5807 results about "Parking space" patented technology

The invention provides a method and system for linkage of a parking space ground lock based on an intelligent door lock. A parking space request is sent to a door lock management platform according to a first user, and the parking space request is forwarded to a second user by the door lock management platform; the parking space request comprises the number of required parking spaces, temporary license plate information and a parking time period; in response to a reply message of the second user, the door lock management platform allocates a parking space to the temporary license plate according to the parking space request, and sends an allocation result to a second user door lock; the distribution result comprises temporary license plate information, a distributed parking space number and a parking time period; and the second user door lock stores the distribution result, and in the parking time period, if the second user door lock detects temporary license plate information, the parking space ground lock is controlled to descend based on lora communication. Compared with the prior art, ordered parking and sharing of vehicles are achieved through interaction of the door lock and the ground lock; and more convenient vehicle parking service is provided through cooperation of a plurality of door locks.

The invention relates to the field of parking lot management, in particular to a parking management method and system based on data analysis. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring real-time state information of a parking lot and a historical parking monitoring log of the parking lot; analyzing the dynamic characteristics of the vehicle in the fixed parking space according to the real-time state information of the parking lot, and predicting the available time so as to generate the predicted available time of the fixed parking space; acquiring traffic flow data of a target parking lot area; performing multi-section traffic flow analysis on the traffic flow data of the target parking lot area, and performing traffic flow time sequence trend evolution to generate real-time road state characteristics of the target area; and performing time sequence parking demand analysis on the historical parking monitoring log of the parking lot, and performing dynamic parking demand prediction of the target parking lot according to the real-time road state characteristics of the target area so as to generate a dynamic parking demand prediction value. According to the invention, parking lot management with high efficiency and high utilization rate is realized.

The invention, which relates to the parking space management field, discloses a visual parking lot parking space release management system comprising a dynamic twinborn modeling module, an intelligent path planning module, a dynamic twinborn modeling module, a dynamic twinborn modeling module and a dynamic twinborn modeling module. The dynamic twin modeling module comprises a multi-source data acquisition module, a point cloud preprocessing module, a semantic enhancement modeling module, a real-time rendering and optimizing module and a dynamic updating and maintaining module; the intelligent path planning module comprises a high-precision positioning and environment sensing module and a space-time constraint path planning module. According to the visual parking lot parking space release management system, the distance between the vehicle and the parking space, the turning frequency, the energy consumption and the gradient can be comprehensively considered through the improved D * Lite algorithm, the traffic situation of the parking lot in the future is predicted in combination with the traffic situation prediction module, the path is recalculated every 5 seconds, the path of the parking space can be effectively planned, and the parking space release management efficiency is improved. And the problem of vehicle energy consumption can be effectively avoided.

The invention relates to the field of parking lot management, in particular to an intelligent parking management method and system. The method comprises the following steps: collecting a multi-angle monitoring image of an entering vehicle; performing image multi-view registration reconstruction on the multi-angle monitoring image of the entering vehicle, performing vehicle three-dimensional point cloud modeling, and constructing a three-dimensional morphological structure model of the entering vehicle; acquiring real-time state information of the three-dimensional parking lot; idle parking space recognition and idle lifting platform space distribution analysis are carried out on the real-time state information of the three-dimensional parking lot, and a three-dimensional parking lot twin model is constructed; performing optimal disable matching on the three-dimensional parking lot twin model according to the entering vehicle three-dimensional morphological structure model to obtain an optimal disable matching parking space; a real-time parking management decision is made, and a real-time parking management strategy is constructed; and obtaining a parking lot historical operation log. According to the invention, parking management with high efficiency and high utilization rate is realized.

The invention discloses a vehicle illegal parking detection method and system based on dynamic edge calculation. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring information acquired by a mobile edge device, and preprocessing; carrying out full-scene identification; tracking the vehicle to determine whether the vehicle is in a stationary state; when the vehicle is in a static state, determining a parking space area, and when historical image data containing parking space lines can be obtained, intelligently predicting and complementing the parking space lines which may be shielded or missing through a mathematical model established by fusing the parking space lines of the parking space in an analysis result of a current frame and historical parking space line data; determining whether the vehicle is illegally parked, and when the vehicle is illegally parked, determining the illegal parking type of the vehicle in combination with the parking marker in the analysis result; and illegal parking information is formed through combination. By implementing the method provided by the invention, not only can the problems of missed shooting, false shooting and insufficient identification precision in the prior art be overcome, but also accurate classification and real-time monitoring of different types of illegal parking behaviors can be realized.

