USE OF RGMb AS A TARGET FOR TREATMENT OF KIDNEY DISEASES
By inhibiting RGMb expression or its interaction with TAB1 to reduce macrophage infiltration, the treatment effectively addresses the renal inflammation and fibrosis associated with kidney diseases, improving treatment outcomes for CKD and AKI.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/108447
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-09-15
- Filing Date
- 2024-07-30
- Publication Date
- 2025-03-20
AI Technical Summary
Current treatments for kidney diseases, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute kidney injury (AKI), are not specific and often ineffective in addressing renal inflammation, tubular injury, and fibrosis.
The use of compositions that inhibit the expression or synthesis of repulsive guidance molecule B (RGMb) or its interaction with TAK1-binding protein 1 (TAB1) to reduce macrophage infiltration into injured kidneys, thereby alleviating renal inflammation and fibrosis.
Inhibition of RGMb expression or interaction with TAB1 effectively reduces renal inflammation, tubular injury, and fibrosis in AKI, AKI-to-CKD transition, and CKD, thereby inhibiting the progression of kidney diseases.
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Figure PCTCN2024108447-FTAPPB-I100001
Abstract
Description
USE OF RGMb AS A TARGET FOR TREATMENT OF KIDNEY DISEASES
[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0002] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Serial No. 63 / 583,035, filed September 15, 2023, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety including any tables, figures, or drawings.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health problem, affecting more than 10%of people. It is estimated that by 2040, CKD will be the 5th leading cause of death worldwide. CKD occurs when kidneys are damaged and cannot adequately filter blood. The main risk factors for developing kidney disease are diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, and a family history of kidney failure (Foreman et al., 2018; Humphreys et al., 2018) .
[0004] Acute kidney injury (AKI) , also known as acute renal failure (ARF) , is a sudden episode of kidney failure or kidney damage. AKI can cause a build-up of waste products in the blood which makes it difficult for the kidneys to maintain the correct balance of fluid in the body. AKI is increasingly common in hospitalized patients, with an incidence rate of 20%to 30%among critically ill patients. AKI affects 13.3 million people worldwide every year. Severe or frequent AKI can lead to CKD. This AKI-to-CKD transition occurs in about 15%to about 20%of AKI survivors yearly. Kidney injury and inflammation are the common pathways of AKI, AKI-to-CKD transition, and CKD regardless of aetiology (Foreman et al., 2018; Humphreys et al., 2018; Tang 2019) .
[0005] Further, kidney injury induces renal inflammation by promoting accumulation and activation of inflammatory cells, and inflammation induces tubular lesions and promotes renal fibrosis. Several drugs including antibiotics, glucocorticoid, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) , calcium channel blockers (CCB) , and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have been used to treat kidney disease, but these drugs are not specific and not always effective (Meng 2014; Foreman et al., 2018; Humphreys et al., 2018; Tang 2019) .
[0006] Therefore, there remains a need for novel and effective approaches to treat kidney diseases.
[0007] BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] The subject invention generally relates to the inhibition of macrophage infiltration into injured kidneys. In certain embodiments, a composition can be administered to a subject to inhibit the expression or synthesis of a repulsive guidance molecule B (RGMb) or the interaction of RGMb with TAK1-binding protein 1 (TAB1) . RGMb is a member of the repulsive guidance molecule (RGM) family, which consists of RGMa, RGMb and RGMc. RGMb (also known as Dragon) can be retained on the outer layer of the plasma membrane through the GPI anchor or readily shed from the cell surface and released into the extracellular compartment. A large portion of RGMb is localized intracellularly (Xia et al., 2005; Corradini et al., 2009; Li 2012; Xiao et al., 2014; Yu et al., 2019; Pérez-Cruz et al., 2022) .
[0009] In certain embodiments, the composition comprises antibodies, siRNAs, CRISPR-Cas9 sgRNAs, RGMb binding proteins, modified RGMb proteins, and any combination thereof that target the expression and / or synthesis of a RGMb protein or inhibit the interaction of RGMb with TAB1.
[0010] In certain embodiments, the inhibition of the expression and / or synthesis of a RGMb protein or the inhibition of the interaction of RGMb with TAB1 alleviates renal inflammation, tubular injury, and renal functional impairment. In certain embodiments, the inhibition of the expression and / or synthesis of a RGMb protein or the inhibition of the interaction of RGMb with TAB1 alleviates renal inflammation, tubular injury, and renal functional impairment of AKI, AKI-to-CKD transition, and CKD.
[0011] In certain embodiments, the inhibition of the expression and / or synthesis of a RGMb protein or the inhibition of the interaction of RGMb with TAB1 inhibits macrophage infiltration into injured kidneys. Macrophage infiltration plays a critical role in inflammation during tissue injury and infection; therefore, the subject invention inhibits the progression of kidney diseases.
[0012] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCES
[0013] SEQ ID NO: 1: siRNA targeting the open reading frame RGMb transcripts
[0014] SEQ ID NO: 2: siRNA targeting the open reading frame of RGMb transcripts
[0015] SEQ ID NO: 3: sgRNA targeting Intron 1 RGMb
[0016] SEQ ID NO: 4: sgRNA targeting Exon 1 of RGMb
[0017] SEQ ID NO: 5: sgRNA targeting Intron 2 of RGMb
[0018] SEQ ID NO: 6: sgRNA targeting Exon 2 of RGMb
[0019] SEQ ID NO: 7: C-terminus of RGMb
[0020] DETAILED DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
[0021] The subject invention generally relates to the inhibition of macrophage infiltration into injured kidneys; specifically, the subject invention can be used to treat kidney diseases, such as, for example, CKD and AKI by inhibiting the synthesis of RGMb or interaction of RGMb with other proteins. In certain embodiments, the inhibition of macrophage infiltration alleviates kidney injury, inflammation, and fibrosis during AKI, AKI-to-CKD transition, and CKD. In certain embodiments, the inhibition of the RGMb interaction with TAB1 inhibits TRAF6-mediated K63-linked polyubiquitination and phosphorylation of TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) . TAK1 promotes macrophage migration.
[0022] Selected Definitions
[0023] As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “including” , “includes” , “having” , “has” , “with” , or variants thereof are used in either the detailed description and / or the claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising” . The transitional terms / phrases (and any grammatical variations thereof) “comprising” , “comprises” , “comprise” , “consisting essentially of” , “consists essentially of” , “consisting” and “consists” can be used interchangeably.
[0024] The phrases “consisting essentially of” or “consists essentially of” indicate that the claim encompasses embodiments containing the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic (s) of the claim.
[0025] The term “about” means within an acceptable error range for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which depends in part on how the value is measured, i.e., the limitations of the measurement system. In the context of compositions containing amounts of ingredients where the terms “about” are used, these compositions contain the stated amount of the ingredient with a variation (error range) of 0-10%around the value (X ± 10%) . In other contexts, the term “about” is providing a variation (error range) of 0-10%around a given value (X ± 10%) . As is apparent, this variation represents a range that is up to 10%above or below a given value, for example, X ± 1%, X ± 2%, X ± 3%, X ± 4%, X ± 5%, X ± 6%, X ± 7%, X ± 8%, X ± 9%, or X ± 10%.
