Apparatus, method, and computer program
By enabling core network functions to act as IP routers and exchange routing updates with N6 interface routers, the communication system can dynamically adapt to network changes, optimizing uplink routing and enhancing network efficiency.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/133376
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-11-22
- Publication Date
- 2025-05-30
AI Technical Summary
Current communication systems, particularly in 5G networks, face challenges in optimizing uplink routing due to dynamic changes in network topology and the lack of mechanisms to update routing configurations accordingly.
The implementation of mechanisms that allow core network functions to act as IP routers, enabling the exchange of routing protocol updates with routers behind N6 interfaces. This allows the network to learn the underlying topology and dynamically update uplink routing configurations to select the shortest path for traffic routing.
This approach enhances the ability of 5G communication systems to adapt to dynamic network changes, ensuring optimal routing of data traffic and improving network efficiency.
Smart Images

Figure CN2023133376_30052025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
APPARATUS, METHOD, AND COMPUTER PROGRAMTechnical Field
[0001] Various examples described in this subject disclosure generally relate to apparatus, methods, and computer programs, and more particularly (but not exclusively) to apparatus, methods and computer programs for apparatuses.Background
[0002] A communication system can be seen as a facility that enables communication sessions between two or more entities such as communication devices, base stations and / or other nodes by providing carriers between the various entities involved in the communications path.
[0003] The communication system may be a wireless communication system. Examples of wireless systems comprise public land mobile networks (PLMN) operating based on radio standards such as those provided by 3GPP, satellite based communication systems and different wireless local networks, for example wireless local area networks (WLAN) . The wireless systems can typically be divided into cells, and are therefore often referred to as cellular systems.
[0004] The communication system and associated devices operate in accordance with a given set of standards or specifications that set out what the various entities associated with the system are permitted to do and how that is to be achieved. Communication protocols and / or parameters that are to be used for the connection are also typically defined. Examples of standards are the so-called 5G standards.Summary
[0005] According to a first aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising means for performing: exchanging routing information with a plurality of routers located uplink between a user plane function and a host, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a core network function; constructing a routing table comprising a learnt route for routing data traffic to the host using the routing information, wherein the learnt route is determined using the routing information; deriving at least one preferred route (s) to be used among the one or more learnt routes when selecting a router from the plurality of routers for routing data traffic to the host; and configuring the user plane function to route the data traffic using the derived at least one preferred route.
[0006] The core network function may comprise a session management function.
[0007] The means for configuring the user plane function may comprise means for: using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed, wherein the indication comprises at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule; and providing indication of how data traffic is to be routed to the user plane function.
[0008] The using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed may be performed in dependence on determining that the routing table indicates that at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule for routing data traffic currently configured at the user plane function is to be changed.
[0009] The user plane function may be configured to interface with the plurality of routers using a plurality of respective interfaces, and the apparatus may further comprise means for: establishing, for each of the plurality of interfaces, a respective tunnel between the apparatus and the user plane function.
[0010] The apparatus may further comprise means for causing the user plane function to be configured to exchange routing information between at least one of said interfaces and its respective tunnel.
[0011] The apparatus may further comprise means for providing, to the user plane function, an instruction to obtain an identifier of an interface between the user plane function and the at least one router from a time sensitive network translation function.
[0012] The core network function may comprise the user plane function.
[0013] The means for configuring the user plane function may comprise means for: using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed, wherein the indication comprises at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule; and causing the apparatus to use the packet detection rule and / or forwarding action rule to route data traffic to the host.
[0014] The apparatus may further comprise means for providing the indication of how data traffic is to be routed to a session management function.
[0015] The using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed may be performed in dependence on determining that the routing table indicates that at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule for routing data traffic currently configured at the user plane function is to be changed.
[0016] The means for configuring the user plane function may comprise means for: providing the routing table to a session management function; receiving, from the session management function, an indication of how data traffic is to be routed, wherein the indication comprises at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule; and using the at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule to route data traffic to the host.
[0017] The apparatus may further comprise means for receiving, from the session management function, an instruction to obtain an identifier of an interface between the apparatus and the at least one router from a time sensitive network translation function.
[0018] The apparatus may further comprise means for constructing said table in response to determining that a new quality of service flow or a modification to a quality of service flow is to be established in respect of the data traffic.
[0019] According to a second aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising means for performing: receiving, from a user plane function, an indication of how data traffic is to be routed between the user plane function and a plurality of routers located uplink between the user plane function and a host, wherein the indication comprises at least one of a routing table, at least one packet detection rule, or at least one forwarding action rule, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a session management function.
[0020] When the indication comprises a routing table, the apparatus may further comprise means for: using the routing table to create at least one packet detection rule and forwarding action rule that indicates how traffic data is to be routed; and providing the at least one packet detection rule and forwarding action rule to the user plane function.
[0021] According to a third aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising means for performing: receiving, from a session management function, a configuration to exchange, between the session management function and a plurality of routers located uplink between the apparatus and a host, routing information; and causing said routing information to be exchanged between the session management function and the plurality of routers, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a user plane function.
[0022] The apparatus may further comprise means for performing: receiving, from the session management function, an indication that indicates how data traffic is to be routed from the apparatus to at least one of the plurality of routers, the indication comprising at least one packet detection rule and forwarding action rule, wherein the at least one packet detection rule and forwarding action rule is based on the routing information; and causing data traffic to be routed to the host in accordance with the at least one packet detection rule and forwarding action rule.
[0023] According to a fourth aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to perform: exchanging routing information with a plurality of routers located uplink between a user plane function and a host, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a core network function; constructing a routing table comprising a learnt route for routing data traffic to the host using the routing information, wherein the learnt route is determined using the routing information; deriving at least one preferred route (s) to be used among the one or more learnt routes when selecting a router from the plurality of routers for routing data traffic to the host; and configuring the user plane function to route the data traffic using the derived at least one preferred route.
[0024] The core network function may comprise a session management function.
[0025] The configuring the user plane function may comprise: using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed, wherein the indication comprises at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule; and providing indication of how data traffic is to be routed to the user plane function.
[0026] The using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed may be performed in dependence on determining that the routing table indicates that at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule for routing data traffic currently configured at the user plane function is to be changed.
[0027] The user plane function may be configured to interface with the plurality of routers using a plurality of respective interfaces, and the at least one processor may be configured to cause the apparatus to perform: establishing, for each of the plurality of interfaces, a respective tunnel between the apparatus and the user plane function.
[0028] The at least one processor may be configured to cause the apparatus to perform causing the user plane function to be configured to exchange routing information between at least one of said interfaces and its respective tunnel.
[0029] The at least one processor may be configured to cause the apparatus to perform providing, to the user plane function, an instruction to obtain an identifier of an interface between the user plane function and the at least one router from a time sensitive network translation function.
[0030] The core network function may comprise the user plane function.
[0031] The configuring the user plane function may comprise: using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed, wherein the indication comprises at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule; and causing the apparatus to use the packet detection rule and / or forwarding action rule to route data traffic to the host.
[0032] The at least one processor may be configured to cause the apparatus to perform providing the indication of how data traffic is to be routed to a session management function.
[0033] The using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed may be performed in dependence on determining that the routing table indicates that at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule for routing data traffic currently configured at the user plane function is to be changed.
[0034] The configuring the user plane function may comprise: providing the routing table to a session management function; receiving, from the session management function, an indication of how data traffic is to be routed, wherein the indication comprises at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule; and using the at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule to route data traffic to the host.
[0035] The at least one processor may be configured to cause the apparatus to perform receiving, from the session management function, an instruction to obtain an identifier of an interface between the apparatus and the at least one router from a time sensitive network translation function.
[0036] The at least one processor may be configured to cause the apparatus to perform constructing said table in response to determining that a new quality of service flow or a modification to a quality of service flow is to be established in respect of the data traffic.
[0037] According to a fifth aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to perform: receiving, from a user plane function, an indication of how data traffic is to be routed between the user plane function and a plurality of routers located uplink between the user plane function and a host, wherein the indication comprises at least one of a routing table, at least one packet detection rule, or at least one forwarding action rule, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a session management function.
