Method for extracting energy from a battery

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method for extracting energy from a lead-acid battery. According to said method, in a lead-acid battery discharged at C20, comprising at least one positive plate and one negative plate containing an active mass with spongy Pb and PbO₂ particles, wherein the size of the particles is equal to or smaller than that of microparticles, preferably nanoparticles, recharge pulses are applied between the positive and negative plates, wherein the recharge pulses reversibly compress the negative plate and tension the positive plate, and discharge pulses are continuously applied, with a longer duration than that of the recharge pulses, wherein the discharge pulse reversibly tensions the negative plate and reversibly compresses the positive plate. The recharge and discharge pulses are maintained continuously, generating an extraction current.

Description

“METHOD OF EXTRACTING ENERGY FROM A BATTERY” TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present invention relates to extracting energy from a characterized lead-acid battery. STATE OF THE TECHNIQUE

[0002] Lead-acid batteries are used to store electrical energy. Typically, during a power outage, they are discharged to meet demand. After grid power returns, they are recharged and remain in the system until a new occurrence, that is, in full or partial recharge and discharge cycles with the recharge processes.

[0003] The technique typically used to recharge batteries is well-known: applying direct current through the accumulators. Although simple, this technique causes excessive heating and gassing in the battery, and requires a long time to fully recharge.

[0004] Some more efficient alternatives have been proposed in the prior art. For example, GLEITER et al. (Charge-Induced Reversible Strain in a Metal, Science Magazine, April 11, 2003, Vol. 300, pp. 312-315) demonstrates that electric charge induces reversible deformations in metals and semiconductors, linking battery recharging to mechanisms in spongy electrodes such as those in lead-acid batteries. Patent US6,751,083B1, by GLEITER et al., states that the essence of the invention is to produce an apparatus with metal and nanoporous semiconductors capable of various applications.GLEITER, in the article cited above and in the patent, although he verified that the compression and traction of spongy metal electrodes produce reversible elastic deformations in the metals, adopted only one electrode, a permeable porous layer, and an electrolyte and a means to apply the voltage, compressing and fractionating only this single electrode with a high ratio between the surface area and spongy mass of the electrode.

[0005] Patent US7,501,788B2 has a high complexity when adopting two terminals for each cell plate, for two 2V cells they are twelve keys are needed, for three pairs of 6V cells twenty-four keys are needed, with reduced energy gains. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0006] The objective of the present invention is to provide an efficient method for extracting energy from lead-acid batteries. To achieve this objective, the technical solution utilizes a C20-discharged lead-acid battery containing at least one positive plate and one negative plate, incorporating an active mass with spongy particles of Pb and PbO2, the particles having a size equal to or smaller than microparticles, preferably nanoparticles. The method involves a) applying a recharge pulse between the positive and negative plates, in which the recharge pulse reversibly compresses the negative plate and tensions the positive plate continuously; b) applying a discharge pulse with a time greater than the recharge pulse time, in which the discharge pulse reversibly tensions the negative plate and reversibly compresses the positive plate; and c) maintaining recharge and discharge pulses continuously, generating an extraction current. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0007] Figure 1A is a schematic representation of the discharge process considering a partially dissociated 1:1 electrolyte.

[0008] Figure 1 B is a schematic representation of the discharge process considering a fully dissociated electrolyte.

[0009] Figure 2 is an exemplary schematic representation of an electronic circuit for extraction with a battery.

[0010] Figure 3 shows graphs obtained by the oscilloscope of the recharges and discharges of each battery with the respective times used.

[0011] Figure 4A is a table with the results of the three 12V batteries with capacities of 2.5 Ah, 5.0 Ah and 6.4 Ah.

[0012] Figure 4B is a table with the results of the three 12V batteries with capacities of 2.5 Ah, 5.0 Ah and 6.4 Ah.

[0013] Figure 5 presents a simplified circuit exemplifying the execution mode with two batteries.

[0014] Figure 6 shows a detailed circuit illustrating the execution mode with two batteries.

[0015] Figure 7 shows a table with the components of the circuit in Fig.6.

[0016] Figure 8 shows the oscilloscope graph with the recharge time T1.

[0017] Figure 9 shows the oscilloscope graph with the discharge time T2.

[0018] Figure 10 shows the oscilloscope graph with the discharge time T1.

[0019] Figure 1 1 shows the oscilloscope graph of the recharge of battery A.

[0020] Figure 12 shows the oscilloscope graph of the battery discharge. THE.

[0021] Figure 13 shows the oscilloscope graph of the battery recharge. B.

