PV energy generation plant with central inverter

Abstract

The application describes a PV energy generation plant with a central inverter unit (20) for connection to a PV generator, wherein the PV generator comprises a plurality of PV main strings (PVn) which are connected in parallel and are connected, on the input side, to the central inverter unit (20) via DC lines in each case. Each pair of DC lines assigned to a PV main string (PVn) is assigned a monitoring unit (21.n), comprising a differential current measurement device (8.n), an isolating switch (9.n) and a monitoring controller (17.n), which is configured to switch the isolating switch (9.n) after a differential current threshold value IS,Diff has been exceeded and to isolate the PV main string (PV.n). An earth fault monitoring apparatus (GFDI) (22) is additionally arranged between a pole of an intermediate circuit (7) and an earthing connection (13) and comprises an earth current measurement device (10), an isolating element (11) and a controller (12), wherein the controller (12) is configured to trip the isolating element (11) after a defined delay time T, after an earth fault has been detected by virtue of an earth current threshold value IS being exceeded, if the earth fault persists after expiry of the delay time T. The application also describes a method for monitoring fault currents for such a plant.

Description

[0001] PV power generation system with central inverter

[0002] Technical field of the invention

[0003] The invention relates to a PV power generation system with a central inverter unit comprising a DC / AC converter that can both feed energy into an alternating current (AC) grid and draw energy from the AC grid. Specifically, the PV power generation system can be monitored for possible ground faults, wherein the system comprises a disconnecting device for the DC-side energy source, in particular a photovoltaic generator. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for monitoring residual currents in such a PV power generation system and for disconnecting the DC-side energy source.

[0004] State of the art

[0005] PV power generation systems are opening up an increasingly wide range of application possibilities in large-scale installations. In addition to private, home-based energy generation—that is, converting the DC voltage provided by PV generators into AC grid voltage using an inverter and supplying a household grid or feeding it into a public grid—PV power plants with increasingly larger power ratings are assuming a significant role in the public electricity supply.

[0006] A PV system can comprise a multitude of electrical components, particularly PV modules, distributed in a decentralized manner over a large area. A group of PV modules that are grouped in strings, i.e. in series, is also called a PV string. A PV generator of a PV system can have one or more PV sub-generators or main strings, consisting of several PV strings that are connected in parallel to one another by means of a connecting device, also called a combiner box, possibly each via a separate DC / DC converter, to a common DC link of a PV inverter or, depending on the application, another

[0007] power converter unit, such as a DC / DC converter. Each of the PV sub-generators can have one or more PV strings connected in parallel. Due to their design, the PV modules of a PV system always have an electrical capacitance with respect to their surroundings, in particular with respect to their usually grounded mounting. This capacitance is not absolutely necessary for the function of the PV system, but inevitably arises from the mechanical structure of the PV modules. It is therefore often referred to as "parasitic capacitance" or "leakage capacitance". The parasitic capacitance of the PV system usually increases with the size of its associated PV generator, which is why a powerful PV generator also has a correspondingly large parasitic capacitance.In addition, the parasitic capacitance depends on environmental conditions and increases further, for example, in the case of rain due to the associated moist surface of the PV modules and / or a change in the dielectric constant of the air due to increased humidity.

[0008] Due to the parasitic capacitance of the PV modules with respect to the earth potential, a more or less strong leakage current of the PV generator with respect to the earth potential always occurs during normal operation of the PV system.

[0009] If a fault, e.g., defective cable insulation, causes a grounded person to come into contact with a live component of the PV generator, such as the defective cable, this direct contact usually results in an additional fault current against the earth potential, usually abruptly. Since a fault current of approximately 30 mA or more can be dangerous to persons and is relevant for fire protection above approximately 300 mA, it is standardized that in freely accessible PV systems - but not in closed electrical premises - such a fault current must be reliably detected and, upon detection of such a fault current, further measures must be initiated, such as switching off and / or short-circuiting the PV generator, in particular the affected PV sub-generator. As a rule, two criteria must be met. Firstly, the fault current must not be abrupt, i.e.not exhibit rapid increases above a comparatively low limit value of, for example, 30 mA in order to ensure maximum personal protection. Secondly, for fire protection and system protection reasons, any total residual current or capacitive leakage current measured across the connecting cables of a PV generator must not exceed a significantly higher limit value of several hundred mA. Due to the ever-increasing nominal power of PV systems, the parasitic capacitances of the associated PV generators or PV sub-generators are also increasing, and thus also the capacitive leakage currents that are always present during normal operation of the PV system. However, the threshold value assigned to the leakage current, for example, 300 mA, remains constant and can at most be reduced due to stricter normative restrictions.Therefore, any fault current that may be present can be significantly smaller compared to the capacitive leakage current that is always present in the PV system. Due to the low signal-to-noise ratio and the associated need for sensitive measurement systems, fault current detection is becoming increasingly complex and expensive. It is therefore desirable, especially in larger PV systems, to be able to reliably yet cost-effectively detect a potentially occurring fault current, especially when the potentially occurring fault current is small compared to the capacitive leakage current that is always present during normal operation of the PV system.

