerization reaction mixture. Completely free, in relation to surfactants, means that the emulsion polymerization reaction mixture comprises less than 0.01% by weight of surfactant based on the total weight of the emulsion polymerization reaction mixture. Suitably, the emulsion polymerization reaction mixture comprises no, ie 0% by weight, surfactant. The emulsion polymerization reaction mixture may comprise a neutralizer. Suitable neutralizers are as described herein in connection with the MA / I / UOZ IO or solution polymerized acrylic material. A neutralizer can be added to at least a portion of the emulsion polymerization monomer component. A neutralizer may be added to at least a portion of the emulsion polymerization monomer component prior to the polymerization reaction, ie, before the emulsion polymerization monomer component comes into contact with the initiator. The emulsion polymerization is generally carried out in a suitable reaction vessel. The emulsion polymerization monomer component, initiator, and / or water of the emulsion polymerization reaction mixture can be added to the reaction vessel in any suitable order. For example, water can be added to the reaction vessel prior to adding the emulsion polymerization monomer component and / or initiator to the reaction vessel. The initiator is added to the reaction vessel before the emulsion polymerization monomer component. The emulsion polymerization monomer component and / or initiator can be added to the reaction vessel over any suitable period of time. The emulsion polymerization monomer component and / or initiator may be added to the reaction vessel over a period of time from 0 to 24 hours, such as 30 minutes to 12 hours, such as 1 hour to 10 hours. , such as from 2 hours to 10 hours, or even from 2 to 6 hours. The emulsion polymerization monomer component and / or initiator may be added to the reaction vessel over a period of 3 to 5 hours. The emulsion polymerization monomer component and / or initiator may be added to the reaction vessel over a period of 4 to 5 hours. For the avoidance of doubt, when the emulsion polymerization monomer component and / or initiator is added over a time period of 0 hours, all of the emulsion polymerization monomer component and / or initiator is added to the same time (i.e., in a single addition). The emulsion polymerization monomer component may be added to the reaction vessel over a time period of 1 to 24 hours, suitably 1 to 12 hours, such as 2 to 10 hours, or even 2 to 24 hours. 6 hours. The emulsion polymerization monomer component can be added to the reaction vessel over a period of 4 to 5 hours. The emulsion polymerization monomer component can be added at any suitable rate during the time period for the addition of the emulsion polymerization monomer component. The emulsion polymerization monomer component may be added at a constant rate or the emulsion polymerization monomer component may be added at a variable rate over the period of time for addition of the emulsion polymerization monomer component. The emulsion polymerization monomer component can be added dropwise. As used herein, the expression M A / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or dropwise and similar expressions mean, unless otherwise specified, that the emulsion polymerization monomer component is added at a rate of 0.05 to 1.0% by weight / minute over over a period of time, T, as a function of the total solids weight of the monomers in the emulsion polymerization monomer component. The monomer component can be added at a variable rate over the period of time for the addition of the monomer component. The emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material can be obtained by a method comprising the following steps: i) adding an initiator to an aqueous carrier to form an aqueous initiator mixture; ii) adding a monomer component comprising one or more acrylic monomers to the aqueous initiator mixture of step a) to form an aqueous dispersion; and iii) polymerizing the aqueous dispersion to form an emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material, wherein the monomer component has a partition coefficient of at least 1. The emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material can be obtained by a method comprising the following steps: i) adding an initiator to an aqueous carrier to form an aqueous initiator mixture; ii) adding a monomer component comprising one or more acrylic monomers to the aqueous initiator mixture of step a) to form an aqueous dispersion; and iii) polymerizing the aqueous dispersion to form an emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material, wherein the monomer component is added to the aqueous initiator mixture from step a) over a period of time, T, of 1 to 24 hours. The time period, T, is from 1 to 24 hours. The time period, T, can be from 1 to 12 hours, such as from 2 to 10 hours, such as from 2 to 6 hours, or even from 4 to 5 hours. The time period, T, is at least 1 hour. The time period, T, can be at least 2 hours, such as at least 4 hours. The time period, T, is up to 24 hours. The time period, T, can be up to 12 hours, such as up to 10 hours, such as up to 6 hours, or even up to 5 hours. The time period, T, is from 1 to 24 hours. The period of time, T, can be from 1 to 12 hours, such as from 1 to 10 hours, such as from 1 to 6 hours, or even from 1 to 5 hours. The time period, T, can be from 2 to 12 hours, such as from 2 to 10 hours, such as from 2 to 6 hours, or even from 2 to 5 hours. The time period, T, can be from 4 to 12 hours, such as from 4 to 10 hours, such as from 4 to 6 hours, or even ΜΛ / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or 4 to 5 hours. The monomer component can be added at a variable rate over the period of time for the addition of the monomer component. The monomer component can be added at a slower rate initially and then at a gradually higher rate over the time period for the monomer component addition. For example, the monomer component may initially be added at a rate of 0.05 to 0.50% w / min, such as 0.1 to 0.25% w / min, such as 0.1 to 0.2% w / min, or even 0.15 to 0.2% w / min based on the total solids weight of the monomers in the monomer component. The monomer component can be subsequently added at a rate of 0.1 to 1% w / min, such as 0.2 to 0.5% w / min, such as 0.2 to 0.4% w / min, or even 0.3 to 0.4 wt% / min based on total solids weight of the monomers in the monomer component. The monomer component can be added subsequently at a rate of 0.2 to 2% w / min, such as 0.4 to 1.0% w / min, such as 0.4 to 0.8% w / min, or even 0.5 to 0.8 wt% / min based on total solids weight of the monomers in the monomer component. For example, the monomer component may initially be added at a rate of 0.05 to 0.50% w / min, such as 0.1 to 0.25% w / min, such as 0.1 to 0.2% w / min, or even 0.15 to 0.2% w / min based on the total weight of solids of the monomers in the monomer component for a period of time from 1 minute to 3 hours, such as 15 minutes to 2 hours, such as 30 minutes to 90 minutes, or even over a 1 hour time period. The monomer component can be subsequently added at a rate of 0.1 to 1% w / min, such as 0.2 to 0.5% w / min, such as 0.2 to 0.4% w / min, or even 0.3 to 0.4 wt% / minute based on the total weight of solids of the monomers in the monomer component over a period of time from 1 minute to 3 hours, such as 15 minutes to 2 hours, such as 30 minutes to 90 minutes, or even for a period of time of 1 hour. The monomer component can be added subsequently at a rate of 0.2 to 2% w / min, such as 0.4 to 1.0% w / min, such as 0.4 to 0.8% w / min, or even 0.5 to 0.8 wt% / minute based on total weight of solids of the monomers in the monomer component for a period of time from 1 minute to 6 hours, suitably from 30 minutes to 4 hours, such as from 1 hour to 3 hours , or even over a 2 hour period of time. The emulsion polymerization can be carried out at any suitable temperature. The emulsion polymerization can be carried out at a temperature of 20°C to 150°C, suitably 40 to 120°C, such as 50 to 100°C, such as 60 to 95°C, or even from 70 to 90°C. The emulsion polymerization can be carried out at a temperature of 80°C. The temperature is generally kept constant throughout the emulsion polymerization process. MA / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or The emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material may comprise pendant acid groups such that the emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material has acid functionality. The acid groups of the acid-functional emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material may be at least partially neutralized. The acid groups of the acid functional emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material may be at least partially neutralized by contacting said acid functional emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material with a neutralizer. Thus, the emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material may comprise a neutralizer. Suitable neutralizers are as described herein in connection with solution polymerized acrylic material. Suitably, the neutralizer may comprise a tertiary amine. The neutralizer may comprise dimethylethanolamine (DMEA). Any suitable amount of neutralizer may be added to the acid-functional emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material. The acid-functional emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material may be at least 10% neutralized, such as at least 20% neutralized, such as at least 30% neutralized, such as at least 40%, or even at least 50% neutralized by the neutralizer. For example, at least 20% neutralized means that at least 20% of the available acid groups of the acid-functional emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material are neutralized. Therefore, a mid-level trade person will appreciate that at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50% neutralized, etc., means that at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50% of the Available acid groups of the acid-functional emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material are neutralized. The acid functional emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material may be 50% neutralized by the neutralizer. For example, at least 0.2, suitably at least 0.3, such as at least 0.4, or even at least 0.5 equivalents of neutralizer may be added to the emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material per equivalent of acid groups. The emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material may be in a core / shell arrangement. The casing can be made up of a plurality of components, which may be referred to as a casing mix. The coating mixture may comprise one or more acrylic monomers as described herein. The emulsion polymerization reaction mixture may optionally comprise additional ethylenically unsaturated monomers as described herein. The coating mixture can further comprise one or more initiators. Suitable initiators are as described herein in connection with solution polymerized acrylic. MA / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or The shell mixture is caused to undergo polymerization to form a shell polymer. The polymerization of the shell mixture is generally carried out as a free radical initiated solution polymerization in a solvent or a mixture of solvents. Solvents that can be used in this process include, but are not limited to, alcohols such as n-butanol, pentanol, or hexanol; or glycol ethers such as 2-butoxy ethanol, 1-methoxy propan-2-ol or dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether. The polymerization can be carried out at an elevated temperature. The polymerization can be carried out in the range of 80°C to 150°C. Polymerization can be carried out efficiently by adding the coating mixture, over a defined period of time, to the solvent mixture. The shell mixture is caused to undergo polymerization to form a shell polymer prior to contacting the components of the core mixture. When the shell mixture comprises one or more α,β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, the shell polymer will have pendant carboxylic acid functional groups. This may be referred to as a carboxylic acid functional shell polymer. The carboxylic acid functional shell polymer can be contacted with a base to form a water dispersible salt. The carboxylic acid functionality on the carboxylic acid functional shell polymer may be at least partially neutralized by the base. Typically, at least 10% of the available carboxylic acid groups are neutralized. Substantially all of the available carboxylic acid groups may be neutralized by the base. The base used for this neutralization may comprise an amine functional material, or a mixture of amine functional materials. Examples of suitable amine functional materials include ammonia, triethylamine, diethylamine, trimethylamine and morpholine or hydroxyamine materials such as ethanolamine, N-methylethanolamine and Ν,Ν-dimethylethanolamine. The shell polymer can be dispersed in an aqueous medium. In this way, an aqueous solution or dispersion of the shell polymer can be formed. The shell mixture is caused to undergo polymerization to form a shell polymer by emulsion polymerization in an aqueous medium, which forms a solution or dispersion of the shell polymer. The core may be made up of a plurality of components, which may be referred to as a core mix. The core mixture comprises one or more acrylic monomers as described herein. The emulsion polymerization reaction mixture may optionally comprise additional ethylenically unsaturated monomers as described herein. The polymer formed by the shell mixture, such as an aqueous dispersion thereof, can serve as a dispersant for a subsequent polymerization, which can be a polymerization of an α,β-ethylenically unsaturated monomer mixture, such as the core mixture. ΜΛ / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or The core mixture can further comprise one or more initiators. Suitable initiators are as described herein in connection with solution polymerized acrylic. The core mixture may be made to undergo polymerization at a temperature in the range of 30°C to 99°C, suitably in the range of 50°C to 95°C, such as in the range of about 80°C to 90°C. Polymerization of the core mixture can occur in the presence of the polymer formed by polymerization of the shell mixture to thereby form a core / shell polymer, such as by emulsion polymerization. A typical polymerization can be carried out by adding the core mixture, at a controlled rate over a period of time, to an aqueous dispersion of the shell polymer. During polymerization, the mixture can be mixed, such as by stirring, and the temperature can be kept roughly constant. Other methods for polymerizing the core mixture include, but are not limited to, mixing all or a portion of the core ethylenically unsaturated substances with the aqueous shell polymer dispersion and then adding the remaining core components, including the initiator, to the mixture. resulting over a defined period of time. Suitable temperatures for this type of process are generally in the range of 50°C to 95°C. For the core / shell latex composition, the ratio of the core (monomers and initiator) mixture to the shell (monomers and initiator) mixture can be from about 20:80 to 90:10 by weight. The ratio of the core mix to the shell mix can be from 60:40 to 80:20 by weight, such as from 70:30 to 75:25 by weight. The coating compositions may comprise any suitable amount of solution polymerized acrylic material, when present. The coating compositions may comprise from 0.5 to 90% by weight, such as from 1 to 75% by weight, such as from 1 to 50% by weight, such as from 2 to 40% by weight, such as from 5 to 20 % by weight, such as from 5 to 15% by weight of solution polymerized acrylic material based on the total weight of solids of the coating composition. The coating composition may comprise 10% by weight of solution polymerized acrylic material based on the total weight of solids of the coating composition. The coating compositions may comprise any suitable amount of emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material, when present. The coating compositions may comprise from 1 to 99% by weight, suitably from 10 to 95% by weight, such as from 20 to 90% by weight, such as from 50 to 90% by weight, such as from 60 to 90% by weight, such as 70 to 90% by weight, or even 80 to 90% by weight of emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material based on the total weight of solids of the coating composition. M A / C / XUX I / UOZ IO or The present invention also provides a coating composition comprising a polyhydroxyalkylamide material according to Formula (I) as described herein, wherein Z represents a polymer derived from monomers having ethylenic unsaturation and wherein Z has acid functionality. . When Z represents a polymer derived from monomers having ethylenic unsaturation and having acid functionality, the polyhydroxyalkylamide materials may be self-healing. As used herein, self-healing and similar terms mean that polyhydroxyalkylamide materials can act as a film-forming resin by crosslinking with itself. For example, the hydroxyalkylamide groups of polyhydroxyalkylamide materials can react with the acid functionality of polyhydroxyalkylamide materials. When Z represents a polymer derived from monomers having ethylenic unsaturation and having acid functionality, the coating compositions may not comprise an additional film-forming resin, for example, because the coating compositions may not require an additional film-forming resin to form. a curated film The coating compositions comprise a