The invention discloses an application method for parking project calculation, and relates to the technical field of parking lot control. The application method of parking project measurement and calculation comprises the following steps: S1, data acquisition; s2, evaluating a network state; s3, acquiring an environment compensation coefficient; and S4, evaluating the operation state of the camera. According to the invention, the network abnormity evaluation value is obtained through the obtained network performance data, whether network optimization is carried out or not is judged based on the network abnormity evaluation value and the preset network abnormity threshold value, and then the operation state data of the main camera and the environment data obtained after optimization are analyzed to obtain the environment compensation coefficient. And according to the operation state data of the main camera, the environment compensation coefficient and the network abnormity evaluation value, obtaining an operation abnormity evaluation value, and based on the operation abnormity evaluation value and a preset operation abnormity threshold value, determining whether to adjust the main camera, thereby improving parking space guiding accuracy. The problem of low parking space guiding accuracy in parking space guiding application of parking project measurement and calculation in the prior art is solved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of parking management, and particularly relates to an intelligent parking management method based on the Internet of Things, a terminal and a storage medium, and the method comprises the steps: collecting the parking space state, vehicle information and environment data of a parking lot in real time through a multi-mode sensor; preprocessing and fusing the collected data to generate a spatio-temporal data matrix; constructing a parking space demand prediction model based on the spatio-temporal data matrix, and outputting a parking space demand thermodynamic diagram in a future preset time period; receiving a reservation request, and generating a parking space reservation distribution strategy according to the parking space demand prediction result in combination with a preset time sequence constraint condition; outputting a corresponding appointment accepting decision and a parking space locking instruction; by monitoring the parking space state in real time, a user can obtain accurate parking information in advance, the situation that a large amount of time and energy are wasted in the parking space searching process is avoided, and therefore the parking efficiency is remarkably improved. Meanwhile, due to the introduction of the parking space reservation function, the user can lock the parking space in advance, and the time for finding the parking space is further shortened.

The invention relates to the technical field of smart parking lots, in particular to a vehicle safety management method based on a smart parking lot, which comprises the following steps: S1, multi-source data acquisition: acquiring dynamic trajectory data of a target vehicle, parking lot environment parameters and adjacent parking space state data in real time, and generating a multi-source feature vector set; s2, data space-time alignment: carrying out space-time alignment processing on the multi-source feature vector set, and outputting a standardized vehicle behavior sequence; s3, abnormal behavior recognition: inputting the standardized vehicle behavior sequence into an abnormal behavior recognition model, and generating an abnormal behavior characteristic spectrum and a confidence coefficient parameter; s4, risk level assessment: constructing a risk assessment model based on the confidence coefficient parameter and the environmental parameter, and outputting the risk level of the parking lot in the current scene; and S5, security policy triggering: triggering a corresponding security policy execution instruction according to the risk level. According to the invention, potential risks can be effectively prevented, and the safety of vehicles and personnel is ensured.

A parking assistance device is disclosed. The parking assistance device includes processing circuitry connected to a memory. The processing circuitry registers, during learning travel, a map including multiple routes from one parking start position to multiple parking positions. The processing circuitry causes, during automatic parking, a vehicle to perform autonomous travel based on the map. The processing circuitry selects, during automatic parking, a route on which the vehicle is to travel from among the multiple routes.

The invention, which relates to the technical field of traffic management, discloses an intelligent detection system for a vehicle parking space in a passenger and goods mail fusion station, and the system comprises a multi-mode sensing module which is configured to collect vehicle data information, the collection mode comprises the steps that vehicle data information is collected through an enhanced geomagnetic array, an adjustable video monitoring set, a lateral laser radar and a piezoelectric sensor; and the edge computing node module is configured to integrate an AI chip, the AI chip comprises a vehicle classification model, an abnormal parking detection algorithm and a data fusion engine, and the collected data is computed and analyzed. The edge computing node is integrated with an AI chip, and data are analyzed and processed through a built-in algorithm; the hybrid communication network transmits data through an optical fiber backbone network and a specific redundant link, self-adaptive visual adjustment and intelligent algorithm optimization are performed, the problem of complex vehicle type detection in a passenger and goods mail fusion station is solved, and the parking space utilization rate and the operation efficiency are remarkably improved.