[0010] The problem is that the parasitic capacitance of a PV field connected to a central DC link of a power conversion unit, such as a central inverter, is so large that a person or animal can be harmed by the large discharge current that occurs when the entire capacitance is transferred via their body upon touching one of the poles of the PV field due to an insulation fault.

[0011] In the case of particularly large PV fields, parallel connection is achieved by interconnecting individual PV generators to form PV strings. These, in turn, are combined in connecting units to form sub-generators or "main strings." The currents from several of these connecting units are then combined in a DC collection unit, such as a DC busbar or a common DC link, before being fed to a power conversion unit, such as an inverter or a DC / DC converter. Insulation monitoring is always in place, which performs ground current monitoring and preferably also includes a ground fault detection and interruption device (GFDI) to monitor the PV generator and disconnect it if necessary.Normative requirements, such as IEC 63112, stipulate with regard to earth faults that PV power generation systems above a certain power class must either be operated behind a fence in an electrical operating area or, if they are publicly accessible, must be equipped with so-called earth fault monitoring and safety shutdown that meets the aforementioned criteria.

[0012] State-of-the-art insulation monitoring always includes ground current monitoring and a ground fault detection and interruption (GFDI) device to monitor the entire PV generator and, if necessary, disconnect it from the central inverter unit. A GFDI is provided that triggers when a trigger current is exceeded, according to a trigger characteristic. The triggering time depends only on the current magnitude caused by a ground fault.

[0013] Object of the invention

[0014] The invention is based on the object of providing a PV energy generation system which provides improved fault current monitoring even with high electrical power and correspondingly large capacity of connected PV generators, and which ensures that large PV energy generation systems can also be operated without a surrounding safety fence.

[0015] Solution

[0016] The object is achieved by a PV power generation system having the features of independent patent claim 1 and by a method for monitoring fault currents in such a PV power generation system according to claim 16. Advantageous embodiments of the invention are recited in claims 2 to 15.

[0017] Description of the invention

[0018] The energy generation system according to the invention comprises a central inverter unit and a PV generator for connection to the central inverter unit, wherein the PV generator comprises a plurality of parallel-connected PV main strings, each of which is connected on the input side to the central inverter unit of the PV energy generation system via DC lines and is connected on the output side to an AC voltage network via a DC intermediate circuit, a DC / AC converter, an AC disconnector, a transformer, and a grid connection device, wherein each pair of DC lines assigned to a PV main string is assigned a monitoring unit comprising a differential current measuring device, a disconnector, and a monitoring controller, wherein the monitoring controller is configured to open the disconnector within a reaction time TR after detecting a fault due to exceeding a differential current threshold value Is, Diff,to disconnect the PV main string, and wherein an earth fault monitoring device is arranged between a pole of the intermediate circuit and an earth connection, wherein the earth fault monitoring device comprises an earth current measuring device, a disconnecting element and a controller, wherein the controller of the earth fault monitoring device is configured to trigger the disconnecting element after a defined delay time T after detection of an earth fault by exceeding an earth current threshold value Is, if the detected earth fault persists after the expiry of the delay time T, wherein the delay time T is selected to be greater than the reaction time TR.