[0022] Figure 14 shows the oscilloscope graph of the discharge of battery B.

[0023] Figure 15 presents a table with the results obtained. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXECUTION MODES

[0024] The present invention presents the generator to solve the technical problems through constructive arrangements and new procedures, which enable discharged batteries to recharge themselves as follows:

[0025] In the first step, it is necessary to prepare the 12V batteries, which should preferably be discharged with a C20 current, a cut-off voltage of 10.8V and a battery temperature of 27°C. In order to capture the H+ ion in the sulfate cavities of the positive plate, as shown in Figure 1 A and Figure 1 B because when PbO2 (spongiform matter) transforms into PbSO4 (spongiform matter) there is an increase in volume of 164%, and when Pb (spongiform matter) transforms into PbSO4 (spongiform matter) the increase in volume is 82%.

[0026] The method involves applying a sequence of recharge and discharge pulses, in which the pulses fracture the sulfate cavities to enable energy capture.

[0027] The technical solution uses a lead-acid battery discharged in C20, containing at least one positive plate and one negative plate adopting an active mass with spongy particles of Pb and PbO2, in which the particles are equal to or smaller than microparticles, preferably nanoparticles. The method involves a) applying a recharge pulse between the positive and negative plates, in which the recharge pulse reversibly compresses the negative plate and tensions the positive plate, and continuously; b) applying a discharge pulse with a time longer than the recharge pulse time, in which the discharge pulse reversibly tensions the negative plate and reversibly compresses the positive plate; and c) maintaining recharge and discharge pulses continuously, generating an extraction current.

[0028] Fig. 2 shows an example of an electronic circuit that implements the method of the present invention. The 12 V battery is switched by two IRF3205 power MOSFETs connected in counter-phase. The MOSFETs are then connected to the battery so that it is recharged through a DC voltage source and discharged through a resistor. It is worth noting that all these connections are made through a 3-way terminal block. A PC817 optocoupler is implemented on each of the MOSFETs, with a 220 Ω resistor and two LEDs between them to signal the MOSFETs' ON and OFF. The optocouplers are powered through the microcontroller's 5 V power pin, while the MOSFETs in counter-phase are powered through a 9 V battery. Battery charging and discharging activation is performed via the digital logic pins.

[0029] To eliminate interference from the energy extracted through this invention, for greater accuracy, all switches are activated by independent batteries. To increase generation performance, cells were constructed with positive plates using spongiform nanotechnology, which capture more energy than positive plates using spongiform microtechnology, significantly extending extraction time. The increased performance of batteries using spongiform microtechnology can be achieved by compressing the plates, which reduces particle size to increase activity in more cavities.

[0030] It can be demonstrated that the energy emitted at the cavity entrance and the energy absorbed at the cavity exit are separate processes, and therefore do not cancel each other out. Depending on the case, the extracted energy can be directly converted into electricity, as in the example presented, found in the state-of-the-art, even with spongiform microtechnology particles.

[0031] Batteries of different capacities were used in the tests, which aim to increase the energy output of an electrical power source. Stationary VRLA (Valve Regulated Lead Acid) batteries were used. The execution mode begins with the batteries discharged to C20 to 10.80 V for 12 V cells and C20 to 5.25 V for 6 V Cyclon cells. Compression is achieved through recharge and traction (through discharge) on the lead and lead peroxide plates that make up the battery. A microcontroller is programmed to perform the recharge (excitation) and discharge (extraction) switching, with the FETS (Field Effect Transistors) operating as a switch, as shown in Fig. 3. Fig. 4 shows the graph, obtained by the oscilloscope, of the recharge and discharge of each battery with the respective times used. Next, Fig. 4A shows the results obtained in the first month; and Fig. 4B shows one month. then with state-of-the-art batteries with capacities of 2.5Ah, 5.0Ah and 6.4Ah and a nominal voltage of 12V.

[0032] In the processes described, most of the H+ ions always migrate to the positive plate, indicating that H+ ion uptake occurs in the sulfate cavities on the positive plate, as demonstrated in Figs. 1A and 1B. When spongiform PbO2 transforms into spongiform PbSO4, there is a 164% increase in volume, and when spongiform Pb transforms into spongiform PbSO4, the increase in volume is 82%. This is also supported by another indication: the volume variation on the positive plates is 100% greater than on the negative plates. Thus, hydrogen ions are trapped in the lead sulfate cavities, which, when fractured, allow the return of electromagnetic fluctuations, extracting energy from the lead-acid battery.

[0033] In an additional embodiment, the method of extracting energy from may include two or more batteries acting in conjunction.

