Composition containing γ-aminobutyric acid

Abstract

The present invention provides a composition for inducing a flow (zone) state in a subject, the composition containing γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The composition according to the present invention is capable of inducing a subject, who is engaged in a specific operation or movement, into a flow (zone) state.

Description

γ-aminobutyric acid-containing composition

[0001] The present invention relates to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-containing compositions, and in particular to GABA-containing compositions for inducing a flow (zone) state.

[0002] In recent years, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyric acid) has attracted attention as an amino acid that is widely distributed in nature and does not impair the flavor of foods when added to them. GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter found in large quantities in the mammalian central nervous system. It is known to suppress the excessive secretion of excitatory neurotransmitters, calm nerve excitement, and exert relaxation and anti-stress effects. It is also known to have a wide range of physiological activities, including hypotensive and cholesterol-lowering effects, and suppression of immune system decline. Because GABA is found in vegetables, grains, and the human body, it is easy to add to foods, and GABA-containing chocolate and numerous supplements are commercially available.

[0003] The present inventors have discovered that GABA can induce a flow (zone) state in a subject.

[0004] Therefore, according to a main aspect of the present invention, the following inventions are provided: (Item 1) A composition for inducing a flow (zone) state in a subject, comprising gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). (Item 2) The composition described in any of the above items, characterized in that it is ingested before performing a task. (Item 3) The composition described in any one of the above items, wherein the flow (zone) state is defined by at least a distortion of perceived time. (Item 4) The composition described in any one of the above items, wherein the flow (zone) state comprises a shortening of perceived time. (Item 5) The composition described in any one of the above items, wherein the task comprises multitasking. (Item 6) The composition described in any one of the above items, wherein the task comprises e-sports, VDT work, digital work, and games. (Item 7) The composition described in any one of the above items, wherein the game comprises a TV game, a PC game, and a mobile game. (Item 8) The composition described in any one of the above items, wherein it is ingested at least about two hours before or immediately before performing the task. (Item 9) The composition according to any one of the above items, wherein the content of γ-aminobutyric acid is about 10 to about 1000 mg. (Item 10) The composition according to any one of the above items, wherein the intake amount of γ-aminobutyric acid is about 10 to about 1000 mg per day. (Item 11) The composition according to any one of the above items, which is taken orally. (Item 12) The composition according to any one of the above items, which is in the form of a beverage, food, supplement, food additive, quasi-drug, or pharmaceutical. (Item 13) The composition according to any one of the above items, which is in the form of a liquid, powder, tablet, or capsule. (Item 14) The composition according to any one of the above items, which is for inducing an exciting mood. (Item 15) The composition according to any one of the above items, which is for inducing a positive mood. (Item 16) The composition according to any one of the above items, which is for alleviating a decrease in vitality and energy. (Item 17) The composition according to any one of the above items for relieving mental stress and / or fatigue.(Item A1) A method for inducing a flow (zone) state in a subject, the method comprising administering a composition containing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to the subject. (Item A2) The method according to any one of the above items, characterized in that the composition is administered before the subject performs a task. (Item A3) The method according to any one of the above items, wherein the flow (zone) state is defined by at least a distortion in perceived time. (Item A4) The method according to any one of the above items, wherein the flow (zone) state includes a shortening of perceived time. (Item A5) The method according to any one of the above items, wherein the task includes multitasking. (Item A6) The method according to any one of the above items, wherein the task includes e-sports, VDT work, digital work, and games. (Item A7) The method according to any one of the above items, wherein the game includes a video game, a PC game, and a mobile game. (Item A8) The method according to any one of the above items, wherein the composition is administered at least about two hours before or immediately before the subject performs the task. (Item A9) The method according to any one of the above items, wherein the content of γ-aminobutyric acid is about 10 to about 1000 mg. (Item A10) The method according to any one of the above items, wherein the dosage of γ-aminobutyric acid is about 10 to about 1000 mg per day. (Item A11) The method according to any one of the above items, wherein the composition is administered orally. (Item A12) The method according to any one of the above items, wherein the composition is a beverage, food, supplement, food additive, quasi-drug, or pharmaceutical. (Item A13) The method according to any one of the above items, wherein the composition is in the form of a liquid, powder, tablet, or capsule. (Item A14) The method according to any one of the above items, wherein the composition is for inducing an exciting feeling. (Item A15) The method according to any one of the above items, wherein the composition is for inducing a positive feeling. (Item A16) The method according to any one of the above items, wherein the composition is for alleviating a decrease in vitality and energy. (Item A17) The method according to any one of the above items for alleviating mental stress and / or fatigue.(Item B1) A composition for inducing a flow (zone) state in a subject, inducing exciting feelings, inducing positive feelings, reducing a decrease in vitality and energy, and / or alleviating mental stress and / or fatigue, the composition comprising gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). (Item B2) A composition according to any one of the above items for inducing a flow (zone) state in a subject. (Item B3) A composition according to any one of the above items for inducing an exciting feeling in a subject. (Item B4) A composition according to any one of the above items for inducing positive feelings in a subject. (Item B5) A composition according to any one of the above items for reducing a decrease in vitality and energy in a subject. (Item B6) A composition according to any one of the above items for alleviating mental stress and / or fatigue in a subject.

