Anionic redox high energy cathodes
By employing a method to synthesize lithium rich layered oxide compositions, specifically LMRs, with controlled particle sizes and optional dopants or coatings, the challenges of low energy density and poor cycling retention in lithium ion batteries are addressed, resulting in improved performance for next-generation battery technologies.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/122408
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-09-28
- Publication Date
- 2025-04-03
AI Technical Summary
Lithium rich layered oxides (LRLOs) and lithium manganese rich oxides (LMRs) face challenges such as low energy density, poor energy cycling retention, high full cell resistance growth, and large charge/discharge voltage hysteresis, limiting their performance in lithium ion batteries, especially for solid-state batteries.
The development of lithium rich layered oxide compositions, specifically LMRs, with improved cycle life, rate performance, capacity, and energy density is achieved through a method involving milling precursor compounds in a liquid to form a suspension of particles, followed by heating to form agglomerated secondary particles with controlled sizes, and optionally incorporating metal dopants or coatings like lithium borate.
The resulting LMR cathode materials exhibit enhanced performance characteristics, including improved energy density, cycle life, and reversible capacity, making them suitable for advanced lithium ion batteries, including solid-state batteries.
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Figure CN2023122408_03042025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
ANIONIC REDOX HIGH ENERGY CATHODESTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The disclosure relates to lithium metal oxide cathodes for use in lithium ion batteries and in particular lithium rich layered oxides.BACKGROUND
[0002] Lithium ion batteries over the last three decades have become common place in the market. Initially, Co based oxide batteries first became commercially employed in portable electronics. With the advent of electrification of transportation vehicles, layered oxide materials containing Co, Mn and Ni have become more prevalent for batteries requiring liquid electrolytes due to the low electrical conductivity. Even with these materials, the energy density is desired to be improved to allow for greater range of all electric vehicles as well as the reduction of the use of Ni and Co and for safety reasons the use of solid state batteries.
[0003] Layered oxide materials containing Co, Mn, and Ni particularly those with excess lithium (lithium rich layered oxides) have generally have required the use of Co and Ni to stabilize the layered structure to avoid transition metal diffusion to other crystal sites resulting in faster loss of lithium diffusivity, conductivity and capacity.
[0004] Stoichiometric high Ni layered cathode materials (those containing Mn and Co with Ni being at least 0.8 or 1 of these transition metals i.e., high “Ni-NMC” ) are approaching their performance limit.
[0005] Lithium rich layered oxides have been developed having higher energy density due to transition metal and oxygen redox but have suffered from large charge / discharge voltage hysteresis compared to commercial stoichiometric layered oxides and lithium iron phosphate cathode materials. These lithium rich layered oxides (LRLOs) are characterized by a bi-phase combination ofLi2MnO3 + layered LiTMO2, which may be a solid solution or combination of each these and the TM is a transition metal (i.e., Co, Ni, Mn) and the LRLO may have one more dopant metals up to 2%by mole of the LRLO. The LRLOs, particularly those without Co and high Mn (i.e, >50%by mole of the TM) , herein LMRs, have displayed poor energy cycling retention and high full cell resistance growth.
[0006] Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide an LRLO and in particular a LMR that addresses one or more of the problems such as those described in the prior and as expressed above. Desirably the LRLO or LMR has improved energy density, energy cycle retention, reversible capacity and electrical conductivity for batteries including solid state batteries.SUMMARY
[0007] Lithium rich layered oxide compositions including LMRs have been discovered having, for example, improved cycle life, rate performance, capacity, energy density compared to those known in the art. A method for making a lithium rich layered oxide has also been discovered that realizes improved performance over the same made by conventional precipitation methods and are particularly useful for the LMRs described herein. The lithium rich layered oxides and the LMRs made by the method may be particularly useful when employing a metal dopant, coating or combination thereof.
[0008] A first illustration is a cathode comprised of lithium rich layered oxide comprised of Li, Mn, Ni and O, in the absence of Co and having a composition falling within an area of an oxide (O2) ternary diagram of Li, Mn, and Ni defined by: Li1.2Mn0.565Ni0.27O2; Li1.2Mn0.625Ni0.15O2; Li1.17Mn0.615Ni0.185O2; Li1.13Mn0.6Ni0.235O2; Li1.12Mn0.58Ni0.28O2; Li1.22Mn0.6Ni0.19O2; and Li1.16Mn0.605Ni0.21O2.
