Titanium alloy parts produced using solid state additive manufacturing

Abstract

Solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy products and methods of producing them are described. In certain configurations, the solid-state additive manufactured, titanium alloy comprises aluminum, one or more other metals with the balance being incidental impurities and titanium. Various parts including solid-state additive titanium alloy products are described.

Description

[0001] TITANIUM ALLOY PARTS PRODUCED USING SOLID STATE ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING

[0001] TECHNOLOGICAL FIELD

[0002] Certain embodiments described herein are directed to titanium alloy products. More particularly, certain configurations described are directed to titanium alloy products produced using solid state additive manufacturing.

[0003] BACKGROUND

[0004] Metal parts are often produced using forging or extrusion processes. Forging and extrusion processes often require the use of expensive components to shape or produce the metal parts.

[0005] SUMMARY

[0006] Certain aspects, embodiments, features and attributes of titanium alloy products produced using solid state additive manufacturing components are described. The titanium alloy products can have similar or better properties than forged or extruded titanium alloy products. Large and complex parts can be produced using the titanium alloy materials.

[0007] In an aspect, a solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy product is described. In some aspects, a solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy product comprises at least 80% by weight titanium, wherein the solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy product further comprises a first weight percentage of aluminum above zero weight percent with the balance being incidental impurities to sum to 100 weight percent.

[0008] In certain embodiments, the solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy product comprises about 6 weight percent aluminum, about 4 weight percent vanadium, a maximum of 0.25 weight percent iron with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities. In other embodiments, the solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy product comprises about 10 weight percent vanadium, about 2 weight percent iron, and about 3 weight percent aluminum with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities. In additional embodiments, the solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy product comprises 3 weight percent aluminum, 5 weight percent vanadium, 5 weight percent molybdenum, and 2 weight percent chromium with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities. In certain embodiments, the solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy product comprises 6 weight percent aluminum, 2 weight percent tin, 4 weight percent zirconium, and 2 weight percent with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities. In other embodiments, the solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy product comprises 1 weight percent aluminum, 8 weight percent vanadium, and 5 weight percent iron with the balance being with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities.

[0009] In certain embodiments, the solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy product comprises a single track of deposited solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy product. In other embodiments, the solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy product comprises a plurality of overlapping tracks of deposited solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy product. For example, adjacent tracks can overlap by at least 10%.

[0010] In some configurations, the solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy product can include a substrate that receives the solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy product.

[0011] In another aspect, a solid state additive manufactured titanium alloy can be produced by adding a titanium alloy to a surface of a substrate using a solid state additive manufacturing process, wherein the titanium alloy is added in a solid state as a first titanium alloy layer to the surface of the substrate at a first tool temperature between 600 degrees Celsius to 1100 degrees Celsius.

[0012] In certain embodiments, the first tool temperature is between 750 degrees Celsius and 1100 degrees Celsius. In other embodiments, the first tool temperature is between 600 degrees Celsius and 900 degrees Celsius.

[0013] In some configurations, the solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy comprises about 6 weight percent aluminum, about 4 weight percent vanadium, a maximum of 0.25 weight percent iron with the balance being with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities. In other embodiments, the solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy comprises about 10 weight percent vanadium, about 2 weight percent iron, and about 3 weight percent aluminum with the balance being with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities. In some embodiments, the solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy comprises 3 weight percent aluminum, 5 weight percent vanadium, 5 weight percent molybdenum, and 2 weight percent chromium with the balance being with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities. In other embodiments, the solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy comprises 6 weight percent aluminum, 2 weight percent tin, 4 weight percent zirconium, and 2 weight percent with the balance being with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities. In certain examples, the solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy comprises 1 weight percent aluminum, 8 weight percent vanadium, and 5 weight percent iron with the balance being with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities.

[0014] In other embodiments, the solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy comprises a single track of deposited solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy or comprises a plurality of overlapping tracks of deposited solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy.

[0015] In certain embodiments, the solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy comprises a substrate that receives the solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy.

[0016] In another aspect, an additive manufacturing system for producing a titanium alloy product is described. In certain embodiments, the additive manufacturing system comprises a feeding unit configured to receive a titanium alloy filler material, a spindle comprising an internal path configured to receive the titanium alloy filler material from the feeding unit, a tool coupled to the spindle and configured to receive the titanium alloy filler material from the spindle and add the received titanium alloy filler material to a surface of a substrate in a solid state as a first titanium alloy layer, a temperature sensor configured to measure a temperature of the tool during addition of the titanium alloy filler material as the first titanium alloy layer to the surface of the workpiece, a processor electrically coupled to the temperature sensor and the spindle, and a computer readable medium electrically coupled to the processor, wherein the computer readable medium has instructions stored thereon, wherein the instructions, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to control movement of the spindle to control a first tool temperature of the tool between 600 degrees Celsius to 1100 degrees Celsius during addition of the first titanium alloy layer to the surface of the substrate.

[0017] In some embodiments, the processor is configured to increase a temperature of the tool from the first tool temperature to a second tool temperature that is the same as or greater than the first tool temperature to add a vertical layer of the titanium alloy to the added first titanium alloy layer.

[0018] In certain embodiments, the tool comprises tool steel, copper, a copper alloy, tungsten or a tungsten alloy. In some embodiments, the tool comprises at least one nub.

[0019] In some embodiments, the feeding unit comprises an actuator to force the titanium alloy filler material into the spindle and the tool.

[0020] In another aspect, a method of producing an additive manufactured titanium alloy comprises adding a titanium alloy as a first titanium alloy layer to a surface of a substrate using an additive manufacturing process comprising a rotating tool, wherein the titanium alloy is added to the surface of the workpiece in a solid state at a first tool temperature.

[0021] In certain embodiments, the first tool temperature is between 600 degrees Celsius to 1100 degrees Celsius. In some embodiments, the first tool temperature is maintained by one or more of: varying a speed of a spindle coupled to the rotating tool; or varying torque of the spindle coupled to the rotating tool; or varying power of the spindle coupled to the rotating tool; or varying a deposition rate of the added titanium alloy; or varying a traverse rate of the rotating tool; or varying a filler feed rate into the rotating tool; or varying a layer height; or varying a filler force; or varying a pressure under the rotating tool; or using an external heating / cooling source adjacent to the rotating tool; or using an external heating / cooling source adjacent to the surface of the substrate; or varying a tool geometry during addition.

[0022] In some embodiments, the method comprises adding a second titanium alloy layer in the solid state to the added, first titanium alloy layer using the rotating tool, wherein the second titanium alloy layer is added using a second tool temperature that is the same as or greater than the first tool temperature.

[0023] In certain embodiments, the first titanium alloy layer (or the second titanium alloy layer or both) comprises about 6 weight percent aluminum, about 4 weight percent vanadium, a maximum of 0.25 weight percent iron with the balance being with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities. In some embodiments, the first titanium alloy layer (or the second titanium alloy layer or both) comprises about 10 weight percent vanadium, about 2 weight percent iron, and about 3 weight percent aluminum with the balance being with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities. In other embodiments, the first titanium alloy layer (or the second titanium alloy layer or both) comprises 3 weight percent aluminum, 5 weight percent vanadium, 5 weight percent molybdenum, and 2 weight percent chromium with the balance being with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities. In certain embodiments, the first titanium alloy layer (or the second titanium alloy layer or both) comprises 6 weight percent aluminum, 2 weight percent tin, 4 weight percent zirconium, and 2 weight percent with the balance being with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities. In other embodiments, the first titanium alloy layer (or the second titanium alloy layer or both) comprises 1 weight percent aluminum, 8 weight percent vanadium, and 5 weight percent iron with the balance being with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities.

[0024] In another aspect, a subtractive and additive method of producing a titanium alloy product comprises adding a titanium alloy as a first titanium alloy layer to a surface of a substrate using an additive manufacturing process comprising a rotating tool, wherein the titanium alloy is added to the surface of the workpiece in a solid state at a first tool temperature, and removing a portion of the added first titanium alloy layer using a subtractive process to provide a subtracted first titanium alloy layer on the substrate.