[0005] It is contemplated that one or more of the above features may be provided in combinations other than those explicitly stated, and further embodiments and advantages of the present disclosure will be recognized by those skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the following detailed description, if necessary.

[0006] Note that features and significant actions and effects of the present disclosure other than those described above will become clear to those skilled in the art by referring to the following description of the preferred embodiments of the invention and the drawings.

[0007] According to the present invention, by ingesting a GABA-containing composition, a flow (zone) state can be induced in a subject, allowing tasks requiring cognitive and thinking abilities to be performed efficiently, making it highly useful in everyday life.

[0008] Furthermore, the composition of the present invention can induce a flow (zone) state in a subject, thereby improving productivity and work efficiency, enhancing task quality, reducing stress and psychological burden, and / or enabling the subject to achieve a sense of fulfillment and accomplishment.

[0009] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the timing of a game test, ingestion of a test beverage, and administration of a VAS questionnaire in one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a graph showing the results of a game test and a VAS questionnaire in one embodiment of the present invention. The game software used was "GHOST SQUAD™" (Sega). FIG. 3 is a graph showing the results of a game test and a VAS questionnaire in one embodiment of the present invention. The game software used was "TIME CRISIS 4" (Bandai Namco Games). FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing the timing of a game test and administration of a test beverage in one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 5 is a graph showing the results of a game test in one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6 is a result showing distortion of perceived time when ingesting a placebo, GABA, or caffeine in one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6A shows the result when GABA was ingested, and FIG. 6B shows the result when caffeine was ingested. FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing a timeline of electroencephalogram data measurement in one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 8 is a graph showing the results of a game test in one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 9 shows the results of electroencephalogram measurement in one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 10 shows the results of a paired t-test on electroencephalogram (EEG) measurements in one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 11 is a graph showing the difference between SMR waves measured after GABA or placebo intake and those at rest in one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 12 is a graph showing darts scores in one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 13 shows the results of measurements of time spent in a state of concentration or deep concentration, measured using concentration measurement glasses (JINS MEME), in one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 14 shows the results of a calculation test in one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 15 shows the results of measurements of time spent in a state of concentration or deep concentration, measured using concentration measurement glasses (JINS MEME), in one embodiment of the present invention.

[0010] The present disclosure will now be described with reference to the best mode. Throughout this specification, singular expressions should be understood to include the plural concept unless otherwise specified. Therefore, singular articles (e.g., "a," "an," "the," etc. in English) should be understood to include the plural concept unless otherwise specified. Furthermore, it should be understood that terms used in this specification are used in the sense commonly used in the art unless otherwise specified. Therefore, unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used in this specification have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which this disclosure belongs. In the event of conflict, the present specification (including definitions) will prevail.

[0011] The following provides definitions of terms particularly used in this specification and / or explains basic technical content as appropriate.

[0012] As used herein, "about" means ±10% of the preceding numerical value.

[0013] As used herein, the term "flow (zone) state" refers to a state in which moderately alert brain waves predominate, such as when SMR (Sensory Motor Rhythm) waves are generated. Moderately alert brain waves include SMR waves (12-15 Hz), high alpha waves (10-12 Hz), and low beta waves (15-18 Hz). With SMR waves, which represent a balance between relaxation and concentration, at their peak, more relaxation and decreased alertness leads to high alpha waves, while more concentration and increased alertness leads to low beta waves. It is known that the generation of SMR waves can lead to a sense of flow or being in the zone (K. Ueda, Y. Imamura and T. Ibaraki, TechRxiv. Preprint, doi:10.36227 / techrxiv.14787879.v1 (2021)). The brain waves can be measured using known measurement techniques, for example, using various types of brain wave measurement devices such as fMRI, NIRS, invasive, MEG, and EEG.

[0014] When a subject is in the flow (zone) state, their concentration increases and they are able to achieve a deeper state of concentration than in a normal state of consciousness when performing a specific action or task. For more information on the flow (zone) state, please refer to "Application of Flow Theory for Effective e-Learning," JELA Journal, Vol. 9 / 2009.5. In this specification, flow and zone are synonymous. In addition to measuring brain waves, whether or not a subject is in the flow (zone) state can also be assessed by measuring distortions in perceived time. When a subject performs a specific action or task, if the subject feels that the time taken is shorter than the actual time of the action or task, the subject can be said to be in the flow (zone) state.

[0015] As used herein, the term "perceived time distortion" refers to a discrepancy between temporal experience and actual elapsed time, such as when a subject feels that the time taken to perform a particular action or task is shorter than the actual time taken to perform the action or task. For example, perceived time distortion can be said to occur when the subject feels that the actual time taken to perform the action or task is less than about 99%, less than about 98%, less than about 97%, less than about 96%, less than about 95%, less than about 94%, less than about 93%, less than about 92%, less than about 91%, less than about 90%, less than about 89%, less than about 88%, less than about 87%, less than about 86%, less than about 85%, less than about 84%, less than about 83%, less than about 82%, less than about 81%, less than about 80%, less than about 75%, less than about 70%, less than about 65%, less than about 60%, less than about 55%, or less than about 50%.