[0009] A second illustration is a cathode material comprised of a lithium rich layered oxide having a composition comprising,
[0010] Li1.2-aMn0.60+bNi0.20-cO2
[0011] wherein -0.1 ≤ a ≤ 0.1; -0.04≤ b ≤ 0.04; 1.2 -a + (0.6+b) x 4 + (0.2-c) x 2 = 4, and the composition is comprised a metal dopant in a dopant amount of 0.05%to 2%by mole of the composition, the metal dopant not including Co.
[0012] A third illustration is a method to of making cathode material comprising, milling precursor compounds of a lithium rich layered oxide in a liquid for a time sufficient to form a suspension of particles of the precursor compounds having an average size of at most about 500 nm, removing the liquid to form secondary particles of agglomerated precursor particles, and heating the secondary particles to form the lithium rich layered oxide having an average primary particle size of at most 500 nm and an average secondary particle size of 1 micrometer to 20 micrometers. Herein, a lithium rich layered oxide is an LRLO as described above and desirably the LRLO is an LMR.
[0013] The method may be used to form a lithium rich layered oxide having primary particles having an average primary particle size of at most 500 nm and the primary particles being agglomerated into secondary particles having an average secondary particle size of 1 micrometer to 20 micrometers. The lithium rich layered oxides including the LMRs may have a metal dopant, the dopant being present in an amount of at most about 2%by mole of the composition. The lithium rich layered oxides including the LMRs may have a coating thereon. The coating desirably is a coating comprised of one or more of B and Nb such as an alkali borate.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] The disclosure is best understood from the following detailed description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. It is emphasized that, according to common practice, the various features of the drawings may not be to-scale.
[0015] Figures 1a is a triaxial diagram showing compositions of LMRs of this invention.
[0016] Figure lb is an enlarged section of the triaxial diagram of Figure 1a.
[0017] Figure 2a is a triaxial diagram showing compositions of LMRs of this invention.
[0018] Figure 2b is an enlarged section of the triaxial diagram of Figure 2a.
[0019] Figure 3a is a triaxial diagram showing compositions of LMRs of this invention.
[0020] Figure 3b is an enlarged section of the triaxial diagram of Figure 3a.
[0021] Figure 4 is a scanning electron micrograph of an LMR of the present invention.
[0022] Figure 5 is a scanning electron micrograph of an LMR not of the present invention.
[0023] Figure 6 is a cycling capacity graph of a full cell having an LMR of this invention.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0024] The lithium rich layered oxide (LRLO) cathode material when made by the method allows for the formation of LRLOs having improved characteristics compared to those conventionally used to make such LRLOs (e.g., precipitation methods) . The LRLOs including LMR compositions desirably comprise primary particles agglomerated into secondary particles. The primary particles desirably have an average primary particle size of at most 500 nm that are agglomerated into secondary particles having an average secondary particle size of 1 micrometer to 20 micrometers. The size of the primary particle size may be determined by a suitable method such as measurement of the equivalent spherical diameter by known microscopic methods of a suitable number of particles (i.e., at least 50 to 100 particles randomly selected) . The secondary particle size, likewise, may be determined by any suitable methods such as microscopic methods as just described or dry or wet laser diffraction methods commonly known and used in the art. The primary particles are agglomerated into secondary particles by soft bonding (i.e., hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces or mechanical interlocking and not by chemical bonding, covalent or ionic bonding, between the primary particles) .
[0025] In forming the cathode material comprised of a lithium rich layered oxide precursor compounds of the lithium rich layered oxide are milled in a liquid to form a suspension of particles of the precursory compounds having an average size of at most about 500 nm. The metal precursor compounds are comprised of compounds of the metals desired (e.g., Ni, Co, and Mn and may include dopant metals) and a lithium compound are milled based on the desired composition of the LRLO or LMR. One or more of the precursors may be metal compounds such as oxides, hydroxides, oxynitrides, nitrides, carbonates, carbonites, acetates, nitrates, nitrites, sulfides, sulfates, phosphate, phosphites, fluorides and combinations thereof. Examples of precursors may include Mn2O3, MnO, LiOH, Co2O3, CoO, Co3O4, NiO, Ni2O3 and / or the like so long as there is a sufficient amount of Mn precursor to realize the desired LRLO, with the amount of Mn desirably being at least about 55%to 65%by mole of the metals present in the LRLO or LMR other than the Li, with it being desirable for precursor compounds being devoid of Co (i.e., an LMR) .
