Engineered reprogramming factors and uses thereof for liver regeneration
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/102792
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-06-30
- Filing Date
- 2024-06-30
- Publication Date
- 2025-01-02
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Figure CN2024102792_02012025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
ENGINEERED REPROGRAMMING FACTORS AND USES THEREOF FOR LIVER REGENERATION
[0001] CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0002] This patent application claims priority benefits of Chinese Patent Application No. CN202310793813. X filed on June 30, 2023, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0003] REFERENCE TO AN ELECTRONIC SEQUENCE LISTING
[0004] The contents of the electronic sequence listing (313682000340SEQLIST. xml; Size: 365, 337 bytes; and Date of Creation: June 30, 2024) is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0005] The present application relates to methods of rejuvenating a population of liver cells, comprising introducing into the population of liver cells an effective amount of an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) . Also provided are methods of delaying or preventing the progression of aging of a liver tissue in an individual (e.g., human) , methods of treating and / or preventing aging, damage, or disease or condition in a liver tissue of an individual, regenerating a liver tissue, and promoting success of liver transplant using any of the liver rejuvenation methods using any of the liver rejuvenation methods and / or LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factors described herein.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0006] An important approach for induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) reprogramming is using transcription factors such as OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and MYC (referred to as “OSKM” or “4-Factor” ) to reprogram somatic cells into pluripotent status, the process of which is called complete reprogramming, and can be divided into initiation phase, maturation phase, and stabilization phase (K. Tanabe et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013; 110 (30) : 12172-12179; N. Olova et al., Aging Cell. 2019; 18 (1) : e12877) . During the reprogramming process, cells undergo drastic changes in transcription levels and epigenetic modifications, resulting in dramatic changes in cell identity and state. During the initiation phase, the expression levels of early-stage pluripotent genes, such as TRA-1-60, NANOG, SSEA4 and SALL4, increase rapidly, while the expression levels of somatic identity genes do not change much. Then, during the maturation phase, in addition to the above-mentioned early-stage pluripotent genes, the late-stage pluripotent genes, such as DPPA5 and LIN28, are highly expressed, while the expression levels of somatic identity genes decrease rapidly (K. Tanabe et al., 2013; N. Olova et al., 2019) . Finally, during the stabilization phase, the cells have fully established the pluripotency gene expression network and become iPSCs, which express the above pluripotent genes and also other classical core pluripotency transcription factors, such as OCT4, SOX2 and KLF4, at high levels, while somatic identity marker genes are basically not expressed. This reprogramming process can lead to cell rejuvenation, which can be detected by changes in the transcription level of certain marker genes, cellular senescence markers, and especially epigenetic age (EpiAge) based on DNA methylation (N. Olova et al., 2019; A. Daunay, et al., Aging (Albany NY) . 2022; 14 (19) : 7718-7733; D. Gill et al., eLife, 2022; 11: e71624) .
[0007] Partial reprogramming refers to the cessation of complete reprogramming in the middle of the process mentioned above. Since cell rejuvenation occurs in the early-stage of the reprogramming process, and the loss of somatic identity occurs in the middle-and late-stages of the reprogramming process, there is a time window to rejuvenate the cells without altering the original identity of the cells, which is the technical principle of partial reprogramming to rejuvenate cells (A. Ocampo et al., Cell. 2016; 167 (7) : 1719-1733. e12; N. Olova et al., Aging Cell. 2019; 18 (1) : e12877) . The methods of using transcription factors to rejuvenate cells via partial reprogramming are mainly reported as follows: 1) In vitro induction of time-restricted partial reprogramming, also known as transient reprogramming. For example, transient induction of the 4-Factor expression by an inducible transgene expression system in human fibroblast was found to reverse the EpiAge of cells while maintaining the fibroblast identity (N. Olova et al., 2019; D. Gill et al., 2022) . 2) In vivo induction of transient-pulse partial reprogramming. For example, transient-pulse induction of the 4-Factor expression in transgenic mice with an inducible expression system was found to make the organs (e.g., skin, spleen, liver, kidney, stomach and aorta) of Progeria mice younger, and also make the organs (e.g., pancreas and muscle) of wild-type old mice younger to a certain extent (A. Ocampo et al., 2016; K. Browder et al., Nat Aging. 2022; 2 (3) : 243-253) . 3) Partial reprogramming by a reduced number of transcription factors (referred to 3-Factor reprogramming) . For example, delivery of AAV vectors expressing 3 transcription factors (OSK) into the eyes of a mouse glaucoma model exhibited remarkable therapeutic efficacy (Lu et al., Nature. 2020; 588 (7836) : 124-129) .
[0008] Some protein and / or nucleic acid molecules in the cell can interact with each other to produce a phase with different physical and chemical properties in the surrounding homogeneous environment, usually showing droplet-like characteristics, and the result is the formation of membrane-free organelles or sub-cellular structures, namely, biomolecular condensates. This process is referred to as phase separation or liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) (C. Brangwynne et al., Science. 2009; 324 (5935) : 1729-1732; P. Li et al. Nature. 2012; 483 (7389) : 336-340) . Biomolecular condensates are in size at the micron level, which create a relatively independent spatial region that selectively enriches molecules. Biomolecular condensates formed by phase separation typically have higher protein densities and reduced molecular micromotility compared to the surrounding environment, which can facilitate certain biochemical reactions more efficiently. The structural characteristics of proteins that can form condensates are still being studied.
[0009] In 2021, Wang et al. (Cell Stem Cell. 2021; 28 (10) : 1868-1883. e11) discovered that OCT4 undergoes phase separation to regulate topological-associated domain (TAD) reorganization, and TAD reorganization contributes to cell fate transition.
[0010] The disclosures of all publications, patents, patent applications and published patent applications referred to herein are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[0011] BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0012] One aspect of the present application provides a method of rejuvenating a population of liver cells, comprising introducing into the population of liver cells an effective amount of an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) .
[0013] In some embodiments according to any of the liver rejuvenation methods described herein, the population of liver cells are from a liver tissue that is: (i) an aged liver tissue; (ii) a damaged or injured liver tissue; (iii) a liver tissue with liver disease; and / or (iv) a liver tissue after a surgical procedure. In some embodiments, the liver tissue is a liver tissue with senescence, cirrhosis or liver fibrosis, or a liver tissue after hepatectomy or transplant.
[0014] One aspect of the present application provides a method of preventing liver aging, damage or injury, or liver disease in an individual, comprising introducing into a population of liver cells of the individual an effective amount of an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS. In some embodiments, the liver injury or liver disease comprises cirrhosis, or liver fibrosis. In some embodiments, the effective amount of the engineered reprogramming factor is administered before performing a surgical procedure. In some embodiments, the effective amount of the engineered reprogramming factor is administered 1 day prior to performing a surgical procedure on liver.
[0015] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described herein, the population of liver cells comprise hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) , fibroblasts, epithelial cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) , Kupffer cells, smooth muscle cells, or any combination thereof.
[0016] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described herein, the method does not reprogram the population of liver cells into a reprogrammed stem cell.
[0017] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described herein, compared to a reference liver cell not introduced with the engineered reprogramming factor, the rejuvenated population of liver cells: (i) have reduced proportion of cell senescence biomarker-positive cells; (ii) have reduced expression and / or function of a biomarker of cell senescence; (iii) have reduced epigenetic age (EpiAge) ; (iv) have increased expression and / or function of a biomarker related to healthy liver cell function; (v) have increased expression and / or function of a biomarker of liver cell identity; (vi) have reduced expression and / or function of a biomarker of apoptosis; and / or (vii) have reduced expression and / or function of a biomarker related to unhealthy liver cell function. In some embodiments, (i) the biomarker of cell senescence is selected from the group consisting of senescence-associated-β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) , p16, and p21, or a combination thereof; (ii) the EpiAge is measured using Horvath’s clock, Levine’s clock, Hannum’s clock, and / or AltumAge; (iii) the biomarker related to healthy liver cell function is selected from the group consisting of AFP, ODC, RBP4, ALT, AST, GGT, ALP, total bilirubin, albumin, or a combination thereof; (iv) the biomarker of liver cell identity is selected from the group consisting of HNF1A, HNF4A, FOXA1, FOXA2, FOXA3, GATA4 or a combination thereof; (v) the biomarker of apoptosis is selected from the group consisting of loss of membrane asymmetry, cleavage of a Bcl-2 family protein, caspase activation, caspase substrate cleavage, non-caspase protease activation, mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δ ψm) decrease, cytochrome C release, increase of sub G1 population, nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation, and membrane blebbing, or a combination thereof; and / or (vi) the biomarker related to unhealthy liver cell function is selected from the group consisting of α-SMA, Collagen I, TIMP1, PINP, PICP, PIIINP, YKL-40, PDGF, IL6, CXCL8, IL1A, IL1B, IGFBP3, CDKN1A, and TGFB3, or a combination thereof.
[0018] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described herein, when compared to a reference liver cell introduced with an effective amount of a reference reprogramming factor that is not deficient in LLPS, the rejuvenated population of liver cells: (i) have increased expression and / or function of a biomarker of initiation phase reprogramming (IPR) ; (ii) have reduced expression and / or function of a biomarker of maturation phase reprogramming; and / or (iii) have reduced expression and / or function of a biomarker of stabilization phase reprogramming. In some embodiments, (i) the biomarker of IPR is NANOG and / or SALL4; (ii) the biomarker of maturation phase reprogramming is DPPA5 and / or LIN28A; and / or (iii) the biomarker of stabilization phase reprogramming is OCT4 and / or XACT.
[0019] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described herein, when compared to a reference liver tissue not comprising liver cells introduced with the effective amount of the engineered reprogramming factor, a liver tissue comprising the population of liver cells introduced with the effective amount of the engineered reprogramming factors has decreased expression of one or more selected from the group consisting of elastin, collagen I, collagen III, and collagen IV. In some embodiments, the reference liver tissue and the liver tissue are from a same individual. In some embodiments, the reference liver tissue and the liver tissue are from different individuals.
[0020] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described herein, when compared to a reference liver tissue comprising liver cells introduced with an effective amount of a reference reprogramming factor that is not deficient in LLPS, a liver tissue comprising the population of liver cells introduced with the effective amount of the engineered reprogramming factors has decreased expression of one or more selected from the group consisting of elastin, collagen I, collagen III, and collagen IV. In some embodiments, the reference liver tissue and the liver tissue are from a same individual. In some embodiments, the reference liver tissue and the liver tissue are from different individuals.
[0021] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described herein, the engineered reprogramming factor comprises a mutation in an LLPS-related domain in reference to a corresponding wild-type reprogramming factor. In some embodiments, the LLPS-related domain is selected from the group consisting of an intrinsically disordered region (IDR) , a region outside of DNA-binding domain (DBD) , an ubiquitination site, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the mutation comprises: (i) substituting an acidic amino acid within the IDR with a neutral amino acid; (ii) substituting an amino acid that can be ubiquitinated with an amino acid that cannot be ubiquitinated; (iii) deleting an amino acid that can be ubiquitinated; (iv) deleting an amino acid within the IDR; and / or (v) deleting an amino acid within a region outside of DBD. In some embodiments, (i) the amino acid that can be ubiquitinated is K; and / or (ii) the amino acid to be deleted comprises an acidic amino acid. In some embodiments, the wild-type reprogramming factor is from a family selected from the group consisting of OCT family, SOX family, KLF family, MYC family, LIN28 family, NANOG family, and GLIS family. In some embodiments, the wild-type reprogramming factor is selected from the group consisting of OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, c-MYC, L-MYC, LIN28, NANOG, and GLIS1.
[0022] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described herein, the engineered reprogramming factor is an engineered OCT4. In some embodiments, the engineered OCT4 comprises a mutation at amino acid positions 1-140 and / or 288-360, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the engineered OCT4 comprises a substitution at an amino acid position selected from the group consisting of 8, 20, 26, 31, 56, 68, 91, 96, 98, 104, 108, 113, 125, 127, 130, 134, 135, 138, 291, 296, 297, 299, 341, and 343, and wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the engineered OCT4 comprises a substitution at an amino acid position selected from the group consisting of D8, D20, E26, D31, E56, E68, E91, E96, E98, E104, D108, E113, E125, E127, E130, E134, E135, D138, D291, E296, D297, E299, E341, and E343. In some embodiments, the substitution comprises substituting an acidic amino acid with a neutral amino acid. In some embodiments, the substitution comprises substituting a D or E with an A. In some embodiments, the engineered OCT4 comprises a substitution selected from the group consisting of D8A, D20A, D31A, D108A, E134A, D138A, D291A, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the engineered OCT4 comprises a substitution selected from the group consisting of: (i) D8A, D20A, E26A, D31A, E56A, E68A, E91A, E96A, E98A, E104A, D108A, E113A, E125A, E127A, E130A, E134A, E135A, D138A, D291A, E296A, D297A, E299A, E341A, and E343A; (ii) D8A, D20A, E26A, D31A, E56A, E68A, E91A, E96A, E98A, E104A, D108A, E113A, E125A, E127A, E130A, E134A, E135A, and D138A; (iii) D291A, E296A, D297A, E299A, E341A, and E343A; (iv) D8A, D20A, E26A, D31A, E56A, E68A, E91A, E96A, E98A, E104A, D108A, E113A, E125A, E127A, E130A, E134A, D138A, D291A, E296A, E299A, E341A, and E343A; (v) E134A, E135A, E296A, and D297A; (vi) D8A, D20A, D31A, D108A, D138A, D291A, and D297A; and (vii) E26A, E56A, E68A, E91A, E96A, E98A, E104A, E113A, E125A, E127A, E130A, E134A, E135A, E296A, E299A, E341A, and E343A. In some embodiments, the engineered OCT4 comprises an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10, or a variant thereof having at least about 85%sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10. In some embodiments, the engineered OCT4 comprises a deletion at amino acid positions 2-140 and / or 288-360, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the engineered OCT4 comprises a deletion selected from the group consisting of: (i) a deletion at amino acid positions 2-140 and 301-360; (ii) a deletion at amino acid positions 301-360; and (iii) a deletion at amino acid positions 2-140. In some embodiments, thr engineered OCT4 comprises an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 44-46, or a variant thereof having at least about 85%sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOs: 44-46.
[0023] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described herein, the engineered reprogramming factor is an engineered c-MYC. In some embodiments, the engineered c-MYC comprises a substitution of an amino acid that can be ubiquitinated with an amino acid that cannot be ubiquitinated, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 12 or 85. In some embodiments, the substitution comprises substituting a K with an R. In some embodiments, the engineered c-MYC comprises a substitution at an amino acid position selected from the group consisting of 51, 52, 126, 143, 148, 157, 206, 269, 275, 289, 298, 317, 323, 326, 341, 355, 371, 389, 392, 397, 398, 412, 422, 428, and 430, and wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 12 or 85. In some embodiments, the engineered c-MYC comprises a substitution selected from the group consisting of K51R, K52R, K148R, K275R, K289R, and K389R, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the engineered c-MYC comprises a substitution selected from the group consisting of: (i) K51R, K52R, K126R, K143R, K148R, K157R, K206R, K269R, K275R, K289R, K298R, K317R, K323R, K326R, K341R, K355R, K371R, K389R, K392R, K397R, K398R, K412R, K422R, K428R, and K430R; (ii) K148R; (iii) K389R; (iv) K148R and K389R; (v) K51R and K52R; (vi) K275R and K289R; and (vii) K51R, K52R, K275R, and K289R. In some embodiments, the engineered c-MYC comprises an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 14-20, or a variant thereof having at least about 85%sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOs: 14-20. In some embodiments, the engineered c-MYC comprises a deletion at amino acid positions 2-360, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 12 or 85. In some embodiments, the engineered c-MYC comprises a deletion at amino acid positions 2-140. In some embodiments, the engineered c-MYC comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 47 or 48, or a variant thereof having at least about 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 47 or 48.
[0024] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described herein, the engineered reprogramming factor is an engineered KLF4. In some embodiments, the engineered KLF4 comprises a deletion at amino acid positions 2-374, the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the engineered KLF4 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40, or a variant thereof having at least about 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 40.
[0025] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described herein, the engineered reprogramming factor is an engineered SOX2. In some embodiments, the engineered SOX2 comprises a deletion at amino acid positions 2-40 and / or 201-317, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 24. In some embodiments, the engineered SOX2 comprises an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 41-43, or a variant thereof having at least about 85%sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOs: 41-43.
[0026] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described herein, the engineered reprogramming factor is encoded by a nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 or 13. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is an RNA. In some embodiments, the RNA is a circular RNA (circRNA) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is a DNA. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is comprised within a vector. In some embodiments, the vector is a viral vector, such as a lentiviral vector or an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is delivered by an exosome, a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) , or a virus.
[0027] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described herein, the population of liver cells is present in an individual in need of treatment, wherein the method comprises administering the effective amount of the engineered reprogramming factor to the individual in vivo. In some embodiments, the effect amount of engineered reprogramming factor is administered through intravenous injection or intrahepatic injection. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering an RNA encoding the engineered reprogramming factor, wherein the RNA is encapsulated within an exosome or an LNP.
[0028] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described herein, the population of liver cells is obtained from a donor individual and cultured ex vivo. In some embodiments, the method comprises implanting the rejuvenated population of liver cells into an individual in need of treatment. In some embodiments, the donor individual and the individual in need of treatment are the same. In some embodiments, the donor individual and the individual in need of treatment are different. In some embodiments, the method comprises ex vivo administering to the population of liver cells an RNA (e.g., circRNA) encoding the engineered reprogramming factor, wherein the RNA is encapsulated within an exosome or an LNP.
[0029] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described herein, the method comprises introducing a plurality of reprogramming factors into the population of liver cells, wherein at least one of the plurality of reprogramming factors is an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS. In some embodiments, the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise two or more reprogramming factors from two or more families selected from the group consisting of OCT family, SOX family, KLF family, MYC family, LIN28 family, NANOG family, and GLIS family. In some embodiments, the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise two or more reprogramming factors selected from the group consisting of OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, c-MYC, L-MYC, LIN28, NANOG, GLIS1, and variant thereof. In some embodiments, the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise three or all of OCT4, KLF4, c-MYC, and SOX2, wherein at least one of the plurality of reprogramming factors is an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS. In some embodiments, the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise OCT4 and KLF4, wherein the at least one of OCT4 and KLF4 is an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS. In some embodiments, the OCT4 is an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS. In some embodiments, the KLF4 is an engineered KLF4 that is deficient in LLPS. In some embodiments, the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise a wild-type reprogramming factor. In some embodiments, the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise any of: (i) an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS, SOX2, and KLF4; (ii) an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS, KLF4, and an engineered c-MYC that is deficient in LLPS; or (iii) an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS, KLF4, an engineered c-MYC that is deficient in LLPS, and SOX2. In some embodiments, the plurality of reprogramming factors are encoded by a plurality of nucleic acids. In some embodiments, the plurality of nucleic acids are on separate nucleic acid constructs. In some embodiments, at least two of the plurality of nucleic acids are on a single nucleic acid construct. In some embodiments, the at least two of the plurality of nucleic acids are under the control of different promoters. In some embodiments, the at least two of the plurality of nucleic acids are under the control of the same promoter. In some embodiments, at least two of the plurality of nucleic acids are connected by one or more linking nucleic acids. In some embodiments, the one or more linking nucleic acids comprise IRES or a linking sequence encoding a self-cleaving peptide. In some embodiments, the one or more linking nucleic acids comprise a linking sequence encoding a self-cleaving peptide, and wherein the self-cleaving peptide is P2A, T2A, or E2A. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct comprises from 5’ to 3’: (i) a first nucleic acid encoding an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS –a first linking sequence encoding P2A –a second nucleic acid encoding SOX2 –a second linking sequence encoding T2A –a third nucleic acid encoding KLF4; (ii) a first nucleic acid encoding an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS –a first linking sequence encoding P2A –a second nucleic acid encoding KLF4 –a second linking sequence encoding T2A –a third nucleic acid encoding an engineered c-MYC that is deficient in LLPS; (iii) a first nucleic acid encoding an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS –a first linking sequence encoding P2A –a second nucleic acid encoding KLF4 –a second linking sequence encoding T2A –a third nucleic acid encoding an engineered c-MYC that is deficient in LLPS –a third linking sequence encoding E2A –a fourth nucleic acid encoding SOX2; or (iv) a first nucleic acid encoding an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS –a first linking sequence encoding P2A –a second nucleic acid encoding KLF4 –a second linking sequence encoding T2A –a third nucleic acid encoding SOX2. In some embodiments, (i) the engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4; and / or (ii) the engineered c-MYC that is deficient in LLPS comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct comprises a nucleic acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 28, 30, 32, 35, 37, 39, 57, 59, 61, 94, 98, and 102.
[0030] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described herein, the method described herein further comprises introducing into the population of liver cells an effective amount of a therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the effective amount of the engineered reprogramming factor is administered once.
[0031] Another aspect of present application provides methods of delaying or preventing the progression of aging of a liver tissue in an individual, comprising introducing into a population of liver cells of the liver tissue an effective amount of an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of the engineered reprogramming factors described herein) . In some embodiments, the method of delaying or preventing the progression of aging of a liver tissue in an individual comprises rejuvenating a population of liver cells of the liver tissue using any of the rejuvenation methods described above..
[0032] Another aspect of present application provides methods of regenerating a liver tissue in an individual, comprising introducing into a population of liver cells of the liver tissue an effective amount of an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of the engineered reprogramming factors described herein) . In some embodiments, the method of regenerating a liver tissue in an individual comprises rejuvenating a population of liver cells of the liver tissue using any of the rejuvenation methods described above.
[0033] Another aspect of present application provides methods of treating an individual having aged or damaged liver tissue, or a liver tissue with disease or condition, comprising introducing into a population of liver cells of the liver tissue an effective amount of an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of the engineered reprogramming factors described herein) . In some embodiments, the method of treating an individual having aged or damaged liver tissue, or a liver tissue with disease or condition comprises rejuvenating a population of liver cells of the liver tissue using any of the rejuvenation methods described above.
[0034] Another aspect of present application provides methods for promoting success of liver transplant in an individual (e.g., as a donor and / or a receiver) , comprising introducing into a population of liver cells of the liver transplant or the individual an effective amount of an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of the engineered reprogramming factors described herein) before, during, and / or after the liver transplant. In some embodiments, the method of promoting success of liver transplant in an individual (e.g., as a donor and / or a receiver) comprises rejuvenating a population of liver cells of the liver transplant or the individual (e.g., receiving the liver transplant) using any of the rejuvenation methods described above.
[0035] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described herein, the individual has cirrhosis, fibrosis, or undergoes hepatectomy. In some embodiments, the individual is a human (e.g., of any age) , such as a human of at least 10 years old (e.g., at least about any of 15, 20, 22, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 years old, or older) .BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0036] FIGs. 1A-1B show verification of GFP-OCT4 and GFP-OCT4mutant (GFP-OCT4’) expression and distribution pattern in DAPI-stained 293T cells. FIG. 1A shows distribution pattern of GFP-OCT4 and GFP-OCT4’ in 293T cells, including after treatment with 1, 6-hexanediol. FIG. 1B shows fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) of GFP-Oct4 and GFP-Oct4’ droplets.
[0037] FIGs. 2A-2D show schematic diagrams of AnaPIE circular RNA (circRNA) vector structures containing one or two nucleic acids encoding different reprogramming factors. FIG. 2A shows the vector structure of AnaPIE-OS (encoding OCT4 and SOX2) . FIG. 2B shows the vector structure of AnaPIE-M (encoding c-MYC) . FIG. 2C shows the vector structure of AnaPIE-K (encoding KLF4) . FIG. 2D shows the vector structure of AnaPIE-LN (encoding LIN28 and NANOG) .
[0038] FIG. 3 shows results of 1%agarose gel electrophoresis following digestion with RNase R enzyme to verify formation of AnaPIE-OS, AnaPIE-M, AnaPIE-K and AnaPIE-LN circRNAs.
[0039] FIG. 4 shows results of 2%agarose gel electrophoresis of test circRNAs AnaPIE-OS, AnaPIE-M, AnaPIE-K and AnaPIE-LN compared to control circRNA AnaPIE-GFP.
[0040] FIG. 5 shows Western blot analysis of protein expression from AnaPIE-OS, AnaPIE-M, AnaPIE-K and AnaPIE-LN circRNAs following transfection into HEK 293T cells.
[0041] FIGs. 6A-6F show schematic diagrams of AzoPIE circRNA plasmid structures containing three or four nucleic acids encoding different reprogramming factors. FIG. 6A shows the vector structure of AzoPIE-OSK (encoding OCT4, SOX2, and KLF4) . FIG. 6B shows the vector structure of AzoPIE-O’SK (encoding OCT4’, SOX2, and KLF4) . FIG. 6C shows the vector structure of AzoPIE-OKM (encoding OCT4, KLF4, and c-MYC) . FIG. 6D shows the vector structure of AzoPIE-O’KM’ (encoding OCT4’, KLF4, and c-MYC’) . FIG. 6E shows the vector structure of AzoPIE-OKMS (encoding OCT4, KLF4, c-MYC, and SOX2) . FIG. 6F shows the vector structure of AzoPIE-O’KM’S (encoding OCT4’, KLF4, c-MYC’, and SOX2) .
[0042] FIG. 7 shows results of 1%agarose gel electrophoresis of AzoPIE-OSK, AzoPIE-O’SK, AzoPIE-O’KM’, and AzoPIE-OKM circRNAs.
[0043] FIG. 8 shows results of 1%agarose gel electrophoresis of AzoPIE-OKMS and AzoPIE-O’KM’S circRNAs.
[0044] FIG. 9 shows Western blot analysis of protein expression from AzoPIE-OKM, AzoPIE-O’KM’, and AzoPIE-OKMS circRNAs following transfection into HEK 293T cells.
[0045] FIGs. 10A-10C show schematic diagrams of AzoPIE circRNA vector structures containing nucleic acids encoding mouse OCT4 (wild-type (MsO) or mutant (MsOmut) ) , mouse KLF4 (MsKLF4) and mouse SOX2 (MsSOX2) . FIG. 10A shows the vector structure of AzoPIE-MsOKS. FIGs. 10B-10C show the vector structure of AzoPIE-MsOmutKS encoding two different mouse OCT4 mutants. FIG. 10B shows the vector structure of AzoPIE-MsOmut1KS. FIG. 10C shows the vector structure of AzoPIE-MsOmut2KS.
[0046] FIG. 11 shows Western blot analysis of protein expression from the AzoPIE-MsOmut1KS circRNA following transfection into HEK 293T cells.
[0047] FIGs. 12A-12B show characterization of HEK cell exosomes. FIG. 12A shows a transmission electron microscope (TEM) image of exosome samples showing typical cup-shaped morphology. FIG. 12B shows nano flow cytometry results showing that the size of the exosomes is generally between 60-80 nm.
[0048] FIG. 13 shows nano flow cytometry results measuring concentration and size of HEK cell exosome (HEK-exo) and human MSC exosome (huMSC-exo) with and without the loading of circular RNA.
[0049] FIG. 14 shows RT-qPCR results indicating the copy number of circRNAs in HEK-exo, huMSC-exo, and control samples.
[0050] FIGs. 15A-15B show verification of circRNA delivery by exosomes using fluorescent reporters eGFP. FIG. 15A shows microscopy images showing eGFP expression 24 hours after incubating HEK-exo with circRNA-eGFP. FIG. 15B shows microscopy images showing eGFP expression 24 hours after incubating huMSC-exo with circRNA-eGFP.
[0051] FIG. 16 shows nano flow cytometry results showing no significant difference in loading efficiency of OSK-circRNA and O’SK circRNA in HEK-exo.
[0052] FIG. 17 shows immunofluorescence verification of expression of human KLF4, OCT4, and SOX4 proteins from OSK-circRNA-loaded HEK-exosome following transfection into human skin fibroblast cells. DAPI staining shows nuclei.
[0053] FIGs. 18A-18B show lentiviral vector construction. FIG. 18A shows a schematic diagram of four lentiviral vector structures: LV-TRE3G-OKM, LV-TRE3G-O’KM’, LV-TRE3G-OKMS, and LV-TRE3G-O’KM’S. FIG. 18B shows results of enzyme digestion of the four lentiviral vector plasmids.
[0054] FIGs. 19A-19B show the lentiviral vector quality control assay. FIG. 19A shows lentiviral titer and sterility test results of LV-TRE3G-OKM, LV-TRE3G-O’KM’, LV-TRE3G-OKMS, and LV-TRE3G-O’KM’S. FIG. 19B shows detection of KLF4 RNA expression levels of the four lentiviral vector plasmids following transduction into HEK 293T cells.
[0055] FIG. 20 shows a schematic diagram of the AAV-TRE3G-OKS vector structure.
[0056] FIG. 21 shows results of enzyme digestion of the AAV-TRE3G-OKS vector plasmid.
[0057] FIG. 22 shows a schematic diagram of the AAV-TRE3G-O’KS vector structure.
[0058] FIG. 23 shows results of enzyme digestion of the AAV-TRE3G-O’KS vector plasmid
[0059] FIGs. 24A-24C show RT-qPCR results for the AAV-TRE3G vectors. FIG. 24A shows the original amplification curve set. FIG. 24B shows the standard curve. FIG. 24C shows the titer measurement of AAV-TRE3G-OKS and AAV-TRE3G-O’KS using RT-qPCR.
[0060] FIG. 25 shows immunostaining of KLF4 in mouse retinal ganglion cells two weeks after intravitreal injection with AAV-TRE3G-eGFP, AAV-TRE3G-OKS, or AAV-TRE3G-O’KS, together with co-injection of AAV-CMV-TET3G and followed by doxicyclin induction.
[0061] FIG. 26 shows Western blot analysis of KLF4 expression from AAV-TRE3G-OKS and AAV-TRE3G-O’KS treated groups.
[0062] FIG. 27 shows a schematic diagram of mouse AAV-CMV-OKS (AAV-CMV-MsOKS) vector structure.
[0063] FIG. 28 shows results of enzyme digestion of the AAV-CMV-MsOKS vector plasmid.
[0064] FIG. 29 shows a schematic diagram of AAV-CMV-MsOmut1KS vector encoding mouse Oct4 mutant 1.
[0065] FIG. 30 show results of enzyme digestion of the AAV-CMV-MsOmut1KS vector plasmid.
[0066] FIG. 31 shows a schematic diagram of AAV-CMV-MsOmut2KS vector encoding OCT4 mutant 2.
[0067] FIG. 32 shows results of enzyme digestion of AAV-CMV-MsOmut2KS vector plasmid.
[0068] FIGs. 33A-33C show RT-qPCR results for the AAV2-CMV vectors. FIG. 33A shows the original amplification curve set. FIG. 33B shows the standard curve. FIG. 33C shows viral particle titer measurement of AAV2-CMV-MsOKS, AAV2-CMV-MsOmut1KS, and AAV2-CMV-MsOmut2KS using RT-qPCR.