[0016] In this specification, "eSports" is an abbreviation for "electronic sports" and, in a broad sense, refers to competitions played using electronic devices. In a narrow sense, "eSports" refers to competitions using computer games or video games when those games are considered to be sports competitions. ESports competitions include not only sports games, but also shooting games, simulation games, fighting games, racing games, puzzle games, card games, and RPGs, but are not limited to these.

[0017] In this specification, "VDT work" refers to work using VDTs (Visual Display Terminals) such as displays and keyboards.

[0018] In this specification, "digital work" refers primarily to work that utilizes computers and the Internet. Specific examples of digital work include communication using communication tools such as email and chat, data processing and database management, website and application development, online marketing, and digital content production.

[0019] (Preferred Embodiments) Preferred embodiments of the present disclosure will be described below. The embodiments provided below are provided for a better understanding of the present disclosure, and the scope of the present disclosure should not be limited to the following description. Therefore, it is clear that those skilled in the art can make appropriate modifications within the scope of the present disclosure in light of the description herein. In addition, the following embodiments of the present disclosure can be used alone or in combination.

[0020] In one aspect of the present invention, a composition for inducing a flow (zone) state in a subject is provided that contains gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

[0021] Because γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an amino acid widely distributed in nature, such as in vegetables and grains, in one embodiment of the present invention, the origin of GABA is not particularly limited as long as it is suitable for use in foods and beverages. For example, GABA-containing plant extracts or purified products may be used, or GABA may be prepared from a fermented product obtained by adding glutamic acid decarboxylase or a microorganism containing the enzyme, such as lactic acid bacteria, to a raw material containing glutamic acid. GABA-containing products and commercially available GABA may also be used in the composition of the present invention, provided that the effects of the composition are not impaired.

[0022] In one embodiment, the composition of the present invention can induce a flow (zone) state in a subject when ingested by the subject. The flow (zone) state in a subject can be induced when the subject performs a specific action or task, and the specific action or task may be a challenge for the subject.

[0023] In one embodiment, a task may be anything that requires at least a certain level of concentration, such as e-sports, VDT work, digital work, and games (TV games, PC games, mobile games, etc.). A task may be a problem-solving process undertaken to achieve a specific goal, and may be assigned in a school, workplace, or other setting, or may be undertaken independently. A task is designed to promote personal growth and learning, and typically includes specific tasks or activities to achieve a certain goal.

[0024] In one embodiment, the task may be a single task or a multitasking. In one embodiment, multitasking includes a subject simultaneously performing multiple tasks, movements, tasks, and / or tasks. For example, in the case of VDT work, the following tasks and movements can be given as single tasks and multitasking, respectively. <Single tasks> - Typing games (repeated simple data entry) - Shooting PC games where you only shoot targets (simply left-click the mouse with one hand. Games that do not involve switching weapons using the keyboard, switching the field of view, moving forward, backward, left, right, jumping, crouching, or other movements, or reloading bullets) <Multitasking> - Shooting games Tasks that involve shooting while simultaneously switching weapons, reloading bullets, moving forward, backward, left, right, switching the field of view, and checking the map. - Racing games Simultaneous acceleration, braking, and left / right direction determination.

[0025] In another embodiment, in the case of tasks other than VDT ​​work, the following tasks and actions can be listed as single tasks and multitasks: <Single task> Kraepelin test (repeated simple addition), etc. <Multitask> Driving a car: steering, turning signals, etc., operating footwork, making decisions based on other cars, traffic lights, and people, etc. Playing the piano: different movements with the left and right, operating footwork, etc.

[0026] E-sports refers to competitive computer games and video games (games that can be played on any device, including personal computers (PCs), home game consoles, mobile applications, and VR). E-sports include, for example, gamified versions of actual sports competitions and newly created virtual sports competitions that are controlled by human players (in the case of competitive competitions, the opponent may be a computer simulation). Virtual sports refer to virtual sports competitions that mimic actual sports competitions or newly created virtual sports competitions that are played virtually under certain rules and algorithms through computer simulation. Virtual sports are configured so that virtual players based on data that mimic athletes in actual sports competitions, or virtual players based on data generated by users under certain rules, compete through computer simulation.

[0027] In one embodiment, the game genre of e-sports is not particularly limited and may be any game genre. For example, it may be a fighting game, a sports game, a shooting game, a racing game, a puzzle game, a word game, a card game, a board game, a role-playing game, or a simulation game. Furthermore, e-sports may be individual or team competitions. Furthermore, it may be a competition between humans as players, or a competition between humans and a computer (e.g., AI or a robot).

[0028] VDT work refers to work using VDT (Visual Display Terminals) such as displays and keyboards. Digital work refers to work primarily using computers and the Internet. VDT work and digital work involve looking at a screen for long periods of time, which can cause eye fatigue and stress. The composition of the present invention can induce a flow (zone) state in the subject, thereby reducing fatigue and stress associated with VDT work and digital work.