[0025] In certain embodiments, the first tool temperature is between 600 degrees Celsius to 1100 degrees Celsius. In other embodiments, the first tool temperature is maintained by one or more of: varying a speed of a spindle coupled to the rotating tool; or varying torque of the spindle coupled to the rotating tool; or varying power of the spindle coupled to the rotating tool; or varying a deposition rate of the added titanium alloy; or varying a traverse rate of the rotating tool; or varying a filler feed rate into the rotating tool; or varying a layer height; or varying a filler force; or varying a pressure under the rotating tool; or using an external heating / cooling source adjacent to the rotating tool; or using an external heating / cooling source adjacent to the surface of the substrate; or varying a tool geometry during addition.

[0026] In certain embodiments, the method comprises adding a second titanium alloy layer in the solid state to the added subtracted, titanium alloy layer using the rotating tool, wherein the second titanium alloy layer is added using a second tool temperature that is the same as or greater than the first tool temperature.

[0027] In other embodiments, the first titanium alloy layer (or the second titanium alloy layer or both) comprises about 6 weight percent aluminum, about 4 weight percent vanadium, a maximum of 0.25 weight percent iron with the balance being with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities. In some embodiments, the first titanium alloy layer (or the second titanium alloy layer or both) comprises about 10 weight percent vanadium, about 2 weight percent iron, and about 3 weight percent aluminum with the balance being with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities. In other embodiments, the first titanium alloy layer (or the second titanium alloy layer or both) comprises 3 weight percent aluminum, 5 weight percent vanadium, 5 weight percent molybdenum, and 2 weight percent chromium with the balance being with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities. In certain embodiments, the first titanium alloy layer (or the second titanium alloy layer or both) comprises 6 weight percent aluminum, 2 weight percent tin, 4 weight percent zirconium, and 2 weight percent with the balance being with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities. In some embodiments, the first titanium alloy layer (or the second titanium alloy layer or both) comprises 1 weight percent aluminum, 8 weight percent vanadium, and 5 weight percent iron with the balance being with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities.

[0028] Additional aspects, embodiments, configurations and features are described in more detail below.

[0029] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

[0030] Certain aspects are described in more detail below which refer to the accompanying drawings in which:

[0031] FIG. 1 is an illustration of certain components of a solid state additive manufacturing system including a feeding unit, a spindle and a tool, in accordance with certain embodiments;

[0032] FIG. 2 is an illustration showing a feeding unit, a spindle, a tool and certain other components of a solid state additive manufacturing system, in accordance with certain embodiments;

[0033] FIG. 3 is another illustration showing a feeding unit, a spindle, a tool and certain other components of a solid state additive manufacturing system, in accordance with certain embodiments;

[0034] FIG. 4 is an additional illustration showing a feeding unit, a spindle, a tool and certain other components of a solid state additive manufacturing system, in accordance with certain embodiments;

[0035] FIG. 5 is an illustration showing a tool including surface features, in accordance with certain embodiments;

[0036] FIG. 6 is an illustration showing a temperature sensor positioned within or adjacent to a tool, in accordance with certain embodiments;

[0037] FIG. 7 is an illustration showing various components of a control system including a processor that can be used to control operation of the various components in a solid state additive manufacturing system;

[0038] FIG. 8 is an illustration showing a combined additive manufacturing system and a subtractive system, in accordance with certain embodiments;

[0039] FIG. 9 is a photograph of a Ti 10-2-3 build;

[0040] FIG. 10 is a photograph of a Ti 6-4 build; and

[0041] FIG. 11 is another photograph of a Ti 6-4 build.

[0042] DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0043] Certain embodiments described herein use a titanium alloy in combination with solid state additive (SSA) manufacturing to produce products and articles including the titanium alloy. The exact composition of the titanium alloy can vary and includes, but is not limited to, alpha alloys, near-alpha alloys, alpha and beta alloys, and beta and near beta alloys. Generally, beta-phase titanium is a more ductile phase and alpha-phase is stronger yet less ductile. While the exact materials and their ratios may vary in each of these general categories of alloys, alpha alloys typically contain neutral alloying elements (such as tin) and / or alpha stabilizers (such as aluminum or oxygen) only. Alpha alloys are not typically heat treated. Examples of alpha alloys include, but are not limited to, Ti-5Al-2Sn-ELI, Ti- 8Al-1Mo-1V. Near-alpha alloys typically include a small amount of ductile beta-phase, e.g., a BCC allotropic form of Ti. In addition to alpha-phase stabilizers, near-alpha alloys can be alloyed with 1–2% of beta phase stabilizers such as molybdenum, silicon or vanadium. Examples of near-alpha alloys include, but are not limited to, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr- 2Mo, Ti-5Al-5Sn-2Zr-2Mo, IMI 685, and Ti 1100. Alpha and beta alloys are metastable and generally include some combination of both alpha and beta stabilizers. Alpha and beta alloys can be heat treated. Examples of alpha and beta alloys include but are not limited to Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-6Al-4V-ELI, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, Ti-6Al-7Nb, and Ti62. Beta and near beta alloys are metastable and include sufficient beta stabilizers (such as molybdenum, silicon and vanadium) to allow them to maintain the beta phase when quenched and which can also be solution treated and aged to improve strength. Examples of alpha and beta alloys include but are not limited to Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, Ti–29Nb–13Ta–4.6Zr, Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al, Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3Al, Beta C, and Ti-15-3. Other specific Ti alloys which can be used include, but are not limited to, Ti-6-4 alloy (sometimes designated Grade 5), Ti-10-2-3, Ti-5-5-5-3, Ti-6-2-4-2, Ti-185 and newer alloys that have been developed to improve upon these incumbent materials.

[0044] The titanium is typically present in the titanium alloy in a major amount, e.g., 50 weight percent or more or is present in the highest weight percentage compared to the weight percentage present of other individual alloy elements. For example, in the Ti-6-4 alloy, the alloy includes almost 90% titanium, 6% aluminum, 4% vanadium, 0.25% (max) iron and 0.2% (max) oxygen. In the Ti-10-2-3 alloy, the alloy includes 10% vanadium, 2% iron and 3% aluminum with the balance being titanium optionally with other minor amounts of elements or impurities. In the Ti-5-5-5-3 alloy, the alloy includes 5% aluminum, 5% vanadium, 5% molybdenum, and 3% chromium with the balance being titanium optionally with other minor amounts of elements or impurities. In the Ti-6-2-4- 2 alloy, the alloy includes 6% aluminum, 2% tin, 4% zirconium, and 2% molybdenum with the balance being titanium optionally with other minor amounts of elements or impurities. In the Ti-185 alloy, the alloy includes 1% aluminum, 8% vanadium, and 5% iron with the balance being titanium optionally with other minor amounts of elements or impurities. These percentage values are expressed as percentages by weight unless otherwise indicated from the specific context. The percentage values are often rounded up to whole numbers in the various alloy designations for easy reference of different alloys.

[0045] In certain configurations, the various alloys described herein can be used in bar form, sheet form, pellets, rods, squares, square rods or other forms in solid state additive manufacturing to produce products and articles which include the alloy. For example, bar stock alloy can be added to a solid state additive (SSA) manufacturing system and used to provide a large article that includes the alloy. In general, solid state additive manufacturing produces parts and articles which have similar or better properties than existing processes such as die forging, but with much lower cost and material usage. The (SSA) manufacturing does not require dedicated forging tooling which is very expensive and time consuming to design and build. Often lead times for new forging designs are six months and can be over one year. The cost of such tooling varies depending on the size and complexity of the design but is frequently several hundred thousand dollars or even more. The equipment required for the forging operations is very expensive and expansions to add capacity can take years from approval to qualification. Embodiments described herein can product high strength titanium alloy parts, from various titanium alloys, via an additive manufacturing process.

[0046] Titanium alloys are being increasingly used in applications requiring high-strength, high stiffness, excellent corrosion and fatigue resistance and light weight. Titanium usage has increased in recent years due to the compatibility of titanium alloys with carbon fiber reinforced composites commonly used in aerospace and other industries. Titanium alloy products are typically produced via wrought processes including rolling, extrusion and forging, or some combination of wrought processes or by casting. All of these processes require considerable lead time and with produce semi-finished components that must be machined and / or formed to final geometries or require extensive tooling therefore leading cost and lead time problems. Producing thick, three-dimensional shapes from titanium normally happens by one of three process routes: 1) Machining from plate, billet, bar or hand forgings, but that results in considerable scrap in the form of chips which are difficult to recycle and therefore not very valuable relative to the starting plate thus driving final part costs higher, 2) Forging in shaped dies, this helps with the limitations of plate and billet, but requires expensive long-lead time tooling and often shaped starting stock, or 3) casting which also requires extensive tooling and finish machining and can produce a strong, directional texture. Titanium and the other elements used in these alloys are expensive, and any processes that create waste material such as chips or edge trim further increase the cost of the final component.

