Compositions and methods for treating duchenne muscular dystrophy
An engineered circular RNA molecule that recruits ADAR to target sequences in the dystrophin gene pre-mRNA offers a promising approach to modulate RNA splicing and restore functional dystrophin production in DMD, addressing the limitations of current treatments.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/118833
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-09-13
- Filing Date
- 2024-09-13
- Publication Date
- 2025-03-20
AI Technical Summary
Current treatments for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) are not highly effective or long-lasting, and there is a need for more efficient tools to modulate RNA splicing and restore functional dystrophin production.
The use of an engineered circular RNA molecule that recruits an adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) to specific target sequences in the dystrophin gene pre-mRNA, facilitating exon skipping and potentially restoring functional dystrophin production.
The proposed solution has the potential to induce efficient exon skipping in DMD pre-mRNA, leading to increased production of functional dystrophin protein, thereby providing a more effective treatment for DMD.
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Abstract
Description
Compositions And Methods For Treating Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0002] This application claims priority to International Application No. PCT / CN2023 / 118647, filed on September 13, 2023, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The present application is in the field of medicine. The application in particular relates to an engineered circular RNA capable of recruiting an adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR; arRNA) and the use thereof for treating Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) .
[0004] REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMITTED ELECTRONICALLY
[0005] This application contains a sequence listing, which is submitted electronically. The information contained in the electronic sequence listing (FH01123PCT-SEQ Listing. xml; size: 47 KB; and date of creation: September 13, 2024) is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.BACKGROUND
[0006] RNA splicing is an important step in eukaryotic gene expression, where introns within the primary transcript are excised and exons are joined in order. Different splice forms express different length of functional proteins, greatly increasing the diversity of proteins. RNA splicing is influenced by various factors, such as sequences of cis-acting elements on RNA, splicing regulatory proteins or factors, post-transcriptional modification and the like. Abnormal splicing can cause disorder of physiological functions and is a direct cause of a plurality of diseases. It is estimated that 35-50%of human diseases are caused by gene splicing abnormalities, including some cancers, genetic diseases, etc. Purposeful regulation or modulation of the RNA splicing process provides a new concept for the treatment of these diseases.
[0007] One such genetic disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) , is caused by defective expression of the protein dystrophin. The gene encoding dystrophin contains 79 exons spread over more than two million nucleotides of DNA. Mutations in any exon that alter the reading frame of an exon, introduce a stop codon, or cause the removal or duplication of one or more entire exon may disrupt functional dystrophin production, causing DMD. There are some less severe muscular dystrophies like Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) . In this disease variation, deletions of one or more exons, arise without altering the correct reading frame so that translation of mRNA to protein is not terminated prematurely. If splicing around crucial exons preserves the correct reading frame of the gene during the processing of the mutated dystrophin pre-mRNA, a protein-encoding mRNA with a short internal deletion is produced which can retain some activity, yielding the Becker phenotype (see, e.g., Monaco et al, 1988, Genomics, 2: 90-95) .
[0008] Approaches targeting exon skipping may be particularly applicable to long genes. In long genes, with many exons and introns, there is redundancy in the genetic component of the exons or one or more specific exons may not be necessary for the expression of functional proteins. Recently, taking advantage of the deaminase proteins, such as Adenosine Deaminase Acting on RNA (ADAR) , novel tools were developed for RNA editing. In mammalian cells, there are three types of ADAR proteins, Adar1 (two isoforms, p110 and p150) , Adar2 and Adar3 (catalytically inactive) . The catalytic substrate of ADAR protein is a double-stranded RNA. The ADAR protein can remove the-NH2 group from an adenosine (A) nucleobase, changing A to inosine (I) , which is recognized as guanosine (G) and paired with cytidine (C) during subsequent cellular transcription and translation processes. Researchers fused λN peptide to human Adar1 or Adar2 deaminase domain to construct the λN-ADARDD system, which could be guided to bind specific RNA targets by a fusion RNA containing a BoxB stem loop and antisense RNA (see, e.g., Montiel-Gonzalez et al., 2013, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 110: 18285-18290; Montiel-Gonzalez et al., 2016, Nucleic Acids Res, 44: E157; Sinnamon et al., 2017, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 114: E9395-E9402) . This method can edit target A to I by introducing an A-C mismatch at the target A base, resulting in A to G RNA base editing. Other methods for RNA editing include fusing antisense RNA to R / G motif (ADAR-recruiting RNA scaffold) to edit target RNA by overexpressing Adar1 or Adar2 proteins in mammalian cells and using dCas13-ADAR to precisely target and edit RNA. At present, the main tool that has been reported to be used for DMD in vitro and in vivo pre-mRNA splicing regulation is an antisense oligoribonucleotide (see, e.g., Matsuo et al., 1991, J Clin Invest, 87: 2127-2131; Takeshima et al., 1995, J Clin Invest, 95: 515-520; Pramono et al. 1996, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 226: 445-449; Dunckley et al., 1996, Biochem Soc Trans, 24: 276S; Dunckley et al., 1998, Hum Mol Genet, 7: 1083-1090; Errington, et al., 2003, J Gene Med, 5, 518-527) . The first example of specific and reproducible exon skipping in the mdx mouse model was done by Wilton et al. with antisense oligonucleotides (Wilton et al., 1999, Neuromuscul Disord, 9: 330-338) . However, the findings suggest that antisense oligonucleotides are less effective in cultures of immortalized cells expressing higher levels of dystrophin.
[0009] More effective tools targeting DMD exons are still needed in order to treat DMD with high efficiency and long-term effect.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0010] In one general aspect, provided herein is a circular RNA molecule useful for treating DMD having at least 50 nucleotides and comprising a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to at least one nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, and SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, the circular RNA molecule comprises at least one of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, and SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0011] In certain embodiments, the RNA molecule has at least 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190 or 200 nucleotides.
[0012] In one embodiment, the RNA molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain embodiments, the circular RNA molecule comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. Preferably, the RNA molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain embodiments, the circular RNA molecule comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0013] In certain embodiments, the RNA molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. Preferably, the RNA molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. In certain embodiments, the circular RNA molecule comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 5.
[0014] In certain embodiments, the RNA molecule comprises a first nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 and a second nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. In certain embodiments, the circular RNA molecule comprises the first nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 and the second nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. Preferably, the RNA molecule comprises a first nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 and a second nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. In certain embodiments, the circular RNA molecule comprises the first nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 and the second nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5.
[0015] In certain embodiments, the RNA molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. Preferably, the RNA molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6. In certain embodiments, the circular RNA molecule comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 6.
[0016] In certain embodiments, the RNA molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 7 to SEQ ID NO: 48. Preferably, the RNA molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID Nos: 13-15, 23, 24, 31-39 and 46. In certain embodiments, the circular RNA molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 7 to SEQ ID NO: 48, preferably a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID Nos: 13-15, 23, 24, 31-39 and 46.
[0017] In certain embodiments, the RNA molecule comprises one or more modified nucleotides, such as deoxyribonucleotides, nucleotide mimics, abasic nucleotides (represented herein as Ab) , 2′-modified nucleotides, 3′to 3′linkages (inverted) nucleotides (represented herein as invdN, invN, invn, invAb) , nonnatural base-comprising nucleotides, bridged nucleotides, peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) , 2′, 3′seco nucleotide mimics (unlocked nucleobase analogues, represented herein as NUNA or NUNA) , locked nucleotides (represented herein as NLNA or NLNA) , 3′-O-methoxy (2′internucleoside linked) nucleotides (represented herein as 3′-OMen) , 2'-F-Arabino nucleotides (represented herein as NfANA or NfANA) , 5'-Me, 2'-fluoro nucleotide (represented herein as 5Me-Nf) , morpholino nucleotides, vinyl phosphonate deoxyribonucleotides (represented herein as vpdN) , vinyl phosphonate containing nucleotides, and cyclopropyl phosphonate containing nucleotides (cPrpN) . 2′-modified nucleotides (i.e. a nucleotide with a group other than a hydroxyl group at the 2′position of the five-membered sugar ring) include, but are not limited to, 2′Omethyl nucleotides (represented herein as a lower case letter 'n'in a nucleotide sequence) , 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro nucleotides (represented herein as Nf, also represented herein as 2′-fluoro nucleotide) , 2′-deoxy nucleotides (represented herein as dN) , 2′-methoxyethyl (2′-O-2-methoxylethyl) nucleotides (represented herein as NM or 2′-MOE) , 2′-amino nucleotides, or 2′-alkyl nucleotides.
[0018] In certain embodiments, the RNA molecule comprises one of more of a cytidine mismatch or a guanosine mismatch directly opposite an adenosine in the target sequence. In one embodiment, the RNA molecule comprises a cytidine mismatch directly opposite an adenosine in the target sequence. In another embodiment, the RNA molecule comprises a cytidine mismatch located at least 5 nucleotides away from the 3’ end of the RNA molecule. In another embodiment, the RNA molecule comprises a cytidine mismatch located at least 20 nucleotides away from the 5’ end of the RNA molecule. In yet another embodiment, the RNA molecule comprises a cytidine mismatch located at least 5 nucleotides away from the 3’ end of the RNA molecule, and at least 20 nucleotides away from the 5’ end of the RNA molecule. In one embodiment, the RNA molecule comprises a guanosine mismatch directly opposite an adenosine in the target sequence. In certain embodiments, the RNA molecule comprises two or more consecutive mismatching nucleotides opposite one or more adenosine residues in the target sequence.
[0019] Another general aspect of the application relates to a vector comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the RNA molecule of the application.
[0020] In certain embodiments, the vector further comprises a 3′twister ribozyme sequence linked to the 3′end of the nucleotide sequence encoding the RNA molecule and a 5′twister ribozyme sequence linked to the 5′end of the nucleotide sequence encoding the RNA molecule.
[0021] In certain embodiments, the vector further comprises a promoter operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding the RNA molecule. Preferably, the promoter is a polymerase II promoter ( “Pol II promoter” ) , such as a CMV promoter or a U7 promoter, or a Pol III promoter, such as a U6 promoter.
[0022] In certain embodiments, the vector is a viral vector or a nonviral vector.