[0026] The suspension may be comprised of a small percentage (e.g., less than or equal to 10%by weight of the precursor compounds) of the precursor compounds dissolved in the liquid (e.g., water) that then precipitate upon removal of the liquid. In some illustrations the water is the liquid and the pH of the water may be adjusted to minimize the amount of dissolution to ensure intimate and uniform mixing of the precursor compounds. Desirably, the amount of precursor compounds dissolved in the liquid is less than 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.01%by weight of the precursor compounds.
[0027] If desired, an intermediate precursor may be heated in an oxygen containing atmosphere containing no lithium to form a mixed metal oxide intermediate comprised of the other metals desired in the LRLO or LMR. Any useful temperature and time may be used to form the intermediate precursor. Generally, the forming of the intermediate precursor may employ temperatures, atmospheres and hold times such as described for forming LRLO or LMR and may be performed in any useful atmosphere with or without oxygen. Higher temperatures may be used ifuseful, but this may require further or more milling to realize the desired particle size when mixing with the lithium compound.
[0028] Desirably, the precursors may be mixed, at the desired amounts to realize the desired LRLO or LMR composition, in a liquid such as water or organic solvent to make a suspension (one or more of the precursors may be dissolved and precipitated upon removal of the solvent, but at least a portion of the precursors is maintained as a solid within the suspension) . The milling may be performed by any method useful to realize the desired particle size with examples being a micromedia mill, planetary mill or other comminution method (e.g., stirred, ultrasonic induced or vibratory mills) . The particles may have an average particle size that is at most 500 nanometers (nm) , 400 nm, 200 nm, or 100 nm to 5 or 10 nm. An Example of a suitable micro bead mill is a Buhler PML2 mill (Buhler Group) . Suitable milling may be performed in commercially available stirred mills such as those available from Buhler Group (Germany) and Netzsch GmbH (Germany) ; sonic mills available from Resodyn Corporation. (Butte, MT) and planetary mills available from Glen Mills Inc., (Clifton, NJ) and Retsch GmbH (Germany) . The size may be determined by any suitable method such as those known in the art including, for example, micrographically or by laser light scattering.
[0029] The milling media may be any useful for milling ceramic particles without causing undo contamination or intended contribution to the composition of the mixture. The milling media may be any useful shape such as spherical, ellipsoidal or cylindrical. Desirably, the milling media is spherical. The milling media may be a ceramic or ceramic metal composite (e.g., WC / Co) . The milling media may be any useful ceramic for milling the precursor compounds without causing deleterious contamination with certain media being desirable for imputing desirable dopant metals. Examples of milling media include those comprised of zirconium such as cubic stabilized zirconia (e.g., stabilized with one or more of Mg, Ca, Y, Ce, Al and Hf) , zircon, silicon carbide, WC / Co, ferrous media (e.g., steels including stainless steels) mixed carbides such as those described in U.S. Pat. No., 5,563,107 and WO 2004 / 110699, incorporated herein by reference. Cubic stabilized zirconia milling media that are suitable may be obtained from Chemco Advanced Material (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., China. Likewise, autogenous milling such as use of a metal oxide desired in the composition may be used as the milling media.
[0030] The suspension of precursor particles may then be dried by any suitable method such as spray drying to remove the liquid. Other liquid removal methods involving evaporation, heating, application of vacuum, critical fluid drying or freeze drying may be employed. The spray drying may be performed using any known commercially available spray dryer such as a mini spray dryer, such as the Buchi B-290 model. The agglomerated precursor secondary particle and resultant LRLO secondary particles have an average secondary particle size of 1 to 20 micrometers. Desirably, the average secondary particle size is from 2 or 5 to 15 micrometers.
