Encapsulated compositions including lamellar liquid crystals

Abstract

Described herein are encapsulation compositions. Also described herein are methods of making the encapsulation compositions. Also described herein are methods for controlling undesirable vegetation with the encapsulation compositions. Also described herein are methods for controlling pests with the encapsulation compositions.

Description

ENCAPSULATION COMPOSITIONS INCLUDING LAMELLAR LIQUID CRYSTALSFIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0001] Described herein are encapsulation compositions. Also described herein are methods of making the encapsulation compositions. Also described herein are methods for controlling undesirable vegetation with the encapsulation compositions. Also described herein are methods for controlling pests with the encapsulation compositions.BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0002] Encapsulation of agrochemical active ingredients aids in releasing the agrochemical active ingredients in a controlled manner, extending the activity of the agrochemical active ingredients for extended durations, protecting the agrochemical active ingredients from UV radiation, controlling the evaporation of volatile agrochemical active ingredients, and / or avoiding crop injury. Thus, encapsulation of agrochemical active ingredients is beneficial and desirable for numerous reasons.

[0003] Polyurea microcapsules produced by interfacial polymerization of isocyanates and amines are widely used to encapsulate agrochemicals. However, polyurea microcapsules do not undergo biodegradation in the environment. As a result, the widespread use of microplastics like polyurea microcapsules has polluted the marine environment and bans of microplastics are contemplated by regulatory agencies.

[0004] Accordingly, there is a need for biodegradable microcapsules suitable for use with agrochemicals. Biodegradable capsules are desirable for pesticides because the break down naturally into harmless substances, thus reducing the environmental impact of the pesticide use.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0005] It was discovered herein that biodegradable encapsulation compositions could be made with lamellar liquid crystals comprising lipids. The encapsulation compositions are based on aqueous solutions of surfactants that self-associate to form different types of aggregates and structures of colloidal dimensions that can encapsulate liposoluble / oil-soluble active ingredients,which are incorporated through formation of self-assembled gel network phases. The selection of the lipids and surfactant system is critical to forming a lamellar liquid crystalline phase. When adding a lipid phase containing liposoluble active ingredients (i.e., an oil phase) to an aqueous mixture of suitable surfactants, the system passes the area where the surfactants form lamellar liquid crystals. The oil droplets are easily dispersed and retained in this liquid crystal phase which can take up a very high amount of oil without phase inversion. The continuous lamellar shear stress in the formulation process ensures the formation of very small droplets with a narrow size distribution; the separation of those droplets and prevention of coalescence is assured through the high viscosity of the formed gel phase. This can be considered as three-phase-emulsion (water, oil, liquid crystal), shows excellent stability against coalescence.

[0006] The encapsulation compositions of the present disclosure are broadly applicable and may be used to encapsulate a wide variety of agrochemical active ingredients. Suitable agrochemical active ingredients include, but are not limited to, insecticides and herbicides, fungicides, nematicides, plant growth regulators (PGR), pheromones, natural pesticidal oils (e.g., Neem oil). The encapsulation compositions of the present disclosure provide benefits including sustainability, biodegradability, controlled penetration in leaves or insects, controlled release over time, increased active stability, and increased safety and / or efficacy.

[0007] In one embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to an encapsulation composition comprising: a lamellar liquid crystal comprising a lipid; and an encapsulated core comprising an active agrochemical ingredient.

[0008] In another embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to a method of preparing an encapsulation composition comprising: a lamellar liquid crystal comprising a lipid; and an encapsulated core comprising an active agrochemical ingredient, wherein the method comprises: forming an aqueous mixture comprising: water; a dispersant; optionally a colloidal protector; and optionally an antifoam; mixing the aqueous mixture; forming a non-aqueous mixture comprising: the active agrochemical ingredient; the lipid; optionally a solvent; and optionally a co-solvent; mixing the non-aqueous mixture; forming a combined mixture comprising the aqueous mixture and the non-aqueous mixture; and mixing the combined mixture. Mixing is typically performed with a mechanical mixer (stirrer) where the most effective rate of mixing is determined by theskilled person. The rate of mixing (stirring) is expressed in terms of “rpm” (rotations per minute) which can be adjusted accordingly to optimize the preparation of the encapsulation formulation.

[0009] In yet another embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation, the method comprising applying to the undesirable vegetation or to a locus thereof or applying to a soil or water to prevent an emergence or growth of the undesirable vegetation a biologically effective amount of a composition comprising: a lamellar liquid crystal comprising a lipid; and an encapsulated core comprising an active agrochemical ingredient.

[0010] In yet another embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to a method for controlling an invertebrate pest, the method comprising applying to the invertebrate pest or its environment a biologically effective amount of a composition comprising: a lamellar liquid crystal comprising a lipid; and an encapsulated core comprising an active agrochemical ingredient.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

[0011] Figure 1 is an exemplary embodiment of scanning electron microscope images of a lamellar liquid crystal in accordance with the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0012] This written description uses examples to illustrate the present disclosure, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the disclosure, including making and using any compositions or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the disclosure is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent elements with insubstantial differences from the literal language of the claims.

[0013] As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having,” “contains”, “containing,” “characterized by” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, subject to any limitation explicitly indicated. Forexample, a composition, mixture, process or method that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, mixture, process or method.

[0014] The transitional phrase “consisting of’ excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified. If in the claim, such would close the claim to the inclusion of materials other than those recited except for impurities ordinarily associated therewith. When the phrase “consisting of’ appears in a clause of the body of a claim, rather than immediately following the preamble, it limits only the element set forth in that clause; other elements are not excluded from the claim as a whole.

[0015] The transitional phrase “consisting essentially of’ is used to define a composition or method that includes materials, steps, features, components, or elements, in addition to those literally disclosed, provided that these additional materials, steps, features, components, or elements do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the disclosure. The term “consisting essentially of’ occupies a middle ground between “comprising” and “consisting of’. The use of “consisting essentially of’ herein allows the applicant, as lexicographer, to define the disclosure by excluding any material, step or feature that is considered by the applicant to be non- critical to the disclosure, but which may be known in the prior art and otherwise can be included in the disclosure, whether or not such inclusion or exclusion is specifically described in the specification. Exclusion of any material, step or feature by the applicant may be for the sole purpose of excluding elements of the prior art that affect the novelty and, therefore, the patentability of the present disclosure. As such, the use of “consisting essentially of’ herein does not require explicit support from the specification to exclude any element of the prior art from the invention being claimed if inclusion of said element is detrimental to the patentability of the present disclosure.

[0016] Where an open-ended term such as “comprising,” is used, it should be readily understood that (unless otherwise stated) the description should be interpreted to also describe such an invention using the terms “consisting essentially of’ or “consisting of.”

[0017] Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following:A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).

[0018] Also, the indefinite articles “a” and “an” preceding an element or component of the invention are intended to be nonrestrictive regarding the number of instances (i.e. occurrences) of the element or component. Therefore “a” or “an” should be read to include one or at least one, and the singular word form of the element or component also includes the plural unless the number is obviously meant to be singular.

[0019] As used herein, depending on the context in which it is used, the term “about” provides an estimate of a value associated with the disclosure, where the estimated value is reasonable when taken in context with the Brief Description of the Disclosure and in view of what is known from information available to the public, as such information would be understood or interpreted by a person of ordinary skill in the art. Generally, the term “about” as used herein means that the estimated value will fall within plus or minus 10% of the associated value.

[0020] As used herein, “wt%” refers to the weight percent of the recited component relative to the total weight of the recited composition.

[0021] As used herein, the term “invertebrate pest” includes arthropods, gastropods, nematodes and helminths of economic importance as pests. The term “arthropod” includes insects, mites, spiders, scorpions, centipedes, millipedes, pill bugs and symphylans. The term “gastropod” includes snails, slugs and other Stylommatophora. The term “nematode” includes members of the phylum Nematoda, such as phytophagous nematodes and helminth nematodes parasitizing animals. The term “helminth” includes all of the parasitic worms, such as roundworms (phylum Nematoda), heartworms (phylum Nematoda, class Secementea), flukes (phylum Platyhelminthes, class Tematoda), acanthocephalans (phylum Acanthocephala), and tapeworms (phylum Platyhelminthes, class Cestoda).

[0022] As used herein, “invertebrate pest control” means inhibition of invertebrate pest development (including mortality, feeding reduction, and / or mating disruption), and related expressions are defined analogously.

[0023] As used herein, the term “agronomic” refers to the production of field; crops such as for food and fiber and includes the growth of maize or corn, soybeans and other legumes, rice, cereal (e.g., wheat, oats, barley, rye and rice), leafy vegetables (e.g., lettuce, cabbage, and other cole crops), fruiting vegetables (e.g., tomatoes, pepper, eggplant, crucifers and cucurbits), potatoes, sweet potatoes, grapes, cotton, tree fruits (e g., pome, stone and citrus), small fruit (e.g., berries and cherries) and other specialty crops (e.g., canola, sunflower and olives).

[0024] As used herein, the term “nonagronomic” refers to other than field crops, such as horticultural crops (e.g., greenhouse, nursery or ornamental plants not grown in a field), residential, agricultural, commercial and industrial structures, turf (e.g., sod farm, pasture, golf course, lawn, sports field, etc.), wood products, stored product, agro-forestry and vegetation management, public health (i.e. human) and animal health (e.g., domesticated animals such as pets, livestock and poultry, undomesticated animals such as wildlife) applications.

[0025] As used herein, the term “crop vigor” refers to rate of growth or biomass accumulation of a crop plant. An “increase in vigor” refers to an increase in growth or biomass accumulation in a crop plant relative to an untreated control crop plant. The term “crop yield” refers to the return on crop material, in terms of both quantity and quality, obtained after harvesting a crop plant. An “increase in crop yield” refers to an increase in crop yield relative to an untreated control crop plant.

[0026] As used herein, the term “biologically effective amount” refers to the amount of an active ingredient sufficient to produce the desired biological effect when applied to (i.e. contacted with) a pest to be controlled or its environment, or to a plant, the seed from which the plant is grown, or the locus of the plant (e.g., growth medium) to protect the plant from injury by the pest or for other desired effect (e.g., increasing plant vigor). In general, a biologically effective amount of is about 0.001 to 20 kg / ha with a preferred range of about 0.004 to 1 kg / ha. One skilled in the art can easily determine the biologically effective amount necessary for the desired level of pest control.

[0027] As used herein, nonagronomic applications include protecting an animal from an invertebrate parasitic pest by administering a parasiticidally effective amount of an active ingredient, typically in the form of a composition formulated for veterinary use, to the animal tobe protected. As referred to in the present disclosure and claims, the terms “parasiticidal” and “parasiticidally” refers to observable effects on an invertebrate parasite pest to provide protection of an animal from the pest. Parasiticidal effects typically relate to diminishing the occurrence or activity of the target invertebrate parasitic pest. Such effects on the pest include necrosis, death, retarded growth, diminished mobility or lessened ability to remain on or in the host animal, reduced feeding and inhibition of reproduction. These effects on invertebrate parasite pests provide control (including prevention, reduction or elimination) of parasitic infestation or infection of the animal.

[0028] As used herein, a liquid crystal is a state of matter with properties between those of conventional liquids and those of solid crystals. The liquid crystal may be thermotropic, lyotropic, or metabotropic.

[0029] As used herein, a lamellar structure includes fine, alternating layers of different materials in the form of lamellae. The lamellar structure may be a multi-layer of an emulsifier membrane.

[0030] As used herein, a “d 10 value” means that the portion of particles with diameters smaller than this value is 10%.

[0031] As used herein, a “d50 value” means that the portion of particles with diameters smaller than this value is 50%.

[0032] As used herein, a “d90 value” means that the portion of particles with diameters smaller than this value is 90%.

[0033] Particle size measurements can be made with a variety of different methods, techniques, and equipment. As described in the present disclosure, the particle sizes are not limited by any measurement method, technique, or equipment. In some embodiments, the particle sizes are measured with a technique selected from light scattering, static light scattering, dynamic light scattering, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the particle sizes are measured with a particle size analyzer. In some embodiments, the particle sizes are measured with a particle size analyzer configured to calculate particle size with a Fraunhofer approximation of light scattering. In some embodiments, the particle sizes are measured with a particle size analyzer selected froma Malvern Mastersizer 2000, a Malvern Mastersizer 3000, a HELOS / BR Sucell, and combinations thereof.

[0034] As used herein, the term “optionally substituted” refers to groups which are unsubstituted or have at least one non-hydrogen substituent. As used herein, the following definitions shall apply unless otherwise indicated. The term “optionally substituted” is used interchangeably with the phrase “substituted or unsubstituted” or with the term “(un)substituted.” Unless otherwise indicated, an optionally substituted group may have a substituent at each substitutable position of the group, and each substitution is independent of the other.

[0035] Embodiments of this disclosure can be combined in any manner.

[0036] Composition embodiments of the present disclosure include:

[0037] Embodiment Al. The encapsulation composition described in the Brief Description of the Disclosure, wherein the lipid is selected from waxes, esters of monohydric alcohols; long chain hydrocarbons, C12 to o hydrocarbons; fats, glycerides of medium chain fatty acids or long chain fatty acids, monoglycerides of medium chain fatty acids or long chain fatty acids, diglycerides of medium chain fatty acids or long chain fatty acids, triglycerides of medium chain fatty acids or long chain fatty acids, glycerides derived from coconut oil, glycerides derived from palm kernel oil; oils, fatty oils derived from animal, vegetable or marine sources, mineral oils, non-volatile hydrocarbons, essential oils, plant-derived volatile or non-volatile oils; neutral glycerolipids, mono-, di-, and tri- acylglycerols or their neutral derivatives, mono-, di-, and tri- acylglycerols or their alkoxy and polyalkoxy derivatives, acyl derivatives of glycerophospholipids or mono- and di-galactoacylglycerols; polar lipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingomyelins, galactosylacylglycerols; phospholipids; terpenes; sterols; ceramides; medium chain fatty acids or long chain fatty acids, esters of medium chain fatty acids or long chain fatty acids, and combinations thereof.

[0038] Embodiment A2. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Al, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from waxes.

[0039] Embodiment A3. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Al, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from esters of monohydric alcohols.

[0040] Embodiment A4. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Al , wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from long chain hydrocarbons.

[0041] Embodiment A5. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Al, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from C 2 to Cgo hydrocarbons.

[0042] Embodiment A6. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Al, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from fats.

[0043] Embodiment A7. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Al, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from glycerides of medium chain fatty acids or long chain fatty acids.

[0044] Embodiment A8. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Al, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from monoglycerides of medium chain fatty acids or long chain fatty acids.

[0045] Embodiment A9. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Al, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from diglycerides of medium chain fatty acids or long chain fatty acids.

[0046] Embodiment Al 0. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Al , wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from triglycerides of medium chain fatty acids or long chain fatty acids.

[0047] Embodiment Al 1. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Al, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from glycerides derived from coconut oil.

[0048] Embodiment A12. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Al, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from glycerides derived from palm kernel oil.

[0049] Embodiment Al 3. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Al, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from oils.

[0050] Embodiment Al 4. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Al , wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from fatty oils derived from animal, vegetable or marine sources.

[0051] Embodiment Al 5. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Al, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from non-volatile hydrocarbons.

[0052] Embodiment Al 6. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Al, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from essential oils.

[0053] Embodiment Al 7. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Al, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from plant-derived volatile or non-volatile oils.

[0054] Embodiment Al 8. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Al, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from

[0055] Embodiment Al 9. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Al , wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from neutral glycerolipids.

[0056] Embodiment A20. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Al, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from mono-, di-, and tri- acylglycerols or their neutral derivatives.

[0057] Embodiment A21. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Al, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from mono-, di-, and tri- acylglycerols or their alkoxy and poly alkoxy derivatives.

[0058] Embodiment A22. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Al, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from acyl derivatives of glycerophospholipids or mono- and di-galactoacylglycerols.

[0059] Embodiment A23. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Al, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from polar lipids.

[0060] Embodiment A24. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Al , wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from glycerophospholipids.

[0061] Embodiment A25. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Al, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from sphingomyelins.

[0062] Embodiment A26. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Al, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from galactosylacylglycerols.

[0063] Embodiment A27. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Al, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from phospholipids.

[0064] Embodiment A28. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Al, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from terpenes.

[0065] Embodiment A29. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Al, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from sterols.

[0066] Embodiment A30. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Al, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from ceramides.

[0067] Embodiment A31. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Al, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from medium chain fatty acids or long chain fatty acids.

[0068] Embodiment A32. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Al, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from esters of medium chain fatty acids or long chain fatty acids.

[0069] Embodiment A33. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Al, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from combinations of the foregoing embodiments.

[0070] Embodiment Bl. The encapsulation composition described in the Brief Description of the Disclosure, wherein the lipid is selected from glycerides of medium chain fatty acids or long chain fatty acids, monoglycerides of medium chain fatty acids or long chain fatty acids, diglycerides of medium chain fatty acids or long chain fatty acids, triglycerides of mediumchain fatty acids or long chain fatty acids, capryl ic / capric triglyceride, capryl ic / capric triglyceride made using glycerol from a vegetable oil source and medium chain fatty acids from coconut and palm kernel oils, glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl tristearate, glyceryl trilaurate, glyceryl trimyristate, glyceryl tripalmitate, phospholipids, soybean lecithin, medium chain fatty acids or long chain fatty acids, esters of medium chain fatty acids or long chain fatty acids, stearic acid, linoleic acid, lauric acid, cetyl palmitate, oleyl laurate, and combinations thereof.

[0071] Embodiment B2. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Bl, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from glycerides of medium chain fatty acids or long chain fatty acids.

[0072] Embodiment B3. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Bl, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from monoglycerides of medium chain fatty acids or long chain fatty acids.

