Postbiotic composition for improvement of intestinal barrier function and methods of making and using same

Abstract

Provided herein are postbiotic compositions and associated methods of use in the gastrointestinal tract of a subject to stimulate an epithelial tissue response, modulate a microbial population, maintain intestinal barrier integrity, treat a gastrointestinal disorder or reduce a symptom of a gastrointestinal disorder. Food and beverage products comprising the postbiotic compositions are provided, as are methods for manufacturing said postbiotic compositions.

Description

POSTBIOTIC COMPOSITION FOR IMPROVEMENT OF INTESTINAL BARRIERFUNCTION AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING SAMECROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONSThis application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 586,854, filed September 29, 2023, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.STATEMENT REGARDING THE SEQUENCE LISTINGThe instant application contains an electronic sequence listing which has been submitted in xml (ST.26 format concurrently herewith, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said xml copy named “VI 18077 1020WO.xml” is 3,655 bytes in size, and was created on September 27, 2024.FIELD OF THE INVENTIONThe present disclosure relates generally to the fields of microbiology, gastrointestinal health, and nutrition. More specifically, this disclosure relates to postbiotic compositions and associated methods of manufacturing and using postbiotic compositions for improving microbiota composition and intestinal barrier function.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONThe human body is inhabited by a wide variety of commensal microorganisms collectively called the microbiota. The gastrointestinal microbiota has been shown to play a vital role in maintaining gastrointestinal tract function and overall physiological health. For example, the growth and metabolism of the many individual bacterial species inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract depend primarily upon the substrates available to them, most of which are derived from the diet.A healthy microbiota provides the host with multiple benefits, including colonization resistance to a broad spectrum of pathogens, essential nutrient biosynthesis and absorption, and immune stimulation that maintains a healthy gut epithelium and an appropriately controlled systemic immunity. In settings of ‘dysbiosis’ or disrupted symbiosis, microbiota functions can be lost or deranged, resulting in increased susceptibility to pathogens, alteredmetabolic profiles, induction of proinflammatory signals that can result in local or systemic inflammation, autoimmunity and / or tissue damage. Thus, the intestinal microbiota plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of many diseases and disorders.Approximately 70% of US consumers struggle with gut health symptoms, of these consumers, 40% say these issues affects their everyday lives. Studies increasing show that a bacteria-diverse and well-balanced gut microbiome is crucial to our digestive health and overall wellbeing.According to the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP), postbiotics are beneficial inanimate microbes and / or their components that provide a health benefit to the host. A key differentiator to probiotics is that postbiotics refer to inactivated microbial cells, not live microorganisms, that have a demonstrated functional health benefit. Since postbiotics are inactivated, they maintain viability, stability, and efficacy in a wide range of product formats enabling a broader range of product innovation and applications.There is a need in the art for a safer and reproducible treatment for symptoms and disorders associated with gastrointestinal dysbiosis, such as disruptions to the gut epithelium and / or the microbiota populations of the gastrointestinal tract, in addition to diseases resulting from an aberrant immune response resulting from, at least in part, the GI dysbiosis. Disclosed herein are compositions and methods impacting epithelial tissue and microbial populations within the gastrointestinal tract. The compositions and methods can be used to treat a gastrointestinal disorder or reduce a symptom associated with a gastrointestinal disorder and improve gastrointestinal health and well-being of a subject.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONProvided herein are postbiotic compositions comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s). Methods of manufacturing the postbiotic compositions are also provided.In some aspects, the organic substrate comprises cereal grains, pseudocereal grains, pulses, oilseeds, legume grains, or derivatives or extracts thereof. In some embodiments, the organic substrate comprises an oat base or extracts thereof. In some embodiments, the organic substrate comprises oat flour.In some aspects, the postbiotic compositions comprise a botanical agent, a biological agent, a synthetic agent, or a combination thereof. In some aspects, the postbiotic compositions comprise a botanical agent. In some embodiments, the botanical agent comprises plants or plant parts. In some embodiments, the plant or plant parts comprises trees, fruits, vegetables, or products or extracts thereof. In some embodiments, the botanical agent comprises polyphenols, such as tannins. In some embodiments, the botanical agent comprises tree bark, algae, beets, potatoes, soybeans, soy, grapeseed or extracts thereof. In some embodiments, the botanical agent comprises grapeseed extract.In some aspects, the postbiotic composition comprises a biological agent. In some aspects, the biological agent comprises butyrate. In some aspects, the biological agent comprises L-glutamine. In some aspects, the biological agent comprises N-acetylcysteine (NAC). In some aspects, the biological agent comprises zinc carnosine. In some aspects, the biological agent comprises bile acids. In some aspects, the biological agent comprises melatonin. In some aspects, the biological agent comprises coenzyme Q10.In some aspects, the organic substrate has undergone chemical or enzymatic pretreatment to increase the concentration of fermentable sugars, as measured by an increase in Brix value. In some aspects, the organic substrate of the postbiotic composition is a fermented organic substrate. In some embodiments, the fermented organic substrate has been fermented by viable microbial cells.In some aspects, the postbiotic composition comprises ferulic acid. In some aspects, the ferulic acid is present at a concentration of between 0.5 mg / L and 20 mg / L.In some aspects, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% of the plurality of microbial cells are non-viable. In some embodiments, at least 99.9999% of said plurality of microbial cells are non-viable. In some embodiments, the plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 1000, no more than 100, no more than 10, or no more than 1 CFU / gram or no more than 1000, no more than 100, no more than 10, or no more than 1 CFU / mL. In some embodiments, the postbiotic composition comprises a plurality of microbial cell constituent(s). In some embodiments, the cell constituent(s) comprises at least one postbiotic agent, such as microbial cell wall fragment, or component, a polysaccharide, such as an endopolysaccharide or cell membrane fragment, exopolysaccharide, cell-wall anchored protein, pili, extracellular membrane vesicle(s), genetic material, components thereof, or any other component derived from a microbial cell. In some embodiments, the postbiotic agent comprises a secreted microbial protein, metabolite, bioactive compound, components thereof, or combinations thereof. In some aspects, the postbiotic agent comprisesgenetic material. In some aspects, the genetic material comprises DNA. In some aspects, the genetic material comprises RNA. In some aspects, the RNA is microRNA. In some aspects, the postbiotic agent comprises a short chain fatty acid. In some aspects, the postbiotic agent comprises acetate, or a derivative, or analog, or variant thereof. In some aspects, the postbiotic agent comprises proprionate, or a derivative, or analog, or variant thereof. In some aspects, the postbiotic agent comprises butyrate, or a derivative, or analog, or variant thereof. In some aspects, the postbiotic agent comprises lactate, or a derivative, or analog, or variant thereof. In some aspects, the postbiotic agent comprises formate, or a derivative, or analog, or variant thereof. In some aspects, the postbiotic agent comprises succinate, or a derivative, or analog, or variant thereof.In some aspects, the plurality of microbial cells or cell constituents comprises at least two different species of microorganisms. In some aspects, the plurality of microbial cells or cell constituents comprises a single species of microorganism.In some aspects, the plurality of microbial cells or cell constituents comprises at least one lactic acid bacteria, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces, Micrococcaceae, Propionibacterium, Brevibacterium, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, or Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, Christensenella, Clostridium, or Bacillus, or any cell constituents or combinations thereof .In some aspects, the postbiotic composition comprises a nutritional supplement.In some aspects, the postbiotic composition is in the form of a capsule, gel, paste, tablet, powder, gummy, spray, aerosol, lozenge, effervescent tablet, orodispersible film, topical cream, ointment, suppository, emulsion, transdermal patch, or liquid. In some embodiments, the postbiotic composition is in the form of a powder. In some embodiments, the powder is a lyophilized powder. In some embodiments, the postbiotic composition has been heat-inactivated.Also provided herein are food or beverage products comprising a postbiotic composition comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s). In some embodiments, the food or beverage product is a nutritional whole food, drink, sports drink, coffee, tea, water, mineral water, soda, carbonated beverage, oral hydration drink, mineral water, soup, replacement food, nutritional bar, nutritional consumable, gummy, tablet, confectionery, fermented or unfermented milk-based product, yogurt product, milk-based powder, enteralnutritional product, fermented or unfermented cereal-based product, chocolate, milk, yogurt, cheese, ice cream, baby and infant formula, cereal, animal feed, protein shake, protein powder, functional water, juice blend, smoothie, ready-to-drink (RTD) beverage, non-dairy milk, nut or seed butter, energy drink, functional shot, baked good, granola bar, snack bar, alcoholic beverage, frozen food, frozen meal, condiment, pasta, noodles, pet food, or pet treat. In some embodiments, the food or beverage product is a powder.In some aspects, the postbiotic composition, or the food or beverage product, when administered in an effective amount to a subject, reduces systemic inflammation in said subject.In some aspects, the postbiotic composition, or the food or beverage product, when administered in an effective amount to a subject, improves a gastrointestinal health metric in said subject, improves a gastrointestinal health metric in said subject, wherein said gastrointestinal health metric is a metric selected from the group consisting of: i) improved intestinal barrier integrity, ii) increased bifidogenic activity, iii) increased short chain fatty acid and / or antioxidant content, iv) reduced gastrointestinal inflammation, v) at least one reduced symptom of a gastrointestinal disorder, vi) stimulation of an epithelial tissue response in the gastrointestinal tract of said subject, vii) modulation of a microbial population in the gastrointestinal tract and / or stool of said subject, and / or viii) improved well-being of said subject.Also provided herein are methods of treating a gastrointestinal disorder or reducing a symptom of a gastrointestinal disorder in a subject, comprising administering an effective amount of any postbiotic composition disclosed herein.In some aspects, the symptom comprises abdominal pain, stomach pain, hunger pain, nausea, reflux syndrome, heartbum, acid reflux, diarrhea, loose stools, urgent need for defecation, indigestion, rumbling, bloating, burping, flatulence, constipation, hard stools, and / or feeling of incomplete evacuation. In some aspects, the symptom is flatulence and / or bloating. In some aspects, said flatulence is reduced at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%. In some aspects, said bloating is reduced at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%. In some aspects, the gastrointestinal symptom(s) is measured using the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS). In some aspects, said GSRS score is reduced at least 10%, at least 10%, at least20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%.Also provided herein are methods of stimulating an epithelial tissue response in the gastrointestinal tract of a subject comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of any of the postbiotic compositions or food or beverage products disclosed herein, whereby at least one epithelial cell within said epithelial tissue exhibits a cellular response.In some aspects, said at least one epithelial cell exhibits increased production and / or secretion of at least one molecule compared to a control cell. In some aspects, said molecule comprises a cytokine and / or chemokine. In some aspects, said cytokine comprises IL-6. In some aspects, said chemokine comprises CXCL-8. In some aspects, said epithelial tissue response comprises increased restitution of said epithelial tissue compared to a control epithelial tissue. In some aspects, said control cell is said at least one epithelial cell in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject prior to administration of said postbiotic composition, or food or beverage, and / or said control epithelial tissue is the epithelial tissue in said subject prior to administration of said postbiotic composition, or food or beverage.Also provided herein are method of modulating a microbial population in a subject comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of any of the postbiotic compositions or food or beverage products disclosed herein.In some aspects, the microbial population is present within the gastrointestinal tract of a subject and / or a fecal sample obtained from a subject. In some aspects, said microbial population comprising at least one Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium. In some aspects, the total number of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium within the microbial population is increased compared to a control. In some aspects, the ratio of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium to total number of microorganisms within the microbial population is increased compared to a control. In some aspects, the levels of at least one molecule in the gastrointestinal tract is increased compared to a control. In some aspects, the at least one molecule is a cytokine, chemokine, and / or short chain fatty acid. In some aspects, said control comprises the same region of the gastrointestinal tract of the subject prior to administration of said postbiotic composition, or said food or beverage.In some aspects, the total number of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium within a microbial population present in a stool sample obtained said subject is increased compared to a control. In some aspects, the ratio of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium to total number of microorganisms within a microbial populationpresent in a stool sample obtained from said subject is increased compared to a control. In some aspects, the levels of at least one molecule present in a stool sample obtained from said subject is increased compared to a control. In some aspects, the at least one molecule is a cytokine, chemokine, and / or short chain fatty acid.In some aspects, at least one epithelial cell within the gastrointestinal tract exhibits increased expression of at least one gene compared to a control cell. In some aspects, said gene encodes a molecule that is secreted from the cell. In some aspects, at least one epithelial cell within the gastrointestinal tract exhibits increased production and / or secretion of at least one molecule compared to a control cell. In some aspects, said molecule comprises a cytokine and / or chemokine. In some aspects, said control comprises a stool sample obtained from the subject prior to administration of said postbiotic composition, or said food or beverage, and / or said control cell comprises at least one epithelial cell within the gastrointestinal tract of said subject prior to administration of said postbiotic composition, or said food or beverage.Also provided herein are methods of maintaining intestinal barrier integrity in a subject comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of any of the postbiotic compositions or food or beverage products disclosed herein.In some aspects, the intestinal barrier comprises a monolayer of epithelial cells, wherein said monolayer comprises a plurality of epithelial cells attached to adjacent epithelial cells via epithelial junctions. In some aspects, said intestinal barrier is contacted with a stressor. In some aspects, said stressor comprises a pro-inflammatory molecule, a pathogenic microorganism, a metabolite, and / or a xenobiotic. In some aspects, said stressor comprises a pro-inflammatory cytokine.In some aspects, transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of the intestinal barrier is higher following contact with said stressor compared to a control. In some aspects, fewer epithelial junctions are disrupted and / or degraded in said intestinal barrier following contact with said stressor compared to a control. In some aspects, said control comprises an intestinal barrier in said subject not administered said postbiotic composition, or said food or beverage.Also provided herein are methods of improving well-being of a subject, comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of any of the postbiotic compositions or food or beverage products disclosed herein.In some aspects, said method improves the quality of life of said subject as measured using the SF-36 questionnaire. In some aspects, said SF-36 questionnaire score of said subject increases at least 1.1-fold, at least 1.2-fold, at least 1.3-fold, at least 1.4-fold, at least1.5-fold, at least 1.6-fold, at least 1.7-fold, at least 1.8-fold, at least 1.9-fold, or at least 2.0-fold.In some aspects, said method reduces anxiety in a subject as measured by the generalized anxiety disorder assessment (GAD-7). In some aspects, said GAD-7 score of said subject is reduced at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%.In some aspects of the methods disclosed herein, said subject is administered between about 200mg and about 500mg of said postbiotic composition. In some aspects, said subject is administered about 300 mg or about 400mg of said postbiotic composition. In some aspects, said administration occurs at least once a day. In some aspects, said administration occurs once every two days. In some aspects, said subject is administered said postbiotic composition for a period of at least one week, at least two weeks, at least three weeks, at least four weeks, at least five weeks, at least six weeks, at least seven weeks, at least eight weeks, or more than eight weeks, at least three months, at least six months, at least one year, or more than one year.Provided herein are methods of manufacturing a postbiotic composition, the methods comprising the steps of: (a) suspending an organic substrate in a solution to generate a substrate solution; (b) mixing said substrate solution with an enzymatic blend to generate an organic mixture suitable for fermentation; (c) mixing said organic mixture suitable for fermentation with a plurality of microbial cells; (d) fermenting said organic mixture to generate a postbiotic composition; and (e) heat reducing the number of viable microbial cells within the postbiotic composition, wherein at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% of said plurality of microbial cells are non-viable after reducing the number of viable cells.In some aspects, the solution is selected from the group consisting of: water, water containing modifiers such as ethanol, electrolyte containing solutions, juices, sport drinks, soda, carbonated beverages, teas, coffees, and tinctures.In some aspects, the organic substrate is suspended in said solution at a concentration of between 1 % and 50%.In some aspects, the organic mixture undergoes high temperature short time (HTST) pasteurization, tubular or plate heat exchange or spray drying prior to step (c) to pasteurize the organic mixture. In some aspects, the pasteurization comprises heating the organic mixture to a temperature of about 90°C for about one hour.In some aspects, the enzymatic blend comprises proteases, lipases, amylases, or cellulases, or derivatives, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the enzymatic blend comprises glucoamylases.In some aspects, step (e) of the method of manufacturing a postbiotic composition comprises killing at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or at least 99.9999% of said plurality of microbial cells.In some aspects, after step (e) of the method of manufacturing a postbiotic composition, the plurality of microbial cells in said postbiotic composition comprises no more than 1000, no more than 100, no more than 10, or no more than 1 CFU / gram or no more than 1000, no more than 100, no more than 10, or no more than 1 CFU / mL.In some aspects, the plurality of microbial cells comprises at least one lactic acid bacteria, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces, Micrococcaceae, Propionibacterium, or Brevibacterium, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, or Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, Christensenella, Clostridium, or Bacillus, or any constituents or combinations thereof. In some aspects, said plurality of microbial cells comprises at least one Lactiplantibacillus and / or Lacticaseibacillus. In some embodiments, the plurality of microbial cells comprises at least two different species of microorganisms. In some embodiments, the plurality of microbial cells comprises a single species of microorganism.In some aspects, the organic substrate comprises cereal grains, pseudocereal grains, pulses, oilseeds, legume grains, or derivatives or extracts thereof. In some embodiments, the organic substrate comprises an oat base or extracts thereof. In some embodiments, the organic substrate is oat flour.In some aspects, the method of manufacturing a postbiotic composition comprises adding a botanical agent, such as adding the botanical agent after the fermenting step and prior to the heat processing step. In some embodiments, the botanical agent comprises plants or plant parts. In some embodiments, the plants or plant parts comprises trees, fruits, vegetables, or products or extracts thereof. In some embodiments, the botanical agent comprises polyphenols, such as tannins. In some embodiments, the botanical agent comprises tree bark, algae, beets, potatoes, soybeans, soy, grapeseed or extracts thereof. In some embodiments, the botanical agent comprises grapeseed extract.In some aspects, step (e) of the method of manufacturing a postbiotic composition comprises heat-processing, shearing, and / or sonicating, or any other sanitation. In some embodiments, heat-processing comprises subjecting said postbiotic composition to a temperature of about 90°C for about one hour.In some aspects, step (d) of the method of manufacturing a postbiotic composition comprises adding culture media and / or a pasteurized botanical agent to said organic mixture, wherein said culture media comprises carbon, nitrogen, minerals, amino acids, vitamins, or derivatives, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, step (d) is maintained until the pH of said organic mixture is less than 5, or less than 4.5.In some aspects, the method of manufacturing a postbiotic composition further comprises: (f) drying the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the postbiotic composition is lyophilized.In some aspects, the method of manufacturing a postbiotic composition further comprises: (g) formulating a food or beverage product comprising said postbiotic composition.In some aspects, the postbiotic composition produced by the manufacturing method disclosed herein comprises at least one postbiotic agent, wherein said postbiotic agent comprises a microbial cell wall fragment, cell membrane fragment, or component, a polysaccharide, such as an endopolysaccharide or exopolysaccharide, cell-wall anchored protein, pili, extracellular membrane vesicle(s), genetic material, secreted microbial protein or metabolite, bioactive compound, components thereof, or any combination thereof. In some aspects, the postbiotic agent comprises genetic material. In some aspects, the genetic material comprises DNA. In some aspects, the genetic material comprises RNA. In some aspects, the RNA is microRNA. In some aspects, the postbiotic agent comprises a short chain fatty acid. In some aspects, the postbiotic agent comprises acetate, or a derivative, or analog, or variant thereof. In some aspects, the postbiotic agent comprises proprionate, or a derivative, or analog, or variant thereof. In some aspects, the postbiotic agent comprises butyrate, or a derivative, or analog, or variant thereof. In some aspects, the postbiotic agent comprises lactate, or a derivative, or analog, or variant thereof. In some aspects, the postbiotic agent comprises formate, or a derivative, or analog, or variant thereof. In some aspects, the postbiotic agent comprises succinate, or a derivative, or analog, or variant thereof.In some aspects, said postbiotic composition is present within said food or beverage product at a dose of between about 0.05 grams and about 10 grams; preferably, between about 0.2 grams and about 2 grams of said product.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSFIG. 1 is a graph depicting increased concentration of ferulic acid in a postbiotic composition produced by an exemplary manufacturing method disclosed herein. Concentration of ferulic acid (mg / L) was determined at two timepoints during the manufacturing process, as indicated.FIG. 2 is a graph depicting that intestinal barrier integrity is maintained in the presence of two exemplary postbiotic compositions (“Postbiotic” and “Postbiotic + GSE”) following stimulation with a pro-inflammatory stressor cytokine TNFa compared to a control intestinal barrier stimulated with TNFa (“Stressor (TNFa)””) and a no stimulation control (“No stimulation control”). Barrier integrity was evaluated using a transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) assay and is presented as percent TEER (“%T0”) normalized to the no stimulation control. GSE; grape seed extract.FIGS. 3A-3C show increased growth of Bifidobacterium spp. in the presence of two exemplary postbiotic compositions. FIG.3A is a graph depicting increased growth of Bifidobacterium spp. in liquid culture containing postbiotic compositions with (“Postbiotic + GSE”) and without (“Postbiotic”) grapeseed extract compared to cultures without a postbiotic composition (“MRS”). FIG. 3B is a graph depicting growth of Bifidobacterium spp. in the presence of a postbiotic composition without grapeseed extract of FIG. 3 A (“Postbiotic”) normalized as a percentage to media control. FIG. 3C is a graph depicting growth of Bifidobacterium spp. in the presence of a postbiotic composition with grapeseed extract of FIG. 3 A (“Postbiotic + GSE”) normalized as a percentage to media control.FIG. 4 is a graph depicting increased proliferation of Bifidobacterium within a microbial population incubated in a human-fecal based media comprising postbiotic compositions with (“Postbiotic + GSE”) or without (“Postbiotic”) grapeseed extract normalized to the media control (“media”).FIG. 5 is a graph showing increased cytokine and chemokine secretion in stimulated epithelial cells in the presence of postbiotic composition compared to stimulation control.FIGS. 6A-6B show increased restitution of wounded epithelial tissue in the presence of an exemplary postbiotic composition. FIG. 6A depicts a series of microscopy images of Caco-2 human intestinal epithelial cells wounded by aspiration, followed by the addition of postbiotic composition to the cells after 24 hours compared to untreated wounded control cells. FIG. 6B is a graph depicting the quantification of epithelial tissue restitution depicted in the microscopy images of FIG. 6A.FIGS. 7A-7D show modulation of microbial populations in the gastrointestinal tract and corresponding butyrate levels. Stool samples obtained from three human subjects administered 300 mg of an exemplary postbiotic composition daily for four weeks were obtained and relative microorganism and butyrate abundance was analyzed. FIG. 7A is a graph depicting butyrate content in stool samples of three subjects four weeks following administration (“Week 4”) compared to content in stool prior to administration (“Before”). FIG. 7B is a graph showing the average butyrate production in healthy humans at four weeks following administration (“Week 4”) normalized stool prior to administration (“Before”) of FIG. 7A. FIG. 7C is a graph showing relative abundance of Bifidobacterium in stool samples four weeks following administration (“Week 4”) compared to content in stool prior to administration (“Prior”). FIG. 7D is a graph showing relative abundance of Faecalibacterium in stool samples four weeks following administration (“Week 4”) compared to content in stool prior to administration (“Prior”).FIGS. 8A-8E depict improved well-being in subjects administered 300mg of an exemplary postbiotic composition (“Postbiotic”) or 400mg of an exemplary postbiotic composition comprising grapeseed extract (“Postbiotic + GSE”) daily for four weeks. Well-being was assessed at four weeks following administration (“Week 4”) and compared to well-being prior to administration (“Week 0”). FIG. 8 A is a graph depicting reduced Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) score in subjects administered a postbiotic composition with and without grapeseed extract daily for four weeks. Score at week 4 was compared to week 0. FIG. 8B is a graph depicting reduced flatulence in subjects administered a postbiotic composition with and without grapeseed extract daily for four weeks. Flatulence at week 4 was compared to week 0. FIG. 8C is a graph depicting reduced bloating in subjects administered a postbiotic composition with and without grapeseed extract daily for four weeks. Bloating at week 4 was compared to week 0. FIG. 8D is a graph depicting increased emotional well-being in subjects administered a postbiotic composition with and without grapeseed extract daily for four weeks. Results of subject SF-36 questionnaire score at week 4 was compared to week 0. FIG. 8E is a graph depicting reduced generalized anxiety disorder assessment (GAD-7) score in subjects administered a postbiotic composition with and without grapeseed extract daily for four weeks. GAD-7 score at week 4 was compared to week 0.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTIONThe present disclosure now will be described more fully hereinafter. The disclosure may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the aspects set forth herein; rather, these aspects are provided so that this disclosure will satisfy applicable legal requirements.I. DefinitionsUnless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The terminology used in the description of the invention herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention.As used herein, “a,” “an,” or “the” can mean one or more than one. For example, “a” cell can mean a single cell or a multiplicity of cells. Further, the term “a plant” may include a plurality of plants.As used herein, unless specifically indicated otherwise, the word “or” is used in the inclusive sense of “and / or” and not the exclusive sense of “either / or.”The term “about” or “approximately” usually means within 5%, or more preferably within 1%, of a given value or range.The bifidogenic effect is a process by which the growth of bifidobacterial is stimulated. An increase in microbial growth would be commonly understood to mean an increase in number of microorganism cells within a microbial population (i.e., the number of microorganism cells within a given population), rather than an increase in cell size. Microorganisms, such as Bifidobacterium, divide into two identical new cells during the growth cycle, resulting in an increase in the number of microorganisms (i.e., replication). An increase in the number of microorganisms would also be understood to be associated with an increase is certain aspects of the individual cells within that population, unless explicitly noted to the contrary. The terms “bifidogenic effect”, “bifidogenesis”, and “bifidogenic activity” are used interchangeably herein.“Oat base” refers to a composition that is produced from cooked oats hydrolyzed and extracted. Oat base can be generated through a process where oats (e.g., rolled oats) are millground to powder / flour then processed with water and enzymes to create a concentrated form. While the process for preparing oat base from oats would be expected to grind the oats, it is possible that the oat base comprises at least some oats or components or fragments thereof.The term “botanical agent” refers to any one or more plants or plant parts comprising tannins or substance derived from one or more plants or plant parts comprising tannins. For the purposes of this disclosure, when used in the production of a postbiotic composition, a botanical agent is added at any point throughout the production process. Plants may include, for example, and without limitation, herbs, trees, shrubs, grasses, mosses, or algae. Plant parts may include any component of a plant such as, for example, flowers, pollen, wood, bark, roots, stems, leaves, petals, seeds. Botanical agents can include trees, fruits, vegetables, or products or extracts thereof. For example, a botanical agent can comprise tree bark, algae, beets, potatoes, soybeans, soy, grapeseed or extracts thereof. For instance, and without limitation, substances derived from plants may include extracts, dyes, oils, glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, lactose. The botanical agent, for the purposes of this disclosure, are utilized in the postbiotic compositions, and methods of making postbiotic compositions, for the beneficial impact that tannins and tannin-containing substances have on anaerobic bacteria, such as butyrate-producing anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract.The terms “comprises”, “comprising”, “includes”, “including”, “having” and their conjugates mean “including but not limited to”.A “culture media” (or “growth media”) for the purposes of this disclosure, is a substance that provides essential nutrients for the growth of microorganisms. Culture media is used as a source of energy for one or more microorganisms, such as lactic acid bacteria, to ferment a particular product. For instance, and without limitation, culture media may be used to promote the growth of one or more microorganisms (e.g., a plurality of microbial cells). Culture media may include a solid, liquid, or gel substance. In a non-limiting exemplary embodiment, culture media may include a nutrient broth having meat extracts and peptone water. Nutrient broths may further include glucose, yeast, polysorbates, and derivatives thereof. Culture media may further include synthetic media wherein the synthetic media is a defined medium having known chemicals and a lack of yeast, plant, or animal tissue. In some embodiments of the methods of the present disclosure, culture media comprises De Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) media. In some embodiments, MRS media allows for an increase in the growth of lactobacilli (a member of lactic acid bacteria) and other lactic acid bacteria that may experience slow growth development without the use of a culture media. In some embodiments, MRS media increases the growth ofmicroorganisms, such as lactic acid bacteria, during fermentation to generate a postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, MRS media allows for an increase in lactic acid after fermentation.“Fermentation”, for the purposes of this disclosure, is a breakdown of a substance through the use of microorganisms (e.g., a plurality of microbial cells). For instance, and without limitation, fermentation (also referred to in this disclosure as a “fermentation process” or “fermenting”) may include the breakdown of an organic substrate by or using microorganisms such as, but not limited to, bacteria or yeast. In some embodiments of the method disclosed herein, fermentation includes the use of lactic acid fermentation. For example, and without limitation, lactic acid fermentation may comprise microorganisms converting glucose, or other six-carbon sugars, into lactic acid. In some embodiments, microorganisms used for fermentation include yeast, lactic acid bacteria, acetic acid bacteria, butyric acid bacteria, propionic acid bacteria, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, fermentation comprises an aerobic process, wherein the aerobic process comprises a process occurring in the presence of oxygen. In some embodiments, fermentation comprises an anaerobic process, wherein the anaerobic process includes a process occurring in the absence of oxygen. In some embodiments, fermentation may include the use of a substrate, such as an organic substrate, and one or more microorganisms to create a postbiotic composition comprising a fermented organic substrate.“Fermentation medium,” for the purposes of this disclosure, is one or more substances that provide for the growth of the plurality of microbial cells and facilitate the fermentation process. The fermentation medium may include sources of carbon, nitrogen, inorganic salts, vitamins, growth stimulants such as culture media as disclosed herein, liquids such as water, buffers, dissolved oxygen, enzymes, and any other substances that may be required for proper fermentation and / or growth of microorganisms during fermentation.“Fermented organic substrate”, for the purposes of this disclosure, is an organic substrate that has undergone the fermentation process through the introduction of a plurality of microbial cells. In some embodiments, a microorganism includes lactic acid bacteria, or any other bacteria or microorganisms described herein, which may be used to ferment an organic substrate to create a postbiotic composition comprising a fermented organic substrate. In some embodiments, lactic acid bacteria are used to ferment one or more organic substrate such as products made with wheat, products made with or including oats, products containing one or more grains, or derivatives or extracts thereof. In some embodiments, lactic acid bacteria are used to ferment one or more organic substrate comprising oat flour. Fermentationmay be used for the generation of one or more postbiotics as byproducts, as discussed throughout this application. In some embodiments, a postbiotic composition comprises one or more microbial cells or cell constituent(s) and / or compounds produced or derived therefrom during fermentation, such as, but not limited to, at least one microbial cell wall fragment, cell membrane fragment, or component, a polysaccharide, such as an endopolysaccharide or exopolysaccharide, cell-wall anchored protein, pili, extracellular membrane vesicle(s), genetic material, or any other component derived from a microbial cell. The cell constituent and / or compound can also include a secreted microbial protein, metabolite, bioactive compound, short chain fatty acids, butyrate, anti-inflammatory metabolites, antibiotics, various B vitamins, such as Vitamin B 12 and riboflavin, alcohols, acetic monosodium glutamate, amino acids, and / or organic acids. As used herein, the term “microorganism” refers to bacteria or yeast or other microscopic organism (i.e., microorganism). A microorganism will be understood to be a single-celled or multicellular organism. Microorganisms are very diverse group of organisms and include bacteria, archaea, protozoa, fungi, and algae, especially cells of plant pathogens and / or plant symbionts. Microorganisms include prokaryotic, such as, bacteria, and eukaryotic organisms, such as, yeast. The terms “microorganism” and “microbe” are used interchangeably herein.Grain, or grains, is the harvested seed of grasses such as wheat, oats, rice, and com. Other important grains include sorghum, millet, rye, buckwheat and barley. The terms “grain”, “grains”, and “cereals” are used interchangeably herein.The term “inoculation” as used herein refers to the introduction of a microorganism (or plurality of microbial cells) to a substrate or composition. This may include placing the substrate in the presence of one or more microorganisms. Inoculation may include placing the substrate within a liquid containing one or more microorganisms or placing the microorganisms within a composition containing a substrate. For example, and without limitation, inoculation may include placing a microbial cell, or plurality of microbial cells, into a liquid solution containing a substrate, such as, for example, an organic substrate that has been made suitable for fermentation.