Devices, methods, and medium for communication
By determining and adjusting transmission power based on path losses and device indications, the communication efficiency and energy conservation of A-IoT devices in NR systems are improved, addressing the challenges of existing communication technologies.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/108478
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-07-20
- Publication Date
- 2025-01-23
AI Technical Summary
Existing communication technologies for ambient internet of things (A-IoT) devices in new radio (NR) systems face challenges in efficiently managing transmission power and interference, particularly for ultra-low complexity and low power consumption devices.
The implementation of devices, methods, and a computer storage medium that determine and adjust transmission power for carrier wave signals and backward signals based on path losses, power gains, and indications from network or terminal devices, thereby optimizing communication efficiency and reducing interference.
This approach enhances communication efficiency by optimizing transmission power settings, reducing interference, and improving the performance of A-IoT devices in NR systems, while also conserving energy.
Smart Images

Figure CN2023108478_23012025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
DEVICES, METHODS, AND MEDIUM FOR COMMUNICATIONFIELD
[0001] Example embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to the field of communication techniques and in particular, to devices, methods, and a computer readable medium for communication.BACKGROUND
[0002] Recently, a new work item on ambient internet of things (A-IoT) is ongoing in new radio (NR) release 18 (Rel-18) . A new third generation partner project (3GPP) IoT technology is targeted to be studied, which relies on the A-IoT devices. The A-IoT devices may be ultra-low complexity devices with ultra-low power consumption for the very-low end IoT applications. However, some new features should be introduced to support the A-IoT devices in the NR system.SUMMARY
[0003] In general, example embodiments of the present disclosure provide devices, methods, and a computer storage medium for communication.
[0004] In a first aspect, there is provided a first device. The first device comprises at least one processor configured to cause the first device at least to: determine a transmission power for a carrier wave (CW) signal being used to generate a backward signal by an A-IoT device based on at least one of: a first path loss of the CW signal from the first device to a network device, a second path loss of the backward signal from the A-IoT device to the network device, a power loss or a power gain at the A-IoT device while generating the backward signal, a third path loss of a transmission link from the first device to a second device via the A-IoT device, wherein the second device is a receiving device of a backward signal from the A-IoT device; and transmit, to the A-IoT device, the CW signal with the transmission power.
[0005] In a second aspect, there is provided an A-IoT device. The A-IoT device comprises at least one processor configured to cause the A-IoT device at least to: determine a transmission power or an amplifier gain for a backward signal to a second device based on at least one of: an indication from a network device or a terminal device, a first path loss of the backward signal from the A-IoT device to the second device, a power gap indicating a difference between a target received power of a backward reference signal at the second device and a measured received power of the backward reference signal at the second device, a received power of a CW signal from a first device to the A-IoT device, or a counter of power ramping; and transmit, to the second device, the backward signal based on the transmission power or the amplifier gain.
[0006] In a third aspect, there is provided a method of communication. The method comprises: determining, at a first device, a transmission power of a CW signal being used to generated a backward signal by an A-IoT device based on at least one of: a first path loss of the CW signal from the first device to a network device, a second path loss of the backward signal from the A-IoT device to the network device, a power loss or a power gain at the A-IoT device while generating the backward signal, a third path loss of a transmission link from the first device to a second device via the A-IoT device, wherein the second device is a receiving device of the backward signal from the A-IoT device; and transmitting, to the A-IoT device, the CW signal with the transmission power.
[0007] In a fourth aspect, there is provided a method of communication. The method comprises: determining, at an A-IoT device, a transmission power or an amplifier gain for a backward signal to a second device based on at least one of: an indication from a network device or a terminal device, a first path loss of the backward signal from the A-IoT device to the second device, a power gap indicating a difference between a target received power of a backward reference signal at the second device and a measured received power of the backward reference signal at the second device, a received power of a CW signal from a first device to the A-IoT device, or a counter of power ramping; and transmitting, to the second device, the backward signal based on the transmission power or the amplifier gain.
[0008] In a fifth aspect, there is provided a computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to carry out the method according to any of the fourth to the sixth aspects above.
[0009] It is to be understood that the summary section is not intended to identify key or essential features of embodiments of the present disclosure, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Other features of the present disclosure will become easily comprehensible through the following description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0010] Through the more detailed description of some example embodiments of the present disclosure in the accompanying drawings, the above and other objects, features and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent, wherein:
[0011] FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of communication of a tag;
[0012] FIGS. 2A-2E illustrate some example communication environment in which some embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented;
[0013] FIGS. 3A-3E illustrate some example communication environment in which some embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented;
[0014] FIGS. 4A-4B illustrate schematic diagrams of type-A device and type-B device respectively in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0015] FIG. 5 illustrates an example communication environment in which some embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented;
[0016] FIGS. 6A-6B illustrate some example communication environments in which some embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented;
[0017] FIGS. 7A-7C illustrate some example communication environments in which some embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented;
[0018] FIG. 8 illustrates a signalling chart illustrating communication process in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0019] FIG. 9 illustrates a signalling chart illustrating communication process in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0020] FIG. 10 illustrates a flowchart of an example method implemented at a first device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0021] FIG. 11 illustrates a flowchart of an example method implemented at an A-IoT device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; and
[0022] FIG. 12 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a device that is suitable for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0023] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar element.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0024] Principle of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some example embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. Embodiments described herein can be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0025] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0026] References in the present disclosure to “one embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” and the like indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
[0027] It shall be understood that although the terms “first” and “second” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of example embodiments. As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.
[0028] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof.
[0029] In some examples, values, procedures, or apparatus are referred to as “best, ” “lowest, ” “highest, ” “minimum, ” “maximum, ” or the like. It will be appreciated that such descriptions are intended to indicate that a selection among many used functional alternatives can be made, and such selections need not be better, smaller, higher, or otherwise preferable to other selections.
[0030] As used herein, the term “communication network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards, such as New Radio (NR) , Long Term Evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) , Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) and so on. Furthermore, the communications between a terminal device and a network device in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including, but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the fifth generation (5G) , 5.5G, 5G-Advanced networks, or the sixth generation (6G) communication protocols, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied in various communication systems. Given the rapid development in communications, there will of course also be future type communication technologies and systems with which the present disclosure may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the present disclosure to only the aforementioned system.
[0031] As used herein, the term “terminal device” refers to any device having wireless or wired communication capabilities. Examples of terminal device include, but not limited to, user equipment (UE) , personal computers, desktops, mobile phones, cellular phones, smart phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs) , portable computers, tablets, wearable devices, internet of things (IoT) devices, Ultra-reliable and Low Latency Communications (URLLC) devices, Internet of Everything (IoE) devices, machine type communication (MTC) devices, device on vehicle for V2X communication where X means pedestrian, vehicle, or infrastructure / network, devices for Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) , Space borne vehicles or Air borne vehicles in Non-terrestrial networks (NTN) including Satellites and High Altitude Platforms (HAPs) encompassing Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) , eXtended Reality (XR) devices including different types of realities such as Augmented Reality (AR) , Mixed Reality (MR) and Virtual Reality (VR) , the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) commonly known as a drone which is an aircraft without any human pilot, devices on high speed train (HST) , or image capture devices such as digital cameras, sensors, gaming devices, music storage and playback appliances, or Internet appliances enabling wireless or wired Internet access and browsing and the like. The ‘terminal device’ can further has ‘multicast / broadcast’ feature, to support public safety and mission critical, V2X applications, transparent IPv4 / IPv6 multicast delivery, IPTV, smart TV, radio services, software delivery over wireless, group communications and IoT applications. It may also be incorporated one or multiple Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) as known as Multi-SIM. The term “terminal device” can be used interchangeably with a UE, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile terminal, a user terminal or a wireless device.
[0032] As used herein, the term “network device” refers to a device which is capable of providing or hosting a cell or coverage where terminal devices can communicate. Examples of a network device include, but not limited to, a satellite, a unmanned aerial systems (UAS) platform, a Node B (NodeB or NB) , an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a next generation NodeB (gNB) , a transmission reception point (TRP) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , a radio head (RH) , a remote radio head (RRH) , an IAB node, a low power node such as a femto node, a pico node, a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) , and the like.
[0033] In one embodiment, the terminal device may be connected with a first network device and a second network device. One of the first network device and the second network device may be a master node and the other one may be a secondary node. The first network device and the second network device may use different radio access technologies (RATs) . In one embodiment, the first network device may be a first RAT device and the second network device may be a second RAT device. In one embodiment, the first RAT device is eNB and the second RAT device is gNB. Information related with different RATs may be transmitted to the terminal device from at least one of the first network device and the second network device. In one embodiment, first information may be transmitted to the terminal device from the first network device and second information may be transmitted to the terminal device from the second network device directly or via the first network device. In one embodiment, information related with configuration for the terminal device configured by the second network device may be transmitted from the second network device via the first network device. Information related with reconfiguration for the terminal device configured by the second network device may be transmitted to the terminal device from the second network device directly or via the first network device.
[0034] Communications discussed herein may conform to any suitable standards including, but not limited to, New Radio (NR) Access, Long Term Evolution (LTE) , LTE-Evolution, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , cdma2000, and Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and the like. Furthermore, the communications may be performed according to any generation communication protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Examples of the communication protocols include, but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.85G, the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the fifth generation (5G) , and the sixth (6G) communication protocols. The techniques described herein may be used for the wireless networks and radio technologies mentioned above as well as other wireless networks and radio technologies. The embodiments of the present disclosure may be performed according to any generation communication protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Examples of the communication protocols include, but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the fifth generation (5G) communication protocols, 5.5G, 5G-Advanced networks, or the sixth generation (6G) networks.
[0035] The terminal device or the network device may have Artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning capability. It generally includes a model which has been trained from numerous collected data for a specific function, and can be used to predict some information.
[0036] The terminal device or the network device may work on several frequency ranges, e.g. FR1 (410 MHz –7125 MHz) , FR2 (24.25GHz to 71GHz) , frequency band larger than 100GHz as well as Tera Hertz (THz) . It can further work on licensed / unlicensed / shared spectrum. The terminal device may have more than one connection with the network device under Multi-Radio Dual Connectivity (MR-DC) application scenario. The terminal device or the network device can work on full duplex, flexible duplex and cross division duplex modes.
[0037] The embodiments of the present disclosure may be performed in test equipment, e.g., signal generator, signal analyzer, spectrum analyzer, network analyzer, test terminal device, test network device, or channel emulator.
[0038] The embodiments of the present disclosure may be performed according to any generation communication protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Examples of the communication protocols include, but not limited to, the 1G, 2G, 2.5G, 2.75G, 3G, 4G, 4.5G, 5G, 5.5G, 5G-Advanced networks, or 6G networks.
[0039] The term “circuitry” used herein may refer to hardware circuits and / or combinations of hardware circuits and software. For example, the circuitry may be a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuits with software / firmware. As a further example, the circuitry may be any portions of hardware processors with software including digital signal processor (s) , software, and memory (ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a terminal device or a network device, to perform various functions. In a still further example, the circuitry may be hardware circuits and or processors, such as a microprocessor or a portion of a microprocessor, that requires software / firmware for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation. As used herein, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (s) or a portion of a hardware circuit or processor (s) and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware.
[0040] As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The term “includes” and its variants are to be read as open terms that mean “includes, but is not limited to. ” The term “based on” is to be read as “based at least in part on. ” The term “one embodiment” and “an embodiment” are to be read as “at least one embodiment. ” The term “another embodiment” is to be read as “at least one other embodiment. ” The terms “first, ” “second, ” and the like may refer to different or same objects. Other definitions, explicit and implicit, may be included below.
[0041] In some examples, values, procedures, or apparatus are referred to as “best, ” “lowest, ” “highest, ” “minimum, ” “maximum, ” or the like. It will be appreciated that such descriptions are intended to indicate that a selection among many used functional alternatives can be made, and such selections need not be better, smaller, higher, or otherwise preferable to other selections.
[0042] It is proposed to study a deployment of A-IoT devices in 3GPP system, such as an NR system. To support A-IoT devices in the NR system, some new features should be introduced and studied, such as new waveform, new frame structure, new physical layer and higher layer procedure.
[0043] A-IoT devices have ultra-low power consumption. In terms of energy storage, the A-IoT devices may be pure batteryless devices with no energy storage capability at all, and completely be dependent on the availability of an external source of energy; or the A-IoT devices may be devices with limited energy storage capability that do not need to be replaced or recharged manually.