[0073] Embodiment B4. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Bl, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from diglycerides of medium chain fatty acids or long chain fatty acids.

[0074] Embodiment B5. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Bl, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from triglycerides of medium chain fatty acids or long chain fatty acids.

[0075] Embodiment B6. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Bl, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from caprylic triglycerides.

[0076] Embodiment B7. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Bl, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from capric triglycerides.

[0077] Embodiment B8. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Bl, wherein the lipid includes caprylic / capric triglyceride made using glycerol from a vegetable oil source and medium chain fatty acids from coconut and palm kernel oils.

[0078] Embodiment B9. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Bl, wherein the lipid includes glyceryl monostearate.

[0079] Embodiment BI O. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Bl , wherein the lipid includes glyceryl tristearate.

[0080] Embodiment B 11. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment B 1 , wherein the lipid includes glyceryl trilaurate.

[0081] Embodiment B 12. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Bl, wherein the lipid includes glyceryl trimyristate.

[0082] Embodiment B 13. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment B 1 , wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from glyceryl tripalmitate.

[0083] Embodiment B 14. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Bl, wherein the lipid includes soybean lecithin.

[0084] Embodiment B 15. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment B 1 , wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from medium chain fatty acids or long chain fatty acids.

[0085] Embodiment Bl 6. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Bl, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from esters of medium chain fatty acids or long chain fatty acids.

[0086] Embodiment Bl?. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Bl, wherein the lipid includes stearic acid.

[0087] Embodiment Bl 8. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Bl, wherein the lipid includes linoleic acid.

[0088] Embodiment Bl 9. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Bl, wherein the lipid includes lauric acid.

[0089] Embodiment B20. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Bl, wherein the lipid includes cetyl palmitate.

[0090] Embodiment B21. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment B 1 , wherein the lipid includes oleyl laurate.

[0091] Embodiment B22. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment B 1 , wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from combinations of the foregoing embodiments.

[0092] Embodiment Cl. The encapsulation composition described in the Brief Description of the Disclosure, wherein the lipid is selected from wool wax, purified lanolin, lanolin, lanolin derivatives, lanolin oil, lanolin alcohols, lanolin esters, isopropyl lanolate, polyoxyalkylene condensate derivatives of lanolin, polyethyleneglycol ethers of lanolin alcohol, polypropyleneglycol ethers of lanolin alcohol, polyethyleneglycol ethers of lanolin, polyethyleneglycol ethers of lanolin oil, polypropyleneglycol ethers of lanolin oil, linear or branched polyglycerol ethers, polyoxyethyleneated fatty alcohols, various polyol esters, natural glycolipids, synthetic glycolipids, waxes, fat, animal fat, suet, lard, tallow, and combinations thereof.

[0093] Embodiment C2. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Cl, wherein the lipid includes wool wax.

[0094] Embodiment C3. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Cl, wherein the lipid includes purified lanolin.

[0095] Embodiment C4. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Cl, wherein the lipid includes lanolin.

[0096] Embodiment C5. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Cl, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from lanolin derivatives.

[0097] Embodiment C6. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Cl, wherein the lipid includes lanolin oil

[0098] Embodiment C7. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Cl, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from lanolin alcohols.

[0099] Embodiment C8. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Cl, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from lanolin esters.

[0100] Embodiment C9. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Cl , wherein the lipid includes isopropyl lanolate.

[0101] Embodiment CIO. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Cl, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from poly oxyalkylene condensate derivatives of lanolin.

[0102] Embodiment C 11. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment C 1 , wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from polyethyleneglycol ethers of lanolin alcohol.

[0103] Embodiment C 12. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Cl, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from polypropyleneglycol ethers of lanolin alcohol.

[0104] Embodiment C 13. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment C 1 , wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from polyethyleneglycol ethers of lanolin.

[0105] Embodiment C14. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Cl, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from polyethyleneglycol ethers of lanolin oil.

[0106] Embodiment Cl 5. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Cl, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from polypropyleneglycol ethers of lanolin oil.

[0107] Embodiment Cl 6. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Cl, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from linear or branched polyglycerol ethers.

[0108] Embodiment C 17. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment C 1 , wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from polyoxy ethyleneated fatty alcohols.

[0109] Embodiment C18. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Cl, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from various polyol esters.

[0110] Embodiment Cl 9. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Cl, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from natural glycolipids.

[0111] Embodiment C20. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Cl, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from synthetic glycolipids.

[0112] Embodiment C21 . The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Cl , wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from waxes.

[0113] Embodiment C22. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Cl, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from fats.

[0114] Embodiment C23. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment C 1 , wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from animal fats.

[0115] Embodiment C24. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Cl, wherein the lipid includes suet.

[0116] Embodiment C25. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Cl, wherein the lipid includes lard.

[0117] Embodiment C26. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Cl, wherein the lipid includes tallow.

[0118] Embodiment C27. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Cl, wherein the lipid includes a lipid selected from combinations of the foregoing embodiments.

[0119] Embodiment DI. The encapsulation composition described in the Brief Description of the Disclosure, wherein the encapsulated core comprises a component selected from solvents, co-solvents, dispersants, and combinations thereof.

[0120] Embodiment D2. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment DI, wherein the encapsulated core comprises a component selected from solvents.

[0121] Embodiment D3. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment DI, wherein the encapsulated core comprises a component selected from co-solvents.

[0122] Embodiment D4. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment DI, wherein the encapsulated core comprises a component selected from dispersants.

[0123] Embodiment D5. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment DI , wherein the encapsulated core comprises a component selected from combinations of the foregoing embodiments.

[0124] Embodiment El. The encapsulation composition described in the Brief Description of the Disclosure, wherein the active agrochemical ingredient is a herbicide selected from clomazone, bixlozone, broclozone, and combinations thereof.

[0125] Embodiment E2. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment El, wherein the active agrochemical ingredient comprises clomazone.

[0126] Embodiment E3. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment El, wherein the active agrochemical ingredient comprises bixlozone.

[0127] Embodiment E4. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment El, wherein the active agrochemical ingredient comprises broclozone.

[0128] Embodiment E5. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment El, wherein the active agrochemical ingredient comprises combinations of the foregoing embodiments.

[0129] Embodiment Fl. The encapsulation composition described in the Brief Description of the Disclosure, wherein the active agrochemical ingredient is an insecticide selected from bifenthrin, zeta-cypermethrin, and combinations thereof.

[0130] Embodiment F2. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Fl, wherein the active agrochemical ingredient comprises bifenthrin.

[0131] Embodiment F3. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Fl, wherein the active agrochemical ingredient comprises zeta-cypermethrin.

[0132] Embodiment F4. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Fl, wherein the active agrochemical ingredient comprises combinations of the foregoing embodiments.

[0133] Embodiment Gl . The encapsulation composition described in the Brief Description of the Disclosure, wherein the encapsulation composition is in a form of nanocapsules having an average particle size in a range of from about 1 nm to about 1000 nm.

[0134] Embodiment G2. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Gl, wherein the encapsulation composition is in a form of nanocapsules having an average particle size in a range of from about 50 nm to about 200 nm.

[0135] Embodiment Hl. A composition comprising the encapsulation composition described in the Brief Description of the Disclosure, wherein the encapsulation composition is dispersed in an aqueous solution.

[0136] Embodiment H2. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Hl, wherein the aqueous solution comprises a component selected from water, dispersants, colloidal protectors, antifoams, and combinations thereof.

[0137] Embodiment H3. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment H2, wherein the aqueous solution comprises water.

[0138] Embodiment H4. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment H2, wherein the aqueous solution comprises a component selected from dispersants.

[0139] Embodiment H5. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment H2, wherein the aqueous solution comprises a component selected from colloidal protectors.

[0140] Embodiment H6. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment H2, wherein the aqueous solution comprises a component selected from antifoams.

[0141] Embodiment H7. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment H2, wherein the aqueous solution comprises a component selected from combinations of the foregoing embodiments.

[0142] Embodiment H8. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment Hl, wherein the composition is in a form selected from a capsule suspension (CS) formulation, a mixed ZC formulation comprising a CS formulation and a suspension concentrate (SC) formulation, amixed ZE formulation comprising a CS formulation and a suspo-emulsion (SE) formulation, a mixed ZW formulation comprising a CS formulation and an oil in water emulsion (EW) formulation, and combinations thereof.

[0143] Embodiment H9. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment H8, wherein the composition is in a form of a capsule suspension (CS) formulation.

[0144] Embodiment Hl 0. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment H8, wherein the composition is in a form of a mixed ZC formulation comprising a CS formulation and a suspension concentrate (SC) formulation.

[0145] Embodiment Hl 1. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment H8, wherein the composition is in a form of a mixed ZE formulation comprising a CS formulation and a suspo-emulsion (SE) formulation.

[0146] Embodiment H12. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment H8, wherein the composition is in a form of a mixed ZW formulation comprising a CS formulation and an oil in water emulsion (EW) formulation.

[0147] Embodiment Hl 3. The encapsulation composition described in Embodiment H8, wherein the composition is in a form of a combination of the foregoing embodiments.

[0148] The composition embodiments of this disclosure may be combined with the methods of preparation embodiments of this disclosure in any manner. Similarly, the methods of preparation embodiments of this disclosure may be combined in any manner. The following embodiments are, therefore, to be construed as merely illustrative, and not limiting of the disclosure in any way whatsoever.

[0149] Methods of preparation embodiments of the present disclosure include:

[0150] Embodiment II. The method of preparing an encapsulation composition described in the Brief Description of the Disclosure, wherein mixing the aqueous mixture comprises mixing the aqueous mixture at a rate in a range of from about 400 rpm to about 800 rpm.

[0151] Embodiment JI . The method of preparing an encapsulation composition described in the Brief Description of the Disclosure, wherein mixing the aqueous mixture comprises mixing the aqueous mixture at a rate in a range of from about 8000 rpm to about 12000 rpm.

[0152] Embodiment KI. The method of preparing an encapsulation composition described in the Brief Description of the Disclosure, wherein mixing the combined mixture comprises mixing the combined mixture at a rate in a range of from about 400 rpm to about 800 rpm.

[0153] Embodiment LI. The method of preparing an encapsulation composition described in the Brief Description of the Disclosure, wherein mixing the aqueous mixture comprises mixing the aqueous mixture at a temperature in a range of from about 30 °C to about 60 °C.

[0154] Embodiment Ml. The method of preparing an encapsulation composition described in the Brief Description of the Disclosure, wherein mixing the non-aqueous mixture comprises mixing the non-aqueous mixture at a temperature in a range of from about 30 °C to about 60 °C.

[0155] Embodiment Nl. The method of preparing an encapsulation composition described in the Brief Description of the Disclosure, wherein mixing the combined mixture comprises mixing the combined mixture at a temperature in a range of from about 15 °C to about 35 °C.

[0156] Embodiment 01. An encapsulation composition prepared according to the method of preparing an encapsulation composition described in the Brief Description of the Disclosure.

[0157] The composition embodiments of this disclosure may be combined with the methods for controlling undesirable vegetation embodiments of this disclosure in any manner. Similarly, the methods of preparation embodiments of this disclosure may be combined with the methods for controlling undesirable vegetation embodiments of this disclosure in any manner. Similarly, the methods for controlling undesirable vegetation embodiments of this disclosure maybe combined with the methods for controlling an invertebrate pest embodiments of this disclosure in any manner. Similarly, the methods for controlling undesirable vegetation embodiments of this disclosure may be combined in any manner. The following embodiments are, therefore, to be construed as merely illustrative, and not limiting of the disclosure in any way whatsoever.

[0158] Embodiment Pl . The method for controlling undesirable vegetation described in the Brief Description of the Disclosure, wherein the vegetation comprises at least one herbicide resistant or herbicide-tolerant weed species.

[0159] Embodiment P2. The method described in Embodiment Pl, wherein the vegetation comprises at least one herbicide resistant weed species.

[0160] Embodiment P3. The method described in Embodiment Pl, wherein the vegetation comprises at least one herbicide-tolerant weed species.

[0161] Embodiment Q 1. The method for controlling undesirable vegetation described in the Brief Description of the Disclosure, wherein the vegetation comprises a weed selected from a broad leaf weed and a grass weed.

[0162] Embodiment Q2. The method described in Embodiment QI, wherein the vegetation comprises a broad leaf weed.

[0163] Embodiment Q3. The method described in Embodiment QI, wherein the vegetation comprises a grass weed.

[0164] Embodiment R1. The method for controlling undesirable vegetation described in the Brief Description of the Disclosure, wherein the vegetation is selected from Abutilon theophrasti (ABUTH), Acalypha virginica (ACCVI), Alopecurus myosuroides (ALOMY), Amaranthus retroflexus (AMARE), Ambrosia artemisiifolia (AMBEL), Anagallis arvensis (ANGAR), Apera spica-venti (APESV), Arrhenatherum elatius (ARREB), Calystegia sepium (CAGSE), Capsella bursa-pastoris (CAPBP), Centaurea cyanus (CENCY), Chenopodium album (CHEAP), Chenopodium hybridum (CHEHY), Chenopodium polyspermum (CHEPO), Convolvulus arvensis (CONAR), Cynodon dactylon (CYNDA), Cyperus difformis (CYPDI), Cyperus iria (CYPIR), Datura stramonium (DATST), Daucus carota (DAUCA), Descurainiasophia (DESSO), Digitaria sanguinalis (DIGSA), Echinochloa crus-galli (ECHCG), Echinochloa colonum (ECHCO), Fumaria officinalis (FUMOF), Galium aparine (GALAP), Galinsoga quadriradiata (GASCI), Geranium dissectum (GERDI), Geranium mole (GERMO), Geranium pusilium (GERPU), Flibiscus trionum (HIBTR), Lamium amplexicaule (LAMAM), Lamium purpureum (LAMPU), Buglossoides arvensis (LITAR), Lolium multiflorum (LOLMU), Lolium perenne (LOLPE), Lolium rigidum (LOLRI), Matricaria chamomilla (MATCH), Tripl eurospermum inodorum (MATIN), Mercurialis annua (MERAN), Panicum dichotomiflorum (PANDI), Panicum miliaceum (PANMI), Papaver rhoeas (PAPRH), Phalaris minor (PHAMI), Poa annua (POAAN), Polygonum aviculare (POLAV), Fallopia convolvulus (POLCO), Persicaria hydropiper (POLHY), Persicaria lapathifolia (POLLA), Persicaria maculosa (POLPE), Portulaca oleracea (POROL), Potentilla tridentate (PTLTR), Senecio vulgaris (SENVU), Setaria purnila (SETPU), Setaria viridis (SETVI), Solanum nigrum (SOLNI), Sorghum halepense (SORHA), Stellaria media (STEME), Trifolium incarnatum (TRFIN), Veronica arvensis (VERAR), Veronica hederifolia (VERHE), Veronica persica (VERPE), Viola arvensis (VIOAR), an Xanthium strumarium (XANST), and combinations thereof.

[0165] Embodiment R2. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation s Abutilon theophrasti (ABUTH).

[0166] Embodiment R3. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Acalypha virginica (ACCVI).

[0167] Embodiment R4. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Alopecurus myosuroides (ALOMY)

[0168] Embodiment R5. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Amaranthus retroflexus (AVI ARE).

[0169] Embodiment R6. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Ambrosia artemisiifolia (AMBEL).

[0170] Embodiment R7. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Anagallis arvensis (ANGAR).

[0171] Embodiment R8. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Apera spica-venti (APESV).

[0172] Embodiment R9. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Arrhenatherum elatius (ARREB).

[0173] Embodiment R10. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Calystegia septum (CAGSE).

[0174] Embodiment Rl l. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Capsella bursa-pastoris (CAPBP).

[0175] Embodiment R12. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Centaurea cyanus (CENCY).

[0176] Embodiment R13. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Chenopodium album (CHE AL).

[0177] Embodiment R14. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Chenopodium hybridum (CHEHY).

[0178] Embodiment R15. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Chenopodium polyspermum (CHEPO).

[0179] Embodiment R16. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Convolvulus arvensis (CONAR).

[0180] Embodiment R17. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Cynodon dactylon (CYNDA).

[0181] Embodiment R18. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Cyperus difformis (CYPDI).

[0182] Embodiment R19. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Cyperus iria (CYPIR).

[0183] Embodiment R20. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Datura stramonium (DAT ST).

[0184] Embodiment R21. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Daucus carota (DAUCA).

[0185] Embodiment R22. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Descurainia sophia (DESSO).

[0186] Embodiment R23. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Digitaria sanguinalis (DIGSA).

[0187] Embodiment R24. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Echinochloa crus-galli (ECHCG).

[0188] Embodiment R25. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Echinochloa colonum (ECHCO).

[0189] Embodiment R26. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Fumaria officinalis (FUMOF).

[0190] Embodiment R27. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Galium aparine (GALAP).

[0191] Embodiment R28. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Galinsoga quadriradiata (GASCI).

[0192] Embodiment R29. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Geranium dissection (GERDI).

[0193] Embodiment R30. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Geranium mole (GERMO).

[0194] Embodiment R31. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Geranium pusilium (GERPU).

[0195] Embodiment R32. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Hibiscus trionum (HIBTR).

[0196] Embodiment R33. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Lamium amplexicaule (LAMAM).

[0197] Embodiment R34. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Lamium purpureum (LAMPU).

[0198] Embodiment R35. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Buglossoides arvensis (LIT AR).

[0199] Embodiment R36. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Lolium multiflorum (LOLMU).

[0200] Embodiment R37. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Lolium perenne (LOLPE).

[0201] Embodiment R38. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Lolium rigidum (LOLRI).

[0202] Embodiment R39. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Matricaria chamomilla (MATCH).

[0203] Embodiment R40. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Tripleurospermum inodorum (MATIN).