[0047] In certain embodiments, the titanium alloy can be used in a SSA process with a substrate, usually plate, but can be other product forms such as extrusions and forgings, that involves layer-by-layer building of parts in either single walls for thinner sections (also referred to as single track), or multiple, overlapping walls for thicker sections (also referred to as multi-track, multi-wall or overlapping tracks). By moving the depositing spindle relative to a reference point, the 3D parts are built up with varying geometries. The process controls deposition within careful parameters including external heat / cooling, deposition rate, rotational frequency, and spindle travel while monitoring temperature and using temperature feedback to affect the other parameters to achieve excellent adhesion and metallurgical bonding between each layer and overlap. The composition used is typically commercially available titanium alloys or mixtures or combinations of them. They are increasingly used in aerospace and other demanding applications such as space and Formula 1 racing. The substrate is typically plate and the feedstock is typically extruded bar, but can be other extruded shapes, or can be other product forms such drawn bar and rod, or plate cut to size. Substrate materials other than titanium can be used, in fact this may provide advantages for certain parts by optimizing design properties in different portion of the same components. For example, one area might need maximum elastic modulus, while the bulk requires high strength.

[0048] In certain embodiments, the part starts with a substrate as a base, then titanium alloy material is added layer-by-layer to build the detailed design. Before deposition starts, the part is modeled based on the required final part and a deposition plan developed to build a quality titanium part. After deposition the part my be used in the as-deposited condition or, to achieve higher strength, better fatigue resistance and to optimize other properties, the part may be solution heat treated and artificially aged to a desired temper or otherwise to provide desired properties. Some alloying elements (Al, Ga, Ge, C, O, N) raise the alpha-to-beta transition temperature (alpha stabilizers) while others (Mo, V, Ta, Nb, Mn, Fe, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Si) lower the beta transition temperature (beta stabilizers). Where heat treatment or post-formation processing is used, the treatment can include annealing, homogenizing, solution treated and age hardening, stress relief, tempering, beta vacuum annealing and vacuum aging, brazing, creep forming, degassing, diffusion bonding, hydriding, isothermal transformation, sintering, calendering or other processes. While pure titanium is soft and relatively weak, heat treating can significantly enhance its properties. For example, the resulting titanium alloy parts can be heat treated in order to reduce residual stresses from fabrication (stress relieving), produce an optimum combination of ductility, machinability, and dimensional and structural stability (annealing), increase strength (solution treating and aging), optimize specific properties such as fracture toughness, fatigue strength, and high-temperature creep strength or to create specific material conditions.

[0049] The properties of the finished titanium alloy part are similar to existing processes such as die forging, but with much lower cost and material usage. Embodiments described herein do not require dedicated forging tooling which is very expensive and time consuming to design and build. Often lead times for new forging designs are 6 months and can be over one year. The cost of such tooling varies depending on the size and complexity of the design but is frequently several hundred thousand dollars or even more; and the Ti die forging process produces extensive wear on forging dies meaning they must be repaired and / or replaced frequently. The equipment required for the forging operations is very expensive and expansions to add capacity can take years from approval to qualification.

[0050] In certain embodiments, the properties of the finished parts can meet or exceed specified properties for forged Ti-6-4, for example in AMS 4920 and AMS 4928 and for forged Ti- 10-2-3, for example in AMS 4983, AMS 4984, and AMS 4986.

[0051] SSA SYSTEM COMPONENTS

[0052] In some examples, the SSA manufacturing system may use a friction stir additive process to build parts using a solid-state method that can produce large three-dimensional shapes without melting and resolidifying the metal and without expensive tooling. Compared to casting, the properties and metal integrity (density, constituent particles, voids) are much better for the SSA manufacturing process. Unlike forging, no expensive tooling is required which not only saves money, but also reduces lead time to produce parts. Compared to machined plate, much thicker parts can be produced as plate is limited to approximately 200 mm high walls and even that uses 200 mm thick plate which has significantly reduced strength because of the slow quench for thick products. The SSA manufacturing process allows the parts to be tailored and designed in ways that are not possible for forgings because there are few limitations on geometry. For example, walls become closer together on higher deposited layers making shapes like enclosed cones possible. The resulting articles can have similar properties as plates and forgings.

[0053] In certain configurations, the exact process steps used in SSA manufacturing can vary as noted in detail below. In general, and without intended to limit the particular process steps and conditions that can be used, the manufacturing process starts with a substrate, usually plate, but can be other product forms such as extrusions and forgings, then involves layer-by-layer building of parts in either single walls for thinner sections, or multiple, overlapping walls for thicker sections. By moving the depositing spindle relative to a reference point, the 3D parts are built up with selected geometries. The process controls deposition within careful parameters including external heat / cooling, deposition rate, rotational frequency, and spindle travel while monitoring temperature and using temperature feedback to affect the other parameters to achieve excellent adhesion and metallurgical bonding between each layer and overlap. As noted herein, the resulting product or article can include a major amount by weight of titanium grains. The material that is added to the substrate in solid form is typically non-heat treated alloy which can then be heat treated / aged post-deposition to provide a desired temper or other properties. The material can be removed from the substrate post-deposition, or the substrate may remain in contact with the added material and used to form the final part.

[0054] In certain embodiments, a schematic of various components of a solid state additive manufacturing system is shown in FIG. 1. The system 100 includes a feeding unit 110, spindle 120, and a tool 130. A passageway (throat) for the alloy filler material (feedstock) 140 is shown. The system 100 can include other components as noted below. A substrate 150 is shown that receives the printed alloy material from the tool 130. The alloy material can be fed into the throat 140 from the feeding unit 110 at a desired rate as noted below. For example, a piston or rod can be used to push the alloy feedstock material toward a surface of the substrate 150. The spindle 120 is generally coupled to a motor (not shown) to rotate the spindle 120 and tooling 130 at a desired rotational speed. The tooling 130 is placed adjacent to the substrate 150 and deposits the alloy material in the throat onto the surface of the substrate 150 in solid form. As noted in more detail below, the tooling 130 can include surface features and / or certain geometries to assist in deposition of the alloy material onto the surface of the substrate 150. Friction-based fabrication tooling 130 generally comprises a non-consumable body formed from material capable of resisting deformation when subjected to frictional heating and compressive loading at the surface of the substrate 150. As the spindle 120 and tooling 130 rotate, a thin layer or track of the alloy material is deposited onto the surface of the substrate 150. The deposition temperature can be tightly controlled to impart a desired microstructure, and correspond Ly provide desired deposited alloy material properties, to the deposited material after heat treatment. As described in more detail below, the deposition temperature may be lower during initial deposition of alloy material onto the substrate 150 and can be increased during addition of successive layers / walls / tracks to provide a desired metallurgical bond between the multiple walls / layers / tracks. The exact temperature difference can vary depending on the particular alloy that is used, and illustrative deposition temperatures are described in more detail below.

[0055] In certain embodiments, the system 100 can include suitable platforms, motors or other components to permit the substrate 150 to move independently of the spindle 120 and the tooling 130. For example, each of the substrate 150 and the tooling 130 can independently be moved in x-, y-, and z-directions. This independent movement provides for production of complex geometric shapes, varying thicknesses across the surface of the produced part and permits for enhanced control of the various components during deposition of the alloy feedstock material onto a surface of the substrate 150.

[0056] In certain configurations, the feeding unit of the system 100 generally comprises a reservoir configured to receive the alloy feedstock material. The exact shape and configuration of the reservoir may vary depending on the particular form of the alloy feedstock material to be used. The alloy feedstock material can be fed in a continuous or non-continuous manner as desired. An illustration of certain components of a feeding unit configured to feed continuous solid rod or solid rod-like alloy material is shown in FIG.2. The feeding unit 211 is shown being placed in communication with a spindle 212 and a tool 213. A throat or operational passageway 214 is shown along with a substrate 250 that can receive the alloy filler material. Other system components, such as the motors 224, drive pulleys 228 for spindle 212, alloy rod filler material 229, secondary spindle, which is floating (non-driven) 233, lower spindle 234, tool holder 235 and a pressure plate 236 are shown as well.