[0026] In the present disclosure, ranges are stated in shorthand to avoid having to set out at length and describe each and every value within the range. Any appropriate value within the range can be selected, where appropriate, as the upper value, lower value, or the terminus of the range. For example, a range of 0.1-1.0 represents the terminal values of 0.1 and 1.0, as well as the intermediate values of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, and all intermediate ranges encompassed within 0.1-1.0, such as 0.2-0.5, 0.2-0.8, 0.7-1.0, etc. Values having at least two significant digits within a range are envisioned, for example, a range of 5-10 indicates all the values between 5.0 and 10.0 as well as between 5.00 and 10.00 including the terminal values. When ranges are used herein, combinations and subcombinations of ranges (e.g., subranges within the disclosed range) and specific embodiments therein are explicitly included.
[0027] As used herein, “subject” , “host” or “organism” refers to any member of the phylum Chordata, more preferably any member of the subphylum vertebrata, or most preferably, any member of the class Mammalia, including, without limitation, humans and other primates, including non-human primates such as rhesus macaques, chimpanzees and other monkey and ape species; livestock, such as cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses; domestic mammals, such as dogs and cats; laboratory animals, including rabbits, mice, rats and guinea pigs. The term does not denote a particular age or gender. Thus, adult, young, and new-born individuals are intended to be covered as well as male and female subjects. In some embodiments, a host tissue is derived from a subject. In some embodiments, the subject is a non-human subject.
[0028] As used herein, the terms “therapeutically-effective amount, ” “therapeutically-effective dose, ” “effective amount, ” and “effective dose” are used to refer to an amount or dose of a compound or composition that, when administered to a subject, is capable of treating, preventing, or improving a condition, disease, or disorder in a subject. In other words, when administered to a subject, the amount is “therapeutically effective. ” The actual amount will vary depending on a number of factors including, but not limited to, the particular condition, disease, or disorder being treated, prevented, or improved; the severity of the condition; the weight, height, age, and health of the patient; and the route of administration.
[0029] As used herein, the term “treatment” refers to eradicating; reducing; ameliorating; abatement; remission; diminishing of symptoms or delaying the onset of symptoms; slowing in the rate of degeneration or decline; making the final point of degeneration less debilitating; and / or improving a subject's physical or mental well-being or reversing a sign or symptom of a health condition, disease or disorder to any extent, and includes, but does not require, a complete cure of the condition, disease, or disorder. Treating can be curing, improving, or partially ameliorating a disorder. “Treatment” can also include improving or enhancing a condition or characteristic, for example, bringing the function of a particular system in the body to a heightened state of health or homeostasis.
[0030] As used herein, “preventing” a health condition, disease, or disorder refers to avoiding, delaying, forestalling, or minimizing the onset of a particular sign or symptom of the condition, disease, or disorder. Prevention can, but is not required, to be absolute or complete; meaning, the sign or symptom may still develop at a later time. Prevention can include reducing the severity of the onset of such a condition, disease, or disorder, and / or inhibiting the progression of the condition, disease, or disorder to a more severe condition, disease, or disorder.
[0031] In some embodiments of the invention, the method comprises administration of multiple doses of the compounds of the subject invention. The method may comprise administration of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 or more therapeutically effective doses of a composition comprising the compounds of the subject invention as described herein. In some embodiments, doses are administered over the course of 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 10 days, 14 days, 21 days, 30 days, 2 months, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 1 year, 1.5 years, 2 years, 2.5 years, 5 years or more than 10 years. The frequency and duration of administration of multiple doses of the compositions is such as prevent or treat kidney disease or inflammatory reactions. Moreover, treatment of a subject with a therapeutically effective amount of the compounds of the invention can include a single treatment or can include a series of treatments. It will also be appreciated that the effective dosage of a compound used for treatment may increase or decrease over the course of a particular treatment. Changes in dosage may result and become apparent from the results of testing for kidney disease, such as, for example, glomerular filtration rate. In some embodiments of the invention, the method comprises administration of the compounds at several times per day, including but not limiting to 2 times per day, 3 times per day, and 4 times per day.
[0032] As used herein, an “isolated” or “purified” compound is substantially free of other compounds. In certain embodiments, purified compounds are at least 60%by weight (dry weight) of the compound of interest. Preferably, the preparation is at least 75%, more preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 99%, by weight of the compound of interest. For example, a purified compound is one that is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% (w / w) of the desired compound by weight. Purity is measured by any appropriate standard method, for example, by column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis.
[0033] In this disclosure, the term “isolated nucleic acid” molecule means a nucleic acid molecule that is separated from other nucleic acid molecules that are usually associated with the isolated nucleic acid molecule. Thus, an “isolated nucleic acid molecule” includes, without limitation, a nucleic acid molecule that is free of nucleotide sequences that naturally flank one or both ends of the nucleic acid in the genome of the organism from which the isolated nucleic acid is derived (e.g., a cDNA or genomic DNA fragment produced by PCR or restriction endonuclease digestion) . Such an isolated nucleic acid molecule is generally introduced into a vector (e.g., a cloning vector or an expression vector) for convenience of manipulation or to generate a fusion nucleic acid molecule. In addition, an isolated nucleic acid molecule can include an engineered nucleic acid molecule such as a recombinant or a synthetic nucleic acid molecule. A nucleic acid molecule existing among hundreds to millions of other nucleic acid molecules within, for example, a nucleic acid library (e.g., a cDNA or genomic library) or a gel (e.g., agarose, or polyacrylamide) containing restriction-digested genomic DNA, is not an “isolated nucleic acid” .
[0034] The term “nucleic acid” or “polynucleotide” refers to deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) or ribonucleic acids (RNA) and polymers thereof in either single-or double-stranded form. Unless specifically limited, the term encompasses nucleic acids containing known analogs of natural nucleotides that have similar binding properties as the reference nucleic acid and are metabolized in a manner similar to naturally occurring nucleotides. Unless otherwise indicated, a particular nucleic acid sequence also implicitly encompasses conservatively modified variants thereof (e.g., degenerate codon substitutions) , alleles, orthologs, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) , and complementary sequences as well as the sequence explicitly indicated. Specifically, degenerate codon substitutions may be achieved by generating sequences in which the third position of one or more selected (or all) codons is substituted with mixed-base and / or deoxyinosine residues (Batzer et al., Nucleic Acid Res. 19:5081 (1991) ; Ohtsuka et al., J. Biol. Chem. 260: 2605-2608 (1985) ; and Rossolini et al., Mol. Cell. Probes 8: 91-98 (1994) ) . The term nucleic acid is used interchangeably with gene, cDNA, and mRNA encoded by a gene.