[0019] The monitoring units, which are assigned to the individual PV main strings in order to monitor them separately, perform monitoring via a residual current measurement of the DC lines of the individual PV sub-generators. The residual current measuring devices assigned to the sub-generators can thus detect a difference between an input current into a sub-generator and a return current out of the sub-generator, which flows to earth via a fault location on the affected sub-generator. This return current path is provided via the earth connection. The described monitoring unit, which comprises a residual current measuring device, a disconnect switch, and a monitoring controller, is also called an RCD (residual current detection and interruption). The term RCD is also used synonymously below for the monitoring unit assembly.

[0020] Disconnection via the monitoring unit's disconnector after fault detection by the residual current measuring device is triggered instantaneously once a defined residual current threshold value Is, Diff is exceeded. Instantaneous means that tripping occurs within a reaction time TR, which, for technical reasons, cannot be exactly zero. This allows for adaptation to normative specifications regarding a permissible fault current, for example, in terms of absolute value or the dynamics of a rapid change, while also preventing tripping from occurring even with small currents introduced via the parasitic capacitances of the non-faulty sub-generators.

[0021] The aim is to ensure that only the RCD of the faulty sub-generator trips and disconnects it, while all other non-faulty sub-generators can remain connected and functional.

[0022] However, since all leakage currents from all sub-generators, as well as the fault-induced ground currents from faulty sub-generators, flow together via the grounding connection and also through the ground fault monitoring device (GFDI), these would trigger the GFDI or its isolating element, which would lead to a disconnection or safety shutdown of the entire PV generator, including all non-faulty sub-generators. The GFDI provides a grounding connection for normal operation.

[0023] For this reason, the GFDI is provided with a time-delayed tripping function. If the measured earth current exceeds a defined earth current threshold value Is, the GFDI control system triggers the isolating element only after a certain delay time T. The isolating element can be designed as an earth fault switch. In the period up to the GFDI tripping, the corresponding monitoring unit of a faulty sub-generator can detect a local fault current via the associated residual current measuring device and initiate a disconnection without delay using the associated disconnect switch. If the only fault lies within the disconnected sub-generator, the measured earth current of the GFDI normalizes, and tripping of the isolating element (earth fault switch) is suspended when the earth current falls below the threshold value Is.If the fault is not solely caused by the disconnected sub-generator, or if the fault has occurred elsewhere, for example due to damage to the housing or the cable guides, and therefore no RCD of a sub-generator is triggered, the isolating element (earth fault switch) is triggered after the delay time T has elapsed.

[0024] An energy generation system according to the invention is preferably formed by a photovoltaic energy generation system having a plurality of parallel-connected PV main strings. These are connected via DC lines to a DC intermediate circuit, for example, a DC bus line or busbar of the central inverter unit. The central inverter unit can be implemented differently depending on the application. For example, the central inverter unit can be formed by a DC / AC central inverter, which is designed to convert the energy provided by the DC energy source, for example, the PV generators, and feed it into an alternating voltage grid (AC grid) and / or also extract energy from the AC grid. The inverter can be designed as a single-stage or multi-stage inverter, for example, comprising additional DC / AC or DC / DC converter stages.To provide a return current path and monitoring, the ground connection must be arranged on the DC side between the power converter and the monitoring units of the sub-generators on the DC link or the DC bus lines. The GFDI and the ground connection are present at at least one pole of the DC link to ensure the inventive effect. Depending on the type of central inverter unit, this can be arranged at a positive pole, a negative pole, or at an intermediate potential, for example, at a common center point.

[0025] Advantageous embodiments of the invention are specified in the following description and the subclaims, the features of which can be used individually and in any combination with one another.

[0026] In a preferred embodiment of the PV power generation system according to the invention, the delay time T is 50 ms to 500 ms. The duration of the delay time T is particularly preferably selected as a function of the earth current measured by the earth current measuring device. Different delay times T can thus preferably be assigned to different value ranges of a measured earth current. Accordingly, different earth current threshold values ​​Is can be defined, each of which triggers a different delay time T when the measured earth current is exceeded. It is advantageous to set a long delay time T for a measured earth current that is only just above the smallest earth current threshold value IS.MIN. This can, for example, be in the range of minutes.For higher measured ground currents, or when further higher ground current threshold values ​​Is are exceeded, it is advantageous to select a shorter delay time T to reduce or prevent damage to the system caused by unwanted current flow. The exact dimensioning of the ground current threshold values ​​Is and the delay times T must be individually adapted to the conditions of the specific PV system.