[0031] The dried mixture of precursor particles is heated to an annealing temperature. The annealing temperature causes the precursors to react and form the LRLO or LMR. Desirably, the temperature and time are such that the resulting LRLO does not fuse into a monolithic fused mass, but retains the dried mixture morphology such as spray dried agglomerates of the precursor particles. The annealing temperature may be from 500 ℃, 750 ℃ to 900 ℃, 950 ℃, 1000 ℃ or 1200 ℃. The annealing temperature may be held for any useful time such as from 10 minutes, 1, 2, 3, or 5 hours to 12 or 24 hours. The stoichiometry may be more precisely tailored using differing oxygen containing atmospheres (i.e., partial pressure of oxygen over longer periods of time, which may be varied during the annealing to form the LRLO) . For example, it may be desirable to anneal at a high temperature such 750 ℃ to 1200 ℃ under an oxygen containing atmosphere (at least 1%by volume oxygen) with air and dry air being suitable for a time to form the LRLO, but then reduce the temperature and anneal at a lower temperature (e.g., below 750 ℃ to about 400 ℃ or 500 ℃ ) under an oxygen containing atmosphere such as air, dry air, or oxygen in nitrogen or inert gas at any desirable partial pressure) . In other words, two or more annealing temperature may be employed to form the LRLO. The hold time for each annealing temperature may be any as described above.
[0032] The annealing may be performed under any suitable atmosphere, which may be static or flowing or combination thereof and may be varied depending on the hold temperature employed in the method. The atmosphere may be air or dry air and any combination oxygen and another gas to realize a desired partial pressure of oxygen sufficient to form the LRLO or LMR. The annealing conditions may be selected based on the composition and chemistry of the LRLO precursor compounds.
[0033] The LRLO that is formed may be mixed by any method such as milling described herein with other components useful to make an electrode. For example, carbon may be added. The carbon may be added via a suspension and spray dried to form spray dried particles. The carbon may include acetylene black, carbon black, carbon fiber, graphite, carbon nano-tube, KJ600, and / or the like. The carbon may be milled at a ratio in which the LRLO powder represents a majority and the carbon precursors represent a minority. For example, the LRLO or LMR and carbon are each present in an amount such that the amount of LRLO or LMR / amount of the carbon by weight may be a ratio of 30 / 1, 20 / 1 or 10 / 1 to 5 / or 1.5 / 1.
[0034] Illustratively, the LRLO is an LMR composition within the compositional area of an oxide Li, Mn, Ni triaxial diagram normalized to O2 as shown in Figure 1 that has the endpoint compositions as given by Li1.2Mn0.565Ni0.27O2; Li1.2Mn0.625Ni0.15O2; Li1.17Mn0.615Ni0.185O2; Li1.13Mn0.6Ni0.235O2; Li1.12Mn0.58Ni0.28O2; Li1.22Mn0.6Ni0.19O2; and Li1.16Mn0.605Ni0.21O2. More desirably, the compositional area as shown in Figure 2 is defined by the endpoint compositions: Li1.12Mn0.58Ni0.28O2; Li1.14Mn0.6Ni0.23O2; Li1.17Mn0.615Ni0.185O2; Li1.21Mn0.603Ni0.19O2; and Li1.2Mn0.585Ni0.23O2. And most desirably, as shown in Figure 3, the compositional area is defined by the endpoint compositions: Li1.14Mn0.6Ni0.23O2; Li1.16Mn0.605Ni0.21O2; Li1.18Mn0.61Ni0.19O2; Li1.19Mn0.6Ni0.205O2 and Li1.17Mn0.593Ni0.23O2. The compositions in these areas have displayed one or more improved characteristics such as higher voltage, initial coulombic efficiency, cycle life, energy capacity and discharge retention at high rates of discharge, compared to stoichiometric LMRs such as Li1.2Mn0.6Ni0.2O2. The composition may be determined known methods including inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
[0035] In another illustration, the LRLO is doped with 0.05%, 0.1%, or 0.25 to 2%, 1.75%, 1.5%, 1.25%or 1%by mole of the LRLO. In an illustration the LRLO is an LMR. In a particular illustration the LMR may be represented by:
[0036] Li1.2-aMn0.60+bNi0.20-cO2
[0037] wherein -0.1 ≤ a ≤ 0.1; -0.04≤ b ≤ 0.04; 1.2 -a + (0.6+b) x 4 + (0.2-c) x 2 = 4, and the composition is comprised a metal dopant in an amount (dopant amount) of 0.05%to 2%by mole of the composition. The metal dopant is desirably comprised of one or more of titanium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, and aluminum. More desirably, the metal dopant is comprised of one or more of tungsten, molybdenum and zirconium, with the metal dopant being comprised of W being particularly useful in the LMRs described herein.