[0069] FIGs. 34A-34C show RT-qPCR results for the AAV9-CMV vectors. FIG. 34A shows the original amplification curve set. FIG. 34B shows the standard curve. FIG. 34C shows viral particle titer measurement of AAV9-CMV-MsOKS and AAV9-CMV-MsOmut1KS using RT-qPCR.
[0070] FIGs. 35A-35B show assessment of the anti-senescence effect of OSK-LNP and O'SK-LNP administration on HepG2 cells via senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining.
[0071] FIGs. 36A-36B show assessment of the anti-senescence effect of O'SK-LNP on three different lots of primary human livers (PHH) . FIG. 36A shows SA-β-gal staining. FIG. 36B shows quantification of senescent marker p16 via Western blot.
[0072] FIGs. 37A-37C show assessment of the anti-fibrosis effect of OSK-LNP and O'SK-LNP administration on TGFβ-induced LX-2. FIG. 37A shows a cell morphology assessment. FIG. 37B shows immunostaining results for Collagen I. FIG. 37C shows quantification of Collagen I via Western blot.
[0073] FIGs. 38A-38E show effects of O'SK-LNP on liver regeneration in C57 / B6J mice subjected to 70%partial hepatectomy (PHx) . FIG. 38A shows a schematic of the 5-day experimental protocol. FIG. 38B shows changes in body weight observed on Day 5. FIG. 38C shows changes in liver anatomy observed on Day 5. FIG. 38D shows changes in liver weight on Day 5. FIG. 38E shows changes in liver-to-body weight ratio on Day 5.
[0074] FIGs. 39A-39D show effects of O'SK-LNP on serum markers relative to PBS control in C57 / B6J mice subjected to 70%PHx. FIG. 39A shows ALT levels. FIG. 39B shows AST levels. FIG. 39C shows total bilirubin levels. FIG. 39D shows albumin levels.
[0075] FIGs. 40A-40B show expression of exogenous human OCT4mut in mouse liver sections. FIG. 40A shows expression of OCT4mut on Day 2. FIG. 40B shows expression of OCT4mut on Day 5.
[0076] FIG. 41 shows mouse liver histology results of O'SK-LNP versus PBS control for sections obtained on Day 2 and Day 5.
[0077] FIGs. 42A-42C show effects of O'SK-LNP on Ki67+ liver cell count levels. FIG. 42A shows liver histology results of O'SK-LNP versus PBS control for sections obtained on Day 2 and Day 5. FIG. 42B shows Ki67+ liver levels on Day 2. FIG. 42C shows Ki67+ liver levels on Day 5.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0078] Inventors of the present application discovered that engineered reprogramming factor (s) that is deficient in liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) (hereinafter also referred to as “LLPS-deficient reprogramming factor” ) could mediate initiation phase reprogramming (IPR) . Because of the deficiency in LLPS (or forming condensates) , cellular reprogramming retains at the initiation phase. The benefits of the methods described herein include but are not limited to: i) cells and tissues (e.g., liver cell / tissue) can be effectively rejuvenated, including effective reversion of EpiAge, reducing biomarkers of cell senescence, apoptosis, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and unhealthy cell function, increasing biomarkers of healthy cell function, and effectively repairing injured or damaged cells and tissues (e.g., diseased liver cell / tissue) , etc.; ii) rejuvenated cells retain their cell identities (e.g., hepatocytes) instead of becoming iPSCs; iii) the efficiency of cell rejuvenation is greatly improved while the risk of iPSC induction is greatly reduced, compared to that achieved by the traditional 4-Factor (non-engineered OSKM) or 3-Factor reprogramming methods; iv) various delivery methods are compatible with the LLPS-deficient reprogramming factors and rejuvenation methods described herein, such as DNA or RNA (e.g., circRNA) delivery, viral vector delivery, or delivery by exosomes or lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) , hence suitable for feasible applications to various organ and tissue types (e.g., liver, such as intravenous injection or intrahepatic injection) . These findings demonstrate promising applications in various clinical settings, such as liver rejuvenation, preventing or delaying the progression of liver aging, treating aged or damaged liver tissue, and promoting success of liver transplant.
[0079] Hence in one aspect, the present application provides a method of rejuvenating a population of liver cells (herein after also referred to as “liver rejuvenation method” ) , comprising introducing into the population of liver cells an effective amount of an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS. Also provided are methods of delaying or preventing the progression of aging of a liver tissue in an individual (e.g., human) , and methods of treating aging, damage, or disease or condition in a liver tissue of an individual, comprising (i) rejuvenating a population of liver cells of the liver tissue according to any of the liver rejuvenation methods described herein, and / or (ii) introducing into a population of liver cells of the liver tissue an effective amount of any of the LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factors described herein.
[0080] In another aspect, the present application provides engineered reprogramming factors that are deficient in LLPS, such as for use in any of the liver rejuvenation methods, or treatment or prevention methods described herein. Also provided are methods of preventing aging, damage, or disease or condition in a liver tissue of an individual, comprising introducing into a population of liver cells of the liver tissue an effective amount of an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of the engineered reprogramming factors described herein) , such as before the individual reaches certain age, or before the liver tissue is exposed to a damage factor (e.g., toxins, viruses, a hepatectomy, or a liver transplant) .
[0081] I. Definitions
[0082] As used herein, “condensate” means a non-membrane-encapsulated compartment formed by phase separation of one or more proteins and / or other macromolecules such as nucleic acids (including all stages of phase separation) .
[0083] The term “liquid-liquid phase separation” (LLPS) or “phase separation” refers to a process by which macromolecules (e.g., protein, nucleic acid) condense into a liquid-like dense phase, demixing from a diluted surrounding environment. LLPS underlies the formation of biomolecular condensates. It allows for the enrichment of specific factors while excluding others from the condensates, thereby creating a unique environment that either favors or restricts certain biochemical reactions.
[0084] As used herein, “stem cell” refers to those cells which retain the ability to renew themselves through mitotic cell division and which can differentiate into a diverse range of specialized cell types. It includes both embryonic stem cells (ESCs) that are found in blastocysts, and adult stem cells that are found in adult tissues. “Totipotent cells” refers to cells that have the ability to develop into cells derived from all three embryonic germ layers (mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm) and an entire organism (e.g., human being if placed in a woman's uterus in the case of humans) . Totipotent stem cells are produced by the fusion of an egg and a sperm. The cells produced by the first few divisions of a fertilized egg are also totipotent. Totipotent cells may give rise to an embryo, the extra embryonic membranes and all post-embryonic tissues and organs. ESCs are the offspring of totipotent cells. ESCs are pluripotent and can differentiate into cell types from any of the three germ layers.
[0085] As used herein, the term “pluripotent” refers to cells with the ability to give rise to progeny that can undergo differentiation, under appropriate conditions, into cell types that collectively exhibit characteristics associated with cell lineages from the three germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) . Pluripotent stem cells (PSC) can contribute to tissues of a prenatal, postnatal or adult organism. A standard art-accepted test, such as the ability to form a teratoma in 8-12 week old SCID mice, can be used to establish the pluripotency of a cell population. However, identification of various pluripotent stem cell characteristics can also be used to identify pluripotent cells. Human pluripotent stem cells may express at least some, and optionally all, of the markers from the following non-limiting list: SSEA-3, SSEA-4, TRA-I-60, TRA-I-81, TRA-2-49 / 6E, ALP, Sox2, E-cadherin, UTF-I, Oct4, Lin28, REX-1, and Nanog.
[0086] As used herein, the term “induced pluripotent stem cell” (iPSC) refers to a pluripotent stem cell artificially derived from a non-pluripotent cell. A non-pluripotent cell can be a cell of lesser potency to self-renew and differentiate than a pluripotent stem cell. Cells of lesser potency can be, but are not limited to, somatic stem cells, tissue specific progenitor cells, primary or secondary cells. iPSCs can derive from adult cells that are induced into ESC-like pluripotency by cell reprogramming factors. iPSCs can be derived from adult somatic cells such as liver or blood cells. iPSCs have the potential to differentiate into any of the three germ layer cell types.
[0087] The term “cellular reprogramming” refers to the process of altering the epigenome of a cell using reprogramming factors (e.g., reversing or preventing epigenetic changes in cells that are causes of dysfunction, deterioration, cell death, senescence or aging) . Cellular reprogramming may be complete reprogramming, such that a differentiated cell (e.g., somatic cell) is reprogrammed to a PSC. Cellular reprogramming may be incomplete, such that a differentiated cell (e.g., somatic cell) retains its cellular identity (e.g., lineage-specific stem cell) . Cellular reprogramming may be incomplete, e.g., a stem cell is not created, such that a cell is rejuvenated, or takes on more youthful attributes (e.g., increased survival, reduced inflammation, or ability to divide) . Cellular reprogramming may provide additional cellular functions, or prevent cellular aging (e.g., transdifferentiation, or transition into cellular senescence) . Cellular reprogramming may induce temporary or permanent gene expression changes. In some embodiments, cellular reprogramming prevents senescence from occurring.
[0088] As used herein, the term “complete reprogramming” refers to the use of cell reprogramming factors to induce somatic cell conversion to iPSCs. The complete reprogramming process can be divided into three phases: the initiation phase, the maturation phase, and the stabilization phase. In the initiation phase, the cells still maintain their original somatic identity, but the expression of early pluripotency-related genes such as NANOG and SALL4 increases rapidly; in the maturation phase, the somatic identity characteristics are rapidly lost, and the expression of late pluripotency-related genes such as DPPA5 and LIN28 increases; and in the stabilization phase, the cells completely lose their cell identity and become iPSCs.
[0089] As used herein, the term “loss of cell identity” refers to the reprogramming of somatic cells to lose the morphology, function, epigenetic patterns, gene expression profiles, and other characteristics of the original somatic cells (i.e., “cell identity” ) , and to obtain various characteristics of PSCs and become iPSCs. The cellular identity of somatic cells is gradually lost in the process of reprogramming. In the initiation phase, the cells still maintains their original cell identity; and in the maturation phase, the cells have lost most of their cell identity characteristics and obtained a higher degree of PSC characteristics.
[0090] The term “partial reprogramming” refers to the treatment or reprogramming of an aged or damaged cell using one or more cell reprogramming factors to restore some viability to the cells, but not enough to dedifferentiate into iPSCs and thus retain their original somatic identity. Transient reprogramming is an implementation of partial reprogramming, in which cells are exposed to cellular reprogramming factors for a sufficient period of time to rejuvenate the cells, but not enough to cause dedifferentiation into iPSCs. Due to the very short exposure time, the degree of rejuvenation of this instantaneous reprogramming is low.
[0091] “Initiation phase reprogramming” or “IPR” refers to reprogramming an aged or damaged cell in the initiation phase, so as to have a longer safety time window to rejuvenate the cells while greatly reduce the risk of becoming an iPSC.
[0092] A “reprogramming factor” is a factor, for example, it may be a transcription factor, which can be used to reprogram a target cell. The term “reprogramming factor” further includes any analogue molecule that mimics the function of the factor with respect to reprogramming capacity.
[0093] The term “rejuvenating” or “rejuvenation” as used herein is meant to include preventing or reversing the cellular causes of aging or damages without inducing a pluripotent state.
[0094] As used herein, the term “rejuvenated cell (s) ” refers to aged or damaged cells that have been treated or reprogrammed with one or more cellular reprogramming factors such that the cells have a transcriptomic profile of a younger or healthier cell while still retaining one or more cell identity markers.
[0095] “Regeneration” refers to the capability of contributing to the repair or de novo construction of a cell, tissue or organ. In some embodiments, cell rejuvenation comprises cell regeneration.
[0096] The term “tissue regeneration” refers to restoration of existing tissue or cells (e.g., aged, damaged, or diseased) and / or production of new tissue or cells within a tissue that are the same type as the tissue of interest (e.g., same type as the damaged tissue or cell) .
[0097] The term “tissue repair” in the context of damaged tissue refers to restoration of tissue architecture, function following tissue damage, or a combination thereof. Tissue repair includes tissue regeneration, cell growth, tissue replacement, and / or rewiring of existing tissue (reprogramming) .
[0098] As used herein, the terms “treatment, ” “treat, ” and “treating” refer to reversing, alleviating, delaying the onset of, or inhibiting the progress of a disease or disorder, or one or more symptoms thereof, as described herein. In certain embodiments, treatment may be administered after one or more symptoms have developed. In other embodiments, treatment may be administered in the absence of symptoms. For example, treatment may be administered to a susceptible individual prior to the onset of symptoms, not yet been diagnosed with a disease or condition, or may be treated with another damaging agent (e.g., in light of a history of symptoms, in light of genetic or other susceptibility factors, a disease therapy, or any combination thereof) . Treatment may also be continued after symptoms have resolved, for example, to prevent or delay their recurrence. Desirable effects of treatment include decreasing the rate of disease or condition progression, ameliorating or palliating the disease state or symptoms, achieving desired pharmacological and / or physiological effect, and remission or improved prognosis. Said effects may be prophylactic in terms of complete or partial prevention of the disease or its symptoms, and / or therapeutic in terms of partial or complete cure of the disease and / or adverse effects resulting from the disease. For example, an individual is successfully “treated” if one or more symptoms associated with the disease or condition are mitigated or eliminated, including, but not limited to, delaying or preventing the progression of the disease or condition, decreasing symptoms resulting from the disease or condition, increasing the quality of life of those suffering from the disease or condition, decreasing the dose of other medications required to treat the disease or condition, and / or prolonging survival of individuals.
[0099] “Prevention” as used herein refers to all acts of avoiding symptoms or delaying the tension of a particular symptom by administering an agent before or after the onset of the development of the disease or condition.
[0100] As used herein, an “effective amount” refers to an amount of an agent effective to provide the desired treatment or prevention after being administered in single or multiple doses. As is understood in the clinical context, an effective amount of an agent or pharmaceutical composition may or may not be achieved in conjunction with another agent or pharmaceutical composition. Thus, an “effective amount” may be considered in the context of administering one or more agents, and a single agent may be considered to be given in an effective amount if, in conjunction with one or more other agents, a desirable result may be or is achieved.
[0101] As used herein, an “individual” or a “subject” refers to a mammal, including, but not limited to, human, bovine, horse, sheep, goat, pig, deer, donkey, feline, canine, rodent (e.g., rat, mouse, rabbit, hamster) , or non-human primate (e.g., monkey, chimpanzee) . In some embodiments, the individual is a human. In some embodiments, the individual is a pet, e.g., horse, dog, cat, rabbit, guinea pig, hamster, rat, mouse, ferret, chinchilla, etc. In some embodiments, the individual is a farm animal, e.g., horse, cattle, cow, goat, sheep, pig, donkey, etc.
[0102] “Tissue” refers to an ensemble of cells (identical or not) and an extracellular matrix (ECM) that together carry out a specific function or set of functions.
[0103] The term “variant” refers to a sequence that comprises a modification relative to a wild-type sequence. Non-limiting modifications in an amino acid sequence include insertions, deletions, and point mutations. Non-limiting modifications to nucleic acid (e.g., engineered nucleic acid) sequences include frameshift mutations, nucleotide insertions, and nucleotide deletions.
[0104] As used herein, “percent (%) amino acid sequence identity” and “homology” with respect to a peptide or polypeptide sequence are defined as the percentage of amino acid residues in a candidate sequence that are identical with the amino acid residues in the specific peptide or polypeptide sequence, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity. Alignment for purposes of determining percent amino acid sequence identity can be achieved in various ways that are within the skill in the art, for instance, using publicly available computer software such as BLAST, BLAST-2, ALIGN or MEGALIGNTM (DNASTAR) software. Those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters for measuring alignment, including any algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over the full length of the sequences being compared.
[0105] An amino acid substitution may include but is not limited to the replacement of one amino acid in a polypeptide with another amino acid. Exemplary substitutions are shown in Table A.
[0106] Table A. Exemplary amino acid substitutions.
[0107] Amino acids may be grouped according to common side-chain properties: (1) hydrophobic: Norleucine, Met, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile; (2) neutral hydrophilic: Cys, Ser, Thr, Asn, Gln; (3) acidic: Asp, Glu; (4) basic: His, Lys, Arg; (5) residues that influence chain orientation: Gly, Pro; (6) aromatic: Trp, Tyr, Phe. Non-conservative substitutions will entail exchanging a member of one of these classes for another class.
[0108] As used herein, the term “transfection” refers to the uptake of exogenous DNA or RNA by a cell. A cell has been “transfected” when exogenous DNA or RNA has been introduced inside the cell membrane. A number of transfection techniques are generally known in the art. See, e.g., Graham et al. (1973) Virology, 52: 456, Sambrook et al. (2001) Molecular Cloning, a laboratory manual, 3rd edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories, New York, Davis et al. (1995) Basic Methods in Molecular Biology, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill, and Chu et al. (1981) Gene 13: 197. Such techniques can be used to introduce one or more exogenous DNA or RNA molecules into cells. The term refers to both stable and transient uptake of the DNA or RNA molecules. For example, transfection can be used for transient uptake of mRNAs encoding cellular reprogramming factors into cells in need of rejuvenation.
[0109] The terms “host cell, ” “host cell line, ” and “host cell culture” are used interchangeably and refer to cells into which exogenous nucleic acid has been introduced, including the progeny of such cells. Host cells include “transformants” and “transformed cells, ” which include the primary transformed cell and progeny derived therefrom without regard to the number of passages. Progeny may not be completely identical in nucleic acid content to a parent cell and may contain mutations. Mutant progenies that have the same function or biological activity as screened or selected for in the originally transformed cell are included herein.
[0110] The term “pharmaceutical formulation” of “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a preparation that is in such form as to permit the biological activity of the active ingredient to be effective, and that contains no additional components that are unacceptably toxic to a subject to which the formulation would be administered. Such formulations are sterile. A “sterile” formulation is aseptic or free from all living microorganisms and their spores.
[0111] It will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that uracil and thymine can both be represented by ‘t’ , instead of ‘u’ for uracil and ‘t’ for thymine; in the context of a ribonucleic acid, it will be understood that ‘t’ is used to represent uracil unless otherwise indicated.
[0112] It is understood that embodiments of the invention described herein include “consisting of” and / or “consisting essentially of” embodiments.
[0113] Reference to “about” a value or parameter herein includes (and describes) variations that are directed to that value or parameter per se. For example, description referring to “about X” includes description of “X” .
[0114] As used herein, reference to “not” a value or parameter generally means and describes “other than” a value or parameter. For example, the method is not used to treat cancer of type X means the method is used to treat cancer of types other than X.
[0115] The term “about X-Y” used herein has the same meaning as “about X to about Y. ”
[0116] As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a, ” “or, ” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
[0117] II. Methods of rejuvenating a population of liver cells
[0118] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of rejuvenating a population of liver cells, comprising introducing into the population of liver cells an effective amount of an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of the LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factors described herein) , or a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) , a nucleic acid construct (e.g., circRNA or plasmid) , or a virus encoding thereof, or a composition (e.g., pharmaceutical composition) comprising thereof. In some embodiments, there is provided a method of: (i) delaying or reducing the progression of liver aging, damage or injury, or liver disease in an individual (e.g., human) , (ii) treating aging, damage or injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue of an individual (e.g., human) , (iii) regenerating a liver tissue in an individual (e.g., human) , (iv) promoting success of liver transplant in an individual (e.g., human) , and / or (v) preventing aging, damage, injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue of an individual (e.g., human) , comprising: (a) introducing into a population of liver cells of the liver tissue an effective amount of an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of the LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factors described herein) , or a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) , a nucleic acid construct (e.g., circRNA or plasmid) , or a virus encoding thereof, or a composition (e.g., pharmaceutical composition) comprising thereof; or (b) introducing into a population of liver cells (e.g., from a different individuals) an effective amount of an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of the LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factors described herein) , or a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) , a nucleic acid construct (e.g., circRNA or plasmid) , or a virus encoding thereof, or a composition (e.g., pharmaceutical composition) comprising thereof, and implanting the rejuvenated population of liver cells into the individual (e.g., into the liver tissue of the individual) . In some embodiments, there is provided a method of: (i) delaying or reducing the progression of liver aging, damage or injury, or liver disease in an individual (e.g., human) , (ii) treating aging, damage or injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue of an individual (e.g., human) , (iii) regenerating a liver tissue in an individual (e.g., human) , (iv) promoting success of liver transplant in an individual (e.g., human) , and / or (v) preventing aging, damage, injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue of an individual (e.g., human) , comprising: (a) rejuvenating a population of liver cells of the liver tissue using any of the liver rejuvenation methods described herein; or (b) rejuvenating a population of liver cells (e.g., from the same individual or a different individuals) using any of the liver rejuvenation methods described herein, and implanting the rejuvenated population of liver cells into the individual (e.g., the liver tissue of the individual) . In some embodiments, the individual is a living-donor who has donated portion of the liver for living-donor liver transplant. In some embodiments, the individual is a recipient of a liver transplant. In some embodiments, for promoting success of liver transplant in an individual, the population of liver cells for introducing the LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factor are the liver cells of the individual who will receive the liver transplant. In some embodiments, for promoting success of liver transplant in an individual, the population of liver cells for introducing the LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factor are the liver cells of the liver transplant (i.e., donor’s liver cells) , which is to be transplanted into the individual. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells comprise hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) , fibroblasts, epithelial cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) , Kupffer cells, smooth muscle cells, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells are from a liver tissue that is: (i) an aged liver tissue; (ii) a damaged or injured liver tissue; (iii) a liver tissue with liver disease or condition; and / or (iv) a liver tissue after a surgical procedure. In some embodiments, the liver tissue is: (i) susceptible of aging or with predisposition toward aging; (ii) susceptible of being damaged or with predisposition toward liver damage; (iii) susceptible of or with predisposition toward developing a liver disease or condition; and / or (iv) to be administered a surgical procedure. In some embodiments, for preventing aging, damage, injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue / cell, the method is performed before the liver tissue / cell is aging, is exposed to a damage factor (e.g., toxins, viruses, or surgical procedures) , or has (e.g., diagnosed with) a disease or condition. In some embodiments, the method is performed at least about 12 hours (e.g., at least about any of 24 hours, 48 hours, or more) before the liver tissue / cell is exposed to a damage factor (e.g., virus, surgical procedures) . In some embodiments, the liver tissue is a liver tissue having senescence. In some embodiments, the liver tissue has cirrhosis. In some embodiments, the liver tissue has liver fibrosis. In some embodiments, the method does not reprogram the population of liver cells into a reprogrammed stem cell. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells comprise hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) , fibroblasts, epithelial cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) , Kupffer cells, smooth muscle cells, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the engineered reprogramming factor comprises a mutation in an LLPS-related domain in reference to a corresponding wild-type reprogramming factor. In some embodiments, the LLPS-related domain is selected from the group consisting of an intrinsically disordered region (IDR) , a region outside of DNA-binding domain (DBD) , a ubiquitination site, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the mutation comprises: (i) substituting an acidic amino acid (e.g., D or E) within the IDR with a neutral amino acid (e.g., A) ; (ii) substituting an amino acid that can be ubiquitinated (e.g., K) with an amino acid that cannot be ubiquitinated (e.g., R) ; (iii) deleting an amino acid that can be ubiquitinated (e.g., K) ; (iv) deleting an amino acid (e.g., acidic amino acid) within the IDR; and / or (v) deleting an amino acid (e.g., acidic amino acid) within a region outside of DBD. In some embodiments, the wild-type reprogramming factor is from a family selected from the group consisting of OCT family, SOX family, KLF family, MYC family, LIN28 family, NANOG family, and GLIS family. In some embodiments, the wild-type reprogramming factor is selected from the group consisting of OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, c-MYC, L-MYC, LIN28, NANOG, and GLIS1. In some embodiments, the engineered reprogramming factor is an engineered OCT4, e.g., comprising an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the engineered reprogramming factor is an engineered c-MYC, e.g., comprising an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 14-20, 47, and 48, such as SEQ ID NO: 14. In some embodiments, the engineered reprogramming factor is an engineered SOX2, e.g., comprising an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 41-43. In some embodiments, the engineered reprogramming factor is an engineered KLF4, e.g., comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40. In some embodiments, the engineered reprogramming factor is encoded by a nucleic acid, e.g., RNA such as circRNA, or DNA. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is comprised within a vector, e.g., a viral vector, such as lentiviral vector or AAV vector. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is delivered by an exosome, an LNP, or a virus. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells is present in an individual in need of treatment or prevention, wherein the method comprises administering the effective amount of the engineered reprogramming factor to the individual (e.g., to the liver tissue) in vivo. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering an RNA (e.g., circRNA) encoding the engineered reprogramming factor, wherein the RNA is encapsulated within an exosome or an LNP. In some embodiments, the virus, exosome or LNP is delivered by an intravenous or intrahepatic injections. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells is obtained from a donor individual and cultured ex vivo. In some embodiments, the method comprises implanting the rejuvenated population of liver cells into an individual (e.g., to the liver tissue) in need of treatment or prevention. The donor individual and the individual in need of treatment or prevention can be the same or different. In some embodiments, the method comprises ex vivo administering to the population of liver cells an RNA (e.g., circRNA) encoding the engineered reprogramming factor, wherein the RNA is encapsulated within an exosome or an LNP. In some embodiments, the individual is a human (e.g., of any age) , such as a human that is 10 years or older (e.g., at least about any of 15, 22, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 years old, or older) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises introducing into the population of liver cells an effective amount of a therapeutic agent.
[0119] The individual that can be treated here, either prophylacticaly or therapeutically, can be any mammal, including, but not limited to, human, bovine, horse, sheep, goat, pig, deer, donkey, feline, canine, rodent (e.g., rat, mouse, rabbit, hamster) , or non-human primate (e.g., monkey, chimpanzee) . In some embodiments, the individual is a human. In some embodiments, the individual is a non-human mammal (e.g., pet or farm animal) . The human to be treated can be of any age, such as any of 10, 15, 20, 22, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 years old, or older. In some embodiments, the human is 22 years or older, such as 30 years or older, 50 years or older, or 60 years or older. When the individual is a non-human mammal, the human ages described herein can be converted to equivalent non-human ages of the corresponding non-human mammal.
[0120] The engineered reprogramming factor (s) can be introduced into the population of liver cells as protein, nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) , nucleic acid construct (e.g., plasmid) , virus (e.g., lentivirus or AAV) , or a composition (e.g., pharmaceutical composition) comprising thereof. Hence, when referring to “introducing into the population of liver cells an effective amount of an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS, ” it is not limited to introducing protein. Any introduction or administration methods that can result in the engineered reprogramming factor (s) being introduced into the liver cells or can result in the engineered reprogramming factor (s) being expressed in the liver cells, are contemplated by the methods described herein.
[0121] In some embodiments, the method comprises introducing a plurality of reprogramming factors into the population of liver cells, wherein at least one of the plurality of reprogramming factors is an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of the LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factors described herein) . Hence in some embodiments, there is provided a method of rejuvenating a population of liver cells, comprising introducing into the population of liver cells an effective amount of a plurality of reprogramming factors (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) , wherein at least one of the plurality of reprogramming factors is an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of the LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factors described herein) . In some embodiments, there is provided a method of: (i) delaying or reducing the progression of liver aging, damage or injury, or liver disease in an individual (e.g., human) , (ii) treating aging, damage or injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue of an individual (e.g., human) , (iii) regenerating a liver tissue in an individual (e.g., human) , (iv) promoting success of liver transplant in an individual (e.g., human) , and / or (v) preventing aging, damage, injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue of an individual (e.g., human) , comprising: (a) introducing into a population of liver cells of the liver tissue an effective amount of a plurality of reprogramming factors (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) , wherein at least one of the plurality of reprogramming factors is an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of the LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factors described herein) ; or (b) introducing into a population of liver cells (e.g., from the same individual or different individuals) an effective amount of a plurality of reprogramming factors (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) , wherein at least one of the plurality of reprogramming factors is an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of the LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factors described herein) , and implanting the rejuvenated population of liver cells into the individual (e.g., the liver tissue of the individual) . In some embodiments, there is provided a method of: (i) delaying or reducing the progression of liver aging, damage or injury, or liver disease in an individual (e.g., human) , (ii) treating aging, damage or injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue of an individual (e.g., human) , (iii) regenerating a liver tissue in an individual (e.g., human) , (iv) promoting success of liver transplant in an individual (e.g., human) , and / or (v) preventing aging, damage, injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue of an individual (e.g., human) , comprising: (a) rejuvenating a population of liver cells of the liver tissue using any of the liver rejuvenation methods described herein; or (b) rejuvenating a population of liver cells (e.g., from the same individual or different individuals) using any of the liver rejuvenation methods described herein, and implanting the rejuvenated population of liver cells into the individual (e.g., the liver tissue of the individual) . In some embodiments, the individual is a living-donor who has donated portion of the liver for living-donor liver transplant. In some embodiments, the individual is a recipient of a liver transplant. In some embodiments, for promoting success of liver transplant in an individual, the population of liver cells for introducing the LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factor are the liver cells of the individual who will receive the liver transplant. In some embodiments, for promoting success of liver transplant in an individual, the population of liver cells for introducing the LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factor are the liver cells of the liver transplant (i.e., donor’s liver cells) , which is to be transplanted into the individual. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells comprise hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) , fibroblasts, epithelial cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) , Kupffer cells, smooth muscle cells, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, for preventing aging, damage, injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue / cell, the method is performed before the liver tissue / cell is aging, is exposed to a damage factor (e.g., toxins, viruses, or surgical procedures) , or has (e.g., diagnosed with) a disease or condition. In some embodiments, the method is performed at least about 12 hours (e.g., at least about any of 24 hours, 48 hours, or more) before the liver tissue / cell is exposed to a damage factor (e.g., virus, surgical procedures) . In some embodiments, the population of liver cells are from a liver tissue that is: (i) an aged liver tissue; (ii) a damaged or injured liver tissue; (iii) a liver tissue with liver disease or condition; and / or (iv) a liver tissue after a surgical procedure. In some embodiments, the liver tissue is: (i) susceptible of aging or with predisposition toward aging; (ii) susceptible of being damaged or with predisposition toward liver damage; (iii) susceptible of or with predisposition toward developing a liver disease or condition; and / or (iv) to be administered a surgical procedure. In some embodiments, the liver tissue is a liver tissue having senescence. In some embodiments, the liver tissue has cirrhosis. In some embodiments, the liver tissue has liver fibrosis. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells is present in an individual in need of treatment or prevention, wherein the method comprises administering the effective amount of the plurality of reprogramming factors to the individual (e.g., to the liver tissue) in vivo. In some embodiments, the plurality of reprogramming factors are encapsulated within an exosome, a liposome, or an LNP. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells is obtained from a donor individual and cultured ex vivo. In some embodiments, the method comprises implanting the rejuvenated population of liver cells into an individual (e.g., to the liver tissue) in need of treatment or prevention. The donor individual and the individual in need of treatment or prevention can be the same or different. In some embodiments, the method comprises ex vivo administering to the population of liver cells the effective amount of the plurality of reprogramming factors. In some embodiments, the method further comprises introducing into the population of liver cells an effective amount of a therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the individual is a human (e.g., of any age) , such as a human that is 10 years or older (e.g., at least about any of 15, 22, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 years old, or older) In some embodiments, the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise two or more reprogramming factors from two or more families selected from the group consisting of OCT family, SOX family, KLF family, MYC family, LIN28 family, NANOG family, and GLIS family. In some embodiments, the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise two or more reprogramming factors selected from the group consisting of OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, c-MYC, L-MYC, LIN28, NANOG, GLIS1, and variant thereof. In some embodiments, the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise three or all reprogramming factors selected from the group consisting of OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC, wherein at least one of the plurality of reprogramming factors is an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS. In some embodiments, the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise OCT4 and KLF4, wherein at least one of OCT4 and KLF4 is an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS. In some embodiments, all of the plurality of reprogramming factors are engineered reprogramming factors that are deficient in LLPS. In some embodiments, the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise a wild-type reprogramming factor. In some embodiments, the OCT4 is an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS, e.g., comprising an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, c-MYC is an engineered c-MYC that is deficient in LLPS, e.g., comprising an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 14-20, 47, and 48, such as SEQ ID NO: 14.