“Kicking” for the purposes of this disclosure refers to the initiation of the fermentation process. In some cases, kicking may include the introduction of culture media and / or growth media as described above wherein the introduction of culturemedia may aid in consumption of culture media by the microorganisms in order to increase the concentration of microorganisms. In some cases, kicking may include the introduction of fermentable sugars into a fermentation medium wherein the fermentable sugars may be consumed by the microorganisms.An ’’extract” refers to at least molecule that has been Isolated from a mixture, molecule, or composition. An extract can comprise more than one molecule. An extract will understood to have been removed and separated from a source material, such as a biological source material. Non-limiting examples of biological source materials can include plants and microorganisms. In some instances, the extract is from a plant or plant tissue.A “biological agent” refers to any molecule, compound, fragment thereof, or extract thereof, isolated from a biological source or from nature. A biological agent can comprise a protein, a chemical, a derivative thereof, an extract thereof, or a combination thereof. A biological agent can comprise a polypeptide, a polynucleotide, or a derivative thereof, or a combination thereof. A biological agent can include any known protein, polynucleotide and / or chemical compound, and / or combination thereof. A biological source can include any living organism, such as a microorganism or plant, or any entity found in nature. In some instances, a biological agent is a molecule or protein isolated from a microorganism, such as a bacteria, a yeast, or a fungi. A biological agent can comprise any chemical or molecule that is purified or extracted from a living, biological source. The postbiotic compositions disclosed herein can comprise at least one biological agent that contributes to the effects of the postbiotic compositions described herein. For instance, the addition of a biological agent may contribute to the ability of the postbiotic composition to modulate a microbial population and / or stimulate an epithelial tissue response. A biological agent may enhance the function of a postbiotic composition described herein, such that the postbiotic composition exhibits superior technical effects in any use or method described herein when the biological agent is present within the postbiotic composition. For instance, a biological agent would be selected based on their synergistic function of supporting gut health, modulating the microbiome, and reducing gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating and gas. Exemplary, non-limiting examples of biological agents that can be comprised within the postbiotic compositions include: butyrate, L-glutamine, and N-acetylcysteine (NAC), all of which enhance gut barrier function and reduce inflammation. In some instances, a biological agent can comprise zinc carnosine and / or bile acids, which help maintain mucosal integrity and optimize digestion, and / or melatonin and / or coenzyme Q10, which reduce oxidative stress. It may be desirable for the compositions to comprise more than one biological agent.A “synthetic agent” refers to a non-naturally occurring and / or recombinant molecule or compound, or fragment thereof, or derivative thereof. A non-naturally occurring molecule refers to any molecule that is not found in nature. A synthetic agent can comprise a man-made molecule or compound, or fragment, or derivative thereof. Any molecule or compound that comprises a non-naturally occurring molecule or compound would be understood to be a synthetic agent. A synthetic agent can be generated through any means of generating non-naturally, occurring molecules or compounds. For instance, a synthetic agent can include a chemically-synthesized molecule and / or compound. The postbiotic compositions disclosed herein can comprise at least one synthetic agent that contributes to the effects of the postbiotic compositions described herein. For instance, the addition of a synthetic gent may contribute to the ability of the postbiotic composition to modulate a microbial population and / or stimulate an epithelial tissue response. A synthetic agent may enhance the function of a postbiotic composition described herein, such that the postbiotic composition exhibits superior technical effects in any use or method described herein when the synthetic agent is present within the postbiotic composition. For instance, a synthetic agent would be selected based on their synergistic function of supporting gut health, modulating the microbiome, and reducing gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating and gas. It may be desirable for the compositions to comprise more than one synthetic agent. A synthetic agent can comprise a synthetic and / or recombinant variant of any biological agent disclosed herein.“Brix value” refers to a measure of the amount of dissolved sugar in a liquid solution. Methods of calculating the Brix value are well known in the art. Any method known can be used to calculate the Brix value of a solution and / or composition.The term “flatulence” refers to the passage of intestinal gas (flatus) through the rectum. Sometimes flatulence happens more often than expected, and this can become an embarrassing problem. Extreme flatulence can even interfere with a perso ”s ability to work and socialize comfortably with other people. Flatulence can be associated with abdominal discomfort, and symptoms such as bloating.“Bloating” and “Abdominal bloating”, used interchangeably herein, refers to a sense of gassiness or a sense of being distended. Bloating occurs in nearly all patients with irritable bowel syndrome, and it also occurs in patients with other functional andorganic disorders. Bloating is frequently disturbing to patients and frustrating to clinicians, as effective treatments are limited and are not universally successful.The term “modified bacterial strain” refers to a population wherein the strain has been modified (by selection and / or transformation) to have one or more additional traits of interest. Modified bacterial strains can be made through genetic engineering techniques and such engineered or recombinant bacterial strains grown to produce a modified population of bacterial strains. A recombinant bacterial strain can be produced by introducing polynucleotides into the bacterial host cell by transformation or by otherwise altering the native bacterial chromosome sequence, including but not limited to, gene editing approaches. Methods for transforming microorganisms are known in the art. See, generally, Hanahan, D. (1983) Studies on transformation of Escherichia coli with plasmids J. Mol. Biol. 166, 557- 77; Seidman, C.E. (1994) In: Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Ausubel, F.M. et al. eds., John Wiley and Sons, NY; Choi et al. (2006) J. Microbiol. Methods 64:391-397; Wang et al. 2010. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 85:775-778. Transformation may occur by natural uptake of naked DNA by competent cells from their environment in the laboratory. Alternatively, cells can be made competent by exposure to divalent cations under cold conditions, by electroporation, by exposure to polyethylene glycol, by treatment with fibrous nanoparticles, or other methods well known in the art.As used herein, the term “plant” refers to whole plants, plant organs, plant tissues, seeds, plant cells, seeds, and progeny of the same. Plant cells include, without limitation, cells from seeds, suspension cultures, embryos, meristematic regions, callus tissue, leaves, roots, shoots, gametophytes, sporophytes, pollen, or microspores. Plant parts include differentiated or undifferentiated tissues including, but not limited to the following: roots, stems, shoots, leaves, pollen, seeds, tumor tissue, and various forms of cells and culture (e.g., single cells, protoplasts, embryos, or callus tissue). The plant tissue may be in a plant or in a plant organ, tissue, or cell culture.“Polyphenols” are a class of compounds having a plurality of phenolic groups. Polyphenols include aromatic compounds containing one or more phenolic groups (e.g., phenols). Polyphenols include one or more hydroxyl groups bonded to a 6-carbon aromatic ring. For the purposes of this disclosure, a “phenol” is particular compound having one phenolic group per molecule. A phenol includes a molecular formula of CeHsOH. Phenol may include a hydroxyl group (-OH) bonded to a carbon atom that is part of an aromatic ring. More specifically, phenol includes an aromatic compound containing a benzene ring substituted with a hydroxyl group. Polyphenols and phenols may include organic compounds.Polyphenols may possess antioxidant properties. For instance, and without limitation, polyphenols may protect tissues of a body against oxidative stress and associated pathologies. Polyphenols may be classified into one of four classes, lignans, stilbenes, flavonoids and phenolic acids. Phenolic acids may be commonly found in foods such as fruits, veggies, grains, and seeds. Phenolic acids contain a carbolic acid function and a single phenol ring. Flavonoids may be found in foods such as apples, onions, and dark chocolate. Flavonoids contain two phenol rings and one heterocyclic ring. Lignans may be commonly found in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Lignans contain two phenol rings coupled by two hydroxycinnamic alcohol units. Stilbenes may similarly be found in fruits vegetables, and whole grains. Stilbenes, similar to lignans, contain two phenol rings with the phenol rings connected by a two-carbon methylene bridge. While each class of polyphenols may contain differing chemical structures, each class may provide antioxidant properties that may aid in boosting the immune system of an individual.The term “genetic material” refer” to any nucleic acid or polynucleotide, or fragments thereof. The genetic material described herein can be any polynucleotide or fragment thereof, derived from the genome of a microorganism. The nucleic acid can be DNA and / or RNA. DNA can comprise nDNA or mtDNA. Any type of RNA is included. For instance, RNA can be mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, snRNA, snoRNA, ncRNA, nmRNA, sRNA, gRNA, pcRNA, crRNA, tracrRNA, dsRNA, exRNA, hc-siRNA, hnRNA, lincRNA, IncRNA, miRNA, mrpRNA, circRNA, pre-mRNA, tmRNA, tasiRNA, stRNA, or shRNA. In some instances, the genetical material is RNA. For instance, the genetical material can be a microRNA.As used herein, the term “postbiotic agent” refers to inanimate microorganisms and / or their components. The term “inanimate” when used in reference to microorganisms of a postbiotic agent means lifeless, rather than ‘inactive, as this latter term might suggest an inert material. ‘Inanimate’ simply captures the fact that live microorganisms were present but have now been killed, without implying a loss of function. A postbiotic agent can include non-viable agents capable of being produced by a microorganism such as a bacteria (e.g., prebiotic bacteria or lactic acid bacteria) or yeast or byproducts thereof. A postbiotic agent can be any substance derived from a microorganism, including compounds secreted by live bacteria (e.g., metabolic byproducts) or released after bacterial lysis, such as metabolites, enzymes, peptides, teichoic acids, peptidoglycan-derived muropeptides, polysaccharides, cellsurface proteins, or organic acids, as described in Salminen S, Collado MC, Endo A, Hill C, Lebeer S, Quigley EMM, Sanders ME, Shamir R, Swann JR, Szajewska H, Vinderola G. The International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of postbiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Sep;18(9):649-667, the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entirety. Any postbiotic agent can be present in the postbiotic composition. Substances derived from a microorganism can include fragments or constituents of a microbial cell that is nonviable and intact, or ruptured and lysed. For example, the postbiotic may be one or more cell wall fragments, exopolysaccharides, membrane vesicles, or genetic material that is released from an intact microbial cell following cell lysis. The terms “postbiotic” and “postbiotic agent” are used interchangeably herein. Postbiotics possess different functional properties. These properties can positively affect the microbiota homeostasis and / or the metabolic and signaling pathways in an individual, thus affecting specific physiological, immunological, neuro-hormone, biological, regulatory, or metabolic reactions.The term “organic substrate” refers to any plant, plants or plant part(s) or derivatives thereof. For the purposes of this disclosure, an organic substrate, when utilized in the manufacture of a postbiotic composition is utilized for fermentation. Thus, when used in the production of a postbiotic composition, an organic substrate is mixed with a plurality of microbial cells prior to fermentation, after which the plurality of microbial cells can ferment the organic substrate.A “substrate” for the purposes of this disclosure is a substance in which an organism obtains its nourishment. For example, a substrate may include a particular food wherein one or more microorganisms may metabolize the food during a fermentation process. Fermentation may include the supervision and controlling of one or more factors, such as pH levels, moisture levels, temperature levels, and / or oxygen levels that are associated with the substrate and the microorganisms.The term “intestinal barrier” refers to a complex of the gastrointestinal system that separates intestinal contents from the host tissues, regulates nutrient absorption and allows interactions between the resident bacterial flora and the mucosal immune system. The intestinal barrier is composed of a thick mucus layer containing antimicrobial products, a monolayer of intestinal epithelial cells (lECs) and an underlying set of cells (mesenchymal cells, dendritic cells, lymphocytes and macrophages), as described in Roda, Giulia et al. “Intestinal epithelial cells in inflammatory bowel diseases.” World journal of gastroenterology vol. 16,34 (2010): 4264-71 and McGuckin MA, Eri R, Simms LA, FlorinTH, Radford-Smith G. Intestinal barrier dysfunction in inflammatory bowel diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis.2009 Jan;15(l):100-13, the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entirety. IECS play a vital role in the intestinal barrier because of their anatomical and functional position: on the luminal side they secrete and regulate the composition of the mucus layer, while on the basolateral side they interact and crosstalk with the underlying cells. The intestinal barrier is divided it into an “upper barrier” and a “lower barrier”. The upper barrier constitutes a physical barrier, which prevents bacterial adhesion and paracellular diffusion to the underlying host tissues, and a functional barrier, which is able to discriminate commensal bacteria from pathogens; the lower barrier operates by regulating antigen traffic through an intensive cross-talking with immune cells of the lamina propria. The “upper barrier” is the intestinal epithelial single layer of columnar cells consisting of four IEC types: the absorbent enterocytes, the goblet cells, the Paneth cells and the enteroendocrine cells. It is clear that the epithelial layer represents an anatomical and functional barrier, an upper interface, which is needed to maintain the whole intestinal homeostasis. The absorbent IECs regulate intestinal permeability through the epithelial junctions, which consist of desmosomes, adherent junctions (Ajs) and tight junctions (TJs), necessary for maintenance of intercellular adhesion and to regulate paracellular transport. Research has demonstrated that an increase of proinflammatory cytokines leads to an impairment of tight junctions and consequently to a loss of barrier function. For example, tight junctions are known to be highly regulated by cytokines, which play a central role in modulating intestinal barrier function.The term “integrity” when used in the context of the intestinal barrier herein refers to the natural structure and function of the intestinal barrier vital for maintaining intestinal homeostasis. As described above, one vital role of the intestinal barrier is the spatial segregation of the gut microbiota and the host immune system, as described in Gieryriska, Malgorzata et al. “Integrity of the Intestinal Barrier: The Involvement of Epithelial Cells and Microbiota-A Mutual Relationship.” Animals : an open access journal from MDPI vol. 12,2 145, the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entirety. A loss of integrity can be any disruption to intestinal barrier structure and / or function. A loss of integrity would be expected to disrupt intestinal homeostasis. In some instances, a loss of intestinal barrier integrity can lead to inflammatory disorders in the gastrointestinal tract and / or dysbyosis.Various embodiments of this disclosure may be presented in a range format. It should be noted that whenever a value or range of values of a parameter are recited, it is intended that values and ranges intermediate to the recited values are also part of this disclosure. It should be understood that the description in range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible subranges as well as individual numerical values within that range. For example, description of a range such as from 1-10 should be considered to have specifically disclosed subranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 1 to 6, from 1 to 7, from 1 to 8, from 1 to 9, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 2 to 8, from 2 to 10, from 3 to 6, etc., as well as individual numbers within that range, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range.Whenever a numerical range is indicated herein, it is meant to include any cited numeral (fractional or integral) within the indicated range. The phrases “ranging / ranges between” or “is between” a first indicate number and a second indicate number and “ranging / ranges from” a first indicate number “to” a second indicate number are used herein interchangeably and are meant to include the first and second indicated numbers and all the fractional and integral numerals there between. The recitation of a numerical range for a variable is intended to convey that the present disclosure may be practiced with the variable equal to any of the values within that range. Thus, for a variable which is inherently discrete, the variable can be equal to any integer value within the numerical range, including the endpoints of the range. Similarly, for a variable which is inherently continuous, the variable can be equal to any real value within the numerical range, including the end-points of the range. As an example, and without limitation, a variable which is described as having values between 0 and 2 can take the values 0, 1 or 2 if the variable is inherently discrete, and can take the values 0.0, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, or any other real values =0 and =2 if the variable is inherently continuous.A plant refers to a whole plant, any part thereof, or a cell or tissue culture derived from a plant, comprising any of: whole plants, plant components or organs (e.g., leaves, stems, roots, embryos, pollen, ovules, seeds, leaves, flowers, branches, fruit, pulp, juice, kernels, ears, cobs, husks, stalks, root tips, anthers, bark, etc.), plant tissues, seeds, plant cells, protoplasts and / or progeny of the same. A plant cell is a biological cell of a plant, taken from a plant or derived through culture of a cell taken from a plant. Grain is intended to mean the mature seed produced by commercial growers for purposes other than growing orreproducing the species. Progeny, variants, and mutants of the plants are also included within the scope of the invention. Also included are plants in which a genetic alteration, such as a mutation, has been effected as to a gene of interest, or within the genomic sequence of the plant, or a plant which is descended from a plant or plant cell so altered and which comprises the alteration in the genomic sequence. The terms “plant”, “plants”, and “plant parts” are used interchangeably herein.As used herein with respect to a parameter, the term “decreased” or “decreasing” or “decrease” or “reduced” or “reducing” or “reduce” or “lower” or “loss” refers to a detectable (e.g., at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%) negative change in the parameter from a comparison control, e.g., an established normal or reference level of the parameter, or an established standard control. Accordingly, the terms “decreased”, “reduced”, and the like encompass both a partial reduction and a complete reduction compared to a control.As used herein with respect to a parameter, the term “increased” or “increasing” or “increase” refers to a detectable (e.g., at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%, 120%, 150%, 200%, 300%, 400%, 500%, or more) positive change in the parameter from a comparison control, e.g., an established normal or reference level of the parameter, or an established standard control. Accordingly, the terms “increased”, “increase”, and the like encompass both a partial reduction and a significant increase compared to a control.As used herein, the term “method” refers to manners, means, techniques and procedures for accomplishing a given task including, but not limited to, those manners, means, techniques and procedures either known to, or readily developed from known manners, means, techniques and procedures by practitioners of the chemical, pharmacological, biological, biochemical and medical arts.A “microbe” will be understood to be a microorganism, i.e. a microscopic organism, which can be single celled or multicellular. Microorganisms are very diverse and include all the bacteria, archaea, protozoa, fungi, and algae, especially cells of plant pathogens and / or plant symbionts. Certain animals are also considered microbes, e.g. rotifers.A “nutritional supplement”, for the purposes of this disclosure, is an edible substance intended to provide nutritional value to a subject when consumed.The patent and scientific literature referred to herein establishes knowledge that is available to those of skill in the art. The issued US patents, allowed applications, published foreign applications, and references, including GenBank database sequences, which are cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.II. Overview of the InventionThe present disclosure provides a postbiotic composition comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituents. Also disclosed herein are methods of manufacturing a postbiotic composition of the present application and methods of using the same for improving gastrointestinal barrier function. The postbiotic compositions disclosed herein find use in modulating and maintaining health and well-being of a subject. In particular, the postbiotic compositions canThe postbiotic compositions disclosed herein can further comprise a variety of botanical ingredients (i.e., botanical agents and / or derivatives thereof) that supplement and / or improve the functionality of the postbiotic components of the composition. In particular, the postbiotic composition can comprise grapeseed extract. The addition of grapeseed extract can enhance the function of the postbiotic composition.The methods disclosed herein can include methods of manufacturing and using the postbiotic composition disclosed herein. Methods of use include methods of treating a gastrointestinal disorder or symptom of a gastrointestinal disorder in a subject in need thereof.III. Postbiotic CompositionsThe present disclosure provides a postbiotic composition comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituents. Also disclosed herein are methods of manufacturing a postbiotic composition of the present application and methods of using the same for improving intestinal barrier function.The postbiotic compositions disclosed herein are particularly effective at improving a gastrointestinal health metric in a subject in need thereof. For example, the postbioticcompositions are effective treatments for use in improving intestinal barrier function, when administered in an effective amount to a subject in need thereof. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is thought that components within the postbiotic composition (e.g., organic substrate, plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituents) improve the growth performance and immunological capacity of microorganisms commonly found in the gut, thereby allowing for modulations to gut microbial construction and intestinal morphology. In some embodiments, the postbiotic compositions comprise a nutritional supplement. Also disclosed herein is a food or beverage product comprising a postbiotic composition as described in the present application. In some embodiments, the food or beverage product comprising a postbiotic composition disclosed herein is a nutritional whole food, drink, sports drink, coffee, tea, water, mineral water, soda, carbonated beverage, oral hydration drink, mineral water, soup, replacement food, nutritional bar, nutritional consumable, gummy, tablet, confectionery, fermented or unfermented milk-based product, yogurt product, milk-based powder, enteral nutritional product, fermented or unfermented cereal-based product, chocolate, milk, yogurt, cheese, ice cream, baby and infant formula, cereal, animal feed, protein shake, protein powder, functional water, juice blend, smoothie, ready-to-drink (RTD) beverage, non-dairy milk, nut or seed butter, energy drink, functional shot, baked good, granola bar, snack bar, alcoholic beverage, frozen food, frozen meal, condiment, pasta, noodles, pet food, or pet treat. In some embodiments, the food or beverage product comprises an effective amount of a postbiotic composition disclosed herein.Methods of manufacturing a postbiotic composition comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituents are disclosed herein. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is thought that the method of manufacturing disclosed herein generates a postbiotic composition with the particular effective traits as described, possibly because the specific organic substrates and microbial cells used result in production of specific components within the postbiotic compositions. In some embodiments, the postbiotic composition is manufactured using an organic substrate that comprises oat or a product derived therefrom. In some embodiments, the postbiotic composition is manufactured using an organic substrate that comprises oat flour. In some embodiments, the organic substrate is oat flour. In some embodiments, the postbiotic composition is manufactured by fermenting an organic mixture comprising an organic substrate using a plurality of microbial cells, wherein the plurality of microbial cells comprises at least one lactic acid bacteria, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces, Micrococcaceae, Propionibacterium, Brevibacterium, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus,Christensenella, Clostridium, or Bacillus, or any constituents or combinations thereof. The plurality of microbial cells can comprise one species of microorganism. In some embodiments, the plurality of microbial cells comprises more than one species of microorganism, such as, for instance, two species, three species, four species, or at least five species of microorganism.A. Organic SubstratesPlants or Plant PartsThe organic substrate of the postbiotic composition can comprise a plant, plants or plant part(s). For example, the plant(s) can comprise a flowering plant. In some embodiments, the plant is a flowering plant. In some embodiments, the plant is a flowering plant belonging to the Poaceae (or Gramineae) family (commonly known as grasses), which includes for example, barley, com, wheat, rice, oats, and sorghum. In some embodiments, the flowering plant is a grass. In some embodiments, the flowering plant is a plant within the Sorghum genus. The organic substrate can comprise a plant or plant part, wherein the plant or plant part is a plant within the Sorghum genus. Any species within the Sorghum genus is envisaged for use in the postbiotic composition of the present disclosure.Fruit is the seed-bearing structure of flowering plants. Thus, fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) disseminate their seeds. A grain is a small, hard, dry fruit (also known as “caryopsis”) that is typically harvested for human or animal consumption. The caryopsis (popularly called a grain) is the fruit of the family Poaceae. Any grass cultivated for its edible grain is known as a “cereal.” In some embodiments of postbiotic composition of the present disclosure, wherein the organic substrate is a plant part, the plant part comprises a fruit. In some embodiments, the plant part is a fruit.In some embodiments of the postbiotic composition disclosed herein, wherein the organic substrate comprises a plant part, the plant part comprises fruit. In some embodiments, the plant part is a fruit. In some embodiments, the plant part is a grain. In some embodiments, wherein the organic substrate comprises a plant part, the plant part is a grain belonging to a flowering plant within the Poaceae family. In some embodiments, the grain comprises a cereal grain. In some embodiments, wherein the grain comprises a cereal grain, the cereal grain comprises oat or sorghum or buckwheat. In some embodiments, wherein the grain comprises a cereal grain, the cereal grain comprises sorghum. In some embodiments, wherein the grain comprises a cereal grain, the cereal grain comprises oat. In some embodiments,wherein the grain comprises a cereal grain, the cereal grain comprises buckwheat. In some embodiments, the organic substrate is derived from oat. In some embodiments, wherein the organic substrate comprises a cereal grain derived from oat, the organic substrate comprises oat flour. In some embodiments, the grain is a cereal grain. In some embodiments, wherein the grain is a cereal grain, the cereal grain is oat or sorghum. In some embodiments, wherein the grain is a cereal grain, the cereal grain is sorghum. In some embodiments, wherein the grain is a cereal grain, the cereal grain is oat, or is derived from oat. In some embodiments, wherein the organic substrate is a cereal grain derived from oat, the organic substrate is oat flour.In some embodiments of the postbiotic compositions described herein, the organic substrate is at least 1%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, or at least 90% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the organic substrate is at least 1%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments of the postbiotic compositions described herein, the organic substrate is about l%-90%, about 5%- 90%, about 10%-90%, about 15%-90%, about 20%-90%, about 25%-90%, about 30%-90%, about 35%-90%, about 40%-90%, about 45%-90%, about 50%-90%, about 55%-90%, about 60%-90%, about 65%-90%, about 70%-90%, about 75-90%, about 80%-90%, or about 85%- 90% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the organic substrate is about 1%- 5%, 5%-10%, 10%-20%, 20%-30%, 30%-40%, 40%-50%, 50%-60%, 60%-70%, 70%-80%, or 80%-90% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the organic substrate is about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, or about 90% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the organic substrate is between about 10% and about 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the organic substrate is about 10%-50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments of the postbiotic compositions described herein, the organic substrate is l%-90%, 5%-90%, 10%-90%, 15%-90%, 20%-90%, 25%-90%, 30%- 90%, 35%-90%, 40%-90%, 45%-90%, 50%-90%, 55%-90%, 60%-90%, 65%-90%, 70%- 90%, 75-90%, 80%-90%, or 85%-90 of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the organic substrate is l%-5%, 5%-10%, 10%-20%, 20%-30%, 30%-40%, 40%-50%, 50%- 60%, 60%-70%, 70%-80%, or 80%-90% of the postbiotic composition. In someembodiments, the organic substrate is l%-50%, 5-50%, 10-50%, 15-50%, 20-50%, 25-50%, 30-50%, 35-50%, 40-50%, 45-50%, or 50%-90% of the postbiotic composition.GrainsGrain(s) is the harvested seed of grasses (e.g., oats, sorghum, rye, barley, wheat). In their unprocessed form, (whole) grains are a rich source of carbohydrates, fats, oils, vitamins, minerals and proteins. The postbiotic composition of the present disclosure, can comprise an organic substrate comprising a plant part, wherein the plant part comprises a fruit, such as a grain. The use of any grain is envisaged within the scope of this disclosure. In some embodiments, the grain comprises cereal grains, pseudocereal grains, pulses, oilseeds, legume grains, or derivatives or extracts thereof.The oat, or common oat, (Avena sativa) is a species of cereal grain, the seed of which is known by the same name. Oats and their seeds have numerous uses in foods; most commonly, they are rolled or crushed into oatmeal, or ground into fine oat flour (a powder made by grinding raw grains, or seeds). In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the organic substrate comprises an oat base or extracts thereof. In a specific embodiment, the organic substrate comprises oat flour. Disclosed herein are postbiotic compositions comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour.The organic substrate can be between about 1% and about 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the organic substrate is at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 9%, at least 10%, at least 11%, at least 12%, at least 13%, at least 14%, at least 15%, at least 16%, at least 17%, at least 18%, at least 19%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, or greater than 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the organic substrate is 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, or of greater than 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments of the postbiotic compositions described herein, the organic substrate is l%-90%, 5%-90%, 10%-90%, 15%-90%, 20%- 90%, 25%-90%, 30%-90%, 35%-90%, 40%-90%, 45%-90%, 50%-90%, 55%-90%, 60%- 90%, 65%-90%, 70%-90%, 75-90%, 80%-90%, or 85%-90 of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the organic substrate is l%-5%, 5%- 10%, 10%-20%, 20%-30%, 30%- 40%, or 40%-50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the organic substrate is l%-50%, 5-50%, 10-50%, 15-50%, 20-50%, 25-50%, 30-50%, 35-50%, 40-50%, 45-50%, or 50%-90% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the organic substrate isbetween about 10% and about 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the organic substrate is about 10%-50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the organic substrate is 10%-50% of the postbiotic composition.In specific embodiments of the postbiotic composition disclosed herein, wherein the organic substrate is oat or a product derived therefrom, the oat or product derived therefrom can be between about 1% and about 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the oat or product derived therefrom is at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 9%, at least 10%, at least 11%, at least 12%, at least 13%, at least 14%, at least 15%, at least 16%, at least 17%, at least 18%, at least 19%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, or greater than 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the oat or product derived therefrom is 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, or is greater than 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the oat or product derived therefrom is l%-90%, 5%-90%, 10%-90%, 15%-90%, 20%-90%, 25%-90%, 30%- 90%, 35%-90%, 40%-90%, 45%-90%, 50%-90%, 55%-90%, 60%-90%, 65%-90%, 70%- 90%, 75-90%, 80%-90%, or 85%-90 of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the oat or product derived therefrom is l%-5%, 5%- 10%, 10%-20%, 20%-30%, 30%-40%, or 40%-50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the oat or product derived therefrom is l%-50%, 5-50%, 10-50%, 15-50%, 20-50%, 25-50%, 30-50%, 35-50%, 40- 50%, 45-50%, or 50%-90% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the oat or product derived therefrom is between about 10% and about 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the oat or product derived therefrom is about 10%-50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the oat or product derived therefrom is 10%-50% of the postbiotic composition.In some embodiments of the postbiotic composition disclosed herein, wherein the organic substrate is oat flour, the oat flour can be between about 1% and about 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the oat flour is at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 9%, at least 10%, at least 11%, at least 12%, at least 13%, at least 14%, at least 15%, at least 16%, at least 17%, at least 18%, at least 19%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, or greater than 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the oat flour is 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, or of greater than50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the oat flour is 1 %-90%, 5%-90%, 10%-90%, 15%-90%, 20%-90%, 25%-90%, 30%-90%, 35%-90%, 40%-90%, 45%-90%, 50%-90%, 55%-90%, 60%-90%, 65%-90%, 70%-90%, 75-90%, 80%-90%, or 85%-90 of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the oat flour is l%-5%, 5%- 10%, 10%-20%, 20%-30%, 30%-40%, or 40%-50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the oat flour is l%-50%, 5-50%, 10-50%, 15-50%, 20-50%, 25-50%, 30-50%, 35-50%, 40-50%, 45-50%, or 50%-90% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the oat flour is between about 10% and about 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the oat flour is about 10%-50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the oat flour is 10%-50% of the postbiotic composition.Beta-GlucanBeta-glucan (P-glucan) is a broad term covering any polysaccharide that is composed of P-d-glucopyranosyl (P-d-Glcp) units as the primary building block. Beta-glucans are widely found in plants, fungi, and yeasts as structural components of cell walls or as reserve polysaccharides. Beta-glucans are naturally found in many foods; they are the predominant cell-wall components of cereal grains, particularly oats and barley (Mikkelsen, Mette S et al. “Molecular structure of large-scale extracted P-glucan from barley and oat: Identification of a significantly changed block structure in a high P-glucan barley mutant.” Food chemistry vol. 136,1 (2013): 130-8). Foods rich in P-glucans are a significant contender for a healthy diet due to their bioactive properties and numerous functional activities. Multiple features of P- glucan, including anticancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and a decrease in the glycemic index as well as serum cholesterol and triglycerides, have been demonstrated. Proved antioxidant, wound healing, and moisturizing properties of P-glucan derived from microorganisms and cereal (19). Multiple studies have demonstrated what are thought to be positive broad effects on the growth and population dynamics of well-established human gastrointestinal microorganisms, including Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp (outlined in Singh, Ravindra Pal, and Aditi Bhardwaj. “P-glucans: a potential source for maintaining gut microbiota and the immune system.” Frontiers in nutrition vol. 10 1143682. 5 May. 2023, doi: 10.3389 / fnut.2023. 