[0057] Another illustration of a feeding unit is shown in FIG. 3. This feeding unit shown in FIG. 3 can be used to feed discontinuous solid alloy filler material, which can be in the form of rods, squares or other shapes. The illustration in FIG.3 shows the spindle 212 and the tool 223 with operational passageway 204 and the workpiece 250. Other system components, such as the motors 224, drive pulleys 218 for spindle 212, rod filler material 229, actuator- downward force driver 230, push rod 231, solid feed push-rod and actuator stand with bearings 232, secondary spindle, which is floating (non-driven) 233, lower spindle 234, tool holder 235 and a pressure plate 236. In certain embodiments, the feeding unit can include and use an actuator 230, a push rod 231, two guide rods and cross member, wherein the actuator creates a downwards force to push the alloy feedstock material through the throat 214 and onto the substrate. The guide rods and cross member are optional and can be present for stabilizing the push rod 231.

[0058] Another illustration of a feeding unit is shown in FIG. 4. This feeding unit shown in FIG. 4 can be used to feed powder, particle or pellet type alloy filler material. Shown in cross- section in FIG. 4 are a feeding unit 211, spindle 212 and tools 213 with operational passageway 214 and a substrate 250 that can receive the powder- or pellet-like filler alloy material from the tool 213. Other system components, such as the motors 224, drive pulleys 228 for the spindle 212, secondary spindle, which is floating (non-driven) 233, lower spindle 234, tool holder 235, pressure plate 236, lateral delivery system 237, mixing downtube 238, auger drive mechanism 239, auger assembly 240 and optional injection ports for liquid additives (e.g. lubricants, catalysts, etc.) 241 are shown. A tool changer 260 is also shown and discussed in more detail below.

[0059] While the illustrative feeding units shown in FIGS.2-4 are configured to provide different types of alloy filler material to an underlying substrate, combinations of different alloy filler can also be present in a feeding unit and provided to the tooling for deposition on a substrate. The tool holder 235 with throat is capable to hold and rotate the tool, and the throat allows alloy feedstock material to be provided from the feeding unit to the substrate.

[0060] In certain embodiments, a tool changer 260 can be present to enable change of one or multiple different tools; For example, the tool changer 260 can permit changing one tool with the same tool for the purpose of replacing a worn tool of the same type, or a different tool with the purpose to impart a different functionality in the deposited layer during the deposition process can be changed. A tool changer 260 is optional and may be omitted if desired. The tool changer 260 can comprise a variety of tools disposed in dormant positions (e.g., waiting to be used) and can comprise a mechanism for automatically or manually positioning a selected tool into an active position (e.g., where the tool can actively be used). For example, different tools can be used to deposit a first track and additional tracks on the first track. Alternatively, different tools can be used to deposit different shapes or geometries onto the substrate.

[0061] The SSA manufacturing systems described herein advantageously use tool or tooling which is non-consumable and is configured to deposit the alloy feedstock material onto a substrate. The tool or tooling can be configured to exert frictional and other forces on the alloy feedstock material for imparting rotation to the alloy feedstock material from the body of the tool when rotated at a speed sufficient for imposing frictional heating of the alloy feedstock material against a substrate. As described in more detail below, the tool generally comprises a body with a throat which is in communication with the feeding unit to receive material from the feeding unit. The body is designed to deposit the received ally feedstock material from the throat onto the substrate. The body can be configured with one or more surface features constructed and arranged to trap deposited alloy material loaded on the substrate in a space or volume between the body and the substrate. The trapped material can be subjected to forming and / or shearing forces to deposit the alloy material in solid form onto a surface of the substrate.

[0062] In certain embodiments, the tool or tooling can be produced using materials with a higher hardness than the alloy material to be deposited and harder than the substrate. For example, the tool or tooling may comprise tool steel, copper and copper alloy materials, tungsten or tungsten alloy materials, and other metals which in pure or alloy form have a higher Vickers hardness than the alloy to be deposited and the substrate material. By selecting a higher hardness for the tooling material, the tooling generally is not consumed or deformed during the deposition process and can be used to provide multiple tracks on the substrate without the need to change the tool.

[0063] Various interior geometries for the tooling are possible including circular and non-circular. With a non-circular geometry, the consumable filler material can rotate at the same angular velocity as the non-consumable portion of the tool due to normal forces being exerted by the tool at the surface of the tool throat against the feedstock. Such geometries include a square through-hole and an elliptical through-hole as examples. In configurations where only exertion of tangential forces on the surface of the alloy filler material by the internal surface of the throat of the tool are desirable, the feed stock can rotate at a different angular velocity than the angular velocity of the tool. A circular geometry for the cross-section of the tool in combination with detached or loosely attached feedstock can result in the deposit material and tool rotating at the same or different velocities. Illustrations of various tool geometries and surface features on the tool are described in more detail below.

[0064] In certain embodiments, a tool can include a shoulder or other geometric features on a surface to assist in depositing the alloy filler material in solid for on a surface of a substrate. For example and referring to FIG.5, a tool 503 with a throat 504 is shown. A pin 534 with a throat 505 extends from a tool shoulder, where the pin throat 505 is in communication with the tool throat 504. A pin 534 is an optional component of the solid-state additive manufacturing additive manufacturing system. The pin 534 can enable better stirring of the surface region of the workpiece and the alloy filler material. The tool shoulder facing the substrate can include at least one nub 533 made of the same or different material as the tool material. The geometry structures on the tool shoulder may be nubs having various shapes and located in various positions of the tool shoulder for enhancing mechanical stirring of the deposited alloy material. If desired, the nus 533 can be replaceable by an end user, so the nubs can be replaced without needing to replace the entire tool 503. The tool 503 can include one, two, three, four, five, six or more nubs. The nubs can be arranged in a symmetric or asymmetric pattern as desired. The nubs can be solid or hollow and different nubs on a tool may have different shapes, heights, etc. Various tool components are described, for example, in commonly owned U.S. Patent No. 11,311,959, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0065] In certain embodiments, the throat of the spindles and tools described herein may have different lengths, shapes and geometries as desired. For example, the cross-sectional shape of the throat may be square, rectangular, circular, elliptical, oval or other shapes. Further, the cross-sectional shape, diameter, etc. need not be the same from a top edge of the tool to a bottom edge of the tool. The diameter can increase or decrease toward the surface of the tool to be placed adjacent to the substrate.

[0066] While not shown the system can also include other suitable components including, but not limited to, gas supplies, external energy sources, ovens, thermocouples, motors, platforms, etc. In certain embodiments, the tool can include, or can be configured to receive, a temperature sensor as shown in FIG. 6. The tool 130 can include a temperature sensor 610, which can be integral to the tool or added separately to the tool 130 and may be present on an external surface of the tool 130 or an internal surface of the tool 130. The sensor 610 can be designed to indirectly monitor the temperature at the surface of the substrate 150 during deposition of the alloy material onto a surface of the substrate. Since it is often difficult to measure the temperature directly at the surface of the substrate 150 during deposition, the temperature sensor 610 can be placed a suitable distance above the surface. As noted in more detail below, a selected temperature window can be used to deposit alloy material, that after heat treatment, has desirable physical and / or mechanical properties. The temperature sensor 610 can include a thermometer, a thermocouple, a resistive temperature measuring device, an optical device, an infrared sensor, a bimetallic device, a change-of-state sensor or other devices which can measure or sense temperature. The sensor 610 can be coupled to the other components in a wired or wireless manner to transmit temperature information to the system. While the exact positioning of the sensor 610 may vary, the sensor 610 is typically located about 0.3 mm to about 0.5 mm above a surface of the substrate 150. The temperature values described herein for producing alloy parts having certain properties refers to the temperature values measured using a sensor similar to the sensor 610 and not necessarily the actual temperature at the interface between the tool 130 and the surface of the substrate 150. The tool temperature can be monitored and selecting, based on measurements from the sensor 610, to deposit the alloy material within a selected tool temperature range.