[0034] The method of extracting energy including two or more batteries acting together involves a switching, including: a) performing a recharge over a period T1 in a first battery A, while a second battery B performs a discharge; b) performing a discharge in the first battery A and in the second battery B, independently, for a period T2; c) performing a recharge in a second battery B p over a period T1, while the first battery A performs a discharge during this same period; d) performing a discharge in both batteries for a period T2; e) keeping the negative poles of the batteries interconnected throughout the entire process, while the positive poles remain interconnected only over the periods T1.

[0035] Generation occurs through compression (recharging) of the PbO2 and Pb plates that make up the battery, as well as traction (discharging) of the Pb plates only. A microcontroller is programmed to perform the recharging and discharging switching, with the FETs (Field Effect Transistor) operate as a switch, as per the simplified circuit shown in Figure 5 and detailed in Figure 6, accompanied by a parts list as per Figure 7.

[0036] In the example in Figures 5, 6, and 7, the 12 V battery is switched using two IRF3205 power MOSFETs connected in counterphase. The MOSFETs are then connected to the battery so that it is recharged through a DC voltage source and discharged through a resistor. It is worth noting that all these connections are made through a 3-way terminal block. A PC817 optocoupler is implemented at each MOSFET, with a 220 Ω resistor and two LEDs between them to signal the MOSFETs' ON and OFF. The optocouplers are powered by the microcontroller's 5 V power pin, while the MOSFETs in counterphase are powered by a 9 V battery. Battery recharge and discharge activation is performed via the microcontroller's digital logic pins.

[0037] In this example, the first battery, A, recharges for a period of T1, while the second battery, B, discharges. Then, both batteries discharge independently for a period of T2. The second battery, B, recharges for a period of T1, while the first battery, A, discharges for the same period. Finally, both batteries discharge again for a period of T2. It is worth noting that throughout the entire process, the negative terminals of the batteries must remain connected, while their positive terminals remain connected only during the T1 periods. One N4007 diode is used to prevent current from flowing in the opposite direction through the positive terminal connections.

[0038] Figs. 8 to 11 below show the graphs, obtained by the oscilloscope, of the recharge, Fig. 8, and discharge, Figs. 9 and 10, of each battery with the respective times used T1 and T2.

[0039] In the tests carried out, Results of the experiments, the source was adjusted A was adjusted to 20.04 V and 2.421 A, allowing it to be controlled by current. Source B, in turn, was adjusted to 20.58 V and 2.524 A. It is worth noting that a recharge duration of 0.3 ms and a discharge duration of 15.3 ms were programmed for each cycle. To obtain the values ​​of the input (recharge) and output (discharge) currents of the circuit, an oscilloscope was used. Once the effective (RMS) values ​​of the recharge and discharge signals were used to perform the necessary calculations, the following waveforms were obtained, as shown in Figs. 11 to 14.

[0040] Throughout the laboratory experiments, stationary Valve Regulated Lead Acid (VRLA) batteries were used. In the applied tests, batteries of the same capacity and technology were always used in the same system. However, two types of batteries were used in the different tests: a 10.1 Ah Absorbent Glass Fiber Mat (AGM) battery and a 9 Ah gel battery. Different frequency adjustments were implemented in each test, but similar results were achieved for both battery types, as described in Fig. 15.

Claims

CLAIMS 01. Method of extracting energy from a lead-acid battery characterized by in a lead-acid battery discharged in C20, containing at least one positive plate and one negative plate adopting active mass with spongiform particles of Pb and PbO2, in which the particles have a size equal to or smaller than microparticles; a) applying a recharge pulse between the positive and negative plates, in which the recharge pulse reversibly compresses the negative plate and tensions the positive plate, and continuously; b) applying a discharge pulse with a time greater than the recharge pulse time, in which the discharge pulse reversibly tensions the negative plate and reversibly compresses the positive plate; c) maintaining the recharge and discharge pulses continuously generating an extraction current.

02. Method of extracting energy from a lead-acid battery, according to claim 01, characterized by including at least one additional battery.

03. Method of extracting energy from a lead-acid battery, according to claim 02, characterized by a) performing a recharge over a period T1 in a first battery A, while a second battery B performs a discharge; b) performing a discharge in the first battery A and in the second battery B, and independently, for a period T2; c) performing a recharge in a second battery B over a period T1, while the first battery A begins to perform a discharge during this same period; d) performing a discharge in both batteries for a period T2; e) keeping the negative poles of the batteries interconnected throughout the entire process, while the positive poles remain interconnected only over the periods T1.

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