1143682). For instance, cereal P-glucans were fed to experimental rats for 3, 6, and 7 weeks, and the results showed that the population of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus was enhanced (Rahmani, Jamal et al. “Effects of cereal beta-glucan consumption on body weight, body mass index, waist circumference and total energy intake: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.” Complementary therapies in medicine vol. 43 (2019): 131-139).In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the postbiotic composition comprises beta-glucan. The beta-glucan can be derived from the organic substrate, such as, for example, wherein the organic substrate comprises a cereal grain or extract thereof. In some embodiments, the beta-glucan of the postbiotic composition is derived from the plurality of microorganisms. The beta-glucan can be added during production of the postbiotic composition. When the beta-glucan is added during the production of the postbiotic composition, it can be added at any point during the production. In some embodiments, the beta-glucan enhances the growth of bifidobacteria and can also enhance bifidogenic activity. In some embodiments, the beta-glucan enhances bifidogenesis and / or the bifidogenic effect.Beta-glucan may be derived from one or more plants such as oats, barley, mushrooms, or grain. In some embodiments, the beta-glucan is derived from the organic substrate during the fermentation process. In some embodiments, the beta-glucan is derived from the fermented organic substrate. In one or more embodiments, beta-glucan may be used to promote the proliferation of bifidobacteria. In one or more embodiments, molecules of beta-glucan may be consumed by the bifidum bacteria within the digestive microbiome. In one or more embodiments, beta-glucan may be used as a prebiotic and facilitate the proliferation of bifidobacteria where the bifidobacteria may be used to inhibit illnesses associated with the digestive system.The postbiotic compositions disclosed herein can comprise a botanical agent, biological agent, a synthetic agent, or a combination thereof. Any biological agent and / or synthetic agent disclosed herein can be comprised with the postbiotic compositions disclosed herein. Exemplary, non-limiting biological agents include: butyrate, L-glutamine, and N- acetylcysteine (NAC), zinc carnosine, bile acids, melatonin, coenzyme Q10, and / or combinations of the same. Disclosed herein are postbiotic compositions comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour, wherein said postbiotic composition further comprises a biological agent. Disclosed herein are postbiotic compositions comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour, wherein said postbiotic composition further comprises a biological agent.B. Botanical AgentsThe postbiotic compositions provided herein can further comprise botanical agents. For the purposes of this disclosure, botanical agent(s) refers to any plant or plant part(s) or substance derived from a plant or plant part comprising tannins. Tannins are complex chemical substances derived from phenolic acids (sometimes called tannic acid). They are classified as phenolic compounds, which are found in many species of coniferous trees and flowering plant families. For example, tannins are found commonly in the bark of trees, wood, leaves, buds, stems, fruits, seeds, roots, and plant galls. Unripened fruits are high in tannin content. Tannins are also contained in coffee, tea, red wine and beer. The botanical agent can comprise tree bark, algae, beets, potatoes, soybeans, soy, grapeseed, wood, leaves, buds, stems, fruits, seeds, roots, plant galls, coffee, tea, red wine, beer, berries, nuts (e.g, acorns, hazelnuts, walnuts, pecans, almonds), vegetables, herbs and spices (e.g., cloves, tarragon, cumin, thyme, vanilla, cinnamon), legumes (e.g., beans, soybeans, chickpeas, peanuts, lentils, carob, alfalfa), chocolate, and / or fruit juice, or products or extracts thereof. In some embodiments, wherein the postbiotic composition comprises a botanical agent comprising tannins, the botanical agent is selected from the group consisting of: tree bark, algae, beets, potatoes, soybeans, soy, grapeseed, wood, leaves, buds, stems, fruits, fruit juice, seeds, roots, plant galls, coffee, tea, red wine, beer, berries, nuts, herbs, spices, chocolate, and extracts and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the botanical agent comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of: tree bark, algae, beets, potatoes, soybeans, soy, grapeseed, wood, leaves, buds, stems, fruits, fruit juice, seeds, roots, plant galls, coffee, tea, red wine, beer, berries, nuts, herbs, spices, chocolate, and extracts thereof. In some embodiments, the botanical agent comprises more than one selected from the group consisting of: tree bark, algae, beets, potatoes, soybeans, soy, grapeseed, wood, leaves, buds, stems, fruits, fruit juice, seeds, roots, plant galls, coffee, tea, red wine, beer, berries, nuts, herbs, spices, chocolate, and extracts thereof. In some embodiments of the postbiotic composition of the present disclosure, the postbiotic composition further comprises a botanical agent. The botanical agent can be present at a concentration of between about 1% and about 50% of the postbiotic composition.In some embodiments of the postbiotic compositions described herein, the botanical agent is at least 1%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, or at least 90% of the postbiotic composition weight per volume, or volume per volume. In some embodiments, the botanical agent is at least 1%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, or at least 50% of the postbiotic composition. In specific embodiments, the botanical agent is between about 1% and about 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments of the postbiotic compositions, the botanical agent is about 1 %-90%, about 5%-90%, about 10%-90%, about 15%-90%, about 20%-90%, about 25%-90%, about 30%-90%, about 35%-90%, about 40%-90%, about 45%-90%, about 50%-90%, about 55%-90%, about 60%-90%, about 65%-90%, about 70%-90%, about 75- 90%, about 80%-90%, or about 85%-90% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the botanical agent is about l%-5%, 5%-l 0%, 10%-20%, 10%-40%, 15%- 35%, 20%-30%, 30%-40%, 40%-50%, 50%-60%, 60%-70%, 70%-80%, or 80%-90% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the botanical agent is about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, or about 90% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the botanical agent is between about 1% and about 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the botanical agent is about 1 %-50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments of the postbiotic compositions described herein, the botanical agent is l%-90%, 5%-90%, 10%-90%, 15%-90%, 20%-90%, 25%-90%, 30%-90%, 35%-90%, 40%-90%, 45%-90%, 50%-90%, 55%-90%, 60%-90%, 65%-90%, 70%-90%, 75-90%, 80%-90%, or 85%-90 of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the botanical agent is l%-5%, 5%-10%, 10%-20%, 10%-40%, 15%-35%, 20%-30%, 30%-40%, 40%-50%, 50%-60%, 60%-70%, 70%-80%, or 80%-90% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the botanical agent l%-50%, 5-50%, 10-50%, 15-50%, 20-50%, 25-50%, 30-50%, 35-50%, 40- 50%, 45-50%, or 50%-90% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the botanical agent is between about 1% and about 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the botanical agent is about 1 %-50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the botanical agent is 1 %-50% of the postbiotic composition. In some instances, the botanical agent is added to the postbiotic composition based on weight. In such instances, the concentration can be presented as weight per weight, or weight per volume. It can be desirable for a postbiotic composition to comprise a specific amount (e.g., weight) of any botanical agent disclosed herein. The amount of a botanical agent in a postbiotic composition can be 50mg-500mg. For instance, the amount of a botanical agent in a postbiotic composition can be 50mg-150mg, 100mg-200mg, 150mg-250mg, 200mg-300mg, 250mg-350mg, 300mg-400mg, 350mg-450mg, or 400mg-500mg. In some instances, the amount of botanical agent in a postbiotic composition can be more than 500mg. In someinstances, the amount of a botanical agent in a postbiotic composition can be 50mg-100mg, 100mg-150mg, 150mg-200mg, 200mg-250mg, 250mg-300mg, 300mg-350mg, 350mg- 400mg, 400mg-450mg, or 450mg to 500mg. In some instances, the amount of botanical agent present within the postbiotic composition is less than 50mg, less than 40mg, less than 30mg, less than 20mg, less than lOmg, less than 5mg, or less than Img, or less than 0.5mg. In a preferred embodiment, the amount of botanical agent in a postbiotic composition is about lOOmg. In a preferred embodiment, the amount of botanical agent in a postbiotic composition is: a. 90mg-110mg; b. 95mg-105mg; c. 96mg-104mg; d. 97mg-103mg; e. 98mg-102mg; or f. 99mg-101mg.Disclosed herein are postbiotic compositions comprising grapeseed extract. The postbiotic compositions described herein can comprise 25% grapeseed extract. Grapeseed extract is a preferred botanical agent used in the postbiotic compositions disclosed herein. Grapeseed extract can be present in the postbiotic composition at any concentration disclosed herein. The amount of grapeseed extract present within the postbiotic composition can be 50mg-500mg, 25%, 10%-40%, or 15%-35% of the postbiotic composition. For instance, the amount of a botanical agent in a postbiotic composition can be 50mg-150mg, lOOmg -200mg, 150mg-250mg, 200mg-300mg, 250mg-350mg, 300mg-400mg, 350mg-450mg, or 400mg- 500mg. In some instances, the amount of grapeseed extract present is about lOOmg. In a preferred embodiment, the amount of grapeseed extract present in a postbiotic composition is: a. 90mg-110mg; b. 95mg-105mg; c. 96mg-104mg; d. 97mg-103mg; e. 98mg-102mg; or f. 99mg-101mg. In specific embodiments, the amount of grapeseed extract is about 25% of the postbiotic composition.In some instances, the postbiotic composition comprises grapeseed extract, wherein said grapeseed extract is present at 25% of said postbiotic composition. Disclosed herein are postbiotic compositions comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said postbiotic composition comprises grapeseed extract. The postbiotic compositions disclosed herein can comprise: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said postbiotic composition comprises grapeseed extract, wherein said postbiotic composition comprises 25% grapeseed extract. Disclosed herein are postbiotic compositions comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour, wherein said postbiotic composition comprises a botanical agent. Disclosed herein are postbiotic compositions comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprisesoat flour, wherein said postbiotic composition comprises a botanical agent comprising grapeseed extract. Disclosed herein are postbiotic compositions comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour, wherein said postbiotic composition comprises 25% grapeseed extract. Disclosed herein are postbiotic compositions comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises fermented oat flour, wherein said postbiotic composition comprises 25% grapeseed extract. Disclosed herein are postbiotic compositions comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour, wherein said postbiotic composition comprises a biological agent. Disclosed herein are postbiotic compositions comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour, wherein said postbiotic composition comprises a biological agent. Disclosed herein are postbiotic compositions comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour, wherein said postbiotic composition further comprises a biological agent, wherein said postbiotic composition further comprises a botanical agent, wherein the botanical agent can be present at 25% of the postbiotic composition. Disclosed herein are postbiotic compositions comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour, wherein said postbiotic composition further comprises a biological agent, wherein said postbiotic composition further comprises grapeseed extract. Disclosed herein are postbiotic compositions comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour, wherein said postbiotic composition further comprises a biological agent, wherein said postbiotic composition further comprises grapeseed extract, wherein said grapeseed extract is present at 25% of said postbiotic composition.In some instances, the botanical agent is added to the postbiotic composition based on a desired concentration, such as weight per liter (e.g., mg / L). The amount of a botanical agent in a postbiotic composition can be 50 mg / L -500 mg / L. For instance, the amount of a botanical agent in a postbiotic composition can be 50 mg / L -150 mg / L, 100 mg / L -200 mg / L, 150 mg / L -250 mg / L, 200 mg / L -300 mg / L, 250 mg / L -350 mg / L, 300 mg / L -400 mg / L, 350 mg / L -450 mg / L, or 400 mg / L -500 mg / L. In some instances, the amount of botanical agent in a postbiotic composition can be more than 500mg. In some instances, the amount of a botanical agent in a postbiotic composition can be 50 mg / L -100 mg / L, 100 mg / L -150 mg / L,150 mg / L -200 mg / L, 200 mg / L -250 mg / L, 250 mg / L -300 mg / L, 300 mg / L -350 mg / L, 350 mg / L -400 mg / L, 400 mg / L -450 mg / L, or 450 mg / L to 500 mg / L. In some instances, the amount of botanical agent present within the postbiotic composition is less than 50 mg / L, less than 40 mg / L, less than 30 mg / L, less than 20 mg / L, less than 10 mg / L, less than 5 mg / L, or less than 1 mg / L, or less than 0.5 mg / L.The botanical agent can comprise ferulic acid, or derivatives thereof. Ferulic acid is an antioxidant found in various plants, fruits, vegetables and some grains. Ferulic acid is a hydroxycinnamic acid derivative and a phenolic compound. Esters of ferulic acid are found in plant cell walls. The ferulic acid can be present within the postbiotic composition in an amount equal to or less than 20mg / L. The amount of ferulic acid can be less than 20 mg / L, less than lOmg / L, less than 5mg / L, or less than Img / L, less than 0.5mg / L, or less than O.lmg / L. For instance, the amount of ferulic acid can be 20mg / L-10mg / L, 15mg / L 5mg / L, lOmg / L-lmg / L, 5mg / L-0.5mg / L, Img / L-O.lmg / L, or 0.5mg / L -0.05mg / L.The botanical agent can comprise cranberries or extract therefrom. In some embodiments, wherein the postbiotic composition comprises a botanical agent comprising cranberries or extract therefrom, the cranberries or extract therefrom can be between about 1% and about 90% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the cranberries or extract therefrom can be between about 1% and about 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the cranberries or extract therefrom is at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 9%, at least 10%, at least 11%, at least 12%, at least 13%, at least 14%, at least 15%, at least 16%, at least 17%, at least 18%, at least 19%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, or greater than 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the cranberries or extract therefrom is 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, or is greater than 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the cranberries or extract therefrom is l%-90%, 5%-90%, 10%-90%, 15%-90%, 20%-90%, 25%- 90%, 30%-90%, 35%-90%, 40%-90%, 45%-90%, 50%-90%, 55%-90%, 60%-90%, 65%- 90%, 70%-90%, 75-90%, 80%-90%, or 85%-90 of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the cranberries or extract therefrom is l%-5%, 5%-10%, 10%-20%, 20%-30%, 30%-40%, or 40%-50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the cranberries or extract therefrom is l%-50%, 5-50%, 10-50%, 15-50%, 20-50%, 25-50%, 30-50%, 35- 50%, 40-50%, 45-50%, or 50%-90% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the cranberries or extract therefrom is between about 1% and about 50% of the postbioticcomposition. In some embodiments, the cranberries or extract therefrom is about l%-50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the cranberries or extract therefrom is 1%- 50% of the postbiotic composition.The botanical agent can comprise grapeseed or extract therefrom (i.e., grapeseed extract). In some embodiments, wherein the postbiotic composition comprises a botanical agent comprising grapeseed or grapeseed extract, the grapeseed or grapeseed extract can be between about 1% and about 90% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the grapeseed or grapeseed extract can be between about 1% and about 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the grapeseed or grapeseed extract is at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 9%, at least 10%, at least 11%, at least 12%, at least 13%, at least 14%, at least 15%, at least 16%, at least 17%, at least 18%, at least 19%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, or greater than 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the grapeseed or grapeseed extract is 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, or is greater than 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the grapeseed or grapeseed extract is l%-90%, 5%-90%, 10%-90%, 15%-90%, 20%-90%, 25%- 90%, 30%-90%, 35%-90%, 40%-90%, 45%-90%, 50%-90%, 55%-90%, 60%-90%, 65%- 90%, 70%-90%, 75-90%, 80%-90%, or 85%-90 of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the grapeseed or grapeseed extract is l%-5%, 5%-l 0%, 10%-20%, 20%-30%, 30%-40%, or 40%-50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the grapeseed or grapeseed extract is l%-50%, 5-50%, 10-50%, 15-50%, 20-50%, 25-50%, 30-50%, 35- 50%, 40-50%, 45-50%, or 50%-90% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the grapeseed or grapeseed extract is between about 1% and about 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the grapeseed or grapeseed extract is about 1 %-50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the grapeseed or grapeseed extract is 1%- 50% of the postbiotic composition. The amount of grapeseed extract present in a postbiotic composition can be 50mg-500mg. For instance, the amount of grapeseed extract present in a postbiotic composition can be 50mg-150mg, 100mg-200mg, 150mg-250mg, 200mg-300mg, 250mg-350mg, 300mg-400mg, 350mg-450mg, or 400mg-500mg. In some instances, the amount of grapeseed extract present in a postbiotic composition can be more than 500mg. In some instances, the amount of grapeseed extract present in a postbiotic composition can be 50mg-100mg, 100mg-150mg, 150mg-200mg, 200mg-250mg, 250mg-300mg, 300mg-350mg, 350mg-400mg, 400mg-450mg, or 450mg to 500mg.The botanical agent can comprise nuts, such as any tannin-containing nut (e.g., acorns, hazelnuts, walnuts, pecans, almonds) or extract therefrom. In some embodiments, wherein the postbiotic composition comprises a botanical agent comprising tannin-containing nuts or extract therefrom, the tannin-containing nuts or extract therefrom can be between about 1% and about 90% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the tannin- containing nuts or extract therefrom can be between about 1% and about 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the tannin-containing nuts or extract therefrom is at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 9%, at least 10%, at least 11%, at least 12%, at least 13%, at least 14%, at least 15%, at least 16%, at least 17%, at least 18%, at least 19%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, or greater than 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the tannin-containing nuts or extract therefrom is 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, or is greater than 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the tannin-containing nuts or extract therefrom is l%-90%, 5%-90%, 10%-90%, 15%-90%, 20%-90%, 25%-90%, 30%-90%, 35%-90%, 40%-90%, 45%-90%, 50%-90%, 55%-90%, 60%-90%, 65%-90%, 70%-90%, 75- 90%, 80%-90%, or 85%-90 of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, tannin- containing nuts or extract therefrom is l%-5%, 5%-10%, 10%-20%, 20%-30%, 30%-40%, or 40%-50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the tannin-containing nuts or extract therefrom is l%-50%, 5-50%, 10-50%, 15-50%, 20-50%, 25-50%, 30-50%, 35-50%, 40-50%, 45-50%, or 50%-90% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the tannin-containing nuts or extract therefrom is between about 1% and about 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the tannin-containing nuts or extract therefrom is about 1 %-50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the tannin- containing nuts or extract therefrom is 1 %-50% of the postbiotic composition.The botanical agent can comprise tree bark. In some embodiments, wherein the postbiotic composition comprises a botanical agent comprising tree bark, the tree bark can be between about 1% and about 90% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the tree bark can be between about 1% and about 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the tree bark is at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 9%, at least 10%, at least 11%, at least 12%, at least 13%, at least 14%, at least 15%, at least 16%, at least 17%, at least 18%, at least 19%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, orgreater than 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the tree bark is 1%,2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%.20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, or is greater than 50% of the postbiotic composition.In some embodiments, the tree bark is l%-90%, 5%-90%, 10%-90%, 15%-90%, 20%-90%,25%-90%, 30%-90%, 35%-90%, 40%-90%, 45%-90%, 50%-90%, 55%-90%, 60%-90%.65%-90%, 70%-90%, 75-90%, 80%-90%, or 85%-90 of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the tree bark is l%-5%, 5%- 10%, 10%-20%, 20%-30%, 30%-40%, or 40%-50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the tree bark is l%-50%, 5-50%,10-50%, 15-50%, 20-50%, 25-50%, 30-50%, 35-50%, 40-50%, 45-50%, or 50%-90% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, tree bark is between about 1% and about 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the tree bark is about 1 %-50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the tree bark is l%-50% of the postbiotic composition.The botanical agent can comprise algae or extract therefrom. In some embodiments, wherein the postbiotic composition comprises a botanical agent comprising algae or extract therefrom, the algae or extract therefrom can be between about 1% and about 90% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the algae or extract therefrom can be between about 1% and about 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the algae or extract therefrom is at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 9%, at least 10%, at least 11%, at least 12%, at least 13%, at least 14%, at least 15%, at least 16%, at least 17%, at least 18%, at least 19%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, or greater than 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the algae or extract therefrom is 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, or is greater than 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the algae or extract therefrom is l%-90%, 5%-90%, 10%-90%, 15%-90%, 20%-90%, 25%-90%, 30%-90%, 35%-90%, 40%-90%, 45%-90%, 50%-90%, 55%-90%, 60%-90%, 65%-90%, 70%-90%, 75-90%, 80%-90%, or 85%-90 of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the algae or extract therefrom is l%-5%, 5%- 10%, 10%-20%, 20%-30%, 30%-40%, or 40%-50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the algae or extract therefrom is l%-50%, 5-50%, 10-50%, 15-50%, 20-50%, 25-50%, 30-50%, 35-50%, 40-50%, 45-50%, or 50%-90% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the algae or extract therefrom between about 1% and about 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the algae or extract therefrom is about 1%-50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the algae or extract therefrom is 1 %-50% of the postbiotic composition.The botanical agent can comprise beets or extract therefrom. In some embodiments, wherein the postbiotic composition comprises a botanical agent comprising beets or extract therefrom, the beets or extract therefrom can be between about 1% and about 90% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the beets or extract therefrom can be between about 1% and about 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the beets or extract therefrom is at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 9%, at least 10%, at least 11%, at least 12%, at least 13%, at least 14%, at least 15%, at least 16%, at least 17%, at least 18%, at least 19%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, or greater than 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the beets or extract therefrom is 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, or is greater than 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the beets or extract therefrom is l%-90%, 5%-90%, 10%-90%, 15%-90%, 20%-90%, 25%-90%, 30%-90%, 35%-90%, 40%-90%, 45%-90%, 50%-90%, 55%-90%, 60%-90%, 65%-90%, 70%-90%, 75-90%, 80%-90%, or 85%-90 of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the beets or extract therefrom is l%-5%, 5%- 10%, 10%-20%, 20%-30%, 30%-40%, or 40%-50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the beets or extract therefrom is l%-50%, 5-50%, 10-50%, 15-50%, 20-50%, 25-50%, 30-50%, 35-50%, 40-50%, 45-50%, or 50%-90% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, beets or extract therefrom is between about 1% and about 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the beets or extract therefrom is about 1%- 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the beets or extract therefrom is 1 %-50% of the postbiotic composition.The botanical agent can comprise potato or extract therefrom. In some embodiments, wherein the postbiotic composition comprises a botanical agent comprising potato or extract therefrom, the potato or extract therefrom can be between about 1% and about 90% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the potato or extract therefrom can be between about 1% and about 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the potato or extract therefrom is at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 9%, at least 10%, at least 11%, at least 12%, at least 13%, at least 14%, at least 15%, at least 16%, at least 17%, at least 18%, at least 19%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, or greater than50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the potato or extract therefrom is1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%.19%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, or is greater than 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the potato or extract therefrom is l%-90%, 5%-90%,10%-90%, 15%-90%, 20%-90%, 25%-90%, 30%-90%, 35%-90%, 40%-90%, 45%-90%,50%-90%, 55%-90%, 60%-90%, 65%-90%, 70%-90%, 75-90%, 80%-90%, or 85%-90 of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the potato or extract therefrom is l%-5%, 5%-10%, 10%-20%, 20%-30%, 30%-40%, or 40%-50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the tree bark is 1 %-50%, 5-50%, 10-50%, 15-50%, 20-50%, 25-50%, 30-50%,35-50%, 40-50%, 45-50%, or 50%-90% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the potato or extract therefrom is between about 1% and about 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the potato or extract therefrom is about 1 %-50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the potato or extract therefrom is 1 %-50% of the postbiotic composition.The botanical agent can comprise soybean or extract therefrom (e.g., soy). In some embodiments, wherein the postbiotic composition comprises a botanical agent comprising soybean or extract therefrom, the soybean or extract therefrom can be between about 1% and about 90% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the soybean or extract therefrom can be between about 1% and about 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the soybean or extract therefrom is at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 9%, at least 10%, at least 11%, at least 12%, at least 13%, at least 14%, at least 15%, at least 16%, at least 17%, at least 18%, at least 19%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, or greater than 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the soybean or extract therefrom is 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12 13%,14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, or is greater than50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the soybean or extract therefrom is l%-90%, 5%-90%, 10%-90%, 15%-90%, 20%-90%, 25%-90%, 30%-90%, 35%-90%, 40%-90%, 45%-90%, 50%-90%, 55%-90%, 60%-90%, 65%-90%, 70%-90%, 75-90%, 80%-90%. or 85%-90 of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the soybean or extract therefrom is l%-5%, 5%-l 0%, 10%-20%, 20%-30%, 30%-40%, or 40%-50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the soybean or extract therefrom is l%-50%,5-50%, 10-50%, 15-50%, 20-50%, 25-50%, 30-50%, 35-50%, 40-50%, 45-50%, or 50%-90% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the soybean or extract therefrom isbetween about 1% and about 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the soybean or extract therefrom is about 1 %-50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the soybean or extract therefrom is 1 %-50% of the postbiotic composition.The botanical agent can comprise soy or product derived therefrom (e.g., soy flour, soybean meal). In some embodiments, wherein the postbiotic composition comprises a botanical agent comprising soy or product derived therefrom, the soy or product derived therefrom can be between about 1% and about 90% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the soy or product derived therefrom can be between about 1% and about 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the soy or product derived therefrom is at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 9%, at least 10%, at least 11%, at least 12%, at least 13%, at least 14%, at least 15%, at least 16%, at least 17%, at least 18%, at least 19%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, or greater than 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the soy or product derived therefrom is 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, or is greater than 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the soy or product derived therefrom is l%-90%, 5%-90%, 10%-90%, 15%-90%, 20%-90%, 25%-90%, 30%-90%, 35%-90%, 40%-90%, 45%-90%, 50%-90%, 55%-90%, 60%-90%, 65%-90%, 70%-90%, 75-90%, 80%-90%, or 85%-90 of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the soy or product derived therefrom is l%-5%, 5%- 10%, 10%-20%, 20%-30%, 30%-40%, or 40%-50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the soy or product derived therefrom is l%-50%, 5-50%, 10-50%, 15-50%, 20- 50%, 25-50%, 30-50%, 35-50%, 40-50%, 45-50%, or 50%-90% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the soy or product derived therefrom is between about 1% and about 50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the soy or product derived therefrom is about 1 %-50% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the soy or product derived therefrom is l%-50% of the postbiotic composition.In some embodiments, the postbiotic composition comprises one or more vitamins. Vitamins within the postbiotic composition can be configured to aid in digestion and an individual’s digestive immune system.C. Microbial CellsDisclosed herein is a postbiotic composition comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s). The plurality of microbial cells, or cellconstituent(s) can be important for function of the postbiotic composition. Also disclosed herein is a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s). The plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituents can be used in the production of the postbiotic composition. For example, the plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s) can be mixed with an organic mixture comprising an organic substrate to aid in fermentation of an organic mixture and / or organic substrate to produce a postbiotic composition. In some aspects, the plurality of microbial cells comprises viable microbial cells that are mixed with an organic mixture prior to or during a fermentation process. In some aspects, the number of microbial cells is reduced during the production of the postbiotic composition, such as after the fermentation process has started or finished, resulting in a postbiotic composition comprising a reduced, or low number of viable microbial cells. In some embodiments, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% of said plurality of microbial cells are non-viable after reducing the number of viable cells with a postbiotic composition.Disclosed herein are postbiotic compositions comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour, wherein said postbiotic composition comprises 25% grapeseed extract. Disclosed herein are postbiotic compositions comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour, wherein said postbiotic composition comprises 25% grapeseed extract, wherein said oat flour comprises fermented oat flour, wherein said fermented oat flour has been fermented by a plurality of microbial cells. Disclosed herein are postbiotic compositions comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour, wherein said postbiotic composition comprises 25% grapeseed extract. Disclosed herein are postbiotic compositions comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises fermented oat flour, wherein said postbiotic composition comprises 25% grapeseed extract, wherein said plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 1000 CFU.In some instances, the postbiotic compositions can comprise a plurality of microbial cells or cell constituent(s), wherein at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99 % of the plurality of microbial cells are non-viable. In some embodiments, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or greater than 99% (e.g., between 99 ,01%-99.99%) of the plurality of microbial cells within the postbiotic composition are non-viable. In specific embodiments, between about90% and about 99.9999% of the plurality of microbial cells within the postbiotic composition are non-viable. In some embodiments, at least 99.9999% of the plurality of microbial cells within the postbiotic composition are non-viable. In some embodiments of the postbiotic compositions, 90%-99.99%, 91%-99.99%, 92%-99.99%, 93%-99.99%, 94%-99.99%, 95%- 99.99%, 96%-99.99%, 97%-99.99%, 98%-99.99%%, or 99%-99.99% of the plurality of microbial cells within the postbiotic composition are non-viable. In some embodiments, about 90%-99.99% of the plurality of microbial cells within the postbiotic composition are non-viable. For example, 90%-91%, 91%-92%, 92%-93%, 93%-94%, 94%-95%, 95%-96%, about 96%-97%, about 97%-98%, about 98%-99%%, or about 99%-99.99% of the plurality of microbial cells within the postbiotic composition are non-viable.The postbiotic compositions can comprise a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 1000, no more than 100, no more than 10, or no more than 1 CFU / gram or no more than 1000, no more than 100, no more than 10, or no more than 1 CFU / mL. In some embodiments, the postbiotic composition comprises no viable microbial cells.Disclosed herein are postbiotic compositions comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises fermented oat flour, wherein said postbiotic composition comprises 25% grapeseed extract, wherein said plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 1000 CFU. In some embodiments, the plurality of microbial cells can be between about 1000 CFU / gram and about 1 CFU / gram. In some embodiments, the plurality of microbial cells can be between about 1000 CFU / gram and about 10 CFU / gram. In some embodiments, the plurality of microbial cells can be between about 1000 CFU / gram and about 100 CFU / gram. In some embodiments, the plurality of microbial cells comprises 1000-1 CFU / gram. In some embodiments, the plurality of microbial cells comprises 100-10 CFU / gram. In some embodiments, the plurality of microbial cells comprises 10-1 CFU / gram. In some embodiments, the plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 1000 CFU / gram. For example, the plurality of microbial cells can comprise 1-1000, 5-1000, 10-1000, 20-1000, 30- 1000, 40-1000, 50-1000, 60-1000, 70-1000, 80-1000, 90-1000, 100-1000, 200-1000, 300- 1000, 400-1000, 500-1000, 600-1000, 700-1000, 800-1000, or 900-1000 CFU / gram. In some embodiments, the plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 100 CFU / gram. For example, the plurality of microbial cells can comprise 1-100, 5-100, 10-100, 20-100, 30-100, 40-100, 50-100, 60-100, 70-100, 80-100, or 90-100 CFU / gram. In some embodiments, the plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 10 CFU / gram. For example, the pluralityof microbial cells can comprise 1-10, 2-10, 3-10, 4-10, 5-10, 6-10, 7-10, 8-10, or 9-10 CFU / gram. In some embodiments, the plurality of microbial cells comprises 1 CFU / gram. In some embodiments, the plurality of microbial cells comprises less than 1 CFU / gram.The postbiotic compositions can comprise a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s). Microbial cells can be quantified using any method available to a skilled artisan. For instance, microbial cells can be quantified using colony plating. Colony plating can be performed on agar plates. The number of bacteria within a plurality of microbial cells present within the postbiotic composition can be measured as colony forming units (CFU). A CFU would be understood to represent one viable cell. A viable cell refers to a cell that can perform the basic functions of a healthy, living cell, including proliferation and division. The number of CFU can encompass CFU per amount of the postbiotic composition. The amount can be presented as weight or volume, depending on the state of the postbiotic composition. When the postbiotic composition is a solid state, such as a powder, the amount of CFU can be depicted as CFU per gram of postbiotic composition. When the postbiotic composition is a liquid state, the amount of CFU can be depicted as CFU per mU of postbiotic composition. In some instance, the postbiotic composition comprises a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituents, wherein said plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 1000, no more than 100, no more than 10, or no more than 1 CFU / mU. In some embodiments, the postbiotic composition comprises no viable microbial cells.In some embodiments, the plurality of microbial cells can be between about 1000 CFU / mU and about 1 CFU / mU. In some embodiments, the plurality of microbial cells can be between about 1000 CFU / mU and about 10 CFU / mU. In some embodiments, the plurality of microbial cells can be between about 1000 CFU / mU and about 100 CFU / mU.In some embodiments, the plurality of microbial cells comprises 1000-1 CFU / mU. In some embodiments, the plurality of microbial cells comprises 100-10 CFU / mU. In some embodiments, the plurality of microbial cells comprises 10-1 CFU / mU.In some embodiments, the plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 1000 CFU / mU. For example, the plurality of microbial cells can comprise 1-1000, 5-1000, 10- 1000, 20-1000, 30-1000, 40-1000, 50-1000, 60-1000, 70-1000, 80-1000, 90-1000, 100-1000, 200-1000, 300-1000, 400-1000, 500-1000, 600-1000, 700-1000, 800-1000, or 900-1000 CFU / mU. In some embodiments, the plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 100 CFU / mU. For example, the plurality of microbial cells can comprise 1-100, 5-100, 10-100, 20-100, 30-100, 40-100, 50-100, 60-100, 70-100, 80-100, or 90-100 CFU / mU. In some embodiments, the plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 10 CFU / mU. Forexample, the plurality of microbial cells can comprise 1-10, 2-10, 3-10, 4-10, 5-10, 6-10, 7- 10, 8-10, or 9-10 CFU / mL. In some embodiments, the plurality of microbial cells comprises 1 CFU / mL. In some embodiments, the plurality of microbial cells comprises less than 1 CFU / mL.In some embodiments, the postbiotic composition comprises between about 0.01% and 1% of said microbial cells, or cell constituent(s). In specific embodiments, the postbiotic composition comprises at least 0.01%, at least 0.02%, at least 0.03%, at least 0.04%, at least 0.05%, at least 0.1%, at least 0.2%, at least 0.3%, at least 0.4%, at least 0.5% of a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s).Bacterial strainsDisclosed herein are bacterial strains capable of fermenting an organic substrate to manufacture the postbiotic composition of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the microbial cells or cell constituents comprises at least one lactic acid bacteria, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces, Micrococcaceae, Propionibacterium, Brevibacterium, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, Christensenella, Clostridium, or Bacillus, or any cell constituents or combinations thereof.Active Variants of Bacterial strainsIn some embodiments, the microbial cells or cell constituents comprises active variants of at least one lactic acid bacteria, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces, Micrococcaceae, Propionibacterium, Brevibacterium, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, Christensenella, Clostridium, or Bacillus, or any cell constituents or combinations thereof. Active variants of the microorganisms provided herein includes, for example, any isolate, mutant, or otherwise modified bacterial strain of at least one lactic acid bacteria, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces, Micrococcaceae, Propionibacterium, Brevibacterium, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, Christensenella, Clostridium, or Bacillus that retains the ability to undergo fermentation to produce the postbiotic compositions disclosed herein. An active variant includes a strain having all of the identifying characteristics of the recited microorganisms.Active variants of the various bacteria provided herein can be identified by employing, for example, methods that determine the sequence identity relatedness between the 16S ribosomal RNA, methods to identify groups of derived and functionally identical or nearly identical strains including multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), concatenated shared gene trees, whole genome alignment (WGA), average nucleotide identity, and MinHash (Mash) distance metric.In one aspect, the active variants of at least one lactic acid bacteria, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces, Micrococcaceae, Propionibacterium, Brevibacterium, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, Christensenella, Clostridium, or Bacillus include strains that are closely related to the disclosed microorganisms by employing the Bishop MLST method of organism classification as defined in Bishop et al. (2009) BMC Biology 7(1)1741-7007-7-3. Thus, in specific embodiments, an active variant of a bacterial strain disclosed herein includes a bacterial strain that falls within at least a 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%. 