[0204] Embodiment R41. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Mercurialis annua (MERAN).

[0205] Embodiment R42. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Panicum dichotomiflorum (PANDI).

[0206] Embodiment R43. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Panicum miliaceum (PANMI).

[0207] Embodiment R44. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Papaver rhoeas (PAPRH).

[0208] Embodiment R45. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Phalaris minor (PHAMI).

[0209] Embodiment R46. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Poa annua (POAAN).

[0210] Embodiment R47. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Polygonum aviculare (POLAV).

[0211] Embodiment R48. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Fallopia convolvulus (POLCO).

[0212] Embodiment R49. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Persicaria hydropiper (POLHY).

[0213] Embodiment R50. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Persicaria lapathi folia (POLLA).

[0214] Embodiment R51. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Persicaria maculosa (POLPE).

[0215] Embodiment R52. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Portulaca oleracea (POROL).

[0216] Embodiment R53. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Potentilla tridentate (PTLTR).

[0217] Embodiment R54. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Senecio vulgaris (SENVU).

[0218] Embodiment R55. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Setaria pumila (SETPU).

[0219] Embodiment R56. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Setaria viridis (SETVI).

[0220] Embodiment R57. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Solatium nigrum (SOLNI).

[0221] Embodiment R58. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Sorghum halepense (SORHA).

[0222] Embodiment R59. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Stellaria media (STEME).

[0223] Embodiment R60. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Trifolium incarnatum (TRFIN).

[0224] Embodiment R61. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Veronica arvensis (VER AR).

[0225] Embodiment R62. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Veronica hederifolia (VERHE).

[0226] Embodiment R63. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Veronica persica (VERPE).

[0227] Embodiment R64. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation is Viola arvensis (VIOAR).

[0228] Embodiment R65. The method described in Embodiment Rl, wherein the vegetation s Xanthium strumarium (XANST).

[0229] Embodiment SI . The method for controlling undesirable vegetation described in the Brief Description of the Disclosure, wherein the composition is applied at a stage selected from pre-emergence, post-emergence, and combinations thereof.

[0230] Embodiment S2. The method described in Embodiment SI, wherein the composition is applied at pre-emergence.

[0231] Embodiment S3. The method described in Embodiment SI, wherein the composition is applied at post-emergence.

[0232] Embodiment S4. The method described in Embodiment SI, wherein the composition is applied at pre-emergence and post-emergence.

[0233] The composition embodiments of this disclosure may be combined with the methods for controlling an invertebrate pest embodiments of this disclosure in any manner. Similarly, the methods of preparation embodiments of this disclosure may be combined with the methods for controlling an invertebrate pest embodiments of this disclosure in any manner. Similarly, the methods for controlling undesirable vegetation embodiments of this disclosure may be combined with the methods for controlling an invertebrate pest embodiments of this disclosure in any manner. Similarly, the methods for controlling an invertebrate pest embodiments of this disclosure may be combined in any manner. The following embodiments are, therefore, to be construed as merely illustrative, and not limiting of the disclosure in any way whatsoever.

[0234] Embodiment T 1. The method for controlling an invertebrate pest described in the Brief Description of the Disclosure, wherein the environment is selected from plants, animals, and seeds.

[0235] Embodiment T2. The method described in Embodiment Tl, wherein the environment is selected from plants.

[0236] Embodiment T3. The method described in Embodiment Tl, wherein the environment is selected from animals.

[0237] Embodiment T4. The method described in Embodiment Tl, wherein the environment is selected from seeds.

[0238] Embodiment Ul. The method for controlling an invertebrate pest described in the Brief Description of the Disclosure, wherein the pest includes eggs, larvae, or adults selected from the order Hemiptera, Acrosternum hilar e Say (green stink bug), Anasa tristis De Geer (squash bug), Blissus leucopterus leucopterus Say (chinch bug), Cimex lectularius Linnaeus (bed bug), Corythiicha gossypii Fabricius (cotton lace bug), Cyrtopeltis modesta Distant (tomato bug),Dichelops melacanthus Dallas (green belly Stink bug), Dysdercus suturellus Herrich-Schaffer (cotton stainer), Euschistus heros Fabricius (Neotropical Brown Stink Bug), Euschistus servus Say (brown stink bug), Euschistus variolarius Palisot de Beauvois (one-spotted stink bug), Graptostethus spp. (complex of seed bugs), Halyomorpha halys Stal (brown marmorated stink bug), Leptoglossus corculus Say (leaf-footed pine seed bug), Lygus lineolaris Palisot de Beauvois (tarnished plant bug), Nezara viridula Linnaeus (southern green stink bug), Oebalus pugnax Fabricius (rice stink bug), Oncopeltus fasciatus Dallas (large milkweed bug), Pseudatomoscelis seriatus Reuter (cotton fleahopper); stink bugs from the family Pentatomidae; and combinations thereof.

[0239] Embodiment U2. The method described in Embodiment Ul, wherein the pest includes eggs, larvae, or adults selected from the order Hemiptera.

[0240] Embodiment U3. The method described in Embodiment Ul, wherein the pest includes eggs, larvae, or adults of Acrosternum hilare Say (green stink bug).

[0241] Embodiment U4. The method described in Embodiment Ul, wherein the pest includes eggs, larvae, or adults of Anasa tristis De Geer (squash bug).

[0242] Embodiment U5. The method described in Embodiment Ul, wherein the pest includes eggs, larvae, or adults of Blissus leucopterus leucopterus Say (chinch bug).

[0243] Embodiment U6. The method described in Embodiment Ul, wherein the pest includes eggs, larvae, or adults of Cimex lectularius Linnaeus (bed bug).

[0244] Embodiment U7. The method described in Embodiment Ul, wherein the pest includes eggs, larvae, or adults of Corythucha gossypii Fabricius (cotton lace bug).

[0245] Embodiment U8. The method described in Embodiment Ul, wherein the pest includes eggs, larvae, or adults of Cyrtopeltis modesta Distant (tomato bug).

[0246] Embodiment U9. The method described in Embodiment Ul, wherein the pest includes eggs, larvae, or adults of Dichelops melacanthus Dallas (green belly Stink bug).

[0247] Embodiment U10. The method described in Embodiment Ul, wherein the pest includes eggs, larvae, or adults of Dysdercus suturelhis Herri ch- Schaffer (cotton stainer).

[0248] Embodiment Ul 1. The method described in Embodiment Ul, wherein the pest includes eggs, larvae, or adults of Euschistus heros Fabricius (Neotropical Brown Stink Bug).

[0249] Embodiment U12. The method described in Embodiment Ul, wherein the pest includes eggs, larvae, or adults of Euschistus servus Say (brown stink bug).

[0250] Embodiment U13. The method described in Embodiment Ul, wherein the pest includes eggs, larvae, or adults of Euschistus variolarius Palisot de Beauvois (one-spotted stink bug).

[0251] Embodiment U14. The method described in Embodiment Ul, wherein the pest includes eggs, larvae, or adults of Graptostethus spp. (complex of seed bugs).

[0252] Embodiment U15. The method described in Embodiment Ul, wherein the pest includes eggs, larvae, or adults of Halyomorpha halys Stal (brown marmorated stink bug).

[0253] Embodiment U16. The method described in Embodiment Ul, wherein the pest includes eggs, larvae, or adults of Leptoglossus corculus Say (leaf-footed pine seed bug).

[0254] Embodiment U17. The method described in Embodiment Ul, wherein the pest includes eggs, larvae, or adults of Lygus lineolaris Palisot de Beauvois (tarnished plant bug).

[0255] Embodiment U18. The method described in Embodiment Ul, wherein the pest includes eggs, larvae, or adults of Nezara viridula Linnaeus (southern green stink bug).

[0256] Embodiment U19. The method described in Embodiment Ul, wherein the pest includes eggs, larvae, or adults of Oebalus pugnax Fabricius (rice stink bug).

[0257] Embodiment U20. The method described in Embodiment Ul, wherein the pest includes eggs, larvae, or adults of Oncopeltus fasciatus Dallas (large milkweed bug).

[0258] Embodiment U21. The method described in Embodiment Ul, wherein the pest includes eggs, larvae, or adults of Pseudatomoscelis seriatus Reuter (cotton fleahopper).

[0259] Embodiment U22. The method described in Embodiment Ul, wherein the pest includes eggs, larvae, or adults selected from stink bugs from the family Pentatomidae.

[0260] Embodiment U23. The method described in Embodiment Ul, wherein the pest includes eggs, larvae, or adults selected from combinations of the foregoing embodiments.

[0261] Compositions according to the present disclosure may be in any suitable form of agrochemical compositions known in the art. In some embodiments, formulations of compositions in accordance with the present disclosure are selected from capsule suspension concentrates (CS), mixtures of suspension concentrates (SC) and capsule suspension concentrates (CS) formulations (ZC), mixed formulations of capsule suspension concentrates (CS) and aqueous suspo-emulsions (SE) formulations (ZE), mixtures of capsule suspension concentrates (CS) and oil-in-water emulsions (EW) formulations (ZW), and combinations thereof.

[0262] Compositions in accordance with the present disclosure may be formulated with further suitable formulation components known in the art. For example, compositions in accordance with the present disclosure may be formulated using known auxiliaries, adjuvants, diluents, solvents, dispersants, surfactants, protective colloids, thickeners, penetrating agents, stabilizers, sequestering agents, anti-caking agents, coloring agents, pigments, corrosion inhibitors, biocides, antifoamers, antifreeze agents, rheology modifiers, and combinations thereof.

[0263] The term surfactant, as used herein, means an agriculturally acceptable material which imparts emulsifiability, stability, spreading, wetting, dispersibility or other surfacemodifying properties. Examples of suitable surfactants include lignin sulfonates, fatty acid sulfonates (e.g. lauryl sulfonate), the condensation product of formaldehyde with naphthalene sulfonate, alkylarylsulfonates, ethoxylated alkylphenols, and ethoxylated fatty alcohols. Other known surfactants that have been used with herbicides are also acceptable.

[0264] Suitable diluents may be added during the formulation process, after the formulation process (e.g. by the user - a farmer or custom applicator), or both. The term diluent includes all liquid and solid agriculturally acceptable material-including carriers which may be added to the herbicides to bring them in a suitable application or commercial form and include solvents, emulsifiers, and dispersants. Examples of suitable solid diluents or carriers are aluminumsilicate, talc, calcined magnesia, kieselguhr, tricalcium phosphate, powdered cork, absorbent carbon black, chalk, silica, and clays such as kaolin and bentonite. Examples of suitable liquid diluents include water, organic solvents (e.g. acetophenone, cyclohexanone, isophorone, toluene, xylene, petroleum distillates), amines (e.g. ethanolamine, dimethylformamide), and mineral, animal, and vegetable oils (used alone or in combination).

[0265] Compositions in accordance with the present disclosure may also be formulated with further suitable additional active ingredients known in the art. An additional active ingredient may be utilized if broadening of the spectrum of control or preventing the build-up of resistance is desired.

[0266] In many embodiments, the active ingredient is selected from the group consisting of insecticides, herbicides, biopesticides, nematicides, bactericides, and fungicides. General references for these active ingredients (i.e. insecticides, fungicides, nematocides, acaricides, herbicides and biological agents) include The Pesticide Manual, 13th Edition, C. D. S. Tomlin, Ed., British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, U.K., 2003 and The BioPesticide Manual, 2ndEdition, L. G. Copping, Ed., British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, U.K., 2001.

[0267] Examples of insecticides that can be used according to the Summary of the Disclosure include abamectin, acephate, acequinocyl, acetamiprid, acrinathrin, acynonapyr, afidopyropen ([(3 ,4A,4a7?,6S,6a5',12A,12a ,12b5)-3-[(cyclopropylcarbonyl)oxy]- l,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,12,12a,12b-decahydro-6,12-dihydroxy-4,6a,12b-trimethyl-l l-oxo-9-(3- pyridinyl)-2Z / ,l l / / -naphtho[2,l-Z>]pyrano[3,4-e]pyran-4-yl]methyl cyclopropanecarboxylate), amidoflumet, amitraz, avermectin, azadirachtin, azinphos-methyl, benfuracarb, bensultap, benzpyrimoxan, bifenthrin, kappa-bifenthrin, bifenazate, bistrifluron, borate, broflanilide, buprofezin, cadusafos, carbaryl, carbofuran, cartap, carzol, chlorfenapyr, chlorfluazuron, chloroprallethrin, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-e, chlorpyrifos-methyl, chromafenozide, clofentezin, chloroprallethrin, clothianidin, cycloprothrin, cycloxaprid ((55,8A)-l-[(6-chloro-3- pyridinyl)methyl]-2,3,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-9-nitro-5,8-Epoxy-l / / -imidazo[l,2-a]azepine), cyenopyrafen, cyflumetofen, cyfluthrin, beta-cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, gamma-cyhalothrin, lambda- cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, zeta-cypermethrin, cyromazine, deltamethrin, diafenthiuron, diazinon, dicloromesotiaz, dieldrin, diflubenzuron, dimefluthrin, dimehypo,dimethoate, dimpropyridaz, dinotefuran, diofenolan, emamectin, emamectin benzoate, endosulfan, esfenvalerate, ethiprole, etofenprox, epsilon-metofluthrin, etoxazole, fenbutatin oxide, fenitrothion, fenothiocarb, fenoxycarb, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, fipronil, flometoquin (2-ethyl- 3,7-dirnethyl-6-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenoxy]-4-quinolinyl methyl carbonate), flonicamid, fluazaindolizine, fluey thrinate, flufenerim, flufenoxuron, flufenoxystrobin (methyl (a£)-2-[[2- chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]methyl]-a-(methoxymethylene)benzeneacetate), fluensulfone (5-chloro-2-[(3,4,4-trifluoro-3-buten-l-yl)sulfonyl]thiazole), fluhexafon, fhiopyram, flupiprole (l-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-[(2-methyl-2-propen-l-yl)amino]-4- [(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-l / f-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile), fhipyradifurone (4-[[(6-chloro-3- pyridinyl)methyl](2,2-difluoroethyl)amino]-2(5 7)-furanone), flupyrimin, fluvalinate, tau-fluvalinate, fluxametamide, fonophos, formetanate, fosthiazate, gamma-cyhalothrin, halofenozide, heptafluthrin ([2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-(methoxymethyl)phenyl]methyl 2,2-dimethyl- 3-[(lZ)-3,3,3-trifluoro-l-propen-l-yl]cyclopropanecarboxylate), hexaflumuron, hexythiazox, hydramethylnon, imidacloprid, indoxacarb, insecticidal soaps, isofenphos, isocycloseram, kappa- tefluthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, lufenuron, malathion, meperfluthrin ([2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4- (methoxymethyl)phenyl]methyl (17?,3S)-3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2- dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate), metaflumizone, metaldehyde, methamidophos, methidathion, methiocarb, methomyl, methoprene, methoxychlor, metofluthrin, methoxyfenozide, epsilon- metofluthrin, epsilon-momfluorothrin, monocrotophos, monofluorothrin ([2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4- (methoxymethyl)phenyl]methyl 3 -(2-cyano- 1 -propen- 1 -yl)-2,2- dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate), nicotine, nitenpyram, nithiazine, novaluron, noviflumuron, N- [l,l-dimethyl-2-(methylthio)ethyl]-7-fluoro-2-(3-pyridinyl)-277-indazole-4-carboxamide, V-[ 1, 1- dimethyl-2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl]-7-fluoro-2-(3-pyridinyl)-2 / 7-indazole-4-carboxamide, 7 -[ 1 , 1 - dimethyl-2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl]-7-fluoro-2-(3-pyridinyl)-22 / -indazole-4-carboxamide, N-(l- methylcyclopropyl)-2-(3-pyridinyl)-2H-indazole-4-carboxamide, 2V-[1-(difluoromethyl)cyclopropyl]-2-(3-pyridinyl)-277-indazole-4-carboxamide, oxamyl, oxazosulfyl, parathion, parathion-methyl, permethrin, phorate, phosalone, phosmet, phosphamidon, pirimicarb, profenofos, profluthrin, propargite, protrifenbute, pyflubumide (l,3,5-trimethyl-7V-(2-methyl-l- oxopropyl)-JV-[3-(2-methylpropyl)-4-[2,2,2-trifluoro-l -methoxy- 1- (trifluoromethyl)ethyl]phenyl]- 177-pyrazole-4-carboxamide), pymetrozine, pyrafluprole, pyrethrin, pyridaben, pyridalyl, pyrifluquinazon, pyriminostrobin (methyl (o£)-2-[[[2-[(2,4-di chlorophenyl)amino]-6-(tri fluoromethyl )-4-pyrimidinyl]oxy]methyl]-a- (methoxymethylene)benzeneacetate), pyriprole, pyriproxyfen, rotenone, ryanodine, silafluofen, spinetoram, spinosad, spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, spiropidion, spirotetramat, sulprofos, sulfoxaflor (jV-[methyloxido[l-[6-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridinyl]ethyl]-X4- sulfanylidene]cyanamide), tebufenozide, tebufenpyrad, teflubenzuron, tefluthrin, kappa-tefluthrin, terbufos, tetrachlorvinphos, tetramethrin, tetramethylfluthrin ([2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4- (methoxymethyl)phenyl]methyl 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylate), thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, thiodicarb, thiosultap-sodium, tioxazafen (3-phenyl-5-(2-thienyl)-l,2,4- oxadiazole), tolfenpyrad, tralomethrin, triazamate, trichlorfon, triflumezopyrim (2,4-dioxo-l-(5- pyrimidinylmethyl)-3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2 / f-pyrido[l,2-cz]pyrimidinium inner salt), triflumuron, tyclopyrazoflor, zeta-cypermethrin, Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxins, entomopathogenic bacteria, entomopathogenic viruses or entomopathogenic fungi, can combinations thereof.