[0038] When the indication comprises a routing table, the at least one processor may be configured to cause the apparatus to perform: using the routing table to create at least one packet detection rule and forwarding action rule that indicates how traffic data is to be routed; and providing the at least one packet detection rule and forwarding action rule to the user plane function.
[0039] According to a sixth aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to perform: receiving, from a session management function, a configuration to exchange, between the session management function and a plurality of routers located uplink between the apparatus and a host, routing information; and causing said routing information to be exchanged between the session management function and the plurality of routers, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a user plane function.
[0040] The at least one processor may be configured to cause the apparatus to perform: receiving, from the session management function, an indication that indicates how data traffic is to be routed from the apparatus to at least one of the plurality of routers, the indication comprising at least one packet detection rule and forwarding action rule, wherein the at least one packet detection rule and forwarding action rule is based on the routing information; and causing data traffic to be routed to the host in accordance with the at least one packet detection rule and forwarding action rule.
[0041] According to a seventh aspect, there is provided a method for an apparatus, the method comprising: exchanging routing information with a plurality of routers located uplink between a user plane function and a host, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a core network function; constructing a routing table comprising a learnt route for routing data traffic to the host using the routing information, wherein the learnt route is determined using the routing information; deriving at least one preferred route (s) to be used among the one or more learnt routes when selecting a router from the plurality of routers for routing data traffic to the host; and configuring the user plane function to route the data traffic using the derived at least one preferred route.
[0042] The core network function may comprise a session management function.
[0043] The configuring the user plane function may comprise: using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed, wherein the indication comprises at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule; and providing indication of how data traffic is to be routed to the user plane function.
[0044] The using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed may be performed in dependence on determining that the routing table indicates that at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule for routing data traffic currently configured at the user plane function is to be changed.
[0045] The user plane function may be configured to interface with the plurality of routers using a plurality of respective interfaces, and the method may further comprise: establishing, for each of the plurality of interfaces, a respective tunnel between the apparatus and the user plane function.
[0046] The method may further comprise causing the user plane function to be configured to exchange routing information between at least one of said interfaces and its respective tunnel.
[0047] The method may further comprise providing, to the user plane function, an instruction to obtain an identifier of an interface between the user plane function and the at least one router from a time sensitive network translation function.
[0048] The core network function may comprise the user plane function.
[0049] The configuring the user plane function may comprise: using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed, wherein the indication comprises at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule; and causing the apparatus to use the packet detection rule and / or forwarding action rule to route data traffic to the host.
[0050] The method may further comprise providing the indication of how data traffic is to be routed to a session management function.
[0051] The using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed may be performed in dependence on determining that the routing table indicates that at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule for routing data traffic currently configured at the user plane function is to be changed.
[0052] The configuring the user plane function may comprise: providing the routing table to a session management function; receiving, from the session management function, an indication of how data traffic is to be routed, wherein the indication comprises at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule; and using the at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule to route data traffic to the host.
[0053] The method may further comprise receiving, from the session management function, an instruction to obtain an identifier of an interface between the apparatus and the at least one router from a time sensitive network translation function.
[0054] The method may further comprise constructing said table in response to determining that a new quality of service flow or a modification to a quality of service flow is to be established in respect of the data traffic.
[0055] According to an eighth aspect, there is provided a method for an apparatus, the method comprising: receiving, from a user plane function, an indication of how data traffic is to be routed between the user plane function and a plurality of routers located uplink between the user plane function and a host, wherein the indication comprises at least one of a routing table, at least one packet detection rule, or at least one forwarding action rule, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a session management function.
[0056] When the indication comprises a routing table, the method may further comprise: using the routing table to create at least one packet detection rule and forwarding action rule that indicates how traffic data is to be routed; and providing the at least one packet detection rule and forwarding action rule to the user plane function.
[0057] According to a ninth aspect, there is provided a method for an apparatus, the method comprising: receiving, from a session management function, a configuration to exchange, between the session management function and a plurality of routers located uplink between the apparatus and a host, routing information; and causing said routing information to be exchanged between the session management function and the plurality of routers, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a user plane function.
[0058] The method may further comprise performing: receiving, from the session management function, an indication that indicates how data traffic is to be routed from the apparatus to at least one of the plurality of routers, the indication comprising at least one packet detection rule and forwarding action rule, wherein the at least one packet detection rule and forwarding action rule is based on the routing information; and causing data traffic to be routed to the host in accordance with the at least one packet detection rule and forwarding action rule.
[0059] According to a tenth aspect, there is provided a computer readable medium comprising instructions which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following: exchanging routing information with a plurality of routers located uplink between a user plane function and a host, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a core network function; constructing a routing table comprising a learnt route for routing data traffic to the host using the routing information, wherein the learnt route is determined using the routing information; deriving at least one preferred route (s) to be used among the one or more learnt routes when selecting a router from the plurality of routers for routing data traffic to the host; and configuring the user plane function to route the data traffic using the derived at least one preferred route.
[0060] The core network function may comprise a session management function.
[0061] The configuring the user plane function may comprise: using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed, wherein the indication comprises at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule; and providing indication of how data traffic is to be routed to the user plane function.
[0062] The using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed may be performed in dependence on determining that the routing table indicates that at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule for routing data traffic currently configured at the user plane function is to be changed.
[0063] The user plane function may be configured to interface with the plurality of routers using a plurality of respective interfaces, and the apparatus may be caused to perform: establishing, for each of the plurality of interfaces, a respective tunnel between the apparatus and the user plane function.
[0064] The apparatus may be caused to perform causing the user plane function to be configured to exchange routing information between at least one of said interfaces and its respective tunnel.
[0065] The apparatus may be caused to perform providing, to the user plane function, an instruction to obtain an identifier of an interface between the user plane function and the at least one router from a time sensitive network translation function.
[0066] The core network function may comprise the user plane function.
[0067] The configuring the user plane function may comprise: using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed, wherein the indication comprises at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule; and causing the apparatus to use the packet detection rule and / or forwarding action rule to route data traffic to the host.
[0068] The apparatus may be caused to perform providing the indication of how data traffic is to be routed to a session management function.
[0069] The using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed may be performed in dependence on determining that the routing table indicates that at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule for routing data traffic currently configured at the user plane function is to be changed.
[0070] The configuring the user plane function may comprise: providing the routing table to a session management function; receiving, from the session management function, an indication of how data traffic is to be routed, wherein the indication comprises at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule; and using the at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule to route data traffic to the host.
[0071] The apparatus may be caused to perform receiving, from the session management function, an instruction to obtain an identifier of an interface between the apparatus and the at least one router from a time sensitive network translation function.
[0072] The apparatus may be caused to perform constructing said table in response to determining that a new quality of service flow or a modification to a quality of service flow is to be established in respect of the data traffic.
[0073] According to an eleventh aspect, there is provided a computer readable medium comprising instructions which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following: receiving, from a user plane function, an indication of how data traffic is to be routed between the user plane function and a plurality of routers located uplink between the user plane function and a host, wherein the indication comprises at least one of a routing table, at least one packet detection rule, or at least one forwarding action rule, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a session management function.
[0074] When the indication comprises a routing table, the apparatus may be caused to perform: using the routing table to create at least one packet detection rule and forwarding action rule that indicates how traffic data is to be routed; and providing the at least one packet detection rule and forwarding action rule to the user plane function.
[0075] According to a twelfth aspect, there is provided a computer readable medium comprising instructions which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following: receiving, from a session management function, a configuration to exchange, between the session management function and a plurality of routers located uplink between the apparatus and a host, routing information; and causing said routing information to be exchanged between the session management function and the plurality of routers, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a user plane function.
[0076] The apparatus may be caused to perform: receiving, from the session management function, an indication that indicates how data traffic is to be routed from the apparatus to at least one of the plurality of routers, the indication comprising at least one packet detection rule and forwarding action rule, wherein the at least one packet detection rule and forwarding action rule is based on the routing information; and causing data traffic to be routed to the host in accordance with the at least one packet detection rule and forwarding action rule.