[0027] In a particularly preferred embodiment of the PV system according to the invention, a maximum ground current threshold Is, MAX is defined, and if exceeded, the delay time T is set to zero. This allows for immediate response to serious faults that require a complete shutdown to protect the system. Preferably, a maximum ground current threshold Is, MAX can be set above 30 A to enable safety-compliant operation.

[0028] In a preferred embodiment of the PV system according to the invention, the only earth current threshold value Is or, in the case of several earth current threshold values, the minimum earth current threshold value IS.MIN of the earth fault monitoring device is greater than or equal to 1 A. Only from this value is a delay time T triggered.

[0029] For monitoring the individual sub-generators, it is advantageous that the differential current threshold Is, Diff of the associated monitoring unit is less than or equal to 300 mA. This complies with international fire safety regulations. Furthermore, it is advantageous that the differential current threshold Is, Diff can be monitored for sudden changes in the range of 30 to 150 mA according to IEC 62109-2 or IEC 63112. The exact requirements for this are contained in the respective standards under the keyword "sudden change," which can be considered disclosed in their currently valid versions.

[0030] As a rule, the differential current threshold values ​​Is, Diff of the measured differential currents in are smaller than the earth current threshold values ​​Is of the measured (total) earth current IE, since the measurement of the earth current IE by the earth fault monitoring device includes the sum of all leakage currents of the individual sub-generators, while the monitoring units of the individual main strings / sub-generators only consider the differential currents in between the partial currents flowing into and out of the sub-generator, which, regardless of the total current intensity, are ideally even close to zero (without parasitic outflows).

[0031] In a preferred embodiment, the ground fault monitoring device comprises an overcurrent protection device. Particularly preferably, the overcurrent protection device comprises a damping resistor. This prevents damage to the components of the ground fault monitoring device, which can be caused by the increased current flow that occurs during the delay time T.

[0032] In a further preferred embodiment, the damping resistance is smaller than the total resistance of the PV generator, preferably less than 10%, particularly preferably less than 1% of the total resistance of the PV generator. This advantageously ensures that the damping resistance has only a minor influence on the total resistance of the PV system, thus preventing interference. Furthermore, the influence on the modulation of the central inverter is reduced.

[0033] For standard-compliant operation of a PV power generation system described above, a fuse is provided in series with the GFDI for redundancy reasons. To protect this fuse, the damping resistor acts as an overcurrent protection device, depending on the desired delay time T. The energy transferred into the fuse increases quadratically with the current. For example, a 12-ohm damping resistor allows for a delay time T four times longer than a 6-ohm damping resistor, with the same load on the current-carrying components of the GFDI.

[0034] In one embodiment, the central inverter unit is advantageously configured to operate with a stable modulation that does not impose clock-frequency common-mode voltages against ground on the AC voltage. By avoiding clock-frequency common-mode voltages, feedback on the measured leakage currents of the sub-generators is prevented, thus increasing measurement accuracy.

[0035] In a preferred embodiment, the monitoring units are arranged on DC lines that are arranged within a housing of the central inverter unit and are thus part of the central inverter unit.

[0036] In an alternative embodiment, the monitoring units are part of a connecting device assigned to each main string and connecting a plurality of PV strings to form a main string. The connecting device (also called a combiner box) is located outside a housing of the central inverter unit. This decentralized arrangement is particularly advantageous for large systems with a large number of main strings, or for simplified system expansion or interchangeability of individual components.

[0037] A further aspect of the invention relates to a method for fault current monitoring of a PV power generation system as described above, comprising a central inverter unit and monitoring units assigned to each pair of DC lines assigned to a PV main string (PVn), and a ground fault monitoring device (GFDI) arranged between a pole of an intermediate circuit of the central inverter unit and a ground connection.

[0038] The monitoring unit comprises a residual current measuring device, a disconnector and a monitoring control, wherein the monitoring control continuously monitors a residual current by means of the residual current measuring device, wherein a residual current fault is detected by exceeding a residual current threshold value Is, Diff.

[0039] The earth fault monitoring device comprises an earth current measuring device, a separating element and a control, wherein the control monitors an earth current IE by means of the earth current measuring device, wherein an earth fault is detected by exceeding an earth current threshold value Is, wherein after detection of an earth fault by the earth fault monitoring device, triggering of its associated separating element is delayed by a defined delay time T,

[0040] - after detecting a residual current fault, the monitoring control of the monitoring unit opens the disconnector within a reaction time TR, and

[0041] - the earth fault monitoring device only trips the isolating element if the earth fault persists after the defined delay time T, where the delay time T is selected to be greater than a reaction time TR of the monitoring unit.