[0122] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of rejuvenating a population of liver cells, comprising introducing into the population of liver cells an effective amount of a plurality of reprogramming factors (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) , wherein the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) , SOX2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 24) , and KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) . In some embodiments, there is provided a method of: (i) delaying or reducing the progression of liver aging, damage or injury, or liver disease in an individual (e.g., human) , (ii) treating aging, damage or injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue of an individual (e.g., human) , (iii) regenerating a liver tissue in an individual (e.g., human) , (iv) promoting success of liver transplant in an individual (e.g., human) , and / or (v) preventing aging, damage, injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue of an individual (e.g., human) , comprising: (a) introducing into a population of liver cells of the liver tissue an effective amount of a plurality of reprogramming factors (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) , wherein the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) , SOX2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 24) , and KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) ; or (b) introducing into a population of liver cells (e.g., from the same individual or different individuals) an effective amount of a plurality of reprogramming factors (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) , and implanting the rejuvenated population of liver cells into the individual (e.g., the liver tissue of the individual) , wherein the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) , SOX2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 24) , and KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) . In some embodiments, the population of liver cells comprise livers, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) , fibroblasts, epithelial cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) , Kupffer cells, smooth muscle cells, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells are from a liver tissue that is: (i) an aged liver tissue; (ii) a damaged or injured liver tissue; (iii) a liver tissue with liver disease or condition; and / or (iv) a liver tissue after a surgical procedure. In some embodiments, the liver tissue is a liver tissue having senescence. In some embodiments, the liver tissue has cirrhosis. In some embodiments, the liver tissue has liver fibrosis. In some embodiments, for preventing aging, damage, injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue / cell, the method is performed before the liver tissue / cell is aging, is exposed to a damage factor (e.g., toxins, viruses, or surgical procedures) , or has (e.g., diagnosed with) a disease or condition. In some embodiments, the method is performed at least about 12 hours (e.g., at least about any of 24 hours, 48 hours, or more) before the liver tissue / cell is exposed to a damage factor (e.g., surgical procedures) . In some embodiments, the liver tissue is: (i) susceptible of aging or with predisposition toward aging; (ii) susceptible of being damaged or with predisposition toward liver damage; (iii) susceptible of or with predisposition toward developing a liver disease or condition; and / or (iv) to be administered a surgical procedure. In some embodiments, the method does not reprogram the population of liver cells into a reprogrammed stem cell. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells is present in an individual in need of treatment or prevention, wherein the method comprises administering the effective amount of the plurality of reprogramming factors to the individual (e.g., to the liver tissue) in vivo. In some embodiments, the plurality of reprogramming factors are encapsulated within an exosome, a liposome, or an LNP. In some embodiments, the exosome, liposome, or LNP is delivered by intravenous or intrahepatic injection. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells is obtained from a donor individual and cultured ex vivo. In some embodiments, the method comprises implanting the rejuvenated population of liver cells into an individual (e.g., to the liver tissue) in need of treatment or prevention. The donor individual and the individual in need of treatment or prevention can be the same or different. In some embodiments, the method comprises ex vivo administering to the population of liver cells the effective amount of the plurality of reprogramming factors. In some embodiments, the method further comprises introducing into the population of liver cells an effective amount of a therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the individual is a human (e.g., of any age) , such as a human that is 10 years or older (e.g., at least about any of 15, 22, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 years old, or older) .
[0123] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of rejuvenating a population of liver cells, comprising introducing into the population of liver cells an effective amount of a plurality of reprogramming factors (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) , wherein the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) , KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) , and an engineered c-MYC that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 14-20, 47, and 48, such as SEQ ID NO: 14) . In some embodiments, there is provided a method of: (i) delaying or reducing the progression of liver aging, damage or injury, or liver disease in an individual (e.g., human) , (ii) treating aging, damage or injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue of an individual (e.g., human) , (iii) regenerating a liver tissue in an individual (e.g., human) , (iv) promoting success of liver transplant in an individual (e.g., human) , and / or (v) preventing aging, damage, injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue of an individual (e.g., human) , comprising: (a) introducing into a population of liver cells of the liver tissue an effective amount of a plurality of reprogramming factors (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) , wherein the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) , KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) , and an engineered c-MYC that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 14-20, 47, and 48, such as SEQ ID NO: 14) ; or (b) introducing into a population of liver cells (e.g., from the same individual or different individuals) an effective amount of a plurality of reprogramming factors (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) , and implanting the rejuvenated population of liver cells into the individual (e.g., the liver tissue of the individual) , wherein the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) , KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) , and an engineered c-MYC that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 14-20, 47, and 48, such as SEQ ID NO: 14) . In some embodiments, the population of liver cells comprise livers, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) , fibroblasts, epithelial cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) , Kupffer cells, smooth muscle cells, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells are from a liver tissue that is: (i) an aged liver tissue; (ii) a damaged or injured liver tissue; (iii) a liver tissue with liver disease or condition; and / or (iv) a liver tissue after a surgical procedure. In some embodiments, the liver tissue is a liver tissue having senescence. In some embodiments, the liver tissue has cirrhosis. In some embodiments, the liver tissue has liver fibrosis. In some embodiments, for preventing aging, damage, injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue / cell, the method is performed before the liver tissue / cell is aging, is exposed to a damage factor (e.g., toxins, viruses, or surgical procedures) , or has (e.g., diagnosed with) a disease or condition. In some embodiments, the method is performed at least about 12 hours (e.g., at least about any of 24 hours, 48 hours, or more) before the liver tissue / cell is exposed to a damage factor (e.g., surgical procedures) . In some embodiments, the liver tissue is: (i) susceptible of aging or with predisposition toward aging; (ii) susceptible of being damaged or with predisposition toward liver damage; (iii) susceptible of or with predisposition toward developing a liver disease or condition; and / or (iv) to be administered a surgical procedure. In some embodiments, the method does not reprogram the population of liver cells into a reprogrammed stem cell. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells is present in an individual in need of treatment or prevention, wherein the method comprises administering the effective amount of the plurality of reprogramming factors to the individual (e.g., to the liver tissue) in vivo. In some embodiments, the plurality of reprogramming factors are encapsulated within an exosome, a liposome, or an LNP. In some embodiments, the exosome, liposome, or LNP is delivered by intravenous or intrahepatic injection. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells is obtained from a donor individual and cultured ex vivo. In some embodiments, the method comprises implanting the rejuvenated population of liver cells into an individual (e.g., to the liver tissue) in need of treatment or prevention. The donor individual and the individual in need of treatment or prevention can be the same or different. In some embodiments, the method comprises ex vivo administering to the population of liver cells the effective amount of the plurality of reprogramming factors. In some embodiments, the method further comprises introducing into the population of liver cells an effective amount of a therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the individual is a human (e.g., of any age) , such as a human that is 10 years or older (e.g., at least about any of 15, 22, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 years old, or older) .
[0124] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of rejuvenating a population of liver cells, comprising introducing into the population of liver cells an effective amount of a plurality of reprogramming factors (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) , wherein the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) , KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) , an engineered c-MYC that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 14-20, 47, and 48, such as SEQ ID NO: 14) , and SOX2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 24) . In some embodiments, there is provided a method of: (i) delaying or reducing the progression of liver aging, damage or injury, or liver disease in an individual (e.g., human) , (ii) treating aging, damage or injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue of an individual (e.g., human) , (iii) regenerating a liver tissue in an individual (e.g., human) , (iv) promoting success of liver transplant in an individual (e.g., human) , and / or (v) preventing aging, damage, injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue of an individual (e.g., human) , comprising: (a) introducing into a population of liver cells of the liver tissue an effective amount of a plurality of reprogramming factors (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) , wherein the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) , KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) , an engineered c-MYC that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 14-20, 47, and 48, such as SEQ ID NO: 14) , and SOX2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 24) ; or (b) introducing into a population of liver cells (e.g., from the same individual or different individuals) an effective amount of a plurality of reprogramming factors (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) , and implanting the rejuvenated population of liver cells into the individual (e.g., the liver tissue of the individual) , wherein the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) , KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) , an engineered c-MYC that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 14-20, 47, and 48, such as SEQ ID NO: 14) , and SOX2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 24) . In some embodiments, the population of liver cells comprise livers, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) , fibroblasts, epithelial cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) , Kupffer cells, smooth muscle cells, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells are from a liver tissue that is: (i) an aged liver tissue; (ii) a damaged or injured liver tissue; (iii) a liver tissue with liver disease or condition; and / or (iv) a liver tissue after a surgical procedure. In some embodiments, the liver tissue is a liver tissue having senescence. In some embodiments, the liver tissue has cirrhosis. In some embodiments, the liver tissue has liver fibrosis. In some embodiments, for preventing aging, damage, injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue / cell, the method is performed before the liver tissue / cell is aging, is exposed to a damage factor (e.g., toxins, viruses, or surgical procedures) , or has (e.g., diagnosed with) a disease or condition. In some embodiments, the method is performed at least about 12 hours (e.g., at least about any of 24 hours, 48 hours, or more) before the liver tissue / cell is exposed to a damage factor (e.g., surgical procedures) . In some embodiments, the liver tissue is: (i) susceptible of aging or with predisposition toward aging; (ii) susceptible of being damaged or with predisposition toward liver damage; (iii) susceptible of or with predisposition toward developing a liver disease or condition; and / or (iv) to be administered a surgical procedure. In some embodiments, the method does not reprogram the population of liver cells into a reprogrammed stem cell. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells is present in an individual in need of treatment or prevention, wherein the method comprises administering the effective amount of the plurality of reprogramming factors to the individual (e.g., to the liver tissue) in vivo. In some embodiments, the plurality of reprogramming factors are encapsulated within an exosome, a liposome, or an LNP. In some embodiments, the exosome, liposome, or LNP is delivered by intravenous or intrahepatic injection. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells is obtained from a donor individual and cultured ex vivo. In some embodiments, the method comprises implanting the rejuvenated population of liver cells into an individual (e.g., to the liver tissue) in need of treatment or prevention. The donor individual and the individual in need of treatment or prevention can be the same or different. In some embodiments, the method comprises ex vivo administering to the population of liver cells the effective amount of the plurality of reprogramming factors. In some embodiments, the method further comprises introducing into the population of liver cells an effective amount of a therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the individual is a human (e.g., of any age) , such as a human that is 10 years or older (e.g., at least about any of 15, 22, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 years old, or older) .
[0125] In some embodiments, the method comprises introducing a plurality of nucleic acids (e.g., RNA or DNA) encoding a plurality of reprogramming factors into the population of liver cells, wherein at least one of the plurality of reprogramming factors is an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of the LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factors described herein) . Hence in some embodiments, there is provided a method of rejuvenating a population of liver cells, comprising introducing into the population of liver cells an effective amount of a plurality of nucleic acids (RNA or DNA, such as any of the nucleic acids described herein) (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) encoding a plurality of reprogramming factors, wherein at least one of the plurality of reprogramming factors is an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of the LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factors described herein) . In some embodiments, there is provided a method of: (i) delaying or reducing the progression of liver aging, damage or injury, or liver disease in an individual (e.g., human) , (ii) treating aging, damage or injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue of an individual (e.g., human) , (iii) regenerating a liver tissue in an individual (e.g., human) , (iv) promoting success of liver transplant in an individual (e.g., human) , and / or (v) preventing aging, damage, injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue of an individual (e.g., human) , comprising: (a) introducing into a population of liver cells of the liver tissue an effective amount of a plurality of reprogramming factors (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) , wherein at least one of the plurality of reprogramming factors is an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of the LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factors described herein) ; or (b) introducing into a population of liver cells (e.g., from the same individual or different individuals) an effective amount of a plurality of reprogramming factors (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) , wherein at least one of the plurality of reprogramming factors is an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of the LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factors described herein) , and implanting the rejuvenated population of liver cells into the individual (e.g., the liver tissue of the individual) . In some embodiments, there is provided a method of: (i) delaying or reducing the progression of liver aging, damage or injury, or liver disease in an individual (e.g., human) , (ii) treating aging, damage or injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue of an individual (e.g., human) , (iii) regenerating a liver tissue in an individual (e.g., human) , (iv) promoting success of liver transplant in an individual (e.g., human) , and / or (v) preventing aging, damage, injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue of an individual (e.g., human) ) , comprising: (a) introducing into a population of liver cells of the liver tissue an effective amount of a plurality of nucleic acids (RNA or DNA, such as any of the nucleic acids described herein) (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) encoding a plurality of reprogramming factors, wherein at least one of the plurality of reprogramming factors is an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of the LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factors described herein) ; or (b) introducing into a population of liver cells (e.g., from the same individual or different individuals) an effective amount of a plurality of nucleic acids (RNA or DNA, such as any of the nucleic acids described herein) (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) encoding a plurality of reprogramming factors, wherein at least one of the plurality of reprogramming factors is an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of the LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factors described herein) , and implanting the rejuvenated population of liver cells into the individual (e.g., the liver tissue of the individual) . In some embodiments, the individual is a living-donor who has donated portion of the liver for living-donor liver transplant. In some embodiments, the individual is a recipient of a liver transplant. In some embodiments, for promoting success of liver transplant in an individual, the population of liver cells for introducing the LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factor are the liver cells of the individual who will receive the liver transplant. In some embodiments, for promoting success of liver transplant in an individual, the population of liver cells for introducing the LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factor are the liver cells of the liver transplant (i.e., donor’s liver cells) , which is to be transplanted into the individual. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells comprise livers, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) , fibroblasts, epithelial cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) , Kupffer cells, smooth muscle cells, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells are from a liver tissue that is: (i) an aged liver tissue; (ii) a damaged or injured liver tissue; (iii) a liver tissue with liver disease or condition; and / or (iv) a liver tissue after a surgical procedure. In some embodiments, for preventing aging, damage, injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue / cell, the method is performed before the liver tissue / cell is aging, is exposed to a damage factor (e.g., toxins, viruses, or surgical procedures) , or has (e.g., diagnosed with) a disease or condition. In some embodiments, the method is performed at least about 12 hours (e.g., at least about any of 24 hours, 48 hours, or more) before the liver tissue / cell is exposed to a damage factor (e.g., surgical procedures) . In some embodiments, the liver tissue is: (i) susceptible of aging or with predisposition toward aging; (ii) susceptible of being damaged or with predisposition toward liver damage; (iii) susceptible of or with predisposition toward developing a liver disease or condition; and / or (iv) to be administered a surgical procedure. In some embodiments, the liver tissue is a liver tissue having senescence. In some embodiments, the liver tissue has cirrhosis. In some embodiments, the liver tissue has liver fibrosis. In some embodiments, the method does not reprogram the population of liver cells into a reprogrammed stem cell. The plurality of nucleic acids can be on separate nucleic acid constructs (e.g., circRNA, plasmid, or recombinant viral genome) , or on a single nucleic acid construct. The plurality of nucleic acids can be delivered using an exosome, a liposome, an LNP, or a virus (e.g., LV or AAV) . In some embodiments, at least two of (e.g., all of) the plurality of nucleic acids are on a single nucleic acid construct. In some embodiments, the at least two of (e.g., all of) the plurality of nucleic acids are under the control of different promoters. In some embodiments, the at least two of (e.g., all of) the plurality of nucleic acids are under the control of the same promoter. In some embodiments, the at least two of (e.g., all of) the plurality of nucleic acids are connected by one or more linking nucleic acids. In some embodiments, the one or more linking nucleic acids comprise IRES or a linking sequence encoding a self-cleaving peptide, e.g., P2A, T2A, or E2A. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct comprises a nucleic acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 28, 30, 32, 35, 37, 39, 57, 59, 61, 94, 98, and 102. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells is present in an individual in need of treatment or prevention, wherein the method comprises administering the effective amount of the plurality of reprogramming factors to the individual (e.g., to the liver tissue) in vivo. In some embodiments, the plurality of reprogramming factors are encapsulated within an exosome, a liposome, or an LNP. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells is obtained from a donor individual and cultured ex vivo. In some embodiments, the method comprises implanting the rejuvenated population of liver cells into an individual (e.g., to the liver tissue) in need of treatment or prevention. The donor individual and the individual in need of treatment or prevention can be the same or different. In some embodiments, the method comprises ex vivo administering to the population of liver cells the effective amount of the plurality of reprogramming factors. In some embodiments, the method further comprises introducing into the population of liver cells an effective amount of a therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the individual is a human (e.g., of any age) , such as a human that is 10 years or older (e.g., at least about any of 15, 22, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 years old, or older) In some embodiments, the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise two or more reprogramming factors from two or more families selected from the group consisting of OCT family, SOX family, KLF family, MYC family, LIN28 family, NANOG family, and GLIS family. In some embodiments, the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise two or more reprogramming factors selected from the group consisting of OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, c-MYC, L-MYC, LIN28, NANOG, GLIS1, and variant thereof. In some embodiments, the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise three or all reprogramming factors selected from the group consisting of OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC, wherein at least one of the plurality of reprogramming factors is an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS. In some embodiments, the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise OCT4 and KLF4, wherein at least one of OCT4 and KLF4 is an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS. In some embodiments, all of the plurality of reprogramming factors are engineered reprogramming factors that are deficient in LLPS. In some embodiments, the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise a wild-type reprogramming factor. In some embodiments, the OCT4 is an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS, e.g., comprising an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, c-MYC is an engineered c-MYC that is deficient in LLPS, e.g., comprising an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 14-20, 47, and 48, such as SEQ ID NO: 14.
[0126] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of rejuvenating a population of liver cells, comprising introducing into the population of liver cells an effective amount of a plurality of nucleic acids (RNA or DNA; or nucleic acid construct (s) or virus comprising thereof) (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) encoding a plurality of reprogramming factors, wherein the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) , SOX2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 24) , and KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) . In some embodiments, there is provided a method of: (i) delaying or reducing the progression of liver aging, damage or injury, or liver disease in an individual (e.g., human) , (ii) treating aging, damage or injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue of an individual (e.g., human) , (iii) regenerating a liver tissue in an individual (e.g., human) , (iv) promoting success of liver transplant in an individual (e.g., human) , and / or (v) preventing aging, damage, injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue of an individual (e.g., human) , , comprising: (a) introducing into a population of liver cells of the liver tissue an effective amount of a plurality of nucleic acids (RNA or DNA; or nucleic acid construct (s) or virus comprising thereof) (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) encoding a plurality of reprogramming factors, wherein the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) , SOX2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 24) , and KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) ; or (b) introducing into a population of liver cells (e.g., from the same individual or different individuals) an effective amount of a plurality of nucleic acids (RNA or DNA; or nucleic acid construct (s) or virus comprising thereof) (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) encoding a plurality of reprogramming factors, and implanting the rejuvenated population of liver cells into the individual (e.g., the liver tissue of the individual) , wherein the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) , SOX2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 24) , and KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) . In some embodiments, the population of liver cells comprise hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) , fibroblasts, epithelial cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) , Kupffer cells, smooth muscle cells, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells are from a liver tissue that is: (i) an aged liver tissue; (ii) a damaged or injured liver tissue; (iii) a liver tissue with liver disease or condition; and / or (iv) a liver tissue after a surgical procedure. In some embodiments, the liver tissue is a liver tissue having senescence. In some embodiments, the liver tissue has cirrhosis. In some embodiments, the liver tissue has liver fibrosis. In some embodiments, for preventing aging, damage, injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue / cell, the method is performed before the liver tissue / cell is aging, is exposed to a damage factor (e.g., toxins, viruses, or surgical procedures) , or has (e.g., diagnosed with) a disease or condition. In some embodiments, the method is performed at least about 12 hours (e.g., at least about any of 24 hours, 48 hours, or more) before the liver tissue / cell is exposed to a damage factor (e.g., surgical procedures) . In some embodiments, the liver tissue is: (i) susceptible of aging or with predisposition toward aging; (ii) susceptible of being damaged or with predisposition toward liver damage; (iii) susceptible of or with predisposition toward developing a liver disease or condition; and / or (iv) to be administered a surgical procedure. In some embodiments, the method does not reprogram the population of liver cells into a reprogrammed stem cell. The plurality of nucleic acids can be on separate nucleic acid constructs (e.g., circRNA, plasmid, or recombinant viral genome) , or on a single nucleic acid construct. The plurality of nucleic acids can be delivered using an exosome, a liposome, an LNP, or a virus (e.g., LV or AAV) . In some embodiments, the population of liver cells is present in an individual in need of treatment or prevention, wherein the method comprises administering the effective amount of the plurality of nucleic acids (or nucleic acid construct (s) or virus comprising thereof) to the individual (e.g., to the liver tissue) in vivo. In some embodiments, the exosome, liposome, LNP or virus is delivered by intravenous or intrahepatic injection. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells is obtained from a donor individual and cultured ex vivo. In some embodiments, the method comprises implanting the rejuvenated population of liver cells into an individual (e.g., to the liver tissue) in need of treatment or prevention. The donor individual and the individual in need of treatment or prevention can be the same or different. In some embodiments, the method comprises ex vivo administering to the population of liver cells the effective amount of the plurality of nucleic acids (or nucleic acid construct (s) or virus comprising thereof) . In some embodiments, the plurality of nucleic acids are one or more RNAs (e.g., one circRNA) . In some embodiments, the one or more RNAs (e.g., one circRNA) are encapsulated within an exosome, a liposome, or an LNP. In some embodiments, the method further comprises introducing into the population of liver cells an effective amount of a therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the individual is a human (e.g., of any age) , such as a human that is 10 years or older (e.g., at least about any of 15, 22, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 years old, or older) .
[0127] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of rejuvenating a population of liver cells, comprising introducing into the population of liver cells an effective amount of a nucleic acid construct (RNA or DNA; or a virus comprising thereof) (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) , wherein the nucleic acid construct comprises from 5’ to 3’: a first nucleic acid encoding an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) –a first linking sequence (e.g., encoding P2A) –a second nucleic acid encoding SOX2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 24) –a second linking sequence (e.g., encoding T2A) –a third nucleic acid encoding KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) . In some embodiments, there is provided a method of: (i) delaying or reducing the progression of liver aging, damage or injury, or liver disease in an individual (e.g., human) , (ii) treating aging, damage or injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue of an individual (e.g., human) , (iii) regenerating a liver tissue in an individual (e.g., human) , (iv) promoting success of liver transplant in an individual (e.g., human) , and / or (v) preventing aging, damage, injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue of an individual (e.g., human) , comprising: (a) introducing into a population of liver cells of the liver tissue an effective amount of a nucleic acid construct (RNA or DNA; or a virus comprising thereof) (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) , wherein the nucleic acid construct comprises from 5’ to 3’: a first nucleic acid encoding an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) –a first linking sequence (e.g., encoding P2A) –a second nucleic acid encoding SOX2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 24) –a second linking sequence (e.g., encoding T2A) –a third nucleic acid encoding KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) ; or (b) introducing into a population of liver cells (e.g., from the same individual or different individuals) an effective amount of a nucleic acid construct (RNA or DNA; or a virus comprising thereof) (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) , and implanting the rejuvenated population of liver cells into the individual (e.g., the liver tissue of the individual) , wherein the nucleic acid construct comprises from 5’ to 3’: a first nucleic acid encoding an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) –a first linking sequence (e.g., encoding P2A) –a second nucleic acid encoding KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) –a second linking sequence (e.g., encoding T2A) –a third nucleic acid encoding SOX2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 24) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct encodes a protein sequence of SEQ ID NO: 93. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct further comprises an IRES at 5’ of the first nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a circRNA. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a DNA vector (e.g., lentiviral vector, AAV vector, or plasmid) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39, 57, or 94. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells comprise hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) , fibroblasts, epithelial cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) , Kupffer cells, smooth muscle cells, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells are from a liver tissue that is: (i) an aged liver tissue; (ii) a damaged or injured liver tissue; (iii) a liver tissue with liver disease or condition; and / or (iv) a liver tissue after a surgical procedure. In some embodiments, the liver tissue is a liver tissue having senescence. In some embodiments, the liver tissue has cirrhosis. In some embodiments, the liver tissue has liver fibrosis. In some embodiments, for preventing aging, damage, injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue / cell, the method is performed before the liver tissue / cell is aging, is exposed to a damage factor (e.g., toxins, viruses, or surgical procedures) , or has (e.g., diagnosed with) a disease or condition. In some embodiments, the method is performed at least about 12 hours (e.g., at least about any of 24 hours, 48 hours, or more) before the liver tissue / cell is exposed to a damage factor (e.g., surgical procedures) . In some embodiments, the liver tissue is: (i) susceptible of aging or with predisposition toward aging; (ii) susceptible of being damaged or with predisposition toward liver damage; (iii) susceptible of or with predisposition toward developing a liver disease or condition; and / or (iv) to be administered a surgical procedure. In some embodiments, the method does not reprogram the population of liver cells into a reprogrammed stem cell. The plurality of nucleic acids can be on separate nucleic acid constructs (e.g., circRNA, plasmid, or recombinant viral genome) , or on a single nucleic acid construct. The plurality of nucleic acids can be delivered using an exosome, a liposome, an LNP, or a virus (e.g., LV or AAV) . In some embodiments, the population of liver cells is present in an individual in need of treatment or prevention, wherein the method comprises administering the effective amount of the plurality of nucleic acids (or nucleic acid construct (s) or virus comprising thereof) to the individual (e.g., to the liver tissue) in vivo. In some embodiments, the exosome, liposome, LNP or virus is delivered by intravenous or intrahepatic injection. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells is obtained from a donor individual and cultured ex vivo. In some embodiments, the method comprises implanting the rejuvenated population of liver cells into an individual (e.g., to the liver tissue) in need of treatment or prevention. The donor individual and the individual in need of treatment or prevention can be the same or different. In some embodiments, the method comprises ex vivo administering to the population of liver cells the effective amount of the plurality of nucleic acids (or nucleic acid construct (s) or virus comprising thereof) . In some embodiments, the plurality of nucleic acids are one or more RNAs (e.g., one circRNA) . In some embodiments, the one or more RNAs (e.g., one circRNA) are encapsulated within an exosome, a liposome, or an LNP. In some embodiments, the method further comprises introducing into the population of liver cells an effective amount of a therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the individual is a human (e.g., of any age) , such as a human that is 10 years or older (e.g., at least about any of 15, 22, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 years old, or older) .
[0128] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of rejuvenating a population of liver cells, comprising introducing into the population of liver cells an effective amount of a nucleic acid construct (RNA or DNA; or a virus comprising thereof) (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) , wherein the nucleic acid construct comprises from 5’ to 3’: a first nucleic acid encoding an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) –a first linking sequence (e.g., encoding P2A) –a second nucleic acid encoding SOX2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 24) –a second linking sequence (e.g., encoding T2A) –a third nucleic acid encoding KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) . In some embodiments, there is provided a method of: (i) delaying or reducing the progression of liver aging, damage or injury, or liver disease in an individual (e.g., human) , (ii) treating aging, damage or injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue of an individual (e.g., human) , (iii) regenerating a liver tissue in an individual (e.g., human) , (iv) promoting success of liver transplant in an individual (e.g., human) , and / or (v) preventing aging, damage, injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue of an individual (e.g., human) , comprising: (a) introducing into a population of liver cells of the liver tissue an effective amount of a nucleic acid construct (RNA or DNA; or a virus comprising thereof) (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) , wherein the nucleic acid construct comprises from 5’ to 3’: a first nucleic acid encoding an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) –a first linking sequence (e.g., encoding P2A) –a second nucleic acid encoding SOX2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 24) –a second linking sequence (e.g., encoding T2A) –a third nucleic acid encoding KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) ; or (b) introducing into a population of liver cells (e.g., from the same individual or different individuals) an effective amount of a nucleic acid construct (RNA or DNA; or a virus comprising thereof) (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) , and implanting the rejuvenated population of liver cells into the individual (e.g., the liver tissue of the individual) , wherein the nucleic acid construct comprises from 5’ to 3’: a first nucleic acid encoding an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) –a first linking sequence (e.g., encoding P2A) –a second nucleic acid encoding KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) –a second linking sequence (e.g., encoding T2A) –a third nucleic acid encoding SOX2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 24) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct further comprises an IRES at 5’of the first nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a circRNA. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a DNA vector (e.g., lentiviral vector, AAV vector, or plasmid) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32 or 39. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells comprise hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) , fibroblasts, epithelial cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) , Kupffer cells, smooth muscle cells, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells are from a liver tissue that is: (i) an aged liver tissue; (ii) a damaged or injured liver tissue; (iii) a liver tissue with liver disease or condition; and / or (iv) a liver tissue after a surgical procedure. In some embodiments, the liver tissue is a liver tissue having senescence. In some embodiments, the liver tissue has cirrhosis. In some embodiments, the liver tissue has liver fibrosis. In some embodiments, for preventing aging, damage, injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue / cell, the method is performed before the liver tissue / cell is aging, is exposed to a damage factor (e.g., toxins, viruses, or surgical procedures) , or has (e.g., diagnosed with) a disease or condition. In some embodiments, the method is performed at least about 12 hours (e.g., at least about any of 24 hours, 48 hours, or more) before the liver tissue / cell is exposed to a damage factor (e.g., surgical procedures) . In some embodiments, the liver tissue is: (i) susceptible of aging or with predisposition toward aging; (ii) susceptible of being damaged or with predisposition toward liver damage; (iii) susceptible of or with predisposition toward developing a liver disease or condition; and / or (iv) to be administered a surgical procedure. In some embodiments, the method does not reprogram the population of liver cells into a reprogrammed stem cell. The plurality of nucleic acids can be on separate nucleic acid constructs (e.g., circRNA, plasmid, or recombinant viral genome) , or on a single nucleic acid construct. The plurality of nucleic acids can be delivered using an exosome, a liposome, an LNP, or a virus (e.g., LV or AAV) . In some embodiments, the population of liver cells is present in an individual in need of treatment or prevention, wherein the method comprises administering the effective amount of the plurality of nucleic acids (or nucleic acid construct (s) or virus comprising thereof) to the individual (e.g., to the liver tissue) in vivo. In some embodiments, the exosome, liposome, LNP or virus is delivered by intravenous or intrahepatic injection. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells is obtained from a donor individual and cultured ex vivo. In some embodiments, the method comprises implanting the rejuvenated population of liver cells into an individual (e.g., to the liver tissue) in need of treatment or prevention. The donor individual and the individual in need of treatment or prevention can be the same or different. In some embodiments, the method comprises ex vivo administering to the population of liver cells the effective amount of the plurality of nucleic acids (or nucleic acid construct (s) or virus comprising thereof) . In some embodiments, the plurality of nucleic acids are one or more RNAs (e.g., one circRNA) . In some embodiments, the one or more RNAs (e.g., one circRNA) are encapsulated within an exosome, a liposome, or an LNP. In some embodiments, the method further comprises introducing into the population of liver cells an effective amount of a therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the individual is a human (e.g., of any age) , such as a human that is 10 years or older (e.g., at least about any of 15, 22, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 years old, or older.