[0044] The batteryless devices or devices with limited energy storage capability have already been widely used in many real-world applications, e.g., retail, positioning, highway toll charging, etc. For a batteryless device, such as a radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag, backscattered communication may be used. FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of communication 100 of a tag. A reader 110 may transmit a continuous wave to the tag 120, where the reader 110 may also be called as an interrogator and the continuous wave is a pure carrier wave signal without modulated information on it. The tag 120 may harvest the energy from the received continuous wave, and then modulate its information on the wave and transmit it to the reader 110. For a device with energy storage capability (e.g., a device with solar battery) , the continuous wave may not be needed since the device may have enough power to generate the carrier wave by an oscillator module.
[0045] Before a tag can receive a transmission from a reader, a power-up time is needed. The reader should transmit a radio frequency (RF) signal to energize the tag in this duration. For example, the power-up time for an RFID tag does not exceed maximum settling-time interval of reader, i.e., 1500us.
[0046] FIGS. 2A-2E illustrate some example communication environment in which some embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented. The possible deployment scenarios for an A-IoT device in an NR system may be divided into two categories: a monostatic architecture and a bistatic architecture.
[0047] In the present disclosure, a monostatic architecture may involve at least two entities, e.g., a network device and an A-IoT device, or a terminal device and an A-IoT device. A bistatic architecture may involve at least three entities, e.g., a network device, a terminal device and an A-IoT device, or two terminal devices and an A-IoT device.
[0048] In the present disclosure, a transmission link to the A-IoT device may be referred to as a forward link (FL) , in this case, the A-IoT device is a receiver of a transmission from a network device or a terminal device. A transmission link from the A-IoT device may be referred to as a backward link (BL) , in this case, the A-IoT device is a transmitter of a transmission to a network device or a terminal device.
[0049] As shown in FIG. 2A, which illustrates an example environment 210 of a monostatic architecture, a terminal device 211 may perform a transmission to an A-IoT device 212 through an FL, and the A-IoT device 212 may perform a transmission to the terminal device 211 through a BL, for example, the BL transmission may be a response of the FL transmission. As shown in FIG. 2B, which illustrates an example environment 220 of a monostatic architecture, a network device 221 may perform a transmission to an A-IoT device 222 through an FL, and the A-IoT device 222 may perform a transmission to the network device 221 through a BL, for example, the BL transmission may be a response of the FL transmission.
[0050] As shown in FIG. 2C, which illustrates an example environment 230 of a bistatic architecture, a terminal device 231 may perform a transmission to an A-IoT device 232 through an FL, and the A-IoT device 232 may perform a transmission to another terminal device 233 through a BL. As shown in FIG. 2D, which illustrates an example environment 240 of a bistatic architecture, a terminal device 241 may perform a transmission to an A-IoT device 242 through an FL, and the A-IoT device 242 may perform a transmission to a network device 243 through a BL. As shown in FIG. 2E, which illustrates an example environment 230 of a bistatic architecture, a network device 251 may perform a transmission to an A-IoT device 252 through an FL, and the A-IoT device 252 may perform a transmission to a terminal device 253 through a BL.
[0051] In some example embodiments, a further device, such as a further terminal device, may be introduced to charge the A-IoT device. The further device may be used to transmit a carrier wave (CW) signal to the A-IoT device, in some examples, the further device may be referred to as a CW source device. For example, the further device may be a CW source terminal device, such as a CW source UE.
[0052] The CW signal may be called as a CW for brevity, and the CW signal may be transmitted to the A-IoT device. In some examples, the CW may be used for generating a backscattered signal by the A-IoT device. In some examples, the CW may be used for providing energy source to the A-IoT device. In some examples, the CW may be used for both the two purposes: i.e., generating a backscattered signal by the A-IoT device and providing energy source to the A-IoT device. As an example, CW is a pure sine or cosine wave; as another example, CW is a modulated signal, e.g., an Orthogonal Frequency Divided Multiple (OFDM) signal or a single carrier signal.
[0053] As shown in FIG. 3A, which illustrates an example environment 310 of a monostatic architecture, a terminal device 311 may perform a transmission to an A-IoT device 312 through an FL, and the A-IoT device 312 may perform a transmission to the terminal device 311 through a BL. A terminal device 315 (aCW source UE) is also shown, which may be used to transmit CW to the A-IoT device 312.
[0054] As shown in FIG. 3B, which illustrates an example environment 320 of a monostatic architecture, a network device 321 may perform a transmission to an A-IoT device 312 through an FL, and the A-IoT device 322 may perform a transmission to the network device 321 through a BL. A terminal device 325 (aCW source UE) is also shown, which may be used to transmit CW to the A-IoT device 322.
[0055] As shown in FIG. 3C, which illustrates an example environment 330 of a bistatic architecture, a terminal device 331 may perform a transmission to an A-IoT device 332 through an FL, and the A-IoT device 332 may perform a transmission to another terminal device 333 through a BL. A terminal device 335 (aCW source UE) is also shown, which may be used to transmit CW to the A-IoT device 332.
[0056] As shown in FIG. 3D, which illustrates an example environment 340 of a bistatic architecture, a terminal device 341 may perform a transmission to an A-IoT device 342 through an FL, and the A-IoT device 342 may perform a transmission to a network device 343 through a BL. A terminal device 345 (aCW source UE) is also shown, which may be used to transmit CW to the A-IoT device 342.
[0057] As shown in FIG. 3E, which illustrates an example environment 350 of a bistatic architecture, a network device 351 may perform a transmission to an A-IoT device 352 through an FL, and the A-IoT device 352 may perform a transmission to a terminal device 353 through a BL. A terminal device 355 (aCW source UE) is also shown, which may be used to transmit CW to the A-IoT device 352.
[0058] Although the CW source device as shown in FIGS. 3A-3E is a CW source UE, in some other example embodiments, it is noted that the CW source device may be a further network device. Although the CW source device as shown in FIGS. 3A-3E is a further device, in some other example embodiments, it is noted that the CW source device may be one of devices for FL or BL transmission.
[0059] The network device shown in FIGS. 2B, 2D, 2E, 3B, 3D, or 3E may be relatively far from the A-IoT device, and any of the terminal devices shown in FIGS. 2A, or 2C-3E may be close to the A-IoT device.
[0060] In some example embodiments, one of the terminal devices shown in FIGS. 2A-3E may be located with coverage of a network device, such as a serving network device. In some example embodiments, another one of the terminal devices shown in FIGS. 2A-3E may be located out of coverage of any network device. In some examples, a link from the serving network device to the terminal device is referred to as a downlink (DL) , while a link from the terminal device to the serving network device is referred to as an uplink (UL) . In downlink, the serving network device is a transmitting (TX) device (or a transmitter) and the terminal device is a receiving (RX) device (or a receiver) . In uplink, the terminal device is a transmitting TX device (or a transmitter) and the serving network device is a RX device (or a receiver) . In some embodiments, the serving network device and the terminal device may communicate with direct links / channels. DL may comprise one or more logical channels, including but not limited to a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) and a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) . UL may comprise one or more logical channels, including but not limited to a Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) and a Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) . As used herein, the term “channel” may refer to a carrier or a part of a carrier consisting of a contiguous set of resource blocks (RBs) on which a channel access procedure is performed in shared spectrum.
[0061] Communications in the environment, between a network device and a terminal device for example, between a network device / aterminal device and an A-IoT device for example, may be implemented according to any proper communication protocol (s) , comprising, but not limited to, cellular communication protocols of the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , the fifth generation (5G) , the sixth generation (6G) , and the like, wireless local network communication protocols such as Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 and the like, and / or any other protocols currently known or to be developed in the future. Moreover, the communication may utilize any proper wireless communication technology, comprising but not limited to: Code Divided Multiple Address (CDMA) , Frequency Divided Multiple Address (FDMA) , Time Divided Multiple Address (TDMA) , Frequency Divided Duplexer (FDD) , Time Divided Duplexer (TDD) , Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) , Orthogonal Frequency Divided Multiple Access (OFDMA) and / or any other technologies currently known or to be developed in the future.
[0062] Embodiments of the present disclosure can be applied to any suitable scenarios. For example, embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented at reduced capability NR devices. Alternatively, embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented in one of the followings: NR multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) , NR sidelink enhancements, NR systems with frequency above 52.6GHz, an extending NR operation up to 71GHz, narrow band-Internet of Thing (NB-IOT) / enhanced Machine Type Communication (eMTC) over non-terrestrial networks (NTN) , NTN, UE power saving enhancements, NR coverage enhancement, NB-IoT and LTE-MTC, Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) , NR Multicast and Broadcast Services, or enhancements on Multi-Radio Dual-Connectivity.
[0063] It is to be understood that the numbers of devices (i.e., the network device, the terminal device, and the A-IoT device) and their connection relationships and types shown in FIGS. 2A-3E are only for the purpose of illustration without suggesting any limitation. The environment may include any suitable numbers of devices adapted for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0064] In the present disclosure, a signal transmitted over the FL may be referred to as a forward signal, which may be also referred to as an FL signal, an FL transmission, or the like. In the present disclosure, a signal transmitted over the BL may be referred to as a backward signal, which may be also referred to as a BL signal, a BL transmission, a backscattering signal, a backscattering transmission, a reflected signal, a reflected transmission, or the like. In the present disclosure, a transmission link from a CW source device to an A-IoT device may be called as a CW link, which may be used for CW signal transmission.
[0065] The A-IoT devices may be characterized according to their energy storage capacity, and capability of generating RF signals for their transmission. For example, a device may have one of the following energy storage capacities:
[0066] - Storage capacity a: No storage at all.
[0067] - Storage capacity 2: Up to E1 Joules.
[0068] - Storage capacity 3: Up to E2 Joules.
[0069] It is to be understood that there may be two capacities in case E1=E2. In this case, a device with storage capacity 2 / 3 may be a device with a limited energy storage.
[0070] The following sets of A-IoT devices may be considered by relying on these storage capacities:
[0071] - - Device A: No energy storage, no independent signal generation / amplification, i.e. backscattering transmission.
[0072] - - Device B: Has energy storage, no independent signal generation, i.e. backscattering transmission. Use of stored energy can include amplification for reflected signals.
[0073] - - Device C: Has energy storage, has independent signal generation, i.e., active RF components for transmission.
[0074] As mentioned above, an A-IoT device may perform a backscattering transmission. Since there may be an interference between different transmissions, it is beneficial to perform a power control. For example, for an A-IoT device, a power control may be needed to control the interference from the signal transmitted by the A-IoT device to a signal transmitted by another device.
[0075] FIGS. 4A-4B illustrate schematic diagrams of type-A device 410 and type-B device 420 respectively in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 4A, for a Type A device, it has no power amplifier, the power control may rely on the control of transmission power of the CW, i.e., power control of CW source device. As shown in FIG. 4B, for a Type B device, it has a power amplifier (PA) 425, the reflected signal may be amplified before transmission, the amplifier gain can be adjustable to control the output power.
[0076] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution of communication. In the solution, a first device may determine a transmission power for a CW signal, and the CW signal may be further transmitted to an A-IoT device by using the transmission power. In some examples, the transmission power of the CW signal may be determined based on one or more of: a first path loss of the CW signal from the first device to a network device, a second path loss of the backward signal from the A-IoT device to the network device, a power loss or a power gain at the A-IoT device while generating the backward signal, a third path loss of a transmission link from the first device to a second device via the A-IoT device. As such, an interference of the backward signal to other signal (s) may be reduced, and thus a communication efficiency may be guaranteed. Principles and implementations of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the figures.
[0077] FIG. 5 illustrates an example communication environment 500 in which some embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented. The communication environment 500 may also be called as a network environment, a network system, a communication system, a communication network, or the like, the present disclosure does not limit this aspect. The communication environment 500 includes a first device 510, an A-IoT device 520, a network device 532, and a terminal device 534.
[0078] In the environment 500, the first device 510 may be a CW source device, which may transmit a CW signal to the A-IoT device 520. The CW signal may be used for generating a backward signal by the A-IoT device 520, e.g., the A-IoT device 520 may transmit the backward signal to a second device, where the backward signal may be transmitted over a BL. As shown in FIG. 5, the BL may be from the A-IoT device 520 to the network device 532, from A-IoT device 520 to the terminal device 534, or from A-IoT device 520 to the first device 510. In other words, the second device (for ease of description, may be represented as the second device 530) may be one of: the first device 510, the network device 532, or the terminal device 534.