polyhydroxyalkylamide material as described herein. The coating compositions may comprise any suitable amount of polyhydroxyalkylamide material. The coating compositions may comprise 0.5 to 60% by weight, such as 1 to 40% by weight, such as 1 to 30% by weight, such as 1 to 20% by weight, such as 1 to 10 % by weight, such as 1.5 to 8% by weight, or even 2 to 6% by weight of polyhydroxyalkylamide material based on the total weight of solids of the coating composition. The coating compositions may comprise 0.5 to 60% by weight, such as 1 to 60% by weight, such as 1.5 to 60% by weight, or even 2 to 60% by weight of polyhydroxyalkylamide material depending on the total weight of solids of the coating composition. Coating compositions may comprise 0.5 to 50% by weight, such as 1 to 50% by weight, such as 1.5 to 50% by weight, or even 2 to 50% by weight of polyhydroxyalkylamide material depending on the total weight of solids of the coating composition. The coating composition may comprise 0.5 to 40% by weight, such as 1 to 40% by weight, such as 1.5 to 40% by weight, or even 2 to 40% by weight of polyhydroxyalkylamide material depending on the total weight of solids of the coating composition. The coating composition may comprise 0.5 to 30% by weight, such as 1 to 30% by weight, such as 1.5 to 30% by weight, or even 2 to 30% by weight of polyhydroxyalkylamide material depending on the total weight of solids of the coating composition. The coating composition may comprise 0.5 to 20% by weight, such as 1 to 20% by weight, such as 1.5 to 20% by weight, or even 2 to 20% by weight of coating material. ΜΛ / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or polyhydroxyalkylamide based on the total weight of solids of the coating composition. The coating composition may comprise 0.5 to 10% by weight, such as 1 to 10% by weight, such as 1.5 to 10% by weight, or even 2 to 10% by weight of polyhydroxyalkylamide material depending on the total weight of solids of the coating composition. The coating composition may comprise 0.5 to 8% by weight, such as 1 to 8% by weight, such as 1.5 to 8% by weight, or even 2 to 8% by weight of polyhydroxyalkylamide material depending on the total weight of solids of the coating composition. The coating composition may comprise 0.5 to 6% by weight, such as 1 to 6% by weight, such as 1.5 to 6% by weight, or even 2 to 6% by weight of polyhydroxyalkylamide material depending on the total weight of solids of the coating composition. The coating composition may comprise up to 40% by weight of polyhydroxyalkylamide material based on the total weight of solids of the coating composition. The coating composition may comprise from 1 to 10% by weight of polyhydroxyalkylamide material based on the total weight of solids of the coating composition. When the coating composition is for a packaging end use, such as a food and / or beverage packaging end use, the food and / or beverage coating compositions may comprise up to 20% by weight, such as up to 15% by weight, such as up to 10% by weight, such as up to 6% by weight of polyhydroxyalkylamide material based on the total weight of solids of the coating composition. When the coating composition is for a packaging end use, such as a food and / or beverage packaging end use, the food and / or beverage coating compositions may comprise at least 0.5% by weight, such as at least 1% by weight, such as at least 1.5% by weight, such as at least 2% by weight of polyhydroxyalkylamide material based on the total weight of solids of the coating composition. When the coating composition is for a packaging end use, such as a food and / or beverage packaging end use, the food and / or beverage coating compositions may comprise from 0.5 to 20% by weight, such as from 0.5 to 15% by weight, such as 0.5 to 10% by weight, such as 0.5% by weight to 6% by weight. When the coating composition is for a packaging end use, such as a food and / or beverage packaging end use, the food and / or beverage coating compositions may comprise from 1 to 20% by weight, such as from 1 to 15% by weight, such as 1 to 10% by weight, such as 1% by weight to 6% by weight. When the coating composition is for a packaging end use, such as a food and / or beverage packaging end use, the food and / or beverage coating compositions may comprise from 1.5 to 20% by weight, such as from 1.5 to 15% by weight, such as 1.5 to 10% by weight, such as 1.5% by weight to 6% by weight. When the coating composition is for a packaging end use, such as a food and / or beverage packaging end use, the food and / or beverage coating compositions may comprise from 2 to 20% by weight, such as from 2 to 15% by weight, such as 2 to 10% by weight, such as 2% by weight to 6% by weight. When the coating composition is for a packaging end use, such as a food and / or beverage packaging end use, the food and / or beverage coating compositions may comprise up to 6% by weight of polyhydroxyalkylamide material based on of the total weight of solids of the coating composition. When the film-forming resin comprises a resin having acid functionality, the coating composition may comprise any suitable ratio of equivalent weight of acid groups in the film-forming resin to equivalent weight of hydroxyalkylamide groups in the polyhydroxyalkylamide crosslinker. When the film-forming resin comprises a resin having acid functionality, the coating composition may have a ratio of equivalent weight of acid groups in the film-forming resin to equivalent weight of hydroxyalkylamide groups in the polyhydroxyalkylamide crosslinker of from 0.5 to 2, such as 0.8 to 1.5, such as 0.9 to 1.2, or even 1. When the film-forming resin comprises a resin having acid functionality, the coating composition may have an equivalent weight ratio of acid groups in the film-forming resin with respect to equivalent weight of hydroxyalkylamide groups in the polyhydroxyalkylamide crosslinker from 0.8 to 1.5. The coating compositions may further comprise a solvent. The solvent may comprise water and / or one or more organic solvents. The solvent may comprise at least 50% by weight of water, such as at least 60% of water, such as at least 70% by weight of water, such as at least 80% by weight of water, such as at least 85% by weight of water, such as at least 90% by weight of water, such as at least 95% by weight of water, or even at least 99% by weight of water based on the total weight of the solvent. The solvent may comprise up to 50% by weight of one or more organic solvents, such as up to 40% of one or more organic solvents, such as up to 30% by weight of one or more organic solvents, such as up to 80% by weight of one or more organic solvents, such as up to 15% by weight of one or more organic solvents, such as up to 10% by weight of one or more organic solvents, such as up to 5% by weight of one or more organic solvents, or even up to 1% by weight of one or more organic solvents based on the total weight of the solvent. The solvent may comprise 100% by weight of water. The solvent may comprise 100% by weight of one or more organic solvents. The solvent may comprise at least 70% by weight of water and up to 30% by weight of one or more organic solvents. The solvent may comprise at least 70% by weight of one or more organic solvents and up to 30% by weight of water. ΜΛ / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or Organic solvents may be of sufficient volatility to essentially completely evaporate from the coating composition during the curing process. As a non-limiting example, the curing process can be by heating at 260-425°C for 5-20 seconds. Suitable organic solvents include, but are not limited to, the following: aliphatic hydrocarbons such as mineral spirits and high flash point naphtha; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene; toluene; xylene; solvent naphtha 100,150, 200; those available from Exxon-Mobil Chemical Company under the trade name SOLVESSO (RTM); alcohols such as ethanol; n-propanol; isopropanol; and n-butanol; ketones such as acetone; cyclohexanone; methyl isobutyl ketone; methyl ethyl ketone; esters such as ethyl acetate; acetate of butilo; n-hexyl acetate; RHODIASOLV (RTM) RPDE (a mixture of succinic and adipic esters commercially available from Solvay); glycols such as butyl glycol; glycol ethers such as methoxypropanol; ethylene glycol monomethyl ether; ethylene glycol monobutyl ether and combinations thereof. The solvent, when present, can be used in the coating composition in any suitable amount. The coating compositions may comprise at least 5% by weight, such as at least 20% by weight, such as at least 50% by weight, such as at least 75% by weight, or even at least 80% by weight of solvent. based on the total weight of the coating composition. The coating compositions may comprise up to 99.9% by weight, such as up to 99% by weight, such as up to 95% by weight, such as up to 90% by weight, such as up to 85% by weight of solvent based on total weight. of the coating composition. The coating compositions may comprise from 5 to 99.9% by weight, such as from 5 to 99% by weight, such as from 5 to 95% by weight, such as from 5 to 90% by weight, such as from 5 to 85 % by weight of solvent based on the total weight of the coating composition. The coating compositions may comprise from 20 to 99.9% by weight, such as from 20 to 99% by weight, such as from 20 to 95% by weight, such as from 20 to 90% by weight, such as from 20 to 85 % by weight of solvent based on the total weight of the coating composition. The coating compositions may comprise from 50 to 99.9% by weight, such as from 50 to 99% by weight, such as from 50 to 95% by weight, such as from 50 to 90% by weight, such as from 50 to 85 % by weight of solvent based on the total weight of the coating composition. The coating compositions may comprise from 75 to 99.9% by weight, such as from 75 to 99% by weight, such as from 75 to 95% by weight, such as from 75 to 90% by weight, such as from 75 to 85 % by weight of solvent based on the total weight of the coating composition. The coating compositions may comprise from 80 to 99.9% by weight, such as from 80 to 99% by weight, such as from 80 to 95% by weight, such as from 80 to 90% by weight, such as from 80 to 85 % by weight of solvent based on the total weight of the coating composition. Polyhydroxyalkylamide material and / or film-forming resin can be MA / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or be dissolved or dispersed in said solvent during and / or after its formation. The coating compositions may comprise additional crosslinking material. The coating compositions may comprise any suitable additional crosslinking material. The intermediate trade person will know suitable additional crosslinking materials. The additional crosslinking material can be a single molecule, a dimer, an oligomer, a (co)polymer, or a mixture of these. The additional crosslinking material can be a dimer or a trimer. Suitable additional crosslinking materials include, but are not limited to: phenolic resins (or phenol-formaldehyde resins); aminoplast resins (or triazine formaldehyde resins); amino resins; epoxy resins; isocyanate resins; hydroxyl functional alkyl polyurea materials; alkylated carbamate resins; polyacids; anhydrides; organometallic acid functional materials; polyamines; and / or polyamides and combinations of these. Suitable examples of phenolic resins are those formed from the reaction of a phenol with an aldehyde or a ketone, such as from the reaction of a phenol with an aldehyde, such as from the reaction of a phenol with formaldehyde. or acetaldehyde, or even from the reaction of a phenol with formaldehyde. Non-limiting examples of phenols that can be used to form phenolic resins are phenol, butylphenol, xylenol, and cresol. The general preparation of phenolic resins is described in The Chemistry and Application of Phenolic Resins or Phenoplasts, Volume V, Part I, edited by Dr Oldring; John Wiley and Sons / Cita Technology Limited, London, 1997. Phenolic resins may be of the resol type. The term "resol-like" means resins formed in the presence of a basic (alkaline) catalyst and, optionally, an excess of formaldehyde. Suitable examples of commercially available phenolic resins include, but are not limited to, those sold under the trade name PHENODUR (RTM), commercially available from Allnex, such as PHENODUR EK-827, PHENODUR VPR1785, PHENODUR PR 515, PHENODUR PR516, PHENODUR PR 517, PHENODUR PR 285, PHENODUR PR612 or PHENODUR PH2024; resins sold under the trade name BAKELITE (RTM) commercially available from Sumitomo Bakelite co., Itd., such as BAKELITE 6582 LB, BAKELITE 6535, BAKELITE PF9989 or BAKELITE PF6581; SFC 112 commercially available from SI Group; those marketed under the trade name DUREZ (RTM), commercially available through SHHPP, such as DUREZ 33356; those sold under the tradename ARALINK (RTM), commercially available from Bitrez, such as ARALINK 40-852; those sold under the trade name CURAPHEN (RTM), commercially available from BITREZ Ltd, such as CURAPHEN 40-804 W75; or combinations of these. Suitable examples of isocyanate resins include, but are not limited to, the following: isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), such as those sold under the trade name DESMODUR (RTM) available commercially from Covestro, for example, DESMODUR VP-LS 2078 / 2 or DESMODUR PL 340 or those sold under the trade name VESTANAT (RTM) commercially available from Evonik, for example, VESTANAT B 1370, VESTANAT B 118 6A or VESTANAT B 1358 A; hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI)-based blocked aliphatic polyisocyanate, such as those sold under the tradename DESMODUR (RTM) available commercially from Covestro, for example, DESMODUR BL3370 or DESMODUR BL 3175 SN, those sold under the tradename DURANATE (RTM) commercially available from Asahi KASEI, for example, DURANATE MF-K60X, those sold under the tradename TOLONATE (RTM) commercially available from Vencorex Chemicals, for example, TOLONATE D2, or sold under the tradename TRIXENE (RTM) commercially available from Baxenden, for example, TRIXENE-BI-7984 or TRIXENE 7981; or combinations of these. The additional crosslinking material may be in the form of a urea material. The additional crosslinking material may comprise a hydroxyl substituted urea material. The additional crosslinking material may comprise a hydroxy functional alkyl polyurea material. The hydroxy functional alkyl polyurea material may comprise a material having the formula: I I O p / Η μ \ R—FN^N.n\ R1 / n where R comprises an isocyanurate moiety, a biuret moiety, an allophonate moiety, a glycoluril moiety, a benzoguanamine moiety, a polyetheramine moiety and / or a polymeric moiety different from a polyetheramine and having an Mn of 500 or greater; wherein each Ri is independently a hydrogen, alkyl having at least 1 carbon, or a hydroxy-functional alkyl having 2 or more carbons, and at least one Ri is a hydroxy-functional alkyl having 2 or more carbons; and n is 2-6. The hydroxy functional alkyl polyurea material may comprise a material having the formula: I I O R / Η η .RHN^-N.Ri)nen where R2 is a substituted or unsubstituted Ci to C36 alkyl group, an aromatic group, an isocyanurate moiety, a biuret moiety, an allophonate moiety, a glycoluril moiety, a benzoguanamine moiety , a polyetheramine moiety and / or a polymeric moiety other than a polyetheramine and having an Mn of 500 or greater; wherein each Ri is independently a hydrogen, an alkyl having at least 1 carbon, or a hydroxy-functional alkyl having 2 or more carbons, and at least one Ri is a hydroxy-functional alkyl having 2 or more carbons; and n is 2-6. Further details of suitable hydroxy-functional alkyl polyurea materials, the entire contents of which are fully incorporated herein by reference, are disclosed in PCT patent application WO 2017 / 123955. The additional crosslinking material may comprise a phenolic resin. Additional crosslinking material, when present, can be used in the coating composition in any suitable amount. Additional crosslinking material, when present, can be used in amounts of 0.1 to 20% by weight, such as 0.5 to 15% by weight, such as 1 to 10% by weight, such as 1 to 5% by weight. weight, such as from 1 to 3% by weight based on the total weight of solids of the coating composition. Coating compositions may comprise up to 3% by weight of polyhydroxyalkylamide material and up to 3% by weight of additional crosslinking material based on the total weight of solids of the coating composition. Coating compositions can comprise up to 3% by weight of polyhydroxyalkylamide material and up to 3% by weight of phenolic resin based on the total weight of solids of the coating composition. When the coating composition is for a packaging end use, such as a food and / or beverage packaging end use, the food and / or beverage coating compositions may comprise up to 3% by weight of polyhydroxyalkylamide material and up to 3% by weight of additional crosslinking material based on the total weight of solids of the coating composition. When the coating composition is for a packaging end use, such as a food and / or beverage packaging end use, the food and / or beverage coating compositions may comprise up to 3% by weight of polyhydroxyalkylamide material and up to 3% by weight of phenolic resin based on the total weight of solids of the coating composition. The coating compositions may further comprise a second curing agent. The mid-level craft person will know suitable catalysts. The catalyst can be a metal or non-metal catalyst or a combination of these. Suitable non-metal catalysts include, but are not limited to, the following: phosphoric acid; blocked phosphoric acid; CYCAT (RTM) XK 406 N (commercially available from Allnex); sulfuric acid; sulfonic