[0035] The term “gene” means the segment of DNA involved in producing a polypeptide chain; it includes regions preceding and following the coding region (leader and trailer) involved in the transcription / translation of the gene product and the regulation of the transcription / translation, as well as intervening sequences (introns) between individual coding segments (exons) .
[0036] As used in herein, the terms “identical” or percent “identity” , in the context of describing two or more polynucleotide or amino acid sequences, refer to two or more sequences or subsequences that are the same or have a specified percentage of amino acid residues or nucleotides that are the same (for example, a variant protein used in the method of this invention has at least 80%sequence identity, preferably 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity, to a reference sequence) , when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence over a comparison window, or designated region as measured using one of the following sequence comparison algorithms or by manual alignment and visual inspection. Such sequences are then said to be “substantially identical” . With regard to polynucleotide sequences, this definition also refers to the complement of a test sequence. The comparison window, in certain embodiments, refers to the full length sequence of a given polypeptide, for example a tomato-effector interacting protein.
[0037] The subject invention provides for the use of “homologous nucleic acid sequences” or “homologs of nucleic acid sequences” . Homologs of nucleic acid sequences will be understood to mean any nucleotide sequence obtained by mutagenesis according to techniques well known to persons skilled in the art, and exhibiting modifications in relation to the parent sequences. For example, mutations in the regulatory and / or promoter sequences for the expression of a polypeptide that result in a modification of the level of expression of a polypeptide according to the invention provide for a “homolog of a nucleotide sequence” . Likewise, substitutions, deletions, or additions of nucleic acid to the polynucleotides of the invention provide for “homologs” of nucleotide sequences. In various embodiments, “homologs” of nucleic acid sequences have substantially the same biological activity as the corresponding reference nucleic acid sequence, i.e., a gene homologous to a native gene would encode for a protein having the same biological activity as the corresponding protein encoded by the naturally occurring gene. Typically, a homolog of a nucleic acid sequence shares a sequence identity with the parent nucleic acid sequence of at least about 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%. These percentages are purely statistical and differences between two nucleic acid sequences can be distributed randomly and over the entire sequence length.
[0038] In certain embodiments, treatments are administered to a subject that “significantly reduce or abolish the expression of a gene or functioning of a protein encoded by the gene. ” This phrase refers to a reduction of gene expression in an amount of at least (or at least about) 30%as compared to a non-treated subject. Thus, the treated subjects exhibit significantly reduced or abolished expression of a gene exhibit a reduction in gene expression or expression of an active protein that can range from about 30%to about 99.99%about 40%to about 99.99%, about 50%to about 99.99%, about 60%to about 99.99%, about 70%to about 99.99%, about 80%to about 99.99%, about 90%to about 99.99% or are devoid of expression (expression is abolished) of the gene or an active protein encoded by the gene.
[0039] By “reduces” is meant a negative alteration of at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100%.
[0040] By “increases” is meant as a positive alteration of at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100%.
[0041] As used herein, a “pharmaceutical” refers to a compound manufactured for use as a medicinal and / or therapeutic drug.
[0042] As used herein, the terms “determining, ” “measuring, ” and “assessing, ” and “assaying” are used interchangeably and include both quantitative and qualitative determinations.
[0043] Compositions
[0044] Provided herein are compounds and compositions for treating kidney diseases, wherein a compound or composition thereof targets the functionality RGMb protein or the expression or synthesis of RGMb in a subject. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises antibodies, siRNAs, CRISPR-Cas9 sgRNAs, RGMb binding proteins, modified RGMb proteins, and any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the compositions can be used for treating CKD, AKI, or AKI-to-CKD. In some embodiments, the composition can also enhance the health of humans, while enabling their kidneys to heal from kidney diseases.
[0045] In certain embodiments, the antibody is an anti-RGMb antibody. In preferred embodiments, the anti-RGMb antibody targets the C-terminus of RGMb. In certain embodiments, the anti-RGMb antibody targets TAAAHSALEDVEALHPRKC (SEQ ID NO: 7) . The antibodies may be present at a concentration of at least about 1 mg / mL.
[0046] In certain embodiments, the RGMb binding proteins are neogenin or neogenin mutants that have a higher specificity for RGMb binding, such as, for example, about 5-fold, about 10-fold, about 15-fold, or about 20-fold higher specificity. In certain embodiments, the modified RGMb protein is an RGMb mutant that does not bind ALK4 or ALK5. In certain embodiments, the RGMb mutant does not bind to ALK4 or ALK5 at a concentration of at least 1 mg / mL.
[0047] In certain embodiments, the composition comprises siRNAs or CRISPER-Cas9 sgRNAs. In certain embodiments, the composition can inhibit or control the gene expression or synthesis of the encoded protein that is involved in the inflammation or fibrosis in the kidneys, such as, for example, RGMb.
[0048] In certain embodiments, the siRNA can target an open reading frame of RGMb transcripts. In certain embodiments, the siRNAs can be, for example, CAAACAAGGUCACGAUUAUtt (SEQ ID NO: 1) or a sequence having at least about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, or about 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 (i.e., a homolog thereof) , CCAUGUAUAUGACAGAUGUtt (SEQ ID NO: 2) or a sequence having at least about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, or about 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 (i.e., a homolog thereof) , or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the siRNAs can be used at a concentration of about 0.3 mg / mL to about 3 mg / mL.
[0049] In certain embodiments, the composition can comprise CRISPR-Cas9 sgRNAs. In certain embodiments, CRISPR-Cas9 can edit genes by precisely cutting DNA using sgRNA to target a sequence. In certain embodiments, sgRNA, with the following sequences, can be used in the composition of the subject invention: TCTCCCGCGGTCCTACACAC (SEQ ID NO: 3) or a sequence having at least about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, or about 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 3 (i.e., a homolog thereof) ; AAAATAAGCCGCAAGCCACG (SEQ ID NO: 4) or a sequence having at least about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, or about 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 4 (i.e., a homolog thereof) ; CACAATCGCCCACCAGGAAT (SEQ ID NO: 5) or a sequence having at least about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, or about 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 5 (i.e., a homolog thereof) ; CCGATTTCTCCGCCATCTAG (SEQ ID NO: 6) or a sequence having at least about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, or about 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 6 (i.e., a homolog thereof) ; or any combination thereof; or any other sgRNA sequence that targets the RGMb gene of, for example, a human or a mouse. In certain embodiments, an sgRNA sequence is cloned into a CRISPR-Cas9 vector such as the AAV-nEF-SpCas9 vector, pX601-AAV-CMV: : NLS-SaCas9-NLS-3xHA-bGHpA; U6: : BsaI-sgRNA, or Nme2Cas9_AAV vector and then packed into adeno-associated virus (AAV) -9. The final concentration of AAV9-sgRNA in the composition is about 1×1013 vg / mL.