[0079] It is noted that a type of the first device 510 in the present disclosure is not limited, for example, the first device 510 may be a terminal device or may be a network device.
[0080] FIGS. 6A-6B illustrate some example communication environments in which some embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented. As shown in FIG. 6A, the terminal device 610 (which is a CW source UE) may transmit a CW signal to the A-IoT device 620, and the A-IoT device 620 may transmit a backward signal to the network device 630. In this case, since the terminal device 610 is located within coverage of the network device 630, a transmission of the CW signal may lead to an inference to a transmission performed by the network device 630. As shown in FIG. 6B, the terminal device 660 (which is a CW source UE) may transmit a CW signal to the A-IoT device 670, and the A-IoT device 670 may transmit a backward signal to another terminal device 690. In this case, since the terminal device 660 is located within coverage of the network device 680, a transmission of the CW signal may lead to an inference to a transmission performed by the network device 680.
[0081] It is to be noted that the A-IoT device 620 in FIG. 6A or the A-IoT device 670 in FIG. 6B may be a device with no storage at all (i.e., Type A) or may be a device with limited energy storage (i.e., Type B) .
[0082] FIGS. 7A-7C illustrate some example communication environments 710-730 respectively in which some embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented. As shown in FIG. 7A, the terminal device 711 (which is a CW source UE) may transmit a CW signal to the A-IoT device 712, and the A-IoT device 712 may transmit a backward signal to the network device 713. As shown in FIG. 7B, the terminal device 721 (which is a CW source UE) may transmit a CW signal to the A-IoT device 722, and the A-IoT device 722 may transmit a backward signal back to the terminal device 721. As shown in FIG. 7C, the network device 731 (which is a CW source gNB) may transmit a CW signal to the A-IoT device 732, and the A-IoT device 732 may transmit a backward signal back to the network device 731.
[0083] It is to be noted that the A-IoT device 712 in FIG. 7A, the A-IoT device 722 in FIG. 7B, or the A-IoT device 732 in FIG. 7C may be a device with limited energy storage (i.e., Type B) .
[0084] Reference is further made to FIG. 8, which illustrates a signalling chart illustrating communication process 800 in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. The process 800 may involve the first device 510 and the A-IoT device 520 as shown in FIG. 5. The first device 510 is a CW source device, which may be a terminal device or a network device. It would be appreciated that the process 800 may be applied to other communication scenarios, which will not be described in detail.
[0085] In the process 800, the first device 510 determines 810 a transmission power of a CW signal which is to be transmitted to the A-IoT device 520. In some example embodiments, the transmission power may be determined based on one or more of: a first path loss of the CW signal from the first device to a network device, a second path loss of the backward signal from the A-IoT device to the network device, a power loss or a power gain at the A-IoT device while generating the backward signal, a third path loss of a transmission link from the first device to a second device via the A-IoT device.
[0086] In some implementations, the first device 510 may determine the transmission power for the CW signal based on: a maximum transmission power of the first device 510 and a first power. In some examples, the transmission power for the CW signal may be a minimum one of the maximum transmission power of the first device 510 and the first power.
[0087] In some example embodiments, the first power is determined based on: a target received power of the CW signal at the A-IoT device 520 and a first path loss of the CW signal from the first device 510 to a network device. In some other example embodiments, the first power is determined based on: a target received power of the CW signal at the A-IoT device 520, an amount resource of the CW signal, and a first path loss of the CW signal from the first device 510 to a network device.
[0088] In some examples, the network device may be a serving network device of the first device 510. In some examples, the network device may be a receiving device of a BL from the A-IoT device 520. For example, the network device may be one of: the network device 532 in FIG. 5, the network device 630 in FIG. 6A, or the network device 680 in FIG. 6B.
[0089] In some example embodiments, the maximum transmission power of the first device 510 may be represented as PCMAX . In some example embodiments, the target received power of the CW signal at the A-IoT device 520 may be represented as P0, CW. In some example embodiments, the first path loss of the CW signal from the first device 510 to the network device may be represented as PLCW . In some example embodiments, a power determined based on the amount resource of the CW signal may be represented as MCW.
[0090] In some example embodiments, the first power may be determined as P0, CW+αCW·PLCW or as P0, CW+MCW+αCW·PLCW , where αCW is a value between 0 and 1, e.g., 0<αCW≤1. As a specific example, αCW=1.
[0091] In some example embodiments, the transmission power for the CW signal may be determined by equation (1) : PCW (i) =min (PCMAX, P0, CW+MCW+αCW·PLCW) dBm (1)
[0092] It is to be understood that MCW in equation (1) may be omitted or may be set to 0.
[0093] In some examples, the target received power of the CW signal P0, CW may be configured by a network device. For example, a serving network device of the first device 510 may transmit a configuration to the first device 510, where the configuration includes an indication of the target received power of the CW signal P0, CW. In some examples, the target received power of the CW signal may be a target received power of one or more physical resource blocks (PRBs) of the CW signal or may be a target received power of one or more subcarriers (SCs) of the CW signal by a receiving device (such as a gNB or a UE) .
[0094] In some examples, the power determined based on the amount resource of CW signal may be 0 or not 0. For example, a serving network device may consider the amount resource of CW signal while determining the target received power of the CW signal P0, CW, and then MCW=0 . In some examples, the amount resource of CW signal may be associated with a subcarrier spacing (SCS) configuration index and a number of resource units, e.g., a number of PRBs, a number of SCSs, a number of frequency units, or the like. For example, where μ represents a SCS configuration index, and represents a number of resource units used by the CW signal.
[0095] In some examples, the first path loss of the CW signal between the first device 510 and a victim receiving device (such as the network device) may be determined based on a measurement result. In some examples, the first device 510 may receive one or more reference signals from the network device, and the first device 510 may further determine the first path loss based on a difference between a transmitted power of the one or more reference signals and a received power of the one or more reference signals. For example, the one or more reference signals may be one or more SSBs, CSI-RSs, or DM-RSs. As such, a downlink reference signal measurement may be used for determining the first path loss PLCW.
[0096] It is to be understood that the A-IoT device 520 in this implementations may be a device without a PA (Type A) or a device with a PA (Type B) . For example, in case the A-IoT device 520 is a device with a PA, an amplifier gain of the PA may be less than a threshold, in other words, an interference of the backward signal on the BL by the A-IoT device 520 to other signal (s) may be ignored.
[0097] In some other implementations, the first device 510 may determine the transmission power for the CW signal based on: a maximum transmission power of the first device 510, a first power, and a second power. In some example embodiments, a detailed description of the maximum transmission power and the first power may refer to those discussed above, and will not be repeated for brevity.
[0098] In some example embodiments, the second power may be determined based on: a target received power of a backward signal, a second path loss of the backward signal from the A-IoT device 520 to the network device, and a power loss or power gain (indicated as a power loss / gain) at the A-IoT device 520 while performing the backscattering. In some other example embodiments, the second power may be determined based on: a target received power of a backward signal, a second path loss of the backward signal from the A-IoT device 520 to the network device, an amount resource of the backward signal, and a power loss / gain at the A-IoT device 520 while performing the backscattering.
[0099] In some example embodiments, the second path loss may be determined based on the first path loss. In some examples, the second path loss may equal to the first path loss. For example, in case the second path loss is difficult to measure, considering the A-IoT device 520 may be very close to the first device 510 and the first device 510 is a terminal device, the first path loss from the first device 510 to the network device may be used to determine the second path loss from the A-IoT device 520 to the network device. With reference to FIG. 6A, the first device 510 may be a CW source UE 610, and the A-IoT device 520 may be an A-IoT device 620, and the first path loss from the CW source UE 610 to the network device 630 may be similar with the second path loss from the A-IoT device 620 to the network device 630.
[0100] In some example embodiments, the target received power of the backward signal may be represented as P0, BL. In some example embodiments, the power loss / gain at the A-IoT device 520 while performing the backscattering may be represented as Pgain, which may be a positive value or a negative value. In some example embodiments, a power determined based on the amount resource of the backward signal may be represented as MBL.
[0101] In some example embodiments, the second power may be determined as P0, BL+αBL·PLCW+Pgain or as P0, BL+MBL+αBL·PLCW+Pgain . In some other example embodiments, the second power may be determined as P0, BL+αBL· (PLBL+Pgain) or P0,BL+MBL+αBL· (PLBL+Pgain) . In some examples, the parameter αBL may be a value between 0 and 1, e.g., 0<αBL≤1. As a specific example, αBL=1.
[0102] In some example embodiments, the transmission power for the CW signal may be determined by equation (2) or (3) : PCW (i) =min (PCMAX, P0, CW+MCW+αCW·PLCW, P0, BL+MBL+αBL·PLCW+Pgain) dBm (2) PCW (i) =min (PCMAX, P0, CW+MCW+αCW·PLCW, P0, BL+MBL+αBL· (PLBL+Pgain) ) dBm (3)
[0103] It is to be understood that MCW and / or MBL in equation (2) or (3) may be omitted or may be set to 0.
[0104] In some examples, the target received power of the backward signal P0, BL may be configured by a network device. For example, a serving network device of the first device 510 may transmit a configuration to the first device 510, where the configuration includes an indication of the target received power of the backward signal P0, BL. In some examples, the target received power of the backward signal may be a target received power of one or more PRBs of the backward signal or may be a target received power of one or more SCs of the backward signal by a receiving device (such as a gNB or a UE) .
[0105] In some examples, the power determined based on the amount resource of backward signal may be 0 or not 0. For example, a serving network device may consider the amount resource of backward signal while determining the target received power of the backward signal P0, BL , and then MBL=0 . In some examples, the amount resource of backward signal may be associated with a SCS configuration index and a number of resource units, e.g., a number of PRBs, a number of SCSs, a number of frequency units, or the like. For example, where μ represents a SCS configuration index, and represents a number of resource units used by the backward signal.
[0106] In some examples, the power loss / gain of the backscattering performed by the A-IoT device 520 may be determined based on one of: a capability of the A-IoT device 520, a configuration from the network device, or a report from the A-IoT device 520. In some examples, the value of Pgain is negative to indicate a power gain while backscattering, and the value of Pgain is positive to indicate a power loss while backscattering.
[0107] In some embodiments, the first device 510 may determine a capability of the A-IoT device 520, and further determine the power loss / gain based on the capability of the A-IoT device 520. In some examples, the first device 510 may receive a configuration from a serving network device, where the configuration indicates the capability of the A-IoT device 520. In some examples, the first device 510 may receive capability information (e.g., in a capability report) from the A-IoT device 520, where the capability information indicates the capability of the A-IoT device 520.
[0108] In some embodiments, the power loss / gain may be configured by a network device. In some examples, the first device 510 may receive a configuration from a serving network device, where the configuration may indicate the value of Pgain.
[0109] In some embodiments, the first device 510 may transmit at least one reference signal (i.e., at least one CW reference signal) to the A-IoT device 520. The A-IoT device 520 may determine an input power of the at least one reference signal, and determine an output power of another backward signal associated with the at least one reference signal. In some examples, the A-IoT device 520 may transmit a report to the first device 510, where the report is associated with the at least one reference signal, e.g., the report indicates a difference between the output power and the input power. In some examples, the difference between the output power and the input power may be considered as the power loss / gain Pgain.
[0110] It is to be understood that the A-IoT device 520 in this implementation may be a device with a PA (type B) , and the amplifier gain of the PA has been considered while determining the transmission power for the CW signal.
[0111] In some other implementations, the first device 510 may determine the transmission power for the CW signal based on: a maximum transmission power of the first device 510, a first power, and a third power. In some example embodiments, a detailed description of the maximum transmission power and the first power may refer to those discussed above, and will not be repeated for brevity.
[0112] In some example embodiments, the third power may be determined based on: a target received power of a backward signal and a third path loss of a transmission link from the first device to a second device, where the backward signal is to be transmitted to the second device. In some other example embodiments, the third power may be determined based on: a target received power of a backward signal, an amount resource of the backward signal, and a third path loss of a transmission link from the first device to a second device. For example, the second device may be a network device 532 or a terminal device 534 in FIG. 5. For example, the second device may be a network device 630 in FIG. 6A, or may be a terminal device 690 in FIG. 6B.
[0113] In some example embodiments, the third path loss may be represented as PLCWBL.