acid; CYCAT 600 (commercially available from Allnex); NACURE (RTM) 5076 or NACURE 5925 (commercially available from King industries); acid phosphate catalyst such as NACURE XC 235 ΜΛ / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or (commercially available from King Industries); and combinations of these. The mid-level trader will know suitable metal catalysts. Suitable metal catalysts include, but are not limited to, the following: tin-containing catalysts, such as monobutyltin tris(2-ethylhexanoate); zirconium-containing catalysts, such as KKAT(RTM) 4205 (commercially available from King Industries); titanate-based catalysts, such as tetrabutyl titanate TnBT (commercially available from Sigma Aldrich); and combinations of these. The catalyst, when present, can be used in the coating composition in any suitable amount. The catalyst, when present, can be used in amounts of 0.001 to 10% by weight, such as 0.001 to 5% by weight, such as 0.01 to 5% by weight, or even 1 to 3% by weight depending on of the total weight of solids of the coating composition. The catalyst, when present, can be used in amounts of 0.01 to 1.5% by weight based on the total weight of solids of the coating composition. The coating compositions may comprise other optional materials well known in the coating formulation art, such as colorants, plasticizers, abrasion resistant particles, antioxidants, hindered amine light stabilizers, UV light stabilizers and absorbers, surfactants, flow control agents, thixotropic agents, fillers, organic cosolvents, reactive diluents, catalysts, grinding vehicles, lubricants, waxes, and other common auxiliaries. As used herein, the term "colorant" means any substance that imparts color and / or other opacity and / or other visual effect to the composition. The colorant can be added to the coating composition in any suitable form, such as separate particles, dispersions, solutions and / or sheets. A single colorant or a mixture of two or more colorants can be used in the coatings. Suitable dyes are listed in US Patent No. 8,614,286, column 7, line 2 to column 8, line 65, which is incorporated herein by reference. Suitable for packaging coatings are those approved for contact with food, such as titanium dioxide; iron oxides, such as black iron oxide; aluminum paste; aluminum powder, such as aluminum flake; carbon black; ultramarine blue; phthalocyanines, such as phthalocyanine blue and phthalocyanine green; chromium oxides, such as green chromium oxide; graphite fibrils; ferrous yellow; Quindo red; and combinations thereof, and those listed in section 178.3297 of the Code of Federal Regulations, which is incorporated herein by reference. The colorant, when present, can be used in the coating composition in any suitable amount. The colorant, when present, can be used in the coating composition in amounts up to 90% by weight, such as up to 50% by weight, or even up to 10% by weight based on the total weight of solids of the coating composition. . The mid-level trade person will know suitable lubricants. The examples ΜΛ / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or suitable lubricants include, but are not limited to, the following: carnauba wax and polyethylene type lubricants. The lubricant, when present, can be used in the coating composition in amounts of at least 0.01% by weight based on the total weight of solids in the coating composition. Surfactants can optionally be added to the coating composition to aid flow and wetting of the substrate. The person of the average level trade will know suitable surfactants. The surfactant, when present, is chosen to be compatible with food and / or beverage container applications. Suitable surfactants include, but are not limited to, the following: alkyl sulfates (eg, sodium lauryl sulfate); ether sulfates; phosphate esters; sulfonates; and its various alkali, ammonium and amine salts; aliphatic alcohol ethoxylates; alkylphenol ethoxylates (eg nonyl phenol polyether); salts and / or combinations of these. Surfactants, when present, may be present in amounts of 0.01% by weight to 10% by weight, such as 0.01 to 5% by weight, such as 0.01 to 2% by weight based on total weight of solids. the coating composition. The coating compositions can be substantially free, essentially free, or completely free of bisphenol A (BPA) and derivatives thereof. Bisphenol A derivatives include, for example, bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE). The coating compositions can be substantially free or completely free of bisphenol F (BPF) and derivatives thereof. Bisphenol F derivatives include, for example, bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BPFG). The aforementioned compounds or derivatives thereof may not be intentionally added to the coating composition but may be present in trace amounts due to unavoidable contamination from the environment. Substantially free refers to coating compositions, or components thereof, that contain less than 1000 parts per million (ppm) of any of the aforementioned compounds or derivatives thereof. Essentially free refers to coating compositions, or components thereof, that contain less than 100 ppm of any of the aforementioned compounds or derivatives thereof. Completely free refers to coating compositions, or components thereof, that contain less than 20 parts per billion (ppb) of any of the compounds or derivatives thereof. The coating compositions can be substantially free, essentially free, or completely free of dialkyltin compounds, including oxides or other derivatives thereof. Examples of dialkyltin compounds include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: dibutyltindilaurate (DBTDL); dioctyltin dilaurate; dimethyltin oxide; diethyltin oxide; dipropyltin oxide; dibutyltin oxide (DBTO); dioctyltin oxide (DOTO) or combinations thereof. Substantially free refers to coating compositions, or MA / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or components thereof, which contain less than 1000 parts per million (ppm) of any of the aforementioned compounds or derivatives thereof. Essentially free refers to coating compositions, or components thereof, that contain less than 100 ppm of any of the aforementioned compounds or derivatives thereof. Completely free refers to coating compositions, or components thereof, that contain less than 20 parts per billion (ppb) of any of the aforementioned compounds or derivatives thereof. The coating compositions can be substantially free, essentially free, or completely free of bromide. Substantially free refers to coating compositions, or components thereof, that contain less than 1000 parts per million (ppm) of bromide. Essentially free refers to coating compositions, or components thereof, that contain less than 100 ppm bromide. Completely free refers to coating compositions, or components thereof, that contain less than 20 parts per billion (ppb) of bromide. The coating compositions can be substantially free, essentially free, or completely free of formaldehyde. Substantially free refers to coating compositions, or components thereof, that contain less than 1000 parts per million (ppm) of formaldehyde. Essentially free refers to coating compositions, or components thereof, that contain less than 100 ppm formaldehyde. Completely free refers to coating compositions, or components thereof, that contain less than 20 parts per billion (ppb) of formaldehyde. The coating compositions can be substantially free, essentially free, or completely free of diethanolamine. Substantially free refers to coating compositions, or components thereof, that contain less than 1000 parts per million (ppm) of diethanolamine. Essentially free refers to coating compositions, or components thereof, that contain less than 100 ppm diethanolamine. Completely free refers to coating compositions, or components thereof, that contain less than 20 parts per billion (ppb) of diethanolamine. The coating compositions can be applied to any suitable substrate. The substrate can be made of metal, plastic, composite material and / or wood. The substrate may be a metal substrate. The substrate can be an item such as an automotive product, a home appliance or office device, a piece of furniture or a tool, a powered industrial product, a consumer electronics product, an architectural product, or a product protected by an intumescent coating. M A / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or Examples of suitable metal substrates include, but are not limited to, food and / or beverage containers, components used to manufacture such containers or cans, and / or monobloc aerosol tubes. The food and / or drink container may be a can. Examples of cans include, but are not limited to, two-piece cans, three-piece cans, and the like. Suitable examples of monobloc aerosol cans and / or tubes include, but are not limited to, deodorant and hairspray containers. The monobloc aerosol cans and / or tubes may be aluminum monobloc aerosol cans and / or tubes. The substrate can be a food and / or drink container or a component used to make such a container. The substrate can be a monobloc aerosol can and / or tube. The application of various pretreatments and coatings to packaging is well established. Such treatments and / or coatings, for example, can be used in the case of metal cans, where the treatment and / or coating is used to retard or inhibit corrosion, provide a decorative coating, ease handling during the manufacturing process. and the like. Coatings can be applied to the interior of such cans to prevent the contents from coming into contact with the metal of the container. Contact between metal and a food or drink, for example, can result in corrosion of a metal container, which can contaminate the food or drink. This is particularly the case when the contents of the can are acidic in nature. Coatings applied to the inside of metal cans also help prevent corrosion in the headspace of the cans, which is the area between the product fill space and the can lid; Headspace corrosion is particularly problematic with food products that have a high salt content. Coatings can also be applied to the exterior of metal cans. The coating compositions are particularly applicable for use on coiled metal parts, such as the coiled metal parts from which the ends of cans are made (can end piece), and end caps are made. and closures (cap / closure part). Since coatings designed for use on the can end piece and cap / closure piece are typically applied prior to part cutting and stamping of the coiled metal part, they are generally flexible and extensible. For example, such a part is usually coated on both sides. The coated piece of metal is then drilled. For the can ends, the metal is marked for the tongue opening and the tongue ring is then attached with a dowel that is fabricated separately. The end is then attached to the body of the can using an edge rolling process. A similar process is carried out for easy open can ends. For easy open can ends, a score substantially around the perimeter of the lid allows MA / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or easy opening or removal of the lid from the can, usually by means of a tab. For caps and closures, the cap / closure part is generally coated, such as by roll coating, and the cap or closure is stamped out of the part; however, it is possible to coat the cap / closure after forming. Coatings for cans subjected to relatively stringent temperature and / or pressure requirements should also be resistant to creasing, corrosion, clouding and / or blistering. The substrate can be a container coated at least in part with any of the coating compositions described herein. A container is any object used to contain another item, particularly for shipment from a point of manufacture to a consumer, and for subsequent storage by a consumer. Therefore, a container will be understood as something that is sealed to keep its content free from deterioration until it is opened by a consumer. The manufacturer will often identify the duration for which the food or beverage will be free from spoilage, which typically ranges from several months to years. Thus, the present package is distinguished from a storage container or bakeware in which a consumer can make and / or store food; such a container would only maintain the freshness or integrity of the food for a relatively short period. A package in accordance with the present invention may be made from metal or non-metal, eg plastic or laminate, and may be of any shape. An example of a suitable package is a laminated tube. Another example of a suitable container is a metal can. The term metal can includes any type of metal can, container, or any type of receptacle or portion thereof that is sealed by the food and / or beverage manufacturer to minimize or eliminate spoilage of the contents until such container is opened by the consumer. An example of a metal can is a food can; The term food can is used herein to refer to cans, containers, or any type of receptacle or portion thereof used to store any type of food and / or beverage. The term metal can specifically includes food cans and also specifically includes can ends, including E-Z open ends, which are generally stamped into the can end piece and used in conjunction with food and beverage packaging. The term metal cans also specifically includes metal caps and / or closures such as bottle caps, screw caps and caps of any size, snap caps and the like. Metal cans can be used to store other products as well, including but not limited to personal care products, insect spray, spray paint, and any other compound suitable for packaging in an aerosol can. Cans may include two-piece cans and three-piece cans as well as stretched and ironed one-piece cans; such one-piece cans are often used with aerosol products. Containers coated in accordance with the present invention may also include plastic bottles, plastic tubes, laminates, and flexible containers, such as those made with PE, PP, PET. MA / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or and the like. Such packaging could store, for example, food, toothpaste, personal care products, and the like. The coating compositions can be applied to the interior and / or exterior of the container. The coating compositions can also be applied as an edge coating to the bottom of the can. The edge coating reduces friction to improve handling during continuous can manufacturing and / or processing. The coating compositions can also be applied to lids and / or closures; such application may include, for example, a protective varnish that is applied before and / or after formation of the cap / closure and / or a pigmented enamel that is then applied to the cap, particularly those that have a marked bond on the bottom of the lid. The decorated tin piece can also be partially coated on the outside with the coating described herein, and the decorated and coated tin piece can be used to form various metal cans. Metal coils, which have wide application in many industries, are also substrates that can be coated in accordance with the present invention. Coil coatings also generally comprise a colorant. The coating compositions of the present invention can be applied to at least a portion of the substrate. For example, when the coating compositions are applied to a food and / or beverage can, the coating compositions may be applied to at least a portion of an internal and / or external surface of said food and / or beverage can. For example, when the coating compositions are applied to a food and / or beverage can, the coating compositions may be applied to at least a portion of an internal surface of said food and / or beverage can. The coating composition can be applied as a repair coating for component parts of food or beverage cans. For example, as a repair liner for a full open end for food cans. This end component can be repair coated, after fabrication, by airless spraying the material onto the outside of the dotted line. Other uses of repair coatings include coating seams and welds, such as side seams where the coating can be applied to the area by spray (airless or air driven) or roll coating. The repair coating may also include protection of vulnerable areas where corrosion may likely occur due to damage. These areas include flanges, edges, and bottom edges where the coating may be applied by spray, roll coating, or dip coating. An automotive product can be a vehicle or any part of it. Any part or surface of the vehicle that can be coated to improve a property of the vehicle (for example, its gloss, scratch resistance, corrosion resistance or UV resistance) can M A / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or be a coating with a composition as defined herein. The term vehicle is used in its broadest sense and includes (but is not limited to) all types of air, space, water and land vehicles. For example, a vehicle may include air vehicles, such as airplanes, including private aircraft, and small, medium, or large aircraft for commercial passenger, cargo, and military use; helicopters, including private, commercial and military helicopters; aerospace vehicles, including rockets and other types of spacecraft. Vehicles may include land vehicles such as, for example, trailers, automobiles, trucks, buses, long-distance buses, vans, ambulances, fire trucks, motor homes, campers, go-karts, strollers, forklifts, riding lawn tractors, agricultural vehicles such as such as tractors and combines, construction vehicles such as excavators, bulldozers and cranes, golf carts, motorcycles, bicycles, trains and railroad cars. Vehicles can also include vessels such as, for example, ships, submarines, boats, personal watercraft, and hovercraft. Coated vehicle parts may