The invention discloses an intelligent parking management system based on multi-dimensional data analysis, and relates to the technical field of urban parking management, and the system can dynamically monitor the real-time state of a parking lot through a parking lot information collection module, can obtain the parking demands of a driver through a to-be-parked person collection unit, and can achieve the intelligent parking management of the driver. Comprise distance preference, cost budget and parking space types, and the most suitable parking lot is accurately matched by combining static and dynamic characteristics of the parking lot, so that the parking convenience is improved. And the correction module calculates a parking cost performance index of the parking lot, and performs dynamic adjustment according to a cost performance threshold value Z, so that the recommended parking lot is ensured to meet requirements, cost, parking convenience and parking space stability are considered, and an optimal choice is provided for a user. The system can reduce disordered wandering of vehicles in high-demand time periods or hot spot areas, improves reasonable configuration of parking resources, reduces traffic congestion caused by searching parking spaces, and improves the overall efficiency of urban parking management.

Techniques for determining parking spaces and / or parking trajectories for a vehicle based on multistage filtering are discussed herein. In some examples, a vehicle may navigate to a destination within an environment. The vehicle may receive a set of parking locations and perform filtering operations to determine a subset of the parking locations. For example, the vehicle may use a list of parking characteristics (e.g., conditions) to filter the set of parking spaces. Based on determining the subset of parking spaces, the vehicle may generate a set of candidate trajectories to the subset of parking spaces. The vehicle may determine a subset of the candidate trajectories based on filtering the set of candidate trajectories according to various constraints. Further, the vehicle may determine a cost for the subset of candidate trajectories. Based on the costs, the vehicle may determine a candidate trajectory for the vehicle to follow.

The invention discloses a non-continuous vehicle illegal parking detection method and a non-continuous vehicle illegal parking detection system fusing multiple terminals. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring pictures of the same area shot by terminals carried on different devices in different time periods and on different routes, so as to obtain a plurality of non-continuous pictures; performing spatial-temporal clustering and correction, positioning a vehicle by using a static landmark extraction technology, determining a vehicle area, and constructing position fingerprints for cross-time comparison to determine whether the vehicle is in a static state; wherein on the basis of the corrected discontinuous picture, multi-view information fusion is carried out, so that complete scene description information is fused; when the vehicle is in a static state, determining a parking space area and environment characteristics; judging whether the vehicle has illegal parking behaviors or not; if yes, subdividing illegal parking types of the vehicles; and creating a structured illegal parking report. By implementing the method provided by the invention, comprehensive and efficient monitoring of different types of illegal parking behaviors can be realized, and meanwhile, the accuracy and reliability of monitoring data are ensured.

The invention relates to the technical field of charging parking space guiding control, and particularly discloses a parking space charging reservation and intelligent guiding method, device, equipment and medium, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining vehicle battery state data and a user reservation time window through an Internet of Things terminal; synchronously acquiring charging pile state data, real-time traffic flow data and power grid load information in the parking lot; fusing the obtained multi-source heterogeneous data based on a federated learning framework, constructing a dynamic charging demand prediction model, and predicting charging pile occupancy rate distribution in a preset time period by using a space-time diagram convolutional network; through the combination of the dynamic charging demand prediction model and the space-time diagram convolutional network, the occupancy rate distribution of the charging piles is accurately predicted, the scheduling strategy of the charging piles is adjusted in real time, the problem of unreasonable resource allocation is avoided, and the waiting time of a user is shortened; the application of the quantum genetic algorithm optimizes the matching process of the charging pile through global optimal solution search, thereby ensuring the balance of the power grid load and the rationality of the charging strategy.

