The invention provides a device and method for 360-degree bottle body production line backlight vision inspection. The device comprises a front inspection station and a back inspection station which are arranged on a conveyor belt of a production line, a first set of cameras, a third set of light sources, a fourth set of cameras and a second set of light sources which are arranged on one side of the conveyor belt of the production line and a second set of cameras, a fourth set of light sources, a third set of cameras and a first set of light sources which are arranged on the other side of the conveyor belt of the production line. According to the device and method, efficient multi-angle photographing of bottle body inspection is achieved, the high-speed exposure characteristics of the industrial cameras and the plane light sources are utilized, vision imaging covering the side face of a bottle body is achieved, industrial defects, such as dirty spots, loss, flashing, deformations and uneven thickness, of the bottle body are highlighted, the two inspection stations are adopted, the space utilization rate is improved, and the structure is compact and reasonable; in addition, through the set photographing order, camera imaging is non-interfering, the device and the method are very suitable for a high-speed integrated machine vision inspection system, and therefore the purpose of efficient inspecting and selecting of the bottle body production line is achieved.