[0029] In one embodiment, games include those played on any electronic device, such as TV games, PC games, and mobile games. The game genre is not particularly limited and may be, for example, a fighting game, a sports game, a shooting game, a racing game, a puzzle game, a word game, a card game, a board game, a role-playing game, or a simulation game. The composition of the present invention can induce a subject into a flow (zone) state when playing a game, thereby enabling the subject to improve their score or progress more efficiently in the game.

[0030] In one embodiment, the composition of the present invention is ingested before a subject performs a task so as to achieve the effects of the composition of the present invention. The composition of the present invention can be ingested at least about 5 hours to about 1 minute before, or immediately before, the subject performs the task. The upper limit (maximum time) of the intake timing can be, for example, at least about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours, about 6 hours, or about 7 hours before the subject performs the task. The lower limit (minimum time) of the intake timing can be, for example, at least about 50 minutes, about 45 minutes, about 40 minutes, about 35 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 25 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 15 minutes, about 10 minutes, about 5 minutes, about 4 minutes, about 3 minutes, about 2 minutes, about 1 minute, or immediately before the subject performs the task. The intake timing can be within any range between these lower and upper limits. Ingesting the composition of the present invention before performing a task can induce a flow (zone) state when the subject performs the task. In one embodiment, the time before performing a task to ingest the composition of the present invention can be determined appropriately depending on the type, content, or difficulty of the task, the condition or nature of the subject, or the depth of the desired flow (zone) state.

[0031] The composition of the present invention, when ingested by a subject, can induce a flow (zone) state in the subject. The term "zone" is typically used in the context of competitions and performances. For example, when an athlete enters the "zone" during a game, it means that they are highly focused, their actions and consciousness merge, the boundaries between themselves and their surroundings become blurred, and they are in a state where they can perform at their best. By entering the "zone," athletes are able to perform at their best without being affected by low self-esteem or worries. The term "flow" is typically used in the context of creative activities and productive work. For example, when an artist enters "flow" during a creative activity, it means that they are in a state where they are maximizing their creative abilities. By entering flow, artists can achieve their highest artistic expression without paying attention to their surroundings or other external interference. The main difference between "zone" and "flow" is that "zone" is typically focused on competitions and performances, while "flow" is focused on creative activities and productive work. However, both concepts describe a state of high concentration and self-sufficiency, allowing individuals to perform at their best. Therefore, both zone and flow are psychological concepts that describe a state of concentration, and although they can be used differently depending on the subject category, in this specification they are synonymous unless otherwise specified.

[0032] The flow state and the zone state can also be described as a state in which one's ability to perform a task improves according to one's own abilities. In other words, the flow state and the zone state are different from a state of simple high concentration; one enjoys working on a task and feels that one's own skills are improving. Even when one has high concentration, whether that state is a flow state or a zone state varies depending on one's individual sensations and experiences, as well as the content and difficulty of the task being undertaken.

[0033] Without being bound by theory, the ingestion of the composition of the present invention affects brain function via the afferent vagus nerve, thereby enabling the balancing of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. This enhances the parasympathetic nerve, allowing for sustained concentration and tension when working on a task, preventing brain overactivity. It is also known that the ingestion of GABA can suppress the appearance of beta waves, and the composition of the present invention adjusts the balance between alpha waves and beta waves, making it possible to create a state in which brain waves in the mid-arousal range, such as SMR waves, are dominant.

[0034] In one embodiment, whether a subject is in a flow (zone) state can be assessed by at least a distortion in perceived time. A subject can be defined as being in a flow (zone) state when the subject feels that the time it takes to perform a specific activity or task is longer or shorter than the actual time it takes to perform the activity or task. Perceived time distortion refers to a discrepancy between actual time and perceived time. For example, when people experience strong emotions, such as tension or joy, time may seem to pass faster or slower. Without being bound by theory, this is because the way people perceive the passage of time is affected by factors such as attention and thought. When attention or thought is heightened, people focus more attention and process more information, making time seem to pass faster or slower. The composition of the present invention can induce a flow (zone) state in a subject by causing such a distortion in perceived time, and preferably induces a flow (zone) state when the subject is performing a specific task.

[0035] In one embodiment, a person can be said to be in a flow (zone) state when the perceived time is shortened, where the perceived time is such that time seems to pass faster even if the time remains the same.

[0036] In one embodiment of the present invention, the content of GABA in the composition of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as the concentration or weight is such that the effect of the composition of the present invention can be obtained, depending on the administration method, etc. The content of GABA in the composition of the present invention is preferably about 10 to about 1000 mg, and the lower limit of the content may be, for example, about 10 mg or more, about 30 mg or more, about 50 mg or more, about 70 mg or more, about 100 mg or more, about 150 mg or more, about 200 mg or more, about 300 mg or more, about 400 mg or more, about 500 mg or more, or about 700 mg or more, and the upper limit of the content may be, for example, about 1000 mg or less, about 800 mg or less, about 700 mg or less, about 600 mg or less, about 500 mg or less, about 400 mg or less, about 300 mg or less, about 200 mg or less, or about 100 mg or less, and the content may be in any numerical range between these lower and upper limits.