[0042] Advantageous developments of the invention emerge from the patent claims, the description, and the drawings. The advantages of features and combinations of several features mentioned in the description are merely examples and can be used alternatively or cumulatively, without the advantages necessarily having to be achieved by embodiments according to the invention. Without altering the subject matter of the appended patent claims, the following applies to the disclosure content of the original application documents and the patent: further features can be found in the drawings—in particular the relative arrangement and operative connection of several components. The combination of features of different embodiments of the invention or features of different patent claims is also possible, deviating from the selected references of the patent claims, and is hereby suggested.This also applies to features that are illustrated in separate drawings or mentioned in their description. These features can also be combined with features of different patent claims. Likewise, features listed in the patent claims can be omitted for further embodiments of the invention.

[0043] The number of features mentioned in the patent claims and the description is to be understood as meaning that exactly this number or a greater number than the stated number is present, without the need for the explicit use of the adverb "at least." Thus, for example, if reference is made to one element, this is to be understood as meaning that exactly one element, two elements, or more elements are present. These features may be supplemented by other features or may be the only features of which the respective product consists.

[0044] The reference signs contained in the patent claims do not represent a limitation of the scope of the subject-matter protected by the patent claims. They serve solely to make the patent claims easier to understand.

[0045] Short description of the characters

[0046] The invention is illustrated below with the aid of figures, of which

[0047] Fig. 1 shows an embodiment of a PV energy generation system according to the invention;

[0048] Fig. 2 is a schematic representation of a method according to the invention for fault current monitoring of such a PV power generation system.

[0049] Character description

[0050] Fig. 1 shows an embodiment of a PV energy generation system 1 according to the invention. The PV energy generation system 1 comprises, as an embodiment of a DC generator, a photovoltaic generator formed by a plurality of PV main strings PV1, PV2... PVn. Each PV main string PV1 to PVn has a plurality of PV modules connected in series or a plurality of PV strings, which in turn consist of a plurality of PV modules. The PV main strings PV1 to PVn are similar in terms of the number and type of PV modules, in particular they are of the same design. In addition, the PV main strings PVn are arranged so close to one another that they are subject to at least similar ambient conditions with regard to irradiation and temperature. A central inverter unit 20 is exemplarily designed as a so-called multi-string inverter. For this purpose, it has at least as many DC inputs for DC lines as there are PV main strings PVn in the system.The DC inputs are preferably protected by pairs of fuses 36. The individual PV main strings PVn are connected in parallel, for example via DC busbars, to a common DC intermediate circuit 7. This DC intermediate circuit 7 can, for example, also be formed by a split intermediate circuit with a center point. The common DC intermediate circuit 7 is in turn connected to a DC side of a DC / AC converter 5 of the central inverter unit 20. A DC isolating switch 6 is preferably also provided, which can, if necessary, disconnect the entire PV generator from the DC / AC converter 5 and prevent power flow from the PV generator. The AC side of the inverter shown in Fig.1, an alternating current (AC) network 1, which is also designed as a three-phase network, for example a medium-voltage network, is connected via an AC disconnector 4, a transformer 3, in particular a medium-voltage transformer, and a grid connection device 2. A single-stage DC / AC converter 5 is shown as an example. Within the scope of the invention, this can also be designed as a multi-stage converter, for example with additional DC / DC stages and both unidirectional and bidirectional. A control unit (not shown) of the central inverter unit 20 controls the switches of the DC / AC converter 5 for the desired voltage conversion. Other components such as EMC filters and line filters are not shown for the sake of clarity. The PV system, in particular the DC intermediate circuit 7, is connected to a ground potential via a ground connection 13.Furthermore, galvanic isolation from AC network 1 takes place via transformer 3.