[0038] The LRLO including LMRs may desirably be further comprised of a coating or subject to a surface treatment to change the surface chemistry of the surface of the LRLO or LMR. For example, the LRLO or LMR, particularly with a dopant metal as described herein, may be washed with water, which is removed by any suitable method such as evaporation that may be assisted by heating, applying a vacuum or combination thereof. The heating, generally, being a temperature below 400 ℃.
[0039] It may be desirable for the LRLO or LMR to have a particular coating precursor is applied to the surface of the LRLO or LMR, followed by heating (coating annealing) to form the coating on the surface of the LRLO or LMR. After the application of the coating precursor and coating annealing to form the coating, the coated LRLO or LMR may be followed by washing and drying the coated LRLO or LMR. The application of the coating may be dry or wet process. Illustratively, the coating precursor and LRLO or LMR may be dry mixed and subsequently coating annealed. The LRLO or LMR may be milled with the coating and subsequently spray dried as described herein. Typically, the amount of the coating is sufficient to realize a desirable characteristic, but not too great to reduce, for example, the desired energy capacity significantly. Generally, the amount of coating present on the LRLO or LMR is from about 0.05%, 0.1, 0.25%, 0.5%to 5%, 4%, or 3%by mole of the coated LRLO or LMR. It has been discovered that the coating desirably is comprised of B that is coating annealed to form a lithium borate compound that desirably is amorphous and is comprised of a lithium borate. Amorphous meaning it lacks a distinct crystalline structure detectable by X-ray diffraction. The coating comprised of B may also be comprised of a further coating metal such transition metal or Al and desirably may be a transition metal as described for the dopants and may include Co. Such coatings comprised of B may be particularly desirable for doped LMRs such as described herein and are typically comprised of a metal borate such as an alkali borate (e.g., lithium borate or sodium borate) , alkali (e.g., lithium or sodium) metal borate or combination thereof. Examples of the coating metal may particularly include one or more of Nb, Co and Al.
[0040] The coating annealing may be for any temperature and time useful to make the coating without substantially altering the characteristics of the LRLO / LMR and generally is at a temperature below the annealing temperature used to make the LRLO / LMR. Typically, the coating annealing temperature is from about 400 ℃ to 900 ℃ and may depend on the composition of the coating being formed. Illustratively, when the coating is comprised of B, the temperature is typically from 400 ℃ to 600 ℃. The coating annealing atmosphere may be any useful such as air or an inert atmosphere or one comprised of air at any useful partial pressure in an inert gas including a noble gas or nitrogen, with air or dry air being suitable when forming the coating comprised of a metal borate. The atmosphere may be static or flowing with flowing being advantageous for realizing the desired chemistry of the coating. The gas flow maybe varied during the coating annealing and may be adjusted depending on the temperature and time during the coating annealing.
[0041] The LRLO including the LMR may be used to form a cathode by any suitable method such as those known in the art. For example, the LRLO may be mixed with a binder such a polymer useful to make cathodes (e.g., polyfluoropolymer such as polyvinylidene fluoride) one or more solvents to form a slurry. Non-limiting examples of the one or more solvents may be an aprotic polar solvent such as methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) . The slurry may then be deposited on a metal current collector (e.g., stainless steel, aluminum, or any suitable conductive metal thin sheet) and the solvent removed to form the cathode.
[0042] The cathode may be used to form a lithium ion battery having a liquid electrolyte or desirably a solid state battery. Any suitable battery component may be employed to make the lithium ion batteries such as those known in the art including, but not limited to anodes, separators and electrolytes as well as containers, terminals and the like.
[0043] EXAMPLES
[0044] LMRs are made by ball milling in a planetary mill using zirconia media (5 mm size) for 6 hours at 38 g. The milled precursors annealed at 870 ℃ for 10 hours in air (20 L / min in 24 L furnace) to form the LMR. The primary particles have an average particle size of about 500 nm.
[0045] The batteries are formed using standard techniques to make half cells (i.e. lithium metal sheet as anode) . The cathode has 90%by weight of the LMR, 5%by weight of Super C65 carbon black (Timcal) and 5%ofpolyvinyldifluoride, “PVDF” (SOLEF 5140 PVDF) . The cathode loading is 11.1 mg / cm2. The electrolyte is a is a commercially available EC / EMC / LiPF6 (1.5 M) electrolyte having 2%FEC and 6%DEC by volume with a further 2%by weight Tris (trimethylsilyl) phosphite available from Sigma Aldrich. The separator is CELGARD 2400. The formation and testing protocols are shown in Table 2.