include body parts (for example, but not limited to, doors, body panels, trunk lid, roof panels, hood, roof and / or reinforcing bars, rivets, wheels, drivetrain components, landing gear and / or skins used on an aircraft), hulls, marine superstructures, vehicle frames, chassis and parts of the vehicle that are not generally visible, such as engine parts, motorcycle fairings and fuel tanks, fuel tank surfaces and other vehicle surfaces exposed to or potentially exposed to fuels, aerospace solvents, and aerospace hydraulic fluids. Any part of vehicles that can benefit from coating as defined herein may be subject to coating, whether exposed or hidden from view in normal use. Appliances or office supplies, furniture items or tools, as defined herein, are household appliances and furniture items and tools used in the home, including the garden, or in office settings. May include washing machines, dishwashers, dryers, refrigerators, ovens, microwaves, computer equipment and printers, air conditioning units, heat pump units, lawn and garden equipment including patio furniture, hot tubs, lawn mowers, garden tools lawn mowers, brush cutters, chainsaws, mulchers, garden hand tools such as sticks, pitchforks, rakes and cutting tools, cupboards, desks, tables, chairs, cabinets and other items. Any part of any such article that may benefit from coating as defined herein may be subjected to coating; for example, appliance or furniture panels and tool handles. An electrical industrial product may include, for example, pumps, generators, MA / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or electricity, air compressors, industrial heat pumps and air conditioners, batteries and cement mixers. Any part that can benefit from coating as defined herein may be subject to coating; for example, sample panels and casings. A consumer electronics product can be, for example, a computer, computer case, television, mobile phone, pager, camera, calculator, printer, scanner, set-top box, watch, audio player, headset, or tablet. An architectural product can be, for example, a door, window, door frame, window frame, beam or bracket, or panel, wall or roof item used in construction, or solar panel, wind turbine, an oil / gas well, offshore platform, storage tank, or in transportation or utility infrastructure. Products protected by intumescent coatings are usually metal structures, for example, steel structures, which are coated with an intumescent coating. Metal structures are generally load-bearing parts of buildings. Unprotected steel will generally begin to soften around 425°C and will lose about half its strength at 650°C. Intumescent coatings are used to retard the temperature rise of steel or other substrate. An intumescent coating can be improved by incorporating the defined acrylic polyester resin into the matrix of the intumescent material before coating it on the metal substrate to be protected. The acrylic polyester resin may be present in an amount of at least 1% by weight, such as at least 2% by weight, for example, at least 4% by weight, or at least 5%. The acrylic polyester resin is present in an amount of up to 50% by weight, such as up to 30% by weight, for example up to 25% by weight. These definitions refer to the weight of the acrylic polyester resin by weight of the blended acrylic polyester resin / intumescent material matrix to be applied on a substrate. Coated items may fall into two or more of the categories set forth above. For example, a computer equipment can be considered a household item or an office item, and a consumer electronics item. A beam or support, an architectural item, can be coated with an intumescent material. In the uses defined above, a coating composition is generally for coating surfaces and parts thereof (except for use in an intumescent coating which is a mixture). A part can include multiple surfaces. A part may include a portion of a larger part, assembly, or appliance. A portion of a part can be coated with an aqueous composition or powder composition as defined herein, or the entire part can be coated. The substrate may be new (i.e. newly built or fabricated) or may be ΜΛ / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or renewed, such as, for example, in the case of the restoration or repair of a component of an automobile or aircraft. As mentioned above, the coated substrate can comprise a carrier. For example, an aqueous or powder composition can be used in the coating of an F / A-18 jet or related aircraft, such as the F / A-18E Super Hornet and F / A-18F (manufactured by McDonnell Douglas / Boeing and Northrop); in the coating of the commercial airplane Boeing 787 Dreamliner, 737, 747, 717, and related aircraft (manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes); on the skin of the V-22 Osprey; VH-92, S-92, and related aircraft (manufactured by NAVAIR and Sikorsky); on the skin of the G650, G600, G550, G500, G450, and related aircraft (manufactured by Gulfstream); and in the skin of the A350, A320, A330, and related aircraft (manufactured by Airbus). An aqueous or powder composition can be used as a coating for use on commercial, military or general aviation aircraft, such as, for example, those manufactured by Bombardier Inc. and / or Bombardier Aerospace, such as Canadair Regional Jet (CRJ) and related aircraft; made by Lockheed Martin, such as the F-22 Raptor, F-35 Lightning, and related aircraft; manufactured by Northrop Grumman such as the B-2 Spirit and related aircraft; manufactured by Pilatus Aircraft Ltd.; Manufactured by Eclipse Aviation Corporation; or manufactured by Eclipse Aerospace (Kestrel Aircraft). The coating compositions can be applied to the substrate by any suitable method. One of the average level of the trade will know suitable methods for applying the coating compositions of the present invention. Suitable application methods for the coating compositions include, but are not limited to, the following: electrocoating, such as electrodeposition, spraying, electrostatic spraying, dipping, laminating, brushing, and the like. The coating compositions can be applied to the substrate, or a portion thereof, as a single coat or as part of a multi-coat system. The coating compositions can be applied as a single coat. The coating compositions can be applied to an uncoated substrate. For the avoidance of doubt, an uncoated substrate is extended to a surface that is cleaned prior to application. The coating compositions can be applied on top of another paint coat as part of a multi-coat system. For example, the coating compositions can be applied on top of a primer. The coating compositions can form an intermediate coat or a topcoat. The coating compositions can be applied as a first coat of a multi-coat system. The coating compositions can be applied as a base coat or a primer. The second, third, fourth, etc., coating may comprise any suitable paint, such as those containing, for example, epoxy resins; polyester resins; resins ΜΛ / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or polyurethane; polysiloxane resins; hydrocarbon resins or combinations thereof. The second, third, fourth, etc., coating may comprise polyester resins. The second, third, fourth, etc. coating may be a liquid coating or a powder coating. A mid-level trade person will understand that the coating compositions can be applied before or after the article is formed, such as packaging. For example, the coating compositions can be applied to a metal substrate which is then molded into a metal article, or the coating composition can be applied to the preformed packaging container. The coating compositions can be applied to a substrate once or multiple times. The coating compositions can be applied to the substrate by any suitable method. One of the average level of the trade will know methods for applying the coating compositions. Suitable application methods for the coating compositions include, but are not limited to, the following: electrocoating, spraying, electrostatic spraying, dipping, laminating, brushing, and the like. Further information on suitable application methods for applying suitable coating compositions to substrates will now be provided. A liquid coating composition can be electrophoretically deposited onto any electrically conductive substrate. Suitable substrates include metal substrates, metal alloy substrates, and / or substrates that have been plated, such as nickel-plated plastic. Additionally, the substrates may comprise non-metallic conductive materials including composite materials such as, for example, materials comprising carbon fibers or conductive carbon. The metal or metal alloy may comprise, for example, cold rolled steel, hot rolled steel, zinc metal coated steel, zinc compounds or zinc alloys such as electro galvanized steel, hot dipped galvanized steel, galvanized and annealed steel, nickel plated steel and zinc alloy plated steel. The substrate may comprise an aluminum alloy. Non-limiting examples of aluminum alloys include the 1XXX, 2XXX, 3XXX, 4XXX, 5XXX, 6XXX, or 7XXX series, as well as coated aluminum alloys and cast aluminum alloys, such as, for example, the A356 series. The substrate may comprise a magnesium alloy. Non-limiting examples of magnesium alloys from the AZ31B, AZ91C, AM60B or EV31A series can also be used as a substrate. The substrate may also comprise other suitable non-ferrous metals, such as titanium or copper, as well as alloys of such materials. The part to be coated may be in the shape of a cylinder, such as a tube, including, for example, a cast iron or steel tube. For example, the metal substrate also ΜΛ / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or may be in the form of a sheet metal or a fabricated part. The substrate can also comprise conductive or non-conductive substrates at least partially coated with a conductive coating. The conductive coating may comprise a conductive agent such as, for example, graphene, conductive carbon black, conductive polymers, or conductive additives. It will also be understood that the substrate can be pre-treated with a pre-treatment solution. Non-limiting examples of a pretreatment solution include a zinc phosphate pretreatment solution, such as, for example, those described in US Patent Nos. 4,793,867 and 5,588,989, a zirconium-containing pretreatment solution, such as, for example, example, those described in US Patent Nos. 7,749,368 and 8,673,091. Other non-limiting examples of a pretreatment solution include those comprising trivalent chromium, hexavalent chromium, lithium salts, permanganate, rare earth metals, such as yttrium, or lanthanides, such as cerium. Another non-limiting example of a suitable surface pretreatment solution is a sol-gel, such as that comprising alkoxysilanes, alkoxyzirconates and / or alkoxytitanates. Alternatively, the substrate can be a non-pretreated substrate, such as a bare substrate, that has not been pretreated with a pretreatment solution. The substrate can optionally be subjected to other treatments before coating. For example, the substrate can be cleaned, cleaned and deoxidized, anodized, acid etched, plasma treated, laser treated, or ion vapor deposition (IVD) treated. These optional treatments can be used separately in combination with a pre-treatment solution. A liquid composition can be used in an electrocoat layer that is part of a multilayer composite coating comprising a substrate with multiple coating layers. The coating layers may optionally include a pretreatment layer, such as a phosphate layer (for example, zinc phosphate layer) or a metal oxide layer (for example, zirconium oxide layer), an electrocoat layer as a result of an aqueous composition, optionally suitable primer coats and topcoats (eg basecoat, clear topcoat, pigmented topcoat monocoat and color plus clear composite compositions). Suitable additional coating layers are understood to include any of those known in the art, and each independently can be waterborne, solventborne, in solid particulate form (i.e., a powder coating composition) or in the form of a powdered slurry. Additional coating compositions may comprise a film-forming polymer, a crosslinking material and, if it is a basecoat or color coat monolayer, a pigment. Primer layers can optionally be arranged between the electrocoat layer and topcoats. Alternatively, the topcoats can be omitted so that the composite comprises the electrocoat layer and primer layers. Furthermore, topcoats can be applied directly over the electrodepositable topcoat layer. In other words, the substrate may lack a primer layer, so that the composite comprises the electrocoat layer and topcoats. For example, a basecoat layer can be applied directly over at least a portion of the electrodepositable coating layer. It will be understood that any of the topcoats can be applied over the undercoat even though the undercoat has not fully cured. For example, a clearcoat can be applied over a basecoat layer even though the basecoat layer has not undergone a cure step (wet on wet). Both layers can then be cured during the post cure step, thus eliminating the need to cure the basecoat layer and clearcoat separately. Powdered and similar terms, as used herein, refer to materials that are in solid particulate form, as opposed to materials that are in liquid form. Powder coating compositions may be applied by any suitable method. Methods for applying such powder coating compositions will be known to a mid-level trade person. Suitable application methods include, for example, electrodeposition, or are applied by, for example, ultracorona discharge. Powder coating compositions can be applied by ultracorona discharge. Typically, where the substrate is electrically conductive, the powder coating composition is applied electrostatically. Electrowinning generally involves drawing the coating composition from a fluidized bed and propelling it through a corona field. The particles of the coating composition acquire charge as they pass through the corona field and are attracted to and deposited on the electrically conductive substrate, which is grounded. As the charged particles begin to accumulate, the substrate becomes isolated, limiting the deposition of additional particles. The coating compositions can be in the form of a liquid or a powder. The coating compositions may be in the form of a liquid. Coating compositions can be solvent-based or aqueous. The coating compositions can be applied to the substrate by spraying. Thus, the coating compositions can be spray compositions. For the avoidance of doubt, the term "spray composition" and similar terms, as used herein, mean, unless otherwise specified, that the coating is suitable for application to a substrate by spraying, ie, it is sprayable. The coating compositions can be applied to the substrate by MA / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or electrodeposition. The present inventors have surprisingly and advantageously discovered that the coatings of the present invention can be easier to apply by electrodeposition compared to coatings comprising known small molecule (poly)hydroxyalkylamide crosslinkers. This may be because the polyhydroxyalkylamide materials of the present invention are more soluble in solvents compared to known small molecule (polyhydroxyalkylamide) crosslinkers. Therefore, the coating compositions can be electrodepositable compositions. For the avoidance of doubt, the term electrodepositable composition and similar terms, as used herein, mean, unless otherwise specified, that the coating is suitable for application to a substrate by electrodeposition. The coating compositions can be applied at any suitable dry film thickness. The coating compositions may be applied at a dry film thickness of 1 to 100 microns (pm), suitably from 1 to 75 pm, such as 1 to 50 pm, such as 1 to 40 pm, such as 1 to 20 pm or even from 1 to 10 pm. Coating compositions and / or deposited layers thereof, as well as any pretreatment layer, primer layer or topcoat, which are substantially free of chromium or chromium-containing compounds means that chromium or chromium-containing compounds are not intentionally added, but may be present in trace amounts, for example, due to their impurities or unavoidable contamination of the environment. In other words, the amount of material is so small that it does not affect the properties of the composition; this may further include that chromium or chromium-containing compounds are not present in an aqueous or powder composition and / or deposited layers thereof, as well as any pretreatment, primer or topcoat, to such a level that they cause a burden on the environment. The term "substantially free" means that a coating composition and / or deposited layers thereof, as well as any pretreatment layer, primer layer or topcoat, contain less than 10 ppm of chromium, based on the total weight of solids of the composition. composition, the layer or layers, respectively, if any. By essentially free it is meant that a coating composition and / or deposited layers thereof, as well as any pretreatment, primer or topcoat, contain less than 1 ppm of chromium, based on the total weight of solids of the composition. composition or the layer or layers, respectively, if any. The term "completely free" means that a coating composition and / or layers comprising it, as well as any pretreatment layer, primer layer or topcoat, contain less than 1 ppb of chromium, based on the total weight of solids of the composition. composition, the layer or layers, respectively, if any. The coating compositions can be cured by any suitable method. The coating composition can be cured by heat curing, radiation curing, or chemical curing, such as heat curing. The coating composition, when heat cured, can be cured at any suitable