[0023] In certain embodiments, the vector is a viral vector, such as an adeno-associated virus vector (AAV) , lentiviral vector, adenoviral vector, RNA replicon, pox virus vector, enteric virus vector, Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus vector, Semliki Forest Virus vector, or Tobacco Mosaic Virus vector.
[0024] Also provided is a host cell comprising an RNA molecule or a vector of the application.
[0025] Also provided is a pharmaceutical composition comprising an RNA molecule or vector of the application, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0026] In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition of the application comprises one or more lipids. Preferably, the pharmaceutical composition comprises lipid nanoparticles having one or more cationic lipids, non-cationic lipids and polyethylene glycol (PEG) or PEG modified lipids.
[0027] In certain embodiments, a method of modulating RNA splicing comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of an RNA molecule, a vector or a pharmaceutical composition according to an embodiment of the application to thereby modulated RNA splicing, such as induce exon skipping, in a pre-mRNA.
[0028] In certain embodiments, the subject is in need of a treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and the pre-mRNA is a pre-mRNA of dystrophin gene or a fragment thereof.
[0029] It is to be understood that one, some, or all of the properties of the various embodiments described herein may be combined to form other embodiments of the present invention. These and other embodiments of the invention are further described by the detailed description that follows.
[0030] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0031] The foregoing and other objects, aspects, features, and advantages of exemplary embodiments will become more apparent and may be better understood by referring to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
[0032] FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B show the exon skipping efficiency in HEK293T cells expressing the WT (A) or δ49 / 50 (B) reporter of arRNA constructs with different lengths.
[0033] FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B show the exon skipping efficiency in HEK293T cells expressing the WT (A) or δ49 / 50 (B) reporter of arRNA constructs with the same length of 100 nucleotides targeting different positions.
[0034] FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B show the exon skipping efficiency in HEK293T cells expressing the WT (A) or δ49 / 50 (B) reporter of arRNA constructs with A-C mismatch set at different positions.
[0035] FIG. 4 shows the exon skipping efficiency in HEK293T cells expressing the WT reporter with different concentrations of various arRNA constructs.
[0036] FIG. 5 illustrates the structures of the δ49 / 50 and WT reporters.
[0037] FIGs. 6A-6D show sequencing chromatograms of intronic regions between exons 48 and 51 and between exons 51 and 52 of the δ49 / 50 reporter plasmid (FIGs. 6A and 6B) , and sequencing chromatograms of intronic regions between exons 50 and 51 and between exons 51 and 52 of the WT reporter plasmid (FIGs. 6C and 6D) .
[0038] FIG. 7 shows the exon skipping mediated by arRNA at the protein level.
[0039] FIGs. 8A-8B show the exon skipping efficiency in non-human primate tissues at 4 weeks (FIG. 8A) and twenty-six weeks post-injection (FIG. 8B) .
[0040] FIG. 9 shows the quantity of the arRNAs found in various non-human primate tissues at 4 weeks and twenty-six weeks post-injection.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0041] Various publications, articles, patents and patent applications are cited or described in the background and throughout the specification; each of these references is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Discussion of documents, acts, materials, devices, articles or the like which has been included in the present specification is for the purpose of providing context for the invention. Such discussion is not an admission that any or all of these matters form part of the prior art with respect to any inventions disclosed or claimed.
[0042] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. All patents, applications, published applications and other publications referred to herein are incorporated by reference in their entireties. If a definition set forth in this section is contrary to or otherwise inconsistent with a definition set forth in a patent, application, or other publication that is herein incorporated by reference, the definition set forth in this section prevails over the definition incorporated herein by reference.
[0043] It is appreciated that certain features of the disclosure, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the disclosure, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable sub-combination. All combinations of the embodiments pertaining to particular method steps, reagents, or conditions are specifically embraced by the present disclosure and are disclosed herein just as if each and every combination was individually and explicitly disclosed.
[0044] As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a, ” “an, ” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. It is further noted that the claims may be drafted to exclude any optional element. As such, this statement is intended to serve as antecedent basis for use of such exclusive terminology as “solely, ” “only” and the like in connection with the recitation of claim elements, or use of a “negative” limitation.
[0045] Unless otherwise stated, any numerical values, such as a concentration or a concentration range described herein, are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about. ” Thus, a numerical value typically includes ± 10%of the recited value. For example, a concentration of 1 mg / mL includes 0.9 mg / mL to 1.1 mg / mL. Likewise, a concentration range of 1%to 10% (w / v) includes 0.9% (w / v) to 11% (w / v) . As used herein, the use of a numerical range expressly includes all possible subranges, all individual numerical values within that range, including integers within such ranges and fractions of the values unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
[0046] Unless otherwise indicated, the term “at least” preceding a series of elements is to be understood to refer to every element in the series. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the invention.
[0047] As used herein, the terms “comprises, ” “comprising, ” “includes, ” “including, ” “has, ” “having, ” “contains” or “containing, ” or any other variation thereof, will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers and are intended to be non-exclusive or open-ended. For example, a composition, a mixture, a process, a method, an article, or an apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but can include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present) , A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present) , and both A and B are true (or present) .
[0048] It should also be understood that the terms “about, ” “approximately, ” “generally, ” “substantially” and like terms, used herein when referring to a dimension or characteristic of a component of the preferred invention, indicate that the described dimension / characteristic is not a strict boundary or parameter and does not exclude minor variations therefrom that are functionally the same or similar, as would be understood by one having ordinary skill in the art. At a minimum, such references that include a numerical parameter would include variations that, using mathematical and industrial principles accepted in the art (e.g., rounding, measurement or other systematic errors, manufacturing tolerances, etc. ) , would not vary the least significant digit.
[0049] For sequence comparison, typically one sequence acts as a reference sequence, to which test sequences are compared. When using a sequence comparison algorithm, test and reference sequences are input into a computer, subsequence coordinates are designated, if necessary, and sequence algorithm program parameters are designated. The sequence comparison algorithm then calculates the percent sequence identity for the test sequence (s) relative to the reference sequence, based on the designated program parameters.
[0050] Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison can be conducted, e.g., by the local homology algorithm of Smith &Waterman, Adv. Appl. Math. 1981; 2: 482, by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman &Wunsch, J. Mol. Biol. 1970; 48: 443, by the search for similarity method of Pearson &Lipman, Proc. Nat’l. Acad. Sci. USA 1988; 85: 2444, by computerized implementations of these algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Dr., Madison, WI) , or by visual inspection (see generally, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, F.M. Ausubel et al., eds., Current Protocols, a joint venture between Greene Publishing Associates, Inc. and John Wiley &Sons, Inc., 1995 Supplement (Ausubel) ) .
[0051] Examples of algorithms that are suitable for determining percent sequence identity and sequence similarity are the BLAST and BLAST 2.0 algorithms, which are described in Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol. 1990; 215: 403-410 and Altschul et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 1997; 25: 3389-3402, respectively. Software for performing BLAST analyses is publicly available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information. This algorithm involves first identifying high scoring sequence pairs (HSPs) by identifying short words of length W in the query sequence, which either match or satisfy some positive-valued threshold score T when aligned with a word of the same length in a database sequence. T is referred to as the neighborhood word score threshold (Altschul et al, supra) . These initial neighborhood word hits act as seeds for initiating searches to find longer HSPs containing them. The word hits are then extended in both directions along each sequence for as far as the cumulative alignment score can be increased.
[0052] Cumulative scores are calculated using, for nucleotide sequences, the parameters M (reward score for a pair of matching residues; always > 0) and N (penalty score for mismatching residues; always < 0) . For amino acid sequences, a scoring matrix is used to calculate the cumulative score. Extension of the word hits in each direction are halted when: the cumulative alignment score falls off by the quantity X from its maximum achieved value; the cumulative score goes to zero or below, due to the accumulation of one or more negative-scoring residue alignments; or the end of either sequence is reached. The BLAST algorithm parameters W, T, and X determine the sensitivity and speed of the alignment. The BLASTN program (for nucleotide sequences) uses as defaults a wordlength (W) of 11, an expectation (E) of 10, M=5, N=-4, and a comparison of both strands. For amino acid sequences, the BLASTP program uses as defaults a wordlength (W) of 3, an expectation (E) of 10, and the BLOSUM62 scoring matrix (see Henikoff &Henikoff, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1989; 89: 10915) .
[0053] In addition to calculating percent sequence identity, the BLAST algorithm also performs a statistical analysis of the similarity between two sequences (see, e.g., Karlin &Altschul, Proc. Nat’l. Acad. Sci. USA 1993; 90: 5873-5787) . One measure of similarity provided by the BLAST algorithm is the smallest sum probability (P (N) ) , which provides an indication of the probability by which a match between two nucleotide or amino acid sequences would occur by chance. For example, a nucleic acid is considered similar to a reference sequence if the smallest sum probability in a comparison of the test nucleic acid to the reference nucleic acid is less than about 0.1, more preferably less than about 0.01, and most preferably less than about 0.001.
[0054] A further indication that two nucleic acid sequences or polypeptides are substantially identical is that the polypeptide encoded by the first nucleic acid is immunologically cross reactive with the polypeptide encoded by the second nucleic acid, as described below. Thus, a polypeptide is typically substantially identical to a second polypeptide, for example, where the two peptides differ only by conservative substitutions. Another indication that two nucleic acid sequences are substantially identical is that the two molecules hybridize to each other under stringent conditions.
[0055] The terms “deaminase-recruiting RNA, ” “arRNA, ” “ADAR-recruiting RNA” and “arRNA” are used herein interchangeably to refer to an engineered RNA capable of recruiting an ADAR to a target exon and / or a flanking 5’ intron.
[0056] As used herein, the terms “peptide, ” “polypeptide, ” or “protein” can refer to a molecule comprised of amino acids and can be recognized as a protein by those of skill in the art. The conventional one-letter or three-letter code for amino acid residues is used herein. The terms “peptide, ” “polypeptide, ” and “protein” can be used interchangeably herein to refer to polymers of amino acids of any length. The polymer can be linear or branched, it can comprise modified amino acids, and it can be interrupted by non-amino acids. The terms also encompass an amino acid polymer that has been modified naturally or by intervention; for example, disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, lipidation, acetylation, phosphorylation, or any other manipulation or modification, such as conjugation with a labeling component. Also included within the definition are, for example, polypeptides containing one or more analogs of an amino acid (including, for example, unnatural amino acids, etc. ) , as well as other modifications known in the art.