[0114] In some example embodiments, the third path loss may be determined based on one or more of: a path loss of the CW signal from the first device to the A-IoT device, a path loss of the backward signal from the A-IoT device to the second device, or the power loss or the power gain at the A-IoT device 520 while generating the backward signal. In some examples, the third path loss may be determined as a sum of the first path loss and the second path loss. In some examples, the third path loss may be determined as a sum of the first path loss, the second path loss, and the power loss / gain. The first path loss, the second path loss, and the power loss / gain have been discussed above, and will not be repeated herein for brevity.
[0115] In some other example embodiments, the third path loss may be determined based on a measurement result of at least one reference signal. In some examples, the first device 510 may transmit a reference signal (such as a CW RS) to the A-IoT device 520, where the A-IoT device 520 may generate a further backward signal based on the reference signal, and transmit the further backward signal to a second device. In some examples, the second device may determine a received power of the further backward signal. In some examples, the second device may transmit a report to first device, where the report may indicate the received power of the further backward signal, or the report may indicate a difference between a received power of the further backward signal and a transmitted power of the reference signal. In some examples, the first device 510 may determine the third path loss based on the report from the second device, alternatively, the first device 510 may further take the power loss / gain at the A-IoT device 520 while backscattering into account.
[0116] In some example embodiments, the third power may be determined as P0, BL+αBL·PLCWBL or P0, BL+MBL+αBL·PLCWBL. In some examples, the parameter αBL may be a value between 0 and 1, e.g., 0<αBL≤1. As a specific example, αBL=1.
[0117] In some example embodiments, the transmission power for the CW signal may be determined by equation (4) : PCW (i) =min (PCMAX, P0, CW+MCW+αCW·PLCW, P0, BL+MBL+αBL·PLCWBL) dBm
[0118] (4)
[0119] It is to be understood that MCW and / or MBL in equation (4) may be omitted or may be set to 0.
[0120] It is to be understood that some detailed description on some terms related to equation (4) may refer to those discussed above, and will not be repeated herein for brevity.
[0121] As such, a third path loss from the first device 510 (such as the terminal device 660 in FIG. 6B) to the second device (such as the terminal device 690 in FIG. 6B) via the A-IoT device 520 (such as the A-IoT device 670 in FIG. 6B) may be measured, and accordingly a transmission power for the CW signal may be determined based on the third path loss. Therefore, the received power of the backward signal at the second device may well meet a minimum requirement reception.
[0122] It is to be understood that some implementations discussed above of how to determine the transmission power for the CW signal is only for illustration without any limitations. In some other implementations, the first device 510 may determine the transmission power for the CW signal based on one or more of: the maximum transmission power of the first device 510, the first power, the second power, or the third power. For example, the maximum transmission power and the second power may be used for determining the transmission power of the CW signal. For example, the fist power and the third power may be used for determining the transmission power of the CW signal. For example, the maximum transmission power and the third power may be used for determining the transmission power of the CW signal. The present disclosure does not limit this aspect.
[0123] Continue referring to FIG. 8, the first device 510 transmits 820 a CW signal 822 to the A-IoT device 520 using the transmission power. On the other side of communication, the A-IoT device 520 receives 824 the CW signal 822.
[0124] It is to be understood that since the transmission power is determined by considering one or more path losses and / or a power loss / gain at the A-IoT device 520, the interference to other transmissions may be reduced.
[0125] According to some example embodiments discussed with reference to FIG. 8, in case an uplink resource is used for the A-IoT device 520, the CW signal from the first device 510 may be received by a network device (such as the network device 630 in FIG. 6A or the network device 680 in FIG. 6B) , however, based on the power control mechanism provided in the present disclosure, the CW signal will not cause harmful interference to other uplink transmission. In case the A-IoT device 520 is a Type B device with a PA, its output power of the backward signal may be relatively high, however, based on the power control mechanism provided in the present disclosure, the backward signal transmitted by the A-IoT device 520 will not cause harmful interference to other uplink transmission.
[0126] Reference is further made to FIG. 9, which illustrates a signalling chart illustrating communication process 900 in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. The process 900 may involve an A-IoT device 520 and a second device 530, where the A-IoT device 520 has a PA (i.e., Type B device) . With reference to FIG. 5, the second device 530 is receiver of a backward signal from the A-IoT device 520, for example, the second device 530 may be one of the first device 510 (aCW source device) , a network device 532, or a terminal device 534 in FIG. 5. With reference to FIGS. 7A-7C, the second device 530 may be the network device 713 in FIG. 7A, the terminal device 721 (aCW source device) in FIG. 7B, or the network device 731 (aCW source device) in FIG. 7C. It would be appreciated that the process 900 may be applied to other communication scenarios, which will not be described in detail.
[0127] In the process 900, the A-IoT device 520 determines a transmission power or an amplifier gain of a backward signal which is to be transmitted to the second device 530. In some examples, the transmission power or the amplifier gain for the backward signal may be determined based on one or more of: an indication from a network device or a terminal device, a first path loss of the backward signal from the A-IoT device to the second device, a power gap indicating a difference between a target received power of a backward reference signal at the second device and a measured received power of the backward reference signal at the second device, a received power of a CW signal from a first device to the A-IoT device, or a counter of power ramping.
[0128] In some example embodiments, the amplifier gain may equal to a difference between an output power of the backward signal and an input power of the CW signal corresponding to the backward signal. In some examples, the output power and the input power may be defined with a same bandwidth, e.g., the output power and the input power of a PRB, a CS, or a Hz.
[0129] In some implementations, the A-IoT device 520 may determine the transmission power or the amplifier gain based on an indication from a terminal device or a network device. In some examples, the indication may be a transmission power indication. In some examples, the indication may be transmitted from a transmitter of a forward signal over an FL.
[0130] In some example embodiments, the indication may be an explicit transmission power indication. In some examples, the indication may indicate a value of the transmission power, or indicate a value of the amplifier gain. For example, the value of the transmission power may be 10 dBm, 0 dBm, or another value. For example, the value of the amplifier gain may be 10 dB, 20dB, or another value. In some examples, the indication may indicate a level of the transmission power, or indicated a level of the amplifier gain. For example, multiple levels of transmission power or amplifier gain may be predefined or preconfigured, and one of the multiple levels may be indicated by the indication, and accordingly the value of the transmission power or the value of the amplifier gain may be determined based on the indicated level. In some examples, a level of transmission power or amplifier gain is a range or a value of transmission power or amplifier gain. In some examples, two levels of transmission power or amplifier gain may be predefined or preconfigured, where a first level indicates that the power amplifier (PA) should be applied and a second level indicates that the PA should not be applied. For example, the amplifier gain may be non-adjustable. For example, if the indication indicates the first level, then the A-IoT device 520 may determine that the PA should be applied based on the indication. For example, if the indication indicates the second level, then the A-IoT device 520 may determine that the PA shall not be applied based on the indication.
[0131] In some other example embodiment s, the indication may be an implicit transmission power indication. In some examples, the indication may indicate a working mode of the A-IoT device 520, and the A-IoT device 520 may determine the transmission power or the amplifier gain for the backward signal based on the working mode indicated by the indication. In some examples, the working mode may indicate one of: a type of the second device 530, whether the second device 530 and the first device (i.e., CW source device) is the same device, a transmission range of the backward signal, or whether the PA should be applied.
[0132] In some examples, the indication may indicate a type of the second device 530, that is, the indication may indicate whether the second device 530 is a terminal device or a network device. For example, if the second device 530 is a network device, the A-IoT device 520 may determine a first value of the transmission power or a first value of the amplifier gain, in other words, the first value of the transmission power or the first value of the amplifier gain will be used. For example, if the second device 530 is a terminal device, the A-IoT device 520 may determine a second value of the transmission power or a second value of the amplifier gain, in other words, the second value of the transmission power or the second value of the amplifier gain will be used. For example, the first value may be larger than the second value.
[0133] In some examples, the indication may indicate whether the second device 530 and the first device is the same, that is, the indication may indicate whether a receiving device of the backward signal is the same as the CW source device. For example, if the second device 530 is the CW source device (refer to FIG. 7B or FIG. 7C) , the A-IoT device 520 may determine a third value of the transmission power or a third value of the amplifier gain, in other words, the third value of the transmission power or the third value of the amplifier gain will be used. For example, if the second device 530 is different from the CW source device (refer to FIG. 7A) , the A-IoT device 520 may determine a fourth value of the transmission power or a fourth value of the amplifier gain, in other words, the fourth value of the transmission power or the fourth value of the amplifier gain will be used. For example, the fourth value may be larger than the third value.
[0134] In some examples, the indication may indicate a transmission range of the backward signal, where the transmission range may also be called as a communication range. For example, the transmission range may be a range that less than 10 m (< 10m) . For example, the transmission range may be a range from 10 m to 100 m (10m ~ 100m) . For example, the transmission range may be a range that farther than 100 m (> 100m) . For example, the A-IoT device 520 may determine the transmission power or amplifier gain for the backward signal based on the transmission range.
[0135] In some examples, the indication may indicate whether the PA should be applied. For example, the amplifier gain may be non-adjustable. For example, if the indication indicates that the PA should be applied, then the A-IoT device 520 may determine to apply the PA based on the indication. For example, if the indication indicates that the PA should not be applied, then the A-IoT device 520 may determine not to apply the PA based on the indication.
[0136] In some other implementations, the A-IoT device 520 may determine the transmission power for the backward signal based on: a maximum transmission power of the A-IoT device 520, and a first power. In some examples, the transmission power for the backward signal may be a minimum one of the maximum transmission power of the A-IoT device 520 and the first power. It is to be noted that the first power with reference to FIG. 9 may be determined by the A-IoT device 520 and is independent from that discussed in FIG. 8.
[0137] In some example embodiments, the first power may be determined based on: a target received power of the backward signal at the second device 530 and the first path loss of the backward signal from the A-IoT device 520 to the second device 530. In some other example embodiments, the first power may be determined based on: a target received power of the backward signal at the second device 530, an amount resource of the backward signal, and the first path loss of the backward signal from the A-IoT device 520 to the second device 530.
[0138] In some examples, the maximum transmission power of the A-IoT device 520 may be represented as PCMAX. In some example embodiments, the target received power of the backward signal may be represented as P0, BL. In some example embodiments, the first path loss of the backward signal from the A-IoT device 520 to the second device 530 may be represented as PLBL. In some example embodiments, a power determined based on the amount resource of the backward signal may be represented as MBL.
[0139] In some example embodiments, the first power may be determined as P0, BL+αBL·PLBL or as P0, BL+MBL+αBL·PLBL, where αBL is a value between 0 and 1, e.g., 0<αBL≤1. As a specific example, αBL=1.
[0140] In some example embodiments, the transmission power for the backward signal may be determined by equation (5) : PBL (i) =min (PCMAX, P0, BL+MBL+αBL·PLBL) dBm (5)
[0141] It is to be understood that MBL in equation (5) may be omitted or may be set to 0.
[0142] In some examples, the target received power of the backward signal P0, BL may be configured by a network device. For example, a serving network device of the A-IoT device 520 may transmit a configuration to the A-IoT device 520, where the configuration includes an indication of the target received power of the backward signal P0, BL. In some examples, the target received power of the backward signal may be a target received power of one or more PRBs of the backward signal or may be a target received power of one or more SCs of the backward signal by a receiving device (such as a gNB or a UE) .
[0143] In some examples, the power determined based on the amount resource of backward signal may be 0 or not 0. For example, a serving network device may consider the amount resource of backward signal while determining the target received power of the backward signal P0, BL , and then MBL=0 . In some examples, the amount resource of backward signal may be associated with a SCS configuration index and a number of resource units, e.g., a number of PRBs, a number of SCSs, a number of frequency units, or the like. For example, where μ represents a SCS configuration index, and represents a number of resource units used by the backward signal.
[0144] In some examples, the first path loss of the backward signal between the A-IoT device 520 and the second device 530 may be determined based on a measurement result. In some examples, the A-IoT device 520 may transmit a reference signal to the second device 530. For example, the reference signal may be transmitted directed from the A-IoT device 520 to the second device 530. For example, the reference signal may be generated by backscattering a CW signal received from the first device 510. For example, the reference signal may be transmitted to the second device 530 via one or more relay devices. In some examples, the second device 530 may determine a received power of the reference signal. In some examples, the second device 530 may transmit a report to the A-IoT device 520 or to a further device, where the report indicates the received power of the reference signal at the second device 530. In some examples, the further device may forward the report to the A-IoT device 520. For example, the further device may be a transmission device of a forward signal. For example, the further device may be the CW source device. For example, the further device may be a different device. In some examples, the A-IoT device 520 may determine the first path loss of the backward signal between the A-IoT device 520 and the second device 530 based on the report.