[0050] In certain embodiments, the sgRNA can target Intron 1, Exon 1, Intron 2, or Exon 2 of the RGMb gene. In certain embodiments, TCTCCCGCGGTCCTACACAC (SEQ ID NO: 3) or a homolog thereof targets Intron 1 of the RGMb gene. In certain embodiments, AAAATAAGCCGCAAGCCACG (SEQ ID NO: 4) or a homolog thereof targets Exon 1 of the RGMb gene. In certain embodiments, CACAATCGCCCACCAGGAAT (SEQ ID NO: 5) or a homolog thereof targets Intron 2 of the RGMb gene. In certain embodiments, CCGATTTCTCCGCCATCTAG (SEQ ID NO: 6) or a homolog thereof targets Exon 2 of the RGMb gene.
[0051] In certain embodiments, the composition can be administered enterally and / or parenterally to, for example, a person’s kidneys. In certain embodiments, the composition can be administered orally, via endoscopy, via direct injection, and / or via enema. The composition of the subject invention can also include additives commonly used in medications and other compositions to treat kidney disease, such as, for example, anti-adherent agents, antioxidants, buffering agents, diluents, fillers, emulsifying agents, glidants, preservatives, nanoparticles, poly (methacrylic acid) , excipient, food additives, cyclodextrin, polyvinyl alcohol, 2 Hydroxypropyl beta cyclodextrin, Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) , Dapagliflozin ( AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK) , or any combination thereof.
[0052] In certain embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of the composition of the invention can be administered through intravenous or subcutaneous administration or in a form suitable for administration by inhalation or insufflation, including powders and liquid aerosol administration, or by sustained release systems such as semipermeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers containing the compounds of the invention. Administration may be also by way of other carriers or vehicles such as patches, micelles, liposomes, vesicles, implants (e.g. microimplants) , synthetic polymers, microspheres, nanoparticles, and the like. In certain embodiments, the compositions may be administered using a nanoparticle to passage the composition through skin.
[0053] In certain embodiments, the compositions of the instant invention may be formulated for parenteral administration e.g., by injection, for example, bolus injection, intravenous administration, or continuous infusion. In addition, the compositions may be presented in unit dose form in ampoules, pre-filled syringes, and small volume infusion or in multi-dose containers with or without an added preservative. The compositions may be in forms of suspensions, solutions, or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles. The composition may further contain formulation agents such as suspending, stabilizing and / or dispersing agents. In further embodiments, the active ingredients of the compositions according to the instant invention may be in powder form, obtained by aseptic isolation of sterile solid or by lyophilization from solution for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile, pyrogen-free water, before use.
[0054] The subject compositions can further comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, and / or excipients, and can be formulated into preparations, for example, semi-solid or liquid forms, such as solutions or injections.
[0055] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” as used herein means compatible with the other ingredients of a pharmaceutical composition and not deleterious to the recipient thereof. Carriers and / or excipients according to the subject invention can include any and all solvents, diluents, buffers (such as, e.g., neutral buffered saline, phosphate buffered saline, or optionally Tris-HCl, acetate or phosphate buffers) , oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions, aqueous compositions with or without inclusion of organic co-solvents suitable for, e.g., IV use, solubilizers (e.g., Polysorbate 65, Polysorbate 80) , colloids, dispersion media, vehicles, fillers, chelating agents (e.g., EDTA or glutathione) , amino acids (e.g., glycine) , proteins, disintegrants, binders, lubricants, wetting agents, emulsifiers, sweeteners, colorants, flavorings, aromatizers, thickeners (e.g. carbomer, gelatin, or sodium alginate) , coatings, preservatives (e.g., Thimerosal, benzyl alcohol, polyquaterium) , antioxidants (e.g., ascorbic acid, sodium metabisulfite) , tonicity controlling agents, absorption delaying agents, adjuvants, bulking agents (e.g., lactose, mannitol) and the like. The use of carriers and / or excipients in the field of drugs and supplements is well known. Except for any conventional media or agent that is incompatible with the target health-promoting substance or with the composition, carrier or excipient use in the subject compositions may be contemplated.
[0056] In certain embodiments, the administration of at least one dose of the composition is repeated at least daily, biweekly, thrice-weekly, weekly, bimonthly, monthly, yearly or at least every about 2 weeks, about 3 weeks, about 4 weeks, about 5 weeks, about 6 weeks, about 7 weeks, about 8 weeks, about 9 weeks, about 10 weeks, about 11 weeks, about 12 weeks, about 13 weeks, about 14 weeks, about 15 weeks, about 16 weeks, about 17 weeks, about 18 weeks, about 19 weeks, about 20 weeks, about 21 weeks, about 22 weeks, about 23 weeks, about 24 weeks, about 25 weeks, about 26 weeks, or longer. In certain embodiments, the repeated administrations of at least one of dose of the composition occurs for at least about 1 week, about 2 weeks, about 3 weeks, about 4 weeks, about 5 weeks, about 6 weeks, about 7 weeks, about 8 weeks, about 9 weeks, about 10 weeks, about 11 weeks, about 12 weeks, about 13 weeks, about 14 weeks, about 15 weeks, about 16 weeks, about 17 weeks, about 18 weeks, about 19 weeks, about 20 weeks, about 21 weeks, about 22 weeks, about 23 weeks, about 24 weeks, about 25 weeks, about 26 weeks, about 52 weeks or longer. In preferred embodiments, the administration of at least one dose of the composition is repeated every about 2 days to about 5 days for about 2 weeks to about 10 weeks.
[0057] Methods of Use
[0058] In certain embodiments, the compositions according to the subject invention can be used in methods for inhibiting macrophage migration. The compositions according to the subject invention can be used in methods for treating kidney diseases. The composition can be administered enterally and / or parenterally to a kidney of a subject.
[0059] In certain embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the composition according to the subject invention with the kidney of a subject. The composition can be administered using different routes, such as, for example, enteral, intramuscular, intravenous, oral, subcutaneous, sublingual, transdermal, or any combination thereof.
[0060] In certain embodiments, the methods can be used to treat CKD or AKI.
[0061] The method of the subject invention comprises stopping protein synthesis with the compositions of the subject invention in order to prevent or treat kidney disease. This is done by preventing translation of mRNA into a sequence of amino acids, which makes a protein.
[0062] The method of the subject invention comprises altering the expression, synthesis, or functioning of RGMb, which is highly expressed in various renal tubules and in macrophages (Xia et al., 2019; Xia et al., 2011) . Soluble RGMb can be released from renal tubules and enhance macrophage migration and macrophage infiltration into injured kidneys. In certain embodiments, intracellular RGMb in macrophages can also drive macrophage migration and macrophage infiltration into injured kidneys.
[0063] In certain embodiments, an AAV-9 that encodes an sgRNA targeting an RGMb binding protein, a modified RGMb protein, an RGMb antibody that targets RGMb, or any combination thereof can be administered to a subject. In certain embodiments, an sgRNA sequence that targets RGMb is cloned into a CRISPR-Cas9 vector, and then packed into adeno-associated virus (AAV) -9. In certain embodiments, an RGMb binding protein, such as, for example, neogenin, can be administered to a subject and block RGMb activity in the subject. In certain embodiments, the administered modified RGMb proteins are RGMb mutants that compete against RGMb in the subject. In certain embodiments, the administered RGMb antibody that targets RGMb blocks RGMb activity in a subject.