[0057] The peptide sequences described herein are written according to the usual convention whereby the N-terminal region of the peptide is on the left and the C-terminal region is on the right. Although isomeric forms of the amino acids are known, it is the L-form of the amino acid that is represented unless otherwise expressly indicated.
[0058] The term “domain, ” as used herein, refers to a structure of a biomolecule that contributes to a specified function of the biomolecule. A domain may comprise a contiguous region (e.g., a contiguous sequence) or distinct, non-contiguous regions (e.g., non-contiguous sequences) of a biomolecule. Examples of protein domains include, but are not limited to, an endonuclease domain, a DNA binding domain, a reverse transcription domain; an example of a domain of a nucleic acid is a regulatory domain, such as a transcription factor binding domain. In some embodiments, a domain (e.g., a Cas domain) can comprise two or more smaller domains (e.g., a DNA binding domain and an endonuclease domain) .
[0059] The term “heterologous, ” when used to describe a first element in reference to a second element means that the first element and second element do not exist in nature disposed as described. For example, a heterologous polypeptide, nucleic acid molecule, construct or sequence refers to (a) a polypeptide, nucleic acid molecule or portion of a polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule sequence that is not native to a cell in which it is expressed, (b) a polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule or portion of a polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule that has been altered or mutated relative to its native state, or (c) a polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule with an altered expression as compared to the native expression levels under similar conditions. For example, a heterologous regulatory sequence (e.g., promoter, enhancer) may be used to regulate expression of a gene or a nucleic acid molecule in a way that is different than the gene or a nucleic acid molecule is normally expressed in nature. In another example, a heterologous domain of a polypeptide or nucleic acid sequence (e.g., a DNA binding domain of a polypeptide or nucleic acid encoding a DNA binding domain of a polypeptide) may be disposed relative to other domains or may be a different sequence or from a different source, relative to other domains or portions of a polypeptide or its encoding nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, a heterologous nucleic acid molecule may exist in a native host cell genome but may have an altered expression level or have a different sequence or both. In other embodiments, heterologous nucleic acid molecules may not be endogenous to a host cell or host genome but instead may have been introduced into a host cell by transformation (e.g., transfection, electroporation) , wherein the added molecule may integrate into the host genome or can exist as extra-chromosomal genetic material either transiently (e.g., mRNA) or semi-stably for more than one generation (e.g., episomal viral vector, plasmid, or other self-replicating vector) .
[0060] The terms “polynucleotide, ” “nucleotide sequence” and “nucleic acid” are used interchangeably. They refer to a polymeric form of nucleotides of any length, either deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides, or analogs thereof.
[0061] The term “nucleic acid molecule, ” as used herein, refers to both RNA and DNA molecules including, without limitation, cDNA, genomic DNA and mRNA, and also includes synthetic nucleic acid molecules, such as those that are chemically synthesized or recombinantly produced, such as RNA templates, as described herein. The nucleic acid molecule can be double-stranded or single-stranded, circular or linear. If single-stranded, the nucleic acid molecule can be the sense strand or the antisense strand.
[0062] The terms “adenine, ” “guanine, ” “cytosine, ” “thymine, ” “uracil” and “hypoxanthine” as used herein refer to the nucleobases as such. The terms “adenosine, ” “guanosine, ” “cytidine, ” “thymidine, ” “uridine” and “inosine, ” refer to the nucleobases linked to the ribose or deoxyribose sugar moiety. The term “nucleoside” refers to the nucleobase linked to the ribose or deoxyribose. The term "nucleotide" refers to the respective nucleobase-ribosyl-phosphate or nucleobase-deoxyribosyl-phosphate. Sometimes the terms adenosine and adenine (with the abbreviation, “A” ) , guanosine and guanine (with the abbreviation, “G” ) , cytosine and cytidine (with the abbreviation, “C” ) , uracil and uridine (with the abbreviation, “U” ) , thymine and thymidine (with the abbreviation, “T” ) , inosine and hypo-xanthine (with the abbreviation, “I” ) , are used interchangeably to refer to the corresponding nucleobase, nucleoside or nucleotide. Sometimes the terms nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide are used interchangeably, unless the context clearly requires differently.
[0063] “pre-mRNA” used in the present application refers to the primary transcript of a gene that can contain intron and exons and requires further splicing to produce mature mRNA molecules containing only exons.
[0064] In the context of the present application, "target sequence" refers to a sequence in a pre-mRNA to which an arRNA sequence is designed to have perfect complementarity or substantial complementarity, and hybridization between the target sequence and the arRNA forms a double stranded RNA (dsRNA) region containing a target adenosine, which recruits an ADAR which optionally deaminates the target adenosine. In some embodiments, the ADAR is naturally present in a host cell, such as a eukaryotic cell (preferably, a mammalian cell, more preferably, a human cell) . In some embodiments, the ADAR is introduced into the host cell. In certain embodiments, the target sequence comprises a sequence in exon 51 of a dystrophin pre-mRNA, and binding of which by an RNA molecule of the application results in exon 51 skipping during splicing.
[0065] As used herein, "complementarity" refers to the ability of a nucleic acid to form hydrogen bond (s) with another nucleic acid by traditional Watson-Crick base-pairing. A percent complementarity indicates the percentage of residues in a nucleic acid molecule which can form hydrogen bonds (i.e., Watson-Crick base pairing) with a second nucleic acid (e.g., about 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 out of 10, being about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100%complementary respectively) . "Perfectly complementary" means that all the contiguous residues of a nucleic acid sequence form hydrogen bonds with the same number of contiguous residues in a second nucleic acid sequence. "Substantially complementary" as used herein refers to a degree of complementarity that is at least about any one of 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%over a region of about 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 100, 150, 200, 250 or more nucleotides, or refers to two nucleic acids that hybridize under stringent conditions.
[0066] As used herein, a “carrier” includes pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, or stabilizers that are nontoxic to the cell or mammal being exposed thereto at the dosages and concentrations employed. Often the physiologically acceptable carrier is an aqueous pH buffered solution. Non-limiting examples of physiologically acceptable carriers include buffers such as phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid; low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptide; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, arginine or lysine; monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugar alcohols such as mannitol or sorbitol; salt-forming counterions such as sodium; and / or nonionic surfactants such as TWEENTM, polyethylene glycol (PEG) , and PLURONICSTM.
[0067] As used herein, the term “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” of a substance is at least the minimum concentration required to effect a measurable improvement or prevention of a particular disorder. An effective amount herein may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the patient, and the ability of the substance to elicit a desired response in the individual. An effective amount is also one in which any toxic or detrimental effects of the treatment are outweighed by the therapeutically beneficial effects. In reference to cancer, an effective amount comprises an amount sufficient to cause a tumor to shrink and / or to decrease the growth rate of the tumor (such as to suppress tumor growth) or to prevent or delay other unwanted cell proliferation in cancer. In some embodiments, an effective amount is an amount sufficient to delay development of cancer. In some embodiments, an effective amount is an amount sufficient to prevent or delay recurrence. In some embodiments, an effective amount is an amount sufficient to reduce recurrence rate in the individual. An effective amount can be administered in one or more administrations. The effective amount of the drug or composition may: (i) reduce the number of cancer cells; (ii) reduce tumor size; (iii) inhibit, retard, slow to some extent and preferably stop cancer cell infiltration into peripheral organs; (iv) inhibit (i.e., slow to some extent and preferably stop) tumor metastasis; (v) inhibit tumor growth; (vi) prevent or delay occurrence and / or recurrence of tumor; (vii) reduce recurrence rate of tumor, and / or (viii) relieve to some extent one or more of the symptoms associated with the cancer. An effective amount can be administered in one or more administrations. For purposes of this disclosure, an effective amount of drug, compound, or pharmaceutical composition is an amount sufficient to accomplish prophylactic or therapeutic treatment either directly or indirectly. As is understood in the clinical context, an effective amount of a drug, compound, or pharmaceutical composition may or may not be achieved in conjunction with another drug, compound, or pharmaceutical composition. Thus, an “effective amount” may be considered in the context of administering one or more therapeutic agents, and a single agent may be considered to be given in an effective amount if, in conjunction with one or more other agents, a desirable result may be or is achieved.
[0068] A “host cell” as described herein refers to any cell type that can be used as a host cell provided it can be modified as described herein. For example, the host cell can be a host cell with endogenously expressed ADAR, or it can be a host cell into which an ADAR is introduced by a known method in the art. For example, the host cell can be a prokaryotic cell, a eukaryotic cell or a plant cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is derived from a pre-established cell line, such as mammalian cell lines including human cell lines or non-human cell lines. In some embodiments, the host cell is derived from an individual, such as a human individual.
[0069] A “recombinant AAV vector (rAAV vector) ” refers to a polynucleotide vector comprising one or more heterologous sequences (i.e., nucleic acid sequence not of AAV origin) that are flanked by at least one, and in embodiments two, AAV inverted terminal repeat sequences (ITRs) . Such rAAV vectors can be replicated and packaged into infectious viral particles when present in a host cell that has been infected with a suitable helper virus (or that is expressing suitable helper functions) and that is expressing AAV rep and cap gene products (i.e. AAV Rep and Cap proteins) . When a rAAV vector is incorporated into a larger polynucleotide (e.g., in a chromosome or in another vector such as a plasmid used for cloning or transfection) , then the rAAV vector may be referred to as a “pro-vector” which can be “rescued” by replication and encapsulation in the presence of AAV packaging functions and suitable helper functions. An rAAV vector can be in any of a number of forms, including, but not limited to, plasmids, linear artificial chromosomes, complexed with lipids, encapsulated within liposomes, and encapsulated in a viral particle, particularly an AAV particle. A rAAV vector can be packaged into an AAV virus capsid to generate a “recombinant adeno-associated viral particle (rAAV particle) ” .