[0145] In some other example embodiments, the first power may be determined based on: a transmission power of the backward signal, and the power gap. The power gap may indicate a difference between a target received power of a backward reference signal at the second device 530 and a measured received power of the backward reference signal at the second device 530. In some examples, the transmission power of the backward reference signal may be represented as PTX. In some examples, the power gap may be represented as Pgap.
[0146] In some example embodiments, the first power may be determined as PTX+Pgap. In some example embodiments, the transmission power for the backward signal may be determined by equation (6) : PBL (i) =min (PCMAX, PTX+Pgap) dBm (6)
[0147] In some examples, a target received power of a backward reference signal may be predefined and preconfigured. In some examples, the A-IoT device 520 may transmit a backward reference signal to the second device 530, e.g., directly or via at least one relay device. In some examples, the A-IoT device 520 may receive a report indicating the measured received power of the backward reference signal at the second device 530, e.g., from the second device 530 directly or from a further device forwarded from the second device 530. In some examples, the A-IoT device 520 may determine the power gap based on the target received power of a backward reference signal and the report.
[0148] In some other implementations, the A-IoT device 520 may determine the amplifier gain for the backward signal based on: a maximum amplifier gain of the A-IoT device 520 and a first gain. In some examples, the amplifier gain for the backward signal may be a minimum one of the maximum amplifier gain of the A-IoT device 520 and the first gain.
[0149] In some example embodiments, the maximum amplifier gain of the A-IoT device 520 may be represented as GCMAX.
[0150] In some example embodiments, the first gain may be determined based on a further amplifier gain for the backward reference signal and the power gap, where the power gap indicates a difference between a target received power of a backward reference signal at the second device 530 and a measured received power of the backward reference signal at the second device 530. In some examples, the further amplifier gain for the backward reference signal may be represented as GTX, for example, an amplifier gain used for the backward reference signal may be GTX. In some examples, the power gap may be represented as Pgap.
[0151] In some example embodiments, the first gain may be determined as GTX+Pgap. In some example embodiments, the transmission power for the backward signal may be determined by equation (7) : GBL (i) =min (GCMAX, GTX+Pgap) dB (7)
[0152] In some example embodiments, the A-IoT device 520 may determine the transmission power for the backward signal (i.e., PBL (i) ) based on the amplifier gain and an input power of the CW signal from the first device.
[0153] In some other implementations, the A-IoT device 520 may determine the transmission power or amplifier gain for the backward signal based on: a maximum transmission power of the A-IoT device 520 and a target transmission power of the backward signal. In some examples, the transmission power for the backward signal may be a minimum one of the maximum transmission power of the A-IoT device 520 and the target transmission power of the backward signal.
[0154] In some examples, the maximum transmission power of the A-IoT device 520 may be represented as PCMAX, and the target transmission power of the backward signal may be represented as PtargetTX. In some examples, the transmission power for the backward signal may be determined by equation (8) : PBL (i) =min (PCMAX, PtargetTX) dBm (8)
[0155] In some examples, the A-IoT device 520 may determine the target transmission power of the backward signal PtargetTX based on a configuration from a transmission device of a forward signal (FL) . In some examples, the A-IoT device 520 may determine the target transmission power of the backward signal PtargetTX based on an A-IoT device measurement, e.g., based on a received CW signal.
[0156] In some other implementations, the A-IoT device 520 may determine the amplifier gain for the backward signal based on: a maximum amplifier gain of the A-IoT device 520 and a second gain. In some examples, the amplifier gain for the backward signal may be a minimum one of the maximum amplifier gain at the A-IoT device 520 and the second gain.
[0157] In some examples, the maximum amplifier gain may be represented as GCMAX. In some examples, the second gain may be determined based on: a target transmission power of the backward signal, and the received power of the CW signal. In some examples, the target transmission power of the backward signal may be represented as PtargetTX, and the received power of the CW signal may be represented as PRX, CW. For example, the A-IoT device 520 may measure the received CW signal and determine the received power of the CW signal.
[0158] In some example embodiments, the second gain may be determined as PtargetTX-PRX, CW or as PtargetTX-PRX, CW-Pother, where Pother represents other power loss or power gain which may be 0. In some example embodiments, the amplifier gain for the backward signal may be determined by equation (9) : GBL (i) =min (GCMAX, PtargetTX-PRX, CW-Pother) dB (9)
[0159] In some other implementations, the A-IoT device 520 may determine the transmission power or amplifier gain for the backward signal based on multiple levels of transmission power or multiple levels of amplifier gain. In some examples, multiple levels of transmission power (multiple transmission power levels) or multiple levels of amplifier gain (multiple amplifier gain levels) may be predefined or preconfigured. In some examples, the A-IoT device 520 may select one of the multiple transmission power levels to determine the transmission power for the backward signal, or may select one of the multiple amplifier gain levels to determine the amplifier gain for the backward signal, based on a received power of the CW signal (i.e., PRX, CW) .
[0160] In some examples, the A-IoT device 520 may determine a measured CW signal power. For example, the first device may transmit a reference CW signal, and the A-IoT device 520 may measure the received power of the reference CW signal.
[0161] For example, if the measured CW signal power is below a first threshold, the A-IoT device 520 may select a first transmission power or a first amplifier gain. For example, if the measured CW signal power is above a second threshold and below a third threshold, the A-IoT device 520 may select a second transmission power or a second amplifier gain. For example, if the measured CW signal power is above a fourth threshold, the A-IoT device 520 may select a third transmission power or a third amplifier gain or the A-IoT device 520 may do not apply the power amplifier (i.e., power amplifier gain is zero dB) .
[0162] In some other implementations, the A-IoT device 520 may determine the transmission power or amplifier gain based on an initial power and a counter of power ramping.
[0163] In some example embodiments, the A-IoT device 520 may determine an initial transmission power or an initial amplifier gain, and determine an initial value of the counter. In some examples, the initial value of the counter may be zero. In some examples, the initial transmission power or the initial amplifier gain may be determined by using some example embodiments discussed above. In some example embodiments, the A-IoT device 520 may determine the transmission power for the backward signal based on the initial transmission power, a ramping step, and a difference between the counter and the initial value.
[0164] In some example embodiments, the transmission power for the backward signal may be determined by adding C×Pd on the initial power, where C is the difference between the counter and the initial value, and Pd is the ramping step. For example, the ramping step (Pd) may be predefined or preconfigured, which may be in dB.
[0165] In some examples, if the counter equals to the initial value, the transmission power for the backward signal may equal to the initial power. In other words, the A-IoT device 520 may transmit the backward signal by using the initial power.
[0166] In some examples, if no response to the backward signal is received within a time window, the A-IoT device 520 may update the counter by increasing 1. In addition, the A-IoT device 520 may determine the transmission power for the backward signal based on the updated counter. For example, the response may be a hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) acknowledgement (ACK) of the backward signal. For example, the time window may be predefined or preconfigured.
[0167] In some other examples, if a response to the backward signal has been received within the time window, the A-IoT device 520 may perform a further transmission of the backward signal without updating the counter. For example, if the response (such as HARQ ACK) to the backward signal has been received within the time window, and if the next transmission is targeted to the same second device or the next transmission is no later than a time instance, then the A-IoT device 520 may perform the next transmission of the backward signal without updating the counter. For example, the time instance may be determined based on a first time threshold, e.g., the time instance may equal to an end time of the last symbol of the previous transmission plus the first time threshold.
[0168] In some example embodiments, the A-IoT device 520 may set the counter to be the initial value (such as 0) if one of the following is met: the next transmission of the backward signal is targeted to another device different from the second device 530, a time duration between a new transmission and a previous transmission exceeds a second time threshold, or a transmission device of the CW signal (i.e., CW source device) is different from the first device. For example, if the CW source device is changed, the counter may be reset to the initial value.
[0169] In some other implementations, if one or more conditions are met, the A-IoT device 520 may determine that the transmission power for the backward signal is the maximum transmission power, or determine that the amplifier gain for the backward signal is the maximum amplifier gain. In some examples, the one or more conditions may include: a measured power of the CW signal is less than (or not greater than) a power threshold. In some examples, the one or more conditions may include: the A-IoT device 520 has received an indication indicating not to use a power ramping or not to use the counter.
[0170] Continue referring to FIG. 9, the A-IoT device 520 transmits 920 the backward signal 922 to the second device 530 using the transmission power or the amplifier gain. On the other side of communication, the second device 530 receives 924 the backward signal 922.
[0171] According to some embodiments discussed with reference to FIG. 9, in case the A-IoT device 520 is a Type B device with a PA, its output power of the backward signal may be relatively high, however, based on the power control mechanism provided in the present disclosure, the backward signal transmitted by the A-IoT device 520 will not cause harmful interference to other uplink transmission. In some embodiments, the A-IoT device 520 does not need to always use its full power to transmit the backward signal, thus the power consumption can be saved, and it is beneficial for battery life.
[0172] FIG. 10 illustrates a flowchart of an example method 1000 implemented at a first device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the first device which may perform the method 1000 can be the first device 510 with reference to FIG. 5, which may be a terminal device or a network device.
[0173] At block 1010, the first device determines a transmission power of a CW signal being used to generate a backward signal by an A-IoT device based on at least one of: a first path loss of the CW signal from the first device to a network device, a second path loss of the backward signal from the A-IoT device to the network device, a power loss or a power gain at the A-IoT device while generating the backward signal, a third path loss of a transmission link from the first device to a second device via the A-IoT device, where the second device is a receiving device of a backward signal from the A-IoT device. At block 1020, the first device transmits, to the A-IoT device, the CW signal with the transmission power.
[0174] In some example embodiments, the first device determines the first path loss of the CW signal based on a measurement result of one or more reference signals from the network device.
[0175] In some example embodiments, the first device determines a received power of the one or more reference signals from the network device; and the first device determines the first path loss of the CW signal based on a difference of a transmitted power of the one or more reference signals and the received power of the one or more reference signals.
[0176] In some example embodiments, the first device determines the second path loss based on the first path loss.
[0177] In some example embodiments, the first device determines the power loss or power gain based on one of: a capability of the A-IoT device, a configuration from the network device, or a report from the A-IoT device.
[0178] In some example embodiments, the first device determines the capability of the A-IoT device based on configuration information from the network device or capability information from the A-IoT device.
[0179] In some example embodiments, the first device transmits, to the A-IoT device, at least one reference signal; and the first device receives, from the A-IoT device, the report associated with the at least one reference signal, where the report indicates a difference between an output power of a further backward signal associated with the at least one reference signal and an input power of the at least one reference signal.
[0180] In some example embodiments, the first device determines the third path loss based on at least one of: a path loss of the CW signal from the first device to the A-IoT device, a path loss of the backward signal from the A-IoT device to the second device, or the power loss or the power gain at the A-IoT device while generating the backward signal.
[0181] In some example embodiments, the first device transmits, to the A-IoT device, a reference signal being used to generate a further backward signal by the A-IoT device; the first device receives, from the second device, a report indicating one of: a difference between a received power of the further backward signal and a transmitted power of the reference signal, or the received power of the further backward signal; and the first device determines the third path loss based on the report.
[0182] In some example embodiments, the first device determines a first power at least based on the first path loss; and determines the transmission power of the CW signal as a minimum of: a maximum transmission power of the first device and the first power.
[0183] In some example embodiments, the A-IoT device comprises: a device without a power amplifier, or a device with a power amplifier, where an amplifier gain of the power amplifier is less than a threshold.
[0184] In some example embodiments, the first device determines a first power at least based on the first path loss; determines a second power at least based on the second path loss and the power loss or power gain; and determines the transmission power of the CW signal as a minimum of: a maximum transmission power of the first device, the first power, and the second power.
[0185] In some example embodiments, the second power is determined further based on one or more of: a second target received power of the backward signal at the network device, or a second amount resource of the backward signal.
[0186] In some example embodiments, the first device determines a first power at least based on the first path loss; determines a third power at least based on the third path loss; and determines the transmission power of the CW signal as a minimum of: a maximum transmission power of the first device, the first power, and the third power.
[0187] In some example embodiments, the third power is determined further based on one or more of: a second target received power of the backward signal at the network device, or a second amount resource of the backward signal.
[0188] In some example embodiments, the second target received power of the backward signal and / or the second amount resource of the backward signal is configured by the network device.