[0037] In one embodiment of the present invention, the composition of the present invention can contain, in addition to GABA, any additives or any components that can be used in ingestible compositions, depending on its form.Examples of these additives and components include, but are not limited to, vitamins including vitamin E, vitamin C, etc., minerals, nutritional components, physiologically active ingredients such as flavorings, excipients, binders, emulsifiers, tonicity agents (isotonicity agents), buffers, solubilizers, preservatives, stabilizers, antioxidants, colorants, coagulants, or coating agents that are added during formulation.

[0038] In one embodiment of the present invention, the form of the composition of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it contains GABA, and it can be, for example, a pharmaceutical composition, a food or drink (including functional foods such as foods for specified health uses, foods with nutrient functions, and foods with functional claims, health supplements, health foods, and supplements), a food additive, a quasi-drug, or a pharmaceutical.

[0039] In one embodiment of the present invention, the composition of the present invention can be taken orally, and when used as an oral preparation, its form can be, for example, a tablet (including coated tablets), capsule, powder, granule, powder, liquid, suspension, emulsion, granule, powder, pill, paste, cream, caplet, gel, chewable, stick, etc. Furthermore, it can be prepared into a form that is easy to incorporate, such as a powder or granule, and then used as a raw material for other pharmaceuticals.

[0040] In one embodiment of the present invention, the composition of the present invention can be used for non-therapeutic purposes, and can also be used as a non-therapeutic method for inducing a flow (zone) state in a subject by ingesting the composition of the present invention. Such a method does not include therapeutic or medical procedures, and the subject is not particularly limited, preferably a healthy individual. By having such a healthy individual ingest the composition of the present disclosure, a flow (zone) state can be induced. Furthermore, when used as a pharmaceutical or quasi-drug, efficacy such as induction of a flow (zone) state can be promoted.

[0041] The compositions of the present invention can be used for therapeutic purposes, and therefore in another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for inducing a flow (zone) state in a subject, the method comprising the step of administering to the subject a composition containing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

[0042] In one embodiment of the present invention, the daily or single intake of GABA contained in the composition of the present invention can be appropriately set depending on the form of the composition, the intake method, the purpose of use, and the age, weight, symptoms, etc. of the subject. For example, from the viewpoint of more significantly exerting the effect of GABA contained in the composition of the present invention, it is preferable to take the GABA contained in the composition of the present invention so that the daily intake is about 10 mg / day or more, more preferably about 25 mg / day or more, about 50 mg / day or more, about 60 mg / day or more, about 80 mg / day or more, about 100 mg / day or more, about 120 mg / day or more, about 150 mg / day or more, about 180 mg / day or more, about 200 mg / day or more, about 300 mg / day or more, about 400 mg / day or more, about 500 mg / day or more, about 800 mg / day or more, or about 1000 mg / day or more. There is no particular upper limit to the daily intake amount of GABA contained in the composition of the present invention, as long as it is within the range in which the composition of the present invention can exert its flow (zone) state-inducing effect.

[0043] In one embodiment of the present invention, the frequency of application of the method of the present invention or the frequency of ingestion of the composition of the present invention may be one or more times per day within the desired intake range, and the ingestion period may also be appropriately set within a range in which the composition of the present invention can exert its effect of inducing a flow (zone) state.

[0044] In one embodiment, the composition of the present invention can be provided to induce an exciting feeling in a subject, independently of inducing a flow (zone) state in the subject. By ingesting the composition of the present invention, an exciting feeling can be induced in the subject, thereby improving the score when working on a task or achieving efficient progress.

[0045] In another embodiment, the composition of the present invention can be provided to induce a positive mood in a subject, independently of inducing a flow (zone) state in the subject. By ingesting the composition of the present invention, a positive mood can be induced in the subject, thereby improving scores and achieving efficient progress when working on a task.

[0046] In another embodiment, the composition of the present invention can be provided to alleviate a decrease in a subject's sense of vitality and energy, independently of inducing a flow (zone) state in the subject. By ingesting the composition of the present invention, the subject's sense of vitality and energy can be alleviated, thereby improving scores and achieving efficient progress when working on tasks.

[0047] In another embodiment, the composition of the present invention can be provided for alleviating mental stress and / or fatigue in a subject, independently of inducing a flow (zone) state in the subject. By ingesting the composition of the present invention, mental stress and / or fatigue can be alleviated in the subject, thereby improving scores and achieving efficient progress when working on a task.

[0048] As used herein, "or" is used when "at least one or more" of the items listed in the text can be employed. The same applies to "alternative." When "within the range of" two values ​​is specified herein, the range includes the two values ​​themselves. References cited herein, such as scientific literature, patents, patent applications, etc., are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety to the same extent as if each were specifically set forth.

[0049] The present disclosure has been described above by showing preferred embodiments for ease of understanding. The present disclosure will be described below based on examples. However, the above description and the following examples are provided for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the present disclosure. Therefore, the scope of the present disclosure is not limited to the embodiments or examples specifically described herein, but is limited only by the scope of the claims.