[0064] The method of the subject invention inhibits the soluble RGMb released from renal tubules and / or RGMb in macrophages to alleviate renal inflammation, tubular injury, and renal functional impairment of AKI, AKI-to-CKD transition, and CKD. By inhibiting macrophage infiltration into injured kidneys, the subject invention can treat kidney disease. The reduction of RGMb in renal tubular cells and / or in macrophages alleviates kidney inflammation, injury, and fibrosis. The macrophage infiltration plays a critical role in inflammation during tissue injury and infection; therefore, the subject invention is used to treat kidney diseases.
[0065] In certain embodiments, renal tubule specific inhibition of the expression or synthesis of RGMb of a portion thereof ameliorates renal inflammation, fibrosis, and functional impairment. In certain embodiments, reduction of RGMb in macrophages alleviates kidney injury, inflammation, and fibrosis during kidney injury.
[0066] In certain embodiments, the inhibition of RGMb interaction with TAB1 inhibits the TRAF6-mediated K63-linked polyubiquitination and phosphorylation of TAK1. TAK1 promotes macrophage migration. In certain embodiments, the inhibition of RGMb inhibits macrophage migration through the TAK1 / αTAT1 / ac-α-tubulin pathway.
[0067] In certain embodiments, the inhibition of the expression of RGMb or the alteration of the functionality of RGMb reduces the inflammatory response of macrophages to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) .
[0068] All patents, patent applications, provisional applications, and publications referred to or cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety, including all figures and tables, to the extent they are not inconsistent with the explicit teachings of this specification.
[0069] Following are examples that illustrate procedures for practicing the invention. These examples should not be construed as limiting. All percentages are by weight and all solvent mixture proportions are by volume unless otherwise noted.EXAMPLES
[0070] EXAMPLE 1-SOLUBLE RGMb (sRGMb) LEVELS WERE INCREASED BY KIDNEY INJURY
[0071] Male mice were subjected to unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) . 5 days later (UUO5d) , kidneys were perfused, and interstitial proteins were isolated. We found that interstitial (soluble) RGMb protein levels were much increased by UUO for 5 days.
[0072] We generated tubular cell-specific RGMb knockout (tuKO) mice by crossing RGMbf / f mice with Ksp-Cre mice to obtain RGMbf / f; Ksp-Cre as tubular cell-specific RGMb knockout (tuKO) mice and RGMbf / f as controls (WT) . We found that sRGMb levels were much lower in RGMb tuKO kidneys than in WT kidneys after UUO for 6 days. These results suggest that kidney injury leads to release of soluble RGMb from tubular epithelial cells.
[0073] EXAMPLE 2-sRGMb PROMOTED MACROPHAGE MIGRATION IN VITRO
[0074] We performed in vitro transwell migration using bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) or RAW264.7 macrophages. We found that sRGMb dramatically promoted the migration of both BMDMs and RAW264.7 cells.
[0075] We collected conditioned medium (CM) from HEK293 cells or mouse inner medullar collecting duct (mIMCD3) cells transfected with or without RGMb plasmids. We found that RGMb was readily detectable in the CM from HEK293 or mIMCD3 cells transfected with RGMb. Interestingly, CM from HEK293 or mIMCD3 cells transfected with RGMb plasmids drastically increased the migration of RAW264.7 and BMDM compared to CM from control HEK293 cells, and this stimulation was blunted by RGMb antibody-mediated neutralization of RGMb. These results suggest that RGMb can be released from kidney cells to induce macrophage migration.
[0076] EXAMPLE 3-RENAL TUBULE SPECIFIC KNOCKOUT OF RGMb AMELIORATED RENAL INFLAMMATION, FIBROSIS, AND FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENT
[0077] We induced CKD in male WT and RGMb tuKO mice by injecting male mice with two low doses of folic acid 10 days apart. As shown by serum creatinine and BUN levels, renal functions were impaired in WT mice, which were improved in RGMb tuKO mice. Similar results were obtained when female mice were used.
[0078] mRNA expression levels of several inflammatory factors in the kidney were increased by folic acid in WT mice, which were decreased in RGMb tuKO mice. Consistently, F4 / 80 positive macrophage numbers were much reduced in RGMb tuKO kidneys compared to WT kidneys.
[0079] mRNA and protein levels of the fibrotic markers in the kidney all were increased by folic acid treatments, and they were reduced in RGMb tuKO mice. Masson’s Trichrome staining (MTS) showed reduced fibrosis in RGMb tuKO kidneys compared to WT kidneys. These results suggest that deletion of RGMb in renal tubules inhibits macrophage infiltration, and kidney inflammation and fibrosis.
[0080] EXAMPLE 4-RGMb PROMOTED MACROPHAGE MIGRATION ABILITY IN VITRO AND IN VIVO
[0081] To determine the role of intrinsic RGMb in macrophage migration, we isolated BMDMs from Rgmbf / f; LysM-Cre / + (RGMb mKO) mice and Rgmbwt / wt; LysM-Cre / + (control) mice. As shown by in vitro transwell migration assay, the chemotactic responses to the chemoattractants 10%FBS, CX3CL1, CCL19, or fMLP were markedly inhibited in Rgmb mKO BMDMs compared with control BMDMs. Inhibition of RGMb expression dramatically decreased the migration of RAW264.7 cells towards 10%FBS while overexpression of RGMb enhanced the migration. Deletion of RGMb also significantly decreased the ability of BMDM to migrate in the wound healing assay, and overexpression of RGMb promoted wound healing in RAW264.7 cells.
[0082] To investigate the potential role of RGMb in macrophage infiltration in response to kidney injury, BMDMs from control or Rgmb mKO mice were labeled with the monocyte tracking dye PKH26, and 2×106 PKH26-labeled cells were injected into mice 48 hours before cisplatin injection. Then 3 days later, the number of PKH26: F4 / 80 double-positive cells in the injured kidneys was evaluated with both immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry for PKH26 and F4 / 80. We found that there were significantly decreased numbers of double-labeled Rgmb mKO cells than control cells in the injured kidneys. Of note, adenovirus-mediated reconstitution of RGMb restored the migration of PKH26-labelled Rgmb mKO BMDM into injured kidneys. Therefore, our results indicate that intrinsic RGMb promotes macrophage migration.