The invention discloses a method and system for cooperatively positioning a vehicle through a door lock, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining and dynamically updating a neighbor door lock list through the detected door lock of the vehicle according to the broadcast and scanning data of a Bluetooth tag on a moving vehicle; according to the periodic detection report of the door locks on the vehicle and the global analysis of the management system, the cooperative timers of the related door locks are synchronized, and timing management for preventing repeated triggering is implemented; according to the response of the obtained neighbor door lock which initiates multicast query after the collaborative timer expires, the door lock which initiates the query verifies whether all responders are in the neighbor list, so as to judge whether the vehicle is stably parked; and according to the vehicle parking information confirmed by the door lock, the management system updates the global state and sends a parking position notification to the owner. According to the embodiment of the invention, accurate and low-misjudgment judgment of the parking state of the vehicle can be realized, and the reliability and real-time performance of vehicle positioning management are improved by means of global state synchronization.

The invention relates to the technical field of automatic driving, and discloses a parking assisting method and system for automatic driving. The method comprises the following steps: cascading and splicing a first fisheye image acquired by a main camera in a vehicle body and a second fisheye image acquired by a slave camera to obtain a panoramic image; performing parking space boundary identification and obstacle analysis on the panoramic image to obtain parking space boundary information and obstacle position information, and synchronously performing distance calculation on a radar echo signal of an ultrasonic sensor to obtain distance measurement data; and a parking environment map is created according to the parking space boundary information, the obstacle position information and the distance measurement data, path planning is carried out based on the parking environment map, a parking execution instruction is obtained, and the parking execution instruction is used for vehicle parking auxiliary control. According to the method, the view coverage range and the flexibility of the observation angle are expanded, and the execution precision and safety of parking auxiliary control are improved.

Techniques for determining parking spaces and / or parking trajectories for a vehicle based on multistage filtering are discussed herein. In some examples, a vehicle may navigate to a destination within an environment. The vehicle may receive a set of parking locations and perform filtering operations to determine a subset of the parking locations. For example, the vehicle may use a list of parking characteristics (e.g., conditions) to filter the set of parking spaces. Based on determining the subset of parking spaces, the vehicle may generate a set of candidate trajectories to the subset of parking spaces. The vehicle may determine a subset of the candidate trajectories based on filtering the set of candidate trajectories according to various constraints. Further, the vehicle may determine a cost for the subset of candidate trajectories. Based on the costs, the vehicle may determine a candidate trajectory for the vehicle to follow.

Embodiments herein provide a system and methods for parking a vehicle that considers the location of adjacent vehicles and determines parking maneuvers to allow easy access to the vehicle. The parking maneuvers are determined based on the space needed for each passenger to open their door and to safely exit or enter the vehicle. The vehicle may be positioned in a parking spot next to an adjacent vehicle. The system self-drives the vehicle when executing the parking maneuvers and sensors are used to determine the position of the vehicle in relation to the adjacent vehicle. The vehicle may be positioned such that passengers can safely exit the vehicle while in the parking spot. Once the passengers exit and are safely away, the vehicle is maneuvered within the parking spot to a position that does not impede access to the adjacent vehicle.

The invention relates to an intelligent automatic parking control device and method based on multi-sensor information fusion, and belongs to the field of vehicle intelligent control. The control device comprises an information acquisition module, a microcontroller and a vehicle control unit; the method comprises the following steps: acquiring parking environment information through the point cloud information acquisition sensor, and acquiring parking space image information through the image information acquisition sensor; acquiring the current speed of the vehicle through a vehicle speed signal acquisition sensor; the deflection amplitude of a front wheel rotation angle is collected through a front wheel rotation angle signal collection sensor; the preprocessed image information and the point cloud information are fused through an unscented Kalman filter, the front wheel turning angle is calculated according to the position coordinates of the current driving state of the vehicle and the vehicle course angle, and the vehicle speed and the front wheel turning angle are controlled through a vehicle control unit so that the vehicle can be parked along a planned path. According to the invention, the coverage scene of the automatic parking method is expanded, and the accuracy of parking space detection and the comfort and stability in the parking process are improved.

The invention discloses an intelligent vehicle automatic parking path planning optimization method, system and device and a storage medium. The method comprises the following steps: planning a parking path of a vehicle from a current position to a target parking space by using a search algorithm; a virtual parking environment is constructed, a simulation test is carried out in the virtual parking environment, different parking scenes and environment changes are simulated, and whether a parking path is safe or not is verified; when the parking path is verified to be safe, the vehicle is controlled to be parked according to the parking path; and when the vehicle is parked, the environment change is monitored in real time through a sensor, and the parking path is dynamically adjusted by using a path-finding algorithm and reinforcement learning. An A * algorithm is used for carrying out preliminary path planning and optimization, the reliability of the algorithm is verified through simulation testing, path planning and control strategies are continuously optimized, environment changes are monitored in real time and paths are dynamically adjusted by fusing data of various sensors such as a laser radar, a camera and an ultrasonic radar, and it is ensured that a vehicle safely avoids obstacles.