[0050] (Example 1: Game Test 1) In this example, changes in game scores when GABA was ingested were examined. The subjects were 10 men and women aged 26 to 33 (first test), and 19 men and women aged 26 to 33 (second test), and their game scores after ingesting the test beverage were evaluated. The test design was a crossover study.

[0051] The test beverages were as follows: GABA water (PharmaGABA 200 mg / 350 mL), Red Bull (registered trademark) (arginine 300 mg, caffeine 100 mg / 250 mL), and water (250 mL).

[0052] The games used in the first test were a Wii (registered trademark) game console (Nintendo) and Ghost Squad™ (Sega) game software, and in the second test were a PlayStation™3 (Sony Computer Entertainment) game console and Time Crisis 4 (Bandai Namco Games) game software.

[0053] The VAS survey was conducted by completing a questionnaire about the subject's physical sensations in categories such as "concentration, excitement, and positive thinking." Following the method of Freyd M. et al., the left end of a 100 mm line was designated "no sensation at all (=0 mm)," and the right end was designated "the most sensation ever (=100 mm)." The distance between the left end and the position on the line where the subject arbitrarily marked an "x" was measured and quantified. The subject's overall sensations throughout the test were evaluated by taking the difference between the value immediately after ingesting the test beverage and the value after the test was completed.

[0054] The timing of the intake of the test drink, the game, and the VAS questionnaire is as shown in FIG.

[0055] The results of the first test are shown in Figure 2. As can be seen from Figure 2, in the first test, the group that consumed GABA showed a tendency to improve their game scores and also reduced the number of missed shots compared to the groups that consumed water and the group that consumed an energy drink (Red Bull). Furthermore, the results of the questionnaire showed that the group that consumed GABA were in an excited state during the game and felt more positive.

[0056] The results of the second test are shown in Figure 3. As can be seen from Figure 3, in the second test, the group that consumed GABA also showed a tendency for their game scores to improve, and their hit rate was also improved, compared to the groups that consumed water and the group that consumed an energy drink (Red Bull). The group that consumed GABA also showed an increase in the number of missions that they successfully completed during the game. Furthermore, the results of the questionnaire showed that the group that consumed GABA were in an excited state during the game and felt more positive.

[0057] In both the first and second tests, GABA intake improved subjective "exciting" scores. At first glance, the improvement in "exciting" scores seems at odds with previously reported mechanisms by which GABA intake stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system. However, previous reports have shown that GABA intake reduces stress and fatigue in subjects performing simple calculations using the Kraepelin test and other methods. In contrast, this test involved a game in which different information was presented every second and different operations were required every second. Therefore, a moderately excited state is considered important in situations involving rapid information processing, such as this test. In other words, GABA intake appears to have created a well-balanced state between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, resulting in improved "exciting" scores. Therefore, the results of this test are not inconsistent with existing evidence of the effects of GABA.

[0058] (Example 2: Game Test 2) In this example, changes in concentration time when ingesting GABA were examined. Seven subjects who met both the criteria of "individuals whose concentration improves when playing games" and "individuals whose concentration may improve when ingesting the test food" at screening were selected as subjects, and their concentration during gaming was evaluated before and after ingesting the test beverage. The test design was a single-blind crossover study, with a washout period of at least one day.

[0059] The test drinks were as follows: Placebo drink: 250 mL of 0.6% sugar water; GABA drink: 250 mL of 0.6% sugar water containing 100 mg of GABA.

[0060] The game used was a mobile game (Tetris).

[0061] The timing of the test drink intake and game play is as shown in FIG.

[0062] Concentration was measured using the JINS MEME ES, which captures blinking and eye movement from electrooculography to calculate concentration and zones.

[0063] The results are shown in Figure 5. As can be seen from Figure 5, when 100 mg of GABA was taken, the percentage of total concentration time and the percentage of the zone significantly increased compared to the placebo group. This demonstrates that GABA increases concentration and the zone.

[0064] (Example 3: Evaluation of distortion of time intervals) In this example, it was confirmed whether or not GABA intake causes distortion of time intervals, which is a characteristic of the flow (zone) state.

[0065] Approximately 15 minutes after taking the placebo, GABA, or caffeine, participants played a typing game for a total of 5 minutes, and time perception was assessed using a VAS questionnaire. Specifically, the first typing game took approximately 2 minutes (first half of the test), and the score was recorded immediately after completion. The second typing game (second half of the test) started immediately (with an interval of approximately 10 seconds). Afterwards, participants completed a questionnaire to assess how the perceived time compared with the actual time (5 minutes).

[0066] Additionally, using concentration measurement glasses (JINS MEME), the time spent in a state of concentration and deep concentration was measured. The number of correct entries (times), average number of entries (times), and number of typos (times) were recorded in the typing game.

[0067] The results are shown in Figures 6A and 6B. These results show that the concentration time increased compared to the placebo group. It also shows that when GABA is taken, the perceived time feels shorter than the actual time. This demonstrates that GABA causes distortion of perceived time, particularly a shortening of perceived time.