[0129] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of rejuvenating a population of liver cells, comprising introducing into the population of liver cells an effective amount of a nucleic acid construct (RNA or DNA; or a virus comprising thereof) (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) , wherein the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) , KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) , and an engineered c-MYC that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 14-20, 47, and 48, such as SEQ ID NO: 14) . In some embodiments, there is provided a method of: (i) delaying or reducing the progression of liver aging, damage or injury, or liver disease in an individual (e.g., human) , (ii) treating aging, damage or injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue of an individual (e.g., human) , (iii) regenerating a liver tissue in an individual (e.g., human) , (iv) promoting success of liver transplant in an individual (e.g., human) , and / or (v) preventing aging, damage, injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue of an individual (e.g., human) , comprising: (a) introducing into a population of liver cells of the liver tissue an effective amount of a nucleic acid construct (RNA or DNA; or a virus comprising thereof) (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) , wherein the nucleic acid construct comprises from 5’ to 3’: a first nucleic acid encoding an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS ( (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) , KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) , and an engineered c-MYC that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 14-20, 47, and 48, such as SEQ ID NO: 14) ; or (b) introducing into a population of liver cells (e.g., from the same individual or different individuals) an effective amount of a nucleic acid construct (RNA or DNA; or a virus comprising thereof) (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) , and implanting the rejuvenated population of liver cells into the individual (e.g., the liver tissue of the individual) , wherein the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) , KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) , and an engineered c-MYC that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 14-20, 47, and 48, such as SEQ ID NO: 14) . In some embodiments, the population of liver cells comprise hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) , fibroblasts, epithelial cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) , Kupffer cells, smooth muscle cells, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells are from a liver tissue that is: (i) an aged liver tissue; (ii) a damaged or injured liver tissue; (iii) a liver tissue with liver disease or condition; and / or (iv) a liver tissue after a surgical procedure. In some embodiments, the liver tissue is a liver tissue having senescence. In some embodiments, the liver tissue has cirrhosis. In some embodiments, the liver tissue has liver fibrosis. In some embodiments, for preventing aging, damage, injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue / cell, the method is performed before the liver tissue / cell is aging, is exposed to a damage factor (e.g., toxins, viruses, or surgical procedures) , or has (e.g., diagnosed with) a disease or condition. In some embodiments, the method is performed at least about 12 hours (e.g., at least about any of 24 hours, 48 hours, or more) before the liver tissue / cell is exposed to a damage factor (e.g., surgical procedures) . In some embodiments, the liver tissue is: (i) susceptible of aging or with predisposition toward aging; (ii) susceptible of being damaged or with predisposition toward liver damage; (iii) susceptible of or with predisposition toward developing a liver disease or condition; and / or (iv) to be administered a surgical procedure. In some embodiments, the method does not reprogram the population of liver cells into a reprogrammed stem cell. The plurality of nucleic acids can be on separate nucleic acid constructs (e.g., circRNA, plasmid, or recombinant viral genome) , or on a single nucleic acid construct. The plurality of nucleic acids can be delivered using an exosome, a liposome, an LNP, or a virus (e.g., LV or AAV) . In some embodiments, the population of liver cells is present in an individual in need of treatment or prevention, wherein the method comprises administering the effective amount of the plurality of nucleic acids (or nucleic acid construct (s) or virus comprising thereof) to the individual (e.g., to the liver tissue) in vivo. In some embodiments, the exosome, liposome, LNP or virus is delivered by intravenous or intrahepatic injection. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells is obtained from a donor individual and cultured ex vivo. In some embodiments, the method comprises implanting the rejuvenated population of liver cells into an individual (e.g., to the liver tissue) in need of treatment or prevention. The donor individual and the individual in need of treatment or prevention can be the same or different. In some embodiments, the method comprises ex vivo administering to the population of liver cells the effective amount of the plurality of nucleic acids (or nucleic acid construct (s) or virus comprising thereof) . In some embodiments, the plurality of nucleic acids are one or more RNAs (e.g., one circRNA) . In some embodiments, the one or more RNAs (e.g., one circRNA) are encapsulated within an exosome, a liposome, or an LNP. In some embodiments, the method further comprises introducing into the population of liver cells an effective amount of a therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the individual is a human (e.g., of any age) , such as a human that is 10 years or older (e.g., at least about any of 15, 22, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 years old, or older) .
[0130] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of rejuvenating a population of liver cells, comprising introducing into the population of liver cells an effective amount of a nucleic acid construct (RNA or DNA; or a virus comprising thereof) (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) , wherein the nucleic acid construct comprises from 5’ to 3’: a first nucleic acid encoding an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) –a first linking sequence (e.g., encoding P2A) –a second nucleic acid encoding KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) –a second linking sequence (e.g., encoding T2A) –a third nucleic acid encoding an engineered c-MYC that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 14-20, 47, and 48, such as SEQ ID NO: 14) . In some embodiments, there is provided a method of: (i) delaying or reducing the progression of liver aging, damage or injury, or liver disease in an individual (e.g., human) , (ii) treating aging, damage or injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue of an individual (e.g., human) , (iii) regenerating a liver tissue in an individual (e.g., human) , (iv) promoting success of liver transplant in an individual (e.g., human) , and / or (v) preventing aging, damage, injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue of an individual (e.g., human) , comprising: (a) introducing into a population of liver cells of the liver tissue an effective amount of a nucleic acid construct (RNA or DNA; or a virus comprising thereof) (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) , wherein the nucleic acid construct comprises from 5’ to 3’: a first nucleic acid encoding an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID Nos: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) –a first linking sequence (e.g., encoding P2A) –a second nucleic acid encoding KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) –a second linking sequence (e.g., encoding T2A) –a third nucleic acid encoding an engineered c-MYC that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 14-20, 47, and 48, such as SEQ ID NO: 14) ; or (b) introducing into a population of liver cells (e.g., from the same individual or different individuals) an effective amount of a nucleic acid construct (RNA or DNA; or a virus comprising thereof) (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) , and implanting the rejuvenated population of liver cells into the individual (e.g., the liver tissue of the individual) , wherein the nucleic acid construct comprises from 5’ to 3’: a first nucleic acid encoding an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) –a first linking sequence (e.g., encoding P2A) –a second nucleic acid encoding KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) –a second linking sequence (e.g., encoding T2A) –a third nucleic acid encoding an engineered c-MYC that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 14-20, 47, and 48, such as SEQ ID NO: 14) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct encodes a protein sequence of SEQ ID NO: 97) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct further comprises an IRES at 5’ of the first nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a circRNA. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a DNA vector (e.g., lentiviral vector, AAV vector, or plasmid) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct comprises a nucleic acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 30, 35, 59, and 98. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells comprise hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) , fibroblasts, epithelial cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) , Kupffer cells, smooth muscle cells, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells are from a liver tissue that is: (i) an aged liver tissue; (ii) a damaged or injured liver tissue; (iii) a liver tissue with liver disease or condition; and / or (iv) a liver tissue after a surgical procedure. In some embodiments, the liver tissue is a liver tissue having senescence. In some embodiments, the liver tissue has cirrhosis. In some embodiments, the liver tissue has liver fibrosis. In some embodiments, for preventing aging, damage, injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue / cell, the method is performed before the liver tissue / cell is aging, is exposed to a damage factor (e.g., toxins, viruses, or surgical procedures) , or has (e.g., diagnosed with) a disease or condition. In some embodiments, the method is performed at least about 12 hours (e.g., at least about any of 24 hours, 48 hours, or more) before the liver tissue / cell is exposed to a damage factor (e.g., surgical procedures) . In some embodiments, the liver tissue is: (i) susceptible of aging or with predisposition toward aging; (ii) susceptible of being damaged or with predisposition toward liver damage; (iii) susceptible of or with predisposition toward developing a liver disease or condition; and / or (iv) to be administered a surgical procedure. In some embodiments, the method does not reprogram the population of liver cells into a reprogrammed stem cell. The plurality of nucleic acids can be on separate nucleic acid constructs (e.g., circRNA, plasmid, or recombinant viral genome) , or on a single nucleic acid construct. The plurality of nucleic acids can be delivered using an exosome, a liposome, an LNP, or a virus (e.g., LV or AAV) . In some embodiments, the population of liver cells is present in an individual in need of treatment or prevention, wherein the method comprises administering the effective amount of the plurality of nucleic acids (or nucleic acid construct (s) or virus comprising thereof) to the individual (e.g., to the liver tissue) in vivo. In some embodiments, the exosome, liposome, LNP or virus is delivered by intravenous or intrahepatic injection. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells is obtained from a donor individual and cultured ex vivo. In some embodiments, the method comprises implanting the rejuvenated population of liver cells into an individual (e.g., to the liver tissue) in need of treatment or prevention. The donor individual and the individual in need of treatment or prevention can be the same or different. In some embodiments, the method comprises ex vivo administering to the population of liver cells the effective amount of the plurality of nucleic acids (or nucleic acid construct (s) or virus comprising thereof) . In some embodiments, the plurality of nucleic acids are one or more RNAs (e.g., one circRNA) . In some embodiments, the one or more RNAs (e.g., one circRNA) are encapsulated within an exosome, a liposome, or an LNP. In some embodiments, the method further comprises introducing into the population of liver cells an effective amount of a therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the individual is a human (e.g., of any age) , such as a human that is 10 years or older (e.g., at least about any of 15, 22, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 years old, or older) .
[0131] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of rejuvenating a population of liver cells, comprising introducing into the population of liver cells an effective amount of a nucleic acid construct (RNA or DNA; or a virus comprising thereof) (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) , wherein the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) , KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) , and an engineered c-MYC that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 14-20, 47, and 48, such as SEQ ID NO: 14) , and SOX2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 24) . In some embodiments, there is provided a method of: (i) delaying or reducing the progression of liver aging, damage or injury, or liver disease in an individual (e.g., human) , (ii) treating aging, damage or injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue of an individual (e.g., human) , (iii) regenerating a liver tissue in an individual (e.g., human) , (iv) promoting success of liver transplant in an individual (e.g., human) , and / or (v) preventing aging, damage, injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue of an individual (e.g., human) ) , comprising: (a) introducing into a population of liver cells of the liver tissue an effective amount of a nucleic acid construct (RNA or DNA; or a virus comprising thereof) (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) , wherein the nucleic acid construct comprises from 5’ to 3’: a first nucleic acid encoding an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) , KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) , an engineered c-MYC that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 14-20, 47, and 48, such as SEQ ID NO: 14) , and SOX2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 24) ; or (b) introducing into a population of liver cells (e.g., from the same individual or different individuals) an effective amount of a nucleic acid construct (RNA or DNA; or a virus comprising thereof) (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) , and implanting the rejuvenated population of liver cells into the individual (e.g., the liver tissue of the individual) , wherein the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) , KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) , an engineered c-MYC that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 14-20, 47, and 48, such as SEQ ID NO: 14) , and SOX2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 24) . In some embodiments, the population of liver cells comprise hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) , fibroblasts, epithelial cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) , Kupffer cells, smooth muscle cells, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells are from a liver tissue that is: (i) an aged liver tissue; (ii) a damaged or injured liver tissue; (iii) a liver tissue with liver disease or condition; and / or (iv) a liver tissue after a surgical procedure. In some embodiments, the liver tissue is a liver tissue having senescence. In some embodiments, the liver tissue has cirrhosis. In some embodiments, the liver tissue has liver fibrosis. In some embodiments, for preventing aging, damage, injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue / cell, the method is performed before the liver tissue / cell is aging, is exposed to a damage factor (e.g., toxins, viruses, or surgical procedures) , or has (e.g., diagnosed with) a disease or condition. In some embodiments, the method is performed at least about 12 hours (e.g., at least about any of 24 hours, 48 hours, or more) before the liver tissue / cell is exposed to a damage factor (e.g., surgical procedures) . In some embodiments, the liver tissue is: (i) susceptible of aging or with predisposition toward aging; (ii) susceptible of being damaged or with predisposition toward liver damage; (iii) susceptible of or with predisposition toward developing a liver disease or condition; and / or (iv) to be administered a surgical procedure. In some embodiments, the method does not reprogram the population of liver cells into a reprogrammed stem cell. The plurality of nucleic acids can be on separate nucleic acid constructs (e.g., circRNA, plasmid, or recombinant viral genome) , or on a single nucleic acid construct. The plurality of nucleic acids can be delivered using an exosome, a liposome, an LNP, or a virus (e.g., LV or AAV) . In some embodiments, the population of liver cells is present in an individual in need of treatment or prevention, wherein the method comprises administering the effective amount of the plurality of nucleic acids (or nucleic acid construct (s) or virus comprising thereof) to the individual (e.g., to the liver tissue) in vivo. In some embodiments, the exosome, liposome, LNP or virus is delivered by intravenous or intrahepatic injection. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells is obtained from a donor individual and cultured ex vivo. In some embodiments, the method comprises implanting the rejuvenated population of liver cells into an individual (e.g., to the liver tissue) in need of treatment or prevention. The donor individual and the individual in need of treatment or prevention can be the same or different. In some embodiments, the method comprises ex vivo administering to the population of liver cells the effective amount of the plurality of nucleic acids (or nucleic acid construct (s) or virus comprising thereof) . In some embodiments, the plurality of nucleic acids are one or more RNAs (e.g., one circRNA) . In some embodiments, the one or more RNAs (e.g., one circRNA) are encapsulated within an exosome, a liposome, or an LNP. In some embodiments, the method further comprises introducing into the population of liver cells an effective amount of a therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the individual is a human (e.g., of any age) , such as a human that is 10 years or older (e.g., at least about any of 15, 22, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 years old, or older) .
[0132] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of rejuvenating a population of liver cells, comprising introducing into the population of liver cells an effective amount of a nucleic acid construct (RNA or DNA; or a virus comprising thereof) (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) , wherein the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) –a first linking sequence (e.g., encoding P2A) –a second nucleic acid encoding KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) –a second linking sequence (e.g., encoding T2A) –a third nucleic acid encoding an engineered c-MYC that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 14-20, 47, and 48, such as SEQ ID NO: 14) –a third linking sequence (e.g., encoding E2A) –a fourth nucleic acid encoding SOX2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 24) . In some embodiments, there is provided a method of: (i) delaying or reducing the progression of liver aging, damage or injury, or liver disease in an individual (e.g., human) , (ii) treating aging, damage or injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue of an individual (e.g., human) , (iii) regenerating a liver tissue in an individual (e.g., human) , (iv) promoting success of liver transplant in an individual (e.g., human) , and / or (v) preventing aging, damage, injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue of an individual (e.g., human) , comprising: (a) introducing into a population of liver cells of the liver tissue an effective amount of a nucleic acid construct (RNA or DNA; or a virus comprising thereof) (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) , wherein the nucleic acid construct comprises from 5’ to 3’: a first nucleic acid encoding an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS ( (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) –a first linking sequence (e.g., encoding P2A) –a second nucleic acid encoding KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) –a second linking sequence (e.g., encoding T2A) –a third nucleic acid encoding an engineered c-MYC that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 14-20, 47, and 48, such as SEQ ID NO: 14) –a third linking sequence (e.g., encoding E2A) –a fourth nucleic acid encoding SOX2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 24) ; or (b) introducing into a population of liver cells (e.g., from the same individual or different individuals) an effective amount of a nucleic acid construct (RNA or DNA; or a virus comprising thereof) (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising thereof) , and implanting the rejuvenated population of liver cells into the individual (e.g., the liver tissue of the individual) , wherein the nucleic acid construct comprises from 5’ to 3’: a first nucleic acid encoding an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) –a first linking sequence (e.g., encoding P2A) –a second nucleic acid encoding KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) –a second linking sequence (e.g., encoding T2A) –a third nucleic acid encoding an engineered c-MYC that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 14-20, 47, and 48, such as SEQ ID NO: 14) –a third linking sequence (e.g., encoding E2A) –a fourth nucleic acid encoding SOX2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 24) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct encodes a protein sequence of SEQ ID NO: 101. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct further comprises an IRES at 5’ of the first nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a circRNA. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a DNA vector (e.g., lentiviral vector, AAV vector, or plasmid) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct comprises a nucleic acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 28, 37, 61, and 102. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells comprise hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) , fibroblasts, epithelial cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) , Kupffer cells, smooth muscle cells, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells are from a liver tissue that is: ( (i) an aged liver tissue; (ii) a damaged or injured liver tissue; (iii) a liver tissue with liver disease or condition; and / or (iv) a liver tissue after a surgical procedure. In some embodiments, the liver tissue is a liver tissue having senescence. In some embodiments, the liver tissue has cirrhosis. In some embodiments, the liver tissue has liver fibrosis. In some embodiments, for preventing aging, damage, injury, or disease or condition in a liver tissue / cell, the method is performed before the liver tissue / cell is aging, is exposed to a damage factor (e.g., toxins, viruses, or surgical procedures) , or has (e.g., diagnosed with) a disease or condition. In some embodiments, the method is performed at least about 12 hours (e.g., at least about any of 24 hours, 48 hours, or more) before the liver tissue / cell is exposed to a damage factor (e.g., surgical procedures) . In some embodiments, the liver tissue is: (i) susceptible of aging or with predisposition toward aging; (ii) susceptible of being damaged or with predisposition toward liver damage; (iii) susceptible of or with predisposition toward developing a liver disease or condition; and / or (iv) to be administered a surgical procedure. In some embodiments, the method does not reprogram the population of liver cells into a reprogrammed stem cell. The plurality of nucleic acids can be on separate nucleic acid constructs (e.g., circRNA, plasmid, or recombinant viral genome) , or on a single nucleic acid construct. The plurality of nucleic acids can be delivered using an exosome, a liposome, an LNP, or a virus (e.g., LV or AAV) . In some embodiments, the population of liver cells is present in an individual in need of treatment or prevention, wherein the method comprises administering the effective amount of the plurality of nucleic acids (or nucleic acid construct (s) or virus comprising thereof) to the individual (e.g., to the liver tissue) in vivo. In some embodiments, the exosome, liposome, LNP or virus is delivered by intravenous or intrahepatic injection. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells is obtained from a donor individual and cultured ex vivo. In some embodiments, the method comprises implanting the rejuvenated population of liver cells into an individual (e.g., to the liver tissue) in need of treatment or prevention. The donor individual and the individual in need of treatment or prevention can be the same or different. In some embodiments, the method comprises ex vivo administering to the population of liver cells the effective amount of the plurality of nucleic acids (or nucleic acid construct (s) or virus comprising thereof) . In some embodiments, the plurality of nucleic acids are one or more RNAs (e.g., one circRNA) . In some embodiments, the one or more RNAs (e.g., one circRNA) are encapsulated within an exosome, a liposome, or an LNP. In some embodiments, the method further comprises introducing into the population of liver cells an effective amount of a therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the individual is a human (e.g., of any age) , such as a human that is 10 years or older (e.g., at least about any of 15, 22, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 years old, or older) .
[0133] Liver cells and tissues and associated conditions
[0134] The human liver is an essential multifunctional organ. It serves as a central metabolic coordinator with a wide array of essential functions, including regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, protein synthesis, and bile synthesis. Liver tissue comprises nonparenchymal and parenchymal cells that are well organized at both the structural and functional levels. Hepatocytes make up most of the parenchymal cells in the liver. Nonparenchymal cells include, but are not limited to, vascular cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, mesenchymal cells, immune cells, Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells, biliary epithelial cells, biliary epithelial-like cells, and sinusoidal endothelial cells.
[0135] Hepatocytes represent the major parenchymal cell type, accounting for nearly 80%of the total liver mass and perform the majority of metabolic functions attributed to this organ. Nonparenchymal cells comprise liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) , resident macrophages (Kupffer cells; KC) , and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) . Hepatocytes, the major parenchymal cells in the liver, are responsible for a variety of cellular functions including carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism, detoxification and immune cell activation to maintain liver homeostasis. Biomarkers for hepatocytes include, but are not limited to, HNF1A, HNF4A, FOXA1, FOXA2, FOXA3 and ALB.
[0136] HSCs are liver-specific mesenchymal cells that play vital roles in liver physiology and fibrogenesis. They are located in the space of Disse and maintain close interactions with sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatic epithelial cells. Biomarkers for HSC include, but are not limited to, LRAT, DES, RBP1, PDGFRA and PDGFRB.
[0137] Fibroblasts in liver include myofibroblasts among others. Myofibroblasts are stromal cells showing myoid features and involved in production or remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffold. Myofibroblasts, which are absent from healthy adult livers, are derived from two major sources: HSCs and portal mesenchymal cells in the injured liver. Myofibroblasts produce and secrete Collagen type I, the main component of the fibrous scar, and therefore, serve as a major source of ECM.
[0138] The ECM is a highly heterogeneous amalgam of morphologically diverse architectural entities. It organizes and imparts structural integrity to individual tissues, in addition to modulating cell behavior by interacting with cell surface receptors and soluble growth factors. Dysfunctions and changes in components of the ECM can interfere with both tissue integrity and cell performance. Dysfunctions and changes in components of the ECM of the liver can lead to liver fibrosis and scar tissue formation.
[0139] The five most common types of collagen in human body are collagen I, II, III, IV and V. Over 90%of the collagen in the body is of type I. The production of collagen in vivo requires activation of the collagen biosynthesis pathway by which transcription in the cell nucleus promotes polypeptide synthesis via translation from mRNA, organization of the polypeptides into a pro- collagen triple helix in the cytoplasm, secretion of pro-collagen from the cell, and then cleavage reactions, fibril assembly, and cross-linking extracellularly. Unlike many proteins that are stored in secretory granules and then secreted from the cell upon demand, collagen is secreted continuously.
[0140] A liver tissue described herein may be an abnormal, damaged, injured, or unhealthy liver tissue, which may need to be treated. A liver tissue may also be a normal or healthy liver tissue that is under a higher-than-normal risk of becoming abnormal or unhealthy (e.g., to be administered a surgical procedure, or to be exposed to toxins or viruses) , which may need to be prevented. In certain embodiments, the liver tissue is considered healthy but suboptimal for performance or survival in current or future conditions.
[0141] In some embodiments, the population of liver cells to be administered with the LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factor (s) described herein comprise hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) , fibroblasts, epithelial cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) , Kupffer cells, smooth muscle cells, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells comprise (or consist essentially of or consist of) hepatocytes. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells are from a liver tissue that is (i) an aged liver tissue; (ii) a damaged or injured liver tissue; (iii) a liver tissue with liver disease; and / or (iv) a liver tissue after a surgical procedure. In some embodiments, the population of liver cells are from a liver tissue before a surgical procedure.
[0142] In some embodiments, the population of liver cells are from an aged liver tissue, or a liver tissue susceptible of aging or with predisposition toward aging. Liver aging can be intrinsic aging (i.e., chronological aging) or extrinsic aging (e.g., due to extrinsic damage factor such as toxins or viruses) . Toxins include, but are not limited to, alcohol, chemotherapy drugs, organic solvents and compounds (e.g., benzene, acetone, vinyl chloride, carbon tetrachloride, paraquat, and polychlorinated biphenyl) , acetaminophen, NSAIDs (e.g., aspirin, Aleve and Motrin) , statins, antibiotics (e.g., methotrexate or azathioprine) , antifungal drugs, niacin, steroids, antiviral drugs, and their metabolites. Viruses include, but are not limited to, HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HEV. In some embodiments, the aged liver tissue is from a human who is 20 years or older (e.g., at least about any of 22, 24, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90 years old, or older) , such as 24 years or older, 30 years or older, 40 years or older, 50 years or older, 55 years or older, or 60 years or older. In some embodiments, the liver tissue suffers from senescence, or susceptible of or with predisposition toward senescence. The liver tissue susceptible of aging or with predisposition toward aging, can be from an individual (e.g., human) of any age, e.g., 10 years or older.
[0143] Extrinsic liver aging can be due to liver damage factors, include but are not limited to, toxins, alcohol, viruses, poor nutrition (e.g., fats or highly processed foods) , lack of sleep, stress, or a combination thereof.
[0144] In some embodiments, the population of liver cells are from a damaged or injured liver tissue, or a liver tissue susceptible of being damaged or with a predisposition toward liver damage. In some embodiments, the damage is related to invasive cut, abrasion, or wound. In some embodiments, the damage is related to scar tissue formation. In some embodiments, the damage is related to fibrosis. In some embodiments, the damage is related to chemicals or toxins. In some embodiments, the damage is related to a surgical procedure, such as a partial hepatectomy.
[0145] In some embodiments, the population of liver cells are from a liver tissue with a liver disease or condition, or susceptible of or with predisposition toward developing a liver disease or condition. Any liver diseases or conditions that are associated with liver cell / tissue aging or damage can be treated or prevented herein, including but are not limited to, cirrhosis, liver fibrosis, autoimmune hepatitis, acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic fatty liver disease, hemochromatosis, biliary atresia, Alagille syndrome, ERCP, porphyria, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and Wilson disease.
[0146] Cirrhosis is also known as hepatic cirrhosis or liver cirrhosis. It is late a stage liver disease, in which healthy liver tissue has been gradually replaced with scar tissue. Cirrhosis can be caused by alcohol abuse, chronic infection (such as hepatitis) and inflammation. A characteristic feature of liver cirrhosis is the accumulation of large amounts of connective tissue with the prevailing content of type I collagen.
[0147] Besides collagen, elastin also plays a role in liver scarring and cirrhosis development. Elastin is a minor connective tissue component in normal liver, but it is actively synthesized by hepatic stellate cells and portal fibroblasts in diseased liver. The accumulation of elastic fibers in later stages of liver fibrosis may contribute to the decreasing reversibility of the disease with advancing time. See, Front Physiol. 2016 Oct 25; 7: 491.
[0148] Liver fibrosis is the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins including collagen that occurs in most types of chronic liver diseases. Advanced liver fibrosis results in cirrhosis, liver failure, and portal hypertension and often requires liver transplantation. Liver fibrosis can result from many chronic liver diseases, including cholestatic liver diseases [primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) , primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) , and secondary biliary cirrhosis (SBC) ] , and hepatotoxic liver diseases [hepatitis B virus (HBV) , hepatitis C virus (HCV) ] , alcoholic liver disease (ALD) , and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) . See Liver fibrosis. J. Clin. Invest. 115 209–218 10.1172 / JCI24282. Liver fibrosis is caused by deregulation of physiological wound healing, and results in excessive production of ECM, mostly collagen type I, and scar formation. Activation of collagen producing myofibroblasts is critical for the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. See, J Clin Invest. 2005 Feb 1; 115 (2) : 209–218.
[0149] Surgical procedures include, but are not limited to, hepatectomy, liver biopsy, liver transplant, bile duct surgery, and other forms of liver surgeries.
[0150] The liver rejuvenation methods, treatment or prevention methods, or LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factors described herein can be used in combination with surgical procedures, either before, after and / or during (in parallel) the procedures.
[0151] Therapeutic and / or prophylactic effects of liver rejuvenation
[0152] The liver rejuvenation methods described herein can be therapeutic or prophylactic (i.e., preventive) , herein also referred to as “therapeutic liver rejuvenation method” or “treatment method” , and “prophylactic liver rejuvenation method” or “prevention method, ” respectively. The methods or the LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factors (or compositions thereof) described herein can be used prophylactically or they can be used to reduce, treat, and / or prevent further liver aging or damage, e.g., senescence or liver fibrosis, in an individual. In some embodiments, said individual has a predisposition toward liver damage, or has been exposed to an agent likely to cause liver damage, e.g., toxins or viruses, with the purpose to reduce, improve, alleviate, alter, remedy, or ameliorate the liver damage. Toxins include, but are not limited to, alcohol, chemotherapy drugs, organic solvents and compounds (e.g., benzene, acetone, vinyl chloride, carbon tetrachloride, paraquat, and polychlorinated biphenyl) , acetaminophen, NSAIDs (e.g., aspirin, Aleve and Motrin) , statins, antibiotics (e.g., methotrexate or azathioprine) , antifungal drugs, niacin, steroids, antiviral drugs, and their metabolites. Viruses include, but are not limited to, HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HEV. Without being bound by theory, the treatment and prevention methods described herein comprising introducing an LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factor (or composition thereof) can function by any mechanisms, include but are not limited to liver rejuvenation.
[0153] For therapeutic liver rejuvenation methods, the liver tissue to be treated (or the population of liver cells to be treated) can be from: (i) an aged liver tissue; (ii) a damaged or injured liver tissue; (iii) a liver tissue with liver disease; and / or (iv) a liver tissue after a surgical procedure.
[0154] For prophylactic liver rejuvenation methods, the liver tissue to be treated can be (or the population of liver cells to be treated are from) : (i) a liver tissue susceptible of aging or with predisposition toward aging (e.g., before liver intrinsic aging starts) ; (ii) a liver tissue susceptible of being damaged or with predisposition toward liver damage (e.g., before exposure to liver damage factors such as toxins or viruses) ; (iii) a liver tissue susceptible of or with predisposition toward developing a liver disease or condition (e.g., before a liver disease or condition is diagnosed) ; and / or (iv) a liver tissue to be administered a surgical procedure (e.g., before hepatectomy or liver transplant) .