[0067] In certain configurations, the various components of the SSA manufacturing system are typically under control using a processor and one or more application software programs. For example and referring to FIG. 7, a block diagram of certain components is shown which can be controlled by a processor of a computer system or a dedicated processor. The system 700 includes a processor 710 electrically coupled to the feeding unit 720, the spindle 730, temperature control devices 740 and a platform 750 configured to receive a substrate. The processor 710 can optionally be coupled to the tool 740 and may also be electrically coupled to a temperature sensor (not shown) with the tool 740. The processor 710 can control one or more of feeding of the alloy material through the feeding unit 720, rotational speed of the spindle 730 to maintain a temperature setpoint, varying the spindle torque to maintain a temperature setpoint, varying the spindle power to maintain a temperature setpoint, varying the deposition rate to maintain a temperature setpoint, varying the tool traverse rate to maintain a temperature setpoint, varying the alloy filler material feed rate to maintain a temperature setpoint, varying the layer height to maintain a temperature setpoint, varying the alloy filler force to maintain a temperature setpoint, varying pressure under the tool 740 to maintain a temperature setpoint, maintaining a temperature setpoint through an external heating source in, around, or near the tool 740, maintaining a temperature setpoint by a source of heat under or around the material being deposited and / or under or around the platform 750, and / or maintaining a temperature setpoint by varying the tool geometry in-situ during production. The processor 710 can also translate the substrate platform 750 to alter its position in the x-,y- or z-dimensions independently of movement of the spindle 730 and / or the tool 740. In a typical use, the substrate platform 750 is moved independently of any movement of the tool 740 during deposition of the alloy filler material onto the substrate platform 750.

[0068] The SSA manufacturing system also typically includes a memory unit, storage or other electrical components. The processor 710 can be used, in combination with one or more sensors present in the system to control the various components of the system. Such processes may be performed automatically by the processor without the need for user intervention or a user may enter parameters through a user interface. In certain configurations, the processor may be present in one or more computer systems and / or common hardware circuity including, for example, a microprocessor and / or suitable software for operating the system. The processor can be integral to the systems or may be present on one or more accessory boards, printed circuit boards or computers electrically coupled to the components of the system. The processor is typically electrically coupled to one or more memory units to receive data from the other components of the system and permit adjustment of the various system parameters and / or control the system components as needed or desired. The processor may be part of a general-purpose computer such as those based on Unix, Intel PENTIUM-type processor, Intel CoreTMprocessors, Intel XeonTMprocesssors, AMD RyzenTMprocessors, AMD AthlonTMprocessors, AMD FXTMprocessors, Motorola PowerPC, Sun UltraSPARC, Hewlett-Packard PA-RISC processors, Apple-designed processors including Apple A12 processor, Apple A11 processor and others or any other type of processor. One or more of any type computer system may be used according to various embodiments of the technology. Further, the system may be connected to a single computer or may be distributed among a plurality of computers attached by a communications network. It should be appreciated that other functions, including network communication, can be performed and the technology is not limited to having any particular function or set of functions. Various aspects may be implemented as specialized software executing in a general-purpose computer system. The computer system may include a processor connected to one or more memory devices, such as a disk drive, memory, or other device for storing data. Memory is typically used for storing programs, authorized users, etc. during operation of the system. Components of the computer system may be coupled by an interconnection device, which may include one or more buses (e.g., between components that are integrated within a same machine) and / or a network (e.g., between components that reside on separate discrete machines). The interconnection device provides for communications (e.g., signals, data, instructions) to be exchanged between components of the system. The computer system typically can receive and / or issue commands within a processing time, e.g., a few milliseconds, a few microseconds or less, to permit rapid control of the system. For example, computer control can be implemented to control the temperature during deposition of the alloy material on the surface of the substrate. The processor typically is electrically coupled to a power source which can, for example, be a direct current source, an alternating current source, a battery, a fuel cell or other power sources or combinations of power sources. The power source can be shared by the other components of the system. The system may also include one or more input devices, for example, a keyboard, mouse, trackball, microphone, touch screen, manual switch (e.g., override switch) and one or more output devices, for example, a printing device, display screen, lights, speaker. The system may contain one or more communication interfaces that connect the computer system to a communication network (in addition or as an alternative to the interconnection device). The system may also include suitable circuitry to convert signals received from the various electrical devices present in the system. Such circuitry can be present on a printed circuit board or may be present on a separate board or device that is electrically coupled to the printed circuit board through a suitable interface, e.g., a serial ATA interface, ISA interface, PCI interface, a USB interface, a Fibre Channel interface, a Firewire interface, a M.2 connector interface, a PCIE interface, a mSATA interface or the like or through one or more wireless interfaces, e.g., Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Near Field Communication or other wireless protocols and / or interfaces.

[0069] In certain embodiments, the system typically comprises a storage system which can be removable and / or can include a non-transitory computer readable medium. The storage system typically includes a computer readable and writeable nonvolatile recording medium in which codes of software can be stored that can be used by a program to be executed by the processor or information stored on or in the medium to be processed by the program. The medium may, for example, be a hard disk, solid state drive or flash memory. The program or instructions to be executed by the processor may be located locally or remotely and can be retrieved by the processor by way of an interconnection mechanism, a communication network or other means as desired. Typically, in operation, the processor causes data to be read from the nonvolatile recording medium into another memory that allows for faster access to the information by the processor than does the medium. This memory is typically a volatile, random access memory such as a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) or static memory (SRAM). It may be located in the storage system or in the memory system. The processor generally manipulates the data within the integrated circuit memory and then copies the data to the medium after processing is completed. A variety of mechanisms are known for managing data movement between the medium and the integrated circuit memory element and the technology is not limited thereto. The technology is also not limited to a particular memory system or storage system. In certain embodiments, the system may also include specially- programmed, special-purpose hardware, for example, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), microprocessor units MPU) or a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or combinations thereof. Aspects of the technology may be implemented in software, hardware or firmware, or any combination thereof. Further, such methods, acts, systems, system elements and components thereof may be implemented as part of the systems described above or as an independent component. Although specific systems are described by way of example as one type of system upon which various aspects of the technology may be practiced, it should be appreciated that aspects are not limited to being implemented on the described system. Various aspects may be practiced on one or more systems having a different architecture or components. The system may comprise a general-purpose computer system that is programmable using a high-level computer programming language. The systems may also be implemented using specially programmed, special purpose hardware. In the systems, the processor is typically a commercially available processor such as the well-known microprocessors available from Intel, AMD, Apple and others. Many other processors are also commercially available. Such a processor usually executes an operating system which may be, for example, the Windows 7, Windows 8 or Windows 10 operating systems available from the Microsoft Corporation, MAC OS X, e.g., Snow Leopard, Lion, Mountain Lion, Mojave, High Sierra, El Capitan or other versions available from Apple, the Solaris operating system available from Sun Microsystems, or UNIX or Linux operating systems available from various sources. Many other operating systems may be used, and in certain embodiments a simple set of commands or instructions may function as the operating system. Further, the processor can be designed as a quantum processor designed to perform one or more functions using one or more qubits. In some instances, a simple set of commands may be present on the computer system, a table or a mobile device that can communicate with the components of the SSA system and can be updated from time to time using one or more wireless or wired connections between the control device and the SSA system.

[0070] In certain examples, the processor and operating system may together define a platform for which application programs in high-level programming languages may be written. It should be understood that the technology is not limited to a particular system platform, processor, operating system, or network. Also, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, that the present technology is not limited to a specific programming language or computer system. Further, it should be appreciated that other appropriate programming languages and other appropriate systems could also be used. In certain examples, the hardware or software can be configured to implement cognitive architecture, neural networks or other suitable implementations. If desired, one or more portions of the computer system may be distributed across one or more computer systems coupled to a communications network. These computer systems also may be general-purpose computer systems. For example, various aspects may be distributed among one or more computer systems configured to provide a service (e.g., servers) to one or more client computers, or to perform an overall task as part of a distributed system. For example, various aspects may be performed on a client-server or multi-tier system that includes components distributed among one or more server systems that perform various functions according to various embodiments. These components may be executable, intermediate (e.g., IL) or interpreted (e.g., Java) code which communicate over a communication network (e.g., the Internet) using a communication protocol (e.g., TCP / IP). It should also be appreciated that the technology is not limited to executing on any particular system or group of systems. Also, it should be appreciated that the technology is not limited to any particular distributed architecture, network, or communication protocol.