temperature. The coating composition, when heat cured, can be cured at a peak metal temperature (PMT) of 150 to 350°C, such as 175 to 320°C, such as 190 to 300°C, or even from 200 to 280°C. For the avoidance of doubt, the term peak metal temperature, and similar terms, as used herein, mean, unless otherwise specified, the maximum temperature reached by the metal substrate during exposure to heat during processing. heat curing. In other words, Peak Metal Temperature (PMT) is the maximum temperature reached by the metal substrate and not the temperature applied to it. A mid-level trade person will appreciate that the temperature reached by the metal substrate can be less than the temperature applied to it or can be substantially the same as the temperature applied to it. The temperature reached by the metal substrate can be lower than the temperature applied to it. Curing of the coating compositions can form a cured film. Polyhydroxyalkylamide materials as described herein can be formed by any suitable method. For example, when Z is an acrylic polymer derived from monomers having ethylenic unsaturation, the polyhydroxyalkylamide material can be formed from a method comprising: (i) reacting one or more ethylenically unsaturated monomers having an epoxy group with the reaction product of a diacid and an alkanolamine to form a hydroxyalkylamide functional monomer; and (ii) causing the hydroxyalkylamide-functional monomer of step (i) to polymerise, optionally in the presence of one or more additional ethylenically unsaturated monomers. Alternatively or additionally, the polyhydroxyalkylamide material may be formed by a method comprising: reacting a prepolymer having at least two epoxy groups and / or a diepoxide with the reaction product of a diacid and an alkanolamine. Therefore, the present invention provides a method for preparing a polyhydroxyalkylamide material, wherein the method comprises reacting a prepolymer having at least two epoxy and / or diepoxide groups with the reaction product of a diacid and an alkanolamine. The prepolymer can be any suitable prepolymer having at least two epoxy groups. The prepolymer can be an acrylic prepolymer having at least two epoxy groups. The prepolymer may be an acrylic prepolymer derived from monomers having unsaturation. M A / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or ethylenic, wherein said prepolymer has at least two epoxy groups. The acrylic prepolymer can be formed from any suitable monomers having ethylenic unsaturation. Suitable monomers are as defined herein in relation to Z, when Z is an acrylic polymer derived from monomers having ethylenic unsaturation. The acrylic prepolymer can be formed from one or more monomers that comprise an epoxy group. The acrylic prepolymer can be formed from monomers comprising glycidyl acrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, or combinations of these, such as glycidyl methacrylate. The acrylic prepolymer can be formed from monomers comprising glycidyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, hydroxylethyl methacrylate, and combinations thereof. Alternatively or additionally, the acrylic prepolymer can be further modified to introduce epoxy functionality into it. The diepoxide can be any suitable diepoxide. Suitable diepoxides are as defined herein in relation to Z, when Z is derived from a diepoxide. The method comprises reacting the prepolymer having at least two epoxy groups and / or the diepoxide with the reaction product of a diacid and an alkanolamine. The diacid can be any suitable diacid. Suitable diacids include, among others: oxalic acid; malonic acid; succinic acid; orthophthalic acid; isophthalic acid; maleic acid; fumaric acid; itaconic acid; methylmalonic acid; ethylmalonic acid; propylmalonic acid; 2-methylsuccinic acid; 2-ethylsuccinic acid; 2-propylsuccinic acid; trans-cyclopentan-1,2-dicaboxylic acid; cis-cyclopentane1,2-dicaboxylic acid; trans-cyclohexane-1,2-dicaboxylic acid; cis-cyclohexane-1,2-dicaboxylic acid; 1,4-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid; 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid; hexahydrophthalic acid; methylhexahydrophthalic acid; acids and anhydrides of all the acids mentioned above; and combinations of these. The diacid can be represented by R10O-C(=O)-X-C(=O)-OR11 and / or the anhydrous derivative thereof, wherein X is as defined herein; and R10 and R11 each independently represent Ci to Cio alkyl, such as hydrogen or Ci to Ce alkyl, such as hydrogen or Ci to C4 alkyl, such as hydrogen or Ci to C2 alkyl, such as hydrogen or methyl, such as hydrogen. The diacid may comprise maleic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, itaconic acid, acids and anhydrides of all of the aforementioned acids or combinations thereof. The diacid may comprise succinic acid, succinic anhydride, itaconic acid, or combinations of these. The diacid may comprise succinic anhydride, itaconic acid, or combinations of these. The alkanolamine can be any suitable alkanolamine. The alkanolamine may be a Ci to Cio alkanolamine, such as a Ci to Ce alkanolamine, such as a Ci to C4 alkanolamine. ΜΛ / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or or even a Ci to C2 alkanolamine. Suitable alkanolamines include, among others: methanolamine; ethanolamine; methyl ethanolamine; ethyl ethanolamine; l-amino-2-propanol; 3-amino-l-propanol; 4-amino1-butanol; l-amino-2-butanol; l-amino-3-butanol; dimethylamine; diethanolamine; methyl diethanolamine; and combinations of these. The alkanolamine can be represented by NR9R12-YOH, where each of R9e Y is as defined herein; and R12 represents hydrogen or Ci to Cio alkyl, such as hydrogen or Ci to Ce alkyl, such as hydrogen or Ci to C4 alkyl, such as hydrogen or Ci to C2 alkyl, such as hydrogen or methyl. One of R9 or R12 may represent hydrogen and the other of R9 or R12 may represent methyl. Each of R9 and R12 can represent hydrogen. The amine can comprise ethanolamine, methyl ethanolamine, or combinations of these. The reaction product of a diacid and an alkanolamine can be produced by any suitable method. A person of the middle level trade will know proper methods. The diacid and alkanolamine can be reacted together in any suitable molar ratio of diacid to alkanolamine. For example, the diacid and alkanolamine can be reacted together in a diacid to alkanolamine molar ratio of 1:1 or even 1:0.95. The reaction product of a diacid and an alkanolamine can be according to Formula (XIV): or or R10CT Ί3Η R9 Formula (XIV) wherein each of X, Y, R9 and R10 is as defined herein. The method can be carried out at any suitable temperature. The method can be carried out at a temperature of 50 to 250°C, such as 60 to 200°C, such as 80 to 150°C, such as 90 to 120°C or even 90 to 110°C. c. The method can be carried out at a temperature of at least 50°C, such as at least 60°C, such as at least 80°C or even at least 90°C. The method can be carried out at a temperature of up to 250°C, such as up to 200°C, such as up to 150°C, such as up to 120°C or even up to 110°C. The method can be carried out at a temperature of 50 to 250°C, such as 50 to 200°C, such as 50 to 150°C, such as 50 to 120°C or even 50 to 110°C. c. The method can be carried out at a temperature of 60 to 250°C, such as 60 to 200°C, such as 60 to 150°C, such as 60 to 120°C or even 60 to 110°C. c. The method can be carried out at a temperature of 80 to 250°C, such as 80 to 200°C, such as 80 to 150°C, such as 80 to 120°C or even 80 to 110°C. c. The method MA / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or can be carried out at a temperature of 90 to 250°C, such as 90 to 200°C, such as 90 to 150°C, such as 90 to 120° C or even 90 to 110°C. The method can be carried out at a temperature of 100°C. As used herein, unless otherwise defined, the term "alk" or "alkyl" refers to saturated hydrocarbon radicals that are linear, branched, cyclic, or polycyclic portions or combinations thereof and contain from 1 to 20 carbon atoms. carbon, preferably 1 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 8 carbon atoms, even more preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms, even more preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms. These radicals can be optionally substituted with a chlorine, bromine, iodine, cyano, nitro, OR19, OC(O)R20, C(O)R21, C(O)OR22, NR23R24, C(O)NR25R26, SR27, C(O )SR27, C(S)NR25R26, aryl or Het, where R19 to R27 each independently represent hydrogen, aryl or alkyl, and / or may be interrupted by one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms, or by carbonyl, silane groups or dialkylsiloxane. Examples of such radicals can be independently selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, 2-methylbutyl, pentyl, isoamyl, hexyl, cyclohexyl, 3-methylpentyl, octyl and the like. As used herein, the term "alkenyl" refers to hydrocarbon radicals having one double bond, such as up to 4 double bonds, which are linear, branched, cyclic, or polycyclic portions or combinations thereof, and containing from 2 to 18 carbon atoms, such as 2 to 10 carbon atoms, such as 2 to 8 carbon atoms, such as 2 to 6 carbon atoms, such as 2 to 4 carbon atoms. These radicals can be optionally substituted with a hydroxyl, chloro, bromo, iodo, cyano, nitro, OR19, OC(O)R20, C(O)R21, C(O)OR22, NR23R24, C(O)NR25R26, SR27, C (O)SR27, C(S)NR25R26 or aryl, wherein R19 to R27 each independently represent hydrogen, aryl or alkyl, and / or may be interrupted by oxygen or sulfur atoms, or by silane or dialkylsiloxane groups. Examples of such radicals may be independently selected from alkenyl groups including vinyl, allyl, isopropenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-butenyl, 2-methyl2-butenyl, isoprenyl, farnesyl , geranyl, geranylgeranyl and the like. As used herein, the term "alkenylene" refers to a bivalent radical alkenyl group as defined above. For example, an alkenyl group, such as ethenyl which would be represented as -CH=CH2, becomes ethenylene, -CH=CH-, when represented as an alkenylene. Other alkenylene groups should be understood in the same way. As used herein, the term "alkynyl" refers to hydrocarbon radicals having one triple bond, such as up to 4 triple bonds, which are linear, branched, cyclic, or polycyclic portions or combinations thereof, and having from 2 to 18 carbon atoms, such as 2 to 10 carbon atoms, such as 2 to 8 carbon atoms, such as 2 to 6 M A / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or carbon atoms, such as 2 to 4 carbon atoms. These radicals can be substituted with a hydroxy, chloro, bromo, iodo, cyano, nitro, OR19, OC(O)R20, C(O)R21, C(O)OR22, NR23R24, C(O)NR25R26, SR27, C( O)SR27, C(S)NR25R26, or aryl, wherein each of R19 to R27 independently represents hydrogen, aryl or lower alkyl, and / or may be interrupted by oxygen or sulfur atoms, or by silane or dialkylsiloxane groups. Examples of such radicals may be independently selected from alkynyl radicals including ethynyl, propynyl, propargyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, and the like. As used herein, the term "alkynylene" refers to a bivalent radical alkynyl group as defined above. For example, an alkynyl group, such as ethynyl which would be represented as -C^CH, becomes ethynylene, -C=C-, when represented as an alkynylene. Other alkynylene groups should be understood in the same way. As used herein, the term "aryl" refers to an organic radical derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon by the removal of a hydrogen, and includes any monocyclic, bicyclic, or polycyclic carbon ring of up to 7 members in each ring, where at least one ring is aromatic. These radicals can be optionally substituted with a hydroxy, chloro, bromo, iodo, cyano, nitro, OR19, OC(O)R20, C(O)R21, C(O)OR22, NR23R24, C(O)NR25R26, SR27, C (O)SR27, C(S)NR25R26, aryl or Het, wherein R19 to R27 each independently represent hydrogen, aryl or lower alkyl, and / or may be interrupted by one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms, or by silane or dialkylsilicon. Examples of such radicals can be independently selected from phenyl, p-tolyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 4-(tert-butoxy)phenyl, 3-methyl-4-methoxyphenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 3- nitrophenyl, 3-aminophenyl, 3-acetamidophenyl, 4-acetamidophenyl, 2-methyl3-acetamidophenyl, 2-methyl-3-aminophenyl, 3-methyl-4-aminophenyl, 2-amino-3-methylphenyl, 2,4-dimethyl- 3-aminophenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, 3-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 3-amino-l-naphthyl, 2-methyl-3amino-l-naphthyl, 6-amino- 2-naphthyl, 4,6-dimethoxy-2-naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl, biphenyl, phenanthryl, anthryl or acenaphthyl and the like. When the suffix ene is used in conjunction with a chemical group, eg alkylene, it is understood to mean the group as defined herein having two points of attachment to other groups. As used herein, the term Ci to C20 alkylene, by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to Ci to C20 alkyl groups that are divalent, ie, with two points of attachment to two other groups. Alkylene groups can be linear or branched and can be substituted as indicated herein. Non-limiting examples of alkylene groups include methylene (CH2-), ethylene (-CH2-CH2-), methylmethylene (-CH(CH3)-), 1-methyl-ethylene (-CH(CH3)-CH2-), n -propylene (CH2-CH2-CH2-), 2-methylpropylene (-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH2-), 3-methylpropylene (-CH2-CH2-CH(CH3)-), n-butylene (-CH2-CH2- CH2-CH2-), 2-methylbutylene (-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH2-), 4-methylbutylene (-CH2-CH2CH2-CH(CH3)-), pentylene and its chain isomers, hexylene and its chain isomers, heptylene and its chain isomers, octylene and its chain isomers, nonylene and its chain isomers, decylene and its chain isomers, undecylene and its chain isomers, dodecylene and its chain isomers. As discussed above in relation to the terms heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, and heteroalkynyl, the terms heteroalkylene, heteroalkenylene, and heteroalkynylene refer mutatis mutandis to an alkylene, alkenylene, or alkynylene group containing one or more S, N, O, P, or Si atoms. . The term Het, when used herein, includes four to twelve membered, preferably four to ten membered, ring systems, which rings contain one or more heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and mixtures thereof, and which rings they may contain one or more double bonds or be non-aromatic, partially aromatic or fully aromatic in character. Ring systems can be monocyclic, bicyclic, or fused. Each Het group identified herein is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, cyano, nitro, oxo, lower alkyl (which alkyl group itself may be optionally substituted or terminated as defined below) OR19, OC(O )R20, C(O)R21, C(O)OR22, NR23R24, C(O)NR25R26, SR27, C(O)SR27, or C(S)NR25R26 wherein each of R19 to R27 independently represents hydrogen, aryl, or lower alkyl (which alkyl group itself may be optionally substituted or terminated as defined below). The term Het therefore includes groups such as azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolyl, indolyl, furanyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, oxatriazolyl, thiatriazolyl, pyridazinyl, morpholinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, optionally substituted piperidinyl, pyrazolyl and piperazinyl. The substitution on Het may be on a carbon atom of the Het ring or, where appropriate, on one or more of the heteroatoms. The Het groups can also be in the form of an N oxide. For the avoidance of doubt, reference to alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl or aralkyl in compound groups herein should be construed in the same manner, for example, reference to alkyl in aminoalkyl or ale in alkoxy should be construed as already mentioned alkyl or alkyl. , etc. As used herein, unless expressly specified otherwise, all numbers, such as those expressing values, ranges, amounts, or percentages, may be read as preceded by the expression around, even if this expression does not appear. expressly. In addition, the recitation of numerical ranges by endpoints includes all whole numbers and, where applicable, fractions subsumed within that range (for example, 1 to 5 may include 1, 2, 3, 4 when referring to, for example, example, to various elements, and can also include 1.5, 2, 2.75 and 3.80, when referring to, for example, measurements). The recitation of the endpoints also includes the values ​​of the endpoints themselves (for example, 1.0 to 5.0 includes both 1.0 and 5.0). Any numerical range indicated herein is intended to include ΜΛ / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or all subranges included in it. The singular encompasses the plural and vice versa. For example, although reference is made herein to a polyhydroxyalkylamide material, a film-forming resin, an acrylic polymer, and the like, one or more of each of these and any other components may be used. As used herein, the term "polymer" refers to oligomers and both homopolymers and copolymers, and the prefix poly refers to two or more. That includes, for example, and similar expressions mean that it includes, for example, among other things. The expression "comprising" and the term "comprising" as used herein are synonymous with including, including or containing, containing, and are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional unmentioned members, elements or method steps. Furthermore, although the present invention was described as comprising, the coating compositions detailed herein can also be described as consisting essentially of or consisting of. As used herein, the expression and / or, when used in a list of two or more items, means that any of the listed items may be used by itself or any combination of two or more of the listed items may be used. listed items. For example, if a list is described that comprises the group A, B and / or C, the list may comprise A alone; B alone; C alone; A and B in combination; A and C in combination, B and C in combination; or A, B and C in combination. The present invention may be in accordance with the following aspects: 1. A polyhydroxyalkylamide material having Formula (I): EITHER M A / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or Formula (I) wherein Z represents a polymer or an alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene or arylene group; Z' represents a bivalent organic linking group; m is 0 or 1; X represents a bivalent organic bridging group; R represents a hydroxyalkylamide group; and n is at least 2. 