[0268] Examples of insecticides that can be used according to the Summary of the Disclosure also include diamides, such as chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, tetrachlorantraniliprole, bromoantraniliprole, dichlorantraniliprole, tetraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyhalodiamide, and flubendiamide.

[0269] Examples of fungicides that can be used according to the Summary of the Disclosure include fungicides such as acibenzolar-S-methyl, aldimorph, ametoctradin, aminopyrifen, amisulbrom, anilazine, azaconazole, azoxystrobin, benalaxyl (including benalaxyl- M), benodanil, benomyl, benthiavalicarb (including benthiavalicarb-isopropyl), benzovindiflupyr, bethoxazin, binapacryl, biphenyl, bitertanol, bixafen, blasticidin-S, boscalid, bromuconazole, bupirimate, buthiobate, carboxin, carpropamid, captafol, captan, carbendazim, chloroneb, chlorothalonil, chlozolinate, copper hydroxide, copper oxychloride, copper sulfate, coumoxystrobin, cyazofamid, cyflufenamid, cymoxanil, cyproconazole, cyprodinil, dichlobentiazox, dichlofluanid, diclocymet, diclomezine, dicloran, diethofencarb, difenoconazole, diflumetorim, dimethirimol, dimethomorph, dimoxystrobin, diniconazole (including diniconazole-M), dinocap, dipymetitrone, dithianon, dithiolanes, dodemorph, dodine, econazole, etaconazole, edifenphos, enoxastrobin (also known as enestroburin), epoxiconazole, ethaboxam, ethirimol, etridiazole, famoxadone, fenamidone, fenaminstrobin, fenarimol, fenbuconazole,fenfuram, fenhexamide, fenoxanil, fenpiclonil, fenpicoxamid, fenpropidin, fenpropimorph, fenpyrazamine, fentin acetate, fentin hydroxide, ferbam, ferimzone, flometoquin, florylpicoxamid, fluopimomide, fluazinam, fludioxonil, flufenoxystrobin, fluindapyr, flumorph, fluopicolide, fluopyram, fluoxapiprolin, fluoxastrobin, fluquinconazole, fhisilazole, flusulfamide, flutianil, flutolanil, flutriafol, fluxapyroxad, folpet, fthalide (also known as phthalide), fuberidazole, furalaxyl, furametpyr, hexaconazole, hymexazole, guazatine, imazalil, imibenconazole, iminoctadine albesilate, iminoctadine triacetate, inpyrfluxam, iodicarb, ipconazole, ipfentrifluconazole, ipflufenoquin, isofetamid, iprobenfos, iprodione, iprovalicarb, isoflucypram, isoprothiolane, isopyrazam, isotianil, kasugamycin, kresoxim-methyl, lancotrione, mancozeb, mandipropamid, mandestrobin, maneb, mapanipyrin, mefentrifluconazole, mepronil, meptyldinocap, metalaxyl (including metalaxyl-M / mefenoxam), metconazole, methasulfocarb, metiram, metominostrobin, metyltetraprole, metrafenone, myclobutanil, naftitine, neo-asozin (ferric methanearsonate), nuarimol, octhilinone, ofurace, orysastrobin, oxadixyl, oxathiapiprolin, oxolinic acid, oxpoconazole, oxycarboxin, oxytetracycline, penconazole, pencycuron, penflufen, penthiopyrad, perfurazoate, phosphorous acid (including salts thereof, e.g., fosetyl-aluminm), picoxystrobin, piperalin, polyoxin, probenazole, prochloraz, procymidone, propamocarb, propi conazole, propineb, proquinazid, prothiocarb, prothioconazole, pydiflumetofen (Adepidyn®), pyraclostrobin, pyrametostrobin, pyrapropoyne, pyraoxystrobin, pyraziflumid, pyrazophos, pyribencarb, pyributacarb, pyridachlometyl, pyrifenox, pyriofenone, perisoxazole, pyrimethanil, pyrifenox, pyrrolnitrin, pyroquilon, quinconazole, quinm ethionate, quinofumelin, quinoxyfen, quintozene, silthiofam, sedaxane, simeconazole, spiroxamine, streptomycin, sulfur, tebuconazole, tebufloquin, teclofthalam, tecloftalam, tecnazene, terbinafme, tetraconazole, thiabendazole, thifluzamide, thiophanate, thiophanate-methyl, thiram, tiadinil, tolclofos-methyl, tolprocarb, tolyfluanid, triadimefon, triadimenol, triarimol, triazoxide, tribasic copper sulfate, triclopyricarb, tridemorph, trifloxystrobin, triflumizole, trimoprhamide tricyclazole, trifloxystrobin, triforine, triti conazole, uniconazole, validamycin, valifenalate (also known as valifenal), vinclozolin, zineb, ziram, zoxamide, l-[4-[4-[5-(2,6-difhiorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-3- isoxazolyl]-2-thiazolyl]- 1-piperi dinyl]-2-[5-methyl-3-(tri fluoromethyl)- l / / -pyrazol-l- yl]ethanone, and combinations thereof.

[0270] Examples of nematicides that can be used according to the Summary of the Disclosure include fluopyram, spirotetramat, thiodicarb, fosthiazate, abamectin, iprodione,fluensulfone, dimethyl disulfide, tioxazafen, 1 ,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D), metam (sodium and potassium), dazomet, chloropicrin, fenamiphos, ethoprophos, cadusaphos, terbufos, imicyafos, oxamyl, carbofuran, tioxazafen, Bacillus firmus, Pasteuria nishizawae, and combinations thereof. An example of a bactericide is streptomycin. Examples of acaricides include amitraz, chinomethionat, chlorobenzilate, cyhexatin, dicofol, dienochlor, etoxazole, fenazaquin, fenbutatin oxide, fenpropathrin, fenpyroximate, hexythiazox, propargite, pyridaben, tebufenpyrad, and combinations thereof.

[0271] Examples of herbicides that can be used according to the Summary of the Disclosure include acetochlor, acifluorfen and its sodium salt, aclonifen, acrolein (2-propenal), alachlor, alloxydim, ametryn, amicarbazone, amidosulfuron, aminocyclopyrachlor and its esters (e g., methyl, ethyl) and salts (e.g., sodium, potassium), aminopyralid, amitrole, ammonium sulfamate, anilofos, asulam, atrazine, azimsulfuron, bixlozone, beflubutamid, beflubutamid-M, benazolin, benazolin-ethyl, bencarbazone, benfluralin, benfuresate, benquinotrione, bensulfuron-methyl, bensulide, bentazone, benzobicyclon, benzofenap, bicyclopyrone, bifenox, bilanafos, bipyrazone, bispyribac and its sodium salt, broclozone, bromacil, bromobutide, bromofenoxim, bromoxynil, bromoxynil octanoate, butachlor, butafenacil, butamifos, butralin, butroxydim, butylate, cafenstrole, carbetamide, carfentrazone-ethyl, catechin, chlomethoxyfen, chloramben, chlorbromuron, chlorflurenol-methyl, chloridazon, chlorimuron-ethyl, chlorotoluron, chlorpropham, chlorsulfuron, chlorthal-dimethyl, chlorthiamid, cinidon-ethyl, cinmethylin, cinosulfuron, clacyfos, clefoxydim, clethodim, clodinafop-propargyl, clomazone, clomeprop, clopyralid, clopyralid-olamine, cloransulam-methyl, cumyluron, cyanazine, cycloate, cyclopyranil, cyclopyrimorate, cyclosulfamuron, cycloxydim, cyhalofop-butyl, cypyrafluone, 2,4-D and its butotyl, butyl, isoctyl and isopropyl esters and its dimethylammonium, diolamine and trolamine salts, daimuron, dalapon, dalapon-sodium, dazomet, 2,4-DB and its dimethylammonium, potassium and sodium salts, desmedipham, desmetryn, dicamba and its diglycolammonium, dimethylammonium, potassium and sodium salts, dichlobenil, dichlorprop, diclofop-methyl, diclosulam, difenzoquat metilsulfate, diflufenican, diflufenzopyr, dimefuron, dimesulfazet, dimepiperate, dimethachlor, dimethametryn, dimethenamid, dimethenamid-P, dimethipin, dimethylarsinic acid and its sodium salt, dinitramine, dinoterb, dioxopyritrione, diphenamid, di quat dibromide, dithiopyr, diuron, DNOC, endothal, EPTC, epyrifenacil, esprocarb, ethalfluralin, ethametsulfuron-methyl, ethiozin, ethofumesate, ethoxyfen, ethoxysulfuron,etobenzanid, fenoxaprop-ethyl, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, fenoxasulfone, fenpyrazone, fenquinotrione, fentrazamide, fenuron, fenuron-TCA, flamprop-methyl, flamprop-M-isopropyl, flamprop-M-methyl, flazasulfuron, florasulam, fluazifop-butyl, fluazifop-P-butyl, fluazolate, flucarbazone, flucetosulfuron, fluchloralin, fluchloraminopyr, flufenacet, flufenoximacil, flufenpyr, flufenpyr-ethyl, flumetsulam, flumiclorac-pentyl, flumioxazin, fluometuron, fluoroglycofen-ethyl, flupoxam, flupyrsulfuron-methyl and its sodium salt, flurenol, flurenol- butyl, fluridone, flurochloridone, fluroxypyr, flurtamone, flusulfmam, fluthiacet-methyl, fomesafen, foramsulfuron, fosamine-ammonium, glufosinate, glufosinate-ammonium, L- glufosinate-ammonium, glufosinate-P, glyphosate and its salts such as ammonium, isopropylammonium, potassium, sodium (including sesquisodium) and trimesium (alternatively named sulfosate), halauxifen, halauxifen-methyl, halosulfuron-methyl, haloxyfop-etotyl, haloxyfop-methyl, hexazinone, hydantocidin, icafolin, icafolin-methyl, imazamethabenz-methyl, imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr, imazaquin, imazaquin-ammonium, imazethapyr, imazethapyr-ammonium, imazosulfuron, indanofan, indaziflam, indolauxipyr, indolauxipyr-cyanomethyl, indolauxipyr-propargyl, iofensulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl, ioxynil, ioxynil octanoate, ioxynil-sodium, ipfencarbazone, iptriazopyrid, isoproturon, isouron, isoxaben, isoxaflutole, isoxachlortole, lactofen, lancotrione, lenacil, linuron, maleic hydrazide, MCPA and its salts (e.g., MCPA-dimethylammonium, MCPA-potassium and MCPA-sodium, esters (e.g., MCPA-2-ethylhexyl, MCPA-butotyl) and thioesters (e.g., MCPA-thioethyl), MCPB and its salts (e.g., MCPB-sodium) and esters (e.g., MCPB-ethyl), mecoprop, mecoprop-P, mefenacet, mefluidide, mesosulfuron-methyl, mesotrione, metam-sodium, metamifop, metamitron, metazachlor, metazosulfuron, methabenzthiazuron, methylarsonic acid and its calcium, monoammonium, monosodium and disodium salts, methyldymron, metobenzuron, metobromuron, metolachlor, S-metolachlor, metosulam, metoxuron, metribuzin, metsulfuron-methyl, molinate, monolinuron, naproanilide, napropamide, napropamide-M, naptalam, neburon, nicosulfuron, norflurazon, orbencarb, orthosulfamuron, oryzalin, oxadiargyl, oxadiazon, oxasulfuron, oxaziclomefone, oxyfluorfen, paraquat dichloride, pebulate, pelargonic acid, pendimethalin, penoxsulam, pentanochlor, pentoxazone, perfluidone, pethoxamid, pethoxyamid, phenmedipham, picloram, picloram-potassium, picolinafen, pinoxaden, piperophos, pretilachlor, primisulfuron-methyl, prodiamine, profoxydim, prometon, prometryn, propachlor, propanil, propaquizafop, propazine, propham, propisochlor, propoxycarbazone, propyrisulfuron,propyzamide, prosulfocarb, prosulfuron, pyraclonil, pyraflufen-ethyl, pyraquinate, pyrasulfotole, pyrazogyl, pyrazolynate, pyrazoxyfen, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, pyribenzoxim, pyributicarb, pyridate, pyriflubenzoxim, pyriftalid, pyriminobac-methyl, pyrimisulfan, pyrithiobac, pyrithiobac-sodium, pyroxasulfone, pyroxsulam, quinclorac, quinmerac, quinoclamine, quizalofop-ethyl, quizalofop-P-ethyl, quizalofop-P-tefuryl, rimisoxafen, rimsulfuron, saflufenacil, sethoxydim, siduron, simazine, simetryn, sulcotrione, sulfentrazone, sulfometuron-methyl, sulfosulfuron, 2,3,6-TBA, TCA, TCA-sodium, tebutam, tebuthiuron, tefuryltrione, tembotrione, tepraloxydim, terbacil, terbumeton, terbuthylazine, terbutryn, tetflupyrolimet, thenylchlor, thiazopyr, thiencarb azone, thifensulfuron-methyl, thiobencarb, tiafenacil, tiocarbazil, tolpyralate, topramezone, tralkoxydim, tri-allate, triafamone, triasulfuron, triaziflam, tribenuron-methyl, triclopyr, triclopyr-butotyl, triclopyr-triethylammonium, tridiphane, trietazine, trifloxysulfuron, trifludimoxazin, trifluralin, triflusulfuron-methyl, tripyrasulfone, tritosulfuron, vernolate, 3-(2- chl oro-3 , 6-difluorophenyl)-4-hy droxy- 1 -methyl- 1 , 5 -naphthyridin-2( l / / )-one, 5 -chloro-3 -[(2- hydroxy-6-oxo- 1 -cy clohexen- 1 -yl)carbonyl]- 1 -(4-methoxyphenyl)-2( l / / )-quinoxalinone, 2- chloro-7V-(l-methyl-l / / -tetrazol-5-yl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 7-(3,5- dichloro-4-pyridinyl)-5-(2,2-difluoroethyl)-8-hydroxypyrido[2,3-Z>]pyrazin-6(5 / 7)-one), 4-(2,6- diethyl-4-methylphenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-3(2 / / )-pyridazinone), 5-[[(2,6- difluorophenyl)methoxy]methyl]-4,5-dihydro-5-methyl-3-(3-methyl-2-thienyl)isoxazole (previously methi oxolin), 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-[(2-hy droxy-6-oxo- 1 -cy clohexen- 1 -yl)carbonyl]- 2-methyl-l,2,4-triazine-3,5(2Z / ,477)-dione, methyl 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3- methoxyphenyl)-5-fluoro-2-pyridinecarboxylate, 2-methyl-3-(methylsulfonyl)-A-(l -methyl- 1H- tetrazol-5-yl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide, 2-methyl-A-(4-methyl-l,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- (methylsulfinyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide, or their environmentally compatible salts, acids, esters and amides.

[0272] Other herbicides also include bioherbicides such as Alternaria destruens Simmons, Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc., Drechsiera monoceras (MTB- 951), Myrothecium verrucaria (Albertini & Schweinitz) Ditmar: Fries, Phytophthora palmivora (Butl.) Butl., Puccinia thlaspeos Schub, or their environmentally compatible salts, "acids", esters and amides.