[0155] The therapeutic liver rejuvenation methods described herein may achieve one or more of (i) improving the function of liver (such as measured by AFP, DCP, ODC, RBP4, ACEII, ALT, AST, GGT, ALP, total bilirubin, albumin, or any combination thereof) ; (ii) restoring damaged liver; (iii) enhancing the restoration of the liver after damages or surgical procedures; (iv) preventing or delaying the progression of liver aging or damage (such as scarring or cirrhosis) ; (v) reducing the severity of the a liver disease of condition; (vi) preventing or delaying the progression of a liver disease or condition (e.g., liver fibrosis or cirrhosis) ; (vii) treating, alleviating, or ameliorating a symptom associated with a liver disease or condition; (viii) improving the life quality of an individual; (ix) preserving or improving the histology of a liver tissue; and / or (x) restoring expression level of biomarkers of a liver tissue or a population of liver cells. In some embodiments, compared to a reference, liver aging, damage, injury, disease, or associated symptoms treated by the liver rejuvenation methods described herein is reduced by at least about 5%, such as at least about any of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100%. In some embodiments, compared to a reference, the progression of liver aging, damage, injury, disease, or associated symptoms treated by the liver rejuvenation methods described herein is delayed by at least about 1 week, such as at least about any of 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 5 years, or longer. In some embodiments, the function, biomarkers, and / or histology of the liver is improved by at least about 5%, such as at least about any of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 100%, 2-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold, or more. In some embodiments, the liver function, histology or biomarkers is restored to at least about 20% (e.g., at least about any of 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100%) of a healthy liver and / or a younger liver. In some embodiments, compared to a reference, survival rate of a liver transplant treated by the liver rejuvenation methods described herein is increased by at least about 5%, such as at least about any of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100%. The reference can be: i) a reference liver cell or tissue not introduced with the LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factor; and / or ii) a reference liver cell or tissue introduced with a reference reprogramming factor that is not deficient in LLPS. The reference liver tissue / cell and the liver tissue / cell can be from a same individual or from different individuals.
[0156] The prophylactic liver rejuvenation methods described herein may achieve one or more of: i) maintaining healthy liver; and / or ii) preventing or delaying the onset of liver aging, damage (e.g., scar) , injury, disease, or condition (or associated symptom) . In some embodiments, compared to a reference, the onset of liver aging, damage, injury, disease, or condition (or associated symptom) treated by the liver rejuvenation methods (or LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factors) described herein is delayed by at least about 1 week, such as at least about any of 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 5 years, or longer. In some embodiments, compared to a reference, the healthy liver is maintained at least about 1 week longer, such as at least about any of 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 5 years, or more, longer. The reference can be: i) a reference liver cell or tissue not introduced with the LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factor; and / or ii) a reference liver cell or tissue introduced with a reference reprogramming factor that is not deficient in LLPS. The reference liver tissue / cell and the liver tissue / cell can be from a same individual or from different individuals.
[0157] In some embodiments, the liver rejuvenation method (or treatment or prevention method) does not reprogram the population of liver cells into a reprogrammed stem cell (i.e., iPSC) . A reprogrammed stem cell or iPSC may express at least some, and optionally all, of the markers from the following non-limiting list: SSEA-3, SSEA-4, TRA-I-60, TRA-I-81, TRA-2-49 / 6E, ALP, Sox2, E-cadherin, UTF-I, Oct4, Lin28, Klf4, REX-1, and Nanog. OCT4, LIN28, and / or KLF4 can be expressed at high levels in iPSCs, while liver identity marker genes are not expressed or barely expressed. In some embodiments, compared to a reference liver cell introduced with an effective amount of a reference reprogramming factor that is not deficient in LLPS, the rejuvenated population of liver cells: (i) have increased (e.g., increasing at least about 5%, such as at least about any of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 100%, 2-fold, 3-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold, or more) expression and / or function of a biomarker of initiation phase reprogramming (IPR) ; (ii) have reduced (e.g., reducing at least about 5%, such as at least about any of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100%) expression and / or function of a biomarker of maturation phase reprogramming; and / or (iii) have reduced (e.g., reducing at least about 5%, such as at least about any of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100%) expression and / or function of a biomarker of stabilization phase reprogramming. In some embodiments, compared to a reference liver cell not introduced with the engineered reprogramming factor, the rejuvenated population of liver cells have increased (e.g., increasing at least about 5%, such as at least about any of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 100%, 2-fold, 3-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold, or more) expression and / or function of a biomarker of IPR. In some embodiments, (i) the biomarker of IPR is NANOG and / or SALL4; (ii) the biomarker of maturation phase reprogramming is DPPA5 and / or LIN28A; and / or (iii) the biomarker of stabilization phase reprogramming is OCT4 and / or XACT. The reference liver tissue / cell and the liver tissue / cell can be from a same individual or from different individuals.
[0158] In some embodiments, the therapeutic or prophylactic effects of the liver rejuvenation methods (or treatment or prevention methods) or LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factors described herein can be determined or quantified using one or more biomarkers.
[0159] Healthy liver can be indicated by, but is not limited to, (i) normal histology of the liver; (ii) normal liver function test results (such as normal levels of AFP, DCP, ODC, RBP4, ACEII, ALT, AST, GGT, ALP, total bilirubin, albumin, or any combination thereof) ; (iii) normal levels of biomarkers indicating healthy liver function; and / or (iv) low levels of biomarkers indicating unhealthy liver function.
[0160] In some embodiments, compared to a reference liver cell not introduced with the engineered reprogramming factor, and / or compared to a reference liver cell introduced with an effective amount of a reference reprogramming factor that is not deficient in LLPS, the rejuvenated population of liver cells: (i) have reduced proportion of cell senescence biomarker-positive cells; (ii) have reduced expression and / or function of a biomarker of cell senescence; (iii) have reduced epigenetic age (EpiAge) ; (iv) have increased expression and / or function of a biomarker related to healthy liver cell function; (v) have increased expression and / or function of a biomarker of liver cell identity; (vi) have reduced expression and / or function of a biomarker of apoptosis; and / or (vii) have reduced expression and / or function of a biomarker related to unhealthy liver cell function. The reduction of the expression and / or function of the biomarker can be a reduction of at least about 5% (e.g., at least about any of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100%) of the expression and / or function of the biomarker in the reference liver cell. The increase of the expression and / or function of the biomarker can be an increase of at least about 5% (e.g., at least about any of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 100%, 2-fold, 3-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold, or more) of the expression and / or function of the biomarker in the reference liver cell.
[0161] In some embodiments, (i) the biomarker of cell senescence is selected from the group consisting of senescence-associated-β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) , p16, and p21, or a combination thereof; (ii) the EpiAge is measured using Horvath’s clock, Levine’s clock, Hannum’s clock, and / or AltumAge; (iii) the biomarker related to healthy liver cell function is selected from the group consisting of AFP, ODC, RBP4, ALT, AST, GGT, ALP, total bilirubin, albumin, or a combination thereof; (iv) the biomarker of liver cell identity is selected from the group consisting of HNF1A, HNF4A, FOXA1, FOXA2, FOXA3, GATA4 or a combination thereof; (v) the biomarker of apoptosis is selected from the group consisting of loss of membrane asymmetry, cleavage of a Bcl-2 family protein, caspase activation, caspase substrate cleavage, non-caspase protease activation, mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δ ψm) decrease, cytochrome C release, increase of sub G1 population, nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation, and membrane blebbing, or a combination thereof; and / or (vi) the biomarker related to unhealthy liver cell function is selected from the group consisting of α-SMA, Collagen I, TIMP1, PINP, PICP, PIIINP, YKL-40, PDGF, IL6, CXCL8, IL1A, IL1B, IGFBP3, CDKN1A, and TGFB3, or a combination thereof. The reference liver tissue / cell and the liver tissue / cell can be from a same individual or from different individuals.
[0162] In some embodiments, compared to a reference liver tissue not comprising liver cells introduced with the effective amount of the engineered reprogramming factor, and / or compared to a reference liver cell introduced with an effective amount of a reference reprogramming factor that is not deficient in LLPS, a liver tissue comprising the population of liver cells introduced with the effective amount of the LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factors has decreased expression of one or more selected from the group consisting of elastin, collagen I, collagen III, and collagen IV. The reference liver tissue and the liver tissue can be from a same individual or from different individuals.
[0163] Methods of measurement of elastin and / or collagen are well-known. For example, elastin can be measured by immunoassay for desmosine. Collagen can be measured by hydroxyproline measurement (hydroxyproline is a signature amino acid for fibrillar collagens and comprises approximately 13.5%of the protein) . Total protein is a useful denominator to normalize elastin or collagen levels in tissues or in cells. Protein levels can be rapidly measured with high throughput from an amino acid hydrolysate using a simple colorimetric assay in a convenient 96-well plate format (Starcher, 2001) . Also see, e.g., Stoilov et al., “Chapter 7 -Measurement of elastin, collagen, and total protein levels in tissues, ” Methods in Cell Biology. Volume 143, 2018, Pages 133-146; the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0164] The biomarkers described herein can be detected and / or measured using any methods known in the art, such as RNA and / or protein expression tests, DNA methylation assays, and functional assays. Such methods include but are not limited to, northern blot, RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) , RT-qPCR, RNA-fluorescence in situ hybridization (RNA-FISH) , western blot, mass spectrometry (MS) , immunofluorescence (IF) , reporter assay (in vitro or in cell) , signal transduction assay, etc.
[0165] Any cellular senescence assay can be used herein, such as colorimetric assay (e.g., SA-β-gal assay) , fluorescent assay (e.g., C12FDG or CellEvent Senescence Green Reagent, which function as fluorescent β-gal substrate) , or flow cytometry (e.g., using a combination of antibody markers such as p16ARF and p21.
[0166] Any apoptosis assay can be used herein, includes but is not limited to, Annexin V assays, DNA condensation and fragmentation (TUNEL) assays, Caspase activation and detection assays, mitochondrial membrane potential-dependent dyes, Cytochrome C release assays, glutathione assays, etc. See, e.g., “Apoptosis assays and markers guide, ” abcam, at abcam. com / kits / apoptosis-assays, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0167] Any liver function measurement method can be used herein, includes but is not limited to, blood tests (such as for ALT, AST, ALP, albumin, bilirubin, GGT, L-lactate dehydrogenase, and prothrombin time) , portal hepatic filtration rate, SHUNT test, and STAT test.
[0168] Any ER stress assay can be used herein, includes but is not limited to, electron microscopy (e.g., detecting ER lumen dilation) , real-time redox measurements during ER stress (e.g., using eroGFP (ER-targeted redox-sensitive GFP) ) , detection of accumulation of misfolded and unfolded proteins in the ER, etc. ER stress can be detected using Thioflavin T (ThT) , which is a tiny molecule that exhibits enhanced fluorescence on binding to protein aggregates. The enhanced ThT-fluorescence correlates directly with proven indicators of UPR (unfolded protein response) activation. ER stress can also be detected indirectly by measuring the levels of specific UPR factors. Commonly measured indicators of UPR activation include: phosphorylated PERK, phosphorylated eIF2α, Gadd153 / CHOP, ATF4, Grp78 / BiP, Grp94, calreticulin, and protein disulphide isomerase (PDI) . These are usually detected by immunoblot or immunohistochemistry. See, e.g., Oslowski and Urano, Methods Enzymol. 2011; 490: 71–92, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0169] EpiAge is measured by age-associated changes of a collection of DNA methylation sites (e.g., clock CpGs, or age-associated CpG sites) whose aggregate methylation status (e.g., weighted methylation average) measures biological age. Different EpiAge models use different sets of methylation sites and different weighting algorithms. While Horvath’s clock is the most popular model, any EpiAge model can be used herein, such as Levine’s clock, Hannum’s clock, or AltumAge (see, e.g., Lucas Paulo de Lima Camillo et al., NPJ Aging. 2022; 8 (1) : 4; Horvath and Raj, Nat Rev Genet. 2018; 19 (6) : 371-384; the contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety) . Methods of detecting and / or measuring DNA methylation are well-known, include but are not limited to, methylation microarray, Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing (RRBS) , Tagmentation-based Indexing for Methylation Sequencing (TIME-Seq; Griffin et al., bioRxiv. 2021) , bisulfite barcoded amplicon sequencing (BBA-seq) , pyrosequencing, droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) , etc. Also see methods described in Han et al., BMC Biol. 2020; 18: 71; Kurdyukov and Bullock, Biology (Basel) . 2016; 5 (1) : 3; the contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[0170] In some embodiments, morphological characteristic (s) and / or histology of the liver cell and / or liver tissue is used to assess the therapeutic or prophylactic effects of the liver rejuvenation methods (or treatment or prevention methods) , or LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factors described herein. Such methods include but are not limited to, tissue biopsy, immunohistochemical staining, immunofluorescence, light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, etc. For example, hepatocytes are polygonal cells (20-30μm) with abundant granular eosinophilic (pink) cytoplasm, centrally placed round to ovoid nuclei, and prominent nucleoli. Morphologic features of HSC by light microscopy include presence of lipid droplets and stellate (star) shape of the cells. The most characteristic morphologic feature of HSCs in a normal liver is their storage of vitamin A in the form of cytoplasmic retinoid droplets. Fibroblasts have an elongated spindle or stellate shape with a multitude of cytoplasmic projections. See, “Histology, Fibroblast, ” StatPearls. 2023 May; Moroki, J Toxicol Pathol. 2023 Apr.; 36 (2) : 85-94; https: / / www. aasld. org / liver-fellow-network / core-series / pathology-pearls / normal-liver-histology-101; Shang, L., Hosseini, M., Liu, X. et al. Human hepatic stellate cell isolation and characterization. J Gastroenterol 53, 6–17 (2018) the contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[0171] In some embodiments, liver histology, weight, biochemical function, and body weight of the individual before and after rejuvenation of liver cells or tissues described herein can be employed to assess the therapeutic or prophylactic effect.
[0172] Depending on therapeutic or prophylactic use, an effective amount of the LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factor described herein (or a composition thereof) is an amount which, upon administration to a population of liver cells, a liver tissue, or an individual, achieves one or more of the therapeutic or prophylactic effects, biomarkers, and / or morphological characteristics described above. For example, the effective amount can prevent or reduce one or more signs of liver aging or damage, e.g., senescence, cirrhosis or liver fibrosis. The effective amount to be administered to a liver tissue or an individual is typically based on a variety of factors including age, sex, surface area, weight, and conditions of the liver. Effective doses will vary, as recognized by those skilled in the art, dependent on route for administration, excipient usage, and the possibility of co-usage with other treatments. An experimental animal can be used in a method of determining an effective amount of the LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factor (or a composition thereof) .
[0173] Engineered reprogramming factors that are deficient in LLPS
[0174] The present application in one aspect provides engineered reprogramming factors that are deficient in LLPS (also referred to herein as “engineered reprogramming factor” or “LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factor” ) . Any of the engineered reprogramming factors provided herein can be used in the liver rejuvenation methods (or treatment or prevention methods) described herein.
[0175] Any engineered reprogramming factors that are deficient in LLPS (e.g., reducing at least about 50%LLPS, such as reducing at least about any of 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%LLPS) are encompassed and can be used herein. Deficiency in LLPS in some embodiments comprises deficiency in forming a condensate, such as deficiency in forming any condensate. Deficiency in LLPS in some embodiments comprises deficiency in forming a condensate comprising the same condensate components compared to that formed by a corresponding wild-type reprogramming factor. For example, a wild-type OCT4 may form a condensate with both wild-type SOX2 and wild-type KLF4; while an LLPS-deficient engineered OCT4 may form a condensate with only wild-type SOX2, but wild-type KLF4 is not within the condensate. In some embodiments, the LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factor does not reprogram a population of liver cells into reprogrammed stem cells (or iPSCs) , such as by retaining the reprogramming of the population of liver cells at the initiation phase (IPR) .
[0176] Any methods known in the art that can detect LLPS or condensate formation can be used herein to determine whether an engineered reprogramming factor is LLPS-deficient, or whether a mutation to a reprogramming factor causes LLPS-deficiency. See, e.g., Basturea, G.N. ( “Biological Condensates, ” MATER METHODS 2019; 9: 2794) and Alberti et al. (J Mol Biol. 2018; 430 (23) : 4806–4820) for exemplary methods (the contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety) , such as imagining technique, such as microscopy (e.g., fluorescent microscopy) . LLPS or condensate formation of an engineered reprogramming factor can be detected in vitro or in cells. For example, the engineered reprogramming factor can comprise a detectable characteristic, such as fluorescent characteristic. In some embodiments, the engineered reprogramming factor comprises a label, such as a fluorescent label. In some embodiments, the engineered reprogramming factor is further labeled with a detection tag, such as a fluorescein, a fluorescent polypeptide (e.g., GFP) , or a radioisotope label. In some embodiments, the label or tag does not affect the engineered reprogramming factor’s action and / or activity in association / dissociation with one or more biomolecules (e.g., DNA, other condensate protein component, or other protein to form a condensate) or a condensate. In some embodiments, the engineered reprogramming factor or a condensate comprising thereof is detected using an antibody that specifically recognizes the engineered reprogramming factor, or a label / tag of the engineered reprogramming factor. The antibody can have a fluorescent label, or can be detected using a secondary antibody that has a fluorescent label. In some embodiments, the deficiency in LLPS of the engineered reprogramming factor with another condensate component (e.g., DNA or another protein) is examined by detecting whether there is co-localization of the engineered reprogramming factor and the other condensate component, such as using fluorescent imaging technique. The dynamic nature of LLPS or condensates can be examined via FRAP.
[0177] In some embodiments, the imaging technique comprises any one or more of immunofluorescence (IF) , in situ hybridization (ISH, such as FISH) , gene fusion (e.g., GFP labeling) , or a dye that is specific for the engineered reprogramming factor. In some embodiments, the imaging technique comprises use of an agent to visualize a cellular feature, such as a cell membrane or an organelle, such as nucleus (e.g., by DAPI staining) . In some embodiments, the imaging technique further comprise measuring (such as quantifying) a signal of the detectable reagent. The microscopy technique can be one or more of: confocal microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, high-resolution microscopy, stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy, SoRa super-resolution spinning-disk microscopy, electron microscopy (such as cryo-EM or cryo-ET) , and / or a total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy.
[0178] In some embodiments, there is provided an engineered reprogramming factor, which comprises a mutation (e.g., one or more mutations, such as insertion, deletion, and / or substitution) in an LLPS-related domain in reference to a corresponding wild-type reprogramming factor. The mutation can be in any LLPS-related domain, such as selected from the group consisting of an intrinsically disordered region (IDR) , an activation domain (AD) , a region outside of DNA-binding domain (DBD) , a ubiquitination site, or any combination thereof. Mutations in other domains are also contemplated by the subject application, as long as such mutations can reduce (e.g., reducing at least about 50%LLPS, such as reducing at least about any of 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or more LLPS) or abolish LLPS of the reprogramming factor. The mutation can comprises one or more of: (i) substituting a charged amino acid (e.g., an acidic amino acid such as D or E, or a basic amino acid such as K, R, or H) within the IDR or AD with a neutral amino acid (e.g., Gly, Ala, Leu, Ile, Val, Phe, Pro, Met, Trp, Tyr, Ser, Thr, Cys, Gln, or Asn, such as A) ; (ii) substituting an amino acid that can be ubiquitinated (e.g., S, T, or K, such as K) with an amino acid that cannot be ubiquitinated (e.g., R) ; (iii) deleting an amino acid that can be ubiquitinated (e.g., S, T, or K, such as K) ; (iv) deleting an amino acid (e.g., a charged amino acid, such as an acidic amino acid (e.g., D or E) or a basic amino acid (e.g., K, R, or H) ) within the IDR or AD; and / or (v) deleting an amino acid (e.g., a charged amino acid, such as an acidic amino acid (e.g., D or E) or a basic amino acid (e.g., K, R, or H) ) within a region outside of DBD. In some embodiments, the amino acid to be deleted comprises an acidic amino acid (e.g., D or E) . In some embodiments, substituting a charged amino acid within the IDR or AD with a neutral amino acid comprises substituting an acidic amino acid (e.g., D or E) within the IDR or AD with a neutral amino acid (e.g., A) . In some embodiments, the amino acid that can be ubiquitinated is K. In some embodiments, the engineered reprogramming factor does not comprise a mutation in IDR. In some embodiments, the engineered reprogramming factor does not comprise a mutation in DBD.
[0179] In some embodiments, the mutation that causes LLPS-deficiency of the engineered reprogramming factor comprises a partial or full deletion, such as partial or full deletion of an LLPS-related domain. In some embodiments, the mutation is a partial or full deletion of an IDR and / or AD, such as partial deletion of charged amino acids in the IDR. In some embodiments, the mutation is a terminal deletion, such as partial or full deletion of the N-terminal domain and / or C-terminal domain of a wild-type reprogramming factor. In some embodiments, the N-terminal domain and / or C-terminal domain of the wild-type reprogramming factor comprises an IDR and / or an AD. In some embodiments, the mutation is a partial or full deletion of the middle part of the wild-type reprogramming factor. In some embodiments, the middle part of the wild-type reprogramming factor comprises an IDR and / or an AD. In some embodiments, the mutation is a partial or full deletion of regulatory region (s) of a wild-type reprogramming factor, such as partial or full deletion of lysine (s) , which can undergo ubiquitination modification, or partial or full deletion of other amino acid (s) that contribute to LLPS.
[0180] In some embodiments, the engineered reprogramming factor comprises (or further comprises) a mutation (e.g., insertion, deletion, and / or substitution) in the DBD. In some embodiments, the mutation in the DBD does not affect, or affects at most about 10% (e.g., at most about any of 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 2%, 1%, or less) of, the DNA-binding activity (e.g., affinity and / or specificity) of the engineered reprogramming factor.
[0181] In some embodiments, the DBD is in the middle of a wild-type reprogramming factor, hence the region outside of DBD can be at N-terminus and / or C-terminus of the wild-type reprogramming factor. In some embodiments, the DBD is at the N-terminus of a wild-type reprogramming factor, hence the region outside of DBD is C-terminal to the DBD or at the C-terminus of the wild-type reprogramming factor. In some embodiments, the DBD is at the C-terminus of a wild-type reprogramming factor, hence the region outside of DBD is N-terminal to the DBD or at the N-terminus of the wild-type reprogramming factor. In some embodiments, the DBDs are at both the N-terminus and C-terminus of a wild-type reprogramming factor, hence the region outside of DBD (s) is C-terminal to the N-terminal DBD and N-terminal to the C-terminal DBD, such as in the middle of a wild-type reprogramming factor.
[0182] DBDs can be identified by many methods known in the art. Experimental approaches include but are not limited to, electrophoretic mobility-shift assay (EMSA) , DNase I footprinting, exonuclease III footprinting, southwestern blotting, DNA pull-down assay, reporter assay, microplate capture and detection assay, X-ray crystallography, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) . Computational or database methods can also be used, such as DP-Bind, DeepDISE, DNAbinder, DNABIND, DRNApred, GraphSite, DBS-pred, DBS-PSSM, BindN, DNABindR, DISIS, BindN-RF, DBindR, DBD-Threader, ProteDNA, BindN+, NAPS, MetaDBSite, DNABR, TargetS, SNBRFinder, DisoRDPbind, DQPred-DBR, TargetDNA, PRODNA, DRNApred, PDRLGB, ENSEMBLE-CNN, NucBind, hybridNAP, DNAPred, ProNA2020, NCBRPred, MTDsite, DNAgenie, DeepDISOBind, HybridDBRpred, PDNAsite, RANSFAC, JASPAR, PROSITE, Pfam, and SMART.
[0183] Activation domain (AD) or transactivation domain (TAD) is a transcription factor scaffold domain which contains binding sites for other proteins such as transcription coregulators. There are usually 4 classes of TADs: acidic domains, glutamine-rich domains, proline-rich domains, and isoleucine-rich domains. AD can be identified by many methods known in the art. Experimental approaches include but are not limited to, reporter assay, co-IP, tAD‐seq (Arnold et al., EMBO J. 2018; 37 (16) : e98896) , etc. Computational or database methods can also be used, such as ADpred, PADDLE, 9aaTAD Prediction Tool, etc.
[0184] Protein regions which lack stable three-dimensional structures are referred to as IDRs. IDRs can be inferred from sequence features (see, e.g., Lu et al., PLoS Comput Biol. 2022; 18 (6) : e1010238; Trivedi and Nagarajaram, Int J Mol Sci. 2022; 23 (22) : 14050; R. van der Lee et al., Chem Rev. 2014; 114 (13) : 6589–6631; the contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety) . IDRs are usually enriched with charged and polar amino acids and depleted in bulky hydrophobic residues, leading to a weakened hydrophobic effect, which is usually the main drive for the folding of polypeptides into their compact tertiary structure (natively folded state) . Methods to identify IDRs are well-known and can all be used herein. Computational methods for identifying IDRs can be divided into three categories: (1) Physicochemical-based methods, such as FoldIndex, GlobPlot, IUPred, FoldUnfold, and IsUnstruct, which rely on the amino acid physiochemical properties for identifying disorder. (2) Machine learning-based methods-for instance, DISvgg, RFPR-IDP, IDP-Seq2Seq, SPOT-Disorder, SPOT-Disorder2, DISOPRED3, SPINE-D, ESpritz, BVDEA, POODLE-S, RONN, and PONDRs-which treat the identification of IDRs as labeling each amino acid of a protein sequence or as a classification problem. (3) Meta methods, including MFDp, MetaPrDOS, and Meta-Disorder predictor, which fuse multiple predictors to yield the final prediction for IDRs. Other computing techniques can also be used, e.g., VSL2, VSL2B, IUPred2, ANCHOR2, DisEMBL, DISOPRED, and IUPred. Experimental methods used to detect IDRs include X-ray crystallography, NMR, small-angle X-ray scattering, circular dichroism and resonance energy transfer.
[0185] Negatively charged IDRs of reprogramming factors may contribute to LLPS. IDR region within a reprogramming factor can be predicted by an algorithm that provides a Disorder Score. A region with a Disorder Score greater than a certain value has a high probability of being IDR. Using human OCT4 as an example, VSL2 was used as an algorithm to predict the IDR. A continuous region with a Disorder Score greater than a certain value has a high probability of being IDR -the value is not particularly limited, but can be in the range of 0.4-0.6, preferably 0.5. The exemplary prediction results of OCT4 showed that the IDR of OCT4 distributed in the activation domain (AD) at both ends of the protein, and more specifically, at amino acid residues 1-140 and 288-360; while the intermediate DBD did not belong to IDR. Alternative scoring criteria may also be used, such as IUPred2 and ANCHOR2. All scoring algorithm and criteria can be used herein, as long as they can be used for predictive scoring of the IDR. For example, as inventors predicted, the IDR prediction obtained by a variety of scoring criteria was the same (within an error range) .
[0186] Ubiquitination site identification methods are well-known in the art. Biochemical approaches can be used, such as immunoblotting using anti-Ub antibodies. If the immunoblotting result suggests ubiquitination on the substrates, the putative ubiquitinated lysine is further mutated and analyzed by immunoblotting to evaluate whether the mutated lysine is ubiquitinated or not. Ubiquitination sites can also be identified by MS through the detection of peptide adducts derived from ubiquitin. Other methods of profiling ubiquitination sites include but are not limited to, Ub tagging-based approach, anti-diGly antibody-based approach, UbiSite antibody-based approach, antibody-free approach (e.g., Ub COmbined FRActional DIagonal Chromatography (COFRADIC) , StUbEx PLUS) , etc. Computational methods can also be used, e.g., ESA-UbiSite, HUbipPred. Also see exemplary methods in, e.g., M. Pourmirzaei et al., BMC Bioinformatics. 2023 Nov; 24 (1) : 449; Sun and Zhang, Cell Biosci. 2022; 12: 126; the contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[0187] When amino acids are modified by polyubiquitin, the polyubiquitin chains may mediate LLPS. Substituting an amino acid that can be ubiquitinated (e.g., K) with an amino acid that cannot be ubiquitinated (e.g., R) shall not produce polyubiquitin modification, hence avoiding LLPS. Any other mutations that can reduce or abolish ubiquitination modification of the reprogramming factors can also be used herein.
[0188] Any transcription factor that can reprogram (partial or complete) a cell can be used herein as the wild-type or reference reprogramming factor. The wild-type reprogramming factor can be from a family selected from the group consisting of OCT family, SOX family, KLF family, MYC family, LIN28 family, NANOG family, and GLIS family. In some embodiments, the wild-type reprogramming factor is selected from the group consisting of OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, c-MYC, L-MYC, LIN28, NANOG, and GLIS1. Other exemplary reprogramming factors that can be used herein or as reference reprogramming factors include DPPA2, DPPA4, ESRRB, GDF3, KLF2, KLF5, LMYC, NMYC, NR5A1, NR5A2, RCOR2, SALL1, SALL4, SOX1, SOX3, TDRD12, TET1, TH2A, TH2B, UTF1, ZFP42, MDM2, CyclinD1, SV40 large T antigen, SIRT6, TCL1A, and RARγ.
[0189] The engineered reprogramming factor can be from any source, include but are not limited to, human, bovine, horse, sheep, feline, canine, rodent (e.g., rat, mouse, rabbit) , avian (e.g., chicken) , and non-human primate (e.g., monkey) . In some embodiments, the engineered reprogramming factor is a human engineered reprogramming factor. In some embodiments, the engineered reprogramming factor is a mouse engineered reprogramming factor.
[0190] OCT
[0191] Oct family is a family of octamer ( “Oct” ) transcription factors which play a crucial role in maintaining pluripotency. Oct reprogramming factor herein refers to any naturally occurring member of the Oct family, or a functional variant thereof which maintains at least about 50% (e.g., at least about any of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100%) reprogramming activity of the corresponding wild-type Oct reprogramming factor. In some embodiments, an Oct reprogramming factor variant contains at least the DBD of the corresponding wild-type Oct reprogramming factor, and can further contain an AD. Exemplary Oct reprogramming factors include Oct-1, Oct-2, Oct-3 / 4, Oct-6, Oct-7, Oct-8, Oct-9, and Oct-11.
[0192] POU5F1 (POU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1) also known as Oct3 / 4 is one representative of Oct family. The absence of Oct3 / 4 in Oct-3 / 4+ cells, such as blastomeres and embryonic stem cells, leads to spontaneous trophoblast differentiation, and presence of Oct-3 / 4 thus gives rise to the pluripotency and differentiation potential of embryonic stem cells. Exemplary Oct3 / 4 proteins are the proteins encoded by the murine Oct3 / 4 gene (Genbank accession number NM_013633) and the human Oct3 / 4 gene (Genbank accession number NM_002701) .
[0193] The terms “Oct3 / 4” , “Oct4, ” “OCT4, ” “Oct4 protein, ” “OCT4 protein” and the like refer to any of the naturally occurring forms of the Octomer 4 transcription factor, or variants thereof that maintain Oct4 transcription factor activity (e.g., at least about any of 50%, 80%, 90%, or 100%activity compared to wildtype Oct4 as measured by methods known in the art) . In some embodiments, an OCT4 variant has at least about 85% (e.g., at least about any of 90%, 95%, 99%, or more) amino acid sequence identity across the whole sequence compared to the naturally occurring Oct4 polypeptide. In some embodiments, the Oct4 protein is the protein as identified by the Genbank reference ADW77327.1.