[0189] In some example embodiments, the second target received power of the backward signal is a target received power of one or more PRBs or one or more SCs.
[0190] In some example embodiments, the second amount resource of the backward signal is associated with at least one of: an index of a SCS configuration, or a number of resource units being used by the backward signal.
[0191] In some example embodiments, the first power is determined further based on one or more of: a first target received power of the CW signal at the network device, or a first amount resource of the CW signal.
[0192] In some example embodiments, the first target received power of the CW signal and / or the first amount resource of the CW signal is configured by the network device.
[0193] In some example embodiments, the first target received power of the CW signal is a target received power of one or more PRBs or one or more SCs.
[0194] In some example embodiments, the first amount resource of the CW signal is associated with at least one of: an index of a SCS configuration, a number of resource units being used by the CW signal.
[0195] In some example embodiments, the second device is: the network device, or a device different from the first device and the network device.
[0196] In some example embodiments, the first device is a terminal device.
[0197] FIG. 11 illustrates a flowchart of an example method 1100 implemented at an A-IoT device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the A-IoT device which may perform the method 1200 can be the A-IoT device 520 with reference to FIG. 5, which may be a Type B device, such as the A-IoT device 712 / 722 / 732.
[0198] At block 1110, the A-IoT device determines a transmission power or an amplifier gain for a backward signal to a second device based on at least one of: an indication from a network device or a terminal device, a first path loss of the backward signal from the A-IoT device to the second device, a power gap indicating a difference between a target received power of a backward reference signal at the second device and a measured received power of the backward reference signal at the second device, a received power of a CW signal from a first device to the A-IoT device, or a counter of power ramping. At block 1120, the A-IoT device transmits, to the second device, the backward signal based on the transmission power or the amplifier gain.
[0199] In some example embodiments, the indication comprises: a value of the transmission power, a value of the amplifier gain, a level of the transmission power, or a level of the amplifier gain.
[0200] In some example embodiments, the A-IoT device receives, from the network device, configuration information comprising a plurality of level of the transmission power or a plurality of level of the amplifier gain.
[0201] In some example embodiments, a first level of the transmission power or a first level of the amplifier gain indicates that a PA is applied, and a second level of the transmission power or a second level of the amplifier gain indicates that the PA is not applied.
[0202] In some example embodiments, the indication indicates a working mode of the A-IoT device, and the working mode indicates at least one of: a type of the second device, whether the second device and the first device are the same device, a transmission range of the backward signal, or whether a PA should be applied.
[0203] In some example embodiments, if the working mode indicates the type of the second device is a network device, the A-IoT device determines that the transmission power or the amplifier gain equals to a first value. In some example embodiments, if the working mode indicates the type of the second device is a terminal device, the A-IoT device determines that the transmission power or the amplifier gain equals to a second value.
[0204] In some example embodiments, if the working mode indicates the second device and the first device are the same device, the A-IoT device determines that the transmission power or the amplifier gain equals to a third value. In some example embodiments, if the working mode indicates the second device and the first device are different, the A-IoT device determines that the transmission power or the amplifier gain equals to a fourth value.
[0205] In some example embodiments, the A-IoT device determines a first power based on the first path loss; and determines the transmission power as a minimum of: a maximum transmission power of the A-IoT device and the first power.
[0206] In some example embodiments, the A-IoT device transmits, to the second device, a reference signal; receives, from a transmission device of a forward signal, a report indicating a received power of the reference signal at the second device; and determines the first path loss based on the report.
[0207] In some example embodiments, the first power is determined further based on one or more of: a target received power of the backward signal at the second device, or an amount resource of the backward signal.
[0208] In some example embodiments, the target received power of the backward signal and / or the amount resource of the backward signal is configured by a network device.
[0209] In some example embodiments, the target received power of the backward signal is a target received power of one or more PRBs or one or more SCs.
[0210] In some example embodiments, the amount resource of the backward signal is associated with at least one of: an index of a SCS configuration, a number of resource units being used by the backward signal.
[0211] In some example embodiments, the A-IoT device determines a second power based on a transmission power of the backward signal and the power gap; and determines the transmission power as a minimum of: a maximum transmission power of the A-IoT device and the second power.
[0212] In some example embodiments, the A-IoT device determines a first gain based on a further amplifier gain for the backward reference signal and the power gap; and determines the amplifier gain as a minimum of: a maximum amplifier gain of the A-IoT device and the first gain.
[0213] In some example embodiments, the A-IoT device determines the transmission power or the amplifier gain based on a maximum transmission power of the A-IoT device and a target transmission power of the backward signal.
[0214] In some example embodiments, the A-IoT device determines the transmission power or the amplifier gain based on a maximum transmission power of the A-IoT device, a target transmission power of the backward signal, and the received power of the CW signal.
[0215] In some example embodiments, the A-IoT device determines the transmission power or the amplifier gain from a plurality of levels based on the received power of the CW signal.
[0216] In some example embodiments, the A-IoT device determines the transmission power or the amplifier gain based on an initial power and the counter of power ramping.
[0217] In some example embodiments, the A-IoT device determines an initial value of the counter. In some example embodiments, if the counter is the initial value, the A-IoT device transmits the backward signal to the second device by using the initial power; and if no response to the backward signal is received within a time window, the A-IoT device updates the counter by increasing 1; or if a response to the backward signal has been received within the time window, the A-IoT device performs a further transmission of the backward signal without updating the counter.
[0218] In some example embodiments, the A-IoT device determines the transmission power based on a ramping step and a difference between the counter and the initial value.
[0219] In some example embodiments, the further transmission of the backward signal is targeted to the second device.
[0220] In some example embodiments, the further transmission of the backward signal is performed before a time instance, where the time instance is determined based on a first threshold.
[0221] In some example embodiments, the A-IoT device sets the counter to be the initial value based on a determination that: a transmission of the backward signal is targeted to a device different from the second device, a time duration between a new transmission and a previous transmission exceeds a second threshold, or a transmission device of the CW signal is different from the first device.
[0222] In some example embodiments, if one or more conditions are met, the A-IoT device determines the transmission power or the amplifier gain as a maximum transmission power of the A-IoT device or a maximum amplifier gain.
[0223] Details of some embodiments according to the present disclosure have been described with reference to FIGS. 2A-11. Now an example implementation of the first device and the A-IoT device will be discussed below.
[0224] In some example embodiments, a first device (such as a CW source device) comprises circuitry configured to: determine a transmission power of a carrier wave (CW) signal being used to generate a backward signal by an ambient internet of things (A-IoT) device based on at least one of: a first path loss of the CW signal from the first device to a network device, a second path loss of the backward signal from the A-IoT device to the network device, a power loss or a power gain at the A-IoT device while generating the backward signal, a third path loss of a transmission link from the first device to a second device via the A-IoT device, where the second device is a receiving device of a backward signal from the A-IoT device; and transmit, to the A-IoT device, the CW signal with the transmission power.
[0225] In some example embodiments, the first device comprises circuitry configured to: determine the first path loss of the CW signal based on a measurement result of one or more reference signals from the network device.
[0226] In some example embodiments, the first device comprises circuitry configured to: determine a received power of the one or more reference signals from the network device; and determine the first path loss of the CW signal based on a difference of a transmitted power of the one or more reference signals and the received power of the one or more reference signals.
[0227] In some example embodiments, the first device comprises circuitry configured to: determine the second path loss based on the first path loss.
[0228] In some example embodiments, the first device comprises circuitry configured to: determine the power loss or power gain based on one of: a capability of the A-IoT device, a configuration from the network device, or a report from the A-IoT device.
[0229] In some example embodiments, the first device comprises circuitry configured to: determine the capability of the A-IoT device based on configuration information from the network device or capability information from the A-IoT device.
[0230] In some example embodiments, the first device comprises circuitry configured to: transmit, to the A-IoT device, at least one reference signal; and receive, from the A-IoT device, the report associated with the at least one reference signal, where the report indicates a difference between an output power of a further backward signal associated with the at least one reference signal and an input power of the at least one reference signal.
[0231] In some example embodiments, the first device comprises circuitry configured to: determine the third path loss based on at least one of: a path loss of the CW signal from the first device to the A-IoT device, a path loss of the backward signal from the A-IoT device to the second device, or the power loss or the power gain at the A-IoT device while generating the backward signal.
[0232] In some example embodiments, the first device comprises circuitry configured to: transmit, to the A-IoT device, a reference signal being used to generate a further backward signal by the A-IoT device; receive, from the second device, a report indicating one of: a difference between a received power of the further backward signal and a transmitted power of the reference signal, or the received power of the further backward signal; and determine the third path loss based on the report.
[0233] In some example embodiments, the first device comprises circuitry configured to: determine the transmission power of the CW signal by: determining a first power at least based on the first path loss; and determining the transmission power of the CW signal as a minimum of: a maximum transmission power of the first device and the first power.
[0234] In some example embodiments, the A-IoT device comprises: a device without a power amplifier, or a device with a power amplifier, where an amplifier gain of the power amplifier is less than a threshold.
[0235] In some example embodiments, the first device comprises circuitry configured to: determine the transmission power of the CW signal by: determining a first power at least based on the first path loss; determining a second power at least based on the second path loss and the power loss or power gain; and determining the transmission power of the CW signal as a minimum of: a maximum transmission power of the first device, the first power, and the second power.
[0236] In some example embodiments, the second power is determined further based on one or more of: a second target received power of the backward signal at the network device, or a second amount resource of the backward signal.
[0237] In some example embodiments, the first device comprises circuitry configured to: determine the transmission power of the CW signal by: determining a first power at least based on the first path loss; determining a third power at least based on the third path loss; and determining the transmission power of the CW signal as a minimum of: a maximum transmission power of the first device, the first power, and the third power.
[0238] In some example embodiments, the third power is determined further based on one or more of: a second target received power of the backward signal at the network device, or a second amount resource of the backward signal.
[0239] In some example embodiments, the second target received power of the backward signal and / or the second amount resource of the backward signal is configured by the network device.
[0240] In some example embodiments, the second target received power of the backward signal is a target received power of one or more PRBs or one or more SCs.
[0241] In some example embodiments, the second amount resource of the backward signal is associated with at least one of: an index of a SCS configuration, or a number of resource units being used by the backward signal.
[0242] In some example embodiments, the first power is determined further based on one or more of: a first target received power of the CW signal at the network device, or a first amount resource of the CW signal.
[0243] In some example embodiments, the first target received power of the CW signal and / or the first amount resource of the CW signal is configured by the network device.
[0244] In some example embodiments, the first target received power of the CW signal is a target received power of one or more PRBs or one or more SCs.
[0245] In some example embodiments, the first amount resource of the CW signal is associated with at least one of: an index of a SCS configuration, or a number of resource units being used by the CW signal.
[0246] In some example embodiments, the second device is: the network device, or a device different from the first device and the network device.
[0247] In some example embodiments, the first device is a terminal device.
[0248] In some example embodiments, an A-IoT device comprises circuitry configured to: determine a transmission power or an amplifier gain for a backward signal to a second device based on at least one of: an indication from a network device or a terminal device, a first path loss of the backward signal from the A-IoT device to the second device, a power gap indicating a difference between a target received power of a backward reference signal at the second device and a measured received power of the backward reference signal at the second device, a received power of a CW signal from a first device to the A-IoT device, or a counter of power ramping; and transmit, to the second device, the backward signal based on the transmission power or the amplifier gain.
[0249] In some example embodiments, the indication comprises: a value of the transmission power, a value of the amplifier gain, a level of the transmission power, or a level of the amplifier gain.
[0250] In some example embodiments, the A-IoT device comprises circuitry configured to: receive, from the network device, configuration information comprising a plurality of level of the transmission power or a plurality of level of the amplifier gain.
[0251] In some example embodiments, a first level of the transmission power or a first level of the amplifier gain indicates that a PA is applied, and a second level of the transmission power or a second level of the amplifier gain indicates that the PA is not applied.
[0252] In some example embodiments, the indication indicates a working mode of the A-IoT device, and the working mode indicates at least one of: a type of the second device, whether the second device and the first device are the same device, a transmission range of the backward signal, or whether a PA should be applied.
[0253] In some example embodiments, the A-IoT device comprises circuitry configured to: in accordance with a determination that the working mode indicates the type of the second device is a network device, determine that the transmission power or the amplifier gain equals to a first value; or in accordance with a determination that the working mode indicates the type of the second device is a terminal device, determine that the transmission power or the amplifier gain equals to a second value.