[0273] Examples of pheromones include Formaldehyde; 2,2-Dibromoacetaldehyde; Acetaldehyde; 2-Methyl-2-propenal; 2-Methylpropanal; 2-Propenal; 3,3-Dibromo-2-propenal; Propanal; 2-Butenal; 2-Methyl-2-butenal; 2-Methylbutanal; 2-Methylenebutanal; 3-Methyl-2- butenal; 3-Methyl-3-butenal; 3 -Methylbutanal; Butanal; (E)-2-Pentenal; 2-Methylenepentanal; 2- Pentenal; 3 -Methyl- l-(vinyloxy)-butane; 4-Methylpentanal; 4-Pentenal; 5 -Methylfurfural; Furan- 2-carbaldehyde; Pentanal; (E)-2-Hexenal; (E)-2-Methyl-2-hexenal; (E)-3-Hexenal; (E)-4-oxo-2- Hexenal; (E,E)-2,4-Dimethyl-2,4-hexadienal; (E,E)-2,4-Hexadienal; (Z)-2-Hexenal; (Z)-3- Hexenal; (Z)-4-oxo-2-Hexenal; 1-Hexenal; 2,3-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde; 2-Hexenal; 3-((E)-2- Hexenoxy)-hexanal; 3,5-Dimethylhexanal; 3-Ethoxyhexanal; 3 -Hydroxybenzaldehyde; 3- Hydroxyhexanal; 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde; 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde; 5- Methylhexanal; Hexanal; (lR,2S,5R)-2-Methyl-5-((R)-l-oxopropan-2-yl)- cyclopentanecarbaldehyde; (lR,2S,5S)-2-Methyl-5-((R)-l-oxopropan-2-yl)- cyclopentanecarbaldehyde; (lR,5S)-6,6-Dimethylbicyclo[3.El]hept-2-ene-2-carbaldehyde; (lS,2S,5R)-2-Methyl-5-((R)-l-oxopropan-2-yl)-cyclopentanecarbaldehyde; (3S,8R)-2-Methyl-5- ( 1 -formylethyl)- 1 -cyclopentene- 1 -carbaldehyde; (3 S, 8 S)-2-Methyl-5-(l -formylethyl)- 1 - cyclopentene- 1-carbaldehy de; (5S, 8S)-2-Methyl-5-(l -formylethyl)- 1 -cyclopentene- 1- carbaldehyde; (E)-2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-6-methyl-2,5-heptadienal; (E)-2-(2-Hydroxyethylidene)- 6-methyl-5-heptenal; (E)-2-Heptenal; (E)-2-Isopropyl-5-methyl-2-hexenal; (E)-2-Methyl-2- heptenal; (E,Z)-2,4-Heptadienal; (R)-2,6-Dimethyl-5-heptenal; (S)-4-(Prop-l-en-2-yl)-cyclohex- 1-enecarbaldehyde; (Z)-2-Isopropyl-5-methyl-2-hexenal; (Z,Z)-2,4-Heptadienal; 2-(3- Methylcyclopentyl)-propanal; 2-(3-Methylcyclopentyl)-propanal; 2,3,6-Tribromo-4,5- dihydroxybenzaldehyde; 2,3-Dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde; 2,6-Dimethyl-5-heptenal; 2- Methoxybenzaldehyde; 2-Methyl-l-cyclopentenecarboxaldehyde; 2-Methyl-2-heptenal; 2- Methyl-5-(l-oxopropan-2-yl)-cyclopentanecarbaldehyde; 2-Methylcyclopent-l-enecarbaldehyde; 3,3-Dimethyl-5-oxo-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane-l-carbaldehyde; 3,4-Dimethylbenzaldehyde; 3,5-Dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde; 3,5-Dibromo-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde; 3-Bromo-4,5- dihydroxybenzaldehyde; 3-Bromo-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde; 3-Bromo-5-hydroxy-4- methoxybenzaldehyde; 3-Hydroxybenzene-l,2-dicarbaldehyde; 3 -Methylbenzaldehyde; 4- (Heptyloxy)-butanal; 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde; 5-(l-Formylethyl)-2-methyl-2-cyclopentene-l- carbaldehyde; 6-Methyl-5-heptenal; 6-Methylheptanal; Benzaldehyde; Cartilagineal; Cyclohexanedial; Heptanal; Taxifolial D; (lR,2S)-cis-2-Isopropenyl-l-methylcyclobutaneethanal; (1 S,2R,3S)-2-(l-Formylvinyl)-5-methylcyclopentanecarbaldehyde; (lS,2S,3S)-2-(l-Formylvinyl)-5-methylcyclopentanecarbaldehyde; (2Z,6E)-8-Chloro-6- chloromethyl-2-methyl-2,6-octadienal; (4S)-(3-Oxoprop-l-en-2-yl)-cyclohex-l- enecarbaldehyde; (E)-(3,3-Dimethyl)-cyclohexylideneacetaldehyde; (E)-2-(3,3-Dimethylcyclohexylidene)-acetaldehyde; (E)-2-(4-Methyl-3-pentenyl)-butenedial; (E)-2-(4- Methyl-3-pentenylidene)-butanedial; (E)-2,7-Octadienal; (E)-2-Methyl-2-octenal; (E)-2-Methyl- 5-(3-furyl)-2-pentenal; (E)-2-Octenal; (E)-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal; (E)-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6- octadienal; (E)-3-Octenal; (E)-4-oxo-2-Octenal; (E)-7-Methyl-2-octenal; (E,E)-2,4-Octadienal; (E,E)-2,6-Dimethyl-8-hydroxy-2,6-octadienal; (E,E)-2,6-Octadienal; (E,E)-2,6-Octadienedial; (E,Z)-2,4-Octadienal; (E,Z)-2,6-Octadienal; (R)-l,2-Dimethyl-3 -methylenecyclopentylacetaldehyde; (R)-3,7-Dimethyl-6-octenal; (Z)-(3,3-Dimethyl)-cyclohexylideneacetaldehyde; (Z)-2-(3,3-Dimethylcyclohexylidene)-acetaldehyde; (Z)-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal; (Z,E)-3,7- Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal; 1-Octenal; 2-(l-Formylvinyl)-5-methylcyclopentanecarbaldehyde; 2- (3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-oxoacetaldehyde; 2,6,6-Trimethyl-l -cyclohexene- 1-carbaldehy de; 2- Ethyloctanal; 2-Hydroxy-6-methylbenzaldehyde; 2-Methyl benzaldehyde; 2-Methyl-5-(l- formylethyl)-l -cyclopentene- 1-carbaldehy de; 2-Octenal; 2-Phenylacetaldehyde; 2-Phenylpropenal; 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylglyoxal; 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octenal; 3-Ethoxy-4- hydroxybenzaldehyde; 3-Ethyl benzaldehyde; 3-Isopropyl-6-methyl benzaldehyde; 3-Octenal; 3- oxo-4-Isopropylidene- 1 -cyclohexene- 1 -carboxyaldehy de; 4-Ethylbenzaldehy de; 4-Hydroxy-2- methyl benzaldehyde; 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde; 4-Isopropenyl- 1 -cyclohexene- 1- carbaldehyde; 4-Isopropenyl-3 -oxo- 1 -cyclohexene- 1 -carboxyaldehy de; 4S-4-Isopropenyl-3-oxo- 1 -cyclohexene- 1 -carboxyaldehy de; 5-Ethylcy clopent- 1 -ene-carbaldehy de; 6,6-Dimethylbicyclo[3.1. l]hept-2-ene-2-carbaldehyde; 6-Methyloctanal; 7 -Methyl octanal;Anisomorphal; cis-2-Isopropenyl-l -methylcyclobutaneethanal; Octanal; Peruphasmal; (lR,2S,6R)-2,6-Dimethyl-3-oxabicyclo[4.2.0]octane-2-carbaldehyde; (E)-2-Methyl-2-nonenal; (E)-2-Nonenal; (E)-3-Phenyl-2-propenal; (E)-4,8-Nonadienal; (E)-8-Methyl-2-nonenal; (E,E)- 2,4-Nonadienal; (E,E,E)-2,4,6-Nonatrienal; (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-Nonatrienal; (E,Z)-2,6-Nonadienal; (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-Nonatrienal; (Z)-2-Methyl-2-nonenal; (Z)-3-Nonenal; (Z)-4,8-Nonadienal; (Z)-4- Nonenal; (Z)-8-Methyl-2-nonenal; 2,6-Nonadienal; 2-Formyl-3- methylcyclopenteneacetaldehyde; 2-Nonenal; 2-Phenyl-2-butenal; 3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2- propenal; 3,5-di-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde; 3-Phenyl-2-propenal; 3-Phenylpropanal; 6-Ethyl benzaldehyde; 7,7-Dimethylbicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-ene-3-carbaldehyde; 7-Methylnonanal; 8- Methylnonanal; 9-Acetyloxy nonanal; Gibepyrone C; Nonanal; (4R,8R)-4,8-Dimethyldecanal; (4R,8S)-4,8-Dimethyldecanal; (E)-17,18,19,20-Tetranorloba-8,10,13(15)-trien-16-al; (E)-2,9- Decadienal; (E)-2-Decenal; (E)-2-Methyl-2-decenal; (E)-2-Methyl-3-(2,3-dibromo-4,5- dihydroxyphenyl)-propenal; (E)-4-oxo-2-Decenal; (E)-8-Hydroxy-4,8-dimethyl-4,9-decadienal; (E)-9-Methyl-2-decenal; (E,E)-2,4-Decadienal; (E,Z)-2,4-Decadienal; (Z)-4-Decenal; (Z)-5- Decenal; (Z)-9-Methyl-2-decenal; (Z,Z)-2,4-Decadienal; 1-Decenal; 2-Decenal; 2-Ethyldecanal; 3-(2,3-Dibromo-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpropanal; 4,5-Dimethyldecanal; 4,8- Dimethyl decanal; Caraibical; Decanal; Rogiolal; (2E,4E)-2,6,10-Trimethylundeca-2,4,9-trienal; (2E,4E,7Z)-2,6, 10-Trimethylundeca-2,4,7,9-tetraenal; (5E)-2,6, 10-Trimethylundeca-5,9-dienal; (E)-2-Undecenal; (E)-6-Ethyl-2,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadienal; (Z)-4-Undecenal; 10-Undecenal; 2-Butyl-2-octenal; 2-Undecenal; 3-Isopropyl-6-methyl-10-oxoundeca-2,6-dienal; 5-Methyl-2- phenyl-2-hexenal; 8-Isopropyl-5-methyl-3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalene-2-carbaldehyde; Austrodoral; Oxytoxin 1; syn-4,6-Dimethylundecanal; Taxifolial A; Taxifolial B; Taxifolial C; Undecanal; (lR,6R,7S,10R)-l-Hydroxy-4-cadinen-15-al; (2R,7S,1 lR)-7-Acetoxy-2- hydroxynardosin-l(10)-en-12-al; (3R,5R,9R)-3,5,9-Trimethyldodecanal; (3S,6E)-7-Ethyl-3,l l- dimethyldodeca-6,10-dienal; (9R)-3,5,9-Trimethyldodecanal; (E)-lO-Dodecenal; (E)-2- Dodecenal; (E)-3,7,l l-Trimethyl-6,10-dodecadienal; (E)-5-Dodecenal; (E)-6-Dodecenal; (E)-7- Dodecenal; (E)-8-Dodecenal; (E)-9,l 1 -Dodecadi enal; (E)-9-Dodecenal; (E,E)-3,7,11-Trimethyl- 2,6,10-dodecatrienal; (E,E)-7-Ethyl-3,l l-dimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrienal; (E,E)-8,10- Dodecadienal; (E,E,E)-3,7-Dimethyl-8,l l-dioxo-2,6,9-dodecatrienal; (E,E,Z)-3,7-Dimethyl-8,l l- dioxo-2,6,9-dodecatrienal; (E,Z)-2,6-Dodecadienal; (E,Z)-5,7-Dodecadienal; (E,Z)-7,9- Dodecadienal; (E,Z)-8,10-Dodecadienal; (R)-10-Oxo-isodauc-3-en-15-al; (S,E)-3,7,11- Trimethyl-6,10-dodecadienal; (Z)-2-Methyl-5-((lR,5R,6S)-2,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-en- 6-yl)-pent-2-enal; (Z)-5-Dodecenal; (Z)-7-Dodecenal; (Z)-9,l 1-Dodecadienal; (Z)-9-Dodecenal; (Z,E)-3,7,1 l-Trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrienal; (Z,E)-5,7-Dodecadienal; (Z,E)-7-Ethyl-3,l 1- dimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrienal; (Z,E)-8,10-Dodecadienal; (Z,Z)-5,7-Dodecadienal; 10- Methyldodecanal; 2,10-Dibromo-3-chloro-7-chamigrene; 2-Dodecenal; 2-Ethyldodecanal; 2- Formylguaiazulene; 3,7,1 l-Trimethyl-(E)-6,10-dodecadi enal; 5-Hydroxy-8-methoxycalamanen- 15-al; 5-Hydroxy-8-methoxycalamenene- 15-al; Aplysinal; Debromoaplysinal; Dodecanal; Parahigginol D; Polygodial; Sclerosporal; Sinuketal; syn-4,6-Dimethyldodecanal; trans-Calamenen-13-al; (3R,5S,9R,7E,1 1E)-3,5,9,1 1 -Tetramethyl -7,1 1 -tri decadi enal; (3S,4R,6E,10Z)- 3,4,7, 1 l-Tetramethyl-6, 10-tridecadienal; (E,E)-3,5,9,1 l-Tetramethyltrideca-7, 11-dienal; (Z)-4- Tridecenal; 13,14,15,16-Tetranorclerod-3-en-12-al; 13-Acetyloxytridecanal; 4,6-bis(4- Methylpent-3 -en-l-yl)-6-methylcyclo- 1,3 -hexadi enecarbaldehy de; Acanthodoral; Ancistrodial; CespitulinF; Isoacanthodoral; Tridecanal; (E)-l l,13-Tetradecadienal; (E)-l l-Tetradecenal; (E,E)- 8,10-Tetradecadienal; (E,Z)-4,9-Tetradecadienal; (E,Z)-8,10-Tetradecadienal; (Z)-l l,13- Tetradecadienal; (Z)-l 1-Tetradecenal; (Z)-5-Tetradecenal; (Z)-7-Tetradecenal; (Z)-8- Tetradecenal; (Z)-9,13-Tetradecadien-11-ynal; (Z)-9-Tetradecenal; (Z,E)-9,11,13- Tetradecatrienal; (Z,E)-9,11-Tetradecadienal; (Z,E)-9,12-Tetradecadienal; (Z,Z)-5,8- Tetradecadienal; (Z,Z)-8,10-Tetradecadienal; (Z,Z)-9,11-Tetradecadienal; 10,12-Tetradecadienal; 2,4-Tetradecadienal; 2-Ethyltetradecanal; 3-oxo-13-Tetradecenal; 3-oxo-Tetradecanal; 5,8- Tetradecadienal; 5-Tetradecenal; Norasperenal A; Norasperenal B; Norasperenal C; Norasperenal D; Sargasal I; Sargasal II; Tetradecanal; (6R)-6-Acetoxidichotoma-3,14-diene-l, 17-dial; (6R)-6- Hydroxy di chotoma-3,14-diene- 1,17-dial; (E,E)-3,7,1 l,15-Tetramethyl-6,10,14-hexadecatrienal; (E,Z)-6,8-Pentadecadienal; (E,Z)-9,11-Pentadecadienal; (E,Z,Z)-2,6,9-Pentadecatrienal; (Z)-10- Pentadecenal; (Z)-2-Chloropentadec-2-enal; (Z)-6,14-Pentadecadienal; (Z,Z)-6,9- Pentadecadienal; (Z,Z)-9,11 -Pentadecadi enal; 2-Hexyl-2-decenal; Azamial A; Azamial B; Isopachydictyolal; Pentadecanal; Sinularial A; Umbellacin A; Xeniafaraunol A; (1R)-Pimaral; (E)-lO-Hexadecenal; (E)-l 1-Hexadecenal; (E)-14-Hexadecenal; (E)-14-Methyl-8-hexadecenal; (E)-3,7,l l,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecenal; (E,E)-10,12-Hexadecadienal; (E,E)-10,14- Hexadecadienal; (E,E)-l l,13-Hexadecadienal; (E,E)-9,11 -Hexadecadi enal; (E,E,E)-10,12,14- Hexadecatrienal; (E,E,E)-3,7,1 l,15-tetramethyl-2,6,10,14-hexadecatetraenal; (E, E,Z)-10,12,14- Hexadecatrienal; (E,E,Z)-4,6,11 -Hexadecatri enal; (E,E,Z,Z)-4,6,11,13-Hexadecatetraenal; (E,Z)- 10,12-Hexadecadienal; (E,Z)-11,13 -Hexadecadi enal; (E,Z)-4,6-Hexadecadienal; (E,Z)-6,11- Hexadecadienal; (E,Z)-8,11 -Hexadecadi enal; (E,Z)-9, 11-Hexadecadienal; (R)-(E)-14-Methyl-8- hexadecenal; (R)-(Z)-14-Methyl-8-hexadecenal; (S)-(E)-14-Methyl-8-hexadecenal; (S)-(Z)-14- Methyl-8-hexadecenal; (Z)-lO-Hexadecenal; (Z)-l 1-Hexadecenal; (Z)-12-Hexadecenal; (Z)-13- Hexadecen-11-ynal; (Z)-14-Methyl-8-hexadecenal; (Z)-3,7,l l,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecenal; (Z)-3-oxo-9-Hexadecenal; (Z)-7-Hexadecenal; (Z)-9-Hexadecenal; (Z,E)-10,12-Hexadecadienal; (Z,E)-l l,13-Hexadecadienal; (Z,E)-7,11-Hexadecadienal; (Z,E)-9,11-Hexadecadienal; (Z,Z)- 10,12-Hexadecadienal; (Z,Z)-11,13 -Hexadecadi enal; (Z,Z)-7,10-Hexadecadienal; (Z,Z)-7,11-Hexadecadi enal; (Z,Z)-9,11 -Hexadecadi enal; (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13 -Hexadecatri enal; 11-Hexadecenal; 11-Hexadecynal; 13(16), 14-Spongiadien-19-al; 2-Methylhexadecanal; 7-Hexadecenal; 9- Hexadecenal; Deacetyl-dihydro-nor-thuridillonal; Dictyodial A; Dihydro-nor-thuridillonal; Hexadecanal; Keikipukalide A; Keikipukalide B; Keikipukalide C; Keikipukalide D; Keikipukalide E; Nor-thuridillonal; Pseudoplexaural; Pukalide aldehyde; Sanadaol; (E)-2- Tridecyl-2-heptadecenal; (Z)-9-Heptadecenal; 1-Heptadecenal; 2-Heptadecenal; Globostelletin C; Globostelletin D; Heptadecanal; (E)-l 1-Octadecenal; (E)-13-Octadecenal; (E)-14-Octadecenal; (E)-2-Octadecenal; (E)-6-Octadecenal; (E,E)-11,14-Octadecadienal; (E,Z)-2,13-Octadecadienal; (E,Z)-3,13-Octadecadienal; (E,Z)-6, 11 -Octadecadi enal; (Z)-l l-Octadecenal; (Z)-13-Octadecenal; (Z)-9-Octadecenal; (Z,E)-13,15-Octadecadienal; (Z,Z)-11,13-Octadecadienal; (Z,Z)-13,15- Octadecadienal; (Z,Z)-3,13-Octadecadienal; (Z,Z)-9,12-Octadecadienal; (Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15- Octadecatrienal; 11-Octadecenal; 13,15-Octadecadienal; 13-Octadecenal; 16-Methyloctadecanal;I-Octadecenal; 3,6-Dihydroxy-24-nor-9-oxo-9,l l-secocholesta-7,22-dien-l 1-al; 9-Octadecenal;Methyl octadecanal; Octadecanal; Panicein B2; Panicein B3; Panicein C; (Z)-lO-Nonadecenal; (Z)-9-Nonadecenal; 9(11)-Pargueren- 16-al; Hyrtiosal; Nonadecanal; (2E,6Z,9Z)-2-Methyl-2,6,9- eicosatrienal; (Z)-l 1-Eicosenal; 11-Eicosenal; 12,18-di-Episcalaradial; 12b-(3'b- Hydroxybutanoyloxy)-20,24-dimethyl-24-oxo-scalara-16-en-25-al; 12b-(3'b-Hydroxypentanoyloxy)-20,24-dimethyl-24-oxo-scalara-16-en-25-al; 12-Deacetoxy-12-oxo- scalaradial; 12-Episcalaradial; 15-Eicosenal; 1-Eicosenal; 3 -Deacetyl-22, 23 -dihydro-24, 28- dehydroluffasterol B; 3-Deacetylluffasterol B; 9-Eicosenal; Anthogorgiene B; Deacetylscalaradial; Eicosadienal; Eicosanal; Mooloolabene A; Mooloolabene B; Scalaradial; and combinations thereof.