[0046] Table 1
[0047] Table 2
[0048] EXAMPLES 1-80 AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1
[0049] Table 3 displays the compositions of the Examples 1-80.
[0050] Table 3
[0051] Table 3 Continued.
[0052] Table 4 displays the results of the half cell data for the compositions of Examples 1-80.
[0053] Table 4
[0054] Table 4 Continued
[0055] The compositional area of the Li, Ni, Mn triaxial diagram normalized to O2 display one or more desirably battery characteristics. The endpoints correspond of this composition area are defined by Examples: 8, 27, 31, 38, 50, 59, 61 and 77 as shown in Figure 1. The compositional area shown in Figure 2, display more desirable characteristics and has endpoints defined by examples 59, 77, 68, 4 and 38. The compositional area in Figure 3 display the most desirable characteristics and has endpoints defined by examples 47, 49, 54 and 77.
[0056] An LMR having the same composition as Example 48 is made by co-precipitation such as described by Zhou et al. Chem Mater 2010, 22, 1015-1021 and milled and spray dried in the same fashion to form Comparative Example 1 LMR, which is made into half cells in the same manner as Example 48. The data of Example 48 repeated compared to Comparative Example 1 is shown in Table 5. From the Table 5 it is readily apparent that the method of this invention is superior to the conventional co-precipitation method of Comparative Example 1. The LMR of Example 48 is shown in Figure 4 and the LMR of Comparative Example 1 is shown in Figure 5. The improved behavior is not understood, but without being limiting, may be due to improved mixing or gradient chemistry that develops due to the intermediate structure (secondary particles of mixed oxide secondary particles) when lithiating and / or retention of the size of the primary particles.
[0057] Table 5
[0058] The LMR compositions of Examples 1 and 48 are doped with the dopants as shown by the compositions displayed in Tables 6-37 and made by milling LMR precursor compounds (see Table 1) in a Buhler micro bead mill (Buhler PML2 mill, Buhler Group) at differing chemical compositions (see Tables 3) . The Ni and Mn precursor compounds are first milled in the Buhler micro bead mill using stabilized zirconia media at a solids concentration of about 10%by weight at an energy input of about 505 kWh / t. The milled Ni and Mn precursor compounds are spray dried using a Buchi B-290 model a mini spray dryer. The spray dried secondary particles are dry mixed with the Li precursor in an amount to form the compositions shown in Table 3 and annealed at 870 ℃ for 10 hours in air (20 L / min in 24 L furnace) to form the LMR. The LMR had an average secondary particle size of about 10 to 20 micrometers and average primary particle size of 200 to 400 nm and the batteries are madein the same manner as Examples 1 and 48.
[0059] From the Tables 6 to 37, the dopants comprised of one or more ofF, W, Mo, Nb, Zr, Ti, and Na improve one or more characteristic compared to the undoped Examples.
[0060] Further examples of LMR that are undoped corresponding to Example 48 are coated with various coatings as shown in Table 38.
[0061] Table 38
[0062] The wash treatment is performed by mixing the LMR cathode with water using a vortexer at 2500 rpm for 10 min. The LMR / water mixture is separated by a centrifuge at 6000 rpm for 3 min. A pipette is used to remove the water above the powder The above process is repeated 2 times. The wet powder is transferred into a crucible and dried at 90 ℃for 2 hours and 400 ℃ for 5 hours in air (20 L / min in 24 L furnace) .
[0063] The AlF3 coating is formed by ball mill 3 wt. %Al (NO3) and NH4F (equimolar) with LMR in water using Teflon milling media. The solid content is 25 %w / v. The resulting mixture is dried at 90 ℃ for 2 hours and annealed at 400 ℃ for 5 hours in argon (20 L / min in 24 L furnace) .
[0064] The lithium borate coating is formed by ball mill 1 mol. %H3BO3 with LMR in solvent consists of 70 wt. %ethanol and 30 wt. %water using Teflon milling media. The solid content is 25 %w / v. The resulting mixture is dried at 90 ℃ for 2 hours and annealed at 500 ℃ for 5 hours in air (20 L / min in 24 L furnace) .