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 98.5%, 98.8%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, or 99.9% sequence cut off employing the Bishop method of organism classification as set forth in Bishop et al. (2009) BMC Biology 7(1)1741-7007-7-3, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0025] In some embodiments, the active variants of the microorganisms disclosed herein include strains that are closely related to any of the disclosed microorganisms on the basis of the Average Nucleotide Identify (ANI) method of organism classification. ANI (see, for example, Konstantinidis, K.T., et al., (2005) PNAS USA 102(7):2567-72; and Richter, M., et al., (2009) PNAS 106(45): 19126-31) and variants (see, for example, Varghese, N.J., et al., Nucleic Acids Research (July 6, 2015): gkv657) are based on summarizing the average nucleotides shared between the genomes of strains that align in WGAs. Thus, in specific embodiments, an active variant of at least one lactic acid bacteria, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces, Micrococcaceae, Propionibacterium, Brevibacterium, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, Christensenella, Clostridium, or Bacillus includes a bacterial strain that falls within at least a 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 97.5%, 98%, 98.5%, 98.8%, 99%, 99.5%, or 99.8% sequence cut off employing the ANI method of organism classification as set forth in Konstantinidis, K.T., et al., (2005) PNAS USA 102(7):2567-72, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.In particular embodiments, the active variants of the isolated bacterial strain disclosed herein include strain(s) that are closely related to at least one lactic acid bacteria, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces, Micrococcaceae, Propionibacterium, Brevibacterium, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, Christensenella, Clostridium, or Bacillus on the basis of 16S rRNA sequence identity. See Stackebrandt E, et al., “Report of the ad hoc committee for the re-evaluation of the species definition in bacteriology,” Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 52(3): 1043-7 (2002) regarding use of 16S rRNA sequence identity for determining relatedness in bacteria.Disclosed herein are postbiotic compositions comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour, wherein said postbiotic composition comprises 25% grapeseed extract, wherein said plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituents comprises Lactiplantibacillus and Lacticaseibacillus. Disclosed herein are postbiotic compositions comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour, wherein said oat flour has been fermented by viable microbial cells within said plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituents, wherein said postbiotic composition comprises 25% grapeseed extract, wherein said plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituents comprises Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus. Disclosed herein are postbiotic compositions comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour, wherein said postbiotic composition comprises 25% grapeseed extract, , wherein said plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 1000 CFU, wherein said plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituents comprises Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus. Disclosed herein are postbiotic compositions comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said postbiotic composition comprises 25% grapeseed extract, wherein said organic substrate comprises fermented oat flour, wherein said oat flour has been fermented by viable microbial cells within said plurality of microbial cells, wherein said plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 1000 CFU, wherein said plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituents comprises Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus.In some embodiments, the postbiotic composition of the present disclosure comprises a byproduct of microorganism metabolism that is produced during manufacture of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the byproduct is a fermentation byproduct. For example, the byproduct is produced by the microorganism during fermentation. The byproduct can be secreted by the microorganism. For example, the byproduct is a result of microbial metabolism. As such, it is possible that the specific genus, species, subspecies, or strains of microorganism can be associated with production of said fermentation byproduct.A “non-viable microbial cell” would be understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art to be a damaged or ruptured microorganism that is no longer able to perform the basic functions of a healthy, living cell. As used herein, a “non-viable microbial cell” can be referred to as a “deactivated cell”. In some instances, a damaged or ruptured cell is no longerconsidered “living” and, therefore, can no longer perform the basic functions of a living probiotic. For example, and without limitation, a non-viable cell may no longer contain the capabilities to reproduce, while a living cell may be able to grow and divide. In some embodiments, the plurality of microbial cells that are non-viable include microorganisms introduced and / or produced during the manufacturing process of the postbiotic composition disclosed herein. For example, and without limitation, deactivated probiotic cell may include deactivated lactobacilli. In some embodiments, deactivated probiotic cell may be created by applying one or more techniques to a probiotic cell. For instance, and without limitation, a microbial cell (or plurality of microbial cells may be converted into a non-viable microbial cell (or non-viable plurality of microbial cells) through processes such as the introduction of heat (e.g., pasteurization), sterilization, the introduction of the one or more chemical substances, radiation, solvent extraction, enzymatic treatments, heat treatment, the use of electrical pulses, the high pressure application, sonication, pH changes, a drying process, such as, but not limited to, freeze drying or spray drying.D. Postbiotic AgentDisclosed herein is a postbiotic composition comprising a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s). In some embodiments the cell constituent(s) comprises at least one postbiotic agent, such as microbial cell wall fragment, cell membrane fragment, or component, a polysaccharide, such as an endopolysaccharide or exopolysaccharide, cell-wall anchored protein, pili, extracellular membrane vesicle(s), genetic material, or any other component derived from a microbial cell. In some embodiments, the postbiotic agent comprises a secreted microbial protein, metabolite, bioactive compound, components thereof, or combinations thereof.Numerous postbiotic agents (e.g., exopolysaccharide, extracellular membrane vesicle(s), genetic material), alone or in combination, may be used in the compositions and methods described herein to improve a gastrointestinal health metric (e.g., improve intestinal barrier function) in accordance with the present methods. Postbiotic agents refer to non- viable agents capable of being produced by bacteria (e.g., prebiotic bacteria) or byproducts thereof, including compounds secreted by live bacteria or released after bacterial lysis, such as metabolites, enzymes, peptides, teichoic acids, peptidoglycan-derived muropeptides, polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, fatty acids, glycerolipids, purines, sphingolipids, cell surface proteins, or organic acids. For example, the postbiotic may be one or more exopolysaccharide, extracellular membrane vesicle(s), or genetic material. In some aspects,the postbiotic agent comprises genetic material. In some aspects, the genetic material comprises DNA. In some aspects, the genetic material comprises RNA. When the postbiotic comprises RNA, the RNA can include any type of RNA. In some instances, the postbiotic agent comprises multiple forms of RNA. Methods for distinguishing between different forms of RNA are known in the art. In some aspects, the RNA is microRNA. Postbiotics possess different functional properties. These properties can positively affect the microbiota homeostasis and / or the host metabolic and signaling pathways, thus affecting specific physiological, immunological, neuro-hormone, biological, regulatory, or metabolic reactions. A postbiotic agent as described he”ein ’an be a byproduct of fermentation. Additionally, a postbiotic agent as described herein can be a byproduct of microbial killing, such as, for example, killing by pasteurization, sterilization, or spray drying.Classes of Postbiotic AgentsIn general, postbiotic agents can be differentiated either by their elemental composition, i.e., lipids (e.g. butyrate, propionate, dimethyl acetyl-derived plasmalogen), proteins (e.g. lactocepin, p40 molecule), carbohydrates (e.g. galactose -rich polysaccharides, and teichoic acids), vitamins / co-factors (e.g., B-group vitamins), organic acids (e.g., propionic and 3 -phenyllactic acid) and complexes molecules such as peptidoglycan-derived muropeptides, lipoteichoic acids, or by their physiological functions, which include, but are not limited to, immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic, anti-obesogenic, anti-hypertensive, anti -proliferative, and antioxidant effects.In some instances, the postbiotic agent is a short chain fatty acid (SCFA). SCFAs produced by bacteria can act as signaling molecules by improving, for example, regulation of lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity, through the activation of receptors such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPRs), thus contributing in the regulation of energy balance while maintaining metabolic homoeostasis.The postbiotic agent can be one or more short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). For example, the postbiotic agent may be acetate, propionate, and / or butyrate, or a derivate, or variant thereof. In some instances, the postbiotic agent is two or more of acetate, propionate, and / or butyrate, or a derivative, or variant thereof. In some instances, the postbiotic agent comprises acetate, propionate, and butyrate, or a derivative, or variant thereof. In some instances, the postbiotic agent comprises lactate, formate, or succinate, or a derivative or variant thereof.Disclosed herein are postbiotic compositions comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent s), wherein said organic substratecomprises oat flour, wherein said postbiotic composition comprises 25% grapeseed extract, wherein said plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituents comprises Lactiplantibacillus and Lacticaseibacillus, wherein said postbiotic composition further comprises a postbiotic agent. Disclosed herein are postbiotic compositions comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour, wherein said postbiotic composition comprises 25% grapeseed extract, wherein said plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituents comprises Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, wherein said postbiotic composition further comprises a postbiotic agent, wherein said postbiotic agent comprises a short chain fatty acid, wherein said organic substrate comprises fermented oat flour, wherein said oat flour has been fermented by viable microbial cells within said plurality of microbial cells, , wherein said plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 1000 CFU. Disclosed herein are postbiotic compositions comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour, wherein said postbiotic composition comprises 25% grapeseed extract, wherein said plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituents comprises Lactiplantibacillus and Lacticaseibacillus, wherein said postbiotic agent comprises microRNA. Disclosed herein are postbiotic compositions comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour, wherein said postbiotic composition comprises 25% grapeseed extract, wherein said plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituents comprises Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, wherein said postbiotic agent comprises microRNA .Disclosed herein are postbiotic compositions comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour, wherein said postbiotic composition comprises 25% grapeseed extract, wherein said plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituents comprises Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, wherein said postbiotic agent comprises a microRNA, wherein said organic substrate comprises fermented oat flour, wherein said oat flour has been fermented by viable microbial cells within said plurality of microbial cells, wherein said plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 1000 CFU.In some instances, the postbiotic agent is a peptide (e.g., an enzyme or polypeptide produced by bacteria). For example, a postbiotic agent that is an enzyme can have antioxidant properties. Polypeptides may include naturally occurring polypeptides or recombinantly produced variants. For example, the polypeptide may be a functionally active variant of anyof the polypeptides described herein with at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, e.g., over a specified region or over the entire sequence, to a sequence of a polypeptide described herein or a naturally occurring polypeptide.The postbiotic agent disclosed herein can be a polysaccharide (endo-polysaccharide or exo-polysaccharide). For example, exopolysaccharides or components thereof (e.g., uronic acid) can have antioxidant activity. In some instances, the postbiotic agent is a polysaccharide-glycopeptide complex.The postbiotic agent disclosed herein can be a cell wall component (e.g., lipoteichoic acid (LTA) or S-layer proteins). For example, the cell wall component can have immunomodulatory properties including LTA and S-layer proteins. Alternatively, the cell wall component may be a muropeptide.In some instances, the postbiotic agent is a bacterial membrane component. For example, the bacterial membrane component may be plasmalogen.In some instances, the postbiotic agent is an organic acid (e.g., propionic acid or 3- pheynyllactic acid).In particular embodiments, the postbiotic composition can contain a mixture of postbiotic agents. The composition including the postbiotic agent may include any number or type (e.g., classes) of postbiotic agents, such as at least about any one of 1 postbiotic agent, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, or more postbiotic agents. For example, the postbiotic agent can be a bacterial lysate containing a heterogeneous mixture of bacterial compounds (e.g., cell-free supernatants following lysis of bacteria). In some instances, the postbiotic agent can be a cell- free supernatant containing secreted elements from a bacterial cell. In other instances, the postbiotic agent can be a purified from a bacterium. Alternatively, the postbiotic agent may be synthesized based on known postbiotic agents.The postbiotic agent may be formulated in a composition for any of the uses described herein. A suitable concentration of each postbiotic agent in the composition depends on factors such as efficacy, stability of the postbiotic agent, number of distinct postbiotic agents, the formulation, and methods of application of the composition.In specific embodiments, a postbiotic agent of the composition disclosed herein is a natural byproduct of the manufacturing methods disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a postbiotic agent can be added to the postbiotic composition during the manufacturing process. In such instances, a postbiotic agent can be isolated from an external source prior tobe added to the postbiotic composition disclosed herein. The postbiotic agent can also be added as part of a whole composition or intact cell during the manufacturing process of the postbiotic composition disclosed herein. Postbiotics can be obtained using a variety of methods known in the art. For example, postbiotics can be obtained using cell disruption techniques, which include, but are not limited to, heat (Lee et al., J. of Micro, and Biotech. 12(3):398-405, 2002; Tejada-Simon & Pestka, J. of Food Protection. 62(12): 1435-1444, 1999), enzymatic treatments (Li et al., Food Chem. 135: 1914-1919, 2012), solvent extraction (Kim et al., Molec. Immun. 48(4): 382-391 , 2011), or sonication. Postbiotic agents can be isolated from a variety of bacteria (e.g., gram-negative bacteria or gram-positive bacteria). For example, the postbiotic agent can be isolated from a bacterial strain of Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp., Lactococcus spp., or Streptococcus spp.To obtain the postbiotic agent, additional extraction and clean-up steps can be used, such as centrifugation, dialysis, freeze-drying, or column purification. For instance, a chromatography column (e.g., a standard aliphatic hydrophobic interaction chromatography column, e.g., OCTYL-SEPHAROSE® CL-4B column) can be used for isolation of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from bacteria (e.g., Lactobacillus johnsonii, L. casei, or L. fermentum; Vidal et al., Infection and Immunity, 70(4): 2057-2064, 2002; Matsuguchi et al., Clin. And Diag. Lab. Immun., 10(2), 259-266). Alternatively, dialysis can also be used to extract the postbiotic agent. For example, dialysis can be used to assist the extraction of polysaccharide-glycopeptide complex from bacteria (e.g., L. casei; Sawada et al., Agri, and Bio. Chem. 54( 12) :3211-3219, 1990). Further, centrifugation can aid in the extraction of postbiotic agents.A variety of analytical approaches known in the art can be used for identification of a postbiotic agent. The selection of instrumental technique depends on the analytical goals and the type of characterization (qualitative and / or quantitative) pursued. For example, mass spectrometry (e.g., matrix-assisted laser desorption / ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, or electrospray ionization mass spectrometry), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, or spectroscopy (e.g., proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR, C-13 NMR) can be used to identify or validate a postbiotic agent for use in accordance with the present methods.E. Enzymatic BlendsIn some embodiments, the postbiotic composition comprises enzymes (e.g., a blend of enzymes, or an enzymatic blend). In some embodiments, the enzymatic blend is a byproduct of a fermentation process by which the postbiotic composition was manufactured. In some embodiments, the enzymatic blend is derived from the organic substrate. In some embodiments, the enzymatic blend is derived from the microorganisms. In some embodiments, the enzymatic blend was extraneously added throughout the manufacturing process, such as for example, to increase the rate of the fermentation process. As such, the postbiotic compositions disclosed herein can comprise an organic substrate that has undergone chemical and / or enzymatic pre-treatment to increase the concentration of fermentable sugars. The amount of fermentable sugars can be measured by any method know in the art. For instance, the amount of fermentable sugars in a postbiotic composition can be measured by an increase in Brix value.The enzymatic blends disclosed herein can be added as a pre-treatment to increase the concentration of fermentable sugars present within a postbiotic composition prior to fermentation.Disclosed herein are postbiotic compositions comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour, wherein said postbiotic composition comprises 25% grapeseed extract, wherein said plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituents comprises Lactiplantibacillus and Lacticaseibacillus, wherein said postbiotic composition further comprises a postbiotic agent, wherein said postbiotic agent further comprises an enzymatic blend.Disclosed herein are postbiotic compositions comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour, wherein said postbiotic composition comprises 25% grapeseed extract, wherein said plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituents comprises Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, wherein said postbiotic composition further comprises a postbiotic agent,, wherein said organic substrate comprises fermented oat flour, wherein said oat flour has been fermented by viable microbial cells within said plurality of microbial cells, , wherein said plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 1000 CFU, wherein said postbiotic agent further comprises an enzymatic blend.In some embodiments of the postbiotic compositions described herein, wherein the postbiotic composition comprises enzymes (e.g., an enzymatic blend), the enzymatic blend is no more than 0.01%, no more than 0.05%, no more than 0. 1%, no more than 0.5%, no more than 1%, no more than 2%, no more than 3%, no more than 4%, no more than 5% of thepostbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the enzymatic blend is no more than 0.5%, no more than 1%, or no more than 2% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the enzymatic blend is no more than about 0.5% to 2% of the postbiotic composition.In some embodiments of the postbiotic compositions, the enzymatic blend is between about 0.01% to about 5%, about 0.05% to about 5%, about 1% to about 5%, about 1.5% to about 5%, about 2% to about 5%, about 2.5% to about 5%, about 3% to about 5%, about 3.5% to about 5%, about 4% to about 5%, or about 4.5% to about 5% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the enzymatic blend is between about 0.05% to about 2%, 1% to about 2%, or 1.5% to about 2% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the enzymatic blend is between about 0.05% and about 2% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the botanical agent is between about 0.05%-2% of the postbiotic composition.In some embodiments of the postbiotic compositions described herein, the enzymatic blend is 0.01%-5%, 0.05%-5%, l%-5%, 1.5%-5%, 2%-5%, 2.5%-5%, 3%-5%, 3.5%-5%, 4%-5%, or 4.5%-5% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the enzymatic blend is 0.01%-0.05%, 0.05%-l%, 1%-1.5%, 1.5%-2%, 2%-2.5%, 2.5%-3%, 3%-3.5%, 3.5%-4%, 4%-4.5%, or 4.5%-5% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the enzymatic blend is 0.05%-2%, l%-2%, or 1.5-2% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the enzymatic blend is between about 0.05% and about 2% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the enzymatic blend is about 0.05%-2% of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the enzymatic blend is 0.05%-2% of the postbiotic composition.F. Food or Beverage ProductsThe postbiotic compositions disclosed herein are particularly effective at treating a gastrointestinal disorder or a sign or symptom of a gastrointestinal disorder. The postbiotic compositions can be particularly effective when consumed by an individual. As such, any formulation of the postbiotic composition that promotes consumption by an individual will be desirable. It may be advantageous to include postbiotic compositions within a food or beverage product for more efficient and effective consumption by an individual and delivery to the gastrointestinal tract.Also disclosed herein are food and beverage products comprising the postbiotic compositions of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the disclosed food and beverage products comprise a postbiotic composition comprising: (a) an organic substrate;and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s). The postbiotic compositions can be incorporated into a food or beverage produce in any form, such as, but not limited to, as a gel, paste, tablet, powder, gummy, spray, aerosol, lozenge, effervescent tablet, orodispersible fdm, topical cream, ointment, suppository, emulsion, transdermal patch, or liquid. For example, when the postbiotic composition is a powder, the powder can be suspended into a liquid food or beverage product.The food or beverage product can be any food or beverage product intended for human or animal consumption, non-limiting examples of which include a nutritional whole food, drink, sports drink, coffee, tea, water, mineral water, soda, carbonated beverage, oral hydration drink, mineral water, soup, replacement food, nutritional bar, nutritional consumable, gummy, tablet, confectionery, fermented or unfermented milk-based product, yogurt product, milk-based powder, enteral nutritional product, fermented or unfermented cereal-based product, chocolate, milk, yogurt, cheese, ice cream, baby and infant formula, cereal, animal feed, protein shake, protein powder, functional water, juice blend, smoothie, ready-to-drink (RTD) beverage, non-dairy milk, nut or seed butter, energy drink, functional shot, baked good, granola bar, snack bar, alcoholic beverage, frozen food, frozen meal, condiment, pasta, noodles, pet food, or pet treat.In some embodiments, the food or beverage product comprises juice, water, milk, a liquid containing protein, or tea. In some embodiments, the food or beverage product comprises a semisolid, such as yogurt, or a solid, such as gelatin. In some embodiments, the food or beverage product comprises a powder intended to be mixed with a fluid.The food or beverage products can be formulated with various amounts of the postbiotic composition. In some instances, the food or beverage product is a liquid, such as a juice, a sports drink, a smoothie, a protein shake, water or tea. The food or beverage product can also be a solid, or semi-solid. For example, the food or beverage product can be a gummy or a tablet. In some embodiments, the tablet is a solid tablet. In some embodiments, the tablet is a chewable tablet. In some embodiments, the postbiotic composition comprises a powder, such as a lyophilized powder. When the postbiotic composition comprises a powder, the powder can be added to a liquid food or beverage product. The food or beverage product can be a liquid comprising between about 0.2 grams and about 10 grams of the postbiotic composition.In some embodiments, wherein the food or beverage produce is a liquid, the liquid comprises at least 0.1 grams (i.e., 100 mg), at least 0.2 grams (i.e., 200 mg), at least 0.3 grams (i.e., 300 mg), at least 0.4 grams, at least 0.5 grams, at least 0.6 grams, at least 0.7grams, at least 0.8 grams, at least 0.9 grams, at least 1 gram, at least 2 grams, at least 3 grams, at least 4 grams, at least 5 grams, or at least 10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the liquid comprises at least 0.2, at least 0.3, at least 0.4, at least 0.5, at least 0.6, at least 0.7, at least 0.8, at least 0.9, at least 1, or at least 2 grams of the postbiotic composition.In some embodiments, the liquid food or beverage product comprises about 0.1-10 grams, about 0.2-10 grams, about 0.3-10 grams, about 0.4-10 grams, about 0.5-10 grams, about 0.6-10 grams, about 0.7-10 grams, about 0.8-10 grams, about 0.9-10 grams, about 1-10 grams, about 2-10 grams, about 3-10 grams, about 4-10 grams, or about 5-10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the liquid comprises about 0.1-0.2 grams, 0.2- 0.3 grams, 0.3-0.4 grams, 0.4-0.5 grams, 0.5-0.6 grams, 0.6-0.7 grams, 0.7-0.8 grams, 0.8-0.9 grams, 0.9-1 grams, 1-2 grams, 2-3 grams, 3-4 grams, 4-5 grams, or 5-10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the liquid comprises between about 0.2 grams and about 2 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the liquid comprises about 0.2-2 grams of the postbiotic composition.In some embodiments, the liquid food or beverage product comprises 0.1-10 grams, 0.2-10 grams, 0.3-10 grams, 0.4-10 grams, 0.5-10 grams, 0.6-10 grams, 0.7-10 grams, 0.8-10 grams, 0.9-10 grams, 1-10 grams, 2-10 grams, 3-10 grams, 4-10 grams, or 5-10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the liquid comprises 0.1-0.2 grams, 0.2-0.3 grams, 0.3-0.4 grams, 0.4-0.5 grams, 0.5-0.6 grams, 0.6-0.7 grams, 0.7-0.8 grams, 0.8-0.9 grams, 0.9-1 grams, 1-2 grams, 2-3 grams, 3-4 grams, 4-5 grams, or 5-10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the liquid comprises 0.2-0.3 grams, 0.3-0.4 grams, or 0.4-0.5 grams of the postbiotic composition.In some instances, the food or beverage product is a sports drink. When the food or beverage product is a sports drink, the sports drink can comprise between about 0.2 grams and about 10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the sports drink comprises about 0.2 grams, about 0.3 grams, about 0.4 grams, about 0.5 grams, about 0.6 grams, about 0.7 grams, about 0.8 grams, about 0.9 grams, about 1 gram, about 2 grams, or more than 2 grams of the postbiotic composition.In some embodiments, the sports drink comprises at least 0.1 grams (i.e., 100 mg), at least 0.2 grams (i.e., 200 mg), at least 0.3 grams (i.e., 300 mg), at least 0.4 grams, at least 0.5 grams, at least 0.6 grams, at least 0.7 grams, at least 0.8 grams, at least 0.9 grams, at least 1 gram, at least 2 grams, at least 3 grams, at least 4 grams, at least 5 grams, or at least 10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the sports drink comprises at least 0.2,at least 0.3, at least 0.4, at least 0.5, at least 0.6, at least 0.7, at least 0.8, at least 0.9, at least 1, or at least 2 grams of the postbiotic composition.In some embodiments, the sports drink comprises about 0.1-10 grams, about 0.2-10 grams, about 0.3-10 grams, about 0.4-10 grams, about 0.5-10 grams, about 0.6-10 grams, about 0.7-10 grams, about 0.8-10 grams, about 0.9-10 grams, about 1-10 grams, about 2-10 grams, about 3-10 grams, about 4-10 grams, or about 5-10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the sports drink comprises about 0. 1-0.2 grams, 0.2-0.3 grams, 0.3-0.4 grams, 0.4-0.5 grams, 0.5-0.6 grams, 0.6-0.7 grams, 0.7-0.8 grams, 0.8-0.9 grams, 0.9-1 grams, 1-2 grams, 2-3 grams, 3-4 grams, 4-5 grams, or 5-10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the sports drink comprises between about 0.2 grams and about 2 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the sports drink comprises about 0.2-2 grams of the postbiotic composition.In some embodiments, the sports drink comprises 0.1-10 grams, 0.2-10 grams, 0.3-10 grams, 0.4-10 grams, 0.5-10 grams, 0.6-10 grams, 0.7-10 grams, 0.8-10 grams, 0.9-10 grams, 1-10 grams, 2-10 grams, 3-10 grams, 4-10 grams, or 5-10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the sports drink comprises 0. 1-0.2 grams, 0.2-0.3 grams, 0.3-0.4 grams, 0.4-0.5 grams, 0.5-0.6 grams, 0.6-0.7 grams, 0.7-0.8 grams, 0.8-0.9 grams, 0.9-1 grams, 1-2 grams, 2-3 grams, 3-4 grams, 4-5 grams, or 5-10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the sports drink comprises 0.2-0.3 grams, 0.3-0.4 grams, or 0.4-0.5 grams of the postbiotic composition.The food or beverage product can also be juice. When the food or beverage product is juice, the juice can comprise between about 0.2 grams and about 10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the juice comprises about 0.2 grams, about 0.3 grams, about 0.4 grams, about 0.5 grams, about 0.6 grams, about 0.7 grams, about 0.8 grams, about 0.9 grams, about 1 gram, about 2 grams, or more than 2 grams of the postbiotic composition.In some embodiments, wherein the food or beverage produce is a juice, the juice comprises at least 0.1 grams (i.e., 100 mg), at least 0.2 grams (i.e., 200 mg), at least 0.3 grams (i.e., 300 mg), at least 0.4 grams, at least 0.5 grams, at least 0.6 grams, at least 0.7 grams, at least 0.8 grams, at least 0.9 grams, at least 1 gram, at least 2 grams, at least 3 grams, at least 4 grams, at least 5 grams, or at least 10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the juice comprises at least 0.2, at least 0.3, at least 0.4, at least 0.5, at least 0.6, at least 0.7, at least 0.8, at least 0.9, at least 1, or at least 2 grams of the postbiotic composition.In some embodiments, the juice comprises about 0.1-10 grams, about 0.2-10 grams, about 0.3-10 grams, about 0.4-10 grams, about 0.5-10 grams, about 0.6-10 grams, about 0.7- 10 grams, about 0.8-10 grams, about 0.9-10 grams, about 1-10 grams, about 2-10 grams, about 3-10 grams, about 4-10 grams, or about 5-10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the juice comprises about 0. 1-0.2 grams, 0.2-0.3 grams, 0.3-0.4 grams, 0.4-0.5 grams, 0.5-0.6 grams, 0.6-0.7 grams, 0.7-0.8 grams, 0.8-0.9 grams, 0.9-1 grams, 1-2 grams, 2-3 grams, 3-4 grams, 4-5 grams, or 5-10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the juice comprises between about 0.2 grams and about 2 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the juice comprises about 0.2-2 grams of the postbiotic composition.In some embodiments, the juice comprises 0.1-10 grams, 0.2-10 grams, 0.3-10 grams, 0.4-10 grams, 0.5-10 grams, 0.6-10 grams, 0.7-10 grams, 0.8-10 grams, 0.9-10 grams, 1-10 grams, 2-10 grams, 3-10 grams, 4-10 grams, or 5-10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the juice comprises 0. 1-0.2 grams, 0.2-0.3 grams, 0.3-0.4 grams, 0.4-0.5 grams, 0.5-0.6 grams, 0.6-0.7 grams, 0.7-0.8 grams, 0.8-0.9 grams, 0.9-1 grams, 1-2 grams, 2-3 grams, 3-4 grams, 4-5 grams, or 5-10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the juice comprises 0.2-0.3 grams, 0.3-0.4 grams, or 0.4-0.5 grams of the postbiotic composition. The food or beverage product can also be a smoothie. When the food or beverage product is a smoothie, the smoothie comprise between about 0.2 grams and about 10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the smoothie comprises about 0.2 grams, about 0.3 grams, about 0.4 grams, about 0.5 grams, about 0.6 grams, about 0.7 grams, about 0.8 grams, about 0.9 grams, about 1 gram, about 2 grams, or more than 2 grams of the postbiotic composition.In some embodiments, wherein the food or beverage produce is a smoothie, the smoothie comprises at least 0.1 grams (i.e., 100 mg), at least 0.2 grams (i.e., 200 mg), at least 0.3 grams (i.e., 300 mg), at least 0.4 grams, at least 0.5 grams, at least 0.6 grams, at least 0.7 grams, at least 0.8 grams, at least 0.9 grams, at least 1 gram, at least 2 grams, at least 3 grams, at least 4 grams, at least 5 grams, or at least 10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the smoothie comprises at least 0.2, at least 0.3, at least 0.4, at least 0.5, at least 0.6, at least 0.7, at least 0.8, at least 0.9, at least 1, or at least 2 grams of the postbiotic composition.In some embodiments, the smoothie comprises about 0.1-10 grams, about 0.2-10 grams, about 0.3-10 grams, about 0.4-10 grams, about 0.5-10 grams, about 0.6-10 grams, about 0.7-10 grams, about 0.8-10 grams, about 0.9-10 grams, about 1-10 grams, about 2-10grams, about 3-10 grams, about 4-10 grams, or about 5-10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the smoothie comprises about 0. 1-0.2 grams, 0.2-0.3 grams, 0.3-0.4 grams, 0.4-0.5 grams, 0.5-0.6 grams, 0.6-0.7 grams, 0.7-0.8 grams, 0.8-0.9 grams, 0.9-1 grams, 1-2 grams, 2-3 grams, 3-4 grams, 4-5 grams, or 5-10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the smoothie comprises between about 0.2 grams and about 2 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the smoothie comprises about 0.2-2 grams of the postbiotic composition.In some embodiments, the smoothie comprises 0.1-10 grams, 0.2-10 grams, 0.3-10 grams, 0.4-10 grams, 0.5-10 grams, 0.6-10 grams, 0.7-10 grams, 0.8-10 grams, 0.9-10 grams, 1-10 grams, 2-10 grams, 3-10 grams, 4-10 grams, or 5-10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the smoothie comprises 0. 1-0.2 grams, 0.2-0.3 grams, 0.3-0.4 grams, 0.4-0.5 grams, 0.5-0.6 grams, 0.6-0.7 grams, 0.7-0.8 grams, 0.8-0.9 grams, 0.9-1 grams, 1-2 grams, 2-3 grams, 3-4 grams, 4-5 grams, or 5-10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the smoothie comprises 0.2-0.3 grams, 0.3-0.4 grams, or 0.4-0.5 grams of the postbiotic composition. The food or beverage product can also be a protein shake. When the food or beverage product is a protein shake, the protein shake can comprise between about 0.2 grams and about 10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the protein shake comprises about 0.2 grams, about 0.3 grams, about 0.4 grams, about 0.5 grams, about 0.6 grams, about 0.7 grams, about 0.8 grams, about 0.9 grams, about 1 gram, about 2 grams, or more than 2 grams of the postbiotic composition.In some embodiments, wherein the food or beverage produce is a protein shake, the protein shake comprises at least 0.1 grams (i.e., 100 mg), at least 0.2 grams (i.e., 200 mg), at least 0.3 grams (i.e., 300 mg), at least 0.4 grams, at least 0.5 grams, at least 0.6 grams, at least 0.7 grams, at least 0.8 grams, at least 0.9 grams, at least 1 gram, at least 2 grams, at least 3 grams, at least 4 grams, at least 5 grams, or at least 10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the protein shake comprises at least 0.2, at least 0.3, at least 0.4, at least 0.5, at least 0.6, at least 0.7, at least 0.8, at least 0.9, at least 1, or at least 2 grams of the postbiotic composition.In some embodiments, the protein shake comprises about 0.1-10 grams, about 0.2-10 grams, about 0.3-10 grams, about 0.4-10 grams, about 0.5-10 grams, about 0.6-10 grams, about 0.7-10 grams, about 0.8-10 grams, about 0.9-10 grams, about 1-10 grams, about 2-10 grams, about 3-10 grams, about 4-10 grams, or about 5-10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the protein shake comprises about 0. 1-0.2 grams, 0.2-0.3 grams, 0.3-0.4 grams, 0.4-0.5 grams, 0.5-0.6 grams, 0.6-0.7 grams, 0.7-0.8 grams, 0.8-0.9grams, 0.9-1 grams, 1-2 grams, 2-3 grams, 3-4 grams, 4-5 grams, or 5-10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the protein shake comprises between about 0.2 grams and about 2 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the protein shake comprises about 0.2-2 grams of the postbiotic composition.In some embodiments, the protein shake comprises 0.1-10 grams, 0.2-10 grams, 0.3- 10 grams, 0.4-10 grams, 0.5-10 grams, 0.6-10 grams, 0.7-10 grams, 0.8-10 grams, 0.9-10 grams, 1-10 grams, 2-10 grams, 3-10 grams, 4-10 grams, or 5-10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the protein shake comprises 0. 1-0.2 grams, 0.2-0.3 grams, 0.3-0.4 grams, 0.4-0.5 grams, 0.5-0.6 grams, 0.6-0.7 grams, 0.7-0.8 grams, 0.8-0.9 grams, 0.9-1 grams, 1-2 grams, 2-3 grams, 3-4 grams, 4-5 grams, or 5-10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the protein shake comprises 0.2-0.3 grams, 0.3-0.4 grams, or 0.4-0.5 grams of the postbiotic composition.The food or beverage product can also be water. When the food or beverage product is water, the water can comprise between about 0.2 grams and about 10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the water comprises about 0.2 grams, about 0.3 grams, about 0.4 grams, about 0.5 grams, about 0.6 grams, about 0.7 grams, about 0.8 grams, about 0.9 grams, about 1 gram, about 2 grams, or more than 2 grams of the postbiotic composition.In some embodiments, wherein the food or beverage produce is water, the water comprises at least 0.1 grams (i.e., 100 mg), at least 0.2 grams (i.e., 200 mg), at least 0.3 grams (i.e., 300 mg), at least 0.4 grams, at least 0.5 grams, at least 0.6 grams, at least 0.7 grams, at least 0.8 grams, at least 0.9 grams, at least 1 gram, at least 2 grams, at least 3 grams, at least 4 grams, at least 5 grams, or at least 10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the water comprises at least 0.2, at least 0.3, at least 0.4, at least 0.5, at least 0.6, at least 0.7, at least 0.8, at least 0.9, at least 1, or at least 2 grams of the postbiotic composition.In some embodiments, water comprises about 0.1-10 grams, about 0.2-10 grams, about 0.3-10 grams, about 0.4-10 grams, about 0.5-10 grams, about 0.6-10 grams, about 0.7- 10 grams, about 0.8-10 grams, about 0.9-10 grams, about 1-10 grams, about 2-10 grams, about 3-10 grams, about 4-10 grams, or about 5-10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the water comprises about 0.1-0.2 grams, 0.2-0.3 grams, 0.3-0.4 grams, 0.4-0.5 grams, 0.5-0.6 grams, 0.6-0.7 grams, 0.7-0.8 grams, 0.8-0.9 grams, 0.9-1 grams, 1-2 grams, 2-3 grams, 3-4 grams, 4-5 grams, or 5-10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the water comprises between about 0.2 grams and about 2 grams of thepostbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the water comprises about 0.2-2 grams of the postbiotic composition.In some embodiments, the water comprises 0.1-10 grams, 0.2-10 grams, 0.3-10 grams, 0.4-10 grams, 0.5-10 grams, 0.6-10 grams, 0.7-10 grams, 0.8-10 grams, 0.9-10 grams, 1-10 grams, 2-10 grams, 3-10 grams, 4-10 grams, or 5-10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the water comprises 0.1-0.2 grams, 0.2-0.3 grams, 0.3- 0.4 grams, 0.4-0.5 grams, 0.5-0.6 grams, 0.6-0.7 grams, 0.7-0.8 grams, 0.8-0.9 grams, 0.9-1 grams, 1-2 grams, 2-3 grams, 3-4 grams, 4-5 grams, or 5-10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the water comprises 0.2-0.3 grams, 0.3-0.4 grams, or 0.4-0.5 grams of the postbiotic composition.The food or beverage product can also be tea. When the food or beverage product is tea, the tea can comprise between about 0.2 grams and about 10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the tea comprises about 0.2 grams, about 0.3 grams, about 0.4 grams, about 0.5 grams, about 0.6 grams, about 0.7 grams, about 0.8 grams, about 0.9 grams, about 1 gram, about 2 grams, or more than 2 grams of the postbiotic composition.In some embodiments, wherein the food or beverage produce is teas, the tea comprises at least 0.1 grams (i.e., 100 mg), at least 0.2 grams (i.e., 200 mg), at least 0.3 grams (i.e., 300 mg), at least 0.4 grams, at least 0.5 grams, at least 0.6 grams, at least 0.7 grams, at least 0.8 grams, at least 0.9 grams, at least 1 gram, at least 2 grams, at least 3 grams, at least 4 grams, at least 5 grams, or at least 10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the tea comprises at least 0.2, at least 0.3, at least 0.4, at least 0.5, at least 0.6, at least 0.7, at least 0.8, at least 0.9, at least 1, or at least 2 grams of the postbiotic composition.In some embodiments, the tea comprises about 0. 