[0194] In some embodiments, the LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factor is an engineered OCT4, such as engineered human OCT4 or engineered mouse OCT4.
[0195] In some embodiments, the human wild-type OCT4 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, or is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, there is provided an engineered OCT4 that comprises a mutation (e.g., one or more mutations, such as deletion, insertion, and / or substitution) in the IDR (s) in reference to SEQ ID NO: 2. The IDR of OCT4 can be identified using any methods known in the art or described herein, such as VSL2. The IDR of wild-type OCT4 can account for about 38%to about 40%of the total sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 at the N-terminus, and / or account for about 19%to about 24%of the total sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 at the C-terminus. In some embodiments, the IDR of OCT4 is at amino acid positions 1-140 and 288-360 (can have a margin of error of about 10 to about 20 amino acids) in reference to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the DBD of OCT4 is at amino acid positions 141-287 (can have a margin of error of about 10 to about 20 amino acids) in reference to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, there is provided an engineered OCT4 that comprises a mutation (e.g., deletion, insertion, and / or substitution) at amino acid positions 1-140 and / or 288-360, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the human wild-type OCT4 is GFP-tagged, e.g., encoded by a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 109.
[0196] In some embodiments, there is provided an engineered OCT4 that comprises a substitution in reference to SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein the substitution comprises substituting a polar amino acid (charged or uncharged, e.g., D, E, R, K, H, S, T, N, Q, C, Y) with a neutral amino acid (e.g., Gly, Ala, Leu, Ile, Val, Phe, Pro, Met, Trp, Tyr, Ser, Thr, Cys, Gln, or Asn, such as A) . In some embodiments, there is provided an engineered OCT4 that comprises a substitution in reference to SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein the substitution comprises substituting a charged amino acid (e.g., an acidic amino acid, such as D or E, or a basic amino acid, such as R, K, or H) with a neutral amino acid (e.g., A) . In some embodiments, the substitution comprises substituting an acidic amino acid (e.g., D or E) in reference to SEQ ID NO: 2 to a neutral amino acid (e.g., A) . In some embodiments, the substitution comprises substituting an acidic amino acid (e.g., D or E) in the IDR(s) in reference to SEQ ID NO: 2 to a neutral amino acid (e.g., A) . In some embodiments, there is provided an engineered OCT4 that comprises a substitution (e.g., substituting to a neutral amino acid, such as A) at an amino acid position selected from the group consisting of 8, 20, 26, 31, 56, 68, 91, 96, 98, 104, 108, 113, 125, 127, 130, 134, 135, 138, 145, 147, 166, 188, 209, 210, 215, 224, 238, 246, 270, 272, 291, 296, 297, 299, 341, and 343, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the engineered OCT4 comprises a substitution (e.g., substituting to a neutral amino acid, such as A) at an amino acid position selected from the group consisting of 8, 20, 26, 31, 56, 68, 91, 96, 98, 104, 108, 113, 125, 127, 130, 134, 135, 138, 291, 296, 297, 299, 341, and 343, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the engineered OCT4 comprises a substitution (e.g., substituting to a neutral amino acid, such as A) at an amino acid position selected from the group consisting of D8, D20, E26, D31, E56, E68, E91, E96, E98, E104, D108, E113, E125, E127, E130, E134, E135, D138, D291, E296, D297, E299, E341, and E343, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the substitution comprises substituting a D or E with an A. In some embodiments, the engineered OCT4 comprises a substitution selected from the group consisting of D8A, D20A, D31A, D108A, E134A, D138A, D291A, or any combination thereof, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, there is provided an engineered OCT4 that comprises a substitution in reference to SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein the substitution is selected from the group consisting of: (i) D8A, D20A, E26A, D31A, E56A, E68A, E91A, E96A, E98A, E104A, D108A, E113A, E125A, E127A, E130A, E134A, E135A, D138A, D291A, E296A, D297A, E299A, E341A, and E343A; (ii) D8A, D20A, E26A, D31A, E56A, E68A, E91A, E96A, E98A, E104A, D108A, E113A, E125A, E127A, E130A, E134A, E135A, and D138A; (iii) D291A, E296A, D297A, E299A, E341A, and E343A; (iv) D8A, D20A, E26A, D31A, E56A, E68A, E91A, E96A, E98A, E104A, D108A, E113A, E125A, E127A, E130A, E134A, D138A, D291A, E296A, E299A, E341A, and E343A; (v) E134A, E135A, E296A, and D297A; (vi) D8A, D20A, D31A, D108A, D138A, D291A, and D297A; and (vii) E26A, E56A, E68A, E91A, E96A, E98A, E104A, E113A, E125A, E127A, E130A, E134A, E135A, E296A, E299A, E341A, and E343A. In some embodiments, the engineered OCT4 comprises an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10, or a variant thereof having at least about 85% (e.g., at least about any of 90%, 95%, 99%, or more) sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10. In some embodiments, the engineered OCT4 is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0197] In some embodiments, there is provided an engineered OCT4 that comprises a deletion (partial or complete) of the IDR (s) in reference to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the engineered OCT4 comprises a deletion at amino acid positions 2-140 and / or 288-360, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the engineered OCT4 comprises a deletion selected from the group consisting of: (i) a deletion at amino acid positions 2-140 and 301-360; (ii) a deletion at amino acid positions 301-360; and (iii) a deletion at amino acid positions 2-140. In some embodiments, the engineered OCT4 comprises an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 44-46, or a variant thereof having at least about 85% (e.g., at least about any of 90%, 95%, 99%, or more) sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOs: 44-46. In some embodiments, the engineered OCT4 is GFP-tagged, e.g., encoded by a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 110.
[0198] In some embodiments, the mouse wild-type OCT4 (MsOCT4) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 66, or is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 67. In some embodiments, there is provided an engineered mouse OCT4 (MsOCT4mut) that comprises a mutation (e.g., one or more mutations, such as deletion, insertion, and / or substitution) in the IDR (s) in reference to SEQ ID NO: 66. The IDR of MsOCT4 can be identified using any methods known in the art or described herein, such as VSL2. In some embodiments, the IDR of MsOCT4 is at amino acid positions 1-140 and 280-352 (can have a margin of error of about 10 to about 20 amino acids) in reference to SEQ ID NO: 66. In some embodiments, the DBD of MsOCT4 is at amino acid positions 141-279 (can have a margin of error of about 10 to about 20 amino acids) in reference to SEQ ID NO: 66. In some embodiments, there is provided an engineered MsOCT4 that comprises a mutation (e.g., deletion, insertion, and / or substitution) at amino acid positions 1-140 and / or 280-352, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 66.
[0199] In some embodiments, there is provided an engineered MsOCT4 that comprises a substitution in reference to SEQ ID NO: 66, wherein the substitution comprises substituting a polar amino acid (charged or uncharged, e.g., D, E, R, K, H, S, T, N, Q, C, Y) with a neutral amino acid (e.g., Gly, Ala, Leu, Ile, Val, Phe, Pro, Met, Trp, Tyr, Ser, Thr, Cys, Gln, or Asn, such as A) . In some embodiments, there is provided an engineered MsOCT4 that comprises a substitution in reference to SEQ ID NO: 66, wherein the substitution comprises substituting a charged amino acid (e.g., an acidic amino acid, such as D or E, or a basic amino acid, such as R, K, or H) with a neutral amino acid (e.g., A) . In some embodiments, the substitution comprises substituting an acidic amino acid (e.g., D or E) in reference to SEQ ID NO: 66 to a neutral amino acid (e.g., A) . In some embodiments, the substitution comprises substituting an acidic amino acid (e.g., D or E) in the IDR(s) in reference to SEQ ID NO: 66 to a neutral amino acid (e.g., A) . In some embodiments, there is provided an engineered MsOCT4 that comprises a substitution (e.g., substituting to a neutral amino acid, such as A) at an amino acid position selected from the group consisting of D8, D19, E25, D30, E51, E63, E86, E91, E99, E103, E108, D112, E120, E123, E127, E128, D131, E284, E289, E290, E292, E333, and E335, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 66. In some embodiments, the engineered MsOCT4 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 68, or a variant thereof having at least about 85% (e.g., at least about any of 90%, 95%, 99%, or more) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 68. In some embodiments, the engineered MsOCT4 is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 69.
[0200] In some embodiments, there is provided an engineered MsOCT4 that comprises a deletion (partial or complete) of the IDR (s) in reference to SEQ ID NO: 66. In some embodiments, the engineered MsOCT4 comprises a deletion at amino acid positions 2-140 and / or 280-352, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 66. In some embodiments, the engineered MsOCT4 comprises a deletion at amino acid positions 324-326 in reference to SEQ ID NO: 66. In some embodiments, the engineered MsOCT4 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 70, or a variant thereof having at least about 85% (e.g., at least about any of 90%, 95%, 99%, or more) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 70. In some embodiments, the engineered MsOCT4 is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71.
[0201] MYC
[0202] Factors of the Myc family are factors encoded by myc proto-oncogenes implicated in cancer. c-Myc was shown to be a factor implicated in the generation of mouse iPSCs and of human iPSCs. Exemplary c-Myc proteins are the proteins encoded by the murine c-myc gene (Genbank accession number NM_010849) and the human c-myc gene (Genbank accession number NM_002467) . N-Myc or L-myc was also used as possible reprogramming factor replacing c-Myc. N-Myc or L-myc can also been used as a possible reprogramming factor to replace c-Myc. Myc reprogramming factor herein refers to any naturally occurring member of the Myc family, or a functional variant thereof which maintains at least about 50% (e.g., at least about any of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100%) reprogramming activity of the corresponding wild-type Myc reprogramming factor.
[0203] The terms “c-Myc, ” C-MYC, ” “c-Myc protein” , “C-MYC protein” and the like as referred to herein includes any of the naturally occurring forms of the cMyc transcription factor, or variants thereof that maintain cMyc transcription factor activity (e.g., within at least about any of 50%, 80%, 90%or 100%activity compared to wildtype cMyc as measured by methods known in the art) . In some embodiments, a c-Myc variant has at least about 85% (e.g., at least about any of 90%, 95%, 99%, or more) amino acid sequence identity across the whole sequence compared to the naturally occurring c-Myc polypeptide. In some embodiments, the c-Myc protein is the protein as identified by the NCBI reference NP 002458.2.
[0204] In some embodiments, the LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factor is an engineered c-MYC, such as engineered human c-MYC or engineered mouse c-MYC.
[0205] In some embodiments, the human wild-type c-MYC comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, or is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, or 53. In some embodiments, the human wild-type c-MYC comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 85, or is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 86. In some embodiments, there is provided an engineered c-MYC that comprises a mutation (e.g., one or more mutations, such as deletion, insertion, and / or substitution) at a ubiquitination site (e.g., S, T, or K, such as K) in reference to SEQ ID NO: 12 or 85. The ubiquitination site (s) of c-MYC can be identified using any methods known in the art or described herein. In some embodiments, there is provided an engineered c-MYC that comprises a mutation (e.g., one or more mutations, such as deletion, insertion, and / or substitution) in the IDR in reference to SEQ ID NO: 12 or 85. The IDR of c-MYC can be identified using any methods known in the art or described herein, such as VSL2. In some embodiments, the IDR of c-MYC is at amino acid positions 1-360 (can have a margin of error of about 10 to about 20 amino acids) in reference to SEQ ID NO: 12 or 85. In some embodiments, the DBD of c-MYC (bHLH-LZ domain) is at amino acid positions 361-439 (can have a margin of error of about 10 to about 20 amino acids) in reference to SEQ ID NO: 12 or 85. In some embodiments, the engineered c-MYC comprises a deletion at amino acid positions 2-360, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 12 or 85.
[0206] In some embodiments, there is provided an engineered c-MYC that comprises a substitution of an amino acid that can be ubiquitinated (e.g., S, T, or K, such as K) with an amino acid that cannot be ubiquitinated (e.g., R) , wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 12 or 85. In some embodiments, the substitution comprises substituting a K with an R. In some embodiments, the engineered c-MYC comprises a (e.g., one or more) substitution at an amino acid position selected from the group consisting of 51, 52, 126, 143, 148, 157, 206, 269, 275, 289, 298, 317, 323, 326, 341, 355, 371, 389, 392, 397, 398, 412, 422, 428, and 430, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 12 or 85. In some embodiments, 20 to 25 amino acid positions at any of 51, 52, 126, 143, 148, 157, 206, 269, 275, 289, 298, 317, 323, 326, 341, 355, 371, 389, 392, 397, 398, 412, 422, 428, and 430 in reference to SEQ ID NO: 12 or 85 are substituted. In some embodiments, the engineered c-MYC comprises a substitution selected from the group consisting of K51R, K52R, K148R, K275R, K289R, and K389R, or any combination thereof, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 12 or 85. In some embodiments, the engineered c-MYC comprises a substitution selected from the group consisting of: (i) K51R, K52R, K126R, K143R, K148R, K157R, K206R, K269R, K275R, K289R, K298R, K317R, K323R, K326R, K341R, K355R, K371R, K389R, K392R, K397R, K398R, K412R, K422R, K428R, and K430R; (ii) K148R; (iii) K389R; (iv) K148R and K389R; (v) K51R and K52R; (vi) K275R and K289R; and (vii) K51R, K52R, K275R, and K289R; wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 12 or 85. In some embodiments, the engineered c-MYC comprises an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 14-20, or a variant thereof having at least about 85% (e.g., at least about any of 90%, 95%, 99%, or more) sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOs: 14-20. In some embodiments, the engineered c-MYC is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13.
[0207] In some embodiments, there is provided an engineered c-MYC that comprises a deletion (partial or complete) of the IDR in reference to SEQ ID NO: 12 or 85. In some embodiments, the engineered c-MYC comprises a deletion at amino acid positions 2-360, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 12 or 85. In some embodiments, the engineered c-MYC comprises a deletion at amino acid positions 2-140 in reference to SEQ ID NO: 12 or 85. In some embodiments, the engineered c-MYC comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 47 or 48, or a variant thereof having at least about 85% (e.g., at least about any of 90%, 95%, 99%, or more) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 47 or 48.
[0208] In some embodiments, the engineered c-MYC comprises a substitution in the IDR in reference to SEQ ID NO: 12 or 85, wherein the substitution comprises substituting a polar amino acid (charged or uncharged, e.g., D, E, R, K, H, S, T, N, Q, C, Y) with a neutral amino acid (e.g., Gly, Ala, Leu, Ile, Val, Phe, Pro, Met, Trp, Tyr, Ser, Thr, Cys, Gln, or Asn, such as A) . In some embodiments, the engineered c-MYC comprises a substitution in the IDR in reference to SEQ ID NO:12 or 85, wherein the substitution comprises substituting a charged amino acid (e.g., an acidic amino acid, such as D or E, or a basic amino acid, such as R, K, or H) with a neutral amino acid (e.g., A) . In some embodiments, the substitution comprises substituting an acidic amino acid (e.g., D or E) in the IDR in reference to SEQ ID NO: 12 or 85 to a neutral amino acid (e.g., A) . In some embodiments, the IDR in reference to SEQ ID NO: 12 or 85 is at amino acid positions 2-360.
[0209] In some embodiments, the mouse wild-type c-MYC (Ms c-MYC) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 111. In some embodiments, the mouse wild-type c-MYC (Ms c-MYC) is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 112. In some embodiments, there is provided an engineered mouse c-MYC (Ms c-MYCmut) that comprises a mutation (e.g., one or more mutations, such as deletion, insertion, and / or substitution) in the IDR in reference to SEQ ID NO: 111. The IDR of Ms c-MYC can be identified using any methods known in the art or described herein, such as VSL2. In some embodiments, the IDR of Ms c-MYC is at amino acid positions 1-360 (can have a margin of error of about 10 to about 20 amino acids) in reference to SEQ ID NO: 111. In some embodiments, there is provided an engineered Ms c-MYC that comprises a mutation (e.g., deletion, insertion, and / or substitution) at amino acid positions 2-360, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 111. In some embodiments, there is provided an engineered Ms c-MYC that comprises a mutation (e.g., one or more mutations, such as deletion, insertion, and / or substitution) at a ubiquitination site (e.g., S, T, or K, such as K) in reference to SEQ ID NO: 111. The ubiquitination site (s) of Ms c-MYC can be identified using any methods known in the art or described herein. In some embodiments, the substitution comprises substituting a K with an R.
[0210] KLF
[0211] Klf family (or Krüppel-like family of transcription factors) refers to Klf genes initially identified as a factor for the generation of mouse iPSCs and also demonstrated to be a factor for generation of human iPSCs. Exemplary Klf4 proteins are the proteins encoded by the murine klf4 gene (Genbank accession number NM_010637) and the human klf4 gene (Genbank accession number NM_004235) . Exemplary Klf family members include Klf1, Klf2, Klf3, Klf-4, Klf5, Klf6, Klf7, Klf8, Klf9, Klf10, Klf11, Klf12, Klf13, Klf14, Klf15, Klf16, and Klf17. KLF reprogramming factor herein refers to any naturally occurring member of the Klf family, or a functional variant thereof which maintains at least about 50% (e.g., at least about any of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100%) reprogramming activity of the corresponding wild-type Klf reprogramming factor.
[0212] The terms “KLF4, ” “KLF4 protein” and the like as referred to herein includes any of the naturally occurring forms of the KLF4 transcription factor, or variants thereof that maintain KLF4 transcription factor activity (e.g., within at least about any of 50%, 80%, 90%or 100%activity compared to wildtype KLF4 as measured by methods known in the art) . In some embodiments, a KLF4 variant has at least about 85% (e.g., at least about any of 90%, 95%, 99%, or more) amino acid sequence identity across the whole sequence compared to the naturally occurring KLF4 polypeptide. In other embodiments, the KLF4 protein is the protein as identified by the NCBI reference NP 004226.3.
[0213] In some embodiments, the LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factor is an engineered KLF4, such as engineered human KLF4 or engineered mouse KLF4.
[0214] In some embodiments, the human wild-type KLF4 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22 or 87, or is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21, 54, or 88. In some embodiments, there is provided an engineered KLF4 that comprises a mutation (e.g., one or more mutations, such as deletion, insertion, and / or substitution) in the IDR in reference to SEQ ID NO: 22. The IDR of KLF4 can be identified using any methods known in the art or described herein, such as VSL2. In some embodiments, the IDR of KLF4 is at amino acid positions 1-374 (can have a margin of error of about 10 to about 20 amino acids) in reference to SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the DBD of KLF4 is at amino acid positions 375-470 (can have a margin of error of about 10 to about 20 amino acids) in reference to SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, there is provided an engineered KLF4 that comprises a mutation (e.g., deletion, insertion, and / or substitution) at amino acid positions 2-374, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the engineered KLF4 comprises a deletion at amino acid positions 2-374, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the engineered KLF4 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40, or a variant thereof having at least about 85% (e.g., at least about any of 90%, 95%, 99%, or more) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 40.
[0215] In some embodiments, the engineered KLF4 comprises a substitution in the IDR in reference to SEQ ID NO: 22, wherein the substitution comprises substituting a polar amino acid (charged or uncharged, e.g., D, E, R, K, H, S, T, N, Q, C, Y) with a neutral amino acid (e.g., Gly, Ala, Leu, Ile, Val, Phe, Pro, Met, Trp, Tyr, Ser, Thr, Cys, Gln, or Asn, such as A) . In some embodiments, the engineered KLF4 comprises a substitution in the IDR in reference to SEQ ID NO: 22, wherein the substitution comprises substituting a charged amino acid (e.g., an acidic amino acid, such as D or E, or a basic amino acid, such as R, K, or H) with a neutral amino acid (e.g., A) . In some embodiments, the substitution comprises substituting an acidic amino acid (e.g., D or E) in the IDR in reference to SEQ ID NO: 22 to a neutral amino acid (e.g., A) . In some embodiments, the IDR in reference to SEQ ID NO: 22 is at amino acid positions 2-374.
[0216] In some embodiments, the mouse wild-type KLF4 (MsKLF4) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72, or is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 73. In some embodiments, there is provided an engineered mouse KLF4 (MsKLF4mut) that comprises a mutation (e.g., one or more mutations, such as deletion, insertion, and / or substitution) in the IDR in reference to SEQ ID NO: 73. The IDR of MsKLF4 can be identified using any methods known in the art or described herein, such as VSL2. In some embodiments, the IDR of MsKLF4 is at amino acid positions 1-374 (can have a margin of error of about 10 to about 20 amino acids) in reference to SEQ ID NO: 73. In some embodiments, there is provided an engineered MsKLF4 that comprises a mutation (e.g., deletion, insertion, and / or substitution) at amino acid positions 2-374, such as partial or complete deletion of amino acids 2-374, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 73.
[0217] SOX
[0218] Sox family refers to Sox genes associated with maintaining pluripotency similar to Oct-3 / 4, although it is associated with multipotent and unipotent stem cells in contrast with Oct-3 / 4, which is exclusively expressed in pluripotent stem cells. SOX genes (SRY-related HMG-box genes) encode a family of transcription factors that bind to the minor groove in DNA, and belong to a super-family of genes characterized by a homologous sequence called the HMG-box (for high mobility group) . This HMG box is a DNA binding domain that is highly conserved throughout eukaryotic species. Homologues have been identified in insects, nematodes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and a range of mammals. Sox proteins (e.g., Sox1, Sox2, Sox3, Sox15, or Sox18) can be derived from human, mouse, rat, bovine, porcine, or other animals. SOX reprogramming factor herein refers to any naturally occurring member of the Sox family, or a functional variant thereof which maintains at least about 50% (e.g., at least about any of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100%) reprogramming activity of the corresponding wild-type Sox reprogramming factor.
[0219] Exemplary Sox2 proteins are the proteins encoded by the murine Sox2 gene (Genbank accession number NM_011443) and the human Sox2 gene (Genbank accession number NM_003106) .
[0220] The terms “Sox2, ” “SOX2, ” “Sox2 protein, ” “SOX2 protein” and the like as referred to herein thus includes any of the naturally occurring forms of the Sox2 transcription factor, or variants thereof that maintain Sox2 transcription factor activity (e.g., within at least about any of 50%, 80%, 90%or 100%activity compared to wildtype Sox2 as measured by methods known in the art) . In some embodiments, a SOX2 variant has at least about 85% (e.g., at least about any of 90%, 95%, 99%, or more) amino acid sequence identity across the whole sequence compared to the naturally occurring Sox2 polypeptide. In some embodiments, the Sox2 protein is the protein as identified by the NCBI reference NP 003097.1.
[0221] In some embodiments, the LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factor is an engineered SOX2, such as engineered human SOX2 or engineered mouse SOX2.
[0222] In some embodiments, the human wild-type SOX2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, or is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23. In some embodiments, there is provided an engineered SOX2 that comprises a mutation (e.g., one or more mutations, such as deletion, insertion, and / or substitution) in the IDR (s) in reference to SEQ ID NO: 24. The IDR (s) of SOX2 can be identified using any methods known in the art or described herein, such as VSL2. In some embodiments, the IDR of SOX2 is at amino acid positions 1-40 and 201-317 (can have a margin of error of about 10 to about 20 amino acids) in reference to SEQ ID NO: 24. In some embodiments, the DBD of SOX2 is at amino acid positions 41-200 (can have a margin of error of about 10 to about 20 amino acids) in reference to SEQ ID NO: 24. In some embodiments, there is provided an engineered SOX2 that comprises a mutation (e.g., deletion, insertion, and / or substitution) at amino acid positions 2-40 and / or 201-317, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 24. In some embodiments, there is provided an engineered SOX2 that comprises a deletion at: (i) amino acid positions 2-40, (ii) amino acid positions 201-317; or (iii) 2-40 and 201-317; wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 24. In some embodiments, the engineered SOX2 comprises an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 41-43, or a variant thereof having at least about 85% (e.g., at least about any of 90%, 95%, 99%, or more) sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOs: 41-43.
[0223] In some embodiments, the engineered SOX2 comprises a substitution in the IDR (s) in reference to SEQ ID NO: 24, wherein the substitution comprises substituting a polar amino acid (charged or uncharged, e.g., D, E, R, K, H, S, T, N, Q, C, Y) with a neutral amino acid (e.g., Gly, Ala, Leu, Ile, Val, Phe, Pro, Met, Trp, Tyr, Ser, Thr, Cys, Gln, or Asn, such as A) . In some embodiments, the engineered SOX2 comprises a substitution in the IDR (s) in reference to SEQ ID NO: 24, wherein the substitution comprises substituting a charged amino acid (e.g., an acidic amino acid, such as D or E, or a basic amino acid, such as R, K, or H) with a neutral amino acid (e.g., A) . In some embodiments, the substitution comprises substituting an acidic amino acid (e.g., D or E) in the IDR (s) in reference to SEQ ID NO: 24 to a neutral amino acid (e.g., A) . In some embodiments, the IDR (s) in reference to SEQ ID NO: 24 is at amino acid positions 1-40 and 201-317.
[0224] In some embodiments, the mouse wild-type SOX2 (MsSOX2) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74, or is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 75. In some embodiments, there is provided an engineered mouse SOX2 (MsSOX2mut) that comprises a mutation (e.g., one or more mutations, such as deletion, insertion, and / or substitution) in the IDR (s) in reference to SEQ ID NO: 74. The IDR (s) of MsSOX2 can be identified using any methods known in the art or described herein, such as VSL2. In some embodiments, the IDR of MsSOX2 is at amino acid positions 1-40 and 203-319 (can have a margin of error of about 10 to about 20 amino acids) in reference to SEQ ID NO: 74. In some embodiments, the DBD of MsSOX2 is at amino acid positions 41-202 (can have a margin of error of about 10 to about 20 amino acids) in reference to SEQ ID NO: 74. In some embodiments, there is provided an engineered MsSOX2 that comprises a mutation (e.g., deletion, insertion, and / or substitution) at amino acid positions 2-40 and / or 203-319 such as partial or complete deletion of amino acids 2-40 and / or 203-319, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 74.
[0225] NANOG
[0226] Nanog is a transcription factor critically involved with self-renewal of undifferentiated embryonic stem cells. It helps embryonic stem cells (ESCs) maintain pluripotency by suppressing cell determination factors. In humans, this protein is encoded by the NANOG gene. Exemplary nanog is the protein encoded by murine gene (Genbank accession number XM_132755) and human Nanog gene (Genbank accession number NM_024865) . The human hNanog protein coded by the NANOG gene, consists of 305 amino acids and possesses 3 functional domains: the N-terminal domain, the C-terminal domain, and the conserved homeodomain motif (for DNA binding) . The homeodomain in hNANOG ranges from residues 95 to 155. There are also additional NANOG genes (NANOG2, NANOG p8) . Nanog reprogramming factor herein refers to any naturally occurring member of the Nanog family, or a functional variant thereof which maintains at least about 50% (e.g., at least about any of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100%) reprogramming activity of the corresponding wild-type Nanog reprogramming factor.
[0227] The term “Nanog” or “nanog” and the like as referred to herein thus includes any of the naturally occurring forms of the Nanog transcription factor, or variants thereof that maintain Nanog transcription factor activity (e.g., within at least about any of 50%, 80%, 90%or 100%activity compared to wildtype Nanog as measured by methods known in the art) . In some embodiments, a Nanog variant has at least about 85% (e.g., at least about any of 90%, 95%, 99%, or more) amino acid sequence identity across the whole sequence compared to the naturally occurring Nanog polypeptide. In some embodiments, the Nanog protein is the protein as identified by the NCBI reference NP_079141.
[0228] An LLPS-deficient engineered NANOG can comprise any of the mutations described herein that lead to LLPS deficiency. For example, partial or complete deletion of the N-terminal domain and / or the C-terminal domain outside of the DBD, substitution of a charged amino acid (e.g., an acidic amino acid, such as D or E, or a basic amino acid, such as R, K, or H) with a neutral amino acid (e.g., A) , or a combination thereof.
[0229] LIN28
[0230] The LIN28 family of RNA-binding proteins promoting pluripotency has two members-LIN28A and LIN28B. Lin28 reprogramming factor herein refers to any naturally occurring member of the Lin28 family, or a functional variant thereof which maintains at least about 50%(e.g., at least about any of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100%) reprogramming activity of the corresponding wild-type Lin28 reprogramming factor.
[0231] Lin28 or Lin-28 homolog A is a protein that is encoded by the LIN28 gene in humans. It is a marker of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells and encodes a cytoplasmic mRNA-binding protein that binds to and enhances the translation of the IGF-2 (Insulin-like growth factor 2) mRNA. Lin28 has also been shown to bind to the let-7 pre-miRNA and block production of the mature let-7 microRNA in mouse embryonic stem cells. It is a factor in iPSCs generation, although it is not mandatory. Exemplary Lin28 is the protein encoded by murine gene (Genbank accession number NM_145833) and human Lin28 gene (Genbank accession number NM_024674) .
[0232] The term “Lin28” or “Lin28 homolog A” and the like as referred to herein thus includes any of the naturally occurring forms of the Lin28 transcription factor, or variants thereof that maintain Lin28 transcription factor activity (e.g., within at least about any of 50%, 80%, 90%or 100%activity compared to wildtype Lin28 as measured by methods known in the art) . In some embodiments, a LIN28 variant has at least about 85% (e.g., at least about any of 90%, 95%, 99%, or more) amino acid sequence identity across the whole sequence compared to the naturally occurring Lin28 polypeptide. In other embodiments, the Lin28 protein is the protein as identified by the NCBI reference NP_078950.
[0233] Human LIN28 has an IDR at amino acid positions 1-31 and 178-209. An LLPS-deficient engineered LIN28 can comprise any of the mutations described herein that lead to LLPS deficiency. For example, partial or complete deletion of the IDR (s) , substitution of a charged amino acid (e.g., an acidic amino acid, such as D or E, or a basic amino acid, such as R, K, or H) with a neutral amino acid (e.g., A) , such as within the IDR (s) , or a combination thereof
[0234] Nucleic acids, constructs, and carriers
[0235] In some embodiments, the engineered reprogramming factor is encoded by a nucleic acid (e.g., RNA or DNA) or a nucleic acid construct (e.g., RNA construct, such as circRNA, or DNA construct, such as viral or bacterial vector) . Hence also provided are nucleic acids (e.g., codon-optimized nucleic acids) and nucleic acid constructs that encode any of the LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factors described herein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 or 13. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 69 or 71. The step of introducing into a population of liver cells an effective amount of an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS in the liver rejuvenation methods (or treatment or prevention methods) described herein also encompass introducing into a population of liver cells a nucleic acid that encodes an effective amount of an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS.
[0236] Any carriers or methods that can introduce the nucleic acids described herein into liver cells can be used herein. In some embodiments, the delivery of the nucleic acid (s) is viral delivery (e.g., AAV or lentivirus) . In some embodiments, the delivery of the nucleic acid (s) is non-viral delivery, such as lipofection, nucleofection, microinjection, biolistics, virosomes, liposomes, immunoliposomes, polycation or lipid: nucleic acid conjugates, electroporation, nanoparticles, exosomes, microvesicles, gene-gun, naked DNA, and artificial virions. Delivery using GalNAc conjugated linked delivery system, protamine, polymer, inorganic nanoparticle, or polymer matrix are also contemplated.