[0070] An “AAV inverted terminal repeat (ITR) ” sequence, a term well-understood in the art, is an approximately 145-nucleotide sequence that is present at both termini of the native single-stranded AAV genome. The outermost 125 nucleotides of the ITR can be present in either of two alternative orientations, leading to heterogeneity between different AAV genomes and between the two ends of a single AAV genome. The outermost 125 nucleotides also contain several shorter regions of self-complementarity (designated A, A', B, B', C, C' and D regions) , allowing intrastrand base-pairing to occur within this portion of the ITR.
[0071] A “package insert” refers to instructions customarily included in commercial packages of medicaments that contain information about the indications customarily included in commercial packages of medicaments that contain information about the indications, usage, dosage, administration, contraindications, other medicaments to be combined with the packaged product, and / or warnings concerning the use of such medicaments, etc.
[0072] A “subject, ” “patient” or “individual” includes a mammal, such as a human or other animal, and typically is human. In some embodiments, the subject, e.g., patient, to whom the therapeutic agents and compositions are administered, is a mammal, typically a primate, such as a human. In some embodiments, the primate is a monkey or an ape. The subject can be male or female and can be any suitable age, including infant, juvenile, adolescent, adult, and geriatric subjects. In some embodiments, the subject is a non-primate mammal, such as a rodent, a dog, a cat, a farm animal, such as a cow or a horse, etc.
[0073] Engineered RNA for Exon Skipping
[0074] For most eukaryotic genes, the gene’s DNA is transcribed to form a pre-mRNA containing intron (s) and exons. The pre-mRNA must be processed to remove the introns before it becomes a mature messenger RNA (mRNA) , which can then direct the protein synthesis. “RNA splicing” (also referred to as “exon splicing” ) refers to a process that involves the removal or “splicing out” of certain intervening sequences to thereby connect exons one to another. In some embodiments, RNA splicing removes introns between two adjacent exons. In other embodiments, RNA splicing removes intron (s) and exon (s) between two exons. “Exon skipping” refers to RNA splicing where one or more exons or fragment (s) thereof are removed. The final mRNA contains the remaining exons that are connected to one another.
[0075] The splicing process is guided by a complex, multi-component mechanism. The splicing sites are mainly divided into three types: the 5' splicing site (5'ss) at the 5' end of the intron, and the 3' splicing site (3'ss) at the 3' end of the intron, and the branch point site (BPS) located 18-40nt upstream of the 3'ss. The first step of splicing is that U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) recognizes the 5'ss and binds through complementary base pairing. At the same time, U2 small nuclear RNA auxiliary factor 2 (U2AF2) binds to the polypyrimidine region and interacts with the splicing factor 1 (SF1) , assisting it to bind to the BPS. In addition, U2 small nuclear RNA auxiliary factor 1 (U2AF1) binds to the 3'ss, forming the E complex. Then, with the assistance of U2AF, U2 snRNP replaces SF1 and binds to the branch site to form the A complex. A large number of splicing factors play an important role in this process. After the formation of the A complex is stabilized, the addition of triple snRNP particles (U4, U6, U5) rearranges the A complex, thereby pulling the three splice sites together. Among them, U4 and U6 snRNPs are combined through complementary pairing of their RNA components, while U5 snRNPs are loosely combined through protein interactions, forming the B complex. Then through a series of conformational transitions, U1 snRNP leaves, and U6 snRNP binds to the 5'ss. At the same time, U4 snRNP leaves so that U6 snRNP and U2 snRNP can pair through snRNA, and the B complex with catalytic activity is formed after this rearrangement process body, followed by two transesterification reactions. The first transesterification reaction connects 5'ss and BPS and cuts the RNA chain to form a lariat, forming the C complex. In the second transesterification reaction, the excised exon from the first step attacks the 3'ss, and the exons are connected to each other to form the mRNA to be released, while the intron is released in the lariat structure that is rapidly degraded. After the snRNP is released during the entire splicing process, it will participate in the assembly, rearrangement, and catalysis of the spliceosome again.
[0076] One general aspect of the application relates to a RNA molecule, particularly a circular RNA molecule, useful for modulating RNA splicing, such as exon skipping, in a pre-mRNA of a dystrophin gene. The dystrophin gene is also called Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) gene. Mutations in the DMD gene (2.24 million base pair) can result in biochemical loss or abnormalities of the dystrophin protein. The DMD gene has multiple gene promoters driving expression of different mRNA (and encoded protein) isoforms. The “full-length” 14 kb mRNA of a human DMD using the 3 most proximal 5’ gene promoters (Dp427B, Dp427M, Dp427P) contains 79 exons and encodes a 427 kDa membrane cytoskeletal protein (dystrophin) , that is expressed in all skeletal muscles, smooth muscles (vascular and visceral) , heart, peripheral nerve, and some neurons. See, e.g., Takeda et al., J Neuromuscul Dis. 2021; 8 (Suppl 2) : S343–S358, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0077] In certain embodiment, the RNA molecule comprises a targeting RNA sequence that hybridizes to a target RNA associated with a disease or condition, wherein the RNA is capable of recruiting an ADAR to deaminate a target adenosine residue in the target RNA and wherein the arRNA is and wherein the arRNA is a circular RNA or capable of forming a circular RNA.
[0078] In certain embodiments, a mutation in a DMD pre-mRNA can result in a frameshift in translation, and an alternative RNA splicing can produce a mature mRNA that corrects the frameshift. In other embodiments, a nonsense mutation is present in a DMD pre-mRNA, and an alternative RNA splicing can produce a mature mRNA that does not comprise the exon with the premature stop codon. Thus, exon skipping can produce an increase in functional dystrophin polypeptide, thereby treating or preventing DMD. Functional dystrophin polypeptide can be a truncated polypeptide relative to dystrophin produced in healthy subject whose DMD mRNA did not comprise the frameshift or premature stop codon. In certain embodiments, an RNA molecule of the application can be used to induce or promote the skipping of one or more exons in a Dystrophin pre-mRNA. For example, an RNA molecule of the application can be used to induce skipping of exon 51, alone or together with the skipping of exon 53, 45, 44, 46, 50, 52, 55, 43, 54, 8, 7 or 6, exons 45-55, or exons 3-9 in the Dystrophin pre-mRNA. In some embodiments, the increase in the frequency of skipping of one or more exons from the Dystrophin mRNA can lead to an increase in the expression of a functional Dystrophin protein in the subject or a cell in the subject. In some embodiments, exon skipping via editing of the DMD pre-mRNA by administration of the engineered polynucleotide to a subject can treat or prevent DMD in the subject.
[0079] In one general aspect, the application provides a circular RNA molecule having at least 50 nucleotides and comprising a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to at least one nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, and SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0080] In some embodiments, the RNA molecule has at least 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190 or 200 nucleotides.
[0081] In one embodiment, the circular RNA molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1. For example, the RNA molecule can comprise the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, such as a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 7-39. The RNA molecule can also comprise the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, such as a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 13-17, 23, 24 and 31-39.
[0082] In another embodiment, the circular RNA molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 2. For example, the RNA molecule can comprise the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, such as a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 9-14, 17-23 and 25-44. The RNA molecule can also comprise the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, such as a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 13, 14 and 30-44.
[0083] In another embodiment, the circular RNA molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 3. For example, the RNA molecule can comprise the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, such as a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 45-48. The RNA molecule can also comprise the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, such as a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 45 and 46.
[0084] In some embodiments, the circular RNA molecule comprises a first nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to one of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 3, and a second nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to another one of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0085] In one embodiment, the circular RNA molecule comprises a first nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1 and a second nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 2. For example, the RNA molecule can comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 2, such as a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 9-14, 17-23 and 25-39. The RNA molecule can also comprise the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 and SEQ ID NO: 5, such as a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 13, 14 and 31-38.
[0086] In some embodiments. the RNA molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 7-48.
[0087] Preferably, the RNA molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 13-15, 23, 24, 31-39 and 46.
[0088] In certain embodiments, the RNA molecule comprises one or more modified nucleotides, such as deoxyribonucleotides, nucleotide mimics, abasic nucleotides (represented herein as Ab) , 2′-modified nucleotides, 3′to 3′linkages (inverted) nucleotides (represented herein as invdN, invN, invn, invAb) , nonnatural base-comprising nucleotides, bridged nucleotides, peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) , 2′, 3′seco nucleotide mimics (unlocked nucleobase analogues, represented herein as NUNA or NUNA) , locked nucleotides (represented herein as NLNA or NLNA) , 3′-O-methoxy (2′internucleoside linked) nucleotides (represented herein as 3′-OMen) , 2'-F-Arabino nucleotides (represented herein as NfANA or NfANA) , 5'-Me, 2'-fluoro nucleotide (represented herein as 5Me-Nf) , morpholino nucleotides, vinyl phosphonate deoxyribonucleotides (represented herein as vpdN) , vinyl phosphonate containing nucleotides, and cyclopropyl phosphonate containing nucleotides (cPrpN) . 2′-modified nucleotides (i.e. a nucleotide with a group other than a hydroxyl group at the 2′position of the five-membered sugar ring) include, but are not limited to, 2′Omethyl nucleotides (represented herein as a lower case letter 'n'in a nucleotide sequence) , 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro nucleotides (represented herein as Nf, also represented herein as 2′-fluoro nucleotide) , 2′-deoxy nucleotides (represented herein as dN) , 2′-methoxyethyl (2′-O-2-methoxylethyl) nucleotides (represented herein as NM or 2′-MOE) , 2′-amino nucleotides, or 2′-alkyl nucleotides.
[0089] An RNA molecule of the application can be made using methods known in the art in view of the present disclosure. For example, it can be made by chemical synthesis, in vitro transcription, in vivo transcription or a combination thereof.
[0090] Vectors and Host Cells
[0091] Also provided is a vector comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the RNA molecule of the application.