[0077] According to a thirteenth aspect, there is provided a computer program product stored on a medium that may cause an apparatus to perform any method as described herein.
[0078] According to a fourteenth aspect, there is provided an electronic device that may comprise apparatus as described herein.
[0079] According to a fifteenth aspect, there is provided a chipset that may comprise an apparatus as described herein.
[0080] According to an aspect, there is provided a non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions that, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the method according to any of the preceding aspects.
[0081] In all of the above aspects, the user plane function may be configured to maintain a mapping between an identifier of a forwarding policy and an identifier of an interface between the user plane function and a router of said plurality of routers.
[0082] In the above, many different embodiments have been described. It should be appreciated that further embodiments may be provided by the combination of any two or more of the embodiments described above.
[0083] Brief Description of FIGS.
[0084] Some examples, will now be described, merely by way of illustration only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
[0085] FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a 5G system;
[0086] FIG. 2 shows a schematic representation of a network apparatus;
[0087] FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of a user equipment;
[0088] FIG. 4 illustrates example network architecture;
[0089] FIG. 5 illustrates a Forwarding Action Rule;
[0090] FIG. 6A illustrates example signalling;
[0091] FIG. 6B illustrates example network architecture;
[0092] FIGS. 7A to 7D illustrate example interface and / or example Forwarding Action Rules;
[0093] FIG. 8A illustrates example signalling;
[0094] FIG. 8B illustrates example network architecture; and
[0095] FIGS. 9 to 11 illustrate example operations that may be performed by apparatus described herein.Detailed Description
[0096] The following describes operations that may be performed in relation to routing data through a network. In particular, the following considers routing traffic through a core network, such as a 3GPP 5G core network and / or future 3GPP core networks (e.g., 6G and beyond) . Routing describes a path that data takes as it travels from a first destination (e.g., a first address) to a next address / destination.
[0097] The following describes operations in which traffic is being routed upstream from a core network to routers external to the core network, and describes mechanisms for enabling a core network function (e.g., a session management function (SMF) and / or a user plane function (UPF) ) to perform functions of a router for determining a route for routing traffic upstream. The core network function may thus appear to be a router to routers external to the core network.
[0098] To achieve this, the core network function (s) described herein are configured to obtain routing information from the external routers, and determine a routing table for routing traffic through at least one of these external routers to a host.
[0099] Further illustration of how this may be implemented is provided below.
[0100] In the following examples, certain aspects are explained with reference to devices that are often configured to communicate via a wireless cellular system and mobile communication systems serving such mobile communication devices. For brevity and clarity, the following describes such aspects with reference to a 5G wireless communication system. However, it is understood that such aspects are not limited to 5G wireless communication systems, and may, for example, be applied to other wireless communication systems (for example, current 6G proposals, IEEE 802.11, etc. ) .
[0101] Before describing in detail the examples, certain facets of a 5G wireless communication system are briefly explained with reference to FIG. 1.
[0102] 3GPP standards defined a service-based architecture in 5G, which is expected to be utilized in 6G and beyond. In a service-based architecture, a modular framework is used in which common applications can be deployed using components from different sources and / or suppliers. 3GPP has issued a number of releases (Rel) for defining operating communication protocols related to a communications network.
[0103] FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a 5G system (5GS) 100. The 5GS may comprise a user equipment (UE) 102 (which may also be referred to as a communication device or a terminal) , a 5G access network (AN) (which may be a 5G Radio Access Network (RAN) or any other type of 5G AN such as a Non-3GPP Interworking Function (N3IWF) / aTrusted Non-3GPP Gateway Function (TNGF) for Untrusted / Trusted Non-3GPP access or Wireline Access Gateway Function (W-AGF) for Wireline access) 104, a 5G core (5GC) 106, one or more application functions (AF) 108 and one or more data networks (DN) 110.
[0104] The 5G RAN may comprise one or more gNodeB (gNB) distributed unit functions connected to one or more gNodeB (gNB) unit functions. The RAN may comprise one or more access nodes.
[0105] The 5GC 106 may comprise one or more Access and Mobility Management Functions (AMF) 112, one or more Session Management Functions (SMF) 114, one or more authentication server functions (AUSF) 116, one or more Unified Data Management (UDM) functions 118, one or more User Plane Functions (UPF) 120, one or more Unified Data Repository (UDR) functions 122, one or more Network Repository Functions (NRF) 128, and / or one or more Network Exposure Functions (NEF) 124. The role of an NEF is to provide secure exposure of network services (e.g. voice, data connectivity, charging, subscriber data, and so forth) towards a 3rd party. Although NRF 128 is not depicted with its interfaces, it is understood that this is for clarity reasons and that NRF 128 may have a plurality of interfaces with other network functions. Likewise, other network functions of the 5GC 106 may include one or more further interfaces with each other that are not depicted in FIG. 1.
[0106] In 5GS, the SMF (Session Management Function) can enforce traffic direction over N6 interfaces between the UPF and at least one router by indicating a specific Forwarding Policy referring to a preconfigured traffic steering policy. This may be performed as part of the Packet Forwarding Control Protocol (PFCP) , which is a 3GPP protocol used on the interface between the SMF and the UPF and which is specified in TS 29.244.
[0107] For example, the SMF may use Packet Forwarding Control Protocol (PFCP) session, over the interface between the SMF and the UPF (also referred to herein as an N4 interface) , to create at least one Packet Detection Rule (PDR) that is used for identifying traffic and associating the associated traffic to a Forwarding Action Rule (FAR) with a Forwarding Policy information element. The rule (s) endorsed by the SMF are defined by the PCF.
[0108] A FAR is a set of instructions that defines how the UPF is to process a packet. For example, the FAR may define how the UPF is to process a packet by specifying an action, such as forwarding, dropping, and / or modifying the packet.
[0109] FIG. 5 illustrates an example FAR that comprises a Forwarding Policy information element.
[0110] FIG. 5 illustrates a FAR information element that comprises a plurality of fields, including an N4 session identifier, a rule identifier, an action to be performed in respect of that rule, and a Forwarding Policy information element. The Forwarding Policy information element is also illustrated in FIG. 5 as comprising an indication of a forwarding policy type, a length, a forwarding policy identifier length, and a forwarding policy identifier, which identifies a pre-configured forwarding policy comprised in the UPF. Stated differently, a pre-configured forwarding policy in the UPF may be used to enforce traffic forwarding via an N6 interface between the UPF and at least one router.
[0111] FIG. 2 shows an example of a control apparatus for a communication system, for example to be coupled to and / or for controlling a station of an access system, such as a RAN node, e.g. a base station, gNB, a central unit of a cloud architecture or a node of a core network such as an Mobility Management Entity (MME) or Serving Gateway (S-GW) , a scheduling entity such as a spectrum management entity, or a server or host, for example an apparatus hosting a Network Repository Function (NRF) , Network Data Analytics Function (NWDAF) , Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) , Session Management Function (SMF) , Unified Data Management / Unified Data Repository (UDM / UDR) , and so forth. The control apparatus may be integrated with or external to a node or module of a core network or Radio Access Network (RAN) . In some examples, base stations comprise a separate control apparatus unit or module. In other examples, the control apparatus can be another network element, such as a radio network controller or a spectrum controller. The control apparatus 200 can be configured to provide control on communications in the service area of the system. The apparatus 200 comprises at least one memory 201, at least one data processing unit 202, 203 and an input / output interface 204. Via the interface, the control apparatus 200 can be coupled to a receiver and a transmitter of the apparatus. The receiver and / or the transmitter may be implemented as a radio front end or a remote radio head. For example, the control apparatus 200 or processor 201 can be configured to execute an appropriate software code to provide the control functions. References to “code” herein are understood to refer to software code, and vice versa.