[0051] To monitor the central inverter unit 20 for a ground fault, a ground fault monitoring device 22, a so-called GFDI ("Ground Fault Detection and Interruption"), is arranged in the grounded path between a pole of the DC link 7 and the ground connection 13. This device comprises a ground current measuring device 10, a disconnecting element 11, and a controller 12. The controller 12 is configured to trigger the disconnecting element 11 upon detection of a ground fault, which is detected by exceeding a ground current threshold value Is of the current flow measured by the ground current measuring device 10. In particular, the controller 12 of the ground fault monitoring device 22 is configured to trigger the disconnecting element 11 only after a defined delay time T.

[0052] The individual PV main strings PV1 to PVn exhibit a parasitic capacitance 14 relative to ground potential, which can vary depending on the individual PV main strings. Leakage currents always flow toward ground potential via the parasitic capacitances 14. These are capacitive reactive currents. The leakage currents, together with the parasitic capacitances 14, depend on the ambient conditions of the PV strings, such as humidity, temperature, precipitation, or similar factors. They can vary significantly over time, although they also change rather slowly. However, they change in a similar way for similar PV main strings PV1 to PVn.

[0053] In the event of a fault, for example if a grounded person 23 makes contact between one of the PV modules, shown in Fig. 1 as an example for the PV main string PV1, and the earth potential, in addition to the leakage current on the PV string on which the fault was caused, a fault current flows via the person 23 against the earth potential.

[0054] To protect people against electric shock, it is now necessary to detect sudden changes in currents, such as those that can result from life-threatening currents flowing through the human body. Such fault currents are life-threatening even at currents that can be significantly lower than the usual currents of harmless capacitive leakage currents. For this reason, the standard only permits operation of such PV energy generation systems with (overall) ground fault monitoring (GFDI) and within a secured electrical operating area, i.e., usually behind a fence. Fencing is only necessary if the PV strings themselves are monitored for normatively specified values ​​using an RCD.

[0055] To monitor critical fault currents, which indicate fault locations in the PV strings and their parallel connection, several monitoring units 21.1 to 21.n, so-called RCDs (Residual Current Detection and Interruption), are provided. These each comprise a residual current measuring device 8.1 to 8.n, a disconnector 9.1 to 9.n, and a monitoring controller 17.1 to 17.n, and are each assigned to the PV main strings PV1 to PVn. The residual current measuring devices 8.1 to 8.n each measure the residual current across a pair of DC lines of a PV main string PV1 to PVn. In the embodiment shown in Fig. 1, the monitoring units 21.1 to 21.n are formed externally, in particular in a connection unit or combiner box in which individual PV modules or PV strings are interconnected to form a PV main string PVn and in which further monitoring and security components can also be arranged.Alternatively, a monitoring unit 21.n can also be formed as part of the central inverter unit 20, for example within a container housing of the central inverter unit 20, for example at each PV main string input of the central inverter 20.

[0056] Such monitoring can only be reliably carried out via the differential current measuring devices 8.1 to 8.n if a current difference occurs on the two monitored lines of a PV main string PV1 to PVn. In order to detect the currents flowing via the leakage capacitances 14 and, in the event of a fault, via the grounded person 23, a return current path is required. This return current path is implemented via the ground connection 13. However, ground fault monitoring also takes place in the ground connection 13, which results in the disconnection being triggered by the isolating element 11 and thus the ground connection 13 being interrupted. In addition, the entire power generation system is taken out of operation, in the embodiment shown, for example, by triggering the DC main disconnect switch 6. However, this prevents fault monitoring of the individual sub-generators from taking place.For this reason, the controller 12 of the earth fault monitoring device 22 is designed to trigger the isolating element 11 only after a defined delay time T, wherein the delay time T is selected to be greater than the reaction time TR of the monitoring units 21.n, so that during the duration of the delay time T, the individual monitoring units 21.1 to 21.n have sufficient time to detect fault currents and, by means of their monitoring controllers 17.1 to 17.n, to trigger a separation of the affected sub-generators PV.1 to PV.n by means of the isolating switch 9.1 to 9.n within their technical reaction time TR.

[0057] As an example, Fig. 1 shows a ground current fault on the main PV string PV1. The residual current measuring device 8.1 can now detect a sudden change in the usual leakage currents and / or an exceedance of a specified limit. This signal is sent to the monitoring controller 17.1, which then opens the disconnector 9.1 and disconnects the faulty sub-generator PV1.