The invention relates to the technical field of traffic control, and discloses a vehicle track prediction method in a parking scene, which comprises the following steps: obtaining an aerial view image containing all vehicles and parking spaces in the parking scene, and obtaining the distance and angle deviation between a driving vehicle and all parking spaces according to the aerial view image; extracting semantic information of the aerial view image; fusing the extracted semantic information, the distance between the driving vehicle and all the parking spaces and the angle deviation, and obtaining the behavior probability that the driving vehicle continues to drive and is parked in a certain parking space through a behavior point score function; and obtaining vehicle track historical data under the parking lot scene, inputting the behavior probability and the semantic image of the aerial view image into the track prediction model, and generating a track prediction result of the driving vehicle. According to the invention, the behavior probability of a certain behavior of the vehicle is used as the input of the trajectory prediction model, and the uncertainty of the vehicle in the driving process is captured, so that the accuracy of the trajectory prediction result is improved.

The invention discloses a parking space recommendation and reservation method, which comprises the steps of normalizing acquired multi-source heterogeneous data to generate parking lot static attribute data, real-time parking space state data and dynamic user request data; constructing an objective basic potential field by using fuzzy reasoning according to a fuzzy rule set capable of performing adaptive evolution based on performance feedback; modeling long and short term preferences of the user by adopting methods such as hierarchical Bayesian and an attention mechanism so as to generate a user subjective preference modulator; an objective potential field, a subjective modulator and a multi-agent rejection potential field with dynamically adjustable parameters are fused, a total potential energy function of the system is constructed, and a collaborative guidance strategy for all users and conflict avoidance is determined and output by solving the minimum value of the function. According to the invention, efficient and personalized parking guidance with macroscopic cooperation capability can be provided, and the user experience and the operation efficiency of the parking lot are significantly improved.

The invention provides a basement scene automatic vector map construction method and system, and the method comprises the steps: carrying out the IPM conversion of a plurality of ground-oriented top view images, carrying out the splicing, obtaining a bird's-eye view, carrying out the semantic segmentation of the bird's-eye view, extracting semantic elements, and converting the semantic elements into point cloud data; providing IMU and vehicle wheel speed data, combining with the point cloud data to construct a local map, and correcting to obtain a semantic point cloud map; preprocessing the semantic point cloud map, and clustering the point cloud data in the semantic point cloud map according to the similarity semantic point cloud to obtain clustered point cloud data; and based on the semantic point cloud map, combining the clustering point cloud data, constructing boundaries on two sides of a road, generating a lane center line and a boundary line, obtaining a vector map, embedding parking space information, and performing curve optimization on the center line and the boundary line, so as to obtain a basement scene automatic vector map. Vector representation of the complex environment of the underground garage is achieved, and high-quality basic map data support is provided for applications such as vehicle navigation and path planning.

A control unit of a server is a device that adjusts a parking position of a vehicle in a parking lot, and includes an acquisition unit that acquires the parking position of the vehicle scheduled to receive a package in the parking lot, and an adjustment information generation unit that generates adjustment information for adjusting parking of another vehicle in a parking slot adjacent to the parking position of the vehicle scheduled to receive the package in the parking lot such that a space is secured around the vehicle scheduled to receive the package.

The embodiment of the invention provides a vehicle parking method and system and a vehicle. The method comprises the steps that initial multi-modal data of the environment where the vehicle is located is obtained; performing alignment processing on the initial multi-modal data to obtain target multi-modal data; calling a target model to carry out collaborative analysis on the target multi-modal data to obtain an information identification result of the vehicle and an information identification result of the environment; on the basis of the information identification result of the vehicle, the information identification result of the environment and track information matched with current execution parameters of the vehicle, a to-be-parked parking space of the vehicle and a driving path of the vehicle to be driven to the to-be-parked parking space are determined from the environment, and the current execution parameters are used for representing execution performance of an actuator in the vehicle; the track information is used for predicting the track of the vehicle in the moving process; and according to the driving path, the vehicle is controlled to drive to the to-be-parked space for parking. The technical problem that the parking efficiency of the vehicle is low is solved.