[0083] EXAMPLE 5-INTRACELLULAR RGMb DROVE MACROPHAGE MIGRATION BOTH IN VITRO AND IN
[0084] We collected conditional medium (CM) from WT and Rgmb mKO BMDMs and added the CM into the lower chambers of transwells to examine the migration ability of WT and Rgmb mKO BMDMs. The migrated Rgmb mKO cell numbers were similar no matter whether they were exposed to fresh medium, WT CM or mKO CM, and they were much lower than the migrated numbers of WT BMDMs exposed to either fresh medium or mKO CM, indicating that intrinsic RGMb promotes macrophage migration. We then generated an intracellular RGMb construct (Intra RGMb) by deleting the signal peptide. We confirmed Intra RGMb is localized to the cytosol but not on the plasma membrane. Strikingly, expression of Intra RGMb promoted RAW264.7 migration in vitro. We also infected Rgmb mKO BMDM with Intra RGMb adenoviruses or GFP adenoviruses before they were labelled with PKH26 before they were injected into mice. We found that, like full-length (FL) RGMB, Intra RGMb promoted Rgmb mKO BMDM migration into the injured kidneys as shown by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence.
[0085] EXAMPLE 6-LOSS OF RGMb IN MACROPHAGES ALLEVIATED KIDNEY INJURY, INFLAMMATION, AND FIBROSIS DURING KIDNEY
[0086] We refer to Rgmbf / f; LysM-Cre / + as macrophage knockout (mKO) mice and Rgmbwt / wt; LysM-Cre / + as controls. RGMb mKO mice were grossly normal under baseline.
[0087] We induced AKI by injecting mice with cisplatin (20 mg / kg bw, i. p. ) . Serum, urine, and kidney samples were collected 72 h later. Both serum creatinine and BUN levels were elevated by cisplatin in control mice, and the levels of serum creatinine but not BUN were blunted in Rgmb mKO mice, suggesting cisplatin-induced renal functional impairment was attenuated in Rgmb mKO mice. As indicated by urine and kidney Ngal (amarker for tubular injury) and PAS (Periodic acid Schiff staining) , tubular injury induced by cisplatin treatment for 72 h in control mice were alleviated in Rgmb mKO mice. mRNA levels of several inflammatory factors in the kidney were stimulated by cisplatin in control mice and were lowered in Rgmb mKO mice. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence showed there were decreased numbers of F4 / 80+CD11b+ in Rgmb mKO kidneys compared to control kidneys after cisplatin injection.
[0088] In response to a higher dose of cisplatin at 25 mg / kg bw, 92.3%of control mice died within 5 days, which was significantly higher than 76.9%of Rgmb mKO mice. The 5-day death rates were much reduced at a lower dose of 15 mg / kg of cisplatin compared to the dose of 25 mg / kg, and there was still more death in control mice than in Rgmb mKO mice. In the mice that survived 5 days after injection of cisplatin at 15 mg / kg, the elevated levels of creatinine and BUN in control mice were much reduced in Rgmb mKO mice. As indicated by kidney Ngal and KIM1 and PAS, tubular injury induced 5 days after cisplatin injection was much alleviated in Rgmb mKO mice compared to control mice. The elevated mRNA levels of several inflammatory factors in control mice were also blunted in Rgmb mKO mice 5 days after cisplatin administration. Importantly, flow cytometry showed that F4 / 80+CD11b+macrophage numbers were lower in Rgmb mKO than in control kidneys after cisplatin treatment.
[0089] We also induced CKD by injecting mice with cisplatin (7.5 mg / kg bw, i. p. ) once a week for 4 weeks. Serum, kidney, and urine samples were collected 3 days after the last injection. Renal functions were impaired by multiple cisplatin injections in control mice, which were improved in Rgmb mKO mice. Tubular lesions were also much attenuated in Rgmb mKO mice compared to control mice after multiple cisplatin injections as indicated by urinary and kidney Ngal levels and PAS. The elevated mRNA levels of both proinflammatory (Tnf-α and Il-6) and anti-inflammatory (Arg1 and Tgfβ1) factors in control mice were diminished in Rgmb mKO mice. mRNA levels of F4 / 80 in the kidney and F4 / 80 positive macrophage numbers in both the cortex and outer medulla were increased by cisplatin treatments in control mice, which were much reduced in Rgmb mKO mice. mRNA and protein levels of the fibrosis markers were increased in cisplatin-treated control kidneys and were reduced in RGMb mKO kidneys. Consistently, MTS (Masson’s trichrome staining) showed much decreased interstitial fibrosis in Rgmb mKO compared to control kidneys.
[0090] We also performed unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury followed by contralateral nephrectomy (uIRx) . We clamped the left pedicle for 30 minutes, followed by reperfusion. 13 days later, the right kidney was removed, and blood and left kidneys were harvested the next day. The impaired renal functions and increased inflammation, macrophage infiltration, and fibrosis induced by uIRx in control mice all were attenuated in RGMb mKO mice.
[0091] In the UUO mouse model, the elevated mRNA levels of both proinflammatory factors and the anti-inflammatory factor in control mice were reduced in RGMb mKO mice. The increased expression of fibrosis markers in control mice was also attenuated in RGMb mKO mice both 7 and 10 days after UUO. These results collectively suggest that deletion of RGMb in macrophages inhibits macrophage infiltration, tubular injury, inflammation and fibrosis during both AKI, AKI-to-CKD transition, and CKD.
[0092] EXAMPLE 7-RGMb INTERACTED WITH TAB1 AND PROMOTED THE TRAF6-MEDIATED K63-LINKED POLYUBIQUITINATION AND PHOSPHORYLATION OF TAK1
[0093] Immunoprecipitation (IP) and reciprocal IP experiments showed that RGMb and TAB1 were co-precipitated with each other when the two proteins were overexpressed in HEK293 cells. Overexpressed RGMb co-precipitated endogenous TAB1 in stable RGMb-overexpressing RAW264.7 cells. Endogenous RGMb pulled down endogenous TAB1 in WT but not in Rgmb mKO BMDMs. These results suggest that RGMb interacted with TAB1. Interestingly, RGMb did not interact with TAB2 and TAB3, which are structurally related to TAB1.
[0094] Intracellular RGMb and the C-terminus of RGMb also interacted with TAB1 whereas the N-terminus of RGMb did not.
[0095] TAB1 constitutively interacts with TAK1 and participates in the regulation of K63-linked polyubiquitination of TAK1 (Shibuya et al., 1996; Fan et al., 2010) . Therefore, we examined the effects of RGMb on TAK1 polyubiquitination. We co-transfected Flag-TAK1 and RGMb into RAW264.7 cells along with HA-tagged wild-type ubiquitin or a ubiquitin mutant containing one lysine only at position 63 (K63-only) or 48 (K48 only) . We found that RGMb increased the TAK1 polyubiquitination in the presence of wild-type Ub or the K63-only mutant but not the K48-only mutant. Therefore, RGMbs promoted the K63-linked polyubiquitination of TAK1.
[0096] Both TRAF2 and TRAF6 are RING domain ubiquitin ligases that catalyze K63-linked polyubiquitination of TAK1, which leads to TAK1 autophosphorylation and activation (Sorrentino et al., 2008, Lamb et al., 2009, Ahmed et al., 2011) . X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) also contains a RING domain and displays an E3 ubiquitin ligase activity (Kaur et al., 2005) . Consistent with the previous findings, TAB1 interacted with TRAF6 and XIAP but not with TRAF2. RGMb did not interact with either TRAF2, TRAF6 or XIAP. Intriguingly, RGMb enhanced the interactions between TAB1 and TRAF6 whereas it did not have such an effect on the interactions between TAB1 and XIAP. RGMb did not alter the interactions between TAK1 and TRAF6. TAK1 did not interact with XIAP regardless of the absence or presence of RGMb.