[0112] An example wireless communication device will now be described in more detail with reference to FIG. 3 showing a schematic, partially sectioned view of a communication device 300. Such a communication device may, in some examples, be referred to as a user equipment (UE) or terminal. An appropriate mobile communication device may, however, be provided by any device capable of sending and receiving radio signals. Non-limiting and illustrative examples comprise a mobile station (MS) or mobile device such as a mobile phone or what is referred to as a ’smart phone’ , a vehicle, a robot, an unmanned aerial vehicle (e.g., a drone) , a computer provided with a wireless interface card or other wireless interface facility (e.g., USB dongle) , personal data assistant (PDA) or a tablet provided with wireless communication capabilities, or any combinations of these or the like. A mobile communication device may provide, for example, communication of data for carrying communications such as voice, electronic mail (email) , text message, multimedia and so on. Users may thus be offered and provided numerous services via their communication devices. Non-limiting and illustrative examples of these services comprise two-way or multi-way calls, data communication or multimedia services or simply an access to a data communications network system, such as the Internet. Users may also be provided broadcast or multicast data. Non-limiting and illustrative examples of the content comprise downloads, television and radio programs, videos, advertisements, various alerts and / or other information.
[0113] A wireless communication device may, for example, be implemented as a mobile device or a stationary device, or a combination thereof. A mobile device is a device not fixed to a particular location, whereas a stationary device may be configured to be fixed to a particular location (or removably attached thereto) . The wireless device may utilize human interaction for communication, or may not utilize human interaction for communication. As described herein, the terms UE or “user” are used to refer to any type of wireless communication device.
[0114] The wireless device 300 may receive signals over an air or radio interface 307 via appropriate apparatus for receiving and may transmit signals via appropriate apparatus for transmitting radio signals. In FIG. 3, a transceiver apparatus is designated schematically by block 306. The transceiver apparatus 306 may be provided, for example, by means of a radio part and associated antenna arrangement. The antenna arrangement may be arranged internally or externally to the wireless device.
[0115] A wireless device is typically provided with at least one data processing entity 301, at least one memory 302 and other possible components 303 for use in software code and hardware aided execution of tasks it is configured to perform, including control of access to and communications with access systems and other communication devices. The data processing, storage and other relevant control apparatus can be provided on an appropriate circuit board and / or in chipsets. This feature is denoted by reference 304. The user may control the operation of the wireless device by means of a suitable user interface such as keypad 305, voice commands, touch sensitive screen or pad, combinations thereof or the like. A display 308, a speaker and a microphone can be also provided. Furthermore, a wireless communication device may comprise appropriate connectors (either wired or` wireless) to other devices and / or for connecting external accessories, for example hands-free equipment, thereto.
[0116] As mentioned above, the following relates to a core network that routes traffic (e.g., data traffic) upstream to a host via at least one router, and considers situations in which a UPF of a 5GS is connected to a plurality of routers over an interface. The host is reachable via at least one of the plurality of routers, and so route selection for optimizing traffic transmission to the host may be useful. This arrangement is illustrated with respect to FIG. 4.
[0117] FIG. 4 shows a 5GS 401 (such as described above with reference to FIG. 1) that comprises an SMF 402 and a UPF 403. The SMF 402 and UPF 403 are connected via an N4 interface. The UPF 403 is connected to a plurality of routers 404 via respective interfaces. The interface between a user plane function and a router is labelled as an N6 interface herein. The plurality of routers are configured to route communications between the UPF 403 and a host 405 (or some other endpoint) through a network 406. The availability to the UPF 403 of several routers 404 behind the N6 interface would imply that a sub-network (identifiable using an Internet Protocol (IP) prefix) or host / endpoint (addressable using an IP address) could be reached via different routes in the uplink / N6 direction.
[0118] The present application identifies that the current forwarding policy mechanism (e.g., an SMF providing a UPF with at least one FAR) is not always optimal in the event that traffic is being forwarded to routers that run a dynamic IP routing protocol.
[0119] This is because the most efficient route between the UPF 403 and the host 405 changes over time as a result, for example, of new routers and / or interfaces being added, as a result of congestion of routes, link failure, etc. Selecting the optimal / shortest route on the uplink becomes very important as the network behind N6 can be subject to changes (e.g., congestion of routes, link failure, etc. ) , while the SMF is unaware of such changes. The SMF is also unable to react to such changes as a Forwarding Policy locally preconfigured in an UPF (e.g., locally pre-configured in the UPF to appropriate N6 service functions deployed by the operators or a 3rd party service provider) is static, and the SMF has no way to link a Forwarding Policy to a corresponding N6 interface.
[0120] Stated differently, although the routers behind the N6 interface may run a dynamic routing protocol and report routing information (e.g., link status, database descriptor, etc. ) to a UPF, the 5GS does not provide any mechanism for using the reported information from the routers and / or updating the uplink routing configurations accordingly.
[0121] The following aims to address at least one of the above-mentioned issues.
[0122] In particular, the following aims to provide mechanisms for enabling at least one network function of a 5GS to act as an IP router and to control uplink routing over an N6 interface between a UPF and a router.
[0123] As part of this, the following describes mechanisms for exchanging routing protocol updates (e.g., link state information) with routers behind N6 interfaces in order to enable at least one 5GC network function to be able to learn the underlaying topology of the routing network.
[0124] The following further describes mechanisms for updating and / or controlling the uplink routing configurations in the 5GS so that a network function located in the 5GS may determine and select a shortest path for routing traffic.
[0125] To address at least one of the above-mentioned issues, the following mechanisms illustrate actions that may be performed by at least one network function in a 5GC to cause a 5GS to act as an IP router to other IP routers, including to IP routers behind an N6 interface.
[0126] In more detail, the at least one network function will be configured to be able to receive (and potentially) exchange routing messages with IP routers between a 5GC and a host, learn the topology behind the N6 interface (s) , and update and / or control uplink routing accordingly.
[0127] The at least one network function may be a session management function and / or a user plane function. These are illustrated in the following two examples, illustrated with respect to FIGs. 6A to 7E and to FIGs. 8A to 8B, in which a 5GC entity that selects the route for routing traffic is an SMF, and a UPF respectively.
[0128] In general, where the at least one network function is comprised as part of the SMF functionality, the SMF functionality is configured to use routing information received from the at least one router to determine a routing table for efficiently routing data to various locations / hosts. The routing information may comprise at least one raw routing message, and / or at least part of a raw routing message supported by at least one Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) routing protocol.
[0129] The SMF may use the determined routing table to determine and configure a UPF with a set of PDRs and / or FARs for transmitting data packets to the host via the at least one router. The SMF may be configured to learn network topology for the at least one router to determine the routing table by maintaining a respective tunnel between the SMF and the UPF for each N6 interface maintained by the UPF to the at least one router. Information received to and / or from a specific N6 interface may be passed between the SMF and the UPF using a tunnel therebetween that uniquely maps to that specific N6 interface. The SMF may dynamically update the PDRs and / or FARs comprised therein based on updated routing information for an N6 interface received via a tunnel that maps to that N6 interface. The SMF may be caused to only trigger a transformation of the determined routing table into corresponding PDR and / or FAR when the SMF determines that the corresponding PDR and / or FAR comprises at least one difference to the PDR and / or FAR currently deployed by the UPF.
[0130] In general, where the at least one network function is comprised as part of the UPF functionality, the UPF functionality is configured to use routing information received from the at least one router to determine a routing table for efficiently routing data to various locations / hosts. The UPF may use the determined routing table itself to configure itself with a set of PDRs and / or FARs for transmitting data packets to the host via the at least one router, or may provide the determined routing table to an SMF that determines and / or updates a set of PDRs and / or FARs for transmitting data packets to the host via the at least one router. In this former case, the UPF may provide the SMF with the determined PDRs and / or FARs. In this latter case, the SMF may provide the UPF with the determined PDRs and / or FARs. The UPF may be caused to only trigger a transformation of the determined routing table into corresponding PDR and / or FAR when the UPF and / or the SMF determines that the corresponding PDR and / or FAR comprises at least one difference to the PDR and / or FAR currently deployed by the UPF. There may be a single tunnel between the SMF and the UPF for exchanging this information in respect of more than one of the routers.
[0131] Possible ways of implementing these mechanisms are described below in relation to FIGs. 6A to 8B.
[0132] FIGs. 6A to 7E illustrate a first example in which the 5GS acts as an IP router and in which a routing protocol for traffic is implemented in the SMF.
[0133] FIG. 6A illustrates signaling that may be performed between an SMF 601, a UPF 602, and at least one router 603.