[0092] The term “vector” refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked. Vectors include, but are not limited to, nucleic acid molecules that are single-stranded, double-stranded, or partially double-stranded; nucleic acid molecules that comprise one or more free ends, no free ends (e.g., circular) ; nucleic acid molecules that comprise DNA, RNA, or both; and other varieties of polynucleotides known in the art. One type of vector is a "plasmid, " which refers to a circular double stranded DNA loop into which additional DNA segments can be inserted, such as by standard molecular cloning techniques. Certain vectors are capable of autonomous replication in a host cell into which they are introduced (e.g., bacterial vectors having a bacterial origin of replication and episomal mammalian vectors) . Other vectors (e.g., non-episomal mammalian vectors) are integrated into the genome of a host cell upon introduction into the host cell, and thereby are replicated along with the host genome. Moreover, certain vectors are capable of directing the transcription or expression of coding nucleotide sequences to which they are operatively linked. Such vectors are referred to herein as “expression vectors” .
[0093] Recombinant expression vectors can comprise a nucleic acid of the present application in a form suitable for transcription or expression of the nucleic acid in a host cell. In some embodiments, the recombinant expression vector includes one or more regulatory elements, which may be selected on the basis of the host cells to be used for transcription or expression, which is operatively linked to the nucleic acid sequence to be transcribed or expressed. Within a recombinant expression vector, “operably linked” is intended to mean that the nucleotide sequence of interest is linked to the regulatory element (s) in a manner that allows for expression of the nucleotide sequence (e.g., in an in vitro transcription / translation system or in a host cell when the vector is introduced into the host cell) .
[0094] In some embodiments, the vector further comprises a 3’ twister ribozyme sequence linked to the 3’ end of the nucleic acid encoding the arRNA. In some embodiments, the vector further comprises a 5’ twister ribozyme sequence linked to the 5’ end of the nucleic acid encoding the arRNA. In some embodiments, the vector further comprises a 3’ twister ribozyme sequence linked to the 3’ end of the nucleic acid encoding the arRNA and a 5’ twister ribozyme sequence linked to the 5’ end of the nucleic acid encoding the arRNA. In some embodiments, the 3’ twister sequence is twister P3 U2A and the 5’ twister sequence is twister P1. In some embodiments, wherein the 5’ twister sequence is twister P3 U2A and the 3’ twister sequence is twister P1. A twister ribozyme is a catalytic RNA structure capable of self-cleavage. In some embodiments, the arRNA undergoes autocatalytic cleavage. In some embodiments, the catalyzed arRNA product comprises a 5′-hydroxyl group and a 2′, 3′-cyclic phosphate at the 3′terminus.
[0095] In some embodiments, the arRNA transcript is also flanked by a 5’ and / or 3’ ligation sequences, which are then flanked by a 5’-Twister ribozyme and / or 3’-Twister ribozymes, respectively. In some embodiments, the arRNA comprises a 3’ ligation sequence. In some embodiments, the arRNA comprises a 5’ ligation sequence.
[0096] In certain embodiments, the vector further comprises a promoter operably linked to the nucleotide sequence encoding the RNA molecule. Preferably the promoter is a polymerase II promoter ( “Pol II promoter” ) , such as a CMV promoter or a U7 promoter, or a Pol III promoter, such as a U6 promoter.
[0097] In certain embodiments, the vector is a viral vector or a nonviral vector. In certain embodiments, the vector is a viral vector, such as an adeno-associated virus vector (AAV) , lentiviral vector, adenoviral vector, RNA replicon, pox virus vector, enteric virus vector, Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus vector, Semliki Forest Virus vector, or Tobacco Mosaic Virus vector.
[0098] In some embodiments, the vector is a rAAV vector. In some embodiments, the rAAV vector is a vector derived from an AAV serotype, including without limitation, AAV ITRs are AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAVrh8, AAVrh8R, AAV9, AAV10, AAVrh10, AAV11, AAV12, AAV2R471A, AAV DJ, a goat AAV, bovine AAV, or mouse AAV capsid serotype or the like. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid in the AAV comprises an ITR of AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAVrh8, AAVrh8R, AAV9, AAV10, AAVrh10, AAV11, AAV12, AAV2R471A, AAV DJ, a goat AAV, bovine AAV, or mouse AAV capsid serotype or the like. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid in the AAV further encodes an arRNA as described herein. Use of any AAV serotype is considered within the scope of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the vector is encapsulated in a rAAV particle. In some embodiments, the AAV viral particle comprises an AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAVrh8, AAVrh8R, AAV9, AAV10, AAVrh10, AAV11, AAV12, AAV2R471A, AAV2 / 2-7m8, AAV DJ, AAV2 N587A, AAV2 E548A, AAV2 N708A, AAV2 V708K, AAV2-HBKO, AAVDJ8, AAVPHP. B, AAVPHP. eB, AAVBR1, AAVHSC15, AAVHSC17, goat AAV, AAV1 / AAV2 chimeric, bovine AAV, mouse AAV, or rAAV2 / HBoV1 serotype capsid.
[0099] Also provided is a host cell comprising an RNA molecule of the application or a vector of the application. In some embodiments, the host cell is a cell line, such as HEK293T, HT29, A549, HepG2, RD, SF268, SW13 and HeLa cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is a primary cell, such as fibroblast, epithelial, or immune cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is a T cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is a post-mitosis cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is a cell of the central nervous system (CNS) , such as a brain cell, e.g., a cerebellum cell.
[0100] Compositions, Kits and Articles of Manufacture
[0101] Also provided herein are compositions (such as pharmaceutical compositions) comprising any one of an RNA, a vector, or a host cell of the application.
[0102] In certain embodiments, provided is a pharmaceutical composition comprising an RNA molecule or a vector of the application, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0103] Acceptable carriers, excipients, or stabilizers are nontoxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed, and include buffers such as phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid and methionine; preservatives (such as octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride; hexamethonium chloride; benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride; phenol, butyl or benzyl alcohol; alkyl parabens such as methyl or propylparaben; catechol; resorcinol; cyclohexanol; 3-pentanol; and m-cresol) ; low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as olyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, histidine, arginine, or lysine; monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugars such as sucrose, mannitol, trehalose or sorbitol; salt-forming counter-ions such as sodium; metal complexes (e.g. Zn-protein complexes) ; and / or non-ionic surfactants such as TWEENTM, PLURONICSTM or polyethylene glycol (PEG) . In some embodiments, lyophilized formulations are provided. Pharmaceutical compositions to be used for in vivo administration must be sterile. This is readily accomplished by, e.g., filtration through sterile filtration membranes.
[0104] In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises one or more lipids, preferably the pharmaceutical composition comprises lipid nanoparticles having one or more cationic lipids, non-cationic lipids and polyethylene glycol (PEG) or PEG modified lipids.
[0105] An RNA molecule of the application or a nucleic acid encoding the RNA molecule can be combined with lipids, nanoparticles, polymers, liposomes, micelles, dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) or other delivery systems available in the art. The RNA molecule or its coding nucleic acid can also be chemically conjugated to targeting groups, lipids (including, but not limited to cholesterol and cholesteryl derivatives) , nanoparticles, polymers, liposomes, micelles, DPCs (see, for example WO 2000 / 053722, WO 2008 / 0022309, WO 2011 / 104169, WO 2012 / 083185, WO 2013 / 032829, WO 2013 / 158141, WO 2017 / 067640, WO 2009 / 092612, each of which is incorporated herein by reference) , or other delivery systems available in the art.
[0106] Further provided are kits useful for any one of the methods of RNA editing or methods of treatment described herein, comprising any one of the arRNAs, vectors, compositions, or edited host cells as described herein.
[0107] In some embodiments, there is provided a kit for modulating exon skipping in a host cell, comprising an arRNA molecule of the application or a construct comprising a nucleic acid encoding the arRNA of the application.
[0108] In some embodiments, there is provided a kit for modulating exon skipping in a host cell, comprising or a construct comprising a nucleic acid encoding an arRNA, wherein the arRNA comprises a targeting RNA sequence that hybridizes to the target RNA, wherein the arRNA is capable of recruiting an ADAR to deaminate a target adenosine residue in the target RNA, and wherein the construct comprises a polymerase II promoter ( “Pol II promoter” ) operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the arRNA.
[0109] In some embodiments, the kit further comprises an ADAR or a construct comprising a nucleic acid encoding an ADAR. In some embodiments, the kit further comprises an inhibitor of ADAR3 or a construct thereof. In some embodiments, the kit further comprises a stimulator of interferon or a construct thereof. In some embodiments, the kit further comprises an instruction for carrying out any one of the RNA editing methods or methods of treatment described herein.
[0110] The kits of the present application are in suitable packaging. Suitable packaging includes, but is not limited to, vials, bottles, jars, flexible packaging (e.g., sealed Mylar or plastic bags) , and the like. Kits may optionally provide additional components such as transfection or transduction reagents, cell culturing medium, buffers, and interpretative information.
[0111] The present application thus also provides articles of manufacture. The article of manufacture can comprise a container and a label or package insert on or associated with the container. Suitable containers include vials (such as sealed vials) , bottles, jars, flexible packaging, and the like. In some embodiments, the container holds a pharmaceutical composition, and may have a sterile access port (for example, the container may be an intravenous solution bag or a vial having a stopper pierceable by a hypodermic injection needle) . The container holding the pharmaceutical composition may be a multi-use vial, which allows for repeat administrations (e.g., from 2-6 administrations) of the reconstituted formulation. Package insert refers to instructions customarily included in commercial packages of therapeutic products that contain information about the indications, usage, dosage, administration, contraindications and / or warnings concerning the use of such products. Additionally, the article of manufacture may further comprise a second container comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable buffer, such as bacteriostatic water for injection (BWFI) , phosphate-buffered saline, Ringer's solution and dextrose solution. It may further include other materials desirable from a commercial and user standpoint, including other buffers, diluents, filters, needles, and syringes.
[0112] The kits or article of manufacture may include multiple unit doses of the pharmaceutical compositions and instructions for use, packaged in quantities sufficient for storage and use in pharmacies, for example, hospital pharmacies and compounding pharmacies.
[0113] Methods of Treatment
[0114] In a general aspect, the application also provides methods of modulating RNA splicing, such as exon skipping. More particularly, provided is a method of modulating RNA splicing, such as exon skipping, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of an RNA molecule, a vector or a pharmaceutical composition of the application to thereby induce RNA splicing, such as exon skipping, in the pre-mRNA.