[0065] The Nb coating is formed by ball mill 2 mol. %Nb (OC2H4) 5 with LMR in solvent consists of 70 wt. %ethanol and 30 wt. %water using Teflon milling media. The solid content is 25 %w / v. The resulting mixture is dried at 90 ℃ for 2 hours and annealed at 400 ℃ for 5 hours in air (20 L / min in 24 L furnace) .
[0066] The NH4F treatment is formed by dry ball mill 5 wt. %NH4F with LMR using Teflon milling media. The resulting mixture is annealed at 400 ℃ for 5 hours in air (20 L / min in 24 L furnace) .
[0067] The ammonium phosphate treatment is performed by ball mill 2 wt. %NH4H2PO4 and LiOH (equimolar) with LMR in water using Teflon milling media. The solid content is 25 %w / v. The resulting mixture is dried at 90 ℃ for 2 hours and annealed at 450 ℃ for 5 hours in air (20 L / min in 24 L furnace) .
[0068] The Ru coating is formed by ball mill 2 mol. %RuCl3 with LMR in solvent consists of 70 vol. %water and 30 vol. %ammonia solution (30%NH3 basis) using Teflon milling media. The solid content is 25 %w / v. The mixture is dried at 90 ℃ for 2 hours and annealed at 400 ℃ for 5 hours in air (20 L / min in 24 L furnace) . The wash treatment is then performed on the annealed powder.
[0069] Each of the coatings shows one or more improved characteristics compared to the untreated or uncoated Example 48. That is the LRLOs and LMRs described herein desirably have a coating comprised of one or more of B, Al, F, P, . Ru, and Nb, which are generally in the form of an oxide, fluoride or oxyfluoride and may be reacted with the Li present in or on the LRLO or LMR.
[0070] Figures 6 shows the cycling capacity retention is substantially superior with the combination of the coating comprised of B and having a dopant such as W, which are made in the same fashion as Example 48 using the process described for the doped LMRs.
Claims
1.A cathode material comprised of a lithium rich layered oxide comprised of Li, Mn, Ni and O, in the absence of cobalt and having a composition falling within an area of an oxide ternary diagram of Li, Mn and Ni defined by compositions: Li1.2Mn0.565Ni0.27O2; Li1.2Mn0.625Ni0.15O2; Li1.17Mn0.615Ni0.185O2; Li1.13Mn0.6Ni0.235O2; Li1.12Mn0.58Ni0.28O2; Li1.22Mn0.6Ni0.19O2; and Li1.16Mn0.605Ni0.21O2.2.The cathode material of claim 1, wherein the area is defined by compositions Li1.12Mn0.58Ni0.28O2; Li1.14Mn0.6Ni0.23O2; Li1.17Mn0.615Ni0.185O2; Li1.21Mn0.603Ni0.19O2; and Li1.2Mn0.585Ni0.23O2.3.The cathode material of either claim 1 or 2, wherein the lithium rich layered oxide is further comprised of a metal dopant comprised of one or more of a transition metal and aluminum in a dopant amount of 0.05%to 2%by mole of the composition.4.The cathode material of claim 3 wherein the transition metal is comprised of one or more of titanium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, and aluminum.5.The cathode material of claim 4, wherein the dopant is comprised of one or more of tungsten, molybdenum and zirconium.6.The cathode material of any one of the preceding claims, wherein metal dopant amount is 0.1%to 1%by weight of the composition.7.A cathode material comprised of a lithium rich layered oxide having a composition comprising, Li1.2-aMn0.60+bNi0.20-cO2wherein -0.1 ≤ a ≤ 0.1; -0.04≤ b ≤ 0.04; 1.2 -a + (0.6+b) x 4 + (0.2-c) x 2 = 4, and the composition is comprised a metal dopant in an amount of 0.05%to 2%by mole of the composition, the metal dopant not including Co.8.The cathode material of claim 7, wherein the metal dopant is comprised of one or more of titanium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, and aluminum.9.The cathode material of claim 8, wherein the metal dopant is comprised of one or more of tungsten, molybdenum and zirconium.10.The cathode material of any one of claims 7 to 9, wherein the amount of the metal dopant is 0.1%to 1%by mole.11.The cathode material of any one of claims 7 to 10, wherein the lithium rich layered oxide has a composition falling within an area of an oxide ternary diagram of Li, Mn and Ni defined by compositions Li1.2Mn0.565Ni0.27O2; Li1.2Mn0.625Ni0.15O2; Li1.17Mn0.615Ni0.185O2; Li1.13Mn0.6Ni0.235O2; Li1.12Mn0.58Ni0.28O2; Li1.22Mn0.6Ni0.19O2; and Li1.16Mn0.605Ni0.21O2.12.The cathode material of claim 11, wherein the area of the oxide ternary diagram of Li, Mn and Ni is defined by