[0068] Example 4: Evaluation of the effect of GABA intake on electroencephalogram data In this example, the effect of GABA intake on electroencephalogram data is evaluated, and it is demonstrated that GABA intake induces the predominant generation of SMR waves.

[0069] (Experimental content) Electroencephalogram measurement experiment We evaluated whether taking GABA while participating in e-sports affects electroencephalogram data. The test design is as follows: For electroencephalogram measurements, we used the analysis algorithm of an electroencephalogram analysis application (Sports Sensibility, KANSEI) provided by Little Software.

[0070] <Study design> ・Test subjects: 9 people (1 excluded, 8 analyzed) ・Equipment used: Simple electroencephalograph ・Sample: GABA (200 mg) or placebo (dextrin) + 30 ml of water ・Measurement items: EEG, MPG (game task) score ・Double-blind crossover study (washout period: 1 week)

[0071] MPG (Mobalytics Proving Ground) is a game that measures the basic skills of esports players. It can be played at https: / / pg.mobalytics.gg / . The game involves simultaneously performing three tasks: shooting targets (MECHANICS), switching weapons (BG PROCESSING), and checking the map (MAP AWARENESS). The score for each task, as well as an overall score calculated from the three tasks, are displayed.

[0072] Details of the game scores obtained from MPG are as follows. In the following analysis, only the major items marked with * were used. (1) Total score (n)* (2) Mechanics ability (ability to operate the mouse and keyboard in response to sensory stimuli) (n)* Number of target hits (n) Accuracy (%) Precision (%) Ignored targets (n) Total points lost (n) Center hits (n) Center hits out of all hits (n) Points from center hits (n) Middle hits (n) Middle hits out of all hits (n) Points from center hits (n) Border hits (n) Border hits out of all hits (n) Number of points from border hits (n) Average click latency (s) Number of actions per minute (n) Center points lost (n) Number of target hits (n) (3) Background processing ability (n)* Number of target hits (n) Accuracy (%) Precision (%) Ignored targets (n) (4) Map awareness (awareness) ability (n)* Score (n) Time stuck (s) Points lost (n) Average time per obstacle (s)

[0073] <Test Subjects> The test subjects were nine healthy male university students with no memory impairment symptoms and no drug therapy treatment for any illness (age: 20.10 ± 1.10 years, height: 178.71 ± 6.96 cm, weight: 60.9 ± 12.90 kg, mean ± standard deviation). All test subjects had experience playing League of Legends (23.31 months ± 11.81), with an average weekly gameplay time of 3.33 hours ± 1.25 and a weekly play frequency of 3.33 ± 1.63 times. This study was approved by the Little Software Institutional Review Board (No. 2023-0001, February 28, 2022). Test subjects were informed that they could withdraw from the study at any time, and the purpose, content, and methods of the study were explained, and written consent was obtained. The ID9 subject was taking medication for hay fever and was therefore excluded from the analysis data. Therefore, valid data were available for eight subjects.

[0074] <Test flow> The test flow is as follows: (i) 0 to 5 minutes after the start of the test: MPG content explanation, pre-execution, sensitivity setting (ii) 5 to 15 minutes after the start of the test: resting state (iii) 15 to 18 minutes after the start of the test: EEG measurement at rest (iv) 18 to 22 minutes after the start of the test: POMS2 implementation (before sample intake) (v) 22 to 23 minutes after the start of the test: sample (GABA or placebo) intake (vi) 23 to 55 minutes after the start of the test: game task implementation (32 minutes) and EEG measurement (3 times in total, in the first half, middle and end) (vii) 55 to 59 minutes after the start of the test: POMS2 implementation (after sample intake) In (vi), the participants were asked to play the game multiple times with breaks in between.

[0075] <Electroencephalogram Data Analysis Protocol> A detailed timeline of the electroencephalogram data measurement is shown in Figure 7. During each electroencephalogram measurement, alpha waves, beta waves, and SMR waves were measured. The SMR waves used in this experiment were in the range of 12 to 13.25 Hz, which is included in the 12 to 15 Hz range defined as SMR waves in this specification.

[0076] (Results) [Game Score] The results of the game score are shown in Figure 8. In the GABA intake group, the total score was significantly increased compared to the placebo group.

[0077] [Electroencephalogram Data] The results of electroencephalogram measurements (first half, middle and final stages) after ingestion of GABA or placebo (dextrin) are shown in FIG.

[0078] 9 indicates the average value of "value at rest" minus "value during game play" as the amount of change in EEG measurement value. Also, in the table, "Attention" indicates beta waves, "Relax" indicates alpha waves, and "Zone" indicates SMR waves.

[0079] Furthermore, based on these measured values, a paired t-test (n=8) was performed, and the results are shown in FIG.

[0080] In the SMR waves at the end of the electroencephalogram measurement ("Pair 9" in the table), a significant difference (P<0.001) was observed between GABA intake and dextrin intake.