[0115] In certain embodiments subject is need of treatment for a disease or condition, including, but not limited to hereditary genetic diseases. In certain embodiments, the subject is in need of a treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and the pre-mRNA is a pre-mRNA of dystrophin gene or a fragment thereof. The subject can have a mutation, such a deletion, in the dystrophin (DMD) gene. In some embodiments, the subject has one or more frame-disrupting, out-of-frame deletions in the dystrophin (DMD) gene. In other embodiments, the subject has one or more in-frame deletions in the DMD gene. Preferably, the subject has one or more of out-of-frame deletions and / or in-frame deletions in the region (s) ranging from exon 1 to 22 and / or exon 43-55. See, e.g., Echigoya et al., 2018, J. Pers. Med., 8: 41.
[0116] In certain embodiments, the application provides a method for prophylactically treating a subject to prevent or at least minimize Duchene muscular dystrophy, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of an RNA molecule, a vector or a pharmaceutical composition of the application.
[0117] The effective amount of an RNA molecule, a vector or a pharmaceutical composition of the application can be administered to a subject in need thereof using any suitable methods in the art. For example, the RNA molecule, vector or pharmaceutical composition can be delivered by intravenous, intra-arterial, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, or subcutaneous routes of administration.
[0118] ENUMERATED EMBODIMENTS
[0119] Provided below are exemplary numbered embodiments of the present invention:
[0120] 1. A circular ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecule having at least 50 nucleotides and comprising a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to at least one nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, and SEQ ID NO: 3
[0121] 1a. A circular ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecule having at least 50 nucleotides and comprising at least one of nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, and SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0122] 2. The RNA molecule of embodiment 1 or 1a, having at least 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190 or 200 nucleotides.
[0123] 3. The RNA molecule of any one of embodiments 1 to 2, comprising a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1
[0124] 3a. The RNA molecule of embodiment 3, comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0125] 4. The RNA molecule of embodiment 3, comprising a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 7-39.
[0126] 4a. The RNA molecule of embodiment 3a, comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 7-39.
[0127] 5. The RNA molecule of embodiment 4, comprising a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0128] 5a. The RNA molecule of embodiment 4a, comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0129] 6. The RNA molecule of embodiment 5, comprising a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 13-17, 23, 24 and 31-39.
[0130] 6a. The RNA molecule of embodiment 5a, comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 13-17, 23, 24 and 31-39.
[0131] 7. The RNA molecule of any one of embodiments 1 to 2, comprising a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0132] 7a. The RNA molecule of any one of embodiments 1 to 2, comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0133] 8. The RNA molecule of embodiment 7, comprising a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 9-14, 17-23, and 25-44.
[0134] 8a. The RNA molecule of embodiment 7a, comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 9-14, 17-23, and 25-44.
[0135] 9. The RNA molecule of embodiment 8, comprising a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5.
[0136] 9a. The RNA molecule of embodiment 8a, comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:5.
[0137] 10. The RNA molecule of embodiment 9, comprising a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 13, 14 and 30-44.
[0138] 10a. The RNA molecule of embodiment 9a, comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 13, 14 and 30-44.
[0139] 11. The RNA molecule of any one of embodiments 1 to 2, comprising a first nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1, and a second nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0140] 11a. The RNA molecule of any one of embodiments 1 to 2, comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 and the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0141] 12. The RNA molecule of embodiment 11, comprising a first nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 9-14, 17-23 and 25-39.
[0142] 12a. The RNA molecule of embodiment 11a, comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 9-14, 17-23 and 25-39.
[0143] 13. The RNA molecule of embodiment 11, comprising the first nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 4, and the second nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO:5.
[0144] 13a. The RNA molecule of embodiment 11a, comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:4 and the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5.
[0145] 14. The RNA molecule of embodiment 13, comprising a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 13, 14 and 31-38.
[0146] 14a. The RNA molecule of embodiment 13a, comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 13, 14 and 31-38.
[0147] 15. The RNA molecule of any one of embodiments 1 to 2, comprising a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0148] 15a. The RNA molecule of any one of embodiments 1 to 2, comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0149] 16. The RNA molecule of embodiment 15, comprising a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 45-48.
[0150] 16a. The RNA molecule of embodiment 15a, comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 45-48.
[0151] 17. The RNA molecule of embodiment 15, comprising a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6.
[0152] 17a. The RNA molecule of embodiment 15a, comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6.
[0153] 18. The RNA molecule of embodiment 17, comprising a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 45 and 46.
[0154] 18a. The RNA molecule of embodiment 17a, comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 45 and 46.
[0155] 19. The RNA molecule of embodiment 1, comprising a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 13-15, 23, 24, 31-39 and 46.
[0156] 19a. The RNA molecule of embodiment 1, comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 13-15, 23, 24, 31-39 and 46.
[0157] 19b. The RNA molecule of embodiment 1, comprising a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 23, 35, 36, 37, 38 and 39.
[0158] 19c. The RNA molecule of embodiment 1, comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 23, 36, 37, and 39.
[0159] 20. The RNA molecule of any one of the preceding embodiments, comprising one or more modified nucleotides, such as deoxyribonucleotides, nucleotide mimics, abasic nucleotides (represented herein as Ab) , 2′-modified nucleotides, 3′to 3′linkages (inverted) nucleotides (represented herein as invdN, invN, invn, invAb) , nonnatural base-comprising nucleotides, bridged nucleotides, peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) , 2′, 3′seco nucleotide mimics (unlocked nucleobase analogues, represented herein as NUNA or NUNA) , locked nucleotides (represented herein as NLNA or NLNA) , 3′-O-methoxy (2′ internucleoside linked) nucleotides (represented herein as 3′-OMen) , 2'-F-Arabino nucleotides (represented herein as NfANA or NfANA) , 5'-Me, 2'-fluoro nucleotide (represented herein as 5Me-Nf) , morpholino nucleotides, vinyl phosphonate deoxyribonucleotides (represented herein as vpdN) , vinyl phosphonate containing nucleotides, and cyclopropyl phosphonate containing nucleotides (cPrpN) . 2′-modified nucleotides (i.e. a nucleotide with a group other than a hydroxyl group at the 2′position of the five-membered sugar ring) include, but are not limited to, 2′Omethyl nucleotides (represented herein as a lower case letter 'n'in a nucleotide sequence) , 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro nucleotides (represented herein as Nf, also represented herein as 2′-fluoro nucleotide) , 2′-deoxy nucleotides (represented herein as dN) , 2′-methoxyethyl (2′-O-2-methoxylethyl) nucleotides (represented herein as NM or 2′-MOE) , 2′-amino nucleotides, or 2′-alkyl nucleotides.
[0160] 21. The RNA molecule of any one of the preceding embodiments, comprising one of more of a cytidine mismatch or a guanosine mismatch directly opposite an adenosine in the target sequence.
[0161] 22. The RNA molecule of embodiment 21, wherein the RNA molecule comprises the cytidine mismatch directly opposite an adenosine in the target sequence.
[0162] 23. The RNA molecule of embodiment 21, wherein the cytidine mismatch is located at least 5 nucleotides away from the 3’ end of the RNA molecule.
[0163] 23a. The RNA molecule of any one of embodiments 21 to 23, wherein the cytidine mismatch is located at least 20 nucleotides away from the 5’ end of the RNA molecule.
[0164] 23b. The RNA molecule of embodiment 23a, wherein the cytidine mismatch is located at least 5 nucleotides away from the 3’ end of the RNA molecule and at least 20 nucleotides away from the 5’ end of the RNA molecule.
[0165] 24. The RNA molecule of embodiment 21, wherein the RNA molecule comprises the guanosine mismatch directly opposite an adenosine in the target sequence.
[0166] 25. The RNA molecule of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the RNA molecule comprises two or more consecutive mismatching nucleotides opposite one or more adenosine residues in the target sequence.
[0167] 26. A vector comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the RNA molecule of any one of embodiments 1-25.
[0168] 27. The vector of embodiment 26, further comprising a 3′twister ribozyme sequence linked to the 3′end of the nucleotide sequence encoding the RNA molecule and a 5′twister ribozyme sequence linked to the 5′end of the nucleotide sequence encoding the RNA molecule.
[0169] 28. The vector of embodiment 26 or 27, further comprising a promoter operably linked to the nucleotide sequence encoding the RNA molecule.
[0170] 28a. The vector of embodiment 28, wherein the promoter is a polymerase II promoter ( “Pol II promoter” ) .
[0171] 28b. The vector of embodiment 28a, wherein the Pol II promoter is a CMV promoter or a U7 promoter.
[0172] 28c. The vector of embodiment 28, wherein the promoter is a polymerase III promoter ( “Pol III promoter” ) .
[0173] 28d. The vector of embodiment 28c, wherein the Pol III promoter is a U6 promoter.
[0174] 29. The vector of any one of embodiments 26-28d, wherein the vector is a viral vector.
[0175] 29a. The vector of any one of embodiments 26-28d, wherein the vector is a nonviral vector.
[0176] 30. The vector of embodiment 29, wherein the vector is a viral vector, such as an adeno-associated virus vector (AAV) , lentiviral vector, adenoviral vector, RNA replicon, pox virus vector, enteric virus vector, Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus vector, Semliki Forest Virus vector, or Tobacco Mosaic Virus vector.
[0177] 31. A host cell comprising the RNA molecule of any one of embodiments 1-25 or the vector of any one of embodiments 26-30.
[0178] 32. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the RNA molecule of any one of embodiments 1-25 or the vector of any one of embodiments 26-30, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0179] 33. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 32, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises one or more lipids, preferably the pharmaceutical composition comprises lipid nanoparticles having one or more cationic lipids, non-cationic lipids and polyethylene glycol (PEG) or PEG modified lipids.
[0180] 34. A method of inducing RNA splicing, such as exon skipping, in a pre-mRNA of a dystrophin gene in a human subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 32 or 33.
[0181] 34a. The method of claim 34, wherein the administration results in exon 51 skipping in the pre-mRNA of the dystrophin gene.
[0182] 35. The method of embodiment 34 or 34a, wherein the subject is in need of a treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
[0183] 35a. The method of embodiment 34, 34a or 35, wherein the dystrophin gene comprises a deletion of one or more exons.
[0184] 35b. The method of embodiment 35a, wherein the dystrophin gene comprises a deletion of exon 49.