[0237] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is an RNA (e.g., mRNA) , such as a circular RNA (circRNA) or a linear RNA (e.g., linear mRNA) . Circular mRNA has lower immunogenicity and higher stability than linear mRNA, and is suitable for long-term expression of encoded proteins in vivo. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is comprised within a vector. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid (e.g., circRNA) is delivered by an exosome, a liposome, or a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is delivered by electroporation. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises IRES. In some embodiments, the RNA may contain a sequence bound to L7Ae, TAT, etc., for enrichment of the RNA. In some embodiments, the RNA contains modification (s) . In some embodiments, the RNA is a self-amplifying mRNA.
[0238] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is a DNA. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is comprised within a vector, such as a viral vector. In some embodiments, the viral vector is selected from the group consisting of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector, adenovirus vector, retrovirus vector, herpes simplex virus (HSV) vector, murine stem cell virus (MSCV) vector, Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (MoMuLV) vector, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vector, bovine papilloma virus vector, lentiviral vector, vaccinia virus vector, and polyoma virus vector. In some embodiments, the viral vector is a lentiviral vector or an AAV vector. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is delivered by a virus, e.g., lentivirus or AAV. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is delivered by electroporation.
[0239] The term “vector” or “nucleic acid construct” as used herein refers to DNA or RNA molecules that comprise a coding nucleotide sequence that can be transcribed into RNAs or expressed into proteins. The present application also provides vectors or nucleic acid constructs in which a nucleic acid of the present application is inserted. The nucleic acid can be cloned into a number of types of vectors. For example, the nucleic acid can be cloned into a vector including, but not limited to a plasmid, a phagemid, a phage derivative, an animal virus, and a cosmid. Vectors of particular interest include expression vectors, replication vectors, probe generation vectors, and sequencing vectors.
[0240] In some embodiments, the vector comprises a promoter that is operably linked to the coding nucleotide sequence, such that the promoter controls the transcription or expression of the coding nucleotide sequence. A promoter may be positioned 5' (upstream) of a coding nucleotide sequence under its control. The distance between the promoter and the coding sequence may be approximately the same as the distance between that promoter and the gene it controls in the gene from which the promoter is derived. As is known in the art, variation in this distance may be accommodated without loss of promoter function. In some embodiments, the vector comprises a 5’UTR and / or a 3’ UTR that regulates the transcription or expression of the coding nucleotide sequence. In some embodiments, a suitable vector contains an origin of replication functional in at least one organism, a promoter sequence, convenient restriction endonuclease sites, and one or more selectable markers. (See, e.g., WO 01 / 96584; WO 01 / 29058; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,326,193) . Exemplary selectable markers can include, but are not limited to, peptide protein tags (e.g., FLAG-tag) , fluorescent tags, and antibiotic resistance cassettes. Both selectable markers and reporter genes may be flanked by appropriate regulatory sequences to enable expression in the target cells. In some embodiments, the vector also comprises or encodes a Kozak sequence, a terminator sequence, a 5' cap, a poly (A) tail, or WPRE.
[0241] Suitable vectors include, but are not limited to, nucleic acid molecules that are single-stranded, double-stranded, or partially double-stranded; nucleic acid molecules that comprise one or more free ends, no free ends (e.g., circular) ; nucleic acid molecules that comprise DNA, RNA, or both; and other varieties of polynucleotides known in the art. One type of vector is a "plasmid, " which refers to a circular double stranded DNA loop into which additional DNA segments can be inserted, such as by standard molecular cloning techniques. Certain vectors are capable of autonomous replication in a host cell into which they are introduced (e.g., bacterial vectors having a bacterial origin of replication and episomal mammalian vectors) . Other vectors (e.g., non-episomal mammalian vectors) are integrated into the genome of a host cell upon introduction into the host cell, and thereby are replicated along with the host genome. Moreover, certain vectors are capable of directing the transcription or expression of coding nucleotide sequences to which they are operatively linked. Such vectors are referred to herein as “expression vectors” .
[0242] Recombinant expression vectors can comprise a nucleic acid of the invention in a form suitable for transcription or expression of the nucleic acid in a host cell (e.g., liver cell) . In some embodiments, the recombinant expression vector includes one or more regulatory elements, which may be selected on the basis of the host cells to be used for transcription or expression, which is operatively linked to the nucleic acid sequence to be transcribed or expressed. Within a recombinant expression vector, “operably linked” is intended to mean that the nucleotide sequence of interest is linked to the regulatory element (s) in a manner that allows for expression of the nucleotide sequence (e.g., in an in vitro transcription / translation system or in a host cell when the vector is introduced into the host cell) .
[0243] The expression vectors may contain a variety of elements for controlling expression, including without limitation, promoter sequences, transcription initiation sequences, enhancer sequences, selectable markers, and signal sequences. These elements may be selected as appropriate by a person of ordinary skill in the art. For example, the promoter sequences may be selected to promote the transcription of the polynucleotide in the vector. Suitable promoter sequences include, without limitation, T7 promoter, T3 promoter, SP6 promoter, beta-actin promoter, EF1a promoter, CMV promoter, CAG promoter, PGK promoter, and SV40 promoter. Enhancer sequences may be selected to enhance the transcription of the nucleic acids. Selectable markers may be selected to allow selection of the host cells inserted with the vector from those not, for example, the selectable markers may be genes that confer antibiotic resistance. Signal sequences may be selected to allow the expressed polypeptide to be transported outside of the host cell.
[0244] The expression vector may be in the form of a viral vector. Viral vector technology is well known in the art and is described, for example, in Sambrook et al. (2001, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York) , and in other virology and molecular biology manuals. Viruses which are useful as vectors include, but are not limited to, retroviruses, adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, herpes viruses, and lentiviruses. In some embodiments, a murine stem cell virus (MSCV) vector is used to express a desired nucleic acid. MSCV vectors have been demonstrated to efficiently express desired nucleic acids in cells. Other examples of viral vectors are those based upon Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (MoMuLV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) . The use of RNA or DNA viral based systems for the delivery of nucleic acids has high efficiency in targeting a virus to specific cells and trafficking the viral payload to the cellular nuclei.
[0245] In some embodiments, the viral vector is a recombinant AAV (rAAV) vector. In some embodiments, the rAAV vector is a vector derived from an AAV serotype, including without limitation, AAV ITRs are AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAVrh8, AAVrh8R, AAV9, AAV10, AAVrh10, AAV11, AAV12, AAV2R471A, AAV DJ, a goat AAV, bovine AAV, or mouse AAV capsid serotype or the like. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid in the AAV comprises an ITR of AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAVrh8, AAVrh8R, AAV9, AAV10, AAVrh10, AAV11, AAV12, AAV2R471A, AAV DJ, a goat AAV, bovine AAV, or mouse AAV capsid serotype or the like. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid in the AAV further encodes an engineered reprogramming factor as described herein. Use of any AAV serotype is considered within the scope of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the vector is encapsidated in a rAAV particle. In some embodiments, the AAV viral particle comprises an AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAVrh8, AAVrh8R, AAV9, AAV10, AAVrh10, AAV11, AAV12, AAV2R471A, AAV2 / 2-7m8, AAV DJ, AAV2 N587A, AAV2 E548A, AAV2 N708A, AAV2 V708K, AAV2-HBKO, AAVDJ8, AAVPHP. B, AAVPHP. eB, AAVBR1, AAVHSC15, AAVHSC17, goat AAV, AAV1 / AAV2 chimeric, bovine AAV, mouse AAV, or raAV2 / HboV1 serotype capsid.
[0246] In some embodiments, the viral vector is a lentiviral vector. In some embodiments, the lentiviral vector is pseudotyped. In some embodiments, the lentiviral vector comprises a G glycoprotein. In some embodiments, the G glycoprotein is selected from the group consisting of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) , Piry virus, Chandipura virus, Spring viremia of carp virus and Mokola virus G glycoproteins. In some embodiments, the lentiviral vector comprises long terminal repeats (LTRs) selected from the group consisting of HIV and equine infectious anemia long terminal repeats.
[0247] The viral vector (e.g., transfer vector) comprising the nucleic acid (s) encoding the reprogramming factor (s) can be introduced into a producer cell. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid (s) encoding the reprogramming factor (s) comprises long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences flanking the transgene to enable integration into the target cell genome. In some embodiments, the LTR (5’ LTR and / or 3’ LTR) is mutated (e.g., truncated, such as truncating U3) to generate self- inactivating viral vector. One or more packaging vectors can be introduced into the producer cell simultaneously or sequentially (in any order) to produce a recombinant virus. A recombinant virus can be produced by, for example, culturing the producer cell under conditions sufficient to make the recombinant virus. In some embodiments, the producer cell already comprises one or more nucleic acids that encode the components to produce the recombinant virus. These can be structural or non-structural viral components or proteins. Producer cell lines are known in the art and can be modified with the molecules of interest to produce the recombinant virus of interest. Any suitable producer cell line known in the art can be used, such as HEK293, 293T, HeLa, D-17, MDCK, BHK and Cf2Th cells. In some embodiments, the producer cell line is 293T.
[0248] In some embodiments, the viral vector promoter is selected from the group consisting of a Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) promoter, a Simian Virus 40 (SV40) promoter, a cytomegalovirus immediate early gene promoter (CMV IE) , a murine stem cell virus promoter (MCSV) , an elongation factor 1 alpha promoter (EF1-α) , a phosphoglycerate kinase-1 (PGK) promoter, a ubiquitin-C (UBQ-C) promoter, a cytomegalovirus enhancer / chicken beta-actin (CAG) promoter, a polyoma enhancer / herpes simplex thymidine kinase (MC1) promoter, a beta actin (β-ACT) promoter, a “myeloproliferative sarcoma virus enhancer, negative control region deleted, d1587rev primer-binding site substituted (MND) ” promoter, an NFAT promoter, a promoter, and an NFκB promoter. The transfer vector (e.g., carrying the transgene) can employ a promoter same as or different from the envelope vector and / or packaging vector (s) .
[0249] Genes necessary to produce a recombinant virus can be split across two or more vectors to increase recombinant virus safety. Recombinant virus is typically produced using an envelope vector encoding a viral glycoprotein, packaging vector (s) encoding viral structural proteins, and a transfer vector encoding the transgene of interest. The genes required produce a recombinant virus include gag, pol, rev and optionally tat (depending on the vectors used) . gag encodes for viral structural proteins, pol encodes for enzymes involved in reverse transcription and genome integration, while rev and tat encode for gene regulatory proteins. Wherein the transfer plasmid comprises a 5’ LTR fused to a heterologous promoter, Tat is no longer required, as expression of the transgene is Tat-independent. Promoters may be chosen for each vector based on the desired application, such as depending on the cell type to be transduced (e.g., primary cells vs. cell lines) , or the gene to be expressed (e.g., a dual promoter for co-expressing two transgenes) .
[0250] In some embodiments, the liver rejuvenation method (or treatment or prevention method) described herein comprises introducing a plurality of reprogramming factors (e.g., a plurality of nucleic acids encoding the plurality of reprogramming factors) into the population of liver cells, wherein at least one of the plurality of reprogramming factors is an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of the engineered reprogramming factors described herein) . In some embodiments, the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise two or more reprogramming factors from two or more families selected from the group consisting of OCT family, SOX family, KLF family, MYC family, LIN28 family, NANOG family, and GLIS family. In some embodiments, the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise two or more reprogramming factors selected from the group consisting of OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, c-MYC, L-MYC, LIN28, NANOG, GLIS1, and variant thereof, wherein at least one of the plurality of reprogramming factors is an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS. In some embodiments, the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise three or all of OCT4, KLF4, SOX2, and c-MYC, wherein at least one of the plurality of reprogramming factors is an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS. In some embodiments, the SOX2 is an engineered SOX2 that is deficient in LLPS, such as any of the engineered SOX2 described herein, e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 41-43. In some embodiments, the c-MYC is an engineered c-MYC that is deficient in LLPS, such as any of the engineered c-MYC described herein, e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 14-20, 47, and 48, such as SEQ ID NO: 14. In some embodiments, the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise OCT4 and KLF4, wherein at least one of OCT4 and KLF4 is an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS. In some embodiments, the OCT4 is an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS, such as any of the engineered OCT4 described herein, e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the KLF4 is an engineered KLF4 that is deficient in LLPS, such as any of the engineered KLF4 described herein, e.g., SEQ ID NO: 40. In some embodiments, all of the plurality of reprogramming factors are engineered reprogramming factors that are deficient in LLPS. In some embodiments, the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise a (e.g., one or more) wild-type reprogramming factor. In some embodiments, the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise any of: (i) an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) , SOX2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 24) , and KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) ; (ii) an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) , KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) , and an engineered c-MYC that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 14-20, 47, and 48, such as SEQ ID NO: 14) ; (iii) an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) , KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) , an engineered c-MYC that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 14-20, 47, and 48, such as SEQ ID NO: 14) , and SOX2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 24) ; or (iv) an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) , KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) , and SOX2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 24) .
[0251] In some embodiments, the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise three or all of mouse OCT4 (MsOCT4) , mouse KLF4 (MsKLF4) , mouse SOX2 (MsSOX2) , and mouse c-MYC (Ms c-MYC) , wherein at least one of the plurality of reprogramming factors is an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS. In some embodiments, the MsSOX2 is an engineered MsSOX2 that is deficient in LLPS, such as any of the engineered MsSOX2 described herein. In some embodiments, the Ms c-MYC is an engineered Ms c-MYC that is deficient in LLPS, such as any of the engineered Ms c-MYC described herein. In some embodiments, the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise MsOCT4 and MsKLF4, wherein the at least one of MsOCT4 and MsKLF4 is an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS. In some embodiments, the MsOCT4 is an engineered MsOCT4 that is deficient in LLPS, such as any of the engineered MsOCT4 described herein, e.g., SEQ ID NO: 68 or 70. In some embodiments, the MsKLF4 is an engineered MsKLF4 that is deficient in LLPS, such as any of the engineered MsKLF4 described herein. In some embodiments, the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise a (e.g., one or more) wild-type reprogramming factor. In some embodiments, the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise: an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 68 or 70) , MsKLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 72) , and MsSOX2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 74) .
[0252] In some embodiments, the plurality of reprogramming factors are encoded by a plurality of nucleic acids, e.g., RNA (e.g., linear mRNA or circRNA) or DNA. The expression of the nucleic acid (s) can be constitutive or induced (e.g., using Tet-On system) .
[0253] In some embodiments, the plurality of nucleic acids are on separate nucleic acid constructs. The nucleic acid construct can be an RNA construct (e.g., linear RNA or circRNA) or a DNA construct (e.g., lentiviral vector, AAV vector, or plasmid) .
[0254] In some embodiments, at least two of the plurality of nucleic acids are on a single nucleic acid construct. The nucleic acid construct can be an RNA construct (e.g., linear RNA or circRNA) or a DNA construct (e.g., lentiviral vector, AAV vector, or plasmid) . In some embodiments, at least two of the plurality of nucleic acids are on a single DNA construct (e.g., viral or bacterial vector) . In some embodiments, the at least two of the plurality of nucleic acids are under the control of different promoters. In some embodiments, the at least two of the plurality of nucleic acids are under the control of the same promoter. The promoter can be a constitutive promoter (e.g., CMV) or an inducible promoter (e.g., Tet-On promoter, such as TRE3G (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 63) , TRE, TRE3GS, TRE3GV, etc. ) . In some embodiments, the at least two of the plurality of nucleic acids are connected by one or more linking nucleic acids, such as IRES, or a linking sequence encoding a self-cleaving peptide (e.g., 2A peptide, such as P2A, T2A, E2A, F2A) . In some embodiments, the one or more linking nucleic acids comprise a linking sequence encoding a self-cleaving peptide, wherein the self-cleaving peptide is P2A, T2A, or E2A. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid encoding P2A comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid encoding T2A comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid encoding E2A comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27.
[0255] Circular RNA (circRNA)
[0256] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid or the nucleic acid construct is a circRNA. circRNA refers to a polyribonucleotide that forms a circular structure through covalent bonds. circRNA can be produced by any methods known in the art, include but are not limited to, back-splicing, in vitro synthesis of a linear RNA precursor followed by ligation of its ends to produce a covalently-closed loop (can be chemical or enzymatic approach) , or generation in living cells by the overexpression of a plasmid harboring a minigene sequence that is naturally circularized following transcription, etc. During back-splicing, a 5′splice site attaches to an upstream 3′splice site on the same pre-mRNA, circularizing the intervening exon (s) . In vitro or in cell circRNA synthesis can use thePIE (permuted intron exon) system, e.g., Anabaena permuted group I intron-exon system (Ana PIE) , or Azoarcus sp. BH permuted group I intron circular system (AzoPIE) , or Twister-optimized RNA for durable overexpression system (Tornado system) . For example, a nucleic acid sequence encoding one or more reprogramming factors can be recombined into the PIE system, and constructed within a plasmid (e.g., pBluescript II SK (+) ) , following in vitro transcription, the linear RNA is circularized to obtain the circRNA. See exemplary methods in Obi and Chen, Methods. 2021: 196: 85-103, WO2023115732, WO2023024500, US20230346921, US11679120, US11981909, US20240078661, and US20240042015, the contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. For example, a nucleic acid sequence encoding one or more reprogramming factors can be recombined into the Tornado system, and constructed within a plasmid (e.g., pcDNA3.1 (+) , Piggybac) , following the plasmid transfected into cells such 293T, the circRNA can be produced and also exosome which containing circRNA can be collected. See exemplary methods in US20210340542, US011756183, the contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[0257] In the PIE method, circularly permuted group I intron precursor RNAs (e.g., derived from Tetrahymena or Anabena) have end-to-end fused exons that interrupt half intron sequences. Circularly permuted group I intron precursor RNAs can self-splice to generate a circular RNA exon in vitro. Foreign sequences (e.g., encoding reprogramming factor (s) ) can be placed in the exon of a permuted group I intron self-splicing system and made circular. This is because the exon sequence does not participate in the self-splicing reaction.
[0258] Methods of making any of the circRNAs described herein are provided. In some embodiments, the method comprises synthesizing a precursor RNA (linear RNA) by transcription (e.g., run-off transcription) using a DNA vector (e.g., a DNA vector comprising, in the following order, a 5′homology arm, a 3′group I intron fragment, a 5’ spacer, an IRES, an expression sequence (e.g., encoding the plurality of reprogramming factors described herein) , a 3’ spacer, a 5′group I intron fragment, and a 3′homology arm) as a template, and circularizing the precursor RNA to form circRNA (e.g., incubating the precursor RNA under suitable conditions for circularization, such as in the presence of divalent cations (e.g., magnesium ions) and GTP) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises constructing the DNA vector for transcription (e.g., in vitro) of the precursor RNA. DNA vector construction can be performed using any molecular cloning methods. Exemplary DNA vectors are shown in FIGs. 2A-2D, 6A-6F, 10A-10B. In some embodiments, the DNA vector is linearized (e.g., via enzyme digestion) to provide a transcription template. In some embodiments, the transcription template is digested (e.g., using DNaseI) after transcription of the precursor RNA is completed. In some embodiments, the method further comprises purifying the circRNA (e.g., via RNA precipitation and ethanol washing) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises verification of the circRNA (e.g., Rnase R digestion analysis, or E-Gel electrophoresis) . Successfully generated circRNA shall stay intact and not digested by exonuclease-like Rnase R, as circRNAs lack free ends. Also see exemplary circRNA making methods in Examples 2-4.
[0259] The present application hence also provides DNA vectors and linear precursor RNAs for making any of the circRNAs described herein.
[0260] In some embodiments, the DNA vector comprises, in the following order, an optional 5′homology arm, a 3′group I intron fragment, an optional 5’ internal spacer, an IRES (e.g., CVB3 IRES) , an expression sequence (e.g., encoding the plurality of reprogramming factors) , an optional 3’ internal spacer, a 5′group I intron fragment, and an optional 3′homology arm. In some embodiments, the 5’ homology arm and the 3’ homology arms are reverse complementary sequences which could help the two ends of linear precursor RNA get closer and improve circularization efficiency. In some embodiments, the 5’ internal spacer and the 3’ internal spacer are non-structural sequences (e.g., CAAA, or CAAAAA) for separating the ribozyme element (group I intron RNA) and the IRES element or the coding element. In some embodiments, the DNA vector comprises, in the following order, a 5′homology arm, a 3′group I intron fragment, a 5’internal spacer, an IRES (e.g., CVB3 IRES) , an expression sequence (e.g., encoding the engineered reprogramming factor or the plurality of reprogramming factors described herein) , a 3’ internal spacer, a 5′group I intron fragment, and a 3′homology arm. In some embodiments, at least one of the 3′or 5′internal spacers has a length of about 3 to about 60 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the 3′and / or 5′homology arms has a length of about 10 to about 100 nucleotides, such as any of about 10 to about 80 nt, about 10 to about 60 nt, about 10 to about 50 nt, about 10 to about 30 nt, about 20 to about 80 nt, about 40 to about 60 nt, or about 10 to about 20 nt. In some embodiments, the 3′and 5′internal spacers each comprises a duplex forming region capable of forming a duplex. In some embodiments, the duplex forming regions of the 3’ and 5’ spacers each has a length of about 5 to about 100 nucleotides, such as any of about 10 to about 50 nt, about 20 to about 40 nt, or about about 8 to about 20 nt. The homology arms or the duplex forming regions may form perfect or imperfect duplexes. For example, at least about any of 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%of the homology arms or duplex forming regions may be base paired with one another. In some embodiments, the DNA vector further comprises a transcription regulatory sequence. In some embodiments, the transcription regulatory sequence comprises a promoter and / or an enhancer. In some embodiments, the promoter comprises a T7 promoter. The DNA vector can be a circular DNA or a linear DNA. In some embodiments, the T7 promoter is at the 5’ end of 5′homology arm.
[0261] In some embodiments, the 5’ elements of the DNA vector (contain 5’ homology arm, 3’ group I intron fragment, 5’ internal spacer) upstream of IRES comprise the sequence of SEQ ID NO:49. In some embodiments, the 3’ elements of the DNA vector (contain 3’ internal spacer, 5’ group I intron fragment, 3’ homology arm) downstream of the protein-coding sequence comprise the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 50.
[0262] In some embodiments, the 5’ elements (contain 5’ homology arm, 3’ group I intron fragment, 5’ internal spacer) upstream of IRES comprise the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 51. In some embodiments, the 3’ elements (contain 3’ internal spacer, 5’ group I intron fragment, 3’ homology arm) downstream of the protein-coding sequence comprise the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 52.
[0263] The term “3′group I intron fragment” refers to a sequence with 75%or higher similarity to the 3′-proximal end of a natural group I intron including the splice site dinucleotide and optionally a stretch of natural exon sequence. In some embodiments, the term “5′group I intron fragment” refers to a sequence with 75%or higher similarity to the 5′-proximal end of a natural group I intron including the splice site dinucleotide and optionally a stretch of natural exon sequence. The term “permutation site” refers to the site in a group I intron where a cut is made prior to permutation of the intron. This cut generates 3′and 5′group I intron fragments that are permuted to be on either side of a stretch of precursor RNA to be circularized. The term “splice site” refers to a dinucleotide that is partially or fully included in a group I intron and between which a phosphodiester bond is cleaved during RNA circularization. Two “duplex forming regions, ” “homology arms, ” or “homology regions, ” may be any two regions that are thermodynamically favored to cross-pair in a sequence specific interaction. In some embodiments, two duplex forming regions, homology arms, or homology regions, share a sufficient level of sequence identity to one another's reverse complement to act as substrates for a hybridization reaction. As used herein polynucleotide sequences have “homology” when they are either identical or share sequence identity to a reverse complement or “complementary” sequence. The percent sequence identity between a homology region and a counterpart homology region's reverse complement can be any percent of sequence identity that allows for hybridization to occur. In some embodiments, an internal duplex forming region of an inventive polynucleotide is capable of forming a duplex with another internal duplex forming region and does not form a duplex with an external duplex forming region.
[0264] Two types of spacers can improve precursor RNA circularization and / or gene expression from circRNA. The first type of spacer is external spacer, i.e., present in a precursor RNA but removed upon circularization. While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is contemplated that an external spacer may improve ribozyme-mediated circularization by maintaining the structure of the ribozyme itself and preventing other neighboring sequence elements from interfering with its folding and function. The second type of spacer is internal spacer, i.e., present in a precursor RNA and retained in a resulting circular RNA. While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is contemplated that an internal spacer may improve ribozyme-mediated circularization by maintaining the structure of the ribozyme itself and preventing other neighboring sequence elements, particularly the neighboring IRES and coding region, from interfering with its folding and function. It is also contemplated that an internal spacer may improve protein expression from the IRES by preventing neighboring sequence elements, particularly the intron elements, from hybridizing with sequences within the IRES and inhibiting its ability to fold into its most preferred and active conformation.
[0265] Any IRES can be used herein. In some embodiments, the IRES is CVB3 IRES. Modifications of IRES and accessory sequences can increase or reduce IRES activities, for example, by truncating the 5′and / or 3′ends of the IRES, adding a spacer 5′to the IRES, modifying the 6 nucleotides 5′to the translation initiation site (Kozak sequence) , modification of alternative translation initiation sites, and creating chimeric / hybrid IRES sequences.
[0266] In certain embodiments, the vectors, precursor RNA and circular RNA provided herein comprise a first (5′) and / or a second (3′) spacer. In some embodiments, including a spacer between the 3′group I intron fragment and the IRES may conserve secondary structures in those regions by preventing them from interacting, thus increasing splicing efficiency. In some embodiments, the first (between 3′group I intron fragment and IRES) and second (between the expression sequence and 5′group I intron fragment) spacers comprise additional base pairing regions that are predicted to base pair with each other and not to the first and second duplex forming regions. In some embodiments, such spacer base pairing brings the group I intron fragments in close proximity to each other, further increasing splicing efficiency. Additionally, in some embodiments, the combination of base pairing between the first and second duplex forming regions, and separately, base pairing between the first and second spacers, promotes the formation of a splicing bubble containing the group I intron fragments flanked by adjacent regions of base pairing. Typical spacers are contiguous sequences with one or more of the following qualities: 1) predicted to avoid interfering with proximal structures, for example, the IRES, expression sequence, or intron; 2) is at least 7 nt long and no longer than 100 nt; 3) is located after and adjacent to the 3′intron fragment and / or before and adjacent to the 5′intron fragment; and 4) contains one or more of the following: a) an unstructured region at least 5 nt long, b) a region of base pairing at least 5 nt long to a distal sequence, including another spacer, and c) a structured region at least 7 nt long limited in scope to the sequence of the spacer. Spacers may have several regions, including an unstructured region, a base pairing region, a hairpin / structured region, and combinations thereof. In an embodiment, the spacer has a structured region with high GC content. In an embodiment, a region within a spacer base pairs with another region within the same spacer. In an embodiment, a region within a spacer base pairs with a region within another spacer. In an embodiment, a spacer comprises one or more hairpin structures. In an embodiment, a spacer comprises one or more hairpin structures with a stem of 4 to 12 nucleotides and a loop of 2 to 10 nucleotides. In an embodiment, there is an additional spacer (internal spacer) between the 3′group I intron fragment and the IRES. In an embodiment, this additional spacer prevents the structured regions of the IRES from interfering with the folding of the 3′group I intron fragment or reduces the extent to which this occurs. In some embodiments, the 5′spacer sequence is at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25 or 30 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the 5′spacer sequence is no more than 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 45, 40, 35 or 30 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments the 5′spacer sequence is between 3 and 50, 5 and 10, 10 and 50, 20 and 50, 20 and 40, and / or 25 and 35 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, the 5′spacer sequence is 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 or 50 nucleotides in length. In one embodiment, the 5′spacer sequence is a polyA sequence. In another embodiment, the 5′spacer sequence is a polyAC sequence. In one embodiment, a spacer comprises about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100%polyAC content. In one embodiment, a spacer comprises about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100%polypyrimidine (C / T or C / U) content.
[0267] In some embodiments, the method comprises incubating the DNA vector under a suitable condition for transcription. In some embodiments, the DNA vector is transcribed in vitro. In some embodiments, the suitable condition comprises ATP, GTP, CTP, UTP, and an RNA polymerase (e.g., T7 RNA polymerase) . In some embodiments, the suitable condition further comprise an RNase inhibitor.
[0268] It has been discovered that circRNA has reduced immunogenicity relative to a corresponding mRNA, at least partially because the mRNA contains an immunogenic 5′cap. When transcribing a DNA vector from certain promoters (e.g., a T7 promoter) to produce a precursor RNA, it is understood that the 5′end of the precursor RNA is G. To reduce the immunogenicity of a circular RNA composition that contains a low level of contaminant linear mRNA, an excess of GMP relative to GTP can be provided during transcription such that most transcripts contain a 5′GMP, which cannot be capped.
[0269] In some embodiments, the linear precursor RNA can be circularized by autocatalysis of a Group I intron. Any Group I intron known in the art could be used to generate circRNA via self-splicing. Examples of Group I introns useful for the methods of this application are described in Puttaraju, M. &Been, M., Nucleic Acids Res. 20, 5357–5364 (1992) ; Ford, E. &Ares, M., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 91, 3117–3121 (1994) ; Vicens, Q., Paukstelis, P.J., Westhof, E., Lambowitz, A.M. &Cech, T.R., RNA 14, 2013–2029 (2008) , which are incorporated herein by reference. The Group I intron can be derived from bacterial phage Group I intron or a bacterial Group I intron. In some embodiments, the group I intron is derived from a cyanobacteria Group I intron. In some embodiments, the group I intron is derived from an Anabaena Group I intron. In some embodiments, the linear RNA polynucleotide comprises a 3′Anabaena group I intron fragment and a 5′Anabaena group I intron fragment. In some embodiments, the reference 3′Anabaena group I intron fragment and reference 5′Anabaena group I intron fragment were generated using the L6-5 permutation site. In some embodiments, the linear RNA polynucleotide comprises a 3′Azoarcus sp. BH group I intron fragment and a 5′Azoarcus sp. BH group I intron fragment.
[0270] In some embodiments, the circRNA comprises an IRES followed by an expression sequence (e.g., encoding engineered reprogramming factor or the plurality of reprogramming factors) . In some embodiments, the circRNA comprises, in the following order: a) a post-splicing intron fragment of a 3′group I intron fragment, b) an IRES, c) an expression sequence, and d) a post-splicing intron fragment of a 5′group I intron fragment. In some embodiments, the circRNA does not comprise the 5’ homology arm and the 3’ homology arm. In some embodiments, the circRNA does not comprise any group I intron fragment. In some embodiments, the circRNA retains the 5’ internal spacer and the 3’ internal spacer.