[0134] During 6001, the SMF 601 is configured to implement the routing protocol (e.g., e.g., Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) , Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS) , Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) , etc. ) to determine at least one routing path to a host via the at least one router) .
[0135] As part of this, the SMF 601 may be configured with (or otherwise be configured to obtain) , for each N6 interface available to the UPF 602 for connecting to respective ones of the at least one router 603, an identifier and IP address pair associated with that N6 interface. The interface identifier may be mapped by the SMF to a standard interface name so the interface identifier can be understood by the routing protocol.
[0136] The SMF 601 may obtain this identifier and / or IP address pair in any of a plurality of different ways.
[0137] For example, the SMF 601 may be configured to read the IP address and the identifier pair of each interface from a Port Management Information Container (PMIC) and / or a User Plane Node Management Information Container (UMIC) . A PMIC and a UMIC respectively relate to information relating to port information of a network time sensitive network (TSN) translator (NW-TT) and a user plane function. In an example in which NW-TT functions are used, the identifier per interface may correspond to the NW-TT port number (where the NW-TT port number may be as defined in 3GPP TS 23.501) . The UPF and / or NW-TT may report a respective IP address per interface to a Time Sensitive communication Time Synchronization function (TSCTSF) in the PMIC and / or UMIC via the SMF and a policy control function (PCF) .
[0138] As another example, the SMF 601 may be configured to receive the IP address and the identifier pair of each interface from the UPF reporting the IP address and the identifier of each interface in a separate message.
[0139] During 6002, the UPF 602 maintains an association between an interface identifier and a forwarding policy identifier. Stated differently, the UPF keeps an association (e.g., a mapping) between a forwarding policy identifier and a corresponding N6 interface. This is illustrated in FIG. 7A. Each forwarding policy identified by a forwarding policy identifier in this table of FIG. 7A is for causing the UPF 602 to forward uplink packets over the corresponding N6 interface associated with that forwarding policy identifier.
[0140] During 6003, the SMF 601 and UPF 602 establish a plurality of tunnels between the SMF 601 and the UPF 602. The plurality of tunnels may comprise general packet radio service (GPRS) tunnelling protocol (GTP) tunnels. The GTP tunnel may comprise the GTP control plane (GTP-C) and GTP user plane (GTP-U) . GTP-U tunnel is utilized to embody and route the user plane traffic across different signaling interfaces.
[0141] There may be a respective tunnel established for each N6 interface available to the UPF 602. Stated differently, there may be established a same number of GTP tunnels between the SMF 601 and the UPF 602 as there are a number of N6 interfaces between the UPF 602 and the at least one router 603 (e.g., as the number of routers to which the UPF 602 is connected) . These GTP tunnels can be established during a PFCP association setup / update procedure. Each N6 interface-specific / -corresponding GTP tunnel may be allocated with a separate identifier (e.g., a respective Tunnel Endpoint Identifier (TEID) that uniquely identifies the GTP tunnel to the SMF 601) .
[0142] 6004 to 6005 relate to the SMF 601 configuring the UPF 602 to forward, from the UPF to the SMF, routing messages received on the N6 interfaces.
[0143] During 6004, the SMF 601 signals to UPF 602. This signaling may comprise a request for the UPF 602 to forward, from the UPF to the SMF, routing messages received on the N6 interfaces from the at least one router 603. This signaling may comprise a PFCP session management request. This signaling may comprise a request to forward N6 signaling comprising routing information to the SMF 601, and routing information from the SMF 601 to the N6 interfaces.
[0144] Stated differently, considering the tunnel mapping configuration from the N6 interfaces to the SMF, the SMF 601 may configure the UPF 602 to forward routing messages received from an N6-local area network (N6-LAN) on a certain interface to the SMF using the GTP tunnel corresponding to that interface by configuring an appropriate PDR and / or FAR.
[0145] For example, the SMF may configure at least one PDR, in a PFCP session context corresponding to a standalone PFCP session, with at least one Source Interface information element set to “N6-LAN” and a Packet Filter Set information element that identifies routing messages.
[0146] The SMF may also include the identifier of the N6 interface as part of PDR, so that the UPF can identify the associated GTP tunnel when a routing message is received on that identified N6 interface. This may be as identified in FIG. 7B, which illustrates a PDR that comprises an N6 interface identifier.
[0147] The SMF may also associate the PDR to at least one FAR with at least one Action information element set to “Forward” , Destination Interface information element set to “Control Plane Function Side” and an Outer Header Creation set to use GTP tunnel corresponding to the N6 interface from which routing messages were received.
[0148] As another example, considering the configuration from the SMF to the N6 interfaces, the SMF may configure the UPF to forward routing messages received from a GTP tunnel to a corresponding N6 interface using at least on PDR. The SMF may also optionally include a next hop IP router address in the PDR.
[0149] Stated differently, the SMF may configure at least one PDR, in a PFCP session context corresponding to a standalone PFCP session, with at least a Source Interface information element set to “Control Plane Function Side” , and either a core network (CN) Tunnel Info information element set to identify a GTP tunnel corresponding to the target N6 interface, or a Packet Filter Set information element that identifies routing messages to send over a target N6 interface. The SMF also associates the PDR to at least a FAR with at least an Action information element set to “Forward” , a Destination Interface information element set to “N6-LAN” and an Outer Header Removal information element set to remove GTP header. In the configuration, the SMF may instruct the UPF regarding how to forward routing messages via any of a plurality indicate the N6 interfaces in any of a plurality of different ways, or instruct the UPF to rely on NW-TT for N6 forwarding. The latter option may cause the SMF to configure the NW-TT. These options are discussed in the following first to third options.
[0150] In a first option, the interface ID is part of the FAR. This may be as illustrated in FIG. 7C. In this first option, this interface identifier field is only used for providing an uplink configuration. In this first option, as the interface ID information element is explicitly provided separately from the Forwarding Policy, the Forwarding Policy information element could be even omitted. The Interface ID information element can comprise the outgoing interface ID, the next hop IP address (e.g., the IP address for the first external router) , or both.
[0151] In a second option, the interface ID is part of the Forwarding Policy information element of a FAR. This may be as illustrated in FIG. 7D.
[0152] In a third option, the interface ID may be indirectly signaled by comprising a forwarding policy identifier in a Forwarding Policy information element of a FAR, and using, by the UPF, this forwarding policy identifier to find a mapped / corresponding interface ID.
[0153] In a fourth option, the SMF instructs the UPF to use an NW-TT for N6 forwarding. This may be effected, for example, by the SMF causing the FAR information element to comprise a field pointing to NW-TT, and / or by having the FAR associated to a forwarding policy that points to the NW-TT. The SMF in this fourth option the SMF may also configure the NW-TT for routing traffic by generating and sending PMIC and UMIC. For this purpose, the PMIC or UMIC data model may be extended to comprise IP routing / forwarding rules, for instance according to IETF RFC 8349 YANG model.
[0154] For example, consider the example forwarding rule below:
[0155] In this example, the NW-TT is configured to forward IP packets matching IP prefix “198.51.100.0 / 24” to destination interface named “N6-eth1” .
[0156] In this fourth example, the PDR pointing to a FAR where the information element or the forwarding policy further points to NW-TT could aggregate all IP prefixes to be forwarded via any N6 interface, while the NW-TT routing / forwarding rules details the individual outgoing interfaces such as N6-eth0 or N6-eth1.
[0157] During 6005, the UPF 602 signals the SMF 601 after applying the configuration (s) signalled during 6002. This signaling may comprise an acknowledgement, to the SMF 601, that acknowledges that the configuration (s) of 6004 have been applied.
[0158] 6006 to 6007 relate to an SMF 601 constructing a routing table by exchanging routing messages with the at least one router 603 via the configured UPF 602.
[0159] During 6006, the SMF 601 and the at least one router 603 exchange routing messages via the configured UPF 602. Stated differently, the UPF transparently forwards IP routing messages between the N6 routers and the SMF. The UPF 602 does not extract routing information from the messages in this example.
[0160] When the SMF 601 signals a routing message via an N6 interface during 6006, the SMF uses the IP address of the corresponding N6 interface as a source IP address in the packet header, and signals the data to the UPF using the GTP tunnel corresponding to that N6 interface. The UPF may therefore forward routing messages between an N6 interface and its corresponding GTP tunnel.