[0254] In some example embodiments, the A-IoT device comprises circuitry configured to: in accordance with a determination that the working mode indicates the second device and the first device are the same device, determine that the transmission power or the amplifier gain equals to a third value; or in accordance with a determination that the working mode indicates the second device and the first device are different, determine that the transmission power or the amplifier gain equals to a fourth value.
[0255] In some example embodiments, the A-IoT device comprises circuitry configured to: determine a first power based on the first path loss; and determine the transmission power as a minimum of: a maximum transmission power of the A-IoT device and the first power.
[0256] In some example embodiments, the A-IoT device comprises circuitry configured to: transmit, to the second device, a reference signal; receive, from a transmission device of a forward signal, a report indicating a received power of the reference signal at the second device; and determine the first path loss based on the report.
[0257] In some example embodiments, the first power is determined further based on one or more of: a target received power of the backward signal at the second device, or an amount resource of the backward signal.
[0258] In some example embodiments, the target received power of the backward signal and / or the amount resource of the backward signal is configured by a network device.
[0259] In some example embodiments, the target received power of the backward signal is a target received power of one or more PRBs or one or more SCs.
[0260] In some example embodiments, the amount resource of the backward signal is associated with at least one of: an index of a SCS configuration, or a number of resource units being used by the backward signal.
[0261] In some example embodiments, the A-IoT device comprises circuitry configured to: determine a second power based on a transmission power of the backward signal and the power gap; and determine the transmission power as a minimum of: a maximum transmission power of the A-IoT device and the second power.
[0262] In some example embodiments, the A-IoT device comprises circuitry configured to: determine a first gain based on a further amplifier gain for the backward reference signal and the power gap; and determine the amplifier gain as a minimum of: a maximum amplifier gain of the A-IoT device and the first gain.
[0263] In some example embodiments, the A-IoT device comprises circuitry configured to: determine the transmission power or the amplifier gain based on a maximum transmission power of the A-IoT device and a target transmission power of the backward signal.
[0264] In some example embodiments, the A-IoT device comprises circuitry configured to: determine the transmission power or the amplifier gain based on a maximum transmission power of the A-IoT device, a target transmission power of the backward signal, and the received power of the CW signal.
[0265] In some example embodiments, the A-IoT device comprises circuitry configured to: determine the transmission power or the amplifier gain from a plurality of levels based on the received power of the CW signal.
[0266] In some example embodiments, the A-IoT device comprises circuitry configured to: determine the transmission power or the amplifier gain based on an initial power and the counter of power ramping.
[0267] In some example embodiments, the A-IoT device comprises circuitry configured to: determine an initial value of the counter; in accordance with a determination that the counter is the initial value, transmit the backward signal to the second device by using the initial power; and in accordance with a determination that no response to the backward signal is received within a time window, update the counter by increasing 1; or in accordance with a determination that a response to the backward signal has been received within the time window, perform a further transmission of the backward signal without updating the counter.
[0268] In some example embodiments, the A-IoT device comprises circuitry configured to: determine the transmission power based on a ramping step and a difference between the counter and the initial value.
[0269] In some example embodiments, the further transmission of the backward signal is targeted to the second device.
[0270] In some example embodiments, the further transmission of the backward signal is performed before a time instance, where the time instance is determined based on a first threshold.
[0271] In some example embodiments, the A-IoT device comprises circuitry configured to: set the counter to be the initial value based on a determination that: a transmission of the backward signal is targeted to a device different from the second device, a time duration between a new transmission and a previous transmission exceeds a second threshold, or a transmission device of the CW signal is different from the first device.
[0272] In some example embodiments, the A-IoT device comprises circuitry configured to: in accordance with a determination that one or more conditions are met, determine the transmission power or the amplifier gain as a maximum transmission power of the A-IoT device or a maximum amplifier gain.
[0273] FIG. 12 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a device 1200 that is suitable for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. The device 1200 can be considered as a further example implementation of the first device and the A-IoT device as described above. Accordingly, the device 1200 can be implemented at or as at least a part of the first device (a CW source device) or the A-IoT device.
[0274] As shown, the device 1200 includes a processor 1210, a memory 1220 coupled to the processor 1210, a suitable transceiver 1240 coupled to the processor 1210, and a communication interface coupled to the transceiver 1240. The memory 1220 stores at least a part of a program 1230. The transceiver 1240 may be for bidirectional communications or a unidirectional communication based on requirements. The transceiver 1240 may include at least one of a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter and the receiver may be functional modules or physical entities. The transceiver1240 has at least one antenna to facilitate communication, though in practice an Access Node mentioned in this application may have several ones. The communication interface may represent any interface that is necessary for communication with other network elements, such as X2 / Xn interface for bidirectional communications between eNBs / gNBs, S1 / NG interface for communication between a Mobility Management Entity (MME) / Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) / SGW / UPF and the eNB / gNB, Un interface for communication between the eNB / gNB and a relay node (RN) , or Uu interface for communication between the eNB / gNB and a terminal device.
[0275] The program 1230 is assumed to include program instructions that, when executed by the associated processor 1210, enable the device 1200 to operate in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure, as discussed herein with reference to FIGS. 2A-11. The embodiments herein may be implemented by computer software executable by the processor 1210 of the device 1200, or by hardware, or by a combination of software and hardware. The processor 1210 may be configured to implement various embodiments of the present disclosure. Furthermore, a combination of the processor 1210 and memory 1220 may form processing means 1250 adapted to implement various embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0276] The memory 1220 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network and may be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as a non-transitory computer readable storage medium, semiconductor-based memory devices, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, fixed memory and removable memory, as non-limiting examples. While only one memory 1220 is shown in the device 1200, there may be several physically distinct memory modules in the device 1200. The processor 1210 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network, and may include one or more of general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) and processors based on multicore processor architecture, as non-limiting examples. The device 1200 may have multiple processors, such as an application specific integrated circuit chip that is slaved in time to a clock which synchronizes the main processor.
[0277] In summary, embodiments of the present disclosure may provide the following solutions.
[0278] The present disclosure provides a first device, comprising at least one processor configured to cause the first device at least to: determine a transmission power of a carrier wave (CW) signal being used to generate a backward signal by an ambient internet of things (A-IoT) device based on at least one of: a first path loss of the CW signal from the first device to a network device, a second path loss of the backward signal from the A-IoT device to the network device, a power loss or a power gain at the A-IoT device while generating the backward signal, a third path loss of a transmission link from the first device to a second device via the A-IoT device, wherein the second device is a receiving device of a backward signal from the A-IoT device; and transmit, to the A-IoT device, the CW signal with the transmission power.
[0279] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the at least one processor is further configured to cause the first device at least to: determine the first path loss of the CW signal based on a measurement result of one or more reference signals from the network device.
[0280] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the at least one processor is further configured to cause the first device at least to: determine a received power of the one or more reference signals from the network device; and determine the first path loss of the CW signal based on a difference of a transmitted power of the one or more reference signals and the received power of the one or more reference signals.
[0281] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the at least one processor is further configured to cause the first device at least to: determine the second path loss based on the first path loss.
[0282] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the at least one process is configured to cause the first device to: determine the power loss or power gain based on one of: a capability of the A-IoT device, a configuration from the network device, or a report from the A-IoT device.
[0283] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the at least one process is configured to cause the first device to: determine the capability of the A-IoT device based on configuration information from the network device or capability information from the A-IoT device.
[0284] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the at least one process is configured to cause the first device to: transmit, to the A-IoT device, at least one reference signal; and receive, from the A-IoT device, the report associated with the at least one reference signal, wherein the report indicates a difference between an output power of a further backward signal associated with the at least one reference signal and an input power of the at least one reference signal.
[0285] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the at least one process is configured to cause the first device to: determine the third path loss based on at least one of: a path loss of the CW signal from the first device to the A-IoT device, a path loss of the backward signal from the A-IoT device to the second device, or the power loss or the power gain at the A-IoT device while generating the backward signal.
[0286] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the at least one process is configured to cause the first device to: transmit, to the A-IoT device, a reference signal being used to generate a further backward signal by the A-IoT device; receive, from the second device, a report indicating one of: a difference between a received power of the further backward signal and a transmitted power of the reference signal, or the received power of the further backward signal; and determine the third path loss based on the report.
[0287] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the at least one process is configured to cause the first device to determine the transmission power of the CW signal by: determining a first power at least based on the first path loss; and determining the transmission power of the CW signal as a minimum of: a maximum transmission power of the first device and the first power.
[0288] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the A-IoT device comprises: a device without a power amplifier, or a device with a power amplifier, wherein an amplifier gain of the power amplifier is less than a threshold.
[0289] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the at least one process is configured to cause the first device to determine the transmission power of the CW signal by: determining a first power at least based on the first path loss; determining a second power at least based on the second path loss and the power loss or power gain; and determining the transmission power of the CW signal as a minimum of: a maximum transmission power of the first device, the first power, and the second power.
[0290] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the second power is determined further based on one or more of: a second target received power of the backward signal at the network device, or a second amount resource of the backward signal.
[0291] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the at least one process is configured to cause the first device to determine the transmission power of the CW signal by: determining a first power at least based on the first path loss; determining a third power at least based on the third path loss; and determining the transmission power of the CW signal as a minimum of: a maximum transmission power of the first device, the first power, and the third power.
[0292] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the third power is determined further based on one or more of: a second target received power of the backward signal at the network device, or a second amount resource of the backward signal.
[0293] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the second target received power of the backward signal and / or the second amount resource of the backward signal is configured by the network device.
[0294] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the second target received power of the backward signal is a target received power of one or more PRBs or one or more SCs.
[0295] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the second amount resource of the backward signal is associated with at least one of: an index of a SCS configuration, or a number of resource units being used by the backward signal.
[0296] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the first power is determined further based on one or more of: a first target received power of the CW signal at the network device, or a first amount resource of the CW signal.
[0297] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the first target received power of the CW signal and / or the first amount resource of the CW signal is configured by the network device.
[0298] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the first target received power of the CW signal is a target received power of one or more PRBs or one or more SCs.
[0299] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the first amount resource of the CW signal is associated with at least one of: an index of a SCS configuration, or a number of resource units being used by the CW signal.
[0300] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the second device is: the network device, or a device different from the first device and the network device.
[0301] In one embodiment, the first device as above, the first device is a terminal device.
[0302] The present disclosure provides an A-IoT device, comprising at least one processor configured to cause the A-IoT device at least to: determine a transmission power or an amplifier gain for a backward signal to a second device based on at least one of: an indication from a network device or a terminal device, a first path loss of the backward signal from the A-IoT device to the second device, a power gap indicating a difference between a target received power of a backward reference signal at the second device and a measured received power of the backward reference signal at the second device, a received power of a CW signal from a first device to the A-IoT device, or a counter of power ramping; and transmit, to the second device, the backward signal based on the transmission power or the amplifier gain.
[0303] In one embodiment, the A-IoT device as above, the indication comprises: a value of the transmission power, a value of the amplifier gain, a level of the transmission power, or a level of the amplifier gain.
[0304] In one embodiment, the A-IoT device as above, the at least one process is further configured to cause the A-IoT device at least to: receive, from the network device, configuration information comprising a plurality of level of the transmission power or a plurality of level of the amplifier gain.
[0305] In one embodiment, the A-IoT device as above, a first level of the transmission power or a first level of the amplifier gain indicates that a PA is applied, and a second level of the transmission power or a second level of the amplifier gain indicates that the PA is not applied.
[0306] In one embodiment, the A-IoT device as above, the indication indicates a working mode of the A-IoT device, and wherein the working mode indicates at least one of: a type of the second device, whether the second device and the first device are the same device, a transmission range of the backward signal, or whether a PA should be applied.
[0307] In one embodiment, the A-IoT device as above, the at least one processor is configured to cause the A-IoT device at least to: in accordance with a determination that the working mode indicates the type of the second device is a network device, determine that the transmission power or the amplifier gain equals to a first value; or in accordance with a determination that the working mode indicates the type of the second device is a terminal device, determine that the transmission power or the amplifier gain equals to a second value.
[0308] In one embodiment, the A-IoT device as above, the at least one processor is configured to cause the A-IoT device at least to: in accordance with a determination that the working mode indicates the second device and the first device are the same device, determine that the transmission power or the amplifier gain equals to a third value; or in accordance with a determination that the working mode indicates the second device and the first device are different, determine that the transmission power or the amplifier gain equals to a fourth value.