According to the embodiment of the invention, a travel service method, device and equipment, a storage medium and a program product are provided. The method comprises the steps of presenting a group of candidate parking areas in an interactive interface displayed by at least one display device of an autonomous vehicle in a process of serving a target journey by the autonomous vehicle; based on selection of a target parking area in the group of candidate parking areas, obtaining a parking request of a user; a first parking position is determined at least based on parking constraint information indicated by the parking request, and the parking constraint information at least indicates the selected target parking area; and triggering the autonomous vehicle to park to the first parking position. Based on the mode, the embodiment of the invention can improve the travel efficiency of the autonomous vehicle and improve the reliability of the travel service.

The invention discloses a new energy automobile charging pile parking space occupation detection and billing linkage control method, and relates to the technical field of urban public resource optimization distribution and new energy automobile charging pile parking space management. Comprising the steps of multi-source sensing and state fusion: sensing real-time occupation states, vehicle types and charging behavior states of all parking spaces in real time by using a parking space detector, an ALPR visual sensor, a Hall sensor and a charging pile state communication protocol, collecting original data, deploying edge nodes at the parking spaces, and fusing the original data in real time, outputting a unified parking space state object after fusion; original data are collected in real time through the parking space detector, the ALPR visual sensor, the Hall sensor and the charging pile state communication protocol, and through multi-dimensional behavior analysis of the parking space state, the abnormal behaviors that a fuel truck occupies a space for a long time, an electric vehicle occupies the space and is not charged, and the electric vehicle is detained after being charged can be accurately recognized; and an accurate basis is provided for subsequent charging processing and precise management.

The invention discloses an intelligent safety management method and system for a highway service area, and the method comprises the steps: recognizing the number of vehicles in the service area, and obtaining historical flow data and analysis data corresponding to the historical flow data; identifying the types of vehicles entering the service area, obtaining parking space data of parking areas corresponding to different types of vehicles, and guiding the vehicles to parking spots; safety monitoring is carried out on the vehicles of the focus type in the recognized vehicle types; and pushing the data to a manager. Through accurate identification of the number and types of vehicles entering a service area and combination of historical vehicle conditions of the service area, dynamic analysis of vehicle flow data can be realized, optimal distribution of parking resources in advance is realized, congestion caused by too many vehicles is avoided, and meanwhile, real-time monitoring and early warning of key vehicle types are realized, so that the service area is more intelligent. Safety accidents can be found in time at the beginning, and expansion of the accidents is avoided.

The present invention relates to fully secured parking lot order pickup automation for online orders placed in advance and for orders placed at locations where orders can be picked up by customers, while staying inside their vehicles, from pickup lockers installed at parking spaces in parking lots. The present invention also relates to fully secured electronic bins accessible from secured or unsecured area for merchants to leave orders and accessible from unsecured area for customers to pick up orders. The present invention also relates to fully secured self-checkout of products using pass-thru lockers accessible in secured area to drop products inside pass-thru lockers and accessible from unsecured area to pick up products from pass-thru lockers.

The invention discloses an unmanned charging control method, device and system and a storage medium, and the method comprises the steps: responding to a vehicle parking signal when the vehicle parking signal corresponding to a to-be-charged vehicle is obtained, and controlling a six-degree-of-freedom mechanical arm control mechanism to execute a charging gun grabbing action, controlling the charging gun to move to a target charging position corresponding to the vehicle to be charged; when the charging gun moves to the target charging position, the six-degree-of-freedom mechanical arm control mechanism is controlled to execute the charging gun plugging action, so that the charging gun is controlled to be in butt joint with the vehicle needing to be charged; and when butt joint is completed, the six-degree-of-freedom mechanical arm control mechanism is controlled to execute a homing action, and the charging pile is controlled to charge the vehicle needing to be charged through the charging gun electrically connected with the charging pile. Quick response and power matching of the electric vehicle on any charging parking space can be achieved, universality and practicability are high, charging power is large, efficiency is high, and unmanned intelligent charging is truly achieved; the device is simple in structure, mature in technology, low in cost and suitable for popularization and application.