2. A polyhydroxyalkylamide material according to aspect 1, wherein the polymer is an acrylic polymer derived from monomers having ethylenic unsaturation. 3. A polyhydroxyalkylamide material according to aspect 2, wherein the monomers having ethylenic unsaturation comprise glycidyl methacrylate. 4. A polyhydroxyalkylamide material according to aspect 2 or 3, wherein Z' is substituted by an oxygen atom and a carbonyl group, such that the polyhydroxyalkylamide material is represented by Formula (II): ΜΛ / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or Formula (II) wherein Z represents an acrylic polymer derived from monomers having ethylenic unsaturation; Z represents an alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, aralkylene or arylene group; X represents a bivalent organic bridging group; and n is at least 2. 5. A polyhydroxyalkylamide material according to aspects 1 to 4, wherein Z is derived from a material having one or more epoxy groups. 6. A polyhydroxyalkylamide material according to aspects 1 to 5, wherein R is according to Formula (IV): Formula (IV) such that the polyhydroxyalkylamide material is represented by Formula Formula (V) wherein Z represents a polymer or an alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene or arylene group; Z' represents a bivalent organic linking group; m is 0 or 1; X represents a bivalent organic bridging group; R represents a hydroxyalkylamide group; R9 represents hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl group, or -Y-OH; each Y independently represents an alkylene, alkenylene, MA / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or alkynylene or arylene; and n is at least 2. 7. A polyhydroxyalkylamide material according to aspect 6, wherein R9 is hydrogen or methyl and Y is ethylene. 8. A polyhydroxyalkylamide material according to aspect 6 or 7, wherein, when R9 is a methyl group and X is an alkylene group, R9 forms, together with one or more atoms of X, a cyclic group, such that the material of polyhydroxyalkylamide is represented by Formula (VII): Formula (VII) wherein Z represents a polymer or an alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene or arylene group; Z' represents a bivalent organic linking group; m is 0 or 1; R11 is the bivalent radical of R9y represents a methylene group; X' is a fragment of X and represents -CR11-, where R11 represents hydrogen or a Ci to C9 alkyl group; X is the remaining fragment of X and represents a Coa Cs alkylene group; and n is at least 2. 9. A coating composition, wherein the composition comprises: a) a film-forming resin; and b) a polyhydroxyalkylamide material having Formula (I): Formula (I) arylene; where Z represents a polymer or an alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene or ΜΛ / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or Z' represents a bivalent organic linking group; m is 0 or 1; X represents a bivalent organic bridging group; R represents a hydroxyalkylamide group; and n is at least 2. 10. A coating composition according to aspect 9, wherein the film-forming resin comprises a solution polymerized acrylic resin and an emulsion polymerized acrylic resin. 11. A coating composition according to aspect 9 or 10, wherein the coating composition comprises additional crosslinking material, wherein the additional crosslinking material comprises a phenolic resin. 12. A substrate at least partially coated with a coating, wherein the coating is derived from a coating composition, wherein the coating composition comprises: a) a film-forming resin; and b) a polyhydroxyalkylamide material having Formula (I): EITHER Formula (I) wherein Z represents a polymer or an alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene or arylene group; Z' represents a bivalent organic linking group; m is 0 or 1; X represents a bivalent organic bridging group; R represents a hydroxyalkylamide group; and n is at least 2. 13. A package having at least a portion covered with a coating, wherein the coating is derived from a coating composition, wherein the coating composition comprises: to) b) a film-forming resin; and a polyhydroxyalkylamide material having Formula (I): Formula (I) wherein Z represents a polymer or an alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene or arylene group; Z' represents a bivalent organic linking group; m is 0 or 1; X represents a bivalent organic bridging group; R represents a hydroxyalkylamide group; and n is at least 2. 14. A method of preparing a polyhydroxyalkylamide material having the Formula (I): Formula (I) wherein Z represents a polymer or an alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene or arylene group; Z' represents a bivalent organic linking group; m is 0 or 1; X represents a bivalent organic bridging group; R represents a hydroxyalkylamide group; and n is at least 2, where the method comprises: reacting an acrylic prepolymer derived from monomers having ethylenic unsaturation, wherein said acrylic prepolymer has at least two epoxy groups and / or a diepoxide with the reaction product of a diacid and an alkanolamine. 15. A coating composition, wherein the coating composition comprises a polyhydroxyalkylamide material having Formula (I): EITHER Formula (I) where Z represents a polymer derived from monomers having ethylenic unsaturation, and where Z has acid functionality; Z' represents a bivalent organic linking group; m is 0 or 1; X represents a bivalent organic bridging group; R represents a hydroxyalkylamide group; and n is at least 2. 16. A method for preparing a polyhydroxyalkylamide material having the Fnrmi iH / TV EITHER MA / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or Formula (I) wherein Z represents an acrylic polymer derived from monomers having ethylenic unsaturation; Z' represents a bivalent organic linking group; m is 0 or 1; X represents a bivalent organic bridging group; R represents a hydroxyalkylamide group; and n is at least 2, where the method comprises: (i) reacting one or more ethylenically unsaturated monomers having an epoxy group with the reaction product of a diacid and an alkanolamine to form a hydroxyalkylamide functional monomer; and (ii) causing the hydroxyalkylamide-functional monomer of step (i) to polymerise, optionally in the presence of one or more additional ethylenically unsaturated monomers. All features contained herein may be combined with any of the foregoing and in any combination. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS For a better understanding of the invention, and to show how embodiments thereof can be carried out, reference will now be made, by way of example, to the attached schematic drawings and examples in which: Figure 1 shows a Ή NMR spectrum related to the examples discussed herein. Figures 2 and 3 show 13C NMR spectra related to the examples discussed herein. EXAMPLES Polyhydroxyalkylamide materials Examples 1 to 5 of polyhydroxyalkylamide (polyHAA) were prepared as follows. Example 1 of polyhydroxyalkylamide fpolyHAA) (A) Synthesis of acrylic prepolymer 1 Acrylic prepolymer 1 was prepared according to the formulation in Table 1 and by the following method. All amounts are given in parts by weight (pbw) unless otherwise specified. Polymerization was carried out in a reactor equipped with heating, stirring, and a water-cooled reflux condenser. A nitrogen sparge was applied to the reactor to obtain an inert atmosphere. Components 1 and 2 were charged to the reactor and heated to reflux at 150 to 160°C with stirring. A monomer mix containing components 3, 4, 5 and 6 and an initiator mix comprising components 7 and 8 were prepared separately and added to a monomer tank and initiator tank, respectively. The monomer mixture (components 3, 4, 5 and 6) was added to the reactor at a temperature of 140°C over a period of 150 minutes. The initiator mixture (components 7 and 8) was also added to the reactor at the same temperature, but over a period of 180 min, with charging of the initiator mixture beginning 5 min after the monomer mixture had started to cool. be loaded into the reactor. At the end of the starter feed, the reactor was held for 30 min before components 9 and 10 were added over a 30 min period. Then, the reactor was refluxed at 150°C for 60 minutes. After this time, the reactor (containing the reaction mixture) was allowed to cool by removing heat. When the reaction mixture was below 100°C, component 5 was added to the reactor. The resulting acrylic prepolymer was then removed from the reactor while hot. The resulting acrylic prepolymer was 62% solids by weight and had a Tg of 26.4°C. Table 1 - Formulation of acrylic prepolymer 1 ΜΛ / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or Acrylic Prepolymer 1 Component Quantity / pbw 1 Butyl Cellosolve 314.30 2 n-Butyl Alcohol 83.80 3 Glycidyl Methacrylate 500.00 4 Methyl Methacrylate 100.10 5 Butyl Acrylate 100.00 6 Butyl Methacrylate 300.10 7 t-Butyl Peroxy -3,5,5-tr Methylhexanoate 66.67 8 Butyl Cellosolve 66.70 9 t-butyl peroxy-3,5,5-trimethylhexanoate 5.00 10 Butyl Cellosolve 10.00 11 n-butyl alcohol 83.80 Total 1629.97 (B) Reaction of itaconic acid and ethanolamine The reaction was carried out in a 500 mL flask equipped with a condenser and a thermocouple. A nitrogen sparge was applied to the reactor to obtain an inert atmosphere. 130.1 grams (g) of itaconic acid in 260.2 g of deionized water were charged to the flask at room temperature. Then, 58.03 g of ethanolamine was added to the flask over a period of 30 minutes (to keep the reaction temperature below 50°C). After the ethanolamine was added, the flask was heated to reflux at 100°C. The reaction mixture was refluxed until an amine equivalent weight (MEQ) of <0.20 was reached. The flask (containing the reaction mixture) was allowed to cool before the product was poured out. The resulting product had an acid value of about 125 mg KOH / g. (C) Synthesis of polyhydroxyalkylamide (polyHAA) 1 The reaction was carried out in a 500 mL flask equipped with a condenser and a thermocouple. A nitrogen sparge was applied to the reactor to obtain an inert atmosphere. 106 g of the acrylic prepolymer prepared in step (A), 0.11 g of tetrabutylammonium bromide and 64.14 g of the reaction product of itaconic acid and ethanolamine prepared in step (B) were added to the flask and heated to 100°C. The flask (containing the reaction mixture) was kept at 100°C until the acid value was measured to be below 10 mg KOH / g. Then 53g of n-butanol was added before the product was poured through a cone. The resulting polyhydroxyalkylamide material was 62% solids by weight. The polyhydroxyalkylamide material had a Tg of 26.4°C. Polyhydroxyalkylamide (polyHAA) Example 2 (A) Acrylic Prepolymer 2 Acrylic prepolymer 2 was prepared according to the formulation in Table 2 and by the following method. All amounts are given in parts by weight (pbw) unless otherwise specified. Polymerization was carried out in a 3L flask equipped with heating, cooling, stirring, and a water-cooled reflux condenser. A nitrogen sparge was applied to the flask to obtain an inert atmosphere. Components 1 and 2 were charged to the flask and heated to 144°C with stirring. A monomer mix containing components 3, 4, 5 and 6 and an initiator mix comprising components 7 and 8 were prepared separately and added to a monomer tank and initiator feed line, respectively. The initiator mix (components 7 and 8) was added to the flask over a period of 180 min. The monomer mixture (components 3, 4, 5, and 6) was also added to the flask, but over a period of 150 minutes, with charging of the monomer mixture beginning 5 minutes after the initiator mixture had started to cool. load into the flask. At the end of the monomer / initiator feeds, the reactor was cooled to 130°C and held at this temperature for 30 min. After this time, components 9 and 10 were added over a period of 30 minutes. Then, the reactor was kept for 60 minutes at 130°C with stirring. Component 11 was then added before allowing the flask (containing the reaction mixture) to cool to 40°C by removing the heat. The resulting acrylic prepolymer was 61% solids by weight and had an Mw of 6.457 Da. ΜΛ / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or Table 2 - Formulation of the acrylic oreoolimer 2 Acrylic Prepolymer 2 Component Quantity / pbw 1 Butyl Cellosolve 314.30 2 n-Butyl Alcohol 83.980 3 Glycidyl Methacrylate 500.00 4 Methyl Methacrylate 100.00 5 Butyl Acrylate 100.00 6 Butyl Methacrylate 300.00 7 Luperox 2 70 1 66.70 8 Butyl Cellosolve 66.70 9 Luperox270 5.00 10 Butyl Cellosolve 10.00 11 n-butyl alcohol 83.80 Total 1630.48 1 peroxyester polymerization initiator (available from Arkema) (B) Reaction of succinic anhydride and N-methyl ethanolamine The reaction was carried out in a 3000 mL flask equipped with a condenser, an additional funnel, and a thermocouple. A nitrogen sparge was applied to the reactor to obtain an inert atmosphere. 751.10 grams (g) of N-methyl ethanolamine in 1000 g of acetone was charged to the flask at room temperature. The reaction mixture was then slowly cooled to 0°C. Once the reaction mixture reached this temperature, 1000.70 g of succinic anhydride was added to the flask over a period of 60 minutes (to keep the reaction temperature below 20°C). Once the succinic anhydride was added, the flask was slowly warmed to room temperature. Then the solvent (acetone) was removed by vacuum distillation. The product was then poured. (C) Synthesis of polyhydroxyalkylamide (polyHAA) 2 The reaction was carried out in a 1000 mL flask equipped with a condenser, an additional funnel, and a thermocouple. A nitrogen sparge was applied to the reactor to obtain an inert atmosphere. To the flask was added 0.06 g of the reaction product of succinic anhydride and N-methyl ethanolamine prepared in step (B), 100.2 g of n-butyl alcohol and 41.56 g of tetrabutylammonium bromide and heated to 95°C with stirring. Then, 115.62 g of the acrylic prepolymer prepared in step (A) was added to the flask dropwise over a period of 2 hours (to keep the reaction temperature below 100°C). The flask (containing the reaction mixture) was kept at 100°C until the acid value was measured to be below 10 mg KOH / g. After the addition of the acrylic prepolymer prepared in step (A), the reaction mixture was kept at a temperature of 95°C for ca. 16 hours until a stable acid value of 17 mg KOH / g was reached. The flask (containing the reaction mixture) was then cooled to 40°C. The resulting polyhydroxyalkylamide material was 42.44% by weight solids and had an Mw of 6.616 Da. Example 3 of polyhydroxyalkylamide (polyHAA) (A) Reaction of succinic anhydride and N-methyl ethanolamine The reaction was carried out in a 500 mL flask equipped with a condenser, additional funnel, and thermocouple in a cooling bath. A nitrogen sparge was applied to the reactor to obtain an inert atmosphere. 50.04 grams (g) of succinic anhydride in 105.07 g of methanol were charged to the flask at room temperature. The reaction mixture was then slowly cooled to 0°C. Once the reaction mixture reached this temperature, 37.56 g of N-methyl ethanolamine was added to the flask over a period of 30 minutes (to keep the reaction temperature below 5°C). Once the N-methyl ethanolamine was added, the flask was slowly warmed to room temperature. The reaction mixture was kept at room temperature until a stable amine equivalent weight (MEQ) of 0.570 was reached. The product was then poured. M A / C / XUX I / UOZ IO or (B) Synthesis of polyhydroxyalkylamide (polyHAA) 3 The reaction was carried out in a 1000 mL flask equipped with a condenser and a thermocouple. A nitrogen sparge was applied to the reactor to obtain an inert atmosphere. To the flask was added 57.26 g of the reaction product of succinic anhydride and N-methyl ethanolamine prepared in step (A) and 59.80 g of CELLOXIDE 2021 P (available from DAICEL U.S.A.) and heated to reflux at 80°C with agitation. The reaction mixture was refluxed for ca. 6 hours until an acid value of less than 5 mg KOH / g was reached (AV was 3.52 mg KOH / g). The flask (containing the reaction mixture) was then cooled to 40°C before the product was poured out. The resulting polyhydroxyalkylamide material was 57.44% by weight solids and had an Mw of 413 Da. The resulting polyhydroxyalkylamide material had a theoretical hydroxyalkylamide equivalent weight on solids of 547 g / equivalent. Example 4 of polyhydroxyalauylamide fpolyHAA) (A) Synthesis of acrylic prepolymer 3 An acrylic prepolymer comprising 50% glycidyl methacrylate, 18% butyl methacrylate, 12% methyl methacrylate, 10% butyl acrylate and 10% hydroxyethyl methacrylate was prepared according to the formulation in Table 3. and by the following method. All amounts are given in parts by weight (pbw) unless otherwise specified. Polymerization was carried out in a 3L flask equipped with heating, stirring, and a water-cooled reflux condenser. A nitrogen sparge was applied to the reactor to obtain an inert atmosphere. Components 1 and 2 were charged to the reactor and heated to 144°C with stirring. A monomer mixture containing components 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 and an initiator mixture comprising components 8 and 9 separately were prepared. The initiator mix (components 8 and 9) was added to the flask over a period of 180 min. The monomer mixture (components 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7) was also added to the flask, but over a period of 150 minutes, with charging of the monomer mixture beginning 5 minutes after the initiator mixture had started to load into the flask. At the end of the starter feed, the flask was cooled to 130°C and held for 30 min. Then, and still at a temperature of 130°C, components 10 and 11 were added to the flask over a period of 30 minutes with stirring. Then the flask was kept for 60 minutes at 130°C. After this time, component 12 was added to the flask before the flask (containing the reaction mixture) was allowed to cool to 40°C by removing the heat. The product was then withdrawn from the flask. The resulting acrylic prepolymer was 64.95% by weight solids and had an Mw of 6018 Da. MA / I / UOZ IO or Table 3 - Formulation of acrylic prepolymer 3 Acrylic Prepolymer 3 Component Quantity / pbw 1 Butyl Cellosolve 305.30 2 n-Butyl Alcohol 83.90 3 Glycidyl Methacrylate 500.00 4 Methyl Methacrylate 220.20 5 Butyl Acrylate 100.20 6 Butyl Methacrylate 180.20 7 hydroxyethyl 100.00 8 Luperox 270 1 66.70 9 Butyl Cellosolve 66.70 10 Luperox 270 10.00 11 Butyl Cellosolve 20.00 12 n-Butyl Alcohol 84.00 Total 1737.20 MA / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or peroxyester polymerization initiator (available from Arkema) (B) Reaction of itaconic acid and ethanolamine The reaction was carried out in a 500 mL flask equipped with a condenser and a thermocouple. A nitrogen sparge was applied to the reactor to obtain an inert atmosphere. 