[0271] In some embodiments, the circular RNA polynucleotide is made via circularization of a RNA polynucleotide comprising, in the following order: a 3′group I intron fragment, an IRES, an expression sequence (e.g., encoding engineered reprogramming factor or the plurality of reprogramming factors described herein) , and a 5′group I intron fragment.
[0272] In some embodiments, the circular RNA polynucleotide is made via circularization of a RNA polynucleotide comprising, in the following order: a 5′external duplex forming region (or homology arm) , a 3′group I intron fragment, a 5′internal spacer optionally comprising a 5′internal duplex forming region, an IRES, an expression sequence (e.g., encoding engineered reprogramming factor or the plurality of reprogramming factors described herein) , a 3′internal spacer optionally comprising a 3′internal duplex forming region, a 5′group I intron fragment, and a 3′external duplex forming region (or homology arm) .
[0273] In some embodiments, the circular RNA polynucleotide is made via circularization of a RNA polynucleotide comprising, in the following order: a 5′external duplex forming region (or homology arm) , a 5′external spacer, a 3′group I intron fragment, a 5′internal spacer optionally comprising a 5′internal duplex forming region, an IRES, an expression sequence (e.g., encoding engineered reprogramming factor or the plurality of reprogramming factors described herein) , a 3′internal spacer optionally comprising a 3′internal duplex forming region, a 5′group I intron fragment, a 3′external spacer, and a 3′external duplex forming region (or homology arm) .
[0274] In some embodiments, the circular RNA polynucleotide is made via circularization of a RNA polynucleotide comprising, in the following order: a 3′group I intron fragment, a 5′internal spacer comprising a 5′internal duplex forming region, an IRES, an expression sequence (e.g., encoding engineered reprogramming factor or the plurality of reprogramming factors described herein) , a 3′internal spacer comprising a 3′internal duplex forming region, and a 5′group I intron fragment.
[0275] In some embodiments, the circular RNA polynucleotide is made via circularization of a RNA polynucleotide comprising, in the following order: a 5′external duplex forming region (or homology arm) , a 5′external spacer, a 3′group I intron fragment, a 5′internal spacer comprising a 5′internal duplex forming region, an IRES, an expression sequence (e.g., encoding engineered reprogramming factor or the plurality of reprogramming factors described herein) , a 3′internal spacer comprising a 3′internal duplex forming region, a 5′group I intron fragment, a 3′external spacer, and a 3′external duplex forming region (or homology arm) .
[0276] In some embodiments, the circular RNA polynucleotide is made via circularization of a RNA polynucleotide comprising, in the following order: a first polyA sequence, a 5′external duplex forming region (or homology arm) , a 5′external spacer, a 3′group I intron fragment, a 5′internal spacer comprising a 5′internal duplex forming region, an IRES, an expression sequence (e.g., encoding engineered reprogramming factor or the plurality of reprogramming factors described herein) , a 3′internal spacer comprising a 3′internal duplex forming region, a 5′group I intron fragment, a 3′external spacer, a 3′external duplex forming region (or homology arm) , and a second polyA sequence.
[0277] In some embodiments, the circular RNA polynucleotide is made via circularization of a RNA polynucleotide comprising, in the following order: a first polyA sequence, a 5′external spacer, a 3′group I intron fragment, a 5′internal spacer comprising a 5′internal duplex forming region, an IRES, an expression sequence (e.g., encoding engineered reprogramming factor or the plurality of reprogramming factors described herein) , a 3′internal spacer comprising a 3′internal duplex forming region, a 5′group I intron fragment, a 3′external spacer, and a second polyA sequence.
[0278] In some embodiments, the circular RNA polynucleotide is made via circularization of a RNA polynucleotide comprising, in the following order: a first polyA sequence, a 5′external spacer, a 3′group I intron fragment, a 5′internal spacer comprising a 5′internal duplex forming region, an IRES, an expression sequence (e.g., encoding engineered reprogramming factor or the plurality of reprogramming factors described herein) , a stop codon, a 3′internal spacer comprising a 3′internal duplex forming region, a 5′group I intron fragment, a 3′external spacer, and a second polyA sequence.
[0279] In some embodiments, at least one of the 3′or 5′internal or external spacers has a length of about 8 to about 60 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the 3′and 5′external duplex forming regions each has a length of about 10-50 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the 3′and 5′internal duplex forming regions each has a length of about 6-30 nucleotides.
[0280] circRNA can be administered as naked circRNA, or as a pharmaceutical composition comprising a transfection agent. In non-limiting examples, the transfection agent is polyethylenimine (PEI) or an LNP. Other examples of liposomes that can be used to administer the circRNA composition for administration include protamines, cationic nanoemulsions, modified dendrimer nanoparticles, protamine liposomes, cationic polymers, cationic polymer liposomes, polysaccharide particles, cationic lipid nanoparticles, cationic lipid-cholesterol nanoparticles, cationic lipid-cholesterol PEG nanoparticle, cationic lipid transfection reagents sold under the trademark LIPOFECTAMINE, nonliposomal transfection reagents sold under the trademark FUGENE, or any combination thereof can be used as the transfection agent. In some embodiments, the liposome formulation may be influenced by, but not limited to, the selection of the cationic lipid component, the degree of cationic lipid saturation, the nature of the PEGylation, ratio of all components and biophysical parameters such as size. In some embodiments, the liposome formulation comprises a cationic lipid, a cholesterol and a PEGylated lipid. For example, a liposome formulation may comprise a cationic lipid, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and PEG-c-DMA. See, for example, Semple et al. Nature Biotech. 2010 28: 172-176, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0281] In some embodiments, the circRNA is not formulated with a transfection reagent. In some embodiments, the circRNA is delivered as naked RNA. In some embodiments, the circRNA is delivered by gene gun or by electroporation.
[0282] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a DNA construct (e.g., viral or bacterial vector, such as AAV vector or lentiviral vector) . In some embodiments, the DNA construct comprises a promoter. In some embodiments, the promoter is TRE3G promoter, e.g., comprising the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63. In some embodiments, the promoter is CMV promoter, e.g., comprising the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 76. In some embodiments, the DNA construct comprises a nucleic acid encoding a poly (A) tail. In some embodiments, the poly (A) tail is an SV40 poly (A) tail, e.g., encoded by a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 64. In some embodiments, the poly (A) tail is a human growth hormone (hGH) poly (A) tail, e.g., encoded by a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65. In some embodiments, the DNA construct comprises a Kozak sequence, e.g., GCCGCCACC (SEQ ID NO: 113) .
[0283] In some embodiments, there is provided a nucleic acid construct (e.g., RNA construct, such as circRNA, or DNA construct, such as viral or bacterial vector) encoding a plurality of reprogramming factors (e.g., OCT4, KLF4, SOX2, and / or c-MYC) . In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of reprogramming factors is an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of the engineered reprogramming factors described herein) . The nucleic acids encoding the plurality of reprogramming factors (wild-type or engineered) can be arranged in any sequences on the nucleic acid construct, either under the same promoter or different promoters.
[0284] In some embodiments, there is provided a nucleic acid construct (RNA or DNA construct) comprising from 5’ to 3’: a first nucleic acid encoding an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) –a first linking sequence (e.g., encoding P2A) –a second nucleic acid encoding SOX2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 24) –a second linking sequence (e.g., encoding T2A) –a third nucleic acid encoding KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct encodes a protein sequence of SEQ ID NO: 93. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct further comprises an IRES (e.g., CVB3 IRES) at 5’ of the first nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a circRNA. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a DNA vector (e.g., lentiviral vector, AAV vector, or plasmid) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a DNA vector or a linear RNA (e.g., transcribed by the DNA vector) (such as for generating a circRNA) , comprising from 5’ to 3’: an optional 5′homology arm, a 3′group I intron fragment, an optional 5’ spacer, an IRES, an expression sequence described herein (encoding OmutSK interspaced by 2A peptide) , an optional 3’spacer, a 5′group I intron fragment, and an optional 3′homology arm. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct comprises a nucleic acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 39, 57, and 94.
[0285] In some embodiments, there is provided a nucleic acid construct (RNA or DNA construct) comprising from 5’ to 3’: a first nucleic acid encoding an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) –a first linking sequence (e.g., encoding P2A) –a second nucleic acid encoding KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) –a second linking sequence (e.g., encoding T2A) –a third nucleic acid encoding an engineered c-MYC that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 14-20, 47, and 48, such as SEQ ID NO: 14) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct encodes a protein sequence of SEQ ID NO: 97. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct further comprises an IRES (e.g., CVB3 IRES) at 5’ of the first nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a circRNA. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a DNA vector (e.g., lentiviral vector, AAV vector, or plasmid) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a DNA vector or a linear RNA (e.g., transcribed by the DNA vector) (such as for generating a circRNA) , comprising from 5’ to 3’: an optional 5′homology arm, a 3′group I intron fragment, an optional 5’ spacer, an IRES, an expression sequence described herein (encoding OmutKMmut interspaced by 2A peptide) , an optional 3’ spacer, a 5′group I intron fragment, and an optional 3′homology arm. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct comprises a nucleic acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 30, 35, 59, and 98.
[0286] In some embodiments, there is provided a nucleic acid construct (RNA or DNA construct) comprising from 5’ to 3’: a first nucleic acid encoding an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) –a first linking sequence (e.g., encoding P2A) –a second nucleic acid encoding KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) –a second linking sequence (e.g., encoding T2A) –a third nucleic acid encoding an engineered c-MYC that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 14-20, 47, and 48, such as SEQ ID NO: 14) –a third linking sequence (e.g., encoding E2A) –a fourth nucleic acid encoding SOX2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 24) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct encodes a protein sequence of SEQ ID NO: 101. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct further comprises an IRES (e.g., CVB3 IRES) at 5’ of the first nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a circRNA. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a DNA vector (e.g., lentiviral vector, AAV vector, or plasmid) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a DNA vector or a linear RNA (e.g., transcribed by the DNA vector) (such as for generating a circRNA) , comprising from 5’to 3’: an optional 5′homology arm, a 3′group I intron fragment, an optional 5’ spacer, an IRES, an expression sequence described herein (encoding OmutKMmutS interspaced by 2A peptide) , an optional 3’ spacer, a 5′group I intron fragment, and an optional 3′homology arm. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct comprises a nucleic acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 28, 37, 61, and 102.
[0287] In some embodiments, there is provided a nucleic acid construct (RNA or DNA construct) comprising from 5’ to 3’: a first nucleic acid encoding an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10 and 44-46, such as SEQ ID NO: 4) –a first linking sequence (e.g., encoding P2A) –a second nucleic acid encoding KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) –a second linking sequence (e.g., encoding T2A) –a third nucleic acid encoding SOX2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 24) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct further comprises an IRES (e.g., CVB3 IRES) at 5’ of the first nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a circRNA. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a DNA vector (e.g., lentiviral vector, AAV vector, or plasmid) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a DNA vector or a linear RNA (e.g., transcribed by the DNA vector) (such as for generating a circRNA) , comprising from 5’ to 3’: an optional 5′homology arm, a 3′group I intron fragment, an optional 5’ spacer, an IRES, an expression sequence described herein (encoding OmutKS interspaced by 2A peptide) , an optional 3’spacer, a 5′group I intron fragment, and an optional 3′homology arm. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32 or 39.
[0288] In some embodiments, there is provided a nucleic acid construct (RNA or DNA construct) comprising from 5’ to 3’: a first nucleic acid encoding an engineered MsOCT4 that is deficient in LLPS (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 68 or 70) –a first linking sequence (e.g., encoding P2A) –a second nucleic acid encoding MsKLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 72) –a second linking sequence (e.g., encoding T2A) –a third nucleic acid encoding MsSOX2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 74) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct encodes a protein sequence of SEQ ID NO: 105 or 107. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct further comprises an IRES (e.g., CVB3 IRES) at 5’ of the first nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a circRNA. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a DNA vector (e.g., lentiviral vector, AAV vector, or plasmid) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a DNA vector or a linear RNA (e.g., transcribed by the DNA vector) (such as for generating a circRNA) , comprising from 5’ to 3’: an optional 5′homology arm, a 3′group I intron fragment, an optional 5’ spacer, an IRES, an expression sequence described herein (encoding MsOmutKS interspaced by 2A peptide) , an optional 3’ spacer, a 5′group I intron fragment, and an optional 3′homology arm. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct comprises a nucleic acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 78, 79, 81, 82, 106, and 108.
[0289] In some embodiments, there is provided a nucleic acid construct (RNA or DNA construct) comprising from 5’ to 3’: a first nucleic acid encoding OCT4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 2) –a first linking sequence (e.g., encoding P2A) –a second nucleic acid encoding SOX2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 24) –a second linking sequence (e.g., encoding T2A) –a third nucleic acid encoding KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct further comprises an IRES (e.g., CVB3 IRES) at 5’ of the first nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct encodes a protein sequence of SEQ ID NO: 91. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a circRNA. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a DNA vector (e.g., lentiviral vector, AAV vector, or plasmid) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a DNA vector or a linear RNA (e.g., transcribed by the DNA vector) (such as for generating a circRNA) , comprising from 5’to 3’: an optional 5′homology arm, a 3′group I intron fragment, an optional 5’ spacer, an IRES, an expression sequence described herein (encoding OSK interspaced by 2A peptide) , an optional 3’spacer, a 5′group I intron fragment, and an optional 3′homology arm. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58 or 92.
[0290] In some embodiments, there is provided a nucleic acid construct (RNA or DNA construct) comprising from 5’ to 3’: a first nucleic acid encoding OCT4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 2) –a first linking sequence (e.g., encoding P2A) –a second nucleic acid encoding KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) –a second linking sequence (e.g., encoding T2A) –a third nucleic acid encoding c-MYC (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 12 or 85) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct encodes a protein sequence of SEQ ID NO: 95. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct further comprises an IRES (e.g., CVB3 IRES) at 5’ of the first nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a circRNA. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a DNA vector (e.g., lentiviral vector, AAV vector, or plasmid) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a DNA vector or a linear RNA (e.g., transcribed by the DNA vector) (such as for generating a circRNA) , comprising from 5’ to 3’: an optional 5′homology arm, a 3′group I intron fragment, an optional 5’ spacer, an IRES, an expression sequence described herein (encoding OKM interspaced by 2A peptide) , an optional 3’ spacer, a 5′group I intron fragment, and an optional 3′homology arm. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct comprises a nucleic acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 31, 34, 60, and 96.
[0291] In some embodiments, there is provided a nucleic acid construct (RNA or DNA construct) comprising from 5’ to 3’: a first nucleic acid encoding OCT4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 2) –a first linking sequence (e.g., encoding P2A) –a second nucleic acid encoding KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) –a second linking sequence (e.g., encoding T2A) –a third nucleic acid encoding c-MYC (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 12 or 85) –a third linking sequence (e.g., encoding E2A) –a fourth nucleic acid encoding SOX2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 24) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct encodes a protein sequence of SEQ ID NO: 99. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct further comprises an IRES (e.g., CVB3 IRES) at 5’ of the first nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a circRNA. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a DNA vector (e.g., lentiviral vector, AAV vector, or plasmid) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a DNA vector or a linear RNA (e.g., transcribed by the DNA vector) (such as for generating a circRNA) , comprising from 5’ to 3’: an optional 5′homology arm, a 3′group I intron fragment, an optional 5’ spacer, an IRES, an expression sequence described herein (encoding OKMS interspaced by 2A peptide) , an optional 3’ spacer, a 5′group I intron fragment, and an optional 3′homology arm. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct comprises a nucleic acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 29, 36, 62, and 100.
[0292] In some embodiments, there is provided a nucleic acid construct (RNA or DNA construct) comprising from 5’ to 3’: a first nucleic acid encoding OCT4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 2) –a first linking sequence (e.g., encoding P2A) –a second nucleic acid encoding KLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) –a second linking sequence (e.g., encoding T2A) –a third nucleic acid encoding SOX2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 24) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct further comprises an IRES (e.g., CVB3 IRES) at 5’ of the first nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a circRNA. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a DNA vector (e.g., lentiviral vector, AAV vector, or plasmid) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a DNA vector or a linear RNA (e.g., transcribed by the DNA vector) (such as for generating a circRNA) , comprising from 5’to 3’: an optional 5′homology arm, a 3′group I intron fragment, an optional 5’ spacer, an IRES, an expression sequence described herein (encoding OKS interspaced by 2A peptide) , an optional 3’spacer, a 5′group I intron fragment, and an optional 3′homology arm. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33 or 38.
[0293] In some embodiments, there is provided a nucleic acid construct (RNA or DNA construct) comprising from 5’ to 3’: a first nucleic acid encoding OCT4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 2) –a linking sequence (e.g., encoding P2A) –a second nucleic acid encoding SOX2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 24) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct encodes a protein sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct further comprises an IRES (e.g., CVB3 IRES) at 5’ of the first nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a circRNA. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a DNA vector (e.g., lentiviral vector, AAV vector, or plasmid) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a DNA vector or a linear RNA (e.g., transcribed by the DNA vector) (such as for generating a circRNA) , comprising from 5’ to 3’: an optional 5′homology arm, a 3′group I intron fragment, an optional 5’ spacer, an IRES, an expression sequence described herein (encoding OS interspaced by 2A peptide) , an optional 3’ spacer, a 5′group I intron fragment, and an optional 3′homology arm. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56 or 84.
[0294] In some embodiments, there is provided a nucleic acid construct (RNA or DNA construct) comprising from 5’ to 3’: a first nucleic acid encoding LIN28 –a linking sequence (e.g., encoding P2A) –a second nucleic acid encoding NANOG. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct encodes a protein sequence of SEQ ID NO: 89. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct further comprises an IRES (e.g., CVB3 IRES) at 5’ of the first nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a circRNA. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a DNA vector (e.g., lentiviral vector, AAV vector, or plasmid) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a DNA vector or a linear RNA (e.g., transcribed by the DNA vector) (such as for generating a circRNA) , comprising from 5’ to 3’: an optional 5′homology arm, a 3′group I intron fragment, an optional 5’ spacer, an IRES, an expression sequence described herein (encoding LN interspaced by 2A peptide) , an optional 3’ spacer, a 5′group I intron fragment, and an optional 3′homology arm. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 90.
[0295] In some embodiments, there is provided a nucleic acid construct (RNA or DNA construct) comprising from 5’ to 3’: a first nucleic acid encoding MsOCT4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 66) –a first linking sequence (e.g., encoding P2A) –a second nucleic acid encoding MsKLF4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 72) –a second linking sequence (e.g., encoding T2A) –a third nucleic acid encoding MsSOX2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 74) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct encodes a protein sequence of SEQ ID NO: 103. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct further comprises an IRES (e.g., CVB3 IRES) at 5’ of the first nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a circRNA. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a DNA vector (e.g., lentiviral vector, AAV vector, or plasmid) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is a DNA vector or a linear RNA (e.g., transcribed by the DNA vector) (such as for generating a circRNA) , comprising from 5’ to 3’: an optional 5′homology arm, a 3′group I intron fragment, an optional 5’ spacer, an IRES, an expression sequence described herein (encoding MsOKS interspaced by 2A peptide) , an optional 3’ spacer, a 5′group I intron fragment, and an optional 3′homology arm. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct comprises a nucleic acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 77, 80, and 104.
[0296] Exosomes can be derived from any applicable sources, as long as they can deliver the nucleic acid (s) to liver cells. Exosomes can be released from many cell sources, such as lymphocytes, dendritic cells, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, mast cells or neurons. They can also be found in most body fluids inclusive of blood, saliva, urine, breast milk, amniotic fluids, hydro thoracic fluids, ascitic fluid and in the culture medium of almost all cell types. In some embodiments, the exosome is derived from HEK293T cells or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) .
[0297] LNPs can contain native or synthetic lipids, including conjugated lipids or polymers (e.g., pegylated lipids) . LNPs can contain any one or more of neutral, zwitterionic lipids, ionizable lipids, cationic lipids, and anionic lipids. The LNPs can comprise one or more of: ionizable lipid (e.g., ALC-0315, SM-102, DLin-DMA, D-Lin-MC3-DMA) , phospholipid (either saturated or unsaturated, e.g., DSPC, DPPC, DOPE, DOPC) , cholesterol, and PEGylated lipid (e.g., ALC-0159, PEG-DMG) . In some embodiments, LNPs contain natural or synthetic mono-or diacyl-form phosphatidylcholine (PC) , phosphatidylglycerol (PG) , phosphatidylserine (PS) , phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) , and / or phosphatidic acid (PA) . LNPs can be micelles or reverse micelles (anti-micelles) . LNPs can be monolamellar liposomes or multilayer liposomes.
[0298] The present application also includes variants to any of the nucleic acid sequences described herein. For example, the variants include nucleotide sequences that hybridize to the nucleic acid sequences encoding any of the one or more reprogramming factors described herein (e.g., wild-type and / or engineered) under at least moderately stringent hybridization conditions.
[0299] Methods of making LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factors
[0300] Also provided are methods of making any of the LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factors described herein. LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming factors described herein can be made by introducing a nucleic acid into a host cell and allowing expression of the protein. In some embodiments, the preparation method comprises purifying the protein from the host cell extract or supernatant.
[0301] For example, DNA sequence encoding the LLPS-deficient engineered reprogramming facto...
Claims
1.A method of rejuvenating a population of liver cells, comprising introducing into the population of liver cells an effective amount of an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) .2.The method of claim 1, wherein the population of liver cells comprise hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) , fibroblasts, epithelial cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) , Kupffer cells, smooth muscle cells, or any combination thereof.3.The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the population of liver cells are from a liver tissue that is:(i) an aged liver tissue;(ii) a damaged or injured liver tissue;(iii) a liver tissue with liver disease; and / or(iv) a liver tissue after a surgical procedure.4.The method of claim 3, wherein the liver tissue is a liver tissue with senescence, cirrhosis or liver fibrosis, or a liver tissue after hepatectomy or transplant.5.A method of preventing liver aging, damage or injury, or liver disease in an individual, comprising introducing into a population of liver cells of the individual an effective amount of an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS.6.The method of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the method does not reprogram the population of liver cells into a reprogrammed stem cell.7.The method of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the engineered reprogramming factor comprises a mutation in an LLPS-related domain in reference to a corresponding wild-type reprogramming factor.8.The method of claim 7, wherein the LLPS-related domain is selected from the group consisting of an intrinsically disordered region (IDR) , a region outside of DNA-binding domain (DBD) , an ubiquitination site, or any combination thereof.9.The method of claim 8, wherein the mutation comprises:(i) substituting an acidic amino acid within the IDR with a neutral amino acid;(ii) substituting an amino acid that can be ubiquitinated with an amino acid that cannot be ubiquitinated;(iii) deleting an amino acid that can be ubiquitinated;(iv) deleting an amino acid within the IDR; and / or(v) deleting an amino acid within a region outside of DBD.10.The method of claim 9, wherein:(i) the amino acid that can be ubiquitinated is K; and / or(ii) the amino acid to be deleted comprises an acidic amino acid.11.The method of any of claims 1-10 , wherein the engineered reprogramming factor is an engineered OCT4.12.The method of claim 11, wherein the engineered OCT4 comprises a mutation at amino acid positions 1-140 and / or 288-360, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 2.13.The method of claim 12, wherein the engineered OCT4 comprises a substitution at an amino acid position selected from the group consisting of 8, 20, 26, 31, 56, 68, 91, 96, 98, 104, 108, 113, 125, 127, 130, 134, 135, 138, 291, 296, 297, 299, 341, and 343, and wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 2.14.The method of claim 13, wherein the substitution comprises substituting an acidic amino acid with a neutral amino acid.15.The method of claim 13 or 14, wherein the engineered OCT4 comprises a substitution selected from the group consisting of:(i) D8A, D20A, E26A, D31A, E56A, E68A, E91A, E96A, E98A, E104A, D108A, E113A, E125A, E127A, E130A, E134A, E135A, D138A, D291A, E296A, D297A, E299A, E341A, and E343A;(ii) D8A, D20A, E26A, D31A, E56A, E68A, E91A, E96A, E98A, E104A, D108A, E113A, E125A, E127A, E130A, E134A, E135A, and D138A;(iii) D291A, E296A, D297A, E299A, E341A, and E343A;(iv) D8A, D20A, E26A, D31A, E56A, E68A, E91A, E96A, E98A, E104A, D108A, E113A, E125A, E127A, E130A, E134A, D138A, D291A, E296A, E299A, E341A, and E343A;(v) E134A, E135A, E296A, and D297A;(vi) D8A, D20A, D31A, D108A, D138A, D291A, and D297A; and(vii) E26A, E56A, E68A, E91A, E96A, E98A, E104A, E113A, E125A, E127A, E130A, E134A, E135A, E296A, E299A, E341A, and E343A.16.The method of claim 15, wherein the engineered OCT4 comprises an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10, or a variant thereof having at least about 85%sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-10.17.The method of claim 12, wherein the engineered OCT4 comprises a deletion at amino acid positions 2-140 and / or 288-360, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 2.18.The method of claim 17, wherein the engineered OCT4 comprises an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 44-46, or a variant thereof having at least about 85%sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOs: 44-46.19.The method of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the engineered reprogramming factor is an engineered c-MYC.20.The method of claim 19, wherein the engineered c-MYC comprises a substitution of an amino acid that can be ubiquitinated with an amino acid that cannot be ubiquitinated, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 12 or 85.21.The method of claim 20, wherein the substitution comprises substituting a K with an R.22.The method of claim 20 or 21, wherein the engineered c-MYC comprises a substitution at an amino acid position selected from the group consisting of 51, 52, 126, 143, 148, 157, 206, 269, 275, 289, 298, 317, 323, 326, 341, 355, 371, 389, 392, 397, 398, 412, 422, 428, and 430, and wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 12 or 85.23.The method of claim 22, wherein the engineered c-MYC comprises a substitution selected from the group consisting of:(i) K51R, K52R, K126R, K143R, K148R, K157R, K206R, K269R, K275R, K289R, K298R, K317R, K323R, K326R, K341R, K355R, K371R, K389R, K392R, K397R, K398R, K412R, K422R, K428R, and K430R;(ii) K148R;(iii) K389R;(iv) K148R and K389R;(v) K51R and K52R;(vi) K275R and K289R; and(vii) K51R, K52R, K275R, and K289R.24.The method of any one of claims 20-23, wherein the engineered c-MYC comprises an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 14-20, or a variant thereof having at least about 85%sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOs: 14-20.25.The method of claim 19, wherein the engineered c-MYC comprises a deletion at amino acid positions 2-360, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 12 or 85.26.The method of claim 25, wherein the engineered c-MYC comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 47 or 48, or a variant thereof having at least about 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 47 or 48.27.The method of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the engineered reprogramming factor is an engineered KLF4.28.The method of claim 27, wherein the engineered KLF4 comprises a deletion at amino acid positions 2-374, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 22.29.The method of claim 28, wherein the engineered KLF4 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40, or a variant thereof having at least about 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 40.30.The method of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the engineered reprogramming factor is an engineered SOX2.31.The method of claim 30, wherein the engineered SOX2 comprises a deletion at amino acid positions 2-40 and / or 201-317, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 24.32.The method of claim 31, wherein the engineered SOX2 comprises an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 41-43, or a variant thereof having at least about 85%sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOs: 41-43.33.The method of any one of claims 1-32 wherein the engineered reprogramming factor is encoded by a nucleic acid.34.The method of claim 33, wherein the nucleic acid is an RNA or DNA.35.The method of claim 34, wherein the RNA is a circular RNA (circRNA) .36.The method of any one of claims 33-35, wherein the nucleic acid is delivered by an exosome, a liposome, a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) , or a virus.37.The method of any one of claims 1-36, wherein the population of liver cells is present in an individual in need of treatment, and wherein the method comprises administering the effective amount of the engineered reprogramming factor to the individual in vivo.38.The method of claim 37, wherein the effect amount of engineered reprogramming factor is administered through intravenous injection or intrahepatic injection.39.The method of claim 38, wherein the method comprises administering an RNA encoding the engineered reprogramming factor, and wherein the RNA is encapsulated within an exosome, a liposome, or an LNP.40.The method of any of claims 1-36, wherein the population of liver cells is obtained from a donor individual and cultured ex vivo.41.The method of claim 40, wherein the method comprises implanting the rejuvenated population of liver cells into an individual in need of treatment.42.The method of any one of claims 1-41, wherein the method comprises introducing a plurality of reprogramming factors into the population of liver cells, wherein at least one of the plurality of reprogramming factors is an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS.43.The method of claim 42, wherein the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise two or more reprogramming factors selected from the group consisting of OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, c-MYC, L-MYC, LIN28, NANOG, GLIS1, and variant thereof.44.The method of claim 43, wherein the plurality of reprogramming factors comprise any of:(i) an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS, SOX2, and KLF4;(ii) an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS, KLF4, and an engineered c-MYC that is deficient in LLPS; or(iii) an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS, KLF4, an engineered c-MYC that is deficient in LLPS, and SOX2.45.The method of any one of claims 42-44, wherein the plurality of reprogramming factors are encoded by a plurality of nucleic acids.46.The method of claim 45, wherein at least two of the plurality of nucleic acids are on a single nucleic acid construct.47.The method of claim 46, wherein the at least two of the plurality of nucleic acids are under the control of the same promoter.48.The method of claim 47, wherein the nucleic acid construct comprises from 5’ to 3’:(i) a first nucleic acid encoding an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS –a first linking sequence encoding P2A –a second nucleic acid encoding SOX2 –a second linking sequence encoding T2A –a third nucleic acid encoding KLF4;(ii) a first nucleic acid encoding an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS –a first linking sequence encoding P2A –a second nucleic acid encoding KLF4 –a second linking sequence encoding T2A –a third nucleic acid encoding an engineered c-MYC that is deficient in LLPS;(iii) a first nucleic acid encoding an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS –a first linking sequence encoding P2A –a second nucleic acid encoding KLF4 –a second linking sequence encoding T2A –a third nucleic acid encoding an engineered c-MYC that is deficient in LLPS –a third linking sequence encoding E2A –a fourth nucleic acid encoding SOX2; or (iv) a first nucleic acid encoding an engineered OCT4 that is deficient in LLPS –a first linking sequence encoding P2A –a second nucleic acid encoding KLF4 –a second linking sequence encoding T2A –a third nucleic acid encoding SOX2.49.A method of delaying or preventing the progression of aging of a liver tissue in an individual, comprising introducing into a population of liver cells of the liver tissue an effective amount of an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS.50.A method of regenerating a liver tissue in an individual, comprising introducing into a population of liver cells of the liver tissue an effective amount of an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS.51.A method of treating an individual having aged or damaged liver tissue, or a liver tissue with disease or condition, comprising introducing into a population of liver cells of the liver tissue an effective amount of an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS.52.A method for promoting success of liver transplant in an individual, comprising introducing into a population of liver cells of the liver transplant or the individual an effective amount of an engineered reprogramming factor that is deficient in LLPS before, during, and / or after the liver transplant.53.The method of any one of claims 5-52, wherein the individual is a human.
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