[0274] Of note as an example of pheromones include (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, dodecanyl acetate, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, (E)-7-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate, (E)-8- dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate, (E)-9-dodecenyl acetate, (E)-lO-dodecenyl acetate,I I -dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-9,l 1 -dodecadienyl acetate, (E)-9,l l- dodecadienyl acetate, (Z)-l l- tri decenyl acetate, (E)- 11 -tridecenyl acetate, tetradecanyl acetate, (E)-7-tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)- 8 -tetradecenyl acetate, (E)-8-tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, (E)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-lO-tetradecenyl acetate, (E)-lO-tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)- 11 -tetradecenyl acetate, (E)- 11 -tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-12-pentadecenyl acetate, (E)-12-pentadecenyl acetate, hexadecanyl acetate, (Z)-7-hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-l 1 -hexadecenyl acetate, (E)-l 1 -hexadecenyl acetate,octadecanyl acetate, (E,Z)-7,9- dodecadienyl acetate, (Z,E)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-7,9- dodecadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)- 9,12-dodecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-4,7-tridecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-9, 11 -tetradecadienyl acetate,(Z,Z)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-7,11 -hexadecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-7,11- hexadecadienyl acetate, (Z,E)-7,11- hexadecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-7,11 -hexadecadienyl acetate, (Z,E)-3, 13 -octadecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-3,13-octadecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-3, 13 -octadecadienyl acetate, decanol, (Z)-6-nonenol, (E)-6-nonenol, dodecanol, (Z)-5-decenol, 11-dodecenol, (Z)-7- dodecenol, (E)-7-dodecenol, (Z)-8-dodecenol, (E)-8-dodecenol, (E)-9-dodecenol, (Z)-9- dodecenol, (E)-9,l 1 -dodecadi enol, (Z)-9,l 1 -dodecadienol, (Z,E)-5,7-dodecadienol, (E,E)-5,7- dodecadienol, (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-l-ol, (E,Z)-8,10-dodecadienol, (Z,Z)-8,10-dodecadienol, (Z,E)-8,10-dodecadienol, (E,Z)-7,9- dodecadi enol, (Z,Z)-7,9-dodecadienol, (E)-5-tetradecenol,(Z)-8-tetradecenol, (Z)-9- tetradecenol, (E)-9-tetradecenol, (Z)-lO-tetradecenol, (Z)-l l- tetradecenol, (E)-l 1 -tetradecenol, (Z)-l 1 -hexadecenol, (Z,E)-9,11 -tetradecadi enol, (Z,E)-9,12- tetradecadienol, (Z,Z)-9,12- tetradecadienol, (Z, Z)-10,12-tetradecadienol, (Z,Z)-7,11- hexadecadienol, (Z,E)-7,11 -hexadecadi enol, (E)-14-methyl-8- hexadecen-l-ol, (Z)-14-methyl-8- hexadecen-l-ol, (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienol, (E,Z)- 10,12-hexadecadi enol, dodecanal, (Z)-9- dodecanal, tetradecanal, (Z)-7- tetradecenal, (Z)-9-tetradecenal, (Z)-l l-tetradecenal, (E)-l l- tetradecenal, (E)-l 1,13 -tetradecadi enal, (E,E)-8,10-tetradecadienal, (Z,E)-9,11 -tetradecadi enal, (Z,E)-9,12- tetradecadi enal, hexadecanal, (Z)-8-hexadecenal, (Z)-9-hexadecenal, (Z)-10- hexadecenal, (E)-lO-hexadecenal, (Z)-l 1-hexadecenal, (E)-hexadecenal, (Z)-12-hexadecenal, (Z)-13-hexadecenal, (Z)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal, (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal, (Z,Z)-7,11- hexadecadienal, (Z,E)-7, 11 -hexadecadienal, (Z,E)-9, 11 -hexadecadienal, (E,E)-10,12- hexadecadi enal, (E,Z)- 10, 12-hexadecadi enal, (Z,E)- 10,12-hexadecadi enal, (Z,Z)- 10,12- hexadecadienal, (Z,Z)-11,13 -hexadecadi enal, octadecenal, (Z)-l 1 -octadecenal, (E)-13- octadecenal, (Z)-13-octadecenal, (Z)-5-decenyl 3-methylbutanoate, (+) cis-7,8-epoxy-2- methyloctadecane

[0275] Also of note as examples of pheromones include citral; geranial; neral; tetradecan- 1 -al; pentadecan- 1 -al; pentadecen-l-al; hexadecan- 1 -al; (Z)-9-hexadecen-l-al; (Z)-l l- hexadecen-l-al; (7E,9E)-undeca-7,9-dien-l-al; (11Z, 13Z)-hexadecadien-l-al; (9Z, 12E)- tetradecadien-l-al; (8E,10E)-dodecadien-l-al; (1 lZ)-hexadecadien-l-al; (9Z)-tetradecen-l-al; 6, 10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-ol; (6E)-7, 11 -dimethyl-3-methylene- 1,6,10-dodecatriene; [ 1 S-(l a, 2b, a)]- 4,6,6-trimethyl-Bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-ol; 10-Hexadecenal; (Z)-l O-hexadecenal;(E)-lO-hexadecenal; and combinations thereof.

[0276] Any of the water-soluble salts are appropriate in this formulation. Examples of appropriate salts are common inorganic salts. Appropriate salts are those that are easily water-soluble and that are selected from the group consisting of alkali metal halide, alkaline earth metal halide, ammonium halide, alkali metal sulfate, alkaline earth metal sulfate, ammonium sulfate, alkali metal nitrate, alkaline earth metal nitrate, ammonium nitrate, alkali metal carbonate, and ammonium carbonate. Examples of alkali metal halides include LiCl, LiBr, Lil, NaCl, NaBr, Nal, KF, KC1, KBr, KI, RbF, RbCl, RbBr, and Rbl. Examples of alkaline earth metal halides include MgCl2, MgBr2, Mgl2, CaCl2, CaBr2, Cal2, SrCl2, SrBr2, Srl2, BaCl2, BaBr2, and Bal2. Examples of ammonium halide include NH4F, NH4C1, NH4Br, and NH4I. Examples of alkali metal sulfate are Li2SO4, Na2SO4, K2SO4, and Rb2SO4. An example of an alkaline earth metal sulfate is MgSO4. Ammonium sulfate is (NH4)2SO4. Examples of alkali metal nitrate include LiNOj, NaNC>3, KNO3, and RbNCF,. Examples of alkaline earth metal nitrate include Mg(NO3)2, Ca(NC>3)2, and Sr(NC>3)2. Ammonium nitrate is NH4NO3 Examples of alkali metal carbonate include Na2CO , K2CC>3, and Rb2CC>3. Ammonium carbonate is (NH4)2CC>3.

[0277] The compositions according to the present disclosure can be employed for the selective control of grasses and annual and perennial monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous harmful plants the presence of useful plants such as maize, soya, peas, beans, oilseed rape, sugar cane, cassava, pumpkins, potatoes, vegetables, wheat, rice, and tobacco. Within the scope of this disclosure is also the control of such harmful plants found among transgenic useful plants or among useful plants selected by classical means which are resistant to active ingredients. Likewise, the compositions can be employed for controlling undesirable harmful plants in plantation crops.

[0278] Among harmful plants, e.g. weeds or volunteer crop plants, that may be controlled are Abutilon theophrasti (ABUTH), Acalypha virginica (ACC VI), Alopecurus myosuroides (ALOMY), Amaranthus retroflexus (AM ARE), Ambrosia artemisiifolia (AMBEL), Anagallis arvensis (ANGAR), Apera spica-venti (APESV), Arrhenatherum elatius (ARREB), Calystegia septum (CAGSE), Capsella bursa-pastoris (CAPBP), Centaurea cyanus (CENCY), Chenopodium album (CHEAL), Chenopodium hybridum (CHEHY), Chenopodium polyspermum (CHEPO),Cirsium arvense (CIRAR), Convolvulus cirvensis (CONAR), Cynodon dactylon (CYNDA), Cyperus difformis (CYPDI), Cyperus iria (C YPIR), Datura stramonium (DATST), Daucus carota (DAUCA), Descurainia sophia (DES SO), Digitaria sanguinalis (DIGS A), Echinochloa crus-galli (ECHCG), Echinochloa colonum (ECHCO), Fumaria officinalis (FUMOF), Galium aparine (GALAP), Galinsoga quadriradiata (GASCI), Geranium dissectum (GERDI), Geranium mole (GERMO), Geranium pusilium (GERPU), Hibiscus trionum (HIBTR), Lamium amplexicaule (LAMAM), Lamium purpureum (LAMPU), Buglossoides arvensis (LITAR), Loliurn multiflorum (LOLMU), Loliurn perenne (LOLPE), Loliurn rigidum (LOLRI), Matricaria chamomilla (MATCH), Tripl eurosper mum inodorum (MATIN), Mercurialis annua (MERAN), Panicum dichotomiflorum (PANDI), Panicum miliaceum (PANMI), Papaver rhoeas (PAPRH), Phalaris minor (PHAMI), Poa annua (POAAN), Polygonum aviculare (POLAV), Fallopia convolvulus (POLCO), Persicaria hydropiper (POLHY), Persicaria lapathifolia (POLLA), Persicaria maculosa (POLPE), Portulaca oleracea (POROL), Potentilla tridentate (PTLTR), Senecio vulgaris (SENVU), Setaria pumila (SETPU), Setaria viridis (SETVI), Solanum nigrum (SOLNI), Sorghum halepense (SORHA), Stellaria media (STEME), Trifolium incamatum (TRFIN), Veronica arvensis (VERAR), Veronica hederifolia (VERHE), Veronica persica (VERPE), Viola arvensis (VIOAR), m Xanlhium strumarium (XANST), and combinations thereof.

[0279] Also among harmful plants, e.g. weeds or volunteer crop plants, that may be controlled are Digitaria ischaemum, Matricaria spp., Myosotis arvensis Poa spp., Polygonum convolvulus, Polygonum persicaria, Portulaca oleracea, and Setaria geniculate.

[0280] Also among harmful plants, e.g. weeds or volunteer crop plants, that may be controlled are annual blue grass, annual ryegrass (Loliurn rigidum), ball medic (Medicago spp.), barley grass (Hordeum murinum), bedstraw (Galium tricornutum), Benghal dayflower, bifora (Bifora testiculata), black grass, black night shade, broadleaf signal grass, brome grass (Bromus spp.), Canada thistle, capeweed (Arctotheca calendula), cheat, chickweed (Stellaria media), common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicum), common ragweed, corn poppies, doublegee (Emex australis), field violet, fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) giant foxtail, fumitory Fumaria spp), goose grass, green fox tail, guinea grass, hairy beggarticks, herbicide-resistant black grass, horseweed, Indian hedge mustard (Sisymbrium orientals , Italian rye grass, Jersey cudweed (Gnaphalium luteoalbum), jimsonweed, johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), large crabgrass,lesser loosestrife (Lythrum hyssopi folia , little seed cany grass, morning glory, Patterson’s Curse (Echiuni plantagineum), Pennsylvania smartweed, phalaris (Phalaris paradoxa), pitted morningglory, prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola), prickly sida, quack grass, redflowered mallow (Modiola caroliniana), redroot pigweed, rough poppy (Papaver hybridum), serradella, shatter cane, shepherd’s purse, silky windgrass, silvergrass (Vulpia bromoides), sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus), sub-clover (Trifolium spp.), sunflower (as weed in potato), volunteer chickpea, faba beans, field peas, lentils, lupins and vetch, wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus), wild mustard (Brassica kaber), wild oat (Avena fatua), wild pointsettia, wild radish Raphanus raphanistrum , wild turnip (Rapistrum rugosum, Brassica tournefortii), wireweed (Polygonum aviculare), yellow foxtail, and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus).

[0281] Preferred harmful plants, e.g. weeds or volunteer crop plants, that may be controlled are wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum), velvetleaf, jimsonweed, common cocklebur, and hairy beggarticks. Especially preferred harmful plants, e.g. weeds or volunteer crop plants, that may be controlled are wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum).

[0282] Compositions of this disclosure are useful for controlling a wide spectrum of invertebrate pests. These pests include invertebrates inhabiting a variety of environments such as, for example, plant foliage, roots, soil, harvested crops or other foodstuffs, building structures or animal integuments. These pests include, for example, invertebrates feeding on foliage (including leaves, stems, flowers and fruits), seeds, wood, textile fibers or animal blood or tissues, and thereby causing injury or damage to, for example, growing or stored agronomic crops, forests, greenhouse crops, ornamentals, nursery crops, stored foodstuffs or fiber products, or houses or other structures or their contents, or being harmful to animal health or public health. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that not all compositions are equally effective against all growth stages of all pests.

[0283] These present compositions are thus useful agronomically for protecting field crops from phytophagous invertebrate pests, and also nonagronomically for protecting other horticultural crops and plants from phytophagous invertebrate pests. This utility includes protecting crops and other plants (i.e. both agronomic and nonagronomic) that contain genetic material introduced by genetic engineering (i.e. transgenic) or modified by mutagenesis to provide advantageous traits. Examples of such traits include tolerance to herbicides, resistance tophytophagous pests (e.g., insects, mites, aphids, spiders, nematodes, snails, plant-pathogenic fungi, bacteria and viruses), improved plant growth, increased tolerance of adverse growing conditions such as high or low temperatures, low or high soil moisture, and high salinity, increased flowering or fruiting, greater harvest yields, more rapid maturation, higher quality and / or nutritional value of the harvested product, or improved storage or process properties of the harvested products. Transgenic plants can be modified to express multiple traits. Examples of plants containing traits provided by genetic engineering or mutagenesis include varieties of corn, cotton, soybean and potato expressing an insecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis toxin such as YIELD GARD®, KNOCKOUT®, STARLINK®, BOLLGARD®, NuCOTN® and NEWLEAF®, INVICTA RR2 PRO™, and herbicide-tolerant varieties of corn, cotton, soybean and rapeseed such as ROUNDUP READY®, LIBERTY LINK®, IMI®, STS® and CLEARFIELD®, as well as crops expressing / V-acetyltransferase (GAT) to provide resistance to glyphosate herbicide, or crops containing the HRA gene providing resistance to herbicides inhibiting acetolactate synthase (ALS). The present compositions may exhibit enhanced effects with traits introduced by genetic engineering or modified by mutagenesis, thus enhancing phenotypic expression or effectiveness of the traits or increasing the invertebrate pest control effectiveness of the present compounds and compositions. In particular, the present compositions may exhibit enhanced effects with the phenotypic expression of proteins or other natural products toxic to invertebrate pests to provide greater-than- additive control of these pests.

[0284] Compositions of this disclosure can also optionally comprise plant nutrients, e.g., a fertilizer composition comprising at least one plant nutrient selected from nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, boron, manganese, zinc, and molybdenum. Of note are compositions comprising at least one fertilizer composition comprising at least one plant nutrient selected from nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, calcium and magnesium. Compositions of the present disclosure which further comprise at least one plant nutrient can be in the form of liquids or solids. Of note are solid formulations in the form of granules, small sticks or tablets. Solid formulations comprising a fertilizer composition can be prepared by mixing the composition of the present disclosure with the fertilizer composition together with formulating ingredients and then preparing the formulation by methods such as granulation or extrusion. Alternatively solid formulations can be prepared by spraying a solution or suspension of acomposition of the present disclosure in a volatile solvent onto a previous prepared fertilizer composition in the form of dimensionally stable mixtures, e.g., granules, small sticks or tablets, and then evaporating the solvent.

[0285] Nonagronomic uses refer to invertebrate pest control in the areas other than fields of crop plants. Nonagronomic uses of the present compositions include control of invertebrate pests in stored grains, beans and other foodstuffs, and in textiles such as clothing and carpets. Nonagronomic uses of the present compositions also include invertebrate pest control in ornamental plants, forests, in yards, along roadsides and railroad rights of way, and on turf such as lawns, golf courses and pastures. Nonagronomic uses of the present compositions also include invertebrate pest control in houses and other buildings which may be occupied by humans and / or companion, farm, ranch, zoo or other animals. Nonagronomic uses of the present compositions also include the control of pests such as termites that can damage wood or other structural materials used in buildings.

[0286] Nonagronomic uses of the present compositions also include protecting human and animal health by controlling invertebrate pests that are parasitic or transmit infectious diseases. The controlling of animal parasites includes controlling external parasites that are parasitic to the surface of the body of the host animal (e.g., shoulders, armpits, abdomen, inner part of the thighs) and internal parasites that are parasitic to the inside of the body of the host animal (e.g., stomach, intestine, lung, veins, under the skin, lymphatic tissue). External parasitic or disease transmitting pests include, for example, chiggers, ticks, lice, mosquitoes, flies, mites and fleas. Internal parasites include heartworms, hookworms and helminths. Compositions of the present disclosure are suitable for systemic and / or non-systemic control of infestation or infection by parasites on animals. Compositions of the present disclosure are suitable for combating external parasitic or disease transmitting pests. Compositions of the present disclosure are suitable for combating parasites that infest agricultural working animals, such as cattle, sheep, goats, horses, pigs, donkeys, camels, buffalos, rabbits, hens, turkeys, ducks, geese and bees; pet animals and domestic animals such as dogs, cats, pet birds and aquarium fish; as well as so-called experimental animals, such as hamsters, guinea pigs, rats and mice. By combating these parasites, fatalities and performance reduction (in terms of meat, milk, wool, skins, eggs, honey, etc.) are reduced, so thatapplying a composition of the present disclosure allows more economic and simple husbandry of animals.