[0081] The results of a two-way analysis of variance (mixed design) (n=8, SMR waves only) are shown in Figure 11. Figure 11 shows the SMR waves after GABA or placebo (dextrin) ingestion (during game play) as a difference from resting state (1: first half, 2: middle, 3: end). It can be seen that GABA ingestion increases SMR waves compared to resting state.

[0082] (Discussion) The above results demonstrate that GABA intake induces the dominant generation of SMR waves.

[0083] (Example 5: Induction of flow (zone) state by GABA ingestion) This example demonstrates that the induction of flow (zone) state by GABA ingestion occurs when performing e-sports, VDT work, digital work, and / or games, but that the flow (zone) state is not induced in a test system of monotonous work.

[0084] (Experimental Contents) (1) Experimental Example 1: Darts Healthy adult men and women were given water containing 200 mg of GABA or placebo (water) and then practiced darts. The test meal was taken 15 minutes before the start of practice. Twelve darts were thrown from a distance of 2.37 m onto a dartboard. The darts were divided into areas according to the distance from the center of the board, and the number of darts that landed in each area was counted. Darts that bounced off the board and did not land were not counted.

[0085] Concentration was measured using the JINS MEME. In addition, the distortion of time perception, which is a characteristic of the flow (zone) state, was evaluated using a VAS questionnaire.

[0086] (Results) Darts scores are shown in Figure 12. Darts scores were counted separately for A: center (bull), B: inside the double ring excluding the bull, and C: inside the triple ring, but outside the double ring. The results show that for both subjects 1 and 2, darts scores increased when GABA was taken compared to when placebo was taken.

[0087] Measurement of concentration and evaluation of distortion of time intervals The results of measuring the time spent in a state of concentration and deep concentration using concentration measurement glasses (JINS MEME) are shown in Figure 13. The results of a VAS questionnaire regarding distortion of time perception are also shown.

[0088] These results show that the concentration time increased when GABA was taken compared to when the placebo was taken for both subjects 1 and 2. On the other hand, no difference was observed in the perceived time between when GABA was taken and when the placebo was taken.

[0089] (2) Experimental Example 2: Evaluation of concentration using a calculation test Healthy adult men and women were asked to drink water containing 200 mg of GABA or placebo (water) and then perform a paper calculation test. The test meal was taken 15 minutes before the start of practice. A 5-minute calculation test was conducted, and the number of answers and the percentage of correct answers were calculated.

[0090] (Results) Test results The test results are shown in Figure 14. It can be seen that for both subjects 1 and 2, the number of answers increased when GABA was taken compared to when placebo was taken. Furthermore, no significant difference was observed in the rate of correct answers when placebo was taken compared to when GABA was taken.

[0091] Measurement of concentration and evaluation of distortion of time intervals The results of measuring the time spent in a state of concentration and deep concentration using concentration measurement glasses (JINS MEME) are shown in Figure 15. The results of a VAS questionnaire regarding distortion of time perception are also shown.

[0092] These results show that the concentration time increased when GABA was taken compared to when the placebo was taken for both subjects 1 and 2. On the other hand, no difference was observed in the perceived time between when GABA was taken and when the placebo was taken.

[0093] (Discussion) The above results demonstrate that the induction of a flow (zone) state by GABA ingestion is not induced in the test systems of exercise or monotonous work as described in Cited Document 1.

[0094] (Note) While the present disclosure has been illustrated using preferred embodiments thereof, it is understood that the scope of the present disclosure should be construed solely by the claims. It is understood that the patents, patent applications, and other documents cited herein are incorporated by reference into this specification in their entirety as if the contents themselves were specifically set forth herein. This application claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2023-141354, filed on August 31, 2023, with the Japan Patent Office, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety as if they constitute the contents of this application.

[0095] According to the present invention, the flow (zone) state can be induced by taking GABA, which is useful in fields requiring cognitive ability and thinking ability.

Claims

1. A composition for inducing a flow (zone) state in a subject, comprising gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

2. The composition according to claim 1, which is to be ingested prior to carrying out a task.

3. The composition of claim 1, wherein said flow (zone) state is defined by at least a distortion of perceived time.

4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the flow (zone) state comprises a shortened perceived time.

5. The composition of claim 2, wherein the task comprises multitasking.

6. The composition of claim 2, wherein the tasks include e-sports, VDT work, digital work, and games.

7. The composition of claim 6, wherein the games include TV games, PC games, and mobile games.

8. The composition of claim 2, which is taken at least about 2 hours prior to or immediately prior to the performance of said task.

9. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the content of said gamma-aminobutyric acid is from about 10 to about 1000 mg.

10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the intake amount of gamma-aminobutyric acid is about 10 to about 1000 mg per day.

11. The composition of claim 1, which is taken orally.

12. The composition according to claim 1, which is a beverage, food, supplement, food additive, quasi-drug, or pharmaceutical.

13. The composition of claim 1 in the form of a liquid, powder, tablet, or capsule.

14. The composition of claim 1 for inducing an exciting feeling.

15. The composition of claim 1 for inducing positive feelings.

16. The composition of claim 1 for reducing loss of vitality and energy.

17. The composition according to claim 1 for relieving mental stress and / or fatigue.

Images