[0071] In some instances, various embodiments may be programmed using an object-oriented programming language, such as, for example, SQL, SmallTalk, Basic, Java, Javascript, PHP, C++, Ada, Python, iOS / Swift, Ruby on Rails or C# (C-Sharp). Other object-oriented programming languages may also be used. Alternatively, functional, scripting, and / or logical programming languages may be used. Various configurations may be implemented in a non-programmed environment (e.g., documents created in HTML, XML or other format that, when viewed in a window of a browser program, render aspects of a graphical- user interface (GUI) or perform other functions). Certain configurations may be implemented as programmed or non-programmed elements, or any combination thereof. In some instances, the system may comprise a software interface on the SSA system that can receive user input and parameters from a user based on the particular alloy material to be deposited. Instructions and other information and parameters can be entered on SSA system directly through the user interface or indirectly through an interface of an associated mobile device, e.g., tablet, phone, etc., that communicates with the SSA system over a wireless or wired network. The instructions stored in the memory can execute a software module or control routine for the system, which in effect can provide a controllable model of the system to permit deposition of the alloy material in a desired manner.

[0072] In certain embodiments, the system can include one or more communications interfaces to permit the SSA system to communicate with other systems or components of the SSA system. For example, the system can include an antenna that may be one or more of a Bluetooth antenna, a cellular antenna, a radio antenna, other antennas or combinations thereof.

[0073] In some embodiments, the system can include subtractive components in addition to additive components. For example and referring to FIG. 8, a system can include an additive system 810 and a subtractive system 820. The additive system 810 can be configured as described herein, e.g., to add a titanium alloy in solid form to a surface of the substrate. The exact nature of the operations provided by the subtractive system 820 can vary. For example, the subtractive system 820 can be configured to provide one or more of grinding, sanding, milling, etc. to remove some of the material which was added to the substrate using the additive system 810. The subtractive system 820 can be used to drill holes or apertures or otherwise machine the final product produced using the additive system 810 into a final part.

[0074] PROCESSES AND PROCESS PARAMETERS

[0075] As noted herein, a SSA manufacturing system can be used to convert / print the alloy material feedstock into larger or different parts. Without wishing to be bound by any one system, configuration, heat is generated by friction between the tool and the substrate (and in certain cases, if the pin extends from the tool shoulder, the friction is caused by the pin passing through the substrate surface zone). The generated heat provides a significant amount of plastic deformation in the vicinity of the rotating tool (and / or rotating pin, if used). A substantial strain is imparted to the substrate resulting in refinement of its micro- structure. The substrate material adjacent to the tool softens and the softened material is mechanically-stirred, and at the same time, mixed and joined with the alloy filler material added via the passageway of the tool using mechanical pressure supplied by the tool shoulder.

[0076] In certain configurations, the process can control deposition temperature, i.e. temperature at the interface between the feedstock alloy and either substrate or previously deposited layers by simultaneously controlling key system inputs and parameters such as force, pressure, rotation, external heating, external cooling, preheating of substrate, gas flow, ambient temperature, traverse speed, deposition rate, etc. It can be difficult to measure the exact temperature at the feedstock tip that interfaces with the substrate and / or previously deposited material. As in indirect measure or temperature, thermocouples (or other temperature sensing devices) can be located in the tool approximately 6 mm above the tip of the tool and filler material. Locating the temperature sensors at other locations might produce different biases versus the actual temperature at the feedstock tip. For example, a smaller gap between feedstock tip and the thermocouple, would be expected to give higher temperature readings for the same actual deposition temperature. Alternatively, laser temperature sensing or other temperature sensing devices could be used instead. Using other types of temperature sensors such as thermal imaging, it is possible to measure the temperature at the perimeter of the deposition layer. Measuring the temperature at the actual deposition point is difficult because of the layers of tooling and metal present during the deposition process. It is possible to estimate the temperature at deposition by analyzing the microstructure of the titanium part after deposition. For example, destructive test involving cross-sectioning the metal part, polishing and analyzing the microstructure can be used to estimate surface temperature at the deposition site.

[0077] Table 1 below shows some illustrative tool temperature ranges for different titanium alloys used in single wall builds The temperatures can be measured, for example, about 1 / 8, ¼ or ½ inch above a bottom flat face of the tool. Table 1

[0078] The temperature in Table 1 is typically measured in the tool used to add the material but can also be measured at other sites. Using metallographic techniques such as cross- sectioning, polishing and microstructural analysis, the actual temperature at the surface can be estimated and is anticipated to be higher – about 150 deg. Celsius above the listed temperatures values as shown in Table 2. Table 2

[0079] The final part dimensions are not limited by this process, the limitations can be based on deposition equipment, for example bed size and vertical height that can be achieved by elevating the spindle. There also can be limitations on post-deposition processes such as machining and thermal treatments.

[0080] In some instances, the temperature can be controlled, at least in part, by selecting or altering spindle speed during deposition. For example, the spindle can be rotated from 150 rpm to about 350 rpm depending on how fast the tooling is moving in the x-y direction. In some examples, spindle rotation rate may vary from about 180 rpm to about 600 rpm, more particularly about 200 rpm to about 280 rpm, e.g., 210 rpm, 220 rpm, 230 rpm, 240 rpm, 250 rpm, 260 rpm, or 270 rpm. The tooling is coupled to the spindle and generally rotates at the same rpm as the spindle. The spindle speed can vary with startup speeds typically being higher than deposition speeds. For example, spindle speed may be 500- 650 rpm during startup to increase the surface temperature and then reduced to 180-300 rpm during deposition to assist in maintaining a desired deposition temperature.

[0081] In certain embodiments, the exact feed rate of the alloy feedstock material may vary from about 1 inch per minute to about 4 inches per minute, more particularly about 1.5 inches per minute to 3.5 inches per minute, e.g., 1.6 inches per minute, 1.7 inches per minute, 1.8 inches per minute, 1.9 inches per minute, 2.0 inches per minute, 2.1 inches per minute, 2.2 inches per minute, 2.3 inches per minute, 2.4 inches per minute, 2.5 inches per minute, 2.6 inches per minute, 2.7 inches per minute, 2.8 inches per minute, 2.9 inches per minute, or 3.0 inches per minute. The feed rate can be the same or different when depositing single tracks or single walls and overlapping walls. For example, it may be desirable to increase the feed rate during addition of overlapping tracks to increase the temperature at the surface The feed rate can be increased or decreased based on the temperature measurements to maintain a suitable temperature range during the addition process.

[0082] In some embodiments, the alloy feedstock material can be coated or sprayed with a lubricant or other material suitable for depositing the alloy material on the substrate. In general, the lubricant can assist in movement of the alloy feedstock material through the hollow passageway of the tooling. Suitable lubricant materials include, but are not limited to, graphite, carbon black, and other forms of carbon. If desired, a metal lubricant can also be used alone or with the carbon based lubricant material. During the addition of the alloy feedstock material, the lubricant coating tends to be pushed toward the outside of the deposited material and can be subsequently removed during the heat treating of the deposited alloy material.

[0083] In some configurations, the tooling can be moved horizontally at a desired rate to deposit a desired amount of information onto the substrate. The exact horizontal movement rate may vary from about 2 inches per minute to about 8 inches per minute, more particularly about 3 inches per minute to about 7 inches per minute, e.g., about 3.5 inches per minute, 4 inches per minute, 4.5 inches per minute, 5 inches per minute, 5.5 inches per minute, inches per minute or 6.5 inches per minute.

[0084] In certain examples, the substrate can be cleaned or treated prior to deposition of the alloy onto the substrate material. For example, a surface of the substrate can be subjected to machining, sanding, polishing, etching, chemical or physical treatment or other processes to clean the surface of the substrate or alter the surface of the substrate if desired.

[0085] In certain embodiments, the additive manufactured titanium alloy is produced by a method that includes adding a titanium alloy as a first titanium alloy layer to a surface of a substrate using an additive manufacturing process comprising a rotating tool, wherein the titanium alloy is added to the surface of the workpiece in a solid state at a first tool temperature, and heat treating the solid state added first titanium alloy layer, wherein the added first titanium alloy layer comprises at least 80% percent by volume of titanium as grains. The first tool temperature can be between 600 degrees Celsius to 1100 degrees Celsius. The first tool temperature can be maintained by one or more of: varying a speed of a spindle coupled to the rotating tool; or varying torque of the spindle coupled to the rotating tool; or varying power of the spindle coupled to the rotating tool; or varying a deposition rate of the added titanium alloy; or varying a traverse rate of the rotating tool; or varying a filler feed rate into the rotating tool; or varying a layer height; or varying a filler force; or varying a pressure under the rotating tool; or using an external heating / cooling source adjacent to the rotating tool; or using an external heating / cooling source adjacent to the surface of the substrate; or varying a tool geometry during addition.