[0097] To determine whether TRAF6 mediated the RGMb-induced TAK1 polyubiquitination, we used the TRAF6 inhibitor C25-140 that specifically targets TRAF6 E3 ligase activity. We found that RGMb-induced TAK1 polyubiquitination was abolished by C12-140.
[0098] Given the role of RGMb in the K63-linked polyubiquitination of TAK1, we examined the effects of RGMb on TAK1 phosphorylation in macrophages. Overexpression of RGMb highly increased the phosphorylation levels of TAK1 at Thr187, while siRNA-mediated inhibition of RGMb much decreased them in RAW264.7 cells. TAK1 phosphorylation levels were much lower in Rgmb mKO than in control BMDMs. Furthermore, the ratios of p-TAK1 and F4 / 80 double positive macrophages to all F4 / 80 macrophages in both cortex and medulla were reduced in the kidneys of Rgmb mKO mice compared to the kidneys of control mice after 4 low doses of cisplatin treatments.
[0099] EXAMPLE 8-TAK1 PROMOTED MACROPHAGE MIGRATION IN VITRO AND IN VIVO
[0100] TAK1 has been found to promote migration of endothelial cells, neuronal cells and ameloblastoma cells. However, the role of TAK1 in macrophages has not been studied. Since deletion of TAK1 results in spontaneous death of BMDMs, we used BMDM from Tak1flox / wt mice. Infection of Tak1flox / wt. BMDM with Cre adenoviruses (ad-Cre) reduced TAK1 expression by 40.3%. Inhibition of TAK1 drastically decreased the migration of BMDM towards 10%FBS or CX3CL1.
[0101] We then used (5Z) -7-oxozeanol (5Z7-OXO) , a selective inhibitor of TAK1, to inhibit TAK1 kinase activity. Indeed, 5Z7-OXO treatment inhibited RAW264.7 migration.
[0102] We labelled Tak1flox / wt. BMDM infected with ad-GFP or ad-Cre with PKH26 before the cells were injected into mice. Both flow cytometry and immunofluorescence indicated there were significantly decreased numbers of F4 / 80 and PKH26 double-positive cells in injured kidneys receiving PKH26-labeled Tak1-deficient BMDMs than in kidneys receiving PKH26-labeled control BMDMs. Therefore, TAK1 increases macrophage migration.
[0103] EXAMPLE 9-RGMb PROMOTED MACROPHAGE MIGRATION THROUGH THE TAK1 / αTAT1 / ac-α-TUBULIN PATHWAY
[0104] α-tubulin acetylation is involved in stability of microtubules and cell migration (Gundersen et al., 1988, Aoki et al., 2019, Bance et al., 2019; Seetharaman et al., 2022) . αTAT1 is an enzyme which acetylates Lys-40 in α-tubulin (Kim et al., 2013; Oh et al., 2017) . Recent studies have demonstrated that TAK1 phosphorylates αTAT1 at Ser237, which subsequently acetylates α-tubulin (Shah et al., 2018, Yoshimoto et al., 2022) . As expected, αTAT1 phosphorylation levels were lower in Tak1 deficient BMDM than in wild type BMDM. Ac-tubulin levels were also decreased in Tak1 deficient BMDM compared to wild type BMDM. Inhibition of TAK1 by 5Z7-OXO reduced ac-tubulin levels in RAW264.7 cells. These results confirm that the previously identified TAK1 / αTAT1 / α-tubulin cascade exists in macrophages.
[0105] Strikingly, we found that phospho-αTAT1 levels were lower in Rgmb mKO BMDM than in control BMDM. Ac-tubulin levels were lowered in Rgmb mKO compared to control BMDM no matter whether the cells are serum starved or exposed to 10%FBS or CX3CL1. RGMb and Intra RGMB increased phospho-TAK-1 and ac-tubulin levels in RAW264.7 cells. Conversely, inhibition of RGMb lowered both TAK1 phosphorylation and α-tubulin acetylation levels in RAW264.7 cells. These results suggest that RGMb activates the TAK1 / αTAT1 / α-tubulin cascade.
[0106] To determine the role of TAK1 in RGMb’s actions on α-tubulin acetylation and macrophage migration, we transfected RAW264.7 cells with RGMb plasmids in the absence or presence of 5Z7-OXO or dnTAK1 (TAK1 K63W) . RGMb-induced α-tubulin acetylation and migration both were attenuated by either 5Z7-OXO treatment or dnTAK1 expression. siRNA-mediated inhibition of RGMb decreased α-tubulin acetylation and migration in RAW264.7 macrophages, which were rescued by co-transfection with TAK1 and TAB1. Therefore, TAK1 indeed mediated RGMb’s actions on α-tubulin acetylation and migration in macrophages.
[0107] EXAMPLE 10-DELETION OF RGMb ENHANCED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE OF MACROPHAGES TO LPS
[0108] We determined the roles of RGMb in inflammatory responses or M1 polarization in macrophages. We isolated BMDMs from control and Rgmb mKO mice. In response to LPS stimulation, Il-6, Cxcl2 and Il-1β expression was upregulated in BMDMs isolated from control mice, which was further elevated in BMDMs from Rgmb mKO mice. iNos, Tnfα and Mcp1 mRNA levels were increased by LPS, but they did not differ between control and Rgmb mKO BMDMs. These results are consistent with our previous findings (Xia et al., J Immunol. 2011; 186: 1369-76) , but do not explain the dampened inflammation in the injured kidneys of Rgmb mKO mice.
[0109] It should be understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and the scope of the appended claims. In addition, any elements or limitations of any invention or embodiment thereof disclosed herein can be combined with any and / or all other elements or limitations (individually or in any combination) or any other invention or embodiment thereof disclosed herein, and all such combinations are contemplated with the scope of the invention without limitation thereto.
[0110] EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
[0111] EMBODIMENT 1 A method of inhibiting macrophage migration in a subject, the method comprising inhibiting synthesis or expression of RGMb, inhibiting the interaction of RGMb with TAB1, or a combination thereof.
[0112] EMBODIMENT 2 The method of embodiment 1, wherein the subject has chronic kidney disease or acute kidney injury.
[0113] EMBODIMENT 3 The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the inhibition of macrophage migration reduces kidney injury, inflammation, and fibrosis.
[0114] EMBODIMENT 4 The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the inhibiting of the interaction of RGMb with TAB1 inhibits TRAF6-mediated K63-linked polyubiquitination and phosphorylation of TAK1.
[0115] EMBODIMENT 5 The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein inhibiting synthesis or expression of RGMb comprises administering to the subject a composition comprising an siRNA or CRISPR-Cas9 sgRNA that targets RGMb in the subject.