[0161] Further, when the SMF 601 receives a routing message from the at least one router 603 via the configured UPF 602, the SMF 601 may determine a corresponding N6 interface based on the GTP tunnel via which the routing message is received.
[0162] During 6007, the SMF constructs a learnt routing table based on the routing messages exchanged between the SMF and the at least one router. How the SMF constructs the routing table may depend on the IP routing protocol supported by the SMF. Without losing generalization, Table 1 shows an illustration of a type of routing table that may be constructed by the SMF 601.
[0163] Table 1 Potential routing table constructed by a network function in the 5GS
[0164] 6008 to 6010 relate to the SMF 601 updating the configuration of the UPF 602 using the learned routing information and routing table.
[0165] During 6008, the SMF 601 transforms the constructed routing table of 6007 into PDRs and / or FARs for forwarding IP traffic received over a session (e.g., a packet data unit (PDU) session) on the uplink (e.g., N3 -> N6, where the N3 interface is an interface between an access network node (e.g., a gNB) and the UPF) . This step may be performed when (e.g., only when, and / or in response to) it is determined that transforming the determined routing table to corresponding PDR and / or FAR when the corresponding PDR and / or FAR are different compared to the current PDR and / or FAR being used at the UPF.
[0166] During 6009, the SMF 601 signals the UPF 602. This signaling may be for configuring the UPF 602 with the PDRs and / or FARs obtained during 6008. This signaling may comprise, for example a PFCP session management request message. Similar to 6004, this signaling may indicate either an N6 interface to be used, or an indication that a NW-TT is to be used by the UPF for routing traffic from an N3 interface to an N6 interface.
[0167] For example, this configuration signaling may indicate that a source Interface information element of PDR is set to “Access Side” , a Packet Filter Set information element of the PDR is to be based on the destination field of the routing table, the Action information element of FAR associated to PDR is to be set to “Forward” , and the Destination Interface information element of FAR to be associated to the PDR is to be set to “N6-LAN” .
[0168] During 6010, the UPF 602 signals the SMF 601. This signaling may indicate that the UPF 602 has successfully applied the configuration (s) received during 6009. This signaling may be comprised in a PFCP session management response message.
[0169] During 6011, the UPF 601 gets uplink traffic and routes the uplink traffic based on the applied configuration (s) .
[0170] During 6011, the entities illustrated by FIG. 6A may be configured as shown in FIG. 6B.
[0171] FIG. 6B shows a 5GS 600 that comprises the SMF 601, the UPF 602, and the at least one router 603. The SMF 601 and the UPF 602 are connected to each other via a plurality of N4 interfaces 604. The UPF 602 is connected to the at least one router 603 by a respective N6 interface 605. The at least one router 603 connect to a host 606 through a network 607.
[0172] In this example signaling of FIG. 6A, the 5GS acts as an IP router by implementing the routing protocol in the SMF.
[0173] Stated differently, the SMF implements the routing protocol by determining a route to a host through an IP network in a same manner as at least one other IP router comprised in that IP network would determine a route. To do this, the SMF configures the UPF to provide the SMF with routing information by configuring the UPF to forward IP routing protocol packets / messages between SMF and any routers connected therewith. IP routing messages are transparently transmitted / routed via the UPF, while the SMF processes, interprets and generates their content.
[0174] In addition to actual IP routing protocols (e.g., OSPF, IS-IS) , this mechanism may be applied to messages exchanged between two IP routers that are signaled in accordance with other communication protocols (e.g., BFD) .
[0175] GTP Tunnels are established between the SMF and UPF, with each GTP tunnel corresponding to an N6 interface. The established GTP tunnels may be used to exchange IP routing protocol packets / messages between SMF and UPF corresponding to each N6 interface. The UPF may keep an association (e.g., a mapping) between forwarding policy and N6 interface, which enables the UPF to know the forwarding policy to apply for uplink routing using an N6 interface ID.
[0176] The SMF learns the topology of the IP network (e.g., using routing information and / or other processes applied by IP routers for determining the topology of an IP network dynamically) and / or routes to destinations behind N6 interfaces. The SMF may constructs an IP routing table using this determined topology for configuring the UPF to forward IP traffic efficiently through the network.
[0177] To help effect this, PDR and / or FAR may be extended with new fields to support routing over N6 (including both IP routing messages and data traffic) .
[0178] FIGs. 8A to 8B illustrate another option for causing the 5GS to act as an IP router in which the routing protocol (e.g., the determination of a routing table for routing data to a host via at least one router using routing data) is implemented in the UPF (and not, as per FIGs 6A to 7E, in the SMF) .
[0179] FIG 8A illustrates signaling that may be performed between an SMF 801, a UPF 802, and at least one router 803.
[0180] During 8001, the UPF 802 is configured to implement the routing protocol.
[0181] As part of this, the UPF 802 may be configured with (or otherwise be configured to obtain) , for each N6 interface available to the UPF 802 for connecting to respective ones of the at least one router 803, an identifier and IP address pair of an N6 interface. The interface identifier may be mapped by the UPF to a standard interface name so the interface identifier can be understood by the routing protocol.
[0182] During 8002, the UPF 802 maintains an association between an interface identifier and a forwarding policy identifier. Stated differently, the UPF keeps an association between a forwarding policy identifier and the corresponding N6 interface identifier. This is illustrated in FIG. 7A. Each forwarding policy identified by a forwarding policy identifier in this table of FIG. 7A is meant to forward uplink packets over the corresponding interface associated with that forwarding policy identifier.
[0183] During 8003, the UPF 802 is configured to terminate routing messages. There may be a single tunnel established between the UPF 802 and the SMF 801 for all data traffic to be passed between the UPF 802 and the SMF 801. There may be more than one tunnel established for this purpose, but no one-to-one mapping between N6 interface and tunnel. In both cases, data traffic corresponding to multiple N6 interfaces may be passed along a single tunnel.
[0184] 8004 to 8005 relate to the UPF 802 constructing a routing table by exchanging routing messages with the at least one router 803.
[0185] During 8004, the UPF 802 and the at least one router 803 exchange routing messages. During 8004, the UPF may non-transparently receive IP routing messages from the N6 routers and reads the information comprised therein. Stated differently, the UPF 802 extracts routing information from the messages in this example.
[0186] During 8005, the UPF 802 constructs a learnt routing table based on the routing messages exchanged between the SMF and the at least one router. How the UPF constructs the routing table may depend on the IP routing protocol supported by the UPF, and may comprise analogous actions to those performed above in respect of the SMF of FIG. 6A. Without losing generalization, Table 1 shows an illustration of a type of a routing table that may be constructed by the UPF 802.
[0187] From 8005, the operations may proceed to 8006 or 8009.
[0188] 8006 to 8008 relate to a UPF constructing PDRs and / or FARs and providing the constructed PDRs and / or FARs to the SMF 801. In contrast, 8009 to 8011 relate to the SMF 801 constructing the PDRs and / or FARs using the table constructed by the UPF 802, and providing those PDRs and / or FARs back to the UPF 802.
[0189] During 8006, the UPF 801 transforms the constructed routing table of 8005 into PDRs and / or FARs for forwarding IP traffic on the uplink (e.g., N3 -> N6) . This step of transforming may be performed only when the UPF determines that the PDRs and / or FARs corresponding to the constructed routing table would be different to at least one PDR (s) and / or FAR (s) currently used by the UPF.
[0190] During 8007, the UPF 802 signals the SMF 801. This signaling may be for providing the SMF 801 with the PDRs and / or FARs obtained during 8006. This signaling may comprise, for example a PFCP session management request message. This signaling may indicate either an N6 interface is to be used for routing traffic uplink, or an indication that a NW-TT is to be used for routing traffic uplink. It may be useful for an SMF to be provided with the PDRs and / or FARS obtained by the UPF as the SMF is responsible for managing all sessions under control of the SMF, and the SMF may use the provided information to better treat its sessions consistently and / or fairly.