[0309] In one embodiment, the A-IoT device as above, the at least one process is further configured to cause the A-IoT device at least to: determine a first power based on the first path loss; and determine the transmission power as a minimum of: a maximum transmission power of the A-IoT device and the first power.
[0310] In one embodiment, the A-IoT device as above, the at least one process is further configured to cause the A-IoT device at least to: transmit, to the second device, a reference signal; receive, from a transmission device of a forward signal, a report indicating a received power of the reference signal at the second device; and determine the first path loss based on the report.
[0311] In one embodiment, the A-IoT device as above, the first power is determined further based on one or more of: a target received power of the backward signal at the second device, or an amount resource of the backward signal.
[0312] In one embodiment, the A-IoT device as above, the target received power of the backward signal and / or the amount resource of the backward signal is configured by a network device.
[0313] In one embodiment, the A-IoT device as above, the target received power of the backward signal is a target received power of one or more PRBs or one or more SCs.
[0314] In one embodiment, the A-IoT device as above, the amount resource of the backward signal is associated with at least one of: an index of a SCS configuration, or a number of resource units being used by the backward signal.
[0315] In one embodiment, the A-IoT device as above, the at least one process is further configured to cause the A-IoT device at least to: determine a second power based on a transmission power of the backward signal and the power gap; and determine the transmission power as a minimum of: a maximum transmission power of the A-IoT device and the second power.
[0316] In one embodiment, the A-IoT device as above, the at least one process is further configured to cause the A-IoT device at least to: determine a first gain based on a further amplifier gain for the backward reference signal and the power gap; and determine the amplifier gain as a minimum of: a maximum amplifier gain of the A-IoT device and the first gain.
[0317] In one embodiment, the A-IoT device as above, the at least one process is configured to cause the A-IoT device at least to: determine the transmission power or the amplifier gain based on a maximum transmission power of the A-IoT device and a target transmission power of the backward signal.
[0318] In one embodiment, the A-IoT device as above, the at least one process is configured to cause the A-IoT device at least to: determine the transmission power or the amplifier gain based on a maximum transmission power of the A-IoT device, a target transmission power of the backward signal, and the received power of the CW signal.
[0319] In one embodiment, the A-IoT device as above, the at least one process is configured to cause the A-IoT device at least to: determine the transmission power or the amplifier gain from a plurality of levels based on the received power of the CW signal.
[0320] In one embodiment, the A-IoT device as above, the at least one process is configured to cause the A-IoT device at least to: determine the transmission power or the amplifier gain based on an initial power and the counter of power ramping.
[0321] In one embodiment, the A-IoT device as above, the at least one process is configured to cause the A-IoT device at least to: determine an initial value of the counter; in accordance with a determination that the counter is the initial value, transmit the backward signal to the second device by using the initial power; and in accordance with a determination that no response to the backward signal is received within a time window, update the counter by increasing 1; or in accordance with a determination that a response to the backward signal has been received within the time window, perform a further transmission of the backward signal without updating the counter.
[0322] In one embodiment, the A-IoT device as above, the at least one process is configured to cause the A-IoT device at least to: determine the transmission power based on a ramping step and a difference between the counter and the initial value.
[0323] In one embodiment, the A-IoT device as above, the further transmission of the backward signal is targeted to the second device.
[0324] In one embodiment, the A-IoT device as above, the further transmission of the backward signal is performed before a time instance, wherein the time instance is determined based on a first threshold.
[0325] In one embodiment, the A-IoT device as above, the at least one process is configured to cause the A-IoT device at least to: set the counter to be the initial value based on a determination that: a transmission of the backward signal is targeted to a device different from the second device, a time duration between a new transmission and a previous transmission exceeds a second threshold, or a transmission device of the CW signal is different from the first device.
[0326] In one embodiment, the A-IoT device as above, the at least one process is configured to cause the A-IoT device at least to: in accordance with a determination that one or more conditions are met, determine the transmission power or the amplifier gain as a maximum transmission power of the A-IoT device or a maximum amplifier gain.
[0327] The present disclosure provides a method of communication, comprising the operations implemented at the first device discussed above.
[0328] The present disclosure provides a method of communication, comprising the operations implemented at the A-IoT device discussed above.
[0329] The present disclosure provides a terminal device, comprising: a processor; and a memory storing computer program codes; the memory and the computer program codes configured to, with the processor, cause the terminal device to perform the method implemented at the first device discussed above.
[0330] The present disclosure provides an A-IoT device, comprising: a processor; and a memory storing computer program codes; the memory and the computer program codes configured to, with the processor, cause the A-IoT device to perform the method implemented at the A-IoT device discussed above.
[0331] The present disclosure provides a computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed by a processor of an apparatus, causing the apparatus to perform the method implemented at a first device or an A-IoT device discussed above.
[0332] Generally, various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuits, software, logic or any combination thereof. Some aspects may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device. While various aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated and described as block diagrams, flowcharts, or using some other pictorial representation, it will be appreciated that the blocks, apparatus, systems, techniques or methods described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.
[0333] The present disclosure also provides at least one computer program product tangibly stored on a non-transitory computer readable storage medium. The computer program product includes computer-executable instructions, such as those included in program modules, being executed in a device on a target real or virtual processor, to carry out the process or method as described above with reference to FIGS. 8-11. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, libraries, objects, classes, components, data structures, or the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The functionality of the program modules may be combined or split between program modules as desired in various embodiments. Machine-executable instructions for program modules may be executed within a local or distributed device. In a distributed device, program modules may be located in both local and remote storage media.
[0334] Program code for carrying out methods of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. These program codes may be provided to a processor or controller of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus, such that the program codes, when executed by the processor or controller, cause the functions / operations specified in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams to be implemented. The program code may execute entirely on a machine, partly on the machine, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the machine and partly on a remote machine or entirely on the remote machine or server.
[0335] The above program code may be embodied on a machine readable medium, which may be any tangible medium that may contain, or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The machine readable medium may be a machine readable signal medium or a machine readable storage medium. A machine readable medium may include but not limited to an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples of the machine readable storage medium would include an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory) , an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing.
[0336] Further, while operations are depicted in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Likewise, while several specific implementation details are contained in the above discussions, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the present disclosure, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments. Certain features that are described in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination.
[0337] Although the present disclosure has been described in language specific to structural features and / or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the present disclosure defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.
Claims
1.A first device comprising at least one processor configured to cause the first device at least to:determine a transmission power of a carrier wave (CW) signal being used to generate a backward signal by an ambient internet of things (A-IoT) device based on at least one of:a first path loss of the CW signal from the first device to a network device,a second path loss of the backward signal from the A-IoT device to the network device,a power loss or a power gain at the A-IoT device while generating the backward signal,a third path loss of a transmission link from the first device to a second device via the A-IoT device, wherein the second device is a receiving device of a backward signal from the A-IoT device; andtransmit, to the A-IoT device, the CW signal with the transmission power.2.The first device of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the first device at least to:determine the second path loss based on the first path loss.3.The first device of claim 1, wherein the at least one process is configured to cause the first device to:determine the power loss or power gain based on one of:a capability of the A-IoT device,a configuration from the network device, ora report from the A-IoT device.4.The first device of claim 3, wherein the at least one process is configured to cause the first device to:transmit, to the A-IoT device, at least one reference signal; andreceive, from the A-IoT device, the report associated with the at least one reference signal, wherein the report indicates a difference between an output power of a further backward signal associated with the at least one reference signal and an input power of the at least one reference signal.5.The first device of claim 1, wherein the at least one process is configured to cause the first device to:determine the third path loss based on at least one of:a path loss of the CW signal from the first device to the A-IoT device,a path loss of the backward signal from the A-IoT device to the second device, orthe power loss or the power gain at the A-IoT device while generating the backward signal.6.The first device of claim 1, wherein the at least one process is configured to cause the first device to:transmit, to the A-IoT device, a reference signal being used to generate a further backward signal by the A-IoT device;receive, from the second device, a report indicating one of:a difference between a received power of the further backward signal and a transmitted power of the reference signal, orthe received power of the further backward signal; anddetermine the third path loss based on the report.7.The first device of claim 1, wherein the at least one process is configured to cause the first device to determine the transmission power of the CW signal by:determining a first power at least based on the first path loss;determining a third power at least based on the third path loss; anddetermining the transmission power of the CW signal as a minimum of: a maximum transmission power of the first device, the first power, and the third power.8.An ambient internet of things (A-IoT) device comprising at least one processor configured to cause the A-IoT device at least to:determine a transmission power or an amplifier gain for a backward signal to a second device based on at least one of:an indication from a network device or a terminal device,a first path loss of the backward signal from the A-IoT device to the second device,a power gap indicating a difference between a target received power of a backward reference signal at the second device and a measured received power of the backward reference signal at the second device,a received power of a carrier wave (CW) signal from a first device to the A-IoT device, ora counter of power ramping; andtransmit, to the second device, the backward signal based on the transmission power or the amplifier gain.9.The A-IoT device of claim 8, wherein the indication comprises:a value of the transmission power,a value of the amplifier gain,a level of the transmission power, ora level of the amplifier gain.10.The A-IoT device of claim 8, wherein the indication indicates a working mode of the A-IoT device, and wherein the working mode indicates at least one of:a type of the second device,whether the second device and the first device are the same device,a transmission range of the backward signal, orwhether a PA should be applied.11.The A-IoT device of claim 10, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the A-IoT device at least to:in accordance with a determination that the working mode indicates the type of the second device is a network device, determine that the transmission power or the amplifier gain equals to a first value; orin accordance with a determination that the working mode indicates the type of the second device is a terminal device, determine that the transmission power or the amplifier gain equals to a second value.12.The A-IoT device of claim 8, wherein the at least one process is further configured to cause the A-IoT device at least to:determine a second power based on a transmission power of the backward signal and the power gap; anddetermine the transmission power as a minimum of: a maximum transmission power of the A-IoT device and the second power.13.The A-IoT device of claim 8, wherein the at least one process is further configured to cause the A-IoT device at least to:determine a first gain based on a further amplifier gain for the backward reference signal and the power gap; anddetermine the amplifier gain as a minimum of: a maximum amplifier gain of the A-IoT device and the first gain.14.The A-IoT device of claim 8, wherein the at least one process is configured to cause the A-IoT device at least to:determine the transmission power or the amplifier gain based on a maximum transmission power of the A-IoT device and a target transmission power of the backward signal.15.The A-IoT device of claim 8, wherein the at least one process is configured to cause the A-IoT device at least to:determine the transmission power or the amplifier gain based on a maximum transmission power of the A-IoT device, a target transmission power of the backward signal, and the received power of the CW signal.16.The A-IoT device of claim 8, wherein the at least one process is configured to cause the A-IoT device at least to:determine the transmission power or the amplifier gain from a plurality of levels based on the received power of the CW signal.17.The A-IoT device of claim 8, wherein the at least one process is configured to cause the A-IoT device at least to:determine the transmission power or the amplifier gain based on an initial power and the counter of power ramping.18.A method performed by a first device, comprising:determining a transmission power of a carrier wave (CW) signal being used to generated a backward signal by an ambient internet of things (A-IoT) device based on at least one of:a first path loss of the CW signal from the first device to a network device,a second path loss of the backward signal from the A-IoT device to the network device,a power loss or a power gain at the A-IoT device while generating the backward signal,a third path loss of a transmission link from the first device to a second device via the A-IoT device, wherein the second device is a receiving device of the backward signal from the A-IoT device; andtransmitting, to the A-IoT device, the CW signal with the transmission power.19.A method performed by an ambient internet of things (A-IoT) device, comprising:determining a transmission power or an amplifier gain for a backward signal to a second device based on at least one of:an indication from a network device or a terminal device,a first path loss of the backward signal from the A-IoT device to the second device,a power gap indicating a difference between a target received power of a backward reference signal at the second device and a measured received power of the backward reference signal at the second device,a received power of a carrier wave (CW) signal from a first device to the A-IoT device, ora counter of power ramping; andtransmitting, to the second device, the backward signal based on the transmission power or the amplifier gain.20.A computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed by a processor of an apparatus, causing the apparatus to perform the method according to any of claims 18-19.
Citation Information
Patent Citations
Signal adjusting method and related equipment
CN111641430A
Communication method and device, service node, communication system and storage medium
CN115835131A
Cognitive backscatter communication robust resource scheduling method for information security
CN116406016A
Wireless communication method and apparatus, and communication device
WO2023010321A1
Wireless communication method and device
WO2023015572A1