[0185] 35c. The method of embodiment 35a, wherein the dystrophin gene comprises a deletion of exon 50.
[0186] 35d. The method of embodiment 35a, wherein the dystrophin gene comprises a deletion of exon 49 and exon 50.
[0187] 35e. The method of embodiment 35a, wherein the dystrophin gene does not comprise a deletion of exon 49 and exon 50.
[0188] 35f. The method of embodiment 35a, wherein the dystrophin gene comprises one or more out-of-frame deletions.
[0189] 35g. The method of embodiment 35a, wherein the dystrophin gene comprises one or more in-frame deletions.
[0190] 35h. The method of embodiment 35f or 35g, wherein the one or more deletions are in a region of exon 1 to 22, preferably a region of exon 2-20.
[0191] 35i. The method of embodiment 35f or 35g, wherein the one or more deletions are in a region of exon 43 to 55, preferably a region of exon 45-55.
[0192] EXAMPLES
[0193] The following examples of the invention are to further illustrate the nature of the invention. It should be understood that the following examples do not limit the invention and that the scope of the invention is to be determined by the appended claims. The experimental methods used in the following examples, unless otherwise indicated, are all ordinary methods. The reagents used in the following embodiments, unless otherwise indicated, are all purchased from ordinary reagent suppliers. The exemplified RNA construct Nos. 7-48 have the RNA sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 7-48, respectively.
[0194] Example 1: Design of Reporter Plasmids
[0195] PCR primers were designed to bind to intron sequences 300 bp before and after each of dystrophin exon 48, exon 50, exon 51, and exon 52. The HEK293T genome was used as a template for PCR. The PCR products of exon 48, exon 51, and exon 52 were cloned, in succession, into the pcDNA3.1 vector plasmid to create the δ49 / 50 reporter (FIG. 5) . The PCR products of exon 50, exon 51 and exon 52 were cloned, in succession, into the pcDNA3.1 vector to create the wildtype (WT) reporter (See FIG. 5) . The successfully constructed plasmids were transfected into HEK293T cells. The cellular RNA was collected 48 hours following transfection, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed. After, the PCR product was run on a gel, bands were excised and sequenced to confirm that the exons were inserted correctly (FIGs. 6A-6D) .
[0196] Example 2: The skipping efficiency of arRNA with different lengths
[0197] According to the predicted position of exonic splicing enhancer (ESE) , arRNAs of different lengths centered on ESE were designed. Those arRNA sequences were then inserted into the cut circular sequence behind the U6 promoter, and the circular arRNA plasmid was expressed in transfected cells for collection.
[0198] Cell Plating
[0199] Prior to cell plating the state and density of cultured HEK293T cells were observed. In a biological safety cabinet, cells were trypsinized for 5 minutes at 37℃. Trypsinization was stopped with the addition of 10ml of complete medium. The dissociated cells were collected and centrifuged at 500×g for 5 minutes. The cells were counted for plating, seeded at a density of 1.5×105 cell / well, shaken gently, and cultured in an incubator.
[0200] Cell Transfection
[0201] The state and number of the HEK293T cells were observed 24 hours after plating and prior to transfection. The WT reporter or δ49 / 50 plasmid at a concentration of 0.5ug / well along with the arRNA plasmid at a concentration of 1ug / well were added to a diluent of Opti-MEM media. Then XtremeGENE transfection reagent was added at 3: 1 ratio of the plasmid (ul XtremeGENE: ug plasmid) . The transfection reaction mixture was allowed to complex for 15 minutes. The transfection complex was added to the corresponding cell well, shaken it gently, and allowed to incubate. The cellular RNA was collected 48 hours after transfection.
[0202] RT-PCR
[0203] After extracting RNA from the cells, 1ug of RNA was used for the reverse transcription reaction, performed according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Following that, 2ul of the reverse transcription reaction was used for the PCR reaction, performed according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The resulting PCR product was run on an agarose gel to verify the correct band size, then sent to for next generation sequencing.
[0204] The exon skipping efficiency of the RNA constructs with various length are shown in FIGs. 1A and 1B.
[0205] Example 3: The skipping efficiency of arRNA with the same length and different positions
[0206] According to the above experimental data, arRNA was designed targeting exon 51 with a length of 28bp as an interval, and the length of arRNA was 100bp. The designed arRNA was connected to the cut circular sequence behind the U6 promoter, and the plasmid transfected cells expressed circular arRNA.
[0207] Cell Plating
[0208] Prior to cell plating the state and density of cultured HEK293T cells were observed. In a biological safety cabinet, cells were trypsinized for 5 minutes at 37℃. Trypsinization was stopped with the addition of 10ml of complete medium. The dissociated cells were collected and centrifuged at 500×g for 5 minutes. The cells were counted for plating, seeded at a density of 1.5×105 cell / well, shaken gently, and cultured in an incubator.
[0209] Cell Transfection
[0210] The state and number of the HEK293T cells were observed 24 hours after plating and prior to transfection. The WT reporter or δ49 / 50 plasmid at a concentration of 0.5ug / well along with the arRNA plasmid at a concentration of 1ug / well were added to a diluent of Opti-MEM media. Then XtremeGENE transfection reagent was added at 3: 1 ratio of the plasmid (ul XtremeGENE: ug plasmid) . The transfection reaction mixture was allowed to complex for 15 minutes. The transfection complex was added to the corresponding cell well, shaken it gently, and allowed to incubate. The cellular RNA was collected 48 hours after transfection.
[0211] RT-PCR
[0212] After extracting RNA from the cells, 1ug of RNA was used for the reverse transcription reaction, performed according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Following that, 2ul of the reverse transcription reaction was used for the PCR reaction, performed according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The resulting PCR product was run on an agarose gel to verify the correct band size, then sent to for next generation sequencing.
[0213] The exon skipping efficiency of the various constructs are shown in FIGs. 2A and 2B.
[0214] Example 4. The skipping efficiency of arRNA with A-C Mismatch set at different positions (ESE, BP and AS)
[0215] The A in the AG at the 3`splicing site of exon51 is designed with or without A-C mismatch, and the A design at the branch point is also designed with or without A-C mismatch. Cooperate with the arRNA design of different lengths and connect the designed arRNA to U6 In the cleaved circularization sequence behind the promoter, the plasmid-transfected cells express circular arRNA. More specifically, the RNA constructs 25-29 contained A / C mismatch in the predicted ESE region; the RNA constructs 43, 30, 31 and 44 contained A / C mismatch in the AS region of 3’-splicing site; and the RNA constructs 34-37 contained A / C mismatch in the branch point region.
[0216] Cell Plating
[0217] Prior to cell plating the state and density of cultured HEK293T cells were observed. In a biological safety cabinet, cells were trypsinized for 5 minutes at 37℃. Trypsinization was stopped with the addition of 10ml of complete medium. The dissociated cells were collected and centrifuged at 500×g for 5 minutes. The cells were counted for plating, seeded at a density of 1.5×105 cell / well, shaken gently, and cultured in an incubator.
[0218] Cell Transfection
[0219] The state and number of the HEK293T cells were observed 24 hours after plating and prior to transfection. The WT reporter or δ49 / 50 plasmid at a concentration of 0.5ug / well along with the arRNA plasmid at a concentration of 1ug / well were added to a diluent of Opti-MEM media. Then XtremeGENE transfection reagent was added at 3: 1 ratio of the plasmid (ul XtremeGENE: ug plasmid) . The transfection reaction mixture was allowed to complex for 15 minutes. The transfection complex was added to the corresponding cell well, shaken it gently, and allowed to incubate. The cellular RNA was collected 48 hours after transfection.
[0220] RT-PCR
[0221] After extracting RNA from the cells, 1ug of RNA was used for the reverse transcription reaction, performed according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Following that, 2ul of the reverse transcription reaction was used for the PCR reaction, performed according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The resulting PCR product was run on an agarose gel to verify the correct band size, then sent to for next generation sequencing.
[0222] As shown in FIGs. 3A and 3B, some A-C mismatch resulted in enhanced exon skipping efficiency, while others had no effect.
[0223] Example 5. The skipping efficiency of different concentrations of arRNA
[0224] According to the above data, we concluded that the trend of arRNA in the two reporters is consistent, so we screened out 0.5ug / well of WT reporter plasmid plus 1ug of arRNA plasmid / well, and 0.5ug / well of δ49 / 50 plasmid plus 1ug of arRNA plasmid / well, 15 arRNAs with high exon skipping efficiency in the data were designed for concentration gradient experiment, the concentration of reporter plasmid was kept constant, and the concentration of arRNA plasmid was diluted 4 times starting from 1ug / well, a total of 4 concentration gradients.
[0225] Cell plating
[0226] Prior to cell plating the state and density of cultured HEK293T cells were observed. In a biological safety cabinet, cells were trypsinized for 5 minutes at 37℃. Trypsinization was stopped with the addition of 10ml of complete medium. The dissociated cells were collected and centrifuged at 500×g for 5 minutes. The cells were counted for plating, seeded at a density of 1.5×105 cell / well, shaken gently, and cultured in an incubator.
[0227] Cell transfection
[0228] The state and number of the HEK293T cells were observed 24 hours after plating and prior to transfection. The WT reporter or δ49 / 50 plasmid at a concentration 0.5ug / well along with the arRNA plasmid at a concentration of 1ug, 0.25ug, 0.0625ug, or 0.015625ug per well were added to a diluent of Opti-MEM media. Then XtremeGENE transfection reagent was added at 3: 1 ratio of the plasmid (ul XtremeGENE: ug plasmid) . The transfection reaction mixture was allowed to complex for 15 minutes. The transfection complex was added to the corresponding cell well, shaken it gently, and allowed to incubate. The cellular RNA was collected 48 hours after transfection.
[0229] RT-PCR
[0230] After extracting RNA from the cells, 1ug of RNA was used for the reverse transcription reaction, performed according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Following that, 2ul of the reverse transcription reaction was used for the PCR reaction, performed according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The resulting PCR product was run on an agarose gel to verify the correct band size, then sent to for next generation sequencing.
[0231] As shown in FIGs. 4, exon skipping was detected with 0.0625ug arRNA plasmids.