260.2 grams (g) of itaconic acid, 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) and 86.73 g of deionized water were charged to the flask at room temperature. The reaction mixture was then slowly cooled to 60°C. Once the reaction mixture reached this temperature, 116.05 g of ethanolamine was added to the flask over a period of 30 minutes. After the ethanolamine was added, the reaction mixture was heated to reflux and held for approximately 15 hours until the amine equivalent weight (MEQ) was less than 0.2 (MEQ was 0.157). The reaction mixture was then cooled to 40°C before pouring the product. (C) Synthesis of polyhydroxyalkylamide (polyHAA) 4 The reaction was carried out in a 1000 mL flask equipped with a condenser and a thermocouple. A nitrogen sparge was applied to the reactor to obtain an inert atmosphere. 500.00 g of acrylic prepolymer 3 and 125.28 g of the reaction product of itaconic acid and ethanolamine prepared in step (B) were added to the flask and heated to 100°C with stirring. The reaction mixture was held at 100°C for ca. 6 hours until an acid value of less than 2 mg KOH / g was reached (AV was 1.39 mg KOH / g). Then, 250.00 g of n-butyl alcohol was added to the flask. The flask (containing the reaction mixture) was cooled to 40°C before the product was poured out. The resulting polyhydroxyalkylamide material was 49.3% solids by weight. The polyhydroxyalkylamide material had an Mw of 6.414 Da and a hydroxyalkylamide equivalent weight of 773 g / equivalent. Example 5 of polyhydroxyalkylamide (polyHAA) A polyhydroxyalkylamide material having multiple amide groups per hydroxyalkylamide group, R, and where the chain contained cyclic N-containing groups, was prepared as follows. (A) Acrylic prepolymer Acrylic prepolymer 3 as described above in step (A) of the synthesis of Example 4 of polyhydroxyalkylamide (polyHAA) was used in the synthesis of polyHAA 5. (B) Reaction of itaconic acid and ethanolamine The reaction was carried out in a 1000 mL flask equipped with a condenser and a thermocouple. A nitrogen sparge was applied to the reactor to obtain an inert atmosphere. 390.30 grams (g) of itaconic acid and 130.10 g of methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) were charged to the flask at room temperature. Then, 183.24 g of ethanolamine was added dropwise to the flask over a period of 10 minutes. After the ethanolamine was added, the reaction mixture was heated to reflux at 130°C. The reaction mixture was refluxed for approximately 5 hours until an amine equivalent weight (MEQ) of less than 0.1 was reached (MEQ was 0.081). Then, 2.53 g of butylstanoic acid and 1.56 g of triphenyl phosphite were added to the flask and the reaction mixture was kept at 130°C until an acid value of about 40-50 mg KOH / g was reached (AV was of 40.65 mg KOH / g). The resulting product was a solid and had a Mw of 819 Da. (C) Synthesis of polyhydroxyalkylamide (polyHAA) 5 The reaction was carried out in a 1000 mL flask equipped with a condenser and a thermocouple. A nitrogen sparge was applied to the reactor to obtain an inert atmosphere. To the flask were added 125.00 g of acrylic prepolymer 3, 275.98 g of the reaction product of itaconic acid and ethanolamine prepared in step (B) and 0.28 g of tetrabutylammonium bromide and heated to 100°C with stirring. The reaction mixture was held at 100°C for ca. 6 hours until an acid value of less than 5 mg KOH / g was reached (AV was 3.65 mg KOH / g). Then, 125.00 g of n-butyl alcohol was added to the flask. The flask (containing the reaction mixture) was cooled to 40°C before the product was poured out. The resulting polyhydroxyalkylamide material was 70.79% solids by weight. Examples of coating composition Coating compositions comprising, inter alia, an acrylic latex, a solution acrylic, and a polyhydroxyalkylamide (polyHAA) material were prepared as follows. Example 1 of acrylic latex Acrylic latex example 1 was prepared according to the formulation in Table 4 and by the following method. All amounts are given in parts by weight (pbw) at M A / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or unless otherwise specified. Polymerization was carried out in a reactor equipped with heating, cooling, stirring, and a water-cooled reflux condenser. A nitrogen sparge was applied to the reactor to obtain an inert atmosphere. Components 1 and 2 were charged to the reactor and heated to 85°C with stirring at a speed of 275 rpm. A monomer mix containing components 5 to 10 and an initiator mix containing components 3 and 4 were prepared separately and added to a monomer tank and initiator tank, respectively. The starter mixture (components 3 and 4) was then fed to the reactor dropwise over a period of 20 minutes. At the end of the starter feed, the reactor was held for 5 minutes. Then, the monomer mixture (components 5 to 10) was charged to the reactor at 80°C for 240 minutes at a rate of 4.42 g / minute. At the same time as the monomer mixture (components 5 to 10), a premix of components 11 and 12 was added to the reactor, over 240 minutes at a rate of 0.4125 g / minute. At the end of the monomer feed, the reactor was kept for 60 minutes at 85°C. After this time, the reactor was allowed to cool to below 50°C by removing heat. Once the reactor had cooled, a premix of components 13 and 14 was added over a period of 30 minutes. The reactor was then held for 10 minutes before the resulting emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material was removed from the reactor. Table 4 - Formulation of Acrylic Latex Example 1 Acrylic Latex Example 1 Component Quantity / pbw 1 Deionized water 1491.60 2 Sodium bicarbonate 4.31 3 Deionized water 167.34 4 Ammonium persulfate 2.20 5 Butyl methacrylate 273.00 6 Methyl methacrylate 274.20 7 Butyl acrylate 295.80 8 Acrylic acid 52.80 9 Methacrylic acid 152.50 10 Benzoin 10.50 11 Hydrogen peroxide (35% solution) 9.00 12 Deionized water 89.90 13 Dimethylethanolamine 57.30 14 Deionized water 684.43 Total 3564.88 Example 1 of acrylic in solution Example 1 of solution acrylic was prepared according to the formulation of the Table 5 and by the following method. All amounts are given in parts by weight (pbw) unless otherwise specified. Polymerization was carried out in a 5L flask equipped with heating, cooling, stirring, and a water-cooled reflux condenser. A nitrogen sparge was applied to the flask to obtain an inert atmosphere. Components 1 and 2 were charged to the flask and heated to reflux at 135°C with stirring. A monomer mixture containing components 5, 6 and 7 and an initiator mixture comprising components 3 and 4 separately were prepared. The monomer mixture (components 5, 6 and 7) and initiator mixture (components 3 and 4) were then fed to the flask via a feeding funnel at 135°C over a period of 180 minutes. At the end of the monomer / initiator feed, component 8 was added as a wash to the feed funnel and the flask was refluxed at 135°C for an additional 60 minutes. A continuous feed of initiator containing components 9 and 10 was then added to the flask over 20 minutes. The flask was then refluxed at 135°C for 60 minutes. After this time, the flask (containing the reaction mixture) was allowed to cool to below 110°C by removing heat before adding component 11. A premix of components 12 and 13 was then added over a 10 minute period. After this time, the flask (containing the reaction mixture) was allowed to cool to below 40°C by removing heat. The resulting solution polymerized acrylic material was then removed from the flask. Table 5 - Formulation of Example 1 of acrylic in solution M A / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or Acrylic Solution Example 1 Component Amount / pbw 1 Ethylene Glycol N-Butyl Ether 407.2 2 n-Butyl Alcohol 186.9 3 t-Butyl Peroxy-3,5,5-Trimethylhexanoate 4.0 4 Ethylene Glycol N-Butyl Ether 40.0 5 Butyl Acrylate 350.0 6 Butyl methacrylate 440.0 7 Acrylic acid 210.0 8 Ethylene glycol N-butyl ether 7.5 9 t-Butyl peroxy-3,5,5-trimethylhexanoate 8.5 10 Ethylene glycol N-butyl ether 12.9 11 n-Butyl alcohol 186.9 12 Di methylethanolamine 130.1 13 Deionized water 93.5 Total 2077.5 Coating Examples 1 to 4 Coating composition examples 1 to 4 were prepared according to the formulations in Table 6. Table 6 - Formulation of coating examples 1 to 4 Coating Example 1 Coating Example 2 Coating Example 3 Coating Example 4 Component Wet / g Solid / g Wet / g Solid / g Wet / g Solid / g Wet / g Solid / g Example 1 acrylic latex 1 270.1 84.0 270.1 84.0 270.1 84.0 270.1 84.0 Example 1 acrylic solution 2 19.0 10.0 19.0 10.0 19.0 10.0 19.0 10.0 Example 3 polyHAA 3 10.4 6.0 - - 5 .2 3.0 - - Example 4 of polyHAA 4 - - 12.2 6.0 - - 6.1 3.0 CURAPHEN 40-804 W75 5 - - - - 4.0 3.0 4.0 3.0 Deionized water 220.0 - 223.6 - 213.7 - 220.2 - N-butyl alcohol 25.5 - 25.5 - 25.2 - 25.5 - Ethylene N-butyl ether liquor 9.7 - 9.7 - 9.7 - 9.7 - Amyl alcohol 10.0 - 10.0 - 10.0 - 10.0 - Dimethylethanol amine 2.0 - 2.0 - 2.0 - 2.0 - Total 566.7 100 572.1 100 559.2 100 566.6 100 131.1% solids252.5% solids357.4% solids449.3% solids574% phenolic resin in deionized water (available from BITREZ Ltd) Coating Comparative Example 1 Comparative Coating Example 1 is a commercial indoor spray available from PPG Industries containing an acrylic latex and a phenolic crosslinker. Then, the properties of the coatings were evaluated by the following methods. The results are shown in Table 7. Test Panel Preparation: Coated panels were prepared by coating flat aluminum cans with a spiral applicator. The dry film weight for the coating layer was 5 to 6 g / m2 (gsm). After application, the coated panels were baked in a box oven for 1 minute 45 seconds at 215°C. Wedge Bending Test: A 10 cm x 4 cm coated panel was bent over a 6 mm steel rod to form a U-shaped strip 10 cm long and 2 cm wide. The U-shaped strip was then placed on a metal block with a built-in tapered recess. A 2 kg weight was dropped onto the embedded block containing the U-shaped strip from a height of 60 cm to form a wedge. Then, the test piece was immersed in a copper sulfate (CuSCh) solution acidified with hydrochloric acid (HCI) for 2 minutes, followed by rinsing with running water. The sample was then carefully dried by absorbing residual water with tissue paper. The length of the coating without any fracture was measured. The result was quoted in mm exceeded. Wedge push-ups were tested in triplicate and the mean value was quoted. MEK Double Rubs: The number of alternate rubs required to remove the coating composition from the coated test panels was measured with a two-pound ball-peen hammer with methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)-soaked gauze draped over the end of the hammer. Processing in various simulants: Coated panels cut into 10 cm x 5 cm panels were placed in a vessel containing 5% acetic acid, deionized water, or 1% Joy solution so that the panel was immersed in the solution. The vessel was then placed in an autoclave and processed according to the parameters in Table 5 (i.e., 30 minutes at 100°C, 45 minutes at 82°C, or 10 minutes at 82°C for 5% acid). acetic acid, deionized water, or 1% Joy solution, respectively). After this time, the panels were evaluated by the following methods: Adhesion: The processed panels were tested for adhesion of the coating to the aluminum substrate with a BYK Cross Section Test Kit #5127 (commercially available from BYK-Gardner GmbH) in accordance with ASTM D3359. Cutter spacing was 1.5mm and Scotch 610 tape was used. Results were graded on a scale of 0 to 5. Grade 0 corresponds to good adhesion with no coating removal (0% loss), grade 1 corresponds to a coating loss of <5%, grade 2 corresponds to a coating loss of 5 to 15%, grade 3 corresponds to a coating loss of 16 to 5%, grade 4 corresponds to a coating loss of 36 to 65% and grade 5 corresponds to a loss of coating >65%. MA / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or Table 7 - Test results Coating Example 1 Coating Example 2 Coating Example 3 Coating Example 4 Coating Comparative Example 1 Wedge Flex Test 51 49 50 49 65 MEK Double Rubs 2 2 20 10 100 5% Acid Acetic Acid, 30 min, 10 IO°C Adhesion o 2 o 0 3 Deionized Water, 45 min, 82°C Adhesion o o o 0 o Joy Detergent 1%, 10 min, 82°C Adhesion o o o 0 o ΜΛ / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or The results show that coating compositions containing the polyhydroxyalkylamide materials of the invention perform as well or better than the coatings of the comparative examples. Solubility The solubility of PRIMID XL 552 and PRIMID QM 1260 (each available from EMS Chemie) in solvents was evaluated according to the following method: Solubility: A solvent mixture of n-butyl alcohol and ethylene glycol n-butyl ether was prepared according to Table 8. Then 0.5 g of PRIMID crosslinker was added according to Table 8. Solid pieces of PRIMID crosslinker were broken up by mechanical mixing and sonication, as required. The mixture was stirred for at least 30 minutes with gentle warming (<80°C). Then the mixture was cooled to room temperature. Solubility was assessed visually by inspecting for the presence of undissolved solids or turbidity. If soluble, the process was repeated with 0.5 g additions of PRIMID crosslinker until an insoluble concentration was found. The results are shown in Table 8. Table 8 - Solubility results PRIMID XL 552 PRIMID QM 1260 Primid (g) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 n-Butyl Alcohol (g) 4.8 4.2 4.8 4.2 Ethylene Glycol N-Butyl Ether (g) 1.2 1.8 1.2 1.8 % Total Solids 7.69% 7.69% 7.69 % 7.69% BuOH-BC ratio 4:1 7:3 4:1 7:3 Solubility? Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble MA / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or The results show that known small molecule (poly)hydroxyalkylamide crosslinkers are insoluble in at least the organic solvents used in Coating Examples 1 to 4. The polyhydroxyalkylamide materials of the invention are soluble in these solvents, as demonstrated the fact that the polyhydroxyalkylamide materials of the invention are synthesized in these solvents. For example, acrylic prepolymers are synthesized in and contain n-butyl alcohol and ethylene glycol n-butyl ether (ie, butyl Cellosolve). In addition, n-butyl alcohol is used as a solvent in the synthesis of polyhydroxyalkylamide materials. Examples 1 to 4 of hydrolytic stability The hydrolytic stability of polyhydroxyalkylamide materials in a coating composition was evaluated according to the following method. Examples 2 to 5 of acrylic latex Acrylic latex examples 2 to 5 were prepared according to the formulations in Table 9 and by the following method. All amounts are given in parts by weight (pbw) unless otherwise specified. Polymerization was carried out in a reactor equipped with heating, cooling, stirring, and a water-cooled reflux condenser. A nitrogen blanket was applied to the reactor to obtain an inert atmosphere. Components 1 and 2 were charged to the reactor and heated to 80°C with stirring at a speed of 275 rpm. A monomer mix containing components 5 to 9 and an initiator mix containing components 3 and 4 were prepared separately and added to a monomer tank and initiator tank, respectively. The starter mixture (components 3 and 4) was then fed to the reactor dropwise over a period of 20 minutes. At the end of the starter feed, the reactor was held for 5 minutes. Then, the first 10% by weight of the monomer mixture (components 5 to 9) was charged to the reactor at 80°C for 60 minutes, followed by 20% by weight of the monomer mixture (components 5 to 9) for the following 60 minutes and finally the remaining 70% by weight of the monomer mixture (components 5 to 9) for 120 minutes. At the end of the monomer feed, the reactor was kept for 60 minutes at 80°C. After this time, the reactor was allowed to cool to below 50°C by removing heat. Once the reactor had cooled, a premix of components 10 and 11 was added over a period of 30 minutes. The reactor was then held for 10 minutes before the resulting emulsion polymerized acrylic latex material was removed from the reactor. MA / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or Table 9 - Formulation of examples 2 to 5 of acrylic latex Acrylic Latex Example 2 Acrylic Latex Example 3 Acrylic Latex Example 4 Acrylic Latex Example 5 Component Quantity / pbw 1 Deionized Water 4565.60 4437.49 633.59 570.13 2 Sodium Bicarbonate 6.53 2.86 0.41 0.81 3 Deionized Water 985.60 862.40 123.30 123.20 4 Ammonium persulfate 12.32 10.78 1.54 1.54 5 Butyl methacrylate 1120.00 980.00 140.00 262.50 6 Methyl methacrylate 560.20 612.60 87.50 0.00 7 Butyl acrylate 840.00 735.00 105 .00 17.50 8 Acrylic acid 280.00 122.70 17.50 35.00 9 2-ethylhexyl acrylate - - - 35.00 10 Deionized water 1212.90 530.30 76.20 152.32 11 Dimethylethanolamine 86.60 37.90 5.44 10.90 Total 9669.75 8332.03 1190.48 1208.90 Coating Examples 2 to 5 Acrylic latex examples 2 to 5 were then formulated into coating examples 2 to 5 as follows: 308.92 g of the acrylic latex according to Table 9, 26.67 g of the polyhydroxyalkylamide material according to Table 9, 2.5 g of phosphoric acid in dimethylethanolamine (DMEA), 25.5 g of n-butyl alcohol, 10 g of amyl alcohol, 10 g of butyl Cellosolve and 8.57 g of a 50% solution of DMEA in deionized water. The hydrolytic stability of the polyhydroxyalkylamide materials in Coating Examples 2 to 5 was then evaluated according to the following methods: Test Panel Preparation: Coated panels were prepared by coating flat aluminum cans with a spiral applicator. The dry film weight for the coating layer was 5 to 6 g / m2 (gsm). After application, the coated panels were baked in a box oven for 1 minute 45 seconds at 215°C. Hydrolytic stability: The coated panels were placed in a vessel containing 20% ​​ethanol or 3% acetic acid (extraction solvents) according to Table 8 so that the panel was immersed in the solution. The vessel was then placed in an autoclave and processed according to the parameters in Table 8. After this time, the extraction solvents were assessed by gradient-eluting LC-MS / MS quantification suitable for detecting hydroxylamines in the low ng / mL range. The extraction solvents of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1, 2 and 3 were diluted 500-fold for analysis, while the extraction solvents of Examples 3 and 4 were not diluted. The results are shown in Table 10. Comparative Examples 1 to 3 of hydrolytic stability The method described above for hydrolytic stability examples 1-4 was repeated, with the exception that PRIMID XL 552 or PRIMID QM 1260 (each available from EMS Chemie) was used instead of the polyhydroxyalkylamide materials of the invention. , according to Table 9. The results are shown in Table 10. Table 10 - Results of the hydrolytic stability test ΜΛ / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or Example of hydrolytic stability Example of acrylic latex (poly)HAA Extraction conditions Quantity of amine after extraction / (pg / 6 dm2) Example 1 Example 4 Example 2 of polyHAA 20% ethanol 1 hour 100°C 41.5 Example 2 Example 5 PolyHAA Example 2 37.5 Example 3 Example 4 PolyHAA Example 1 <30.0 Example 4 Example 5 PolyHAA Example 1 <30.0 Comparative Example 1 Example 1 PRIMID XL 552 3% acetic acid 2 hours 121°C 2,364 Comparative Example 2 Example 1 PRIMID XL 552 (purified) 1,212 Comparative Example 3 Example 2 PRIMID QM 1260 240 The results show that the polyhydroxyalkylamide materials of the invention are more hydrolytically stable than those of the comparative examples. This is because there is less free amine present in the extraction solvents for the inventive examples compared to the comparative examples. electrodeposition The ability of the polyhydroxyalkylamide materials of the invention to be applied to a substrate by electrodeposition was evaluated according to the following method. Anionic acrylic resin 1 Anionic acrylic resin 1 was prepared according to the formulation in Table 11 and by the following method. All amounts are given in parts by weight (pbw) unless otherwise specified. The reaction was carried out in a 5000 mL flask equipped with a condenser, distillation apparatus, and thermocouple. A nitrogen blanket was applied to the reactor to obtain an inert atmosphere. Component 1 was charged to the flask at room temperature. The reaction mixture was then heated to reflux with a temperature set point of 120°C. The monomer mixture (components 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7), the initiator mixture (components 8 and 9) and the AMPS monomer mixture (components 10, 11 and 12) were fed to the flask separately and simultaneously over a period of 180 minutes while continuing to heat the reaction mixture to reflux. After all three feeds were complete, the reaction mixture was refluxed for 30 minutes. Then, half of the second starter mix (components 13 and 14) was fed over 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was then refluxed for 60 minutes. The remaining portion of the second starter mixture (components 13 and 14) was then fed over 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was then refluxed for 60 minutes. After this time, the reaction mixture was cooled to 115°C. Vacuum was gradually applied and increased as necessary to collect 644.4 g of the collected distillate. The vacuum was then broken and replaced with a blanket of nitrogen. The reaction mixture was then equilibrated to 90°C before component 15 was fed into the flask over 20 minutes. Then, a mixture of components 16 and 17 was fed to the flask over 30 minutes at 90°C. Then, the reaction mixture was kept at 90°C for 30 minutes to complete the reaction. The resulting anionic acrylic resin dispersion was 87.4% by weight solids and had an Mw of 15,454 Da. Table 11 - Formulation of anionic acrylic resin 1 MA / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or Anionic acrylic resin 1 Component Quantity / pbw 1 n-Butyl alcohol 333.2 2 Methacrylic acid 239.4 3 Styrene 848.8 4 Butyl acrylate 848.8 5 2-Hydroxyethyl acrylate 228.5 6 Dodecyl tertiary mercaptan 70.6 7 n-Butyl alcohol 5.1 8 n-butyl alcohol 113.8 9 t-Butylperbenzoate 26.2 10 n-Butyl Alcohol 200.6 11 AMPS Monomer 24011 10.9 12 Diisopropanolamine 7.3 13 n-Butyl Alcohol 25.5 14 t-Butylperbenzoate 5.9 15 Deionized Water 205.7 16 Dimethylethanolamine 11 0.2 17 Deionized water 17.1 Total 2653.2 1 Sulfonic acid acrylic monomer (available from Lubrizol) MA / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or Electroplating Example 1 A coating composition for electrodeposition example 1 was prepared according to the formulation in Table 12. The coating was then evaluated according to the following method. Test Panel Preparation: Aluminum Q panels (0.0245 inch thick) were cut into 4-inch by 4-inch squares for electrodeposition. The panels were submerged 7 centimeters in the electrodeposition baths and connected to the anode of the direct current source. The power supply was programmed to increase the voltage for the first 30 seconds of electrodeposition and then to maintain the voltage at the chosen value for the duration of the electrodeposition process. The coating composition was electrodeposited according to the conditions in Table 12. After electrodeposition, the power was turned off, the panels rinsed vigorously with deionized water, and air dried overnight. The panels with the coating electrodeposited thereon are referred to as panel samples in the accompanying figures. NMR analysis: The composition of the deposited coating was analyzed by ^-NMRy13C-NMR. Air-dried panels were washed with THF-Ds or CDCh (as appropriate) and then dried under a stream of nitrogen to concentrate the sample. The resulting spectra were compared to the ^-NMR and 13 C-NMR spectra of air-dried samples of the electrodeposition bath mixtures (referred to as bath samples in the accompanying figures). Comparative Examples 1 v 2 of Electroplating The method described above for electrodeposition example 1 was repeated with the exception that the coating compositions and electrodeposition conditions according to Table 12 were used instead of the coating composition and electrodeposition conditions of example 1 of electrodeposition. Electroplating Comparative Example 3 Electroplating Comparative Example 3 was prepared to identify carbon peaks in the NMR spectrum that corresponded to HAA functionality. Electrowinning Example 3 was the reaction product of itaconic acid and ethanolamine prepared in step (B) of the synthesis of polyhydroxyalkylamide (polyHAA) Example 4 dissolved in the same deuterated solvent as used in Electrowinning Example 1. Table 12 - Formulation of coatings for Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 of electrodeposition ΜΛ / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or Electrowinning Example 1 Electrowinning Comparative Example 1 Electrowinning Example 2 Wet / g Solid / g Wet / g Solid / g Wet / g Solid / g 39.5 — — — — PRIMID XL 552 3 — — — — 15.2 15.2 Ethylene glycol n-butyl ether -- 12 -- 11.2 -- n-butyl alcohol -- -- 28 -- 26.1 -- Isopropanol 8.4 — — — — — Deionized water 910 -- 910 -- 863.9 -- Total 1065.6 98.1 1065.8 101.2 1024.4 109.6 Deposition conditions Deposition time (s) 180 60 180 Tension (T) 250 50 250 Bath temperature (°F) 107 95 107 187.4% solids249.3% solids3100% solids (available via EMS) The results of electrodeposition example 1 and electrodeposition comparative examples 1 to 3 are shown in Figures 1 to 3. The results show that PRIMID XL 552 was not coated on the steel panel (see Figure 3). As shown in Figure 3, PRIMID XL 552, which can be seen in the bath sample, was not seen in the panel sample. This is because 13C-NMR spectrum analysis of the electrodeposition Comparative Example 2 coating composition revealed no peaks associated with HAA functionality, indicating that PRIMID XL-552 did not electrodeposit with anionic acrylic resin 1 ( see Figure 3). The results also confirmed the incorporation of the polyhydroxyalkylamide (polyHAA) Example 4 into the panel. In Figure 1, it can be seen that electrodeposition example 1 contained more acrylic components (from polyhydroxyalkylamide (polyHAA) example 4) than the comparative examples. Furthermore, as shown in Figure 2.13C NMR showed distinctive peaks corresponding to the amide carbonyl carbon and methylene carbons of the 2-hydroxyethyl substituents of polyhydroxyalkylamide (polyHAA) Example 4. This showed that polyhydroxyalkylamide (polyHAA) Example 4 was deposited on the panel together with anionic acrylic resin 1 in Electroplating Example 1. Attention is drawn to all papers and documents which are filed at the same time or before this specification in connection with this application and which are open to public inspection with this specification, and the contents of all such papers and documents are incorporated herein by reference. All features disclosed in this specification (including the appended claims, abstract of invention, and drawings) and / or all steps of any method or process so disclosed, may be combined in any combination, except combinations where at least some of said features and / or steps are mutually exclusive. Each feature disclosed in this specification (including the claims, abstract of invention, and accompanying drawings) may be superseded by alternative features serving the same, or an equivalent or similar purpose, unless expressly stated otherwise. Therefore, unless expressly stated otherwise, each feature disclosed is only one example of a generic set of equivalent or similar features. The invention is not limited to the details of the above embodiments. The invention extends to any novelty, or any novel combination, of the features disclosed in this specification (including the claims, the abstract of the invention, and the accompanying drawings), or to any novelty, or novel combination, of the steps of any method or process so disclosed.

Claims

1. - A polyhydroxyalkylamide material having Formula (I): or Formula (I) wherein Z represents a polymer or an alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene or arylene group; Z' represents a bivalent organic linker group; m is 0 or 1; X represents a bivalent organic bridging group; R represents a hydroxyalkylamide group; yn is at least 2.

2. A polyhydroxyalkylamide material according to claim 1, wherein the polymer is an acrylic polymer derived from monomers having ethylene unsaturation. 3 - A polyhydroxyalkylamide material according to claim 2, wherein the monomers having ethylenic unsaturation comprise glycidyl methacrylate. 4 - A polyhydroxyalkylamide material according to claim 2, wherein Z' is substituted by an oxygen atom and a carbonyl group, such that the polyhydroxyalkylamide material is represented by Formula (II): Formula (II) wherein Z represents an acrylic polymer derived from monomers having ethylenic unsaturation; Z represents an alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, aralkylene or arylene group; X represents a bivalent organic bridging group; and n is at least 2.

5. A polyhydroxyalkylamide material according to claim 1, wherein Z is derived from a material having one or more epoxy groups.

6. A polyhydroxyalkylamide material according to claim 1, wherein R is according to Formula (IV): Formula (IV) MA / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or such that the polyhydroxyalkylamide material is represented by Formula (V): Formula (V) wherein Z represents a polymer or an alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene or arylene group; Z' represents a bivalent organic linker group; m is 0 or 1; X represents a bivalent organic bridging group; R9 represents hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynylene or aryl group, or -Y-OH; each Y independently represents an alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene or arylene linker group; yn is at least 2. 7 - A polyhydroxyalkylamide material according to claim 6, wherein R9 is hydrogen or methyl and Y is ethylene.

8. A polyhydroxyalkylamide material according to claim 6, wherein, when R9 is a methyl group and X is an alkylene group, R9 forms, together with one or more atoms of X, a cyclic group, such that the polyhydroxyalkylamide material is represented by Formula (VII): Formula (VII) wherein Z represents a polymer or an alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene or arylene group; Z' represents a bivalent organic linker group; m is 0 or 1; R11 is the bivalent radical of R9 and represents a methylene group; X' is a fragment of X and represents -CR11-, wherein R11 represents hydrogen or a Ci to C9 alkyl group; X is the remaining fragment of X and represents a Coa Cs alkylene group; and n is at least 2.

9. A coating composition, wherein the composition comprises: a) a film-forming resin; and b) a polyhydroxyalkylamide material having Formula (I): O ML / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or Formula (I) wherein Z represents a polymer or an alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene or arylene group; Z' represents a divalent organic linker group; m is 0 or 1; X represents a divalent organic bridging group; R represents a hydroxyalkylamide group; and n is at least 2. 10.- A coating composition according to claim 9, wherein the film-forming resin comprises a solution-polymerized acrylic resin and an emulsion-polymerized acrylic resin. 11.- A coating composition according to claim 9, wherein the coating composition comprises an additional crosslinking material, wherein the additional crosslinking material comprises a phenolic resin. 12.- A substrate coated at least partially with a coating, wherein the coating is derived from a coating composition, wherein the coating composition comprises: a) a film-forming resin; and b) a polyhydroxyalkylamide material having Formula (I): or Formula (O) wherein Z represents a polymer or an alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene or arylene group; Z' represents a divalent organic linker group; m is 0 or 1; X represents a divalent organic bridging group; R represents a hydroxyalkylamide group; and n is at least 2.

13. A container having at least one portion coated with a coating, wherein the coating is derived from a coating composition, wherein the coating composition comprises: a) a film-forming resin; and b) a polyhydroxyalkylamide material having Formula (I): OMA / t / ZUZ I / UOZ IO or Formula (I) wherein Z represents a polymer or an alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene or arylene group; Z' represents a divalent organic linker group; m is 0 or 1; X represents a divalent organic bridging group; R represents a hydroxyalkylamide group; and n is at least 2.

14. A method for preparing a polyhydroxyalkylamide material having the O Formula (I) in aonae l represents a polymer or an aiqunene, aiquemiene, aiquimiene or amene group; z' represents a divalent organic linker group; m is 0 or 1; X represents a divalent organic bridging group; R represents a hydroxyalkylamide group; yn is at least 2, wherein the method comprises: reacting an acrylic prepolymer derived from monomers having ethylenic unsaturation, wherein said acrylic prepolymer has at least two epoxy groups and / or a diepoxide with the reaction product of a diacid and an alkanolamine. 15 - A coating composition, wherein the coating composition comprises a polyhydroxyalkylamide material having Formula (I): or Formula (I) wherein Z represents a polymer derived from monomers having ethylenic unsaturation, and wherein Z has acid functionality; Z' represents a divalent organic linker group; m is 0 or 1; X represents a divalent organic bridging group; R represents a hydroxyalkylamide group; and n is at least 2.