[0287] Examples of agronomic or nonagronomic invertebrate pests include eggs, larvae and adults of the order Lepidoptera, such as army worms, cutworms, loopers, and heliothines in the family Noctuidae (e.g., pink stem borer (Sesamia inferens Walker), com stalk borer (Sesamia nonagrioides Lefebvre), southern armyworm (Spodoptera eridania Cramer), fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith), beet armyworm {Spodoptera exigua Hiibner), cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval), yellowstriped armyworm {Spodoptera ornithogalli Guenee), black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon Hufnagel), velvetbean caterpillar {Anti car sia gemmatalis Hiibner), green fruitworm {Lithophane antennata Walker), cabbage armyworm (Barathra brassicae Linnaeus), soybean looper (Pseudoplusia includens Walker), cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni Hiibner), tobacco budworm {Heliothis virescens Fabricius)); borers, casebearers, webworms, coneworms, cabbageworms and skeletonizers from the family Pyralidae (e.g., European com borer {Ostrinia nubilalis Hiibner), navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella Walker), corn root webworm {Crambus caliginosellus Clemens), sod webworms (Pyralidae: Crambinae) such as sod worm {Herpetogramma licarsisalis Walker), sugarcane stem borer {Chilo infuscatellus Snellen), tomato small borer (Neoleucinodes elegantalis Guenee), green leafroller (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee), grape leaffolder (Desmia funeralis Hiibner), pickleworm (Diaphania nitidalis Stoll), cabbage center grub (Hellula hydralis Guenee), yellow stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas Walker), white stem borer (Scirpophaga innotata Walker), top shoot borer (Scirpophaga nivella Fabricius), dark-headed rice borer (Chilo polychrysus Meyrick), striped riceborer (Chilo suppressalis Walker), cabbage cluster caterpillar (Crocidolomia binotalis Zeller)); leafrollers, budworms, seed worms, and fruit worms in the family Tortricidae (e.g., codling moth (Cydia pomonella Linnaeus), grape berry moth (Paralobesia viteana Clemens), oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta Busck), citrus false codling moth (Cryptophlebia leucotreta Meyrick), citrus borer (Gymnandrosoma aurantianum Lima), redbanded leafroller (Argyrotaenia velutinana Walker), obliquebanded leafroller (Choristoneura rosaceana Harris), light brown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana Walker), European grape berry moth (Eupoecilia ambiguella Hiibner), apple bud moth (Pandemis pyrusana Kearfott), omnivorous leafroller (Platynota stultana Walsingham), barred fruit-tree tortrix (Pandemis cerasana Hiibner), apple brown tortrix (Pandemis heparana Denis & Schiffermiiller)); and many other economicallyimportant lepidoptera (e.g., diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella Linnaeus), pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders), gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar Linnaeus), peach fruit borer (Carposina niponensis Walsingham), peach twig borer (Anar ia lineatella Zeller), potato tuberworm (Phthorintaea operctilella Zeller), spotted teniform leafminer (Phyllonorycter blancardella Fabricius), Asiatic apple leafminer (Lithocolletis ritigoniella Matsumura), rice leaffolder (Lerodea eufala Edwards), apple leafminer (Leucoptera scitella Zeller)); eggs, nymphs and adults of the order Blattodea including cockroaches from the families Blattellidae and Blattidae (e.g., oriental cockroach (Blatta orientalis Linnaeus), Asian cockroach (Blatella asahinai Mizukubo), German cockroach (Blattella erarzwzca Linnaeus), brownbanded cockroach (Supella longipalpa Fabricius), American cockroach (Periplaneta americana Linnaeus), brown cockroach (Periplaneta brunnea Burmeister), Madeira cockroach (Leucophaea maderae Fabricius)), smoky brown cockroach (Periplaneta fuliginosa Serville), Australian Cockroach (Periplaneta australasiae Fabr ), lobster cockroach (Nauphoeta cinerea Olivier) and smooth cockroach (Symploce pallens Stephens)); eggs, foliar feeding, fruit feeding, root feeding, seed feeding and vesicular tissue feeding larvae and adults of the order Coleoptera including weevils from the families Anthribidae, Bruchidae, and Curculionidae (e.g., boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis Boheman), rice water weevil (Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel), granary weevil (Sitophilus granarius Linnaeus), rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae Linnaeus)), annual bluegrass weevil (Listronotus maculicollis Dietz), bluegrass billbug (Sphenophorus parvuhis Gyllenhal), hunting billbug (Sphenophorus venatus vestitus Chittenden), Rocky Mountain billbug (Sphenophorus cicatristriatus Fahraeus)); flea beetles, cucumber beetles, rootworms, leaf beetles, potato beetles, and leafminers in the family Chrysomelidae (e.g., Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say), western com rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera LeConte)); chafers and other beetles from the family Scarabaeidae (e.g., Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman), oriental beetle (Anomala orientalis Waterhouse, northern masked chafer (Cyclocephala borealis Arrow), southern masked chafer (Cyclocephala immaculata Olivier or C. lurida Bland), dung beetle and white grub (Aphodius spp.), black turfgrass ataenius (Ataenius spretulus Haldeman), green June beetle (Cotinis nitida Linnaeus), Asiatic garden beetle (Maladera castanea Arrow), May / June beetles (Phyllophaga spp.) and European chafer (Rhizotrogus majalis Razoumowsky)); carpet beetles from the family Dermestidae; wireworms from the family Elateridae; bark beetles from the family Scolytidae and flour beetles from the family Tenebrionidae.

[0288] In addition, agronomic and nonagronomic pests include: eggs, adults and larvae of the order Dermaptera including earwigs from the family Forficulidae (e.g., European earwig (Forficula auricularia Linnaeus), black earwig (Chelisoches morio Fabricius)); eggs, immatures, adults and nymphs of the order Hemiptera such as, plant bugs from the family Miridae, cicadas from the family Cicadidae, leafhoppers (e.g. Empoasca spp.) from the family Cicadellidae, bed bugs (e.g., Cimex lectularius Linnaeus) from the family Cimicidae, planthoppers from the families Fulgoridae and Delphacidae, treehoppers from the family Membracidae, psyllids from the families Liviidae, Psyllidae, and Triozidae, whiteflies from the family Aleyrodidae, aphids from the family Aphididae, phylloxera from the family Phylloxeridae, mealybugs from the family Pseudococcidae, scales from the families Coccidae, Diaspididae and Margarodidae, lace bugs from the family Tingidae, stink bugs from the family Pentatomidae, chinch bugs (e.g., hairy chinch bug (Blissus leucopterus hirtus Montandon) and southern chinch bug (Blissus insularis Barber)) and other seed bugs from the family Lygaeidae, spittlebugs from the family Cercopidae squash bugs from the family Coreidae, and red bugs and cotton Stainers from the family Pyrrhocoridae.

[0289] Agronomic and nonagronomic pests also include: eggs, larvae, nymphs and adults of the order Acari (mites) such as spider mites and red mites in the family Tetranychidae (e.g., European red mite (Panonychus ulmi Koch), twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch), McDaniel spider mite (Tetranychus mcdanieli McGregor)); flat mites in the family Tenuipalpidae (e.g., citrus flat mite (Brevipalpus lewisi McGregor)); rust and bud mites in the family Eriophyidae and other foliar feeding mites and mites important in human and animal health, i.e. dust mites in the family Epidermoptidae, follicle mites in the family Demodecidae, grain mites in the family Glycyphagidae; ticks in the family Ixodidae, commonly known as hard ticks (e.g., deer tick (Ixodes scapularis Say), Australian paralysis tick (Ixodes holocyclus Neumann), American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis Say), lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum Linnaeus)) and ticks in the family Argasidae, commonly known as soft ticks (e.g., relapsing fever tick (Ornithodoros turicata Duges), common fowl tick (Argas radiatus Raillet)); scab and itch mites in the families Psoroptidae, Pyemotidae, and Sarcoptidae; eggs, adults and immatures of the order Orthoptera including grasshoppers, locusts and crickets (e.g., migratory grasshoppers (e.g., Melanoplus sanguinipes Fabricius, M. differentialis Thomas), American grasshoppers (e.g., Schistocerca americana Drury), desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forsskal), migratory locust (Locusta migratoria Linnaeus), bush locust (Zonocerus spp.), house cricket (Acheta domesticusLinnaeus), mole crickets (e.g., tawny mole cricket (Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder) and southern mole cricket (Scapteriscus borellii Giglio-Tos)); eggs, adults and immatures of the order Diptera including leafminers (e.g., Liriomyza spp. such as serpentine vegetable leafminer (Liriomyza sativae Blanchard)), midges, fruit flies (Tephritidae), frit flies (e.g., Oscinella y V Linnaeus), soil maggots, house flies (e.g., Musca domestica Linnaeus), lesser house flies (e.g., Fannia canicularis Linnaeus, F. femoralis Stein), stable flies (e.g., Stomoxys calcitrans Linnaeus), face flies, horn flies, blow flies (e.g., Chrysomya spp., Phormia spp.), and other muscoid fly pests, horse flies (e g., Tabanus spp.), bot flies (e.g., Gasterophilus spp., Oestrus spp.), cattle grubs (e.g., Hypoderma spp.), deer flies (e.g., Chrysops spp.), keds (e.g., Melophagus ovinus Linnaeus) and other Brachycera, mosquitoes (e.g., Aedes spp., Anopheles spp., Culex spp.), black flies (e.g., Prosimulium spp., Simulium spp.), biting midges, sand flies, sciarids, and other Nematocera; eggs, adults and immatures of the order Thysanoptera including onion thrips Thrips tabaci Lindeman), flower thrips (Frankliniella spp.), and other foliar feeding thrips; insect pests of the order Hymenoptera including ants of the Family Formicidae including the Florida carpenter ant (Camponotus floridanus Buckley), red carpenter ant Camponotus ferrugineus Fabricius), black carpenter ant (Camponotus pennsylvanicus De Geer), white-footed ant (Technomyrmex albipes F. Smith), big headed ants (Pheidole sp.), ghost ant (Tapinoma melanocephalum Fabricius); Pharaoh ant (Monomorium pharaonis Linnaeus), little fire ant (Wasmannia auropunctata Roger), fire ant (Solenopsis geminata Fabricius), red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren), Argentine ant (Iridomyrmex humilis Mayr), crazy ant (Paratrechina longicornis Latreille), pavement ant (Tetramorium caespitum Linnaeus), cornfield ant (Lasius alienus Forster) and odorous house ant (Tapinoma sessile Say). Other Hymenoptera including bees (including carpenter bees), hornets, yellow jackets, wasps, and sawflies (Neodiprion spp.; Cephus spp.); insect pests of the order fsoptera including termites in the Termitidae (e.g., Macrotermes sp., Odontotermes obesus Rambur), Kalotermitidae (e.g., Cryptotermes sp.), and Rhinotermitidae (e.g., Reticulitermes sp., Coptotermes sp., Heterotermes tenuis Hagen) families, the eastern subterranean termite (Reticulitermes flavipes Kollar), western subterranean termite (Reticulitermes hesperus Banks), Formosan subterranean termite (Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki), West Indian drywood termite (Incisitermes immigrans Snyder), powder post termite (Cryptotermes brevis Walker), dry wood termite (Incisitermes snyderi Light), southeastern subterranean termite (Reticulitermes virginicus Banks), western drywood termite (Incisitermes minor Hagen), arboreal termites such asNasutitermes sp. and other termites of economic importance; insect pests of the order Thysanura such as silverfish (Lepisma saccharina Linnaeus) and firebrat (Thermobia domestica Packard); insect pests of the orders Mallophaga and Phthiraptera, and including the head louse (Pediculus hnmanus capitis De Geer), body louse Pediculus humanus Linnaeus), chicken body louse (Menacanthus stramineus Nitzsch), dog biting louse (Trichodectes canis De Geer), fluff louse (Goniocotes gallinae De Geer), sheep body louse (Bovicola ovis Schrank), short-nosed cattle louse (Haematopimis eurysternus Nitzsch), long-nosed cattle louse (Linognathus vituli Linnaeus) and other sucking and chewing parasitic lice that attack man and animals; insect pests of the order Siphonoptera including the oriental rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis Rothschild), cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis Bouche), dog flea (Ctenocephalides canis Curtis), hen flea (Ceratophyllus gallinae Schrank), sticktight flea (Echidnophaga gallinacea Westwood), human flea (Pulex irritans Linnaeus) and other fleas afflicting mammals and birds. Additional arthropod pests covered include: spiders in the order Araneae such as the brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa Gertsch & Mulaik) and the black widow spider (Latrodectus mactans Fabricius), and centipedes in the order Scutigeromorpha such as the house centipede (Scutigera coleoptrata Linnaeus).

[0290] Examples of invertebrate pests of stored grain include larger grain borer (Prostephanus truncatus Horn), lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica Fabricius), rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae Linnaeus), maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky), cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius), red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum Herbst), granary weevil (Sitophilus granarius Linnaeus), Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella Hiibner), Mediterranean flour beetle (Ephestia kuehniella Zeller) and flat or rusty grain beetle (Cryptolestes ferrugineus Stephens).

[0291] Compositions of the present disclosure may be useful to control members of the Classes Nematoda, Cestoda, Trematoda, and Acanthocephala including economically important members of the orders Strongylida, Ascaridida, Oxyurida, Rhabditida, Spirurida, and Enoplida such as but not limited to economically important agricultural pests (i.e. root knot nematodes in the genus Meloidogyne lesion nematodes in the genus Pratylenchus, stubby root nematodes in the genus Trichodorus, etc.) and animal and human health pests (i.e. all economically important flukes, tapeworms, and roundworms, such as Strongylus vulgaris in horses, Toxocara canis indogs, Haemonchus contortus in sheep, Dirofilaria immitis Leidy in dogs, Anoplocephala perfoliata in horses, Fasciola hepatica Linnaeus in ruminants, etc.).

[0292] Compositions of the disclosure may be useful to control pests in the order Lepidoptera (e.g., Alabama argillacea Htibner (cotton leaf worm), Archips argyrospila Walker (fruit tree leaf roller), A. rosana Linnaeus (European leaf roller) and other Archips species, Chilo suppressalis Walker (rice stem borer), Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee (rice leaf roller), Crambus caliginosellus Clemens (corn root webworm), Crambus teterrellus Zincken (bluegrass webworm), Cydia pomonella Linnaeus (codling moth), Earias insulana Boisduval (spiny bollworm), Earias vittella Fabricius (spotted bollworm), Helicoverpa armigera Htibner (Old World bollworm), Helicoverpa zea Boddie (corn earworm), Heliothis x escens Amcwt (tobacco budworm), Herpetogramma hear si sails Walker (sod web worm), Lobesia botrana Denis & Schiffermuller (grape berry moth), Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders (pink bollworm), Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (citrus leafminer), Pieris brassicae Linnaeus (large white butterfly), Pieris rapae Linnaeus (small white butterfly), Phitella xylostella Linnaeus (diamondback moth), Spodoptera exigua Htibner (beet army worm), Spodoptera litura Fabricius (tobacco cutworm, cluster caterpillar), Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith (fall armyworm), Trichoplusia ni Htibner (cabbage looper) and Tuta absoluta Meyrick (tomato leafminer)).

[0293] Compositions of the disclosure may be useful to control members from the order Hemiptera including: Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (pea aphid), Aphis craccivora Koch (cowpea aphid), Aphis fabae Scopoli (black bean aphid), Aphis gossypii Glover (cotton aphid, melon aphid), Aphis pomi De Geer (apple aphid), Aphis spiraecola Patch (spirea aphid), Aulacorthum solani Kaltenbach (foxglove aphid), Chaetosiphon fragaefolii Cockerell (strawberry aphid), Diuraphis noxia Kurdjumov / Mordvilko (Russian wheat aphid), Dysaphis plantaginea Passerini (rosy apple aphid), Eriosoma lanigerum Hausmann (woolly apple aphid), Hyalopterus pruni Geoffrey (mealy plum aphid), Lipaphis pseudobrass icae Davis (turnip aphid), Metopolophium dirrhodum Walker (rose-grain aphid), Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas (potato aphid), Myzus persicae Sulzer (peach-potato aphid, green peach aphid), Nasonovia ribisnigri Mosley (lettuce aphid), Pemphigus spp. (root aphids and gall aphids), Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch (corn leaf aphid), Rhopalosiphum padi Linnaeus (bird cherry-oat aphid), Schizaphis graminum Rondani (greenbug), Sitobion avenae Fabricius (English grain aphid), Therioaphis maculata Buckton (spotted alfalfa aphid), Toxopteraaurantii Boyer de Fonscolombe (black citrus aphid), and Toxoptera citricidus Kirkaldy (brown citrus aphid); Adelges spp. (adelgids); Phylloxera devastatrix Pergande (pecan phylloxera); Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (tobacco whitefly, sweetpotato whitefly), Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring (silverleaf whitefly), Dialeurodes citri Ashmead (citrus whitefly) and Trialenrodes vaporariorum Westwood (greenhouse whitefly); Empoasca fabae Harris (potato leafhopper), Laodelphax striatellus Fallen (smaller brown planthopper), Macrosteles quadrilineatus Forbes (aster leafhopper), Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler (green rice leafhopper), Nephotettix nigropictus Stal (rice leafhopper), Nilaparvata lugens Stal (brown planthopper), Peregrinus maidis Ashmead (corn planthopper), Sogatella furcifera Horvath (white-backed planthopper), Tagosodes orizicolus Muir (rice delphacid), Typhlocyba pomaria McAtee (white apple leafhopper), Erythroneura spp. (grape leafhoppers); Magicidada septendecim Linnaeus (periodical cicada); Icerya purchasi Maskell (cottony cushion scale), Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comstock (San Jose scale); Pianococcus citri Risso (citrus mealybug); Pseudococcus spp. (other mealybug complex); Cacopsylla pyricola Foerster (pear psylla), Trioza diospyri Ashmead (persimmon psylla).