1-10 grams, about 0.2-10 grams, about 0.3-10 grams, about 0.4-10 grams, about 0.5-10 grams, about 0.6-10 grams, about 0.7- 10 grams, about 0.8-10 grams, about 0.9-10 grams, about 1-10 grams, about 2-10 grams, about 3-10 grams, about 4-10 grams, or about 5-10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the tea comprises about 0. 1-0.2 grams, 0.2-0.3 grams, 0.3-0.4 grams, 0.4- 0.5 grams, 0.5-0.6 grams, 0.6-0.7 grams, 0.7-0.8 grams, 0.8-0.9 grams, 0.9-1 grams, 1-2 grams, 2-3 grams, 3-4 grams, 4-5 grams, or 5-10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the tea comprises between about 0.2 grams and about 2 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the tea comprises about 0.2-2 grams of the postbiotic composition.In some embodiments, the tea comprises 0.1-10 grams, 0.2-10 grams, 0.3-10 grams, 0.4-10 grams, 0.5-10 grams, 0.6-10 grams, 0.7-10 grams, 0.8-10 grams, 0.9-10 grams, 1-10 grams, 2-10 grams, 3-10 grams, 4-10 grams, or 5-10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the tea comprises 0. 1-0.2 grams, 0.2-0.3 grams, 0.3-0.4 grams, 0.4-0.5 grams, 0.5-0.6 grams, 0.6-0.7 grams, 0.7-0.8 grams, 0.8-0.9 grams, 0.9-1 grams, 1-2 grams, 2-3 grams, 3-4 grams, 4-5 grams, or 5-10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the tea comprises 0.2-0.3 grams, 0.3-0.4 grams, or 0.4-0.5 grams of the postbiotic composition.When the food or beverage product is a liquid, any volume of liquid capable of being used for a food or beverage product is envisaged for the food or beverage product comprising a postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the liquid food or beverage product can be between about 0.5 fluid ounces and about 128 fluid ounces. In some embodiments, the liquid food and beverage product can be at least 0.5 fluid ounces, at least 1 fluid ounces, at least 2 fluid ounces, at least 3 fluid ounces, at least 4 fluid ounces, at least 5 fluid ounces, at least 10 fluid ounces, at least 20 fluid ounces, at least 30 fluid ounces, at least 50 fluid ounces, at least 100 fluid ounces, at least 128 fluid ounces, or greater than 128 fluid ounces.In some embodiments, the liquid food or beverage product is at least 0.5 fluid ounces, at least 1 fluid ounces, at least 2 fluid ounces, at least 3 fluid ounces, at least 4 fluid ounces, at least 5 fluid ounces, at least 10 fluid ounces, at least 20 fluid ounces, at least 30 fluid ounces, at least 40 fluid ounces, at least 50 fluid ounces, at least 60 fluid ounces, at least 70 fluid ounces, at least 80 fluid ounces, at least 90 fluid ounces, at least 100 fluid ounces, at least 128 fluid ounces, or greater than 128 fluid ounces.In some embodiments, the liquid food or beverage produce is about 0.5-128 fluid ounces, about 1-128 fluid ounces, about 2-128 fluid ounces, about 3-128 fluid ounces, about 4-128 fluid ounces, about 5-128 fluid ounces, about 10-128 fluid ounces, about 20-128 fluid ounces, about 30-128 fluid ounces, about 40-128 fluid ounces, about 50-128 fluid ounces, about 60-128 fluid ounces, about 70-128 fluid ounces, about 80-128 fluid ounces, about 90- 128 fluid ounces, or about 100-128 fluid ounces. In some embodiments, the liquid food or beverage product is about 0.5-1 fluid ounces, about 1-2 fluid ounces, about 2-3 fluid ounces, about 3-4 fluid ounces, about 4-5 fluid ounces, about 5-10 fluid ounces, about 10-20 fluid ounces, about 20-30 fluid ounces, about 30-40 fluid ounces, about 40-50 fluid ounces, about 50-100 fluid ounces, or about 100-128 fluid ounces. In some embodiments, the liquid food or beverage product is 0.5-1 fluid ounces, 1-2 fluid ounces, 2-3 fluid ounces, 3-4 fluid ounces,4-5 fluid ounces, 5-10 fluid ounces, 10-20 fluid ounces, 20-30 fluid ounces, 30-40 fluid ounces, 40-50 fluid ounces, 50-100 fluid ounces, or 100-128 fluid ounces.The food or beverage product can also be a solid. A solid product can include, for example, a gummy. When the food or beverage product is a gummy, the gummy can comprise between about 0.2 grams and about 10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the gummy comprises about 0.2 grams, about 0.3 grams, about 0.4 grams, about 0.5 grams, about 0.6 grams, about 0.7 grams, about 0.8 grams, about 0.9 grams, about 1 gram, about 2 grams, or more than 2 grams of the postbiotic composition.In some embodiments, wherein the food or beverage produce is a gummy, the gummy comprises at least 0.1 grams (i.e., 100 mg), at least 0.2 grams (i.e., 200 mg), at least 0.3 grams (i.e., 300 mg), at least 0.4 grams, at least 0.5 grams, at least 0.6 grams, at least 0.7 grams, at least 0.8 grams, at least 0.9 grams, at least 1 gram, at least 2 grams, at least 3 grams, at least 4 grams, at least 5 grams, or at least 10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the gummy comprises at least 0.2, at least 0.3, at least 0.4, at least 0.5, at least 0.6, at least 0.7, at least 0.8, at least 0.9, at least 1, or at least 2 grams of the postbiotic composition.In some embodiments, the gummy comprises about 0.1-10 grams, about 0.2-10 grams, about 0.3-10 grams, about 0.4-10 grams, about 0.5-10 grams, about 0.6-10 grams, about 0.7-10 grams, about 0.8-10 grams, about 0.9-10 grams, about 1-10 grams, about 2-10 grams, about 3-10 grams, about 4-10 grams, or about 5-10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the gummy comprises about 0. 1-0.2 grams, 0.2-0.3 grams, 0.3-0.4 grams, 0.4-0.5 grams, 0.5-0.6 grams, 0.6-0.7 grams, 0.7-0.8 grams, 0.8-0.9 grams, 0.9-1 grams, 1-2 grams, 2-3 grams, 3-4 grams, 4-5 grams, or 5-10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the gummy comprises between about 0.2 grams and about 2 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the gummy comprises about 0.2-2 grams of the postbiotic composition.In some embodiments, the gummy comprises 0.1-10 grams, 0.2-10 grams, 0.3-10 grams, 0.4-10 grams, 0.5-10 grams, 0.6-10 grams, 0.7-10 grams, 0.8-10 grams, 0.9-10 grams, 1-10 grams, 2-10 grams, 3-10 grams, 4-10 grams, or 5-10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the gummy comprises 0.1-0.2 grams, 0.2-0.3 grams, 0.3- 0.4 grams, 0.4-0.5 grams, 0.5-0.6 grams, 0.6-0.7 grams, 0.7-0.8 grams, 0.8-0.9 grams, 0.9-1 grams, 1-2 grams, 2-3 grams, 3-4 grams, 4-5 grams, or 5-10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the gummy comprises 0.2-0.3 grams, 0.3-0.4 grams, or 0.4-0.5 grams of the postbiotic composition.The food or beverage product can also be a tablet. When the food or beverage product is tablet, the tablet can comprise between about 0.2 grams and about 10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the tablet comprises about 0.2 grams, about 0.3 grams, about 0.4 grams, about 0.5 grams, about 0.6 grams, about 0.7 grams, about 0.8 grams, about 0.9 grams, about 1 gram, about 2 grams, or more than 2 grams of the postbiotic composition.In some embodiments, wherein the food or beverage produce is a tablet, the tablet comprises at least 0.1 grams (i.e., 100 mg), at least 0.2 grams (i.e., 200 mg), at least 0.3 grams (i.e., 300 mg), at least 0.4 grams, at least 0.5 grams, at least 0.6 grams, at least 0.7 grams, at least 0.8 grams, at least 0.9 grams, at least 1 gram, at least 2 grams, at least 3 grams, at least 4 grams, at least 5 grams, or at least 10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the tablet comprises at least 0.2, at least 0.3, at least 0.4, at least 0.5, at least 0.6, at least 0.7, at least 0.8, at least 0.9, at least 1, or at least 2 grams of the postbiotic composition.In some embodiments, the tablet comprises about 0.1-10 grams, about 0.2-10 grams, about 0.3-10 grams, about 0.4-10 grams, about 0.5-10 grams, about 0.6-10 grams, about 0.7- 10 grams, about 0.8-10 grams, about 0.9-10 grams, about 1-10 grams, about 2-10 grams, about 3-10 grams, about 4-10 grams, or about 5-10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the tablet comprises about 0.1-0.2 grams, 0.2-0.3 grams, 0.3-0.4 grams, 0.4-0.5 grams, 0.5-0.6 grams, 0.6-0.7 grams, 0.7-0.8 grams, 0.8-0.9 grams, 0.9-1 grams, 1-2 grams, 2-3 grams, 3-4 grams, 4-5 grams, or 5-10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the tablet comprises between about 0.2 grams and about 2 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the tablet comprises about 0.2-2 grams of the postbiotic composition.In some embodiments, the tablet comprises 0.1-10 grams, 0.2-10 grams, 0.3-10 grams, 0.4-10 grams, 0.5-10 grams, 0.6-10 grams, 0.7-10 grams, 0.8-10 grams, 0.9-10 grams, 1-10 grams, 2-10 grams, 3-10 grams, 4-10 grams, or 5-10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the tablet comprises 0.1-0.2 grams, 0.2-0.3 grams, 0.3- 0.4 grams, 0.4-0.5 grams, 0.5-0.6 grams, 0.6-0.7 grams, 0.7-0.8 grams, 0.8-0.9 grams, 0.9-1 grams, 1-2 grams, 2-3 grams, 3-4 grams, 4-5 grams, or 5-10 grams of the postbiotic composition. In some embodiments, the tablet comprises 0.2-0.3 grams, 0.3-0.4 grams, or 0.4-0.5 grams of the postbiotic composition.The postbiotic compositions disclosed herein can also include a nutritional supplement. Any form of nutritional supplement is envisaged within the scope of the presentdisclosure. When the postbiotic compositions comprises a nutritional supplement, the postbiotic compositions can be formulated into a food or beverage product. For instances, a food or beverage product can comprise a postbiotic composition comprising a nutrional supplement. The food or beverage product can be a solid or a liquid. In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement comprises a powder, wherein the powder is mixed with the postbiotic composition prior to being formulated into a food or beverage product for consumption by a subject. In some embodiments, the postbiotic composition is in the form of a capsule, gel, paste, tablet, powder, gummy, spray, aerosol, lozenge, effervescent tablet, orodispersible film, topical cream, ointment, suppository, emulsion, transdermal patch, or liquid. When the postbiotic composition is in the form of a powder, the powder can be a lyophilized powder. The powder (e.g., lyophilized powder) can be dissolved within a liquid solution. In particular embodiments, the postbiotic composition is a liquid. When the postbiotic composition is a liquid, wherein the liquid is mixed with a nutritional supplement. The nutritional supplement can be in the form of a solid, such as a powder, or a liquid. In some embodiments, the postbiotic composition comprises a capsule. In some embodiments, the capsule is an edible capsule. In some embodiments, the edible capsule is a capsule made of gelatin. In some embodiments, the postbiotic composition comprises a tablet. The tablet can be an edible tablet, such as a chewable tablet.Any component of the postbiotic composition can be present at any concentration disclosed herein. The concentrations disclosed herein can include weight per volume, volume per volume, or weight per weight, depending on the state of the postbiotic composition. For instance, the postbiotic composition can be in liquid or solid form. When the postbiotic composition is in a solid form, such as a lyophilized powder, the concentration of any component can be presented as weight per weight (w / w) concentration. When the postbiotic composition is in a liquid form, the concentration of any component can be presented as volume per volume, or weight per volume.Disclosed herein are food products and beverage products comprising postbiotic compositions comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour, wherein said postbiotic composition comprises 25% grapeseed extract, wherein said plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituents comprises Lactiplantibacillus and Lacticaseibacillus, wherein said postbiotic composition further comprises a postbiotic agent.Disclosed herein are food products and beverage products comprising postbiotic compositions comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, orcell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour, wherein said postbiotic composition comprises 25% grapeseed extract, wherein said plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituents comprises Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, wherein said postbiotic composition further comprises a postbiotic agent, wherein said organic substrate comprises fermented oat flour, wherein said oat flour has been fermented by viable microbial cells within said plurality of microbial cells, wherein said plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 1000 CFU.IV. Methods of Using Postbiotic CompositionsDisclosed herein are methods of using postbiotic compositions to support and maintain the gastrointestinal health and well-being of a subject. For instance, the postbiotic composition can be used to improve and / or support gastrointestinal health. Any postbiotic composition disclosed herein can be used in the disclosed methods. The methods disclosed herein can involve administering a postbiotic composition to a subject. For instance, the methods can involve administering a postbiotic composition to a subject within a food and / or beverage product. Food and / or beverage products comprising postbiotic compositions are described herein. Administration of a postbiotic composition to a subject is intended to encompass self-administration. For instance, self-administration can involve consumption of a food and / or beverage product comprising a postbiotic composition by a subject. Administration of the postbiotic compositions can enhance the resilience of intestinal microbiome, promote the proliferation of beneficial bacteria, increase immune barrier function and restitution, and / or reduce inflammation. In some embodiments, enhancing the resilience of the intestinal microbiome comprises a reduction of inflammation biomarkers. In some embodiments, wherein the postbiotic composition promotes the proliferation of beneficial bacteria, the beneficial bacteria include bifidogenic bacteria. Without wishing to be bound by any theory oral consumption of the postbiotic composition, or food and / or beverage product comprising the postbiotic composition, enables the delivery of at least one component within the postbiotic composition to the gastrointestinal tract of a subject. In some instances, at least one component of the postbiotic composition is delivered to the gastrointestinal tract of the subject following administration, where said at least one component contacts at least one epithelial cell and / or at least one microorganism within the gastrointestinal tract of said subject. As described herein, the postbiotic compositions can have animpact on epithelial tissue in the gastrointestinal tract. For example, the postbiotic compositions find use in stimulating an epithelial tissue response in a subject. The postbiotic compositions also find use in maintaining intestinal barrier integrity. The postbiotic compositions are particularly effective at modulating a microbial population within the gastrointestinal tract of a subject. The postbiotic compositions can be used to effectively treat a gastrointestinal disorder or reduce at least one sign or symptom of a gastrointestinal disorder. The postbiotic composition may provide a synergetic effect in performing at least three different but compatible mechanisms of actions. For example, and without limitation, components of postbiotic composition may function to increase butyrate production, decrease zonulin / calprotectin levels, reduce inflammation biomarkers (IL-8 / c-reactive protein), regulate cortisol levels, and result in improved digestive health. Target digestive health states may include epithelial health (leaky gut), immune health (inflammation), keystone gut bacteria regulation.In some embodiments, an effective amount of the postbiotic composition, when administered to a subject in need thereof, enhances the resilience of intestinal microbiome and promotes the proliferation of beneficial bacteria. Increasing the resilience of intestinal microbiome may include suppressing the growth of noxious intestinal bacterium or may include strengthening the intestinal barrier. Some elements of the postbiotic composition may strengthen the intestinal barrier by affecting the microorganisms present within an individual’s stomach or intestinal tract that are responsible for maintaining the intestinal barrier or lining, respectively. Introduction of postbiotics may facilitate the increase of mucus-related gene expression, where expression of the mucus related genes can increase the strengthening of the intestinal barrier. In one or more embodiments, enhancing the resilience of the intestinal microbiome further includes reducing inflammation biomarkers. In some embodiments, the postbiotic composition prevents the invasion of pathogenic microbes. In some embodiments, the postbiotic composition reduces inflammation associated with intestinal injuries. In some embodiments, the postbiotic composition promotes the proliferation of beneficial bacteria.Disclosed herein are methods of treating a gastrointestinal disorder in a subject, wherein the method comprises administering an effective amount of any postbiotic composition disclosed herein. Also disclosed are methods of reducing a symptom of a gastrointestinal disorder, wherein the method comprises administering an effective amount of any postbiotic composition disclosed herein. The methods of treating a gastrointestinal disorder or reducing a symptom of a gastrointestinal disorder in a subject can compriseadministering any food or beverage product disclosed herein. The food or beverage products are expected to be as effective when used in the methods disclosed herein because they comprise a postbiotic composition. In order to effectively be used to treat a gastrointestinal disorder or reduce a symptom of a gastrointestinal disorder in a subject, the food and / or beverage products can be formulated to include an effective amount of a postbiotic composition. Any postbiotic composition disclosed herein can be administered to treat a gastrointestinal disorder or reduce a symptom of a gastrointestinal disorder in a subject. Any amount of the postbiotic composition disclosed herein can be administered to treat a gastrointestinal disorder or reduce a symptom of a gastrointestinal disorder in a subject.The methods of treating a gastrointestinal disorder or reducing a symptom of a gastrointestinal disorder in a subject can comprise administering to a subject an effective amount of a postbiotic composition comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour that has been fermented by Lactiplantibacillus and Lacticaseibacillus, wherein said postbiotic composition further comprises a postbiotic agent, wherein said plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 1000 CFU. The methods of treating a gastrointestinal disorder or reducing a symptom of a gastrointestinal disorder in a subject can comprise administering to a subject an effective amount of a postbiotic composition comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour that has been fermented by Lactiplantibacillus and Lacticaseibacillus, wherein said postbiotic composition further comprises a postbiotic agent, said plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 1000 CFU, wherein said postbiotic composition comprises 25% grapeseed extract.The gastrointestinal symptom that is reduced by the postbiotic composition following administration can comprise any of the following: abdominal pain, stomach pain, hunger pain, nausea, reflux syndrome, heartbum, acid reflux, diarrhea, loose stools, urgent need for defecation, indigestion, rumbling, bloating, burping, flatulence, constipation, hard stools, and / or feeling of incomplete evacuation. It would be readily understood that administration of a postbiotic composition can reduce more than one symptom of a gastrointestinal disorder. For example, when a postbiotic composition, or food and / or beverage product comprising a postbiotic composition, is administered to a subject, more than one symptom of a gastrointestinal disorder can be reduced. Insome instances, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least nine, or at least ten symptoms of a gastrointestinal disorder are reduced.Administration of an effective amount of a postbiotic composition can reduce flatulence and / or bloating in a subject. Administration of an effective amount of a postbiotic composition can reduce abdominal pain in a subject. Administration of an effective amount of a postbiotic composition can reduce stomach pain in a subject. Administration of an effective amount of a postbiotic composition can reduce hunger pain in a subject. Administration of an effective amount of a postbiotic composition can reduce nausea in a subject. Administration of an effective amount of a postbiotic composition can reduce reflux syndrome in a subject. Administration of an effective amount of a postbiotic composition can reduce heartbum in a subject. Administration of an effective amount of a postbiotic composition can reduce acid reflux in a subject. Administration of an effective amount of a postbiotic composition can reduce diarrhea in a subject. Administration of an effective amount of a postbiotic composition can reduce loose stools in a subject. Administration of an effective amount of a postbiotic composition can reduce urgent need for defecation in a subject. Administration of an effective amount of a postbiotic composition can reduce indigestion in a subject. Administration of an effective amount of a postbiotic composition can reduce rumbling in a subject. Administration of an effective amount of a postbiotic composition can reduce bloating in a subject. Administration of an effective amount of a postbiotic composition can reduce burping in a subject. Administration of an effective amount of a postbiotic composition can reduce flatulence in a subject. Administration of an effective amount of a postbiotic composition can reduce constipation in a subject. Administration of an effective amount of a postbiotic composition can reduce hard stools in a subject. Administration of an effective amount of a postbiotic composition can reduce feeling of incomplete evacuation in a subject. The symptom of the gastrointestinal disorder can be reduced by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%. For example, following administration of the postbiotic composition to a subject, the symptom of the gastrointestinal disorder can be reduced by 10%-20%, 15%-25%, 20%-30%, 25%-35%, 30%-40%, 35%-45%, 40%-50%, 45%-55%, 50%-60%, 55%-65%, 60%-70%, 65%-75%, 70%-80%, 75%-85%, 80%-90%, or greater than 90%.The methods of reducing flatulence and / or bloating in a subject can comprise administering to a subject an effective amount of a postbiotic composition comprising: (a) anorganic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour that has been fermented by Lactiplantibacillus and Lacticaseibacillus, wherein said postbiotic composition further comprises a postbiotic agent, wherein said plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 1000 CFU. The methods of reducing flatulence and / or bloating in a subject can comprise administering to a subject an effective amount of a postbiotic composition comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour that has been fermented by Lactiplantibacillus and Lacticaseibacillus, wherein said postbiotic composition further comprises a postbiotic agent, said plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 1000 CFU, wherein said postbiotic composition comprises 25% grapeseed extract.In a preferred embodiment, the method of treating a gastrointestinal disorder or reducing a symptom of a gastrointestinal disorder in a subject comprises administering to said subject an effective amount of a postbiotic composition and reduces flatulence in said subject. The flatulence can be reduced by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%. Following administration of a postbiotic composition, flatulence can be reduced by 10%-20%, 15%-25%, 20%-30%, 25%-35%, 30%-40%, 35%-45%, 40%-50%, 45%-55%, 50%-60%, 55%-65%, 60%-70%, 65%-75%, 70%-80%, 75%- 85%, 80%-90%, or greater than 90%. Following administration of a postbiotic composition, flatulence can be reduced by 30%-70%, 40%-60%, or 45%-55%. Following administration of a postbiotic composition comprising grapeseed extract, flatulence can be reduced by 10%-20%, 15%-25%, 20%-30%, 25%-35%, 30%-40%, 35%-45%, 40%-50%, 45%-55%, 50%-60%, 55%-65%, 60%-70%, 65%-75%, 70%- 80%, 75%-85%, 80%-90%, or greater than 90%. Following administration of a postbiotic composition, flatulence can be reduced by at least 1. 1-fold, at least 1.2-fold, at least 1.3-fold, at least 1.4-fold, at least 1.5-fold, at least 1.6-fold, at least 1.7-fold, at least 1.8-fold, at least 1.9-fold, at least 2-fold, at least 3-fold, at least 4-fold, at least 5- fold, at least 6-fold, at least 7-fold, at least 8-fold, at least 14-fold, at least 15-fold, at least 16-fold, at least 17-fold, at least 18-fold, at least 19-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 50-fold, at least 100-fold. The reduction can be relative to the subject prior to, or immediately following, administration of the postbiotic composition.In another preferred embodiment, the method of treating a gastrointestinal disorder or reducing a symptom of a gastrointestinal disorder in a subject comprises administering to said subject an effective amount of a postbiotic composition and reduces bloating in said subject. The bloating can be reduced by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%. Following administration of a postbiotic composition, bloating can be reduced by 10%-20%, 10%-40%, 15%-35%, 15%- 25%, 20%-30%, 25%-35%, 30%-40%, 35%-45%, 40%-50%, 45%-55%, 50%-60%, 55%- 65%, 60%-70%, 65%-75%, 70%-80%, 75%-85%, 80%-90%, or greater than 90%. Following administration of a postbiotic composition comprising grapeseed extract, bloating can be reduced by 10%-20%, 15%-25%, 10%-40%, 15%-35%, 20%-30%, 25%-35%, 30%-40%, 35%-45%, 40%-50%, 45%-55%, 50%-60%, 55%-65%, 60%-70%, 65%-75%, 70%-80%, 75%-85%, 80%-90%, or greater than 90%. Following administration of a postbiotic composition, bloating can be reduced by at least 1.1-fold, at least 1.2-fold, at least 1.3-fold, at least 1.4-fold, at least 1.5-fold, at least 1.6-fold, at least 1.7-fold, at least 1.8-fold, at least 1.9- fold, at least 2-fold, at least 3-fold, at least 4-fold, at least 5-fold, at least 6-fold, at least 7- fold, at least 8-fold, at least 14-fold, at least 15-fold, at least 16-fold, at least 17-fold, at least 18-fold, at least 19-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 50-fold, at least 100-fold. The reduction can be relative to the subject prior to, or immediately following, administration of the postbiotic composition. The reduction in flatulence and / or bloating and / or any symptom of a gastrointestinal disorder can be measured relative to a control. The subject prior to, or immediately following, administration of the postbiotic composition can be a control. For instance, the severity of the symptom of a gastrointestinal disorder in the subject prior to, or immediately following, administration of the postbiotic composition can be a control.A symptom of a gastrointestinal disorder can be measured by any instrument and / or method known in the art. For example, gastrointestinal symptoms can be measured using the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS).The GSRS is a weekly questionnaire that assesses the severity of gastrointestinal symptoms an individual has experienced over the past week. The questionnaire consists of 15 questions contributing to 5 syndromes. It is scored from 1 (no discomfort at all) to 7 (very severe discomfort). The methods of treating a gastrointestinal disorder or reducing a symptom of a gastrointestinal disorder in a subject disclosed herein comprise administration to a subject an effective amount of a postbiotic composition or food product and / or beverage product, wherein the GSRS score of said subject is between 2 and 10 following administration of the postbiotic composition. Following administration of the postbioticcomposition, the GSRS score of said subject is between 3 and 9. Following administration of the postbiotic composition, the GSRS score of said subject is between 3 and 8. Following administration of the postbiotic composition, the GSRS score of said subject is between 3 and 7. Following administration of the postbiotic composition, the GSRS score of said subject is between 4 and 8. Following administration of the postbiotic composition, the GSRS score of said subject is between 5 and 8. Following administration of the postbiotic composition, the GSRS score of said subject is between 5 and 7. Following administration of the postbiotic composition, the GSRS score of said subject is 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, or 2. Administration of the postbiotic composition will reduce the GSRS score of a subject compared to a GSRS score prior to, or immediately following, administration of the postbiotic composition. Following administration of the postbiotic composition, the GSRS score of said subject is 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, or 2, wherein the GSRS score of said subject prior to or immediately following administration of said postbiotic composition is no less than 10. For instance, following administration of the postbiotic composition, the GSRS score of said subject is 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, or 2, wherein the GSRS score of said subject prior to or immediately following administration of said postbiotic composition is: a. 12-14; b. 13-15; c. 14-16; d. 15-17; or e. 16-18.The methods of treating a gastrointestinal disorder or reducing a symptom of a gastrointestinal disorder in a subject disclosed herein comprise administration to a subject an effective amount of a postbiotic composition or food product and / or beverage product, wherein the GSRS score of said subject is reduced compared to the GSRS score of said subject prior to, or immediately following administration of the postbiotic composition, wherein the postbiotic composition comprises grapeseed extract. The composition can comprise grapeseed extract at any concentration disclosed herein. For instance, the grapeseed extract can be present at 25% and / or lOOmg. Following administration of the postbiotic composition comprising grapeseed extract, the GSRS score of said subject is between 3 and 8. Following administration of the postbiotic composition comprising grapeseed extract, the GSRS score of said subject is between 3 and 7. Following administration of the postbiotic composition comprising grapeseed extract, the GSRS score of said subject is between 4 and 8. Following administration of the postbiotic composition comprising grapeseed extract, the GSRS score of said subject is between 5 and 8. Following administration of the postbiotic composition comprising grapeseed extract, the GSRS score of said subject is between 5 and 7. Following administration of the postbiotic composition comprising grapeseed extract, theGSRS score of said subject is 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, or 2. Administration of the postbiotic composition comprising grapeseed extract will reduce the GSRS score of a subject compared to a GSRS score prior to, or immediately following, administration of the postbiotic composition comprising grapeseed extract. Following administration of the postbiotic composition comprising grapeseed extract, the GSRS score of said subject is 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, or 2, wherein the GSRS score of said subject prior to or immediately following administration of said postbiotic composition comprising grapeseed extract is no less than 10. For instance, following administration of the postbiotic composition comprising grapeseed extract, the GSRS score of said subject is 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, or 2, wherein the GSRS score of said subject prior to or immediately following administration of said postbiotic composition comprising grapeseed extract is: a. 12-14; b. 13-15; c. 14-16; d. 15-17; or e. 16-18.In such instances, the method of treating a gastrointestinal disorder or reducing a symptom of a gastrointestinal disorder in a subject, comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of the postbiotic composition can reduce a GSRS score at least 10%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least80%, or at least 90%. Following administration of a postbiotic composition, GSRS score can be reduced by 10%-20%, 15%-25%, 20%-30%, 25%-35%, 30%-40%, 35%-45%, 40%-50%.45%-55%, 50%-60%, 55%-65%, 60%-70%, 65%-75%, 70%-80%, 75%-85%, 80%-90%, or greater than 90%. Following administration of a postbiotic composition comprising grapeseed extract, GSRS score can be reduced by 10%-20%, 15%-25%, 20%-30%, 25 %-35%, 30%-40%, 35%-45%, 40%-50%, 45%-55%, 50%-60%, 55%-65%, 60%-70%, 65%-75%, 70%-80%, 75%-85%, 80%-90%, or greater than 90%. The GSRS score of a subject can be reduced compared to a control, such as a GSRS score from a subject that was not administered a postbiotic composition.The methods of reducing a GSRS score of a subject can comprise administering to a subject an effective amount of a postbiotic composition comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour that has been fermented by Lactiplantibacillus and Lacticaseibacillus, wherein said postbiotic composition further comprises a postbiotic agent, said plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 1000 CFU.The methods reducing a GSRS score of a subject can comprise administering to a subject an effective amount of a postbiotic composition comprising: (a) an organic substrate;and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour that has been fermented by Lactiplantibacillus and Lacticaseibacillus, wherein said postbiotic composition further comprises a postbiotic agent, wherein said plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 1000 CFU, or no more than 1 CFU / mL, wherein said postbiotic composition comprises 25% grapeseed extract.To assess the impact (e.g., reduction) on a symptom of a gastrointestinal disorder, the symptom can be evaluated in a subject prior to and after administration of a postbiotic composition. In some instances, the symptom can be evaluated immediately after administration of a postbiotic composition rather than prior to administration. The effects of the postbiotic composition may not occur until an hour, or more, following administration of the postbiotic composition. It may be possible that the effects of the postbiotic composition are not observed until after 24 hours. As such, a measurement of a symptom within the period immediately after administration would be expected to be representative of a symptom measurement prior to the effect of the postbiotic composition. By “immediately after” in reference to administration of the postbiotic composition means within 5 minutes, within 10 minutes, within 15 minutes, within 20 minutes, within 25 minutes, within 30 minutes, within 35 minutes, within 40 minutes, within 45 minutes, within 50 minutes, within 55 minutes, within 60 minutes, within 2 hours, within 3 hours, within 4 hours, within 5 hours, within 6 hours, or within 24 hours following administration of the postbiotic composition.Disclosed herein are methods of stimulating an epithelial tissue response. In particular, the methods include stimulating an epithelial tissue response in the gastrointestinal tract of a subject. The methods of stimulating an epithelial tissue response in the gastrointestinal tract of a subject comprise administering to a subject an effective amount of a postbiotic composition. Any postbiotic composition disclosed herein can be administered to stimulate an epithelial tissue response. Any amount of the postbiotic composition can be administered to stimulate an epithelial tissue response. The methods of stimulating an epithelial tissue response in the gastrointestinal tract in a subject can comprise administering any food or beverage product disclosed herein. The food or beverage products are expected to be as effective as the postbiotic compositions when used in the methods disclosed herein because they comprise a postbiotic composition. To effectively be used to stimulate an epithelial tissue response, the food and / or beverage products can be formulated to include an effective amount of a postbiotic composition. The method of stimulating an epithelial tissueresponse in the gastrointestinal tract of a subject can comprise administering to a subject an effective amount of a postbiotic composition comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour that has been fermented by Lactiplantibacillus and Lacticaseibacillus, wherein said postbiotic composition further comprises a postbiotic agent, wherein said plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 1000 CFU. The method of stimulating an epithelial tissue response in the gastrointestinal tract of a subject can comprise administering to a subject an effective amount of a postbiotic composition comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour that has been fermented by Lactiplantibacillus and Lacticaseibacillus, wherein said postbiotic composition further comprises a postbiotic agent, wherein said plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 1000 CFU, wherein said postbiotic composition comprises 25% grapeseed extract.The epithelial tissue response can be characterized by at least one epithelial cell within said epithelial tissue exhibiting a cellular response. As such, an epithelial tissue response can include at least one epithelial cell within said epithelial tissue exhibiting a cellular response. The cellular response can be any cellular response that contributes to a desired outcome described herein. For example, the cellular response can include: increased production and / or secretion of, or increased expression of a gene encoding, at least one molecule in at least one epithelial cell in the epithelial tissue; and / or increased restitution (e.g., wound closure). The cellular response can include a change in gene expression and / or production and / or secretion of a protein or cellular molecule or metabolite. In some instances, the cellular response includes a change in expression of at least one gene in at least one epithelial cell. The gene can be any epithelial gene associated with epithelial restitution or epithelial wound healing. In some instances, the cellular response includes a change in multiple genes in at least one epithelial cell. It is likely that a response would be seen in more than one epithelial cell. The cellular response can include a change in gene expression and / or production and / or secretion of a protein or cellular molecule or metabolite in at least one epithelial cell. The cellular response can include a change in gene expression and / or production and / or secretion of a protein or cellular molecule or metabolite in at least 1, at least 10, at least 102, at least 103, at least 104, at least 105, at least 106, at least 107, at least 108, at least 109, at least 1010, at least 1011, at least 1012, at least 1013, at least 1014, at least 1015, atleast 1016, at least 1017, at least 1018, at least 1019, at least IO20, or more than IO20epithelial cells.At least one epithelial cell can exhibit increased production and / or secretion, or increased expression of a gene encoding, of at least one molecule compared to a control cell or tissue. At least 1, at least 10, at least 102, at least 103, at least 104, at least 105, at least 106, at least 107, at least 108, at least 109, at least IO10, at least 1011, at least 1012, at least 1013, at least 1014, at least 1015, at least 1016, at least 1017, at least 1018, at least 1019, at least IO20, or more than IO20epithelial cells can exhibit increased production and / or secretion of, or increased expression of a gene encoding, at least one molecule compared to a control cell and / or tissue. A control cell can include: an epithelial cell in the epithelial tissue in the gastrointestinal tract of a subject that was not administered the postbiotic composition. A control cell can also include: an epithelial cell in the epithelial tissue in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject prior to administration of the postbiotic composition, or an epithelial cell in the epithelial tissue in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject immediately after administration of the postbiotic composition. A control tissue can include a plurality of epithelial cells, such as an epithelial monolayer. Methods of examining gene expression, and / or protein production and / or secretion from an epithelial cell and / or tissue would be readily available to a skilled artisan. Any method known can be used. Any method of culturing epithelial cells and / or epithelial cell monolayers (i.e., epithelial tissue) and examining increased expression and / or production and / or secretion of proteins can be used. For instance, gene expression in at least one epithelial cell, and or a monolayer of epithelial cells, can be examined using genomic sequence quantification methods, such as polymerase chain reaction (e.g., qPCR, RT-PCR). Gene expression can be measured by quantifying RNA (e.g., mRNA). The epithelial tissue can comprise at least one epithelial cell. In some instances, the epithelial tissue comprises at least 10, at least 