compositions Li1.12Mn0.58Ni0.28O2; Li1.14Mn0.6Ni0.23O2; Li1.17Mn0.615Ni0.185O2; Li1.21Mn0.603Ni0.19O2; and Li1.2Mn0.585Ni0.23O2.13.A method of making cathode material comprising,(i) milling precursor compounds of a lithium rich layered oxide in a liquid for a time sufficient to form a suspension of particles of the precursor compounds having an average size of at most about 500 nm,(ii) removing the liquid to form secondary particles of agglomerated precursor particles, and(iii) heating the secondary particles to form the lithium rich layered oxide comprised of agglomerated primary particles having an average primary particle size of at most 500 nm and being agglomerated into second particles having an average secondary particle size of 1 micrometer to 20 micrometers.14.The method of claim 13, wherein the lithium rich layer oxide having a composition comprising, Li1.2-aMn0.60+bNi0.20-cO2wherein -0.1 ≤ a ≤ 0.1; -0.04≤ b ≤ 0.04; and 1.2 -a + (0.6+b) x 4 + (0.2-c) x 2 = 4.15.The method of claim 14, wherein the lithium rich layered oxide is further comprised of a metal dopant comprised of one or more of a transition metal and aluminum in a dopant amount of 0.05%to 2%by mole of the lithium rich layered oxide.16.The method of claim 15, wherein the metal dopant is comprised of one or more of titanium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt, and aluminum.17.The method of claim 16, wherein the metal dopant is comprised of one or more titanium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, and aluminum.18.The method of claim 17, wherein the metal dopant is comprised of one or more of tungsten, molybdenum and zirconium.19.The method of any one of claims 14 to 18, wherein the lithium rich layered oxide has an average primary particle size of 50 nm to 400 nm.20.The method of any one of claims 14 to 19, wherein the heating is 750 ℃ to 950 ℃ for a time of 2 to 24 hours in an atmosphere comprised of oxygen.21.The method of claim 20, wherein the atmosphere is comprised of air.22.The method of any one of claim 14 to 21, wherein the removing of the liquid comprises spray drying.23.The method of any one of claims 14 to 23, wherein the liquid is comprised of water.24.A cathode material comprised of lithium rich metal oxide particles having an average primary particle size of at most 500 nm agglomerated into secondary particles having an average secondary particle size of 1 micrometer to 20 micrometers.25.The cathode material of claim 24, wherein the average primary particle size is 50 nm to 400 nm.26.The cathode material of either claim 24 or 25, wherein the lithium rich metal oxide particles have a composition comprising, Li1.2-aMn0.60+bNi0.20-cO2wherein -0.1 ≤ a ≤ 0.1; -0.04≤ b ≤ 0.04; 1.2 -a + (0.6+b) x 4 + (0.2-c) x 2 = 4.27.The cathode material of claim 26, wherein the lithium rich layered oxide is further comprised of a metal dopant comprised of one or more of a transition metal and aluminum in a dopant amount of 0.05%to 2%by mole of the composition.28.The cathode material of claim 27, wherein the metal dopant is comprised of one or more of titanium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt, and aluminum.29.The cathode material of claim 28, wherein the metal dopant is comprised of one or more titanium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, and aluminum.30.The cathode material of any one of claims 1 to 13, 24 and 29, further comprising a coating on a portion of the lithium rich layer oxide.31.The cathode material of claim 30, wherein the coating is comprised of one of more of B, Al, F, P, Ru, and Nb.32.The cathode material of claim 31, wherein the coating is comprised of B.33.The cathode material of claim 32, wherein the coating is comprised of an alkali borate.34.The cathode material of claim 33, wherein the alkali borate is lithium borate.35.The method of any one of claims 13 to 24 further comprising washing the lithium rich layered oxide with water.36.The method of any one of claims 13 -24 and 34, further comprising coating the lithium rich layered oxide with a coating comprised at least one of Nb and B.37.The method of claim 36, wherein the coating is comprised of an alkali borate.38.The method of claim 37, wherein the coating is comprised of lithium borate.
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