[0191] During 8008, the SMF 801 signals the UPF 802. This signaling may be comprised in a PFCP session management response message.
[0192] From 8008, the operations may proceed to 8014.
[0193] During 8009, the UPF 802 signals the SMF 801. This signaling may comprise information about the constructed learned routing table of 8005. This signaling may be comprised in a PFCP session management request.
[0194] During 8010, the SMF 801 signals the UPF 802. This signaling may comprise a response to the signaling of 8009. This signaling may comprise a PFCP session management response.
[0195] During 8011, the SMF 801 uses the received routing table to transform the routing table into at least one PDR and / or FAR. This step of transforming may be performed only when the UPF determines that the PDRs and / or FARs corresponding to the constructed routing table would be different to at least one PDR (s) and / or FAR (s) currently used by the UPF. To perform this, the SMF may obtain an interface identifier and interface IP address for each of N6 interface connecting the UPF 802 to the at least one router 803. This may be obtained as described above in relation to FIG. 6A.
[0196] During 8012, the SMF signals the UPF 802. This signaling may be for configuring the UPF 802 with the PDRs and / or FARs obtained during 8011. This signaling may comprise, for example a PFCP session management request message. Similar to 6004, this signaling may indicate either an N6 interface to be used, or an indication that a NW-TT is to be used by the UPF for routing traffic from an N3 interface to an N6 interface. This may be performed / obtained as described above in relation to 6004 of FIG. 6A.
[0197] For example, this configuration signaling may indicate that a source Interface information element of PDR is set to “Access Side” , a Packet Filter Set information element of the PDR is to be based on the destination field of the routing table, the Action information element of FAR associated to PDR may be set to “Forward” , and the Destination Interface information element of FAR associated to the PDR may be set to “N6-LAN” .
[0198] During 8013, the UPF 802 signals the SMF 801. This signaling may indicate that the UPF 802 has successfully applied the configuration (s) signalled during 8012. This signaling may be comprised in a PFCP session management response message.
[0199] During 8014, the UPF 802 gets uplink traffic and routes the uplink traffic based on the applied configuration (s) .
[0200] During 8013, the entities illustrated by FIG. 8A may be configured as shown in FIG. 8B.
[0201] FIG. 8B shows a 5GS 800 that comprises the SMF 801, the UPF 802, and the at least one router 803. The SMF 801 and the UPF 802 are connected to each other via a plurality of N4 interfaces 804. The UPF 802 is connected to the at least one router 803 by a respective N6 interface 805. The at least one router 803 connects to a host 806 through a network 807.
[0202] In this example signaling of FIG. 8A, the 5GS acts as an IP router by implementing the routing protocol in the UPF.
[0203] Stated differently, in the example of FIG. 8, the UPF is configured to implement the routing protocol (software) . In addition to actual IP routing protocols (e.g., OSPF, IS-IS) this can cover any protocols exchanging messages between two IP routers (e.g., BFD) .
[0204] In this example, the UPF keeps an association between forwarding policy and N6 interface. The UPF will therefore be able to know the forwarding policy to apply for uplink routing based on the N6 interface ID.
[0205] Further, the UPF is configured to terminate IP routing messages. These messages will not be forwarded but rather processed by the UPF (e.g., by routing protocol implemented in the UPF) .
[0206] The UPF may exchange IP routing messages with the N6 routers to learn the topology and / or routes to IP destinations and construct a routing table. Based on the constructed routing table, UPF will forward IP traffic (in N6 / data network (DN) / uplink direction) . This may be performed by the UPF using the constructed routing table by itself to form the PDRs and / or FARs to be used for routing traffic (and subsequently providing these PDRs and / or FARs to the SMF, either before or after implementation) , or by the SMF using the constructed routing table to form the PDRs and / or FARs to be used for routing traffic (and subsequently providing this information to the UPFs) . The using the constructed routing table to determine corresponding PDR (s) and / or FAR (s) may be performed only when the UPF and / or SMF determines that the corresponding PDRs and / or FARs would be different to at least one PDR (s) and / or FAR (s) currently used by the UPF.
[0207] The following FIGS. 9 to 11 illustrate features of the above-mentioned examples. It is therefore understood that at least one of the following described features may find functional correspondence to at least one of the features mentioned in an above example. Further, it is understood that the above examples may provide additional context for how at least some of the following features may be implemented.
[0208] FIG. 9 illustrates operations that may be performed by an apparatus. The apparatus may be comprised in an apparatus according to, for example, FIG. 2. The apparatus may be comprised in a network function (e.g., a core network function) . The apparatus may be comprised in a user plane function and / or a session management function. The apparatus may be comprised in an apparatus configured to cause at least one user plane function and / or session management function to be performed.
[0209] During 901, the apparatus exchanges routing information with a plurality of routers located uplink between a user plane function and a host. The routing information may be as described above. For example, the routing information may comprise routing information exchanged between Internet Protocol routers. The routing information may comprise a raw routing protocol message and / or a constructed routing table (or constructed PDRs) . In general, routing information may comprise information that may be used for selecting a route to a target destination in a way that reduces costs. For example, routing information may comprise a set of routes and the associated costs of each route.
[0210] During 902, the apparatus constructs a routing table comprising a learnt route for routing data traffic to the host using the routing information, wherein the learnt route is determined using the routing information.
[0211] During 903, the apparatus derives at least one preferred route (s) to be used among the one or more learnt routes when selecting a router from the plurality of routers for routing data traffic to the host.
[0212] During 904, the apparatus configures the user plane function to route the data traffic using the derived at least one preferred route.
[0213] The following operations may be performed when the apparatus of FIG. 9 is implemented in an SMF.
[0214] The SMF may determine at least one PDR. Stated differently, the apparatus may configure the user plane function by using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed, wherein the indication comprises at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule. The apparatus may provide the indication of how data traffic is to be routed to the user plane function.
[0215] The using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed may be performed in dependence on determining that the routing table indicates that at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule for routing data traffic currently configured at the user plane function is to be changed. For example, the indication of how data traffic is to be routed may be performed only when it is determined that there will be a least one change to a forwarding action rule and / or packet detection rule currently implemented by the user plane function.
[0216] The SMF / apparatus may use a plurality of respective tunnels to the UPF to control routing of traffic to and / or from the UPF and the routers.
[0217] Stated differently, the user plane function may be configured to interface with the plurality of routers using a plurality of respective interfaces. In such a case, the apparatus may establish, for each of the plurality of interfaces, a respective tunnel between the apparatus and the user plane function. Further, the apparatus may cause the user plane function to be configured to exchange the routing information between at least one of said interfaces and its respective tunnel.
[0218] The apparatus may provide, to the user plane function, an instruction to obtain an identifier of an interface between the user plane function and the at least one router from a time sensitive network translation function.
[0219] The following described features may be performed when the apparatus is comprised in (or otherwise implemented by) the user plane function.
[0220] The UPF / apparatus may determine at least one PDR and / or FAR.
[0221] For example, the apparatus may configure the UPF using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed, wherein the indication comprises at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule. In such a case, the apparatus may be caused to use the packet detection rule and / or forwarding action rule to route data traffic to the host.
[0222] The apparatus may provide the indication of how data traffic is to be routed to a session management function.
[0223] The using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed may be performed in dependence on determining that the routing table indicates that at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule for routing data traffic currently configured at the user plane function is to be changed. For example, the indication of how data traffic is to be routed may be performed only when it is determined that there will be a least one change to a forwarding action rule and / or packet detection rule currently implemented by the user plane function.
[0224] The configuring the user plane function may comprise: providing the routing table to a session management function; receiving, from the session management function, an indication of how data traffic is to be routed, wherein the indication comprises at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule; and using the at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule to route data traffic to the host. The apparatus may receive, from the session management function, an instruction to obtain an identifier of an interface between the apparatus and the at least one router from a time sensitive network translation function.
[0225] In all of the above examples of FIG. 9, the apparatus may construct said table in response to determining that a new quality of service flow or a modification to a quality of service flow is to be established in respect of the data traffic.
[0226] FIG. 10 illustrate operations that may be performed by an apparatus. The apparatus may comprise an SMF when the apparatus of FIG. 9 is a UPF, and may interact with the apparatus of FIG. 9.