102, at least 103, at least 104, at least 105, at least 106, at least 107, at least 108, at least 109, at least IO10, at least 1011, at least 1012, at least 1013, at least 1014, at least 1015, at least 1016, at least 1017, at least 1018, at least 1019, at least IO20, or more than IO20epithelial cells. Importantly, the control cell and / or tissue can be exposed to at least one pro-inflammatory molecule. The postbiotic compositions are particularly effective at enhancing gene expression, and / or molecule production and / or secretion, of a molecule that is increased in the presence of at least one pro-inflammatory molecule. Pro-inflammatory molecules would be readily known by a skilled artisan.Any molecule readily understood to be a pro-inflammatory molecule is included. For example, pro-inflammatory molecules can include: interleukin (IL)- ip, IL-6, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, CXCL8, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, and CX3CL1. In some instances, the pro-inflammatory molecules include: tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) and Interleukin- 1 (IL-ip). By “immediately after” in reference to administration of the postbiotic composition means within 5 minutes, within 10 minutes, within 15 minutes, within 20 minutes, within 25 minutes, within 30 minutes, within 35 minutes, within 40 minutes, within 45 minutes, within 50 minutes, within 55 minutes, within 60 minutes, within 2 hours, within 3 hours, within 4 hours, within 5 hours, within 6 hours, or within 24 hours following administration of the postbiotic composition.The cellular response can include a change in production and / or secretion of, or increased expression of a gene encoding, a protein or cellular molecule or metabolite in at least one epithelial cell within the epithelial tissue. The cellular response can include a change in production and / or secretion of, or increased expression of a gene encoding, a protein or cellular molecule or metabolite in more than one epithelial cell within the epithelial tissue. The increase in production and / or secretion of, or increased expression of a gene encoding, a protein can occur at any time following administration of the postbiotic composition. The cellular response can involve increased production of, or increased expression of a gene encoding, a protein and / or molecule in at least one epithelial cell within the epithelial tissue. Methods of measuring a response, such as increased protein and / or molecule production and / or secretion, or increased expression of a gene, are known in the art. Any method can be used. An epithelial monolayer can be used to examine the response of at least one epithelial cell and / or epithelial tissue. The epithelial monolayer can comprise at least one epithelial cell. The epithelial monolayer can comprise any number of epithelial cells described herein. Methods of culturing and maintaining epithelial monolayers would be readily understood by a skilled artisan, and any method can be used in the methods disclosed herein. Gene expression can be analyzed by quantifying genetic material, such as RNA. Assays for quantifying production and / or secretion of metabolites and / or proteins would be readily known. Any method can be used. Following administration of a postbiotic composition, production of a protein and / or molecule, or expression of at least one gene, in at least one epithelial cell can be increased by I0%-20%, 15%-25%, 20%-30%, 25%-35%, 30%-40%, 35%-45%, 40%-50%, 45%-55%, 50%-60%, 55%-65%, 60%-70%, 65%-75%, 70%-80%, 75%-85%, 80%-90%, or greater than 90%. Following administration of a postbiotic composition comprising grapeseed extract, production of a protein and / ormolecule, or expression of at least one gene, in at least one epithelial cell can be increased by 10%-20%, 15%-25%, 20%-30%, 25%-35%, 30%-40%, 35%-45%, 40%- 50%, 45%-55%, 50%-60%, 55%-65%, 60%-70%, 65%-75%, 70%-80%, 75%-85%, 80%-90%, or greater than 90%. The cellular response can involve increased secretion of a protein and / or molecule, or expression of at least one gene, in at least one epithelial cell within the epithelial tissue. The molecule can comprise a cytokine and / or chemokine, and the gene can encode a cytokine and / or chemokine. In some embodiments, the cytokine comprises IL-6. Following administration of a postbiotic composition, production and / or secretion of IL-6, or expression of the gene encoding IL-6, in at least one epithelial cell can be increased by 10%-20%, 15%-25%, 20%- 30%, 25%-35%, 30%-40%, 35%-45%, 40%-50%, 45%-55%, 50%-60%, 55%-65%, 60%-70%, 65%-75%, 70%-80%, 75%-85%, 80%-90%, or greater than 90%.Following administration of a postbiotic composition comprising grapeseed extract, production and / or secretion of IL-6, or expression of the gene encoding IL-6, in at least one epithelial cell can be increased by 10%-20%, 15%-25%, 20%-30%, 25%- 35%, 30%-40%, 35%-45%, 40%-50%, 45%-55%, 50%-60%, 55%-65%, 60%-70%, 65%-75%, 70%-80%, 75%-85%, 80%-90%, or greater than 90%. In some embodiments, the chemokine comprises CXCL-8. Following administration of a postbiotic composition, production and / or secretion of CXCL-8, or expression of the gene encoding CXCL-8, in at least one epithelial cell can be increased by 10%-20%, 15%-25%, 20%-30%, 25%-35%, 30%-40%, 35%-45%, 40%-50%, 45%-55%, 50%- 60%, 55%-65%, 60%-70%, 65%-75%, 70%-80%, 75%-85%, 80%-90%, or greater than 90%. Following administration of a postbiotic composition comprising grapeseed extract, production and / or secretion of CXCL-8, or expression of the gene encoding CXCL-8, in at least one epithelial cell can be increased by 10%-20%, 15%-25%, 20%-30%, 25%-35%, 30%-40%, 35%-45%, 40%-50%, 45%-55%, 50%-60%, 55%- 65%, 60%-70%, 65%-75%, 70%-80%, 75%-85%, 80%-90%, or greater than 90%. Any molecule and / or protein that reduces a gastrointestinal disorder and / or symptom of a gastrointestinal disorder, maintains epithelial barrier integrity, or improves the well-being of a subject, or a gene encoding such a molecule, can be increased in its production and / or secretion from at least one epithelial cell following administration of a postbiotic composition disclosed herein.The methods disclosed herein can involve reduced production of a protein and / or molecule in at least one epithelial cell within the epithelial tissue. Followingadministration of a postbiotic composition, production of a protein and / or molecule, or expression of the gene, in at least one epithelial cell can be reduced by 10%-20%, 15%-25%, 20%-30%, 25%-35%, 30%-40%, 35%-45%, 40%-50%, 45%-55%, 50%-60%, 55%-65%, 60%-70%, 65%-75%, 70%-80%, 75%-85%, 80%-90%, or greater than 90%. Following administration of a postbiotic composition comprising grapeseed extract, production of a protein and / or molecule, or expression of the gene, in at least one epithelial cell can be reduced by 10%-20%, 15%-25%, 20%-30%, 25%-35%, 30%-40%, 35%-45%, 40%-50%, 45%-55%, 50%-60%, 55%-65%, 60%-70%, 65%-75%, 70%-80%, 75%-85%, 80%-90%, or greater than 90%. Any molecule and / or protein or gene that contributes to a gastrointestinal disorder and / or symptom of a gastrointestinal disorder can be reduced in its expression, production and / or secretion from at least one epithelial cell following administration of a postbiotic composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments of the methods of stimulating an epithelial tissue response in the gastrointestinal tract of a subject disclosed herein, at least one epithelial cell exhibits increased production and / or secretion or gene expression of a cytokine. Following administration of a postbiotic composition, production and / or secretion, or expression of the gene, of at least one cytokine in at least one epithelial cell can be increased at least 1.1-fold, at least 1.2-fold, at least 1.3-fold, at least 1.4-fold, at least 1.5-fold, at least 1.6-fold, at least 1.7-fold, at least 1.8-fold, at least 1.9-fold, at least 2-fold, at least 3- fold, at least 4-fold, at least 5-fold, at least 6-fold, at least 7-fold, at least 8-fold, at least 14- fold, at least 15-fold, at least 16-fold, at least 17-fold, at least 18-fold, at least 19-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 50-fold, at least 100-fold, at least 200-fold, at least 300-fold, at least 400- fold, at least 500-fold, at least 600-fold, at least 700-fold, at least 800-fold, at least 900-fold, or greater than 900-fold. Following administration of a postbiotic composition, production and / or secretion, or gene expression, of at least one cytokine in an epithelial tissue (e.g., epithelial monolayer) can be increased at least 1.1-fold, at least 1.2-fold, at least 1.3-fold, at least 1.4-fold, at least 1.5-fold, at least 1.6-fold, at least 1.7-fold, at least 1.8-fold, at least 1.9- fold, at least 2-fold, at least 3-fold, at least 4-fold, at least 5-fold, at least 6-fold, at least 7- fold, at least 8-fold, at least 14-fold, at least 15-fold, at least 16-fold, at least 17-fold, at least 18-fold, at least 19-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 50-fold, at least 100-fold, at least 200-fold, at least 300-fold, at least 400-fold, at least 500-fold, at least 600-fold, at least 700-fold, at least 800-fold, at least 900-fold, or greater than 900-fold. In some embodiments of the methods of stimulating an epithelial tissue response in the gastrointestinal tract of a subject disclosed herein, at least one epithelial cell exhibits increased production and / or secretion, or gene expression, of IL-6.Following administration of a postbiotic composition, production and / or secretion of, or expression of a gene encoding, IL-6 in at least one epithelial cell can be increased at least 1.1-fold, at least 1.2-fold, at least 1.3-fold, at least 1.4-fold, at least 1.5-fold, at least 1.6-fold, at least 1.7-fold, at least 1.8-fold, at least 1.9-fold, at least 2-fold, at least 3 -fold, at least 4-fold, at least 5 -fold, at least 6-fold, at least 7- fold, at least 8-fold, at least 14-fold, at least 15-fold, at least 16-fold, at least 17-fold, at least 18-fold, at least 19-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 50-fold, at least 100-fold, at least 200-fold, at least 300-fold, at least 400-fold, at least 500-fold, at least 600-fold, at least 700-fold, at least 800-fold, at least 900-fold, or greater than 900-fold. Following administration of a postbiotic composition, production and / or secretion of, or expression of a gene encoding, IL-6 in an epithelial tissue (e.g., epithelial monolayer) can be increased at least 1.1-fold, at least 1.2-fold, at least 1.3-fold, at least 1.4-fold, at least 1.5-fold, at least 1.6-fold, at least 1.7-fold, at least 1.8-fold, at least 1.9-fold, at least 2-fold, at least 3-fold, at least 4-fold, at least 5-fold, at least 6- fold, at least 7-fold, at least 8-fold, at least 14-fold, at least 15-fold, at least 16-fold, at least 17-fold, at least 18-fold, at least 19-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 50-fold, at least 100-fold, at least 200-fold, at least 300-fold, at least 400-fold, at least 500-fold, at least 600-fold, at least 700-fold, at least 800-fold, at least 900-fold, or greater than 900-fold. The increase can be relative to a control. In some instances, the increase in production and / or secretion of, or expression of a gene encoding, IL-6 can be up to 640-fold. In some instances, the increase in production and / or secretion of, or expression of a gene encoding, IL-6 can be up to 20-fold compared to a housekeeping gene. In such instances, any increase of 20-fold or below can occur. The increase can be up to 20-fold, up to 19-fold, up to 18-fold, up to 17-fold, up to 16-fold, up to 15- fold, up to 14-fold, up to 13 -fold, up to 12-fold, up to 11-fold, up to 10-fold, or any increase less than 10-fold. The increase can be between 1.1 -fold and 10-fold, between 5 -fold and 25 -fold, between 10-fold to 20-fold, between 15 -fold to 25 -fold, or between 20-fold to 30-fold. In some instances, the increase in production and / or secretion of, or expression of a gene encoding, IL-6 can be up to 2-fold compared to the increase of IL-6 in at least one epithelial cell contacted with at least one pro- inflammatory molecule (i.e., a stimulated cell and / or tissue) in the absence of the postbiotic composition. For instance, the epithelial tissue can be in the subject not administered the postbiotic composition, or prior to, or immediately after, administration of said composition. In such instances, the increase in productionand / or secretion of, or expression of a gene encoding, IL-6 can be up to 2-fold, or any value less than 2-fold, such as between 1.1-fold to 1.6-fold the increase, or 1.5-fold to 2-fold the increase. In some instances, the increase relative to a stimulated epithelial cell and / or epithelial tissue is about 2-fold, or greater than 2-fold.The methods of increasing production and / or secretion of, or expression of a gene encoding, IL-6 can comprise administering to a subject an effective amount of a postbiotic composition comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour that has been fermented by Lactiplantibacillus and Lacticaseibacillus, wherein said postbiotic composition further comprises a postbiotic agent, wherein said plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 1000 CFU. The methods of increasing production and / or secretion of, or expression of a gene encoding, IL-6 can comprise administering to a subject an effective amount of a postbiotic composition comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour that has been fermented by Lactiplantibacillus and Lacticaseibacillus, wherein said postbiotic composition further comprises a postbiotic agent, wherein said plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 1000 CFU, wherein said postbiotic composition comprises 25% grapeseed extract.In some embodiments of the methods of stimulating an epithelial tissue response in the gastrointestinal tract of a subject disclosed herein, at least one epithelial cell exhibits increased production and / or secretion of, or expression of a gene encoding, a chemokine. Following administration of a postbiotic composition, production and / or secretion of, or expression of a gene encoding, at least one chemokine in at least one epithelial cell can be increased at least 1. 1-fold, at least 1.2-fold, at least 1.3-fold, at least 1.4-fold, at least 1.5-fold, at least 1.6-fold, at least 1.7-fold, at least 1.8-fold, at least 1.9-fold, at least 2-fold, at least 3- fold, at least 4-fold, at least 5-fold, at least 6-fold, at least 7-fold, at least 8-fold, at least 14- fold, at least 15-fold, at least 16-fold, at least 17-fold, at least 18-fold, at least 19-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 50-fold, at least 100-fold, at least 200-fold, at least 300-fold, at least 400- fold, at least 500-fold, at least 600-fold, at least 700-fold, at least 800-fold, at least 900-fold, or greater than 900-fold. Following administration of a postbiotic composition, production and / or secretion of, or expression of a gene encoding, at least one chemokine in an epithelial tissue (e.g., epithelial monolayer) can be increased at least 1.1-fold, at least 1.2-fold, at least 1.3-fold, at least 1.4-fold, at least 1.5-fold, at least 1.6-fold, at least 1.7-fold, at least 1.8-fold, at least 1.9-fold, at least 2-fold, at least 3-fold, at least 4-fold, at least 5-fold, at least 6-fold, at least 7-fold, at least 8-fold, at least 14-fold, at least 15-fold, at least 16-fold, at least 17-fold,at least 18-fold, at least 19-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 50-fold, at least 100-fold, at least 200-fold, at least 300-fold, at least 400-fold, at least 500-fold, at least 600-fold, at least 700-fold, at least 800-fold, at least 900-fold, or greater than 900-fold. In some embodiments of the methods of stimulating an epithelial tissue response in the gastrointestinal tract of a subject disclosed herein, at least one epithelial cell exhibits increased production and / or secretion of, or expression of a gene encoding, CXCL-8.The methods of increasing production and / or secretion of, or expression of a gene encoding, CXCL-8 can comprise administering to a subject an effective amount of a postbiotic composition comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour that has been fermented by Lactiplantibacillus and Lacticaseibacillus, wherein said postbiotic composition further comprises a postbiotic agent, wherein said plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 1000 CFU. The methods of increasing production and / or secretion of, or expression of a gene encoding, CXCL-8 can comprise administering to a subject an effective amount of a postbiotic composition comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour that has been fermented by Lactiplantibacillus and Lacticaseibacillus, wherein said postbiotic composition further comprises a postbiotic agent, wherein said plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 1000 CFU., wherein said postbiotic composition comprises 25% grapeseed extract.Following administration of a postbiotic composition, production and / or secretion of, or expression of a gene encoding, CXCL-8 in at least one epithelial cell can be increased at least 1.1-fold, at least 1.2-fold, at least 1.3-fold, at least 1.4-fold, at least 1.5-fold, at least 1.6-fold, at least 1.7-fold, at least 1.8-fold, at least 1.9-fold, at least 2-fold, at least 3 -fold, at least 4-fold, at least 5 -fold, at least 6-fold, at least 7- fold, at least 8-fold, at least 14-fold, at least 15-fold, at least 16-fold, at least 17-fold, at least 18-fold, at least 19-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 50-fold, at least 100-fold, at least 200-fold, at least 300-fold, at least 400-fold, at least 500-fold, at least 600-fold, at least 700-fold, at least 800-fold, at least 900-fold, or greater than 900-fold. Following administration of a postbiotic composition, production and / or secretion of, or expression of a gene encoding, CXCL-8 in an epithelial tissue (e.g., epithelial monolayer) can be increased at least 1.1-fold, at least 1.2-fold, at least 1.3-fold, at least 1.4-fold, at least 1.5-fold, at least 1.6-fold, at least 1.7-fold, at least 1.8-fold, atleast 1.9-fold, at least 2-fold, at least 3-fold, at least 4-fold, at least 5-fold, at least 6-fold, at least 7-fold, at least 8-fold, at least 14-fold, at least 15-fold, at least 16-fold, at least 17-fold, at least 18-fold, at least 19-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 50-fold, at least 100-fold, at least 200-fold, at least 300-fold, at least 400-fold, at least 500-fold, at least 600-fold, at least 700- fold, at least 800-fold, at least 900-fold, or greater than 900-fold. The increase can be relative to a control. In some instances, the increase in production and / or secretion of, or expression of a gene encoding, CXCL-8 can be up to 640-fold. In some instances, the increase in production and / or secretion of, or expression of a gene encoding, CXCL-8 can be up to 640- fold compared to a housekeeping gene. In such instances, any increase of 640-fold or below can occur. The increase can be up to 640-fold, up to 635-fold, up to 630-fold, up to 620-fold, up to 610-fold, up to 600-fold, up to 590-fold, up to 580-fold, or any increase less than 580- fold. The increase can be between 1.1-fold and 200-fold, between 100-fold and 300-fold, between 200-fold to 400-fold, between 300-fold to 500-fold, between 400-fold to 600-fold, between 500-fold to 700-fold, or greater than 700-fold. In some instances, the increase in production and / or secretion of, or expression of a gene encoding, CXCL-8 can be up to 2-fold compared to the increase of CXCL-8 in at least one epithelial cell contacted with at least one pro-inflammatory molecule (i.e., a stimulated cell and / or tissue) in the absence of the postbiotic composition. For instance, the epithelial tissue can be in the subject not administered the postbiotic composition, or prior to, or immediately after, administration of said composition. In such instances, the increase in production and / or secretion of, or expression of a gene encoding, CXCL-8 can be up to 2-fold, or any value less than 2-fold, such as between 1. 1-fold to 1.6-fold the increase, or 1.5-fold to 2-fold the increase. In some instances, the increase relative to a stimulated epithelial cell and / or epithelial tissue is about 2-fold, or greater than 2-fold.The control for an epithelial tissue response can be an epithelial cell or epithelial tissue (e.g., an epithelial monolayer) that has been stimulated by at least one pro- inflammatory molecule, in the absence of a postbiotic composition, or a control can be an epithelial cell or epithelial tissue (e.g., an epithelial monolayer) that has been stimulated by at least one pro-inflammatory molecule. The term “stimulated” as used herein in the context of epithelial cells and monolayers with inflammatory molecules is intended to mean at least one epithelial cell contacts at least one pro-inflammatory molecule to initiate a cellular response (e.g., increase in gene expression of at least one gene). The change in gene expression, and / or production and / or secretion of the at least one molecule in any epithelial cell and / or epithelial tissue described in the methods can be relative to (i.e., normalized to) a housekeeping gene,and / or molecule encoded by the same, within the epithelial tissue. For example, when gene expression is examined, it can be compared to expression of a housekeeping gene under the same conditions. A “housekeeping gene” would be understood to be a gene that has stable expression across different experimental conditions and treatments. A housekeeping gene is often involving in essential cellular functions, and its expression, and / or a molecule encoded by a housekeeping gene, is not significantly impacted by the tested condition. Exemplary housekeeping genes to use for expression analysis are known in the art. For instance, the housekeeping gene can be Glyceraldehyde-3 -phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Inflammatory molecules are known in the art. Any inflammatory molecule can be used, including, for example, but not limited to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) and / or Interleukin- 1 P (IL-i ).The methods of stimulating an epithelial tissue response in the gastrointestinal tract of a subject comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of a postbiotic composition can comprise increased restitution of said epithelial tissue. Restitution of the epithelial tissue can be increased compared to a control. A suitable control for comparing restitution of epithelial tissue following administration to a subject a postbiotic composition can include: the epithelial tissue in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject prior to administration of the postbiotic composition, or the epithelial tissue in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject immediately after administration of the postbiotic composition. By “immediately after” in reference to administration of the postbiotic composition means within 5 minutes, within 10 minutes, within 15 minutes, within 20 minutes, within 25 minutes, within 30 minutes, within 35 minutes, within 40 minutes, within 45 minutes, within 50 minutes, within 55 minutes, within 60 minutes, within 2 hours, within 3 hours, within 4 hours, within 5 hours, within 6 hours, or within 24 hours following administration of the postbiotic composition. Another suitable control for comparing restitution of epithelial tissue following administration to a subject a postbiotic composition can include: the epithelial tissue in the gastrointestinal tract of a subject not administered the postbiotic composition.The methods of increasing restitution of epithelial tissue can comprise administering to a subject an effective amount of a postbiotic composition comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour that has been fermented by Lactiplantibacillus and Lacticaseibacillus, wherein said postbioticcomposition further comprises a postbiotic agent, wherein said plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 1000 CFU. The methods of increasing restitution of epithelial tissue can comprise administering to a subject an effective amount of a postbiotic composition comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour that has been fermented by Lactiplantibacillus and Lacticaseibacillus, wherein said postbiotic composition further comprises a postbiotic agent, wherein said plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 1000 CFU, or no more than 1 CFU / mL, wherein said postbiotic composition comprises 25% grapeseed extract.Administration of an effective amount of the postbiotic composition can increase restitution of said epithelial tissue compared to a control epithelial tissue. Restitution can be measured by monitoring epithelial tissue (e.g., an epithelial monolayer) for signs of restitution and / or would healing. The epithelial tissue can be damaged prior to restitution monitoring. Damage can occur through any means that can damage an epithelial monolayer. Restitution and / or would healing can be monitored visually, such as through microscopy. For example, the abrasion or wound of an epithelial monolayer can be monitored for reduction in size to monitor wound healing. Any method for monitoring wound healing and / or epithelial restitution can be used. Epithelial restitution can be compared to a control. A control can include an epithelial tissue that receives no treatment following injury. A control can include an epithelial tissue wherein the postbiotic composition disclosed herein is not added to the epithelial tissue following injury. The control can include an epithelial tissue that is treated with something that is not the postbiotic composition disclosed herein.Following administration of the postbiotic composition disclosed herein, epithelial restitution can be increased by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%. Following administration of a postbiotic composition, epithelial restitution can be increased by 10%-20%, 15%-25%, 20%- 30%, 25%-35%, 30%-40%, 35%-45%, 40%-50%, 45%-55%, 50%-60%, 55%-65%, 60%- 70%, 65%-75%, 70%-80%, 75%-85%, 80%-90%, or greater than 90%. Following administration of the postbiotic composition, epithelial restitution can be increased at least 1.1-fold, at least 1.2-fold, at least 1.3-fold, at least 1.4-fold, at least 1.5-fold, at least 1.6-fold, at least 1.7-fold, at least 1.8-fold, at least 1.9-fold, at least 2-fold, at least 3-fold, at least 4- fold, at least 5-fold, at least 6-fold, at least 7-fold, at least 8-fold, at least 14-fold, at least 15- fold, at least 16-fold, at least 17-fold, at least 18-fold, at least 19-fold, at least 20-fold, at least50-fold, at least 100-fold, at least 200-fold, at least 300-fold, at least 400-fold, at least 500-fold.Administration of the postbiotic composition disclosed herein can increase wound healing (i.e., wound closure) of an epithelial monolayer compared to a control. Wound closure can be measured using any method known to one having skill in the art. For instance, would closure can be measured using microscopy and imaging the epithelial cell monolayer. In such instances, wound closure can be visualized and / or the wound (e.g., the size of the wound) can be measured. A control can include an epithelial tissue wherein the postbiotic composition disclosed herein is not added to the epithelial tissue following injury. The control can include an epithelial tissue that is treated with something that is not the postbiotic composition disclosed herein. Following administration of the postbiotic composition disclosed herein, wound healing and / or closure can be at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%. Following administration of a postbiotic composition, wound healing and / or closure can be at least 10%-20%, 15%-25%, 20%-30%, 25%-35%, 30%-40%, 35%-45%, 40%-50%, 45%-55%, 50%-60%, 55%-65%, 60%-70%, 65%-75%, 70%-80%, 75%-85%, 80%- 90%, or greater than 90%. In some instances, would closure and / or healing can be greater than 80%. Following administration of the postbiotic composition, would healing and / or closure can be at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or more than 99%. Following administration of the postbiotic composition, would healing and / or closure can be 80%-82%, 81%- 83%, 82%-84%, 83%-85%, 84%-86%, 85%-87%, 86%-88%, 87%-89%, 88%-90%, 89%-91%, 90%-92%, 91%-93%, 92%-94%, 93%-95%, 94%-96%, 95%-97%, 96%- 98%, 97%-99%, or greater than 99%. Following administration of the postbiotic composition, the percent wound healing and / or closure of the epithelial barrier is greater than epithelial barrier would healing and / or closure percentage in the absence of the postbiotic composition. In such instances, the percent would healing and / or closure in the absence of a postbiotic is no more than 50%, and percent wound healing and / or closure following administration of the postbiotic composition is greater than 50%.Following administration of the postbiotic composition disclosed herein, wound healing and / or closure can be increased at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%. Following administration of a postbiotic composition, wound healing and / or closure can be at least 10%- 20%, 15%-25%, 20%-30%, 25%-35%, 30%-40%, 35%-45%, 40%-50%, 45%-55%, 50%- 60%, 55%-65%, 60%-70%, 65%-75%, 70%-80%, 75%-85%, 80%-90%, or greater than 90%. Following administration of the postbiotic composition, wound healing and / or closure can be increased at least 1.1-fold, at least 1.2-fold, at least 1.3-fold, at least 1.4-fold, at least 1.5-fold, at least 1.6-fold, at least 1.7-fold, at least 1.8-fold, at least 1.9-fold, at least 2-fold, at least 3- fold, at least 4-fold, at least 5-fold, at least 6-fold, at least 7-fold, at least 8-fold, at least 14- fold, at least 15-fold, at least 16-fold, at least 17-fold, at least 18-fold, at least 19-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 50-fold, at least 100-fold, at least 200-fold, at least 300-fold, at least 400- fold, at least 500-fold. Following administration of the postbiotic composition, wound healing and / or closure can be increased 1.4-fold to 1.6-fold, 1.5-fold to 1.7-fold, 1.6-fold to 1.8-fold, 1.7-fold to 1.9-fold, or 1.8-fold to 2-fold.Epithelial wound healing involves coordinated migration and proliferation of epithelial cells. Epithelial cells adjacent to the wound migrate as a sheet to cover denuded surfaces, which is also referred to as “epithelial restitution” (Nusrat, A et al. “Intestinal epithelial restitution. Characterization of a cell culture model and mapping of cytoskeletal elements in migrating cells.” The Journal of clinical investigation vol. 89,5 (1992): 1501-11, the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entirety). Such epithelial sheet migration requires dynamic and coordinated remodeling of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions. Epithelial cells at the leading edge extrude filamentous-actin-rich protrusions that dynamically adhere to the matrix and mediate forward movement of the epithelial sheet. Epithelial transmembrane integrins in focal adhesive contacts include 1 integrin that mediate bidirectional cross-talk between the matrix and intracellular signaling events to influence epithelial cytoskeletal restructuring and polarity required to guide epithelial movement and control cell proliferation. A number of small GTPases coordinate cellular events during wound closure. These include the Rho GTPase family member, Rael that controls cellular protrusions at the leading edge. Expression of constitutively active Rael influences epithelial movement and proliferation by targeting i integrin in cellular protrusions and modulating actin dynamics. In addition, formyl peptide receptor- 1 (FPR1) signaling activates Rael and Rho kinase to regulate intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) migration and wound repair. Epithelial- derived secreted proteins that include epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforminggrowth factor-pi (TGF-pi) coordinate repair of the epithelial barrier.11 However, a secreted Wnt antagonist (Dickkopf-1) Dkk-1 modifies the activation of another small GTPase, Cdc42 to influence direction orientation of migrating lECs.The gastrointestinal epithelium produces a wide variety of peptides which may contribute to protection from injury as well as repair after injury occurs. Restitution is accomplished by rapid migration of the epithelium to re-establish surface epithelial continuity. A wide variety of growth factors and cytokines, which are produced both by the epithelium itself and by lamina propria cell populations, promote restitution in models of epithelial injury. These include members of the epidermal growth factor (EGFj / transforming growth factor (TGF)a, and the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) families, as well as a variety of cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-15, and interferon y) which interact with their cognate receptors on the intestinal epithelial basolateral surface. These growth factors and cytokines appear to promote restitution through a TGFp-dependent pathway and act to both enhance expression of TGFp and to entrance its bioactivation. In contrast, trefoil peptides, members of a recently recognized family of small proteins produced by goblet cells, both protect the epithelium and promote restitution following secretion onto the apical surface through mechanisms distinct from those peptides acting through TGFp. Thus, rapid repair after epithelial injury is achieved through complementary mechanisms acting at the basolateral and apical surfaces of the epithelium.Disclosed herein are methods of method of modulating a microbial population in a subject. The methods can include methods of modulating a microbial population in a subject. In particular, the methods include methods of modulating a microbial population in the gastrointestinal tract of a subject. The methods of modulating a microbial population in the gastrointestinal tract of a subject comprise administering to a subject an effective amount of a postbiotic composition. Any postbiotic composition disclosed herein can be administered to modulate a microbial population. Any amount of the postbiotic composition can be administered to modulate a microbial population. The methods of modulating a microbial population in the gastrointestinal tract in a subject can comprise administering any food or beverage product disclosed herein. The food or beverage products are expected to be as effective as the postbiotic compositions when used in the methods disclosed herein because they comprise a postbiotic composition. To effectively be used to modulate amicrobial population, the food and / or beverage products can be formulated to include an effective amount of a postbiotic composition.The microbial populations disclosed herein can be present within the gastrointestinal tract of a subject. The microbial populations can also be derived from the gastrointestinal tract of a subject. By “derived from” when used in the context the gastrointestinal tract in reference to a microbial population means that the microbial population was at one point in time present in the gastrointestinal tract. In some instances, the microbial population has been excreted from the gastrointestinal tract. For instance, a microbial population derived from the gastrointestinal tract can be present on a human stool, wherein said human stool has been excreted. The microbial population on the excreted stool would be expected to be representative of the microbial population present within the gastrointestinal tract. In some instances, the microbial population is present in a human stool sample obtained from a subject.The methods disclosed herein are particularly effective at modulating the microorganisms present within a microbial population. Specifically, the methods are effective at altering the total number and the ratio of specific individual genus and / or species of microorganisms present within a microbial population. The methods disclosed herein are particularly effective at modulating the microorganisms present within any microbial population. In particular, the methods disclosed herein are particularly effective at modulating the microorganisms present within any microbial population disclosed herein. The microbial populations disclosed herein comprise at least one Bifidobacterium. Bifidobacterium is a non-spore-forming, Gram-positive, anaerobic probiotic actinobacterium and commonly found in the gut of infants and the uterine region of pregnant mothers. Like all probiotics, Bifidobacteria confer health benefits on the host when administered in adequate amounts, showing multifaceted probiotic effects. Examples include B. bifidum, B. breve, and B. longum, common Bifidobacterium strains employed to prevent and treat gastrointestinal disorders, including intestinal infections and cancers. The Bifidobacterium genus currently includes over 90 species, excluding the unclassified species, as described in Chen J, Chen X, Ho CL. Recent Development of Probiotic Bifidobacteria for Treating Human Diseases. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2021 Dec 22;9:770248, the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entirety. The methods disclosed herein encompass any species and / or subspecies and / or strain within the Bifidobacterium genus. The microbial populations disclosed herein comprise at least one Faecalibacterium. Faecalibacterium is a genus of strictly anaerobic, extremely oxygen-sensitive (EOS), Gram-positive, rod-shaped, nonmotile, and nonspore-formingbacteria. Numerous studies have underscored that low levels of Faecalibacterium are correlated with inflammatory conditions, with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in the forefront. Its representation is also diminished in the case of several diseases, including colorectal cancer (CRC), dermatitis, and depression. Additionally, the relative presence of this genus is considered to reflect, at least in part, intestinal health status because Faecalibacterium is frequently present at reduced levels in individuals with gastrointestinal diseases or disorders. The methods disclosed herein encompass any species and / or subspecies and / or strain within the Faecalibacterium genus. The microbial populations disclosed herein comprise at least one Bifidobacterium or Faecalibacterium. The microbial populations disclosed herein comprise at least one Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium. As such, the methods disclosed herein are particularly effective at increasing the number of Bifidobacterium. The methods are particularly effective at increasing the total number of Bifidobacterium within a microbial population. The methods are particularly effective at increasing the ratio of Bifidobacterium to the total number of microorganisms present within a microbial population. The methods disclosed herein are particularly effective at increasing the number of Faecalibacterium. The methods are particularly effective at increasing the total number of Faecalibacterium within a microbial population. The methods are particularly effective at increasing the ratio of Faecalibacterium to the total number of microorganisms present within a microbial population.Disclosed herein are methods of modulating a microbial population in a subject, said method comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of the postbiotic composition, wherein the total number of Bifidobacterium within the microbial population is increased compared to a control. Disclosed herein are methods of modulating a microbial population in a subject, said method comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of the postbiotic composition, wherein the total number of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium within the microbial population is increased compared to a control. Disclosed herein are methods of modulating a microbial population in a subject, said method comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of the postbiotic composition, wherein the total number of Bifidobacterium or Faecalibacterium within the microbial population is increased compared to a control. Disclosed herein are methods of modulating a microbial population in a subject, said method comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of the postbiotic composition, wherein the total number ofBifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium within the microbial population is increased compared to a control.The total number of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium can be increased at least 1.1-fold, at least 1.2-fold, at least 1.3-fold, at least 1.4-fold, at least 1.5-fold, at least 1.6- fold, at least 1.7-fold, at least 1.8-fold, at least 1.9-fold, at least 2-fold, at least 3-fold, at least 4-fold, at least 5-fold, at least 6-fold, at least 7-fold, at least 8-fold, at least 14-fold, at least 15-fold, at least 16-fold, at least 17-fold, at least 18-fold, at least 19-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 50-fold, at least 100-fold, or greater than 100-fold. The microbial populations disclosed herein can be present in the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, or in a tissue or sample taken from a tissue of a subject (e.g., stool sample). The subject may have been administered a postbiotic composition. A suitable control can include: a microbial population taken from the same region and / or tissue of the subject prior to, or immediately after administration of the postbiotic composition, food product and / or beverage product; or any similar microbial population in a subject, or obtained from the subject (e.g., stool sample), or from the tissue of a subject (e.g., gastrointestinal tissue) that was not administered a postbiotic composition disclosed herein.Disclosed herein are methods of modulating a microbial population in a subject, said method comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of the postbiotic composition, wherein the ratio of Bifidobacterium to total number of microorganisms within the microbial population is increased compared to a control. Disclosed herein are methods of modulating a microbial population in a subject, said method comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of the postbiotic composition, wherein the ratio of Faecalibacterium to total number of microorganisms within the microbial population is increased compared to a control. Disclosed herein are methods of modulating a microbial population in a subject, said method comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of the postbiotic composition, wherein the ratio of Bifidobacterium or Faecalibacterium to total number of microorganisms within the microbial population is increased compared to a control. Disclosed herein are methods of modulating a microbial population in a subject, said method comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of the postbiotic composition, wherein the ratio of Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium to total number of microorganisms within the microbial population is increased compared to a control.The methods of modulating a microbial population in a subject can comprise administering to a subject an effective amount of a postbiotic composition comprising: (a) anorganic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour that has been fermented by Lactiplantibacillus and Lacticaseibacillus, wherein said postbiotic composition further comprises a postbiotic agent, wherein said plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 1000 CFU. The methods of modulating a microbial population in a subject can comprise administering to a subject an effective amount of a postbiotic composition comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour that has been fermented by Lactiplantibacillus and Lacticaseibacillus, wherein said postbiotic composition further comprises a postbiotic agent, wherein said plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 1000 CFU, wherein said postbiotic composition comprises 25% grapeseed extract.The ratio of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium relative to the total number of microorganisms within the microbial population can be increased at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or greater than 95%. When the ratio of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium relative to the total number of microorganisms within the microbial population is increased, the proportion of the microbial population that comprises Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium is increased. That is, Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium will make up a greater percentage of the microbial population. Following administration of the postbiotic composition disclosed herein, the ratio of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium relative to the total number of microorganisms within the microbial population is increased 10%-20%, 15%-25%, 20%-30%, 25%-35%, 30%-40%, 35%- 45%, 40%-50%, 45%-55%, 50%-60%, 55%-65%, 60%-70%, 65%-75%, 70%-80%, 75%-85%, 80%-90%, or greater than 90%. Following administration of the postbiotic composition disclosed herein, the ratio of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium relative to the total number of microorganisms within the microbial population is increased 0.5%-5%, l%-2%, 1.5%-2.5%, 2%-3%, 2.5%-3.5%, 3%-4%, 3.5%-4.5%, 4%-5%, or 4.5%-5.5%.The methods of modulating a microbial population in a subject comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of the postbiotic composition can increase the ratio of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium to total number of microorganisms within the microbial population to about 1: 1, about 1:2, about 1:3,about 1:4, about 1:5, about 1:6, about 1:7, about 1:8, about 1:9, about 1: 10, about 1:20, about 1:25, about 1:30, about 1:35, about 1:40, about 1:45, about 1:50, about 1:55, about 1:60, about 1:65, about 1:70, about 1:75, about 1:80, about 1:85, about 1:90, about 1:95, about 1: 100, about 1:200, about 1:300, about 1:400, about 1:500, or less than 1:500. Following administration of the postbiotic composition the ratio of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium to total number of microorganisms within the microbial population is 1: 10- 1:50, 1: 15-1:55, 1:20-1:60, 1:25-1:65, 1:30-1:70, 1:35-1:75, 1:40-1:80, 1:45-1:85, 1:50-1:90, 1:55-1:95, or 1:60-1: 100.The ratio of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium to total number of microorganisms within the microbial population prior to, or immediately following, administration of the postbiotic composition will be less than the ratio following administration (e.g., more than 24 hours following administration).Following administration of the postbiotic composition the ratio of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium to total number of microorganisms within the microbial population is 1: 10-1:50, wherein the ratio prior to, or immediately after administration, is less than the ratio following administration. The ratio prior to, or immediately after, administration can be 1: 10-1:50, 1: 15-1:55, 1:20-1:60, 1:25-1:65, 1:30-1:70, 1:35-1 :75, 1:40-1:80, 1:45-1:85, TSO- FOO, 1:55-1:95, or 1:60-1: 100, or less than 1: 100.Following administration of the postbiotic composition the ratio of Bifidobacterium to total number of microorganisms within the microbial population is 1:20-1:27, wherein the ratio prior to, or immediately after administration, is less than the ratio following administration. Following administration of the postbiotic composition the ratio of Bifidobacterium to total number of microorganisms within the microbial population is 1:20- 1 :27, wherein the ratio prior to, or immediately after administration, is less than 1 :27.Following administration of the postbiotic composition the ratio of Faecalibacterium to total number of microorganisms within the microbial population is 1: 10-1: 12, wherein the ratio prior to, or immediately after administration, is less than the ratio following administration. Following administration of the postbiotic composition the ratio of Faecalibacterium to total number of microorganisms within the microbial population is 1: 10- 1: 12, wherein the ratio prior to, or immediately after administration, is less than 1: 12.The microbial populations disclosed herein can be present in the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, or in a tissue or sample taken from a tissue of a subject (e.g., stool sample). The subject may have been administered a postbiotic composition. A suitable control can include: a microbial population taken from the same region and / or tissue of the subject prior to, orimmediately after administration of the postbiotic composition, food product and / or beverage product; or any similar microbial population in a subject, or obtained from the subject (e.g., stool sample), or from the tissue of a subject (e.g., gastrointestinal tissue) that was not administered a postbiotic composition disclosed herein. A person having skill in the art would readily understand how to calculate the ratio of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium relative to the total number of microorganisms within the microbial population, as well as the change in the ratio (e.g., increase in ratio). The ratio can be calculated by dividing the total number of microorganisms within the population by the total number of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium. The change in ratio will require comparing the ratio at two different time points. For example, the ratio of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium relative to the total number of microorganisms within the microbial population can be compared prior to, or immediately following, postbiotic administration, and after (e.g., more than 24 hours after) administration. If the ratio has increased, the ratio after postbiotic administration should be increased.The methods of modulating a microbial population in a subject comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of the postbiotic composition can increase the ratio of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium to total number of microorganisms within the microbial population to at least 1: 1, at least 1:2, at least 1:3, at least 1:4, at least 1:5, at least 1:6, at least 1:7, at least 1:8, at least 1:9, at least 1 : 10, at least 1 : 102, at least 1 : 103, at least 1 : 104, at least 1 : 105, at least 1 : 106, at least l: 107, at least l: 108, at least l: 109, at least l: 1010, or greater than l: 1010. A 1: 1 ratio of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium to total number of microorganisms within the microbial population would be a pure population of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium. Administration of the postbiotic compositions promotes increase in growth of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium within the gastrointestinal tract, or a sample taken from the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., human stool sample). In some instances, administration of the postbiotic composition increases the growth rate of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium within the gastrointestinal tract, or a sample taken from the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., human stool sample). A skilled artisan would understand that bacterial growth is an increase in the number of bacteria within a population. Methods for enumerating bacteria within a population are known in the art. Bacteria can be enumerated using any method available to one having skill in the art. For instance, bacteria can be enumerated using bacterial colony quantification onagar plates. In such instances, the number of bacteria can be presented as colony forming units (CFU). Methods for quantifying bacteria using sequencing can be used. When sequencing technologies are used, bacteria can be enumerated using quantification of genomic sequences. For example, DNA or RNA can be quantified. It would be readily understood that an increase in the number of bacteria within a population would increase the concentration of bacteria within the population. Accordingly, administration of a postbiotic composition can increase the concentration of bacteria within the gastrointestinal tract, or a sample taken from the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., stool sample). Concentration of bacteria can be presented, for example, as CFU per m (CFU / mL). Any method known in the art for calculating and / or measuring concentration of bacteria within the gastrointestinal tract, or a sample taken from the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., stool sample) can be used.Administration of the postbiotic composition to a subject can increase the number of bacteria present within a microbial population. The number of bacteria is increased relative to a control. A suitable control can be a microbial population isolated from the same location prior to, or immediately following, administration of the postbiotic composition, or a microbial population isolated from the subject who is not administered a postbiotic composition described herein. For instance, the control microbial population can be within the gastrointestinal tract, or a sample taken from the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., human stool sample) of the subject. In particular, the postbiotic compositions are particularly effective at promoting the growth (i.e., increasing the number of microbial cells) of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium.The methods of increasing the total number of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium within a microbial population can comprise administering to a subject an effective amount of a postbiotic composition comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour that has been fermented by Lactiplantibacillus and Lacticaseibacillus, wherein said postbiotic composition further comprises a postbiotic agent, wherein said plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 1000 CFU. The methods of increasing the total number of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium within a microbial population can comprise administering to a subject an effective amount of a postbiotic composition comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour that has been fermented by Uactiplantibacillus and Uacticaseibacillus, wherein said postbiotic composition furthercomprises a postbiotic agent, said plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 1000 CFU, wherein said postbiotic composition comprises 25% grapeseed extract.The methods of increasing the ratio of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium to total number of microorganisms within the microbial population can comprise administering to a subject an effective amount of a postbiotic composition comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour that has been fermented by Lactiplantibacillus and Lacticaseibacillus, wherein said postbiotic composition further comprises a postbiotic agent, wherein said plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 1000 CFU. The methods of increasing the ratio of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium to total number of microorganisms within the microbial population can comprise administering to a subject an effective amount of a postbiotic composition comprising: (a) an organic substrate; and (b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s), wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour that has been fermented by Lactiplantibacillus and Lacticaseibacillus, wherein said postbiotic composition further comprises a postbiotic agent, wherein said plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 1000 CFU, wherein said postbiotic composition comprises 25% grapeseed extract.Administration of a postbiotic to a subject can increase the number of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium at least 1.5-fold, at least 2-fold, at least 3- fold, at least 4-fold, at least 5-fold, at least 6-fold, at least 7-fold, at least 8-fold, at least 9-fold, at least 10-fold, at least 11-fold, at least 12-fold, at least 13 -fold, at least 14-fold, at least 15-fold, at least 16-fold, at least 17-fold, at least 18-fold, at least 19- fold, at least 20-fold, at least 21 -fold, at least 22 -fold, at least 23 -fold, at least 24-fold, at least 25-fold, at least 26-fold, at least 27-fold, at least 28-fold, at least 29-fold, at least 30-fold, at least 31-fold, at least 32-fold, at least 33-fold, at least 34-fold, at least 35-fold, at least 36-fold, at least 37-fold, at least 38-fold, at least 39-fold, at least 40- fold, at least 41 -fold, at least 42 -fold, at least 43 -fold, at least 44-fold, at least 45 -fold, at least 46-fold, at least 47-fold, at least 48-fold, at least 49-fold, at least 50-fold, at least 51-fold, at least 52-fold, at least 53-fold, at least 54-fold, at least 55-fold, at least 56-fold, at least 57-fold, at least 58-fold, at least 59-fold, at least 60-fold, at least 61- fold, at least 62-fold, at least 63 -fold, at least 64-fold, at least 65 -fold, at least 66-fold, at least 67-fold, at least 68-fold, at least 69-fold, at least 70-fold, at least 71-fold, at least 72-fold, at least 73-fold, at least 74-fold, at least 75-fold, at least 76-fold, at least77-fold, at least 78-fold, at least 79-fold, at least 80-fold, at least 81 -fold, at least 82-fold, at least 83-fold, at least 84-fold, at least 85-fold, at least 86-fold, at least 87-fold, at least 88- fold, at least 89-fold, at least 90-fold, at least 91-fold, at least 92-fold, at least 93-fold, at least 94-fold, at least 95 -fold, at least 96-fold, at least 97-fold, at least 98 -fold, at least 99-fold, at least 100-fold, at least 200-fold, at least 300-fold, at least 400-fold, at least 500-fold, or greater than 500-fold. For instance, the number of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium can increase about 1.5-fold, about 2-fold, about 3-fold, about 4-fold, about 5-fold, about 6- fold, about 7-fold, about 8-fold, about 9-fold, about 10-fold, about 11-fold, about 12-fold, about 13-fold, about 14-fold, about 15-fold, about 16-fold, about 17-fold, about 18-fold, about 19-fold, about 20-fold, about 21 -fold, about 22-fold, about 23 -fold, about 24-fold, about 25-fold, about 26-fold, about 27-fold, about 28-fold, about 29-fold, about 30-fold, about 31-fold, about 32-fold, about 33-fold, about 34-fold, about 35-fold, about 36-fold, about 37-fold, about 38-fold, about 39-fold, about 40-fold, about 41-fold, about 42-fold, about 43-fold, about 44-fold, about 45-fold, about 46-fold, about 47-fold, about 48-fold, about 49-fold, about 50-fold, about 51-fold, about 52-fold, about 53-fold, about 54-fold, about 55-fold, about 56-fold, about 57-fold, about 58-fold, about 59-fold, about 60-fold, about 61-fold, about 62-fold, about 63-fold, about 64-fold, about 65-fold, about 66-fold, about 67-fold, about 68-fold, about 69-fold, about 70-fold, about 71-fold, about 72-fold, about 73-fold, about 74-fold, about 75-fold, about 76-fold, about 77-fold, about 78-fold, about 79-fold, about 80-fold, about 81-fold, about 82-fold, about 83-fold, about 84-fold, about 85-fold, about 86-fold, about 87-fold, about 88-fold, about 89-fold, about 90-fold, about 91-fold, about 92-fold, about 93-fold, about 94-fold, about 95-fold, about 96-fold, about 97-fold, about 98-fold, about 99-fold, about 100-fold, about 200-fold, about 300-fold, about 400-fold, about 500-fold, or greater than 500-fold. In some instances, administration of a postbiotic to a subject can increase the number of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium between 1.5-fold to 10-fold, between 5-fold to 15-fold, between 10-fold to 20-fold, between 15-fold to 25-fold, between 20-fold to 30-fold, between 25-fold to 35-fold, between 30-fold to 40-fold, between 35 -fold to 45 -fold, between 40-fold to 50-fold, between 45 -fold to 55- fold, between 50-fold to 60-fold, between 55 -fold to 65 -fold, between 60-fold to 70-fold, between 65-fold to 75-fold, between 70-fold to 80-fold, between 75-fold to 85-fold, between 80-fold to 90-fold, between 85-fold to 95-fold, between 90-fold to 100-fold, between 95-fold to 150-fold, between 100-fold to 200-fold, between 150-fold to 250-fold, between 200-fold to 300-fold, between 250-fold to 350-fold, between 300-fold to 400-fold, between 350-fold to 450-fold, between 400-fold to 500-fold, or greater than 500-fold.Administration of a postbiotic to a subject can increase the number of Bifidobacterium between 22-fold to 24-fold, 23-fold to 25-fold, 24-fold to 26-fold, 25-fold to 27-fold, 26-fold to 28-fold, 27-fold to 29-fold, 28-fold to 30-fold, 29-fold to 31-fold, 30-fold to 32-fold, 31-fold to 33-fold, 32-fold to 34-fold, 33-fold to 35- fold, 34-fold to 36-fold, 35-fold to 37-fold, 36-fold to 38-fold, 37-fold to 39-fold, 38- fold to 40-fold, 39-fold to 41 -fold, 40-fold to 42-fold, 41 -fold to 43 -fold, 42-fold to 44-fold, 43-fold to 45-fold, 44-fold to 46-fold, 45-fold to 47-fold, 46-fold to 48-fold, 47-fold to 49-fold, 48-fold to 50-fold, 49-fold to 51-fold, 50-fold to 52-fold, 51-fold to 53-fold, 52-fold to 54-fold, 53-fold to 55-fold, 54-fold to 56-fold, 55-fold to 57- fold, 56-fold to 58-fold, 57-fold to 59-fold, 58-fold to 60-fold, 59-fold to 61-fold, 60- fold to 62-fold, 61 -fold to 63 -fold, 62-fold to 64-fold, 63 -fold to 65 -fold, 64-fold to 66-fold, 65-fold to 67-fold, 66-fold to 68-fold, 67-fold to 69-fold, 68-fold to 70-fold, 69-fold to 71 -fold, 70-fold to 72-fold, 71 -fold to 73 -fold, 72-fold to 74-fold, 73 -fold to 75-fold, 74-fold to 76-fold, 75-fold to 77-fold, 76-fold to 78-fold, 77-fold to 79- fold, 78-fold to 80-fold, 79-fold to 81-fold, 80-fold to 82-fold, 81-fold to 83-fold, 82- fold to 84-fold, 83-fold to 85-fold, 84-fold to 86-fold, 85-fold to 87-fold, or 86-fold to 88-fold. The number of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium can be increased compared to a control such as: a microbial population in the subject prior to, or immediately following, administration of the postbiotic composition, or a microbial population isolated from the subject who is not administered a postbiotic composition described herein.. For instance, the control microbial population can be within the gastrointestinal tract, or a sample taken from the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., human stool sample) of the subject.The number of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium within a microbial population within the gastrointestinal tract, or a sample taken from the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., human stool sample) following administration of the postbiotic composition can be increased compared to the number of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium within a microbial population within the gastrointestinal tract, or a sample taken from the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., human stool sample), by any amount described herein. The addition of a botanical agent can improve the effect of the postbiotic composition. In particular, the addition of grapeseed extract (GSE) can improve the effect of the postbiotic composition on growth of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium. For instance, the presence of a botanical agent can improve the growth rate of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium, increase the number and / orconcentration of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium in a shorter amount of time compared to a postbiotic lacking the botanical agent. For example, the presence of grapeseed extract can improve the growth rate of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium, increase the number and / or concentration of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium in a shorter amount of time compared to a postbiotic lacking the botanical agent. A postbiotic composition comprising at least 20%, at least 21%, at least 22%, at least 23%, at least 24%, at least 25%, at least 26%, at least 27%, at least 28%, at least 29%, or at least 30% grapeseed extract can improve the effect of the postbiotic composition on growth of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium. In particular, a postbiotic composition comprising between 20-22%, 21%-23%, 22%-24%, 23-25%, 24-26%, 25-27%, 26-28%, 27-29%, or 28-30% grapeseed extract can improve the effect of the postbiotic composition on growth of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium. For instance, a postbiotic composition comprising between 60- 66mg, 63-69mg, 66-72mg, 69-75mg, 72-78mg, 75mg-81mg, 78mg-84mg, 81mg-87mg, or 84mg-90mg grapeseed extract can improve the effect of the postbiotic composition on growth of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium. The presence of the botanical agent, such as grapeseed extract, can shorten the period of time required to reach a total number of cells by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or greater than 90% of time.Administration of a postbiotic comprising grapeseed extract to a subject can increase the number of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium at least 1.5-fold, at least 2-fold, at least 3-fold, at least 4-fold, at least 5-fold, at least 6-fold, at least 7-fold, at least 8-fold, at least 9-fold, at least 10-fold, at least 11-fold, at least 12-fold, at least 13-fold, at least 14-fold, at least 15-fold, at least 16-fold, at least 17-fold, at least 18-fold, at least 19-fold, at least 20- fold, at least 21-fold, at least 22-fold, at least 23-fold, at least 24-fold, at least 25-fold, at least 26-fold, at least 27-fold, at least 28-fold, at least 29-fold, at least 30-fold, at least 31-fold, at least 32-fold, at least 33-fold, at least 34-fold, at least 35-fold, at least 36-fold, at least 37- fold, at least 38-fold, at least 39-fold, at least 40-fold, at least 41 -fold, at least 42-fold, at least 43-fold, at least 44-fold, at least 45-fold, at least 46-fold, at least 47-fold, at least 48-fold, at least 49-fold, at least 50-fold, at least 51-fold, at least 52-fold, at least 53-fold, at least 54- fold, at least 55-fold, at least 56-fold, at least 57-fold, at least 58-fold, at least 59-fold, at least 60-fold, at least 61-fold, at least 62-fold, at least 63-fold, at least 64-fold, at least 65-fold, at least 66-fold, at least 67-fold, at least 68-fold, at least 69-fold, at least 70-fold, at least 71- fold, at least 72-fold, at least 73-fold, at least 74-fold, at least 75-fold, at least 76-fold, at least 77-fold, at least 78-fold, at least 79-fold, at least 80-fold, at least 81 -fold, at least 82-fold, atleast 83-fold, at least 84-fold, at least 85-fold, at least 86-fold, at least 87-fold, at least 88-fold, at least 89-fold, at least 90-fold, at least 91-fold, at least 92-fold, at least 93- fold, at least 94-fold, at least 95-fold, at least 96-fold, at least 97-fold, at least 98-fold, at least 99-fold, at least 100-fold, at least 200-fold, at least 300-fold, at least 400-fold, at least 500-fold, or greater than 500-fold. For instance, the number of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium can increase about 1.5-fold, about 2-fold, about 3-fold, about 4-fold, about 5-fold, about 6-fold, about 7-fold, about 8-fold, about 9-fold, about 10-fold, about 11 -fold, about 12-fold, about 13 -fold, about 14- fold, about 15-fold, about 16-fold, about 17-fold, about 18-fold, about 19-fold, about 20-fold, about 21 -fold, about 22-fold, about 23 -fold, about 24-fold, about 25 -fold, about 26-fold, about 27-fold, about 28-fold, about 29-fold, about 30-fold, about 31- fold, about 32-fold, about 33-fold, about 34-fold, about 35-fold, about 36-fold, about 37-fold, about 38-fold, about 39-fold, about 40-fold, about 41-fold, about 42-fold, about 43-fold, about 44-fold, about 45-fold, about 46-fold, about 47-fold, about 48- fold, about 49-fold, about 50-fold, about 51-fold, about 52-fold, about 53-fold, about 54-fold, about 55-fold, about 56-fold, about 57-fold, about 58-fold, about 59-fold, about 60-fold, about 61 -fold, about 62-fold, about 63 -fold, about 64-fold, about 65- fold, about 66-fold, about 67-fold, about 68-fold, about 69-fold, about 70-fold, about 71-fold, about 72-fold, about 73-fold, about 74-fold, about 75-fold, about 76-fold, about 77-fold, about 78-fold, about 79-fold, about 80-fold, about 81-fold, about 82- fold, about 83-fold, about 84-fold, about 85-fold, about 86-fold, about 87-fold, about 88-fold, about 89-fold, about 90-fold, about 91-fold, about 92-fold, about 93-fold, about 94-fold, about 95-fold, about 96-fold, about 97-fold, about 98-fold, about 99- fold, about 100-fold, about 200-fold, about 300-fold, about 400-fold, about 500-fold, or greater than 500-fold. In some instances, administration of a postbiotic comprising grapeseed extract to a subject can increase the number of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium between 1.5-fold to 10-fold, between 5-fold to 15-fold, between 10- fold to 20-fold, between 15 -fold to 25 -fold, between 20-fold to 30-fold, between 25- fold to 35 -fold, between 30-fold to 40-fold, between 35 -fold to 45 -fold, between 40- fold to 50-fold, between 45 -fold to 55 -fold, between 50-fold to 60-fold, between 55- fold to 65 -fold, between 60-fold to 70-fold, between 65 -fold to 75 -fold, between 70- fold to 80-fold, between 75-fold to 85-fold, between 80-fold to 90-fold, between 85- fold to 95-fold, between 90-fold to 100-fold, between 95-fold to 150-fold, between 100-fold to 200-fold, between 150-fold to 250-fold, between 200-fold to 300-fold,between 250-fold to 350-fold, between 300-fold to 400-fold, between 350-fold to 450-fold, between 400-fold to 500-fold, or greater than 500-fold.Administration of a postbiotic comprising grapeseed extract to a subject can increase the number of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium between 280-fold to 290-fold, 285- fold to 295-fold, 290-fold to 300-fold, 295-fold to 305-fold, 300-fold to 310-fold, 305-fold to 315-fold, 310-fold to 320-fold, 315-fold to 325-fold, 320-fold to 330-fold, 325-fold to 335- fold, 330-fold to 340-fold, 335-fold to 345-fold, 340-fold to 350-fold, 345-fold to 355-fold, 350-fold to 360-fold, 355-fold to 365-fold, 360-fold to 370-fold, 365-fold to 375-fold, 370- fold to 380-fold, 375-fold to 385-fold, 380-fold to 390-fold, 385-fold to 395-fold, 390-fold to 400-fold, 395-fold to 405-fold, 400-fold to 410-fold, 405-fold to 415-fold, 410-fold to 420- fold, 415-fold to 425-fold, 420-fold to 430-fold, 425-fold to 435-fold, 430-fold to 440-fold, 435-fold to 445-fold, 440-fold to 450-fold, 445-fold to 455-fold, 450-fold to 460-fold, or 455- fold to 465-fold. The number of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium can be increased compared to a control such as: a microbial population in the subject prior to, or immediately following, administration of the postbiotic composition. For instance, the control microbial population can be within the gastrointestinal tract, or a sample taken from the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., human stool sample) of the subject.By increasing the number of bacteria present within a microbial population, the relative abundance (i.e., ratio of the number of said bacteria to the total number of microorganisms within the microbial population) of said bacteria within the microbial population can be increased. The postbiotic compositions disclosed herein are particularly effective at increasing the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium within a microbial population in a subject. As such, administration of the postbiotic compositions promotes an increase in the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium within the gastrointestinal tract, or a sample taken from the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., human stool sample). In some instances of the methods disclosed herein, administration of the postbiotic compositions promotes an increase in the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium within the gastrointestinal tract, or a sample taken from the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., human stool sample). In some instances of the methods disclosed herein, administration of the postbiotic compositions promotes an increase in the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium within the gastrointestinal tract, or a sample taken from the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., human stool sample). In some instances of the methods disclosed herein, administration of the postbiotic compositions promotes an increase in the relativeabundance of Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium within the gastrointestinal tract, or a sample taken from the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., human stool sample).Described herein are methods of modulating a microbial population in a subject comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of the postbiotic composition, or food and / or beverage product comprising the same, wherein the ratio of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium to total number of microorganisms within the microbial population is increased. The relative abundance is increased relative to a control. A suitable control can be a microbial population isolated from the same location prior to, or immediately following, administration of the postbiotic composition, or a microbial population isolated from the subject who is not administered a postbiotic composition described herein. For instance, the control microbial population can be within the gastrointestinal tract, or a sample taken from the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., human stool sample) of the subject. In particular, the postbiotic compositions are particularly effective at promoting the growth (i.e., increasing the number of microbial cells) of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium.Administration of a postbiotic to a subject can increase the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium at least 1.01-fold, at least 1.02-fold, at least 1.03-fold, at least 1.04-fold, at least 1.05-fold, at least 1.06-fold, at least 1.07- fold, at least 1.08-fold, at least 1.09-fold, at least 1.1-fold, at least 1.11-fold, at least 1.12-fold, at least 1.13-fold, at least 1.14-fold, at least 1.15-fold, at least 1.16-fold, at least 1.17-fold, at least 1.18-fold, at least 1.19-fold, at least 1.2-fold, at least 1.3-fold, at least 1.4-fold, at least 1.5-fold, at least 1.6-fold, at least 1.7-fold, at least 1.8-fold, at least 1.9-fold, at least 2-fold, at least 3-fold, at least 4-fold, at least 5-fold, at least 10- fold, at least 100-fold, at least 200-fold, at least 200-fold, at least 300-fold, at least 400-fold, at least 500-fold, or greater than 500-fold. For instance, the number of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium can increase about 1.01-fold, about 1.02- fold, about 1.03-fold, about 1.04-fold, about 1.05-fold, about 1.06-fold, about 1.07- fold, about 1.08-fold, about 1.09-fold, about 1.1-fold, about 1.11-fold, about 1.12- fold, about 1.13 -fold, about 1.14-fold, about 1.15 -fold, about 1.16-fold, about 1.17- fold, about 1.18-fold, about 1.19-fold, about 1.2-fold, about 1.3-fold, about 1.4-fold, about 1.5-fold, about 1.6-fold, about 1.7-fold, about 1.8-fold, about 1.9-fold, about 2- fold, about 3-fold, about 4-fold, about 5-fold, about 10-fold, about 100-fold, or greater than 100-fold. In some instances, administration of a postbiotic to a subject can increase the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium between1.01-fold to 1.03-fold, between 1.02-fold to 1.04-fold, between 1.03-fold to 1.05-fold, between 1.04-fold to 1.06-fold, between 1.05-fold to 1.07-fold, between 1.06-fold to 1.08-fold, between 1.07-fold to 1.09-fold, between 1.08-fold to 1.1-fold, between 1.09-fold to1.11-fold, between 1.1-fold to 1.12-fold, between 1.11-fold to 1.13-fold, between 1.12-fold to 1.14-fold, between 1.13-fold to 1.15-fold, between 1.14-fold to 1.16-fold, between 1.15-fold to 1.17-fold, between 1.16-fold to 1.18-fold, between 1.17-fold to 1.19-fold, between 1.18- fold to 1.2-fold, between 1.19-fold to 1.21-fold, between 1.2-fold to 1.4-fold, between 1.3- fold to 1.5-fold, between 1.4-fold to 1.6-fold, between 1.5-fold to 1.7-fold, between 1.6-fold to 1.8-fold, between 1.7-fold to 1.9-fold, between 1.8-fold to 2.0-fold, or greater than 2.0- fold.Administration of a postbiotic to a subject can increase the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium between 1.01-fold to 1.03-fold, between 1.02-fold to 1.04-fold, between 1.03-fold to 1.05-fold, between 1.04-fold to 1.06-fold, between 1.05-fold to 1.07-fold, between 1.06-fold to 1.08-fold, between 1.07-fold to 1.09-fold, between 1.08-fold to 1.1-fold, between 1.09-fold to 1.11-fold, between 1.1-fold to 1.12-fold, between 1.11-fold to 1.13-fold, between 1.12-fold to 1.14-fold, between 1.13-fold to 1.15 -fold, between 1.14-fold to 1.16- fold, between 1.15-fold to 1.17-fold, between 1.16-fold to 1.18-fold, between 1.17-fold to 1.19-fold, or between 1.18-fold to 1.2-fold. In some instances, administration of a postbiotic to a subject can increase the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium between 1.1-fold to 1. 12- fold. In some instances, administration of a postbiotic to a subject can increase the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium between 1.11 -fold to 1.13 -fold. In some instances, administration of a postbiotic to a subject can increase the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium between 1.12-fold to 1.14-fold. In some instances, administration of a postbiotic to a subject can increase the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium between 1.13- fold to 1.15-fold. In some instances, administration of a postbiotic to a subject can increase the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium between 1. 14-fold to 1. 16-fold. Any amount of postbiotic composition can be administered in the methods described herein. The subject can be administered between 200mg and 500mg of the postbiotic composition. In some instances, the subject is administered between 250mg and 350mg. In some instances, the subject is administered between 350mg and 450mg. The subject can be administered about 300mg or about 400mg. Administration of about 300mg or about 400mg can increase the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium between: a. 1.1-fold to 1.12-fold; b. 1.11-fold to 1.13-fold; c.1.12-fold to 1.14-fold; d. 1.13-fold to 1.15-fold; or 1.14-fold to 1.16-fold.The methods of modulating a microbial population in a subject can comprise administering to a subj ect an effective amount of the postbiotic composition or food and / or beverage comprising a postbiotic composition, wherein the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium within the gastrointestinal tract of said subject and / or a sample taken from the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., human stool sample) of said subject prior to administration of the postbiotic composition is about 3.3%, about 3.4%, about 3.5%, about 3.6%, about 3.7%, about 3.8%, or about 3.9%. The relative abundance of Bifidobacterium within the gastrointestinal tract of said subject and / or a sample taken from the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., human stool sample) of said subject prior to administration of the postbiotic composition can be between 3.3%-3.5%, 3.4%-3.6%, 3.5%-3.7%, 3.6%-3.8%, or 3.7%-3.9%. When the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium within the gastrointestinal tract of said subject and / or a sample taken from the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., human stool sample) of said subject prior to administration is between 3.3-3.5%, 3.4-3.6%, 3.5-3.7%, 3.6-3.8%, or 3.7-3.9%, administration of about 300mg or about 400mg can increase the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium between: a. 1.1-fold to 1.12-fold; b. 1.11-fold to 1.13-fold; c. 1.12- fold to 1.14-fold; d. 1.13-fold to 1.15-fold; or 1.14-fold to 1.16-fold. When the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium within the gastrointestinal tract of said subject and / or a sample taken from the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., human stool sample) of said subject prior to administration is between 3.3-3.5%, 3.4-3.6%, 3.5-3.7%, 3.6-3.8%, or 3.7-3.9%, administration of about 300mg or about 400mg can increase the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium between: a. 3.8%-4%; b. 3.9%-4.1%; c. 4%-4.2%; d. 4.1%-4.3%; or e. 4.2%-4.4%. Bifidobacterium accounts for approximately 3%— 10% of the intestinal microbiota in adults (Lay et al., 2005). The postbiotic compositions can be administered to a subject comprising a relative abundance of Bifidobacterium in the gastrointestinal tract and / or a sample taken from the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., human stool sample) of about 3% to about 10%. In some instances, the relative abundance can be less than 3%. In some instances, the relative abundance can be more than 10%.Administration of a postbiotic to a subject can increase the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium between 1.01-fold to 1.03-fold, between 1.02-fold to 1.04-fold, between 1.03-fold to 1.05-fold, between 1.04-fold to 1.06-fold, between 1.05-fold to 1.07-fold, between 1.06-fold to 1.08-fold, between 1.07-fold to 1.09-fold, between 1.08-fold to 1.1-fold, between 1.09-fold to 1.11-fold, between 1.1-fold to 1.12-fold,between 1.11-fold to 1.13-fold, between 1.12-fold to 1.14-fold, or between 1.13-fold to 1.15- fold. In some instances, administration of a postbiotic to a subject can increase the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium between 1.06-fold to 1.08-fold. In some instances, administration of a postbiotic to a subject can increase the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium between 1.07-fold to 1.09-fold. In some instances, administration of a postbiotic to a subject can increase the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium between 1.08- fold to 1. 1-fold. In some instances, administration of a postbiotic to a subject can increase the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium between 1.09-fold to 1.11 -fold. In some instances, administration of a postbiotic to a subject can increase the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium between 1.1 -fold to 1.12-fold.Any amount of postbiotic composition can be administered in the methods described herein. The subject can be administered between 200mg and 500mg of the postbiotic composition. In some instances, the subject is administered between 250mg and 350mg. In some instances, the subject is administered between 350mg and 450mg. The subject can be administered about 300mg or about 400mg. Administration of about 300mg or about 400mg can increase the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium between: a. 1.06-fold to 1.08-fold; b. 1.07-fold to 1.09-fold; c. 1.08-fold to 1.1-fold; d. 1.09-fold to 1.11-fold; or e. 1.1-fold to 1.12- fold. The methods of modulating a microbial population in a subject can compris...