[0086] In some embodiments, a second titanium alloy layer can be added in the solid state to the added, first titanium alloy layer using the rotating tool, wherein the second titanium alloy layer is added using a second tool temperature that is the same as or greater than the first tool temperature. In certain embodiments, after heat treatment of the added second titanium alloy layer, the added, heat treated second titanium alloy layer comprises at least 80% percent by volume of titanium as grains.

[0087] In certain configurations, one or more subtractive processes can be performed on the alloy product. For example, a portion of the added first titanium alloy layer can be removed using a subtractive process to provide a subtracted first titanium alloy layer on the substrate. The resulting subtracted first titanium alloy layer can be subjected to heat treatment. Additional layers of titanium alloy can be added to the first titanium layer with optional subtractive steps being used between different layers if desired.

[0088] In some examples, the final formed layers or tracks can be subjected to post addition treatment including solution treatment, heating or the like. For example, the resulting titanium alloy product can be tempered or subjected to post-formation treatment using similar methods and process conditions commonly used to temper other metal alloys.

[0089] In certain embodiments, the process parameters that can varied or reset to control deposition temperature and other key characteristics include, but are not limited to the following: varying the spindle speed to maintain a temperature setpoint, varying the spindle torque to maintain a temperature setpoint, varying the spindle power to maintain a temperature setpoint, varying the deposition rate to maintain a temperature setpoint, varying the tool traverse rate to maintain a temperature setpoint, varying the filler bar feed rate to maintain a temperature setpoint, varying the layer height to maintain a temperature setpoint, varying the filler bar force to maintain a temperature setpoint, varying the pressure under the tool to maintain a temperature setpoint, maintaining a temperature setpoint through an external heating source in, around, or near the tool, maintaining a temperature setpoint by a source of heat under or around the material being deposited, and maintaining a temperature setpoint by varying the tool geometry in-situ (during printing) /

[0090] PRODUCTS AND PARTS

[0091] In certain embodiments, the systems and methods described herein can be used to produce a solid-state additive manufactured product from the titanium alloy material. The alloy product comprises minimal void space, similar to other wrought products such as forgings, between metal atoms of the additive manufactured titanium alloy. The product is a non- extruded, non-rolled and non-forged product comprising the titanium alloy material and can be produced without using any forging dies or extrusion tooling. In some embodiments, the product has a different microstructure than a comparable alloy product produced using forging or extrusion processes.

[0092] In certain configurations, the alloy product comprises a solid-state additive manufactured titanium composition comprising a titanium alloy as described herein. The alloy product can be heat treated to provide a desired temper and / or a desired mechanical and physical properties. For example, in the primary direction of the build, e.g., longitudinal properties in the x-y plane, after anneal and / or heat treatment, a SSA manufactured alloy product with an ultimate tensile strength, tensile yield strength and elongation at break as described herein in reference to the different titanium alloys.

[0093] In certain embodiments, the materials and processes described herein can be used to produce large parts and / or parts with multi-dimensional geometries. The technology can be used to produce high strength titanium alloy parts that might otherwise be forged. These types of parts are used in various applications including aerospace, defense and similar critical applications. The parts can be deposited, then machined and heat treated to temper. There may be a final machining operation to produce the desired geometry and many, if not most of the parts will receive some coating to protect the appearance and prevent corrosion.

[0094] Certain specific examples are described below to illustrate some of the novel and inventive aspects of the technology.

[0095] Example 1

[0096] A sample piece of Ti-10-2-3 metal that was 4 inches long, 1.5 inches wide and 1.0-inch tall was printed using the following parameters: Feed stock was 3 / 8” Ti-10-2-3 square bar; the substrate was Ti-6-4 plate; Printed on a “discrete feed” machine, one bar at a time; The temperature set point was 700°C; The layer height was 0.040 inch for each layer; Printing conducted under an argon cover gas; The build was solution heat treated at 765°C for 1 hour, water quenched, then artificially aged at 525°C for 8 hours. A photograph of the build is shown in FIG. 9.

[0097] The finished build was tensile tested and the resulting properties in Z direction (vertical) met Ti-10-2-3 die forging properties in the longitudinal and long transverse directions. Table 3 shows the standard forging values and the testing result values. Table 3 n

[0098] The results were consistent with the Ti 10-2-3 build having similar or better physical properties than Ti 10-2-3 forgings.

[0099] Example 2

[0100] A sample box-shaped build using Ti 6-4 that was 8 inches long on each side, 1.5 inches wide and 4 inches tall was printed using the following parameters: Feed stock was 3 / 8” Ti-6-4 square bar; The substrate was Ti-6-4 plate; Printed on a “continuous feed” machine, bars being fed continuously by an automated system; Temperature control starting at 1000°C, 10°C decrease per layer until 930°C, then constant temperature; The layer height was 0.040 inch for each layer; Printing conducted under an argon cover gas; The print was tested in the as-deposited condition with no post-deposition heat treatment. A photograph of the build is shown in FIG. 10.

[0101] The Ti 6-4 build was tested to evaluate composition and properties versus Ti-6-4 forgings. The build was 100% dense as determined by Archimedes density measurements. The final chemical composition met requirements for Ti-6-4 and there was no analytically significant oxygen pickup during the deposition process. The results are shown in Tables 4 and 5 below. The oxygen content was measured to be 0.18 wt% in the feedstock and 0.19 wt% in the build. The nitrogen content was measured to be 0.01 wt% in the feedstock and 0.01 wt% in the build. Table 4 g Table 5

[0102] The tensile strength of the Ti 6-4 build meets or exceeds the ASTM 4920 standard for die forgings.

[0103] Example 3

[0104] A sample block of Ti 6-4 was printed that was 5.25 inches wide, 13.5 inches long, and 3.125 tall was printed using the following parameters: Feed stock was 3 / 8” Ti-6-4 square bar; The substrate was Ti-6-4 plate; Printed on a “continuous feed” machine, bars being fed continuously by an automated system; Temperature control set point for first layer was 890°C, then 930°C for the remainder of the build; The layer height was 0.040 inch for each layer; Printing conducted under an argon cover gas; The print was tested in the as- deposited condition with no post-deposition heat treatment. A photograph of the build is shown in FIG. 11.

[0105] The tensile strength of the build met AMS 4920 properties for Ti-6-4 die forgings as shown in Table 6 below. Table 6 Smooth-specimen fatigue performance of the build Ti-6-4 in as-printed condition tested in Z direction is similar to Ti-6-4 plate in the L direction as shown in Table 7. Kt = 1.0, R-ratio = 0.1. Table 7

[0106] When introducing elements of the examples disclosed herein, the articles "a,” “an,” “the” and “said” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising,” “including” and “having” are intended to be open-ended and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements. It will be recognized by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, that various components of the examples can be interchanged or substituted with various components in other examples. Although certain aspects, examples and embodiments have been described above, it will be recognized by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, that additions, substitutions, modifications, and alterations of the disclosed illustrative aspects, examples and embodiments are possible.

Claims

CLAIMS 1. A solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy product comprising at least 80% by weight titanium, wherein the solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy product further comprises a first weight percentage of aluminum above zero weight percent with the balance being incidental impurities to sum to 100 weight percent.

2. The solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy product of claim 1, wherein the solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy product comprises about 6 weight percent aluminum, about 4 weight percent vanadium, a maximum of 0.25 weight percent iron with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities.

3. The solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy product of claim 1, wherein the solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy product comprises about 10 weight percent vanadium, about 2 weight percent iron, and about 3 weight percent aluminum with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities.

4. The solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy product of claim 1, wherein the solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy product comprises 3 weight percent aluminum, 5 weight percent vanadium, 5 weight percent molybdenum, and 2 weight percent chromium with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities.

5. The solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy product of claim 1, wherein the solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy product comprises 6 weight percent aluminum, 2 weight percent tin, 4 weight percent zirconium, and 2 weight percent with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities.