[0058] A damping resistor (not shown) is provided on the ground fault monitoring device 20 as an overcurrent protection device. This allows charge transfer currents to flow for a sufficiently long time without damaging the components of the GFDI, while also ensuring that the RCD's tripping time is not exceeded in the event of a dangerous fault current. The damping resistor is designed to be smaller than the total resistance of the PV generator, preferably smaller than 10%, particularly preferably smaller than 1% of the total resistance of the PV generator. The differential current threshold value Is, Diff of the monitoring unit 21.1 is preferably less than or equal to 300 mA, and sudden changes in the range of 30 to 150 mA are additionally monitored. In this way, the damping resistor only has a very slight influence on the system's total resistance and therefore has only a negligible impact on the efficiency of the PV system.

[0059] Fig. 2 shows a schematic process flow for residual current monitoring of a PV power generation system according to the invention. When the PV power generation system is commissioned, the permanent residual current monitoring is also initiated via its overall control system (step 50).

[0060] In step S1, the ground current monitoring device 22 continuously monitors the ground current IE using its ground current measuring device 10, as described above. This measured ground current IE is compared with ground current threshold values ​​Is. This generally refers to several ground current threshold values, for example a minimum ground current threshold value IS.MIN, the exceedance of which is equivalent to the detection of a ground current fault (step S2), and a maximum ground current threshold value Is,MAX, which, as described below, initiates further protective measures. The ground current monitoring device 22 is configured to open the isolating element 11 using its controller 12 after a ground current fault is detected in step S2, i.e., after the measured ground current IE exceeds the minimum ground current threshold value IS.MIN, thus disconnecting the current path.In this case, the controller 12 initiates a delay time T (step S4), after which the isolating element 11 is only triggered (step S5). The delay time T can advantageously be selected depending on the level of the measured earth current IE, but is selected to be longer than the typical technically determined reaction time TR of the monitoring units 21. n. If, in the event of a fault, the comparison of the measured earth current IE in step S3 shows that the measured earth current IE is greater than a defined maximum earth current threshold value Is, MAX, then, as an alternative to initiating the delay time T, the isolating element 11 is triggered directly (step 4), or the defined delay time T is set to zero.

[0061] Just as with the earth current monitoring device 22, in step 1 the monitoring units 21.n monitor the differential currents in the individual main string lines using the differential current measuring devices 8.n. If these exceed a defined differential current threshold value Is, Diff, the monitoring control 17.n of the respective monitoring unit 21.n triggers the disconnector 9.n and disconnects the respective main string (step 5). This part of the process sequence is only possible during the triggered delay time T, since if the earth fault switch (disconnecting element 11) is triggered, the earth connection 13 is disconnected and thus monitoring of the differential current by the monitoring unit would no longer be possible due to the missing return current path.If the measured ground current IE of the ground current monitoring device 22 also falls below the fault-inducing threshold, the fault condition is canceled and the delayed tripping of the isolating element 11 (ground fault switch) is suspended, allowing the monitoring system to return to the permanent monitoring state (step 1). Nevertheless, the system control system can appropriately generate an error message that alerts the user to the fault and enables localization of the fault that has occurred in the disconnected sub-generator.

[0062] List of reference symbols

[0063] 1 AC network

[0064] 2 mains connection device

[0065] 3 transformer

[0066] 4 AC disconnect switches

[0067] 5 DC / AC converters

[0068] 6 DC disconnect switches

[0069] 7 DC busbar (DC+, DC-)

[0070] 8.1 - 8.n Residual current measuring device

[0071] 9.1 - 9.n Disconnector

[0072] 10 Earth current measurement

[0073] 11 Isolating element (earth fault switch)

[0074] 12 GFDI control

[0075] 13 Grounding connection

[0076] 14 Parasitic capacity

[0077] 17.1 - 17. n, 17' Monitoring control

[0078] 20 central inverter unit

[0079] 21.1 - 21. n Monitoring unit

[0080] 22 Ground Fault Monitoring Device (GFDI)