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A postbiotic composition, said postbiotic composition comprising:(a) an organic substrate; and(b) a plurality of microbial cells, or cell constituent(s).

2. The postbiotic composition of claim 1, wherein said organic substrate comprises cereal grains, pseudocereal grains, pulses, oilseeds, legume grains, or derivatives or extracts thereof.

3. The postbiotic composition of claim 1 or 2, wherein said organic substrate comprises an oat base or extracts thereof; optionally, wherein said organic substrate comprises oat flour.

4. The postbiotic composition of any one of claims 1-3, further comprising comprise a botanical agent, a biological agent, a synthetic agent, or a combination thereof.

5. The postbiotic composition of claim 4, wherein said botanical agent comprises plants or plant parts.

6. The postbiotic composition of claim 5, wherein said plants or plant parts comprises trees, fruits, vegetables, or products or extracts thereof.

7. The postbiotic composition of any one of claims 4-6, wherein said botanical agent comprises polyphenols, such as tannins.

8. The postbiotic composition of any one of claims 4-7, wherein said botanical agent comprises tree bark, algae, beets, potatoes, soybeans, soy, grapeseed or extracts thereof.

9. The postbiotic composition of any one of claims 4-8, wherein said botanical agent comprises grapeseed extract.

10. The postbiotic composition of any one of claims 1-9, wherein said organic substrate has undergone chemical or enzymatic pre-treatment to increase the concentration of fermentable sugars, as measured by an increase in Brix value.

11. The postbiotic composition of any one of claims 1-10, wherein said organic substrate is a fermented organic substrate.

12. The postbiotic composition of claim 11, wherein said fermented organic substrate has been fermented by viable microbial cells.

13. The postbiotic composition of any one of claims 1-12, wherein said postbiotic composition comprises ferulic acid.

14. The composition of claim 13, wherein said ferulic acid is present at a concentration of between 0.5 mg / L and 20 mg / L.

15. The postbiotic composition of any one of claims 1-14, wherein at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% of said plurality of microbial cells are non-viable.

16. The postbiotic composition of any one of claims 1-15, wherein at least 99.9999% of said plurality of microbial cells are non-viable.

17. The postbiotic composition of any one of claims 1-16, wherein said plurality of microbial cells comprises no more than 1000, no more than 100, no more than 10, or no more than 1 CFU / gram or no more than 1000, no more than 100, no more than 10, or no more than 1 CFU / mL.

18. The postbiotic composition of any one of claims 1-17, wherein said cell constituent(s) comprises at least one postbiotic agent, such as microbial cell wall fragment, cell membrane fragment or component, a polysaccharide, such as an endopolysaccharide or exopolysaccharide, cell-wall anchored protein, pili, extracellular membrane vesicle(s), genetic material, or components thereof, any other component derived from a microbial cell.

19. The postbiotic composition of claim 18, wherein said postbiotic agent comprises a secreted microbial protein, metabolite, bioactive compound, components thereof, or combinations thereof.

20. The postbiotic composition of claim 18 or 19, wherein said postbiotic agent comprises a short chain fatty acid.

21. The postbiotic composition of any one of claims 1-20, wherein said plurality of microbial cells or cell constituents comprises at least two different species of microorganisms.

22. The postbiotic composition of any one of claims 1-20, wherein said plurality of microbial cells or cell constituents comprises a single species of microorganism.23 The postbiotic composition of any one of claims 1-22, wherein said plurality of microbial cells or cell constituents comprises at least one lactic acid bacteria, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces, Micrococcaceae, Propionibacterium, Brevibacterium, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, Christensenella, Clostridium, or Bacillus, or any cell constituents or combinations thereof.

24. The postbiotic composition of any one of claims 1-23, wherein said plurality of microbial cells or cell constituents comprises at least one Lactiplantibacillus and / or Lacticaseibacillus .

25. The postbiotic composition of any one of claims 1-24, wherein said postbiotic composition comprises a nutritional supplement.

26. The postbiotic composition of any one of claims 1-25, wherein said postbiotic composition is in the form of a capsule, gel, softgel, paste, tablet, powder, gummy, spray, aerosol, lozenge, effervescent tablet, orodispersible film, topical cream, ointment, suppository, emulsion, transdermal patch, or liquid.

27. The postbiotic composition of claim 26, wherein said powder is a lyophilized powder.

28. The postbiotic composition of any one of claims 1-27, wherein said postbiotic composition has been heat-inactivated.

29. A food or beverage product comprising said postbiotic composition of any one of claims 1-28.

30. The food or beverage product of claim 29, wherein said product is a nutritional whole food, drink, sports drink, coffee, tea, water, mineral water, soda, carbonated beverage, oral hydration drink, mineral water, soup, replacement food, nutritional bar, nutritional consumable, gummy, tablet, confectionery, fermented or unfermented milk-based product, yogurt product, milk-based powder, enteral nutritional product, fermented or unfermented cereal-based product, chocolate, milk, yogurt, cheese, ice cream, baby and infant formula, cereal, animal feed, protein shake, protein powder, functional water, juice blend, smoothie, ready-to-drink (RTD) beverage, non-dairy milk, nut or seed butter, energy drink, functional shot, baked good, granola bar, snack bar, alcoholic beverage, frozen food, frozen meal, condiment, pasta, noodles, pet food, or pet treat.

31. The food or beverage product of claim 29 or 30, wherein said product is a powder.

32. The postbiotic composition of any one of claims 1-28, or the food or beverage product of any one of claims 29-31, wherein said postbiotic composition, or said food or beverage product, when administered in an effective amount to a subject, reduces systemic inflammation in said subject.

33. The postbiotic composition of any one of claims 1-28, or 32, or the food or beverage product of any one of claims 29—32, wherein said postbiotic composition, or said food or beverage product, when administered in an effective amount to a subject, improves a gastrointestinal health metric in said subject, wherein said gastrointestinal health metric is a metric selected from the group consisting of: i) improved intestinal barrier integrity, ii) increased bifidogenic activity, iii) increased short chain fatty acid and / or antioxidant content, iv) reduced gastrointestinal inflammation, v) at least one reduced symptom of a gastrointestinal disorder, vi) stimulation of an epithelial tissue response in the gastrointestinal tract of said subject, vii) modulation of a microbial population in the gastrointestinal tract and / or stool of said subject, and / or viii) improved well-being of said subject.

34. A method of treating a gastrointestinal disorder or reducing a symptom of a gastrointestinal disorder in a subject, comprising administering an effective amount of thepostbiotic composition of any one of claims 1-28, 32, or 33, or the food or beverage of any one of claims 29-33.

35. The method of claim 34, wherein said symptom comprises abdominal pain, stomach pain, hunger pain, nausea, reflux syndrome, heartbum, acid reflux, diarrhea, loose stools, urgent need for defecation, indigestion, rumbling, bloating, burping, flatulence, constipation, hard stools, and / or feeling of incomplete evacuation.

36. The method of claim 35, wherein said symptom is flatulence and / or bloating.

37. The method of claim 36, wherein said flatulence is reduced at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%.

38. The method of claim 38, wherein said bloating is reduced at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%.

39. The method of any one of claims 34-38, wherein said gastrointestinal symptoms are measured using the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS).

40. The method of claim 39, wherein said GSRS score is reduced at least 10%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%.

41. A method of stimulating an epithelial tissue response in the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, said method comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of the postbiotic composition of any one of claims 1-28, 32 or 33, or the food or beverage of any one of claims 29-33, whereby at least one epithelial cell within said epithelial tissue exhibits a cellular response.

42. The method of claim 41, wherein said at least one epithelial cell exhibits increased production and / or secretion of at least one molecule compared to a control cell.

43. The method of claim 42, wherein said molecule comprises a cytokine and / or chemokine.

44. The method of claim 43, wherein said cytokine comprises IL-6.

45. The method of claim 43, wherein said chemokine comprises CXCL-8.

46. The method of any one of claims 41-45, wherein said epithelial tissue response comprises increased restitution of said epithelial tissue compared to a control epithelial tissue.

47. The method of any one of claims 42-46, wherein said control cell is said at least one epithelial cell in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject prior to administration of said postbiotic composition, or food or beverage, and / or said control epithelial tissue is the epithelial tissue in said subject prior to administration of said postbiotic composition, or food or beverage.

48. A method of modulating a microbial population in a subject, said method comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of the postbiotic composition of any one of claims 1-28, 32 or 33, or the food or beverage of any one of claims 29-33.

49. The method of claim 48, wherein the microbial population is present within the gastrointestinal tract of a subject and / or a fecal sample obtained from a subject.

50. The method of claim 49, wherein said microbial population comprising at least one Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium.

51. The method of claim 50, wherein the total number of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium within the microbial population is increased compared to a control.

52. The method of claim 50 or 51, wherein the ratio of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium to total number of microorganisms within the microbial population is increased compared to a control.

53. The method of any one of claims 48-52, wherein the levels of at least one molecule in the gastrointestinal tract is increased compared to a control.

54. The method of claim 53, wherein the at least one molecule is a cytokine, chemokine, and / or short chain fatty acid.

55. The method of any one of claims 48-54, wherein said control comprises the same region of the gastrointestinal tract of the subject prior to administration of said postbiotic composition, or said food or beverage.

56. The method of any one of claims 48-55, wherein the total number of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium within a microbial population present in a stool sample obtained said subject is increased compared to a control.

57. The method of claim 48-56, wherein the ratio of Bifidobacterium and / or Faecalibacterium to total number of microorganisms within a microbial population present in a stool sample obtained from said subject is increased compared to a control.

58. The method of any one of claims 48-57, wherein the levels of at least one molecule present in a stool sample obtained from said subject is increased compared to a control.

59. The method of claim 58, wherein the at least one molecule is a cytokine, chemokine, and / or short chain fatty acid.

60. The method of any one of claims 48-59, wherein at least one epithelial cell within the gastrointestinal tract exhibits increased expression of at least one gene compared to a control cell.

61. The method of claim 60, wherein said gene encodes a molecule that is secreted from the cell.

62. The method of any one of claims 48-61, wherein at least one epithelial cell within the gastrointestinal tract exhibits increased production and / or secretion of at least one molecule compared to a control cell.

63. The method of claim 62, wherein said molecule comprises a cytokine and / or chemokine.

64. The method of any one of claims 56-63, wherein said control comprises a stool sample obtained from the subject prior to administration of said postbiotic composition, or said food or beverage, and / or said control cell comprises at least one epithelial cell within the gastrointestinal tract of said subject prior to administration of said postbiotic composition, or said food or beverage.

65. A method of maintaining intestinal barrier integrity in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the postbiotic composition of any one of claims 1-28, 32 or 33, or the food or beverage of any one of claims 29-33.

66. The method of claim 65, wherein the intestinal barrier comprises a monolayer of epithelial cells, wherein said monolayer comprises a plurality of epithelial cells attached to adjacent epithelial cells via epithelial junctions.

67. The method of claim 65 or 66, wherein said intestinal barrier is contacted with a stressor.

68. The method of claim 67, wherein said stressor comprises a pro-inflammatory molecule, a pathogenic microorganism, a metabolite, and / or a xenobiotic.

69. The method of claim 67 or 68, wherein said stressor comprises a pro-inflammatory cytokine.

70. The method of any one of claims 67-69, wherein transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of the intestinal barrier is higher following contact with said stressor compared to a control.

71. The method of any one of claims 67-70, wherein fewer epithelial junctions are disrupted and / or degraded in said intestinal barrier following contact with said stressor compared to a control.

72. The method of claim 70 or 71, wherein said control comprises an intestinal barrier in said subject not administered said postbiotic composition, or said food or beverage.

73. A method of improving well-being of a subject, comprising administering an effective amount of the postbiotic composition of any one of claims 1-28, 32, or 33, or the food or beverage of any one of claims 29-33.

74. The method of claim 73, wherein said method improves the quality of life of said subject as measured using the SF-36 questionnaire.

75. The method of claim 74, wherein said SF-36 questionnaire score of said subject increases at least 1.1-fold, at least 1.2-fold, at least 1.3-fold, at least 1.4-fold, at least 1.5-fold, at least 1.6-fold, at least 1.7-fold, at least 1.8-fold, at least 1.9-fold, or at least 2.0-fold.

76. The method of any one of claims 73-75, wherein said method reduces anxiety in a subject as measured by the generalized anxiety disorder assessment (GAD-7).

77. The method of claim 76, wherein said GAD-7 score of said subject is reduced at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%.

78. The method of any one of claims 34-77, wherein said subject is administered between about 200mg and about 500mg of said postbiotic composition.

79. The method of any one of claims 34-78, where said subject is administered about 300 mg or about 400mg of said postbiotic composition.

80. The method of claim 78 or 79, wherein said administration occurs at least once a day.

81. The method of claim 78 or 79, wherein said administration occurs once every two days.

82. The method of any one of claims 34-81, wherein said subject is administered said postbiotic composition for a period of at least one week, at least two weeks, at least three weeks, at least four weeks, at least five weeks, at least six weeks, at least seven weeks, at least eight weeks, or more than eight weeks, at least three months, at least six months, at least one year, or more than one year.

83. A method of manufacturing a postbiotic composition, the method comprising the steps of:(a) suspending an organic substrate in a solution to generate a substrate solution;(b) mixing said substrate solution with an enzymatic blend to generate an organic mixture suitable for fermentation;(c) mixing said organic mixture suitable for fermentation with a plurality of microbial cells;(d) fermenting said organic mixture to generate a postbiotic composition; and(e) reducing the number of viable microbial cells within the postbiotic composition, wherein at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% of said plurality of microbial cells are non-viable after reducing the number of viable cells.

84. The method of claim 83, wherein said solution is selected from the group consisting of: water, water containing modifiers such as ethanol, electrolyte containing solutions, juices, sport drinks, soda, carbonated beverages, teas, coffees, and tinctures.

85. The method of claim 83 or 84, wherein said organic substrate is suspended in said solution at a concentration of between 1% and 50%.

86. The method of any one of claims 83-85, wherein said organic mixture undergoes high temperature short time (HTST) pasteurization, tubular or plate heat exchange or spray drying prior to step (c) to pasteurize the organic mixture.

87. The method of claim 86, wherein said pasteurization comprises heating the organic mixture to a temperature of about 90°C for about one hour.

88. The method of any one of claims 83-87, wherein said enzymatic blend comprises proteases, lipases, amylases, or cellulases, or derivatives, or any combination thereof; preferably, wherein the enzymatic blend comprises glucoamylases.

89. The method of any one of claims 83-88, wherein step (e) comprises killing at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or at least 99.9999% of said plurality of microbial cells.

90. The method of any one of claims 83-89, wherein, after step (e), said plurality of microbial cells in said postbiotic composition comprises no more than 1000, no more than 100, no more than 10, or no more than 1 CFU / gram or no more than 1000, no more than 100, no more than 10, or no more than 1 CFU / mL.

91. The method of any one of claims 83-90, wherein said plurality of microbial cells comprises at least one lactic acid bacteria, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces, Micrococcaceae, Propionibacterium, Brevibacterium, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, or Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, Christensenella, or Bacillus, or any constituents or combinations thereof.

92. The method of any one of claims 83-91, wherein said plurality of microbial cells comprises at least one Lactiplantibacillus and / or Lacticaseibacillus.

93. The method of any one of claims 83-92, wherein said plurality of microbial cells comprises at least two different species of microorganisms.

94. The method of any one of claims 83-92, wherein said plurality of microbial cells comprises a single species of microorganism.

95. The method of any one of claims 83-94, wherein said organic substrate comprises cereal grains, pseudocereal grains, pulses, oilseeds, legume grains, or derivatives or extracts thereof.

96. The method of any one of claims 83-95, wherein said organic substrate comprises an oat base or extracts thereof.

97. The method of any one of claims 83-96, further comprising adding a botanical agent, such as adding the botanical agent before fermentation, during fermentation, and / or after fermentation.

98. The method of claim 97, wherein said botanical agent comprises plants or plant parts.

99. The method of claim 98, wherein said plants or plant parts comprises trees, fruits, vegetables, or products or extracts thereof.

100. The method of any one of claims 83-99, wherein said botanical agent comprises polyphenols, such as tannins.

101. The method of any one of claims 83-100, wherein said botanical agent comprises tree bark, algae, beets, potatoes, soybeans, soy, grapeseed or extracts thereof.

102. The method of claim 101, wherein said botanical agent comprises grapeseed extract.

103. The method of any one of claims 83-102, wherein step (e) comprises heat-processing, shearing, sonicating, or any other sanitation.

104. The method of claim 103, wherein said heat-processing comprises subjecting said postbiotic composition to a temperature of about 90°C for about one hour.

105. The method of any one of claims 83-104, wherein step (d) comprises adding culture media and / or a pasteurized botanical agent to said organic mixture, wherein said culture media comprises carbon, nitrogen, minerals, amino acids, vitamins, or derivatives, or combinations thereof.

106. The method of any one of claims 83-105, wherein step (d) is maintained until the pH of said organic mixture is less than 5, or less than 4.5.

107. The method of any one of claims 83-106, wherein said method further comprises: (f) drying the postbiotic composition.

108. The method of claim 107, wherein said postbiotic composition is lyophilized.

109. The method of any one of claims 83-108, wherein said method further comprises:(g) formulating a food or beverage product comprising said postbiotic composition.

110. The method of any one of claims 83-109, wherein said postbiotic composition further comprises at least one postbiotic agent, wherein said postbiotic agent comprises a microbial cell wall fragment, cell membrane fragment, exopolysaccharide, cell-wall anchored protein, pili, extracellular membrane vesicle(s), genetic material, secreted microbial protein or metabolite, bioactive compound, or any combination thereof.

111. The method of claim 109 or 110, or the food or beverage product of any one of claims 29-33, wherein said postbiotic composition is present within the food or beverage product in an amount of between about 0.05 grams and about 10 grams; preferably, between about 0.2 grams and about 0.5 grams of said product.

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