[0116] EMBODIMENT 6 The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the siRNA is CAAACAAGGUCACGAUUAUtt (SEQ ID NO: 1) or a homolog thereof, CCAUGUAUAUGACAGAUGUtt (SEQ ID NO: 2) or a homolog thereof, or any combination thereof.
[0117] EMBODIMENT 7 The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the CRISPR-Cas9 sgRNA is TCTCCCGCGGTCCTACACAC (SEQ ID NO: 3) or a homolog thereof, AAAATAAGCCGCAAGCCACG (SEQ ID NO: 4) or a homolog thereof, CACAATCGCCCACCAGGAAT (SEQ ID NO: 5) or a homolog thereof, CCGATTTCTCCGCCATCTAG (SEQ ID NO: 6) or a homolog thereof, or any combination thereof.
[0118] EMBODIMENT 8 The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and / or carrier.
[0119] EMBODIMENT 9 The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein inhibiting the interaction of RGMb with TAB1 comprises administering to the subject a composition comprising an antibody, a RGMb binding protein, a modified RGMb protein, or any combination thereof.
[0120] EMBODIMENT 10 The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the antibody targets the C-terminus of RGMb.
[0121] EMBODIMENT 11 The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the RGMb binding protein is neogenin.
[0122] EMBODIMENT 12 The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the modified RGMb protein does not bind ALK4 or ALK5 at a concentration of at least 1 mg / mL. EMBODIMENT 13 The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and / or carrier.
[0123] EMBODIMENT 14 A composition for treating kidney disease, the composition comprising one or more of anti-RGMb antibody, siRNA, CRISPR-Cas9 sgRNAs, RGMB binding protein, or modified RGMb protein, wherein the composition inhibits the expression or synthesis of RGMb or an interaction of RGMb with TAB1.
[0124] EMBODIMENT 15 The composition of embodiment 14, wherein the anti-RGMb antibody targets the C-terminus amino acid sequence of RGMb, wherein the target amino acid sequence is TAAAHSALEDVEALHPRKC (SEQ ID NO: 7) .
[0125] EMBODIMENT 16 The composition of embodiment 14 or 15, wherein the siRNA is CAAACAAGGUCACGAUUAUtt (SEQ ID NO: 1) or a homolog thereof, CCAUGUAUAUGACAGAUGUtt (SEQ ID NO: 2) or a homolog thereof, or any combination thereof.
[0126] EMBODIMENT 17 The composition of any of embodiments 14-16, wherein the CRISPR-Cas9 sgRNA is TCTCCCGCGGTCCTACACAC (SEQ ID NO: 3) or a homolog thereof, AAAATAAGCCGCAAGCCACG (SEQ ID NO: 4) or a homolog thereof, CACAATCGCCCACCAGGAAT (SEQ ID NO: 5) or a homolog thereof, CCGATTTCTCCGCCATCTAG (SEQ ID NO: 6) or a homolog thereof, or any combination thereof.
[0127] EMBODIMENT 18 The composition of any of embodiments 14-17, wherein the RGMB binding protein is neogenin.
[0128] EMBODIMENT 19 The composition of any of embodiments 14-18, wherein the modified RGMb protein does not bind ALK4 or ALK5 at a concentration of at least 1 mg / mL.
[0129] EMBODIMENT 20 The composition of any of embodiments 14-19, wherein the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and / or carrier.
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Claims
1.A method of inhibiting macrophage migration in a subject, the method comprising inhibiting synthesis or expression of RGMb, inhibiting the interaction of RGMb with TAB1, or a combination thereof.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the subject has chronic kidney disease or acute kidney injury.3.The method of claim 1, wherein the inhibition of macrophage migration reduces kidney injury, inflammation, and fibrosis.4.The method of claim 1, wherein the inhibiting of the interaction of RGMb with TAB1 inhibits TRAF6-mediated K63-linked polyubiquitination and phosphorylation of TAK1.5.The method of claim 1, wherein inhibiting synthesis or expression of RGMb comprises administering to the subject a composition comprising an siRNA or CRISPR-Cas9 sgRNA that targets RGMb in the subject.6.The method of claim 5, wherein the siRNA is CAAACAAGGUCACGAUUAUtt (SEQ ID NO: 1) or a homolog thereof, CCAUGUAUAUGACAGAUGUtt (SEQ ID NO: 2) or a homolog thereof, or any combination thereof.7.The method of claim 5, wherein the CRISPR-Cas9 sgRNA is TCTCCCGCGGTCCTACACAC (SEQ ID NO: 3) or a homolog thereof, AAAATAAGCCGCAAGCCACG (SEQ ID NO: 4) or a homolog thereof, CACAATCGCCCACCAGGAAT (SEQ ID NO: 5) or a homolog thereof, CCGATTTCTCCGCCATCTAG (SEQ ID NO: 6) or a homolog thereof, or any combination thereof.8.The method of claim 5, wherein the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and / or carrier.9.The method of claim 1, wherein inhibiting the interaction of RGMb with TAB1 comprises administering to the subject a composition comprising an antibody, a RGMb binding protein, a modified RGMb protein, or any combination thereof.10.The method of claim 9, wherein the antibody targets the C-terminus of RGMb.11.The method of claim 9, wherein the RGMb binding protein is neogenin.12.The method of claim 9, wherein the modified RGMb protein does not bind ALK4 or ALK5 at a concentration of at least 1 mg / mL.13.The method of claim 10, wherein the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and / or carrier.14.A composition for treating kidney disease, wherein the composition comprises one or more of anti-RGMb antibody, siRNA, CRISPR-Cas9 sgRNAs, RGMB binding protein, or modified RGMb protein, wherein the composition inhibits the expression or synthesis of RGMb or an interaction of RGMb with TAB1.15.The composition of claim 14, wherein the anti-RGMb antibody targets the C-terminus amino acid sequence of RGMb, wherein the target amino acid sequence is TAAAHSALEDVEALHPRKC (SEQ ID NO: 7) .16.The composition of claim 14, wherein the siRNA is CAAACAAGGUCACGAUUAUtt (SEQ ID NO: 1) or a homolog thereof, CCAUGUAUAUGACAGAUGUtt (SEQ ID NO: 2) or a homolog thereof, or any combination thereof.17.The composition of claim 14, wherein the CRISPR-Cas9 sgRNA is TCTCCCGCGGTCCTACACAC (SEQ ID NO: 3) or a homolog thereof, AAAATAAGCCGCAAGCCACG (SEQ ID NO: 4) or a homolog thereof, CACAATCGCCCACCAGGAAT (SEQ ID NO: 5) or a homolog thereof, CCGATTTCTCCGCCATCTAG (SEQ ID NO: 6) or a homolog thereof, or any combination thereof.18.The composition of claim 14, wherein the RGMB binding protein is neogenin.19.The composition of claim 18, wherein the modified RGMb protein does not bind ALK4 or ALK5 at a concentration of at least 1 mg / mL.20.The composition of claim 14, wherein the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and / or carrier.
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