[0081] 23 people

[0082] PV1 - PVn sub-generators / PV main strings

[0083] SO Initialization of monitoring

[0084] S1 - S5 process step

Claims

Patent claims 1. PV energy generation system with a PV generator and a central inverter unit (20), wherein the PV generator comprises a plurality of parallel-connected PV main strings (PVn), which are each connected on the input side to the central inverter unit (20) via DC lines and are connected on the output side to an AC voltage network (1) via a DC intermediate circuit (7) of the central inverter unit (20), a DC / AC converter (5), an AC isolating switch (4), a transformer (3) and a grid connection device (2), wherein each pair of DC lines assigned to a PV main string (PVn) is assigned a monitoring unit (21.n), comprising a differential current measuring device (8.n), a isolating switch (9.n) and a monitoring control (17.n), wherein the monitoring control (17.n) is designed to, after a differential current threshold value has been exceeded Is, Diff the disconnect switch (9.n) within a reaction time TR in order to disconnect the PV main string (PV.n), and wherein an earth fault monitoring device (22) is arranged between a pole of the intermediate circuit (7) and an earth connection (13), wherein the earth fault monitoring device (22) comprises an earth current measuring device (10), a disconnecting element (11) and a controller (12), wherein the controller (12) of the earth fault monitoring device (22) is designed to trigger the disconnecting element (11) after a defined delay time T after a ground fault has been detected by exceeding an earth current threshold value Is, if the detected earth fault persists after the delay time T has elapsed, wherein the delay time T is selected to be greater than the reaction time TR.

2. PV power generation system according to claim 1, wherein the delay time T is 50 ms to 500 ms.

3. PV power generation system according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the duration of the delay time T is dependent on the earth current measured by the earth current measuring device (10).

4. PV power generation system according to claim 3, wherein a plurality of ground current threshold values ​​Is are defined, to which different delay times T are assigned.

5. PV power generation system according to claim 3, wherein when a defined maximum earth current threshold value Is, MAX is exceeded, the delay time T is set to zero.

6. PV power generation system according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the single earth current threshold value Is, or, in the case of multiple earth current threshold values, the minimum earth current threshold value IS.MIN of the earth fault monitoring device (22) is greater than or equal to 1 A.

7. PV power generation system according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the differential current threshold value Is, Diff of the monitoring unit (21.n) is less than or equal to 300 mA.

8. PV power generation system according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the differential current measuring device (8.n) is designed to detect changes in the differential current in accordance with standard IEC 62109-2 or IEC 63112.

9. PV power generation system according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the earth fault monitoring device (22) comprises an overcurrent protection device.

10. The PV power generation system according to claim 9, wherein the overcurrent protection device comprises a damping resistor.

11. PV power generation system according to claim 10, wherein the damping resistance is smaller than the total resistance of the PV generator, preferably smaller than 10%, particularly preferably smaller than 1% of the total resistance of the PV generator.

12. PV power generation system according to claim 1, wherein the central inverter unit is configured to be operated with a modulation that does not impose any clock frequency common mode voltages against ground on the AC voltage.

13. PV power generation system according to claim 1, wherein the Monitoring units (21 n) are arranged on DC input lines of the PV main strings (PVn) which are located within a housing of the Central inverter unit (20) and thus part of the Central inverter unit (20).

14. PV power generation system according to claim 1, wherein the monitoring units (21 n) are part of a connection device which is assigned to each PV main string (PVn) and which connects a plurality of PV strings to form a PV main string (PVn), wherein the connection devices are arranged outside a housing of the central inverter unit (20).

15. Method for monitoring the residual current of a PV power generation system according to one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the monitoring unit (21.n) comprises a residual current measuring device (8.n), a disconnector (9.n) and a controller (17.n), wherein the controller (17.n) monitors a residual current fault by measuring a residual current in by means of the residual current measuring device (8.n), wherein a residual current fault is detected by exceeding a residual current threshold value Is, Diff, wherein the earth fault monitoring device (22) comprises an earth current measuring device (10) a Isolating element (11) and a control (12), wherein the control (12) monitors an earth fault by measuring an earth current IE by means of the earth current measuring device (10), wherein an earth fault is detected by exceeding an earth current threshold value Is, wherein after detection of an earth fault by the earth fault monitoring device (22), triggering of the isolating element (11) is delayed by a defined delay time T, - after detecting a residual current fault, the monitoring control (17.n) of the monitoring unit (21.n) opens the disconnector (9.n) within a reaction time TR, and - the earth fault monitoring device (22) only trips the isolating element (11) if the earth fault persists after the defined delay time T, wherein the delay time T is selected to be greater than a reaction time TR of the monitoring unit (21.n).

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