6. The solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy product of claim 1, wherein the solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy product comprises 1 weight percent aluminum, 8 weight percent vanadium, and 5 weight percent iron with the balance being with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities.

7. The solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy product of claim 1, wherein the solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy product comprises a single track of deposited solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy product.

8. The solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy product of claim 1, wherein the solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy product comprises a plurality of overlapping tracks of deposited solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy product.

9. The solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy product of claim 6, wherein adjacent tracks overlap by at least 10%.

10. The solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy product of claim 1, further comprising a substrate that receives the solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy product.

11. A solid state additive manufactured titanium alloy produced by adding a titanium alloy to a surface of a substrate using a solid state additive manufacturing process, wherein the titanium alloy is added in a solid state as a first titanium alloy layer to the surface of the substrate at a first tool temperature between 600 degrees Celsius to 1100 degrees Celsius.

12. The solid state solid state additive manufactured titanium alloy of claim 11, wherein the first tool temperature is between 750 degrees Celsius and 1100 degrees Celsius.

13. The solid state solid state additive manufactured titanium alloy of claim 11, wherein the first tool temperature is between 600 degrees Celsius and 900 degrees Celsius.

14. The solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy of claim 11, wherein the solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy comprises about 6 weight percent aluminum, about 4 weight percent vanadium, a maximum of 0.25 weight percent iron with the balance being with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities.

15. The solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy of claim 11, wherein the solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy comprises about 10 weight percent vanadium, about 2 weight percent iron, and about 3 weight percent aluminum with the balance being with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities.

16. The solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy of claim 11, wherein the solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy comprises 3 weight percent aluminum, 5 weight percentvanadium, 5 weight percent molybdenum, and 2 weight percent chromium with the balance being with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities.

17. The solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy of claim 11, wherein the solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy comprises 6 weight percent aluminum, 2 weight percent tin, 4 weight percent zirconium, and 2 weight percent with the balance being with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities.

18. The solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy of claim 11, wherein the solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy comprises 1 weight percent aluminum, 8 weight percent vanadium, and 5 weight percent iron with the balance being with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities.

19. The solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy of claim 11, wherein the solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy comprises a single track of deposited solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy or comprises a plurality of overlapping tracks of deposited solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy.

20. The solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy of claim 11, further comprising a substrate that receives the solid-state additive manufactured titanium alloy.

21. An additive manufacturing system for producing a titanium alloy product, the additive manufacturing system comprising: a feeding unit configured to receive a titanium alloy filler material; a spindle comprising an internal path configured to receive the titanium alloy filler material from the feeding unit; a tool coupled to the spindle and configured to receive the titanium alloy filler material from the spindle and add the received titanium alloy filler material to a surface of a substrate in a solid state as a first titanium alloy layer; a temperature sensor configured to measure a temperature of the tool during addition of the titanium alloy filler material as the first titanium alloy layer to the surface of the workpiece; a processor electrically coupled to the temperature sensor and the spindle; and a computer readable medium electrically coupled to the processor, wherein the computer readable medium has instructions stored thereon, wherein the instructions, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to control movement of the spindle to control a first tooltemperature of the tool between 600 degrees Celsius to 1100 degrees Celsius during addition of the first titanium alloy layer to the surface of the substrate.

22. The additive manufacturing system of claim 21, wherein the processor is configured to increase a temperature of the tool from the first tool temperature to a second tool temperature that is the same as or greater than the first tool temperature to add a vertical layer of the titanium alloy to the added first titanium alloy layer.

23. The additive manufacturing system of claim 21, wherein the tool comprises tool steel, copper, a copper alloy, tungsten or a tungsten alloy.

24. The additive manufacturing system of claim 21, wherein the tool comprises at least one nub.

25. The additive manufacturing system of claim 21, wherein the feeding unit comprises an actuator to force the titanium alloy filler material into the spindle and the tool.

26. A method of producing an additive manufactured titanium alloy comprising: adding a titanium alloy as a first titanium alloy layer to a surface of a substrate using an additive manufacturing process comprising a rotating tool, wherein the titanium alloy is added to the surface of the workpiece in a solid state at a first tool temperature.

27. The method of claim 26, wherein the first tool temperature is between 600 degrees Celsius to 1100 degrees Celsius.

28. The method of claim 26, wherein the first tool temperature is maintained by one or more of: varying a speed of a spindle coupled to the rotating tool; or varying torque of the spindle coupled to the rotating tool; or varying power of the spindle coupled to the rotating tool; or varying a deposition rate of the added titanium alloy; or varying a traverse rate of the rotating tool; or varying a filler feed rate into the rotating tool; or varying a layer height; or varying a filler force; or varying a pressure under the rotating tool; or using an external heating / cooling source adjacent to the rotating tool; orusing an external heating / cooling source adjacent to the surface of the substrate; or varying a tool geometry during addition.

29. The method of claim 26, further comprising adding a second titanium alloy layer in the solid state to the added, first titanium alloy layer using the rotating tool, wherein the second titanium alloy layer is added using a second tool temperature that is the same as or greater than the first tool temperature.

30. The method of claim 26, wherein the first titanium alloy layer comprises about 6 weight percent aluminum, about 4 weight percent vanadium, a maximum of 0.25 weight percent iron with the balance being with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities.

31. The method of claim 26, wherein the first titanium alloy layer comprises about 10 weight percent vanadium, about 2 weight percent iron, and about 3 weight percent aluminum with the balance being with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities.

32. The method of claim 26, wherein the first titanium alloy layer comprises 3 weight percent aluminum, 5 weight percent vanadium, 5 weight percent molybdenum, and 2 weight percent chromium with the balance being with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities.

33. The method of claim 26, wherein the first titanium alloy layer comprises 6 weight percent aluminum, 2 weight percent tin, 4 weight percent zirconium, and 2 weight percent with the balance being with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities.

34. The method of claim 26, wherein the first titanium alloy layer comprises 1 weight percent aluminum, 8 weight percent vanadium, and 5 weight percent iron with the balance being with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities.

35. A subtractive and additive method of producing a titanium alloy product comprising: adding a titanium alloy as a first titanium alloy layer to a surface of a substrate using an additive manufacturing process comprising a rotating tool, wherein the titanium alloy is added to the surface of the workpiece in a solid state at a first tool temperature; and removing a portion of the added first titanium alloy layer using a subtractive process to provide a subtracted first titanium alloy layer on the substrate.

36. The method of claim 35, wherein the first tool temperature is between 600 degrees Celsius to 1100 degrees Celsius.

37. The method of claim 35, wherein the first tool temperature is maintained by one or more of: varying a speed of a spindle coupled to the rotating tool; or varying torque of the spindle coupled to the rotating tool; or varying power of the spindle coupled to the rotating tool; or varying a deposition rate of the added titanium alloy; or varying a traverse rate of the rotating tool; or varying a filler feed rate into the rotating tool; or varying a layer height; or varying a filler force; or varying a pressure under the rotating tool; or using an external heating / cooling source adjacent to the rotating tool; or using an external heating / cooling source adjacent to the surface of the substrate; or varying a tool geometry during addition.

38. The method of claim 35, further comprising adding a second titanium alloy layer in the solid state to the added subtracted, titanium alloy layer using the rotating tool, wherein the second titanium alloy layer is added using a second tool temperature that is the same as or greater than the first tool temperature.

39. The method of claim 35, wherein the first titanium alloy layer comprises about 6 weight percent aluminum, about 4 weight percent vanadium, a maximum of 0.25 weight percent iron with the balance being with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities.

40. The method of claim 35, wherein the first titanium alloy layer comprises about 10 weight percent vanadium, about 2 weight percent iron, and about 3 weight percent aluminum with the balance being with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities.

41. The method of claim 35, wherein the first titanium alloy layer comprises 3 weight percent aluminum, 5 weight percent vanadium, 5 weight percent molybdenum, and 2 weight percent chromium with the balance being with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities.

42. The method of claim 35, wherein the first titanium alloy layer comprises 6 weight percent aluminum, 2 weight percent tin, 4 weight percent zirconium, and 2 weight percent with the balance being with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities.

43. The method of claim 35, wherein the first titanium alloy layer comprises 1 weight percent aluminum, 8 weight percent vanadium, and 5 weight percent iron with the balance being with the balance being titanium and incidental impurities.

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