[0232] Example 6. Evaluation and verification of arRNA-mediated exon skipping protein level by Eporter-2A-Luciferase system
[0233] In addition to the cDNA level, we also used 2A peptide to construct the reporter into the psicheck2 luciferase system to observe the expression of different arRNAs at the protein level after exon skipping. We chose 0.5ug luc reporter + 0.5ug arRNA for evaluation. According to the wild-type DMD sequence, exons 50, 51, and 52, along with the corresponding ±~500 bp introns, were spliced together and inserted into the Renilla Luciferase (RLuc) coding frame using a P2A self-cleaving sequence. Additionally, since the coding frames of exons 50, 51, and 52 are not aligned with the RLuc coding frame, it was designed such that RLuc expression only occurs after exon 51 is skipped, otherwise, RLuc is not expressed. This serves as a representation of exon skipping mediated by arRNA at the protein level (WT reporter in FIG. 7) .
[0234] As a positive control, the coding frame had also been adjusted so that RLuc is expressed without the need for exon skipping, and RLuc is not expressed if exon skipping occurs (in-frame WT reporter in FIG. 7) .
[0235] Cell plating
[0236] Prior to cell plating the state and density of cultured HEK293T cells were observed. In a biological safety cabinet, cells were trypsinized for 5 minutes at 37℃. Trypsinization was stopped with the addition of 10ml of complete medium. The dissociated cells were collected and centrifuged at 500×g for 5 minutes. The cells were counted for plating, seeded at a density of 1.5×105 cell / well, shaken gently, and cultured in an incubator.
[0237] Cell Transfection
[0238] The state and number of the HEK293T cells were observed 24 hours after plating and prior to transfection. The luc reporter plasmid at a concentration of 0.5ug / well along with the arRNA plasmid at a concentration of 1ug / well were added to a diluent of Opti-MEM media. Then XtremeGENE transfection reagent was added at 3: 1 ratio of the plasmid (ul XtremeGENE: ug plasmid) . The transfection reaction mixture was allowed to complex for 15 minutes. The transfection complex was added to the corresponding cell well, shaken it gently, and allowed to incubate. The cellular RNA was collected 48 hours after transfection.
[0239] Measuring Luciferase Expression
[0240] The cells were harvested and lysed 72 hours after cell transfection. The luciferase activity was detected with a double luciferase detection kit and was measured using a luminescent plate reader. The reading value of Rluc is the protein recovery mediated by exon skipping and Fluc is transfection internal control. The ratio of Rluc / Fluc was used to calculate the efficiency of exon skipping protein level recovery, the higher ratio of Rluc / Fluc indicates higher efficiency of exon skipping measured at the protein level under the assay conditions.
[0241] As shown in FIG. 7, under the assay conditions, all arRNA constructs tested, except for those of construct Nos. 7 and 47, effectively achieved exon skipping at the protein level. The arRNA construct No. 7 has the shortest sequence length (50 nt) among the constructs tested, and it also had relatively low exon skipping efficiency as measured by the reporter assays (FIGs. 1A and 1B) . The arRNA construct No. 47 has a length of 100 nt, containing the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, but not SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4. The arRNA construct No. 47 also contains multiple A-C mismatches, and had lower exon skipping efficiency compared to many other constructs as measured by the reporter assays (FIGs. 2A and 2B) . Furthermore, the arRNA construct No. 28 achieved exon skipping at the protein level, though its efficiency is lower compared to that of arRNA construct Nos. 27 and 29, which have similar sequences but contain different number of A-C mismatches.
[0242] Example 7. Modulation of pre-mRNA splicing in vivo
[0243] This example shows that exon skipping can be achieved in the wild-type healthy monkey by modulating splicing of DMD pre-mRNA in vivo.
[0244] Circ-arRNAs were packaged in MyoAAV4E (Tabebordbar et al., Cell, 2022) by PackGene Biotech. The sequence of the arRNA is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 15. The titer of AAV is 5E+12 vg / mL. MyoAAV4E was injected into the DMD monkey by intravenous injection at 5E+13vg / kg. The monkeys were monitored for the duration of the experiment.
[0245] Four and twenty-six weeks after injection, the monkeys’ myocardium, gastrocnemius, quadriceps femoris, triceps brachii, latissimus dorsi, and diaphragm were harvested, respectively. Harvested monkey tissues were homogenized in 1 ml of TRIzol, and RNA was extracted by the chloroform extraction method and reverse-transcribed. PCR-amplified products were analyzed by agarose electrophoresis to measure exon skipping efficiency. Expression levels of arRNA in the tissues were measured by RT-PCR.
[0246] The results showed that four weeks post injection, the exon skipping efficiency in the tissues varied between about 7%to about 21% (FIG. 8A) , twenty-six weeks post injection, the exon skipping efficiency in the tissues varied between about 4%to about 12% (FIG. 8B) , and the arRNAs were found in the tissues in abundance (FIG. 9) .
[0247] SEQUENCE LISTING
Claims
1.A circular ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecule having at least 50 nucleotides and comprising at least one of nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, and SEQ ID NO: 3.2.The RNA molecule of claim 1 having at least 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190 or 200 nucleotides.3.The RNA molecule of claim 1 or 2, comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.4.The RNA molecule of claim 3, comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 7-39.5.The RNA molecule of claim 4, comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.6.The RNA molecule of claim 5, comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 13-17, 23, 24 and 31-39.7.The RNA molecule of claim 1 or 2, comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.8.The RNA molecule of claim 7, comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 9-14, 17-23, and 25-44.9.The RNA molecule of claim 8, comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5.10.The RNA molecule of claim 9, comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 13, 14 and 30-44.11.The RNA molecule of claim 1 or 2, comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 and the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.12.The RNA molecule of claim 11, comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 9-14, 17-23 and 25-39.13.The RNA molecule of claim 12, comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 and the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5.14.The RNA molecule of claim 13, comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 13, 14 and 31-38.15.The RNA molecule of claim 1 or 2, comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.16.The RNA molecule of claim 15, comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 45-48.17.The RNA molecule of claim 15, comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6.18.The RNA molecule of claim 17, comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 45 and 46.19.The RNA molecule of claim 1, comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 13-15, 16, 17, 23, 24, 31-39 and 46, preferably SEQ ID NO: 13, 15-17, 23, 36, 37, 38 or 39.20.The RNA molecule of any one of the preceding claims, comprising one or more modified nucleotides, such as deoxyribonucleotides, nucleotide mimics, abasic nucleotides (represented herein as Ab) , 2′-modified nucleotides, 3′ to 3′ linkages (inverted) nucleotides (represented herein as invdN, invN, invn, invAb) , nonnatural base-comprising nucleotides, bridged nucleotides, peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) , 2′, 3′seco nucleotide mimics (unlocked nucleobase analogues, represented herein as NUNA or NUNA) , locked nucleotides (represented herein as NLNA or NLNA) , 3′-O-methoxy (2′ internucleoside linked) nucleotides (represented herein as 3′-OMen) , 2'-F-Arabino nucleotides (represented herein as NfANA or NfANA) , 5'-Me, 2'-fluoro nucleotide (represented herein as 5Me-Nf) , morpholino nucleotides, vinyl phosphonate deoxyribonucleotides (represented herein as vpdN) , vinyl phosphonate containing nucleotides, and cyclopropyl phosphonate containing nucleotides (cPrpN) . 2′-modified nucleotides (i.e. a nucleotide with a group other than a hydroxyl group at the 2′ position of the five-membered sugar ring) include, but are not limited to, 2′Omethyl nucleotides (represented herein as a lower case letter 'n' in a nucleotide sequence) , 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro nucleotides (represented herein as Nf, also represented herein as 2′-fluoro nucleotide) , 2′-deoxy nucleotides (represented herein as dN) , 2′-methoxyethyl (2′-O-2-methoxylethyl) nucleotides (represented herein as NM or 2′-MOE) , 2′-amino nucleotides, or 2′-alkyl nucleotides.21.The RNA molecule of any one of the preceding claims, comprising one of more of a cytidine mismatch or a guanosine mismatch directly opposite an adenosine in the target sequence.22.The RNA molecule of claim 21, wherein the RNA molecule comprises the cytidine mismatch directly opposite an adenosine in the target sequence.23.The RNA molecule of claim 21, wherein the cytidine mismatch is located at least 5 nucleotides away from the 3’ end of the RNA molecule, and / or at least 20 nucleotides away from the 5’ end of the RNA molecule.24.The RNA molecule of claim 21, wherein the RNA molecule comprises the guanosine mismatch directly opposite an adenosine in the target sequence.25.The RNA molecule of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the RNA molecule comprises two or more consecutive mismatching nucleotides opposite one or more adenosine residues in the target sequence.26.A vector comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the RNA molecule of any one of claims 1-25.27.The vector of claim 26, further comprising a 3′ twister ribozyme sequence linked to the 3′ end of the nucleotide sequence encoding the RNA molecule and a 5′ twister ribozyme sequence linked to the 5′ end of the nucleotide sequence encoding the RNA molecule.28.The vector of claim 26 or 27, further comprising a promoter operably linked to the nucleotide sequence encoding the RNA molecule, preferably the promoter is a polymerase II promoter ( “Pol II promoter” ) , such as a CMV promoter or a U7 promoter, or a Pol III promoter, such as a U6 promoter.29.The vector of any one of claims 26-28, wherein the vector is a viral vector or a nonviral vector.30.The vector of claim 29, wherein the vector is a viral vector, such as an adeno-associated virus vector (AAV) , lentiviral vector, adenoviral vector, RNA replicon, pox virus vector, enteric virus vector, Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus vector, Semliki Forest Virus vector, or Tobacco Mosaic Virus vector.31.A host cell comprising the RNA molecule of any one of claims 1-25 or the vector of any one of claims 26-30.32.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the RNA molecule of any one of claims 1-25 or the vector of any one of claims 26-30, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.33.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 32, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises one or more lipids, preferably the pharmaceutical composition comprises lipid nanoparticles having one or more cationic lipids, non-cationic lipids and polyethylene glycol (PEG) or PEG modified lipids.34.A method of inducing skipping of exon 51 in a dystrophin gene in a human subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 32 or 33.35.The method of claim 34, wherein the subject is in need of a treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
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