[0294] Compositions of this disclosure may be useful to control members from the order Hemiptera including: Acrosternum hilare Say (green stink bug), Anasa tristis De Geer (squash bug), Blissus leucopterus leucopterus Say (chinch bug), Cimex lectularius Linnaeus (bed bug), Corythucha gossypii Fabricius (cotton lace bug), Cyrtopeltis modesta Distant (tomato bug), Dysdercus suturellus Herrich-Schaffer (cotton stainer), Euschistus servus Say (brown stink bug), Euschistus variolarius Pali sot de Beauvois (one-spotted stink bug), Graptostethus spp. (complex of seed bugs), Halyomorpha halys Stal (brown marmorated stink bug), Leptoglossus corculus Say (leaf-footed pine seed bug), Lygus lineolaris Palisot de Beauvois (tarnished plant bug), Nezara viridula Linnaeus (southern green stink bug), Oebalus pugnax Fabricius (rice stink bug), Oncopeltus fasciatus Dallas (large milkweed bug), Pseudatomoscelis seriatus Reuter (cotton fleahopper). Other insect orders controlled by compositions of the disclosure include Thysanoptera (e.g., Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (western flower thrips), Scirtothrips citri Moulton (citrus thrips), Scirtothrips variabilis Beach (soybean thrips), and Thrips tabaci Lindeman (onion thrips); and the order Coleoptera (e.g., Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Colorado potato beetle), Epilachna varivestis Mulsant (Mexican bean beetle) and wireworms of the genera Agriotes, Athous or Limonius).

[0295] Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art using the preceding description can utilize the present disclosure to its fullest extent. The following Examples are, therefore, to be construed as merely illustrative, and not limiting of the disclosure in any way whatsoever.EXAMPLES

[0296] The disclosure is illustrated by the following examples.

[0297] Example 1. Synthesis.

[0298] An encapsulation composition according to the present disclosure was prepared as follows. First, a mixture including water, dispersant, colloidal protector, and antifoam was formed. The mixture was mixed at 600 rpm and 45 °C for 10 minutes. Second, a mixture including active ingredient, solvent, co-solvent, and lipid was formed. The mixture was mixed at 10,000 rpm and 40 °C for 30 minutes. Third, the separate mixtures were combined to form a single mixture. The single mixture was mixed at 600 rpm and room temperature for 30 minutes. After this final mixing, a microencapsulated product was obtained.

[0299] The microencapsulated product was in the form of a lamellar liquid crystal. The lamellar liquid crystal included a multi-layer emulsifier membrane surrounding a lipid core. The lipid core included a solid lipid and a liquid lipid hindering crystallization of solid lipid. Oil-soluble active ingredient in the lipid core may travel in the lipid medium between emulsifier membrane layers depending on polarity.

[0300] Scanning electron microscope images of this lamellar liquid crystal are shown in Figure 1. The left image has a scale bar of 5 pm and the right image has a scale bar of 1 pm. These images depict self-assembled gel network phases.

[0301] The encapsulation composition included the following ingredients.

[0302] Table t. Encapsulation composition.

[0303] Example 2. Stability.

[0304] The stability of the encapsulation composition prepared according to Example 1 (LC) was evaluated under different conditions. It was observed that the prepared encapsulation composition was stable. It was also observed that the encapsulation composition maintained integrity after spraying. The results are in the below table. “RT” stands for room temperature.

[0305] Table 2. Stability.

[0306] Example s. Volatility Control.

[0307] The volatility control of the encapsulation composition prepared according to Example 1 (LC) was evaluated and compared to comparative examples. The comparative examples include a commercial CS clomazone formulation (Gamit® CS, clomazone 360 g / L), a CS clomazone formulation encapsulated with chitosan-tripolyphosphate (CH- TP) crosslinking, and a CS clomazone formulation encapsulated with hexamethoxymethylmelamine (HMMM) self-condensate.

[0308] The formulations were each applied to a corn plant via electronic pipette after post-emergence. Each com plan was contained and isolated in a box. In particular, seven days after crop emergence, a plastic cup (80 mL) containing 30 g of sandy soil was placed in the center of each box. The application of each formulation was made inside the plastic cup with volume calculated by the box area. Immediately after application, the boxes were hermetically sealed for 72 hours. The use of plastic cups aimed to avoid the absorption of the herbicide by the roots of the plants and to evaluate only the effect of volatilization. After 72 hours of exposure, the boxes were opened, and the corn pots were removed from the box to avoid continuous exposure to the culture.

[0309] The results for percent crop injury after application of the formulations are in the below tables. DAA stands for days after application. There was no visual difference in crop injury among tested formulations.

[0310] Table 3. Volatility Control at 120 g ai / ha.

[0311] Table 4. Volatility Control at 1200 g ai / ha.

[0312] Table 5. Volatility Control at 12000 g ai / ha.

[0313] Example 4. Potency.

[0314] The potency of the prepared formulations on Echinochloa crus-galli (ECHCG) was also evaluated. The formulations were each applied to ECHCG via spray booth at preemergence. A comparative commercial EC clomazone formulation (Gamit® Star 800 EC, clomazone 800 g / L) was also applied. Potency results are shown in Table 6 below. ECx stands for effective concentration.

[0315] Table 6. Potency at 21 days after application.It was observed that, although there is no significant difference between the CS formulations, the LC formulation showed a tendency to be more potent on ECHCG than the other CS formulations.

[0316] Example 5. Releasing mechanism. The releasing mechanism of herbicide from the prepared formulations was evaluated via the Franz cell method. Releasing mechanism results are in the table below. It was observed that, depending on the capsule material, diffusion or erosion can be the main releasing mechanism.

[0317] Table 7. Releasing mechanism.

[0318] Example 6. Insecticide formulations.

[0319] Encapsulation compositions according to the present disclosure and comparative encapsulation compositions were prepared. The encapsulation compositions were characterized as follows.

[0320] Table 8. Encapsulation compositions.

[0321] Example 7. Dose Responses. Dose responses were measured for various formulations on stink bug Euschistus heros (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). In particular, stink bugs were allowed to infest soybean seedlings for one hour. Then formulations were applied on soybean seedlings. The formulations were applied at different rates with a sprayer booth, with a total spray volume of 200 L / ha. The soybean seedlings were sealed with 10 insects and kept at 26 °C, 60% RH, and in cycles of 14 hours light and 10 hours dark for 120 hours.

[0322] Dose response results for three trials are in the tables below. It was observed that the inventive compositions provided excellent performance for multiple active ingredients, especially with respect to the comparative compositions.

[0323] Table 9. Dose responses in parts-per-million (ppm).

[0324] Table 10. Dose responses.

[0325] Table 11. Dose responses in parts-per-million.

[0326] Table 12. Dose responses.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. An encapsulation composition comprising: a lamellar liquid crystal comprising a lipid; and an encapsulated core comprising an active agrochemical ingredient.

2. The encapsulation composition of claim 1, wherein the lipid is selected from waxes, esters of monohydric alcohols; long chain hydrocarbons, C12to C60hydrocarbons; fats, glycerides of medium chain fatty acids or long chain fatty acids, monoglycerides of medium chain fatty acids or long chain fatty acids, diglycerides of medium chain fatty acids or long chain fatty acids, triglycerides of medium chain fatty acids or long chain fatty acids, glycerides derived from coconut oil, glycerides derived from palm kernel oil; oils, fatty oils derived from animal, vegetable or marine sources, mineral oils, non-volatile hydrocarbons, essential oils, plant-derived volatile or non-volatile oils; neutral glycerolipids, mono-, di-, and tri- acylglycerols or their neutral derivatives, mono-, di-, and tri- acylglycerols or their alkoxy and polyalkoxy derivatives, acyl derivatives of glycerophospholipids or mono- and di-galactoacylglycerols; polar lipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingomyelins, galactosylacylglycerols; phospholipids; terpenes; sterols; ceramides; medium chain fatty acids or long chain fatty acids, esters of medium chain fatty acids or long chain fatty acids, and combinations thereof.

3. The encapsulation composition of claim 1, wherein the lipid is selected from glycerides of medium chain fatty acids or long chain fatty acids, monoglycerides of medium chain fatty acids or long chain fatty acids, diglycerides of medium chain fatty acids or long chain fatty acids, triglycerides of medium chain fatty acids or long chain fatty acids, caprylic / capric triglyceride, caprylic / capric triglyceride made using glycerol from a vegetable oil source and medium chain fatty acids from coconut and palm kernel oils, glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl tristearate, glyceryl trilaurate, glyceryl trimyristate, glyceryl tripalmitate, phospholipids, soybean lecithin, medium chain fatty acids or long chain fatty acids, esters of medium chain fatty acids or long chain fatty acids, stearic acid, linoleic acid, lauric acid, cetyl palmite, oleyl laurate, and combinations thereof.

4. The encapsulation composition of claim 1, wherein the lipid is selected from wool wax, purified lanolin, lanolin, lanolin derivatives, lanolin oil, lanolin alcohols, lanolin esters, isopropyl lanolate, polyoxyalkylene condensate derivatives of lanolin, polyethyleneglycol ethers of lanolin alcohol, polypropyleneglycol ethers of lanolin alcohol, polyethyleneglycol ethers of lanolin, polyethyleneglycol ethers of lanolin oil, polypropyleneglycol ethers of lanolin oil, linear or branched polyglycerol ethers, polyoxyethyleneated fatty alcohols, various polyol esters, natural glycolipids, synthetic glycolipids, waxes, fat, animal fat, suet, lard, tallow, and combinations thereof.

5. The encapsulation composition of claim 1, wherein the encapsulated core comprises a component selected from solvents, co-solvents, dispersants, and combinations thereof.

6. The encapsulation composition of claim 1, wherein the active agrochemical ingredient is a herbicide selected from clomazone, bixlozone, broclozone, and combinations thereof.

7. The encapsulation composition of claim 1, wherein the active agrochemical ingredient is an insecticide selected from bifenthrin, zeta-cypermethrin, and combinations thereof.

8. The encapsulation composition of claim 1, wherein the encapsulation composition is in a form of nanocapsules having an average particle size in a range of from about 1 nm to about 1000 nm.

9. The encapsulation composition of claim 1, wherein the encapsulation composition is in a form of nanocapsules having an average particle size in a range of from about 50 nm to about 200 nm.

10. A composition comprising the encapsulation composition according to claim 1 dispersed in an aqueous solution.

11. The composition of claim 10, wherein the aqueous solution comprises a component selected from water, dispersants, colloidal protectors, antifoams, and combinations thereof.

12. The composition of claim 10, wherein the composition is in a form selected from a capsule suspension (CS) formulation, a mixed ZC formulation comprising a CS formulation and a suspension concentrate (SC) formulation, a mixed ZE formulation comprising a CS formulation and a suspo-emulsion (SE) formulation, a mixed ZW formulation comprising a CS formulation and an oil in water emulsion (EW) formulation, and combinations thereof.

13. A method of preparing an encapsulation composition comprising: a lamellar liquid crystal comprising a lipid; and an encapsulated core comprising an active agrochemical ingredient, wherein the method comprises: forming an aqueous mixture comprising: water; a dispersant; optionally a colloidal protector; and optionally an antifoam; mixing the aqueous mixture; forming a non-aqueous mixture comprising: the active agrochemical ingredient; the lipid; optionally a solvent; andoptionally a co-solvent; mixing the non-aqueous mixture; forming a combined mixture comprising the aqueous mixture and the nonaqueous mixture; and mixing the combined mixture.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein mixing the aqueous mixture comprises mixing the aqueous mixture at a rate in a range of from about 400 rpm to about 800 rpm.

15. The method of claim 13, wherein mixing the non-aqueous mixture comprises mixing the non-aqueous mixture at a rate in a range of from about 8000 rpm to about 12000 rpm.

16. The method of claim 13, wherein mixing the combined mixture comprises mixing the combined mixture at a rate in a range of from about 400 rpm to about 800 rpm.

17. The method of claim 13, wherein mixing the aqueous mixture comprises mixing the aqueous mixture at a temperature in a range of from about 30 °C to about 60 °C.

18. The method of claim 13, wherein mixing the non-aqueous mixture comprises mixing the non-aqueous mixture at a temperature in a range of from about 30 °C to about 60 °C.

19. The method of claim 13, wherein mixing the combined mixture comprises mixing the combined mixture at a temperature in a range of from about 15 °C to about 35 °C.

20. An encapsulation composition prepared according to the method of claim 13.

21. A method for controlling undesirable vegetation, the method comprising applying to the undesirable vegetation or to a locus thereof or applying to a soil or water to prevent an emergence or growth of the undesirable vegetation a biologically effective amount of a composition comprising: a lamellar liquid crystal comprising a lipid; andan encapsulated core comprising an active agrochemical ingredient.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein the undesirable vegetation comprises at least one herbicide resistant or tolerant weed species.

23. The method of claim 21, wherein the undesirable vegetation comprises a weed selected from a broad leaf weed or a grass weed.

24. The method of claim 21, wherein the undesirable vegetation is selected from Abutilon theophrasti (ABUTH), Acalypha virginica (ACCVI), Alopecurus myosuroides (ALOMY), Amaranthus retroflexus (AMARE), Ambrosia artemisiifolia (AMBEL), Anagallis arvensis (ANGAR), Apera spica-venti (APESV), Arrhenatherum elatius (ARREB), Calystegia sepium (CAGSE), Capsella bursa-pastoris (CAPBP), Centaurea cyamis (CENCY), Chenopodium album (CHEAL), Chenopodium hybridum (CHEHY), Chenopodium polyspermum (CHEPO), Convolvulus arvensis (CONAR), Cynodon dactylon (CYNDA), Cyperus difformis (CYPDI), Cyperus iria (CYPIR), Datura stramonium (DATST), Daucus carota (DAUCA), Descurainia sophia (DES SO), Digitaria sanguinalis (DIGS A), Echinochloa crus-galli (ECHCG), Echinochloa colonum (ECHCO), Eumaria officinalis (FUMOF), Galium aparine (GALAP), Galinsoga quadriradiata (GASCI), Geranium dissectum (GERDI), Geranium mole (GERMO), Geranium pusilium (GERPU), Hibiscus trionum (HIBTR), Lamium amplexicaule (LAMAM), Lamium purpur eum (LAMPU), Buglossoides arvensis (LIT AR), Lolium multiflorum (LOLMU), Lolium perenne (LOLPE), Lolium rigidum (LOLRI), Matricaria chamomilla (MATCH), Tripleurospermum inodorum (MATIN), Mercurialis annua (MERAN), Panicum dichotomiflorum (PANDI), Panicum miliaceum (PANMI), Papaver rhoeas (PAPRH), Phalaris minor (PHAMI), Poa annua (POAAN), Polygonum aviculare (POLAV), Fallopia convolvulus (POLCO), Persicaria hydropiper (POLHY), Persicaria lapathifolia (POLLA), Persicaria maculosa (POLPE), Portulaca oleracea (POROL), Potentilla tridentate (PTLTR), Senecio vulgaris (SENVU), Setaria pumila (SETPU), Setaria viridis (SETVI), Solatium nigrum (SOLNI), Sorghum halepense (SORHA), Stellaria media (STEME), Trifolium incarnation (TRFIN), Veronica arvensis (VERAR), Veronica hederifolia (VERHE), Veronica persica (VERPE), Viola arvensis (VIOAR), mA Xanlhium strumarium (XANST), and combinations thereof.

25. The method of claim 21, wherein the composition is applied at a stage selected from pre-emergence, post-emergence, and combinations thereof.

26. A method for controlling an invertebrate pest, the method comprising applying to the invertebrate pest or its environment a biologically effective amount of a composition comprising: a lamellar liquid crystal comprising a lipid; and an encapsulated core comprising an active agrochemical ingredient.

27. The method of claim 26, wherein the environment is selected from plants, animals, and seeds.

28. The method of claim 26, wherein the pest includes eggs, larvae, or adults selected from the order Hemiptera, Acrosternum hilar e Say (green stink bug), Anasa tristis De Geer (squash bug), Blissus leucopterus leucopterus Say (chinch bug), Cimex lectularius Linnaeus (bed bug), Corythucha gossypii Fabricius (cotton lace bug), Cyrtopeltis modesta Distant (tomato bug), Dichelops melacanthus Dallas (green belly Stink bug), Dysdercus suturellus Herri ch- Schaffer (cotton stainer), Euschistus heros Fabricius (Neotropical Brown Stink Bug), Euschistus servus Say (brown stink bug), Euschistus variolarius Palisot de Beauvois (one-spotted stink bug), Graptostethus spp. (complex of seed bugs), Halyomorpha halys Stal (brown marmorated stink bug), Leptoglossus corculus Say (leaf-footed pine seed bug), Lygus lineolaris Palisot de Beauvois (tarnished plant bug), Nezara viridula Linnaeus (southern green stink bug), Oebalus pugnax Fabricius (rice stink bug), Oncopeltus fasciatus Dallas (large milkweed bug), Pseudatomoscelis seriatus Reuter (cotton fleahopper); stink bugs from the family Pentatomidae; and combinations thereof.

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