[0227] The apparatus may receive, from a user plane function, an indication of how data traffic is to be routed between the user plane function and a plurality of routers located uplink between the user plane function and a host, wherein the indication comprises at least one of a routing table, at least one packet detection rule, or at least one forwarding action rule, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a session management function.
[0228] When the indication comprises a routing table, the apparatus may further use the routing table to create at least one packet detection rule and forwarding action rule that indicates how traffic data is to be routed, and provide the at least one packet detection rule and forwarding action rule to the user plane function.
[0229] FIG. 11 illustrates operations that may be performed by an apparatus. The apparatus may comprise a UPF when the apparatus of FIG. 9 is an SMF, and may interact with the apparatus of FIG. 9
[0230] During 1101, the apparatus receives, from a session management function, a configuration to exchange, between the session management function and a plurality of routers located uplink between the apparatus and a host, routing information.
[0231] During 1102, the apparatus causes said routing information to be exchanged between the session management function and the plurality of routers, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a user plane function.
[0232] The apparatus may receive, from the session management function, an indication that indicates how data traffic is to be routed from the apparatus to at least one of the plurality of routers, the indication comprising at least one packet detection rule and forwarding action rule, wherein the at least one packet detection rule and forwarding action rule is based on the routing information, and cause data traffic to be routed to the host in accordance with the at least one packet detection rule and forwarding action rule.
[0233] The user plane function may be configured to maintain a mapping between an identifier of a forwarding policy and an identifier of an interface between the user plane function and a router of said plurality of routers. Stated differently, the apparatus may maintain a plurality of respective interfaces to a plurality of routers, and to associate a respective identifier of forwarding policy (s) to each of said interfaces (e.g., such that each interface is associated with an identifier of at least one forwarding policy) . The identified at least one forwarding policy associated with a specific interface is used for forwarding data on that specific interface.
[0234] The FAR may be extended in this second example to comprise a new field that support routing data traffic on uplink over N6.
[0235] The subject disclosure has provided by way of non-limiting and illustrative examples a full and informative description of some of the various examples described herein. However, various modifications and adaptations may become apparent to those skilled in the relevant arts in view of the foregoing description, when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and the claims. However, all such and similar modifications of the teachings will still fall within the scope of the various examples of the subject disclosure.
[0236] In the above, different examples are described using, as an example of an access architecture to which the described techniques may be applied, a radio access architecture based on long term evolution advanced (LTE Advanced, LTE-A) or new radio (NR, 5G, 6G, etc. ) , without restricting the examples to such an architecture, however. The examples may also be applied to other kinds of communications networks having suitable means by adjusting parameters and procedures where appropriate. Some examples of other options for suitable systems are the universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) radio access network (UTRAN) , wireless local area network (WLAN or Wi-Fi) , worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) , personal communications services (PCS) , wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) , systems using ultra-wideband (UWB) technology, sensor networks, mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) and Internet Protocol multimedia subsystems (IMS) or any combination thereof.
[0237] As provided herein, several aspects are described in the various examples of the subject disclosure as well as in the claims. In general, some examples may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuits, software code, logic or any combination thereof. For example, some aspects may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software code which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device, although examples are not limited thereto. While various examples may be illustrated and described as block diagrams, flow charts, or using some other pictorial representation, it is understood that these blocks, apparatus, systems, techniques or methods described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting and illustrative examples, hardware, software code, firmware code, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.
[0238] The examples may be implemented by computer software code stored in a memory and executable by at least one data processor of the involved entities or by hardware, or by a combination of software code and hardware.
[0239] The memory referred to herein may be of any type suitable to the local technical environment and may be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as semiconductor based memory devices, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, fixed memory and removable memory.
[0240] The (data) processors referred to herein may be of any type suitable to the local technical environment, and may comprise one or more of general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) , application specific integrated circuits (ASIC) , FPGA, gate level circuits and processors based on multi core processor architecture, as non-limiting and illustrative examples.
[0241] Further in this regard it should be noted that any procedures, e.g., as in FIG. 9, and / or FIG. 10, and / or FIG. 11, and / or otherwise described herein, may represent operations of a program (e.g., computer program) being deployed by at least one processor comprised in an apparatus (where a program (e.g., computer program) comprises instructions for causing an apparatus to perform at least one action, the instructions being represented as software code stored on at least one memory) , or interconnected logic circuits, blocks and functions, or a combination of operations of a computer program being deployed by at least one processor comprised in an apparatus and logic circuits, blocks and functions. The software code may be stored on memory, such as physical media as memory chips, or memory blocks implemented within the processor, magnetic media (such as, hard disk or floppy disks) , and optical media (such as, for example, DVD and the data variants thereof, CD, and so forth) .
[0242] The memory may be of any type suitable to the local technical environment and may be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as semiconductor-based memory devices, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, fixed memory and removable memory. The data processors may be of any type suitable to the local technical environment, and may include one or more of general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) , application specific integrated circuits (ASIC) , gate level circuits and processors based on multicore processor architecture, as non-limiting and illustrative examples.
[0243] Additionally or alternatively, some examples may be implemented using circuitry. The circuitry may be configured to perform one or more of the functions and / or method steps previously described. That circuitry may be provided in the network node and / or the base station and / or in the communications device and / or in a core network entity.
[0244] As used herein, the term “circuitry” or “means” may refer to one or more or all of the following examples:
[0245] (a) hardware-only circuit implementations (such as, implementations in only analogue and / or digital circuitry) ;
[0246] (b) combinations of hardware circuits and software code, such as:
[0247] (i) a combination of analogue and / or digital hardware circuit (s) with software / firmware code and
[0248] (ii) any portions of hardware processor (s) with software code (including digital signal processor (s) ) , software code, and memory (ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as the communications device or base station to perform the various functions previously described; and
[0249] (c) hardware circuit (s) and or processor (s) , such as a microprocessor (s) or a portion of a microprocessor (s) , that utilizes software code (e.g., firmware) for operation, but the software code may not be present when not utilized for operation.
[0250] This definition of circuitry applies to all uses of this term herein, including in any claims. As a further example, as used herein, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (or multiple processors) or portion of a hardware circuit or processor and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware code. The term circuitry also covers, for example, integrated device (s) .
[0251] Implementations of the disclosure may be practiced in various components such as integrated circuit modules. The design of integrated circuits is by and large a highly automated process. Complex and powerful software tools are available for converting a logic level design into a semiconductor circuit design ready to be etched and formed on a semiconductor substrate.
[0252] As used herein, “at least one of the following: <a list of two or more elements>” and “at least one of <a list of two or more elements>” and similar wording, where the list of two or more elements are joined by “and” or “or” , mean at least any one of the elements, or at least any two or more of the elements, or at least all the elements.
[0253] The term “non-transitory, ” as used herein, is a limitation of the medium itself (e.g., tangible, not a signal) as opposed to a limitation on data storage persistency (e.g., RAM vs. ROM) .
[0254] The scope of protection sought for the various examples of the subject disclosure is set out by the independent claims. The various examples and aspects / features thereof, described in this specification that do not, if any, fall under the scope of the independent claims are to be interpreted as examples useful for understanding this subject disclosure.
[0255] This subject disclosure has provided, by way of non-limiting and illustrative examples, a full and informative description of some example implementations. However, various modifications and adaptations may become apparent to those skilled in the relevant arts in view of the foregoing description, when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and the claims. However, all such and similar modifications of the teachings of this subject disclosure will still fall within the scope of this various examples described herein. Indeed, there is a further example implementation comprising a combination of one or more example implementations with any of the other example implementations described herein.
Claims
1.An apparatus comprising means for performing:exchanging routing information with a plurality of routers located uplink between a user plane function and a host, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a core network function;constructing a routing table comprising a learnt route for routing data traffic to the host using the routing information, wherein the learnt route is determined using the routing information;deriving at least one preferred route (s) to be used among the one or more learnt routes when selecting a router from the plurality of routers for routing data traffic to the host; andconfiguring the user plane function to route the data traffic using the derived at least one preferred route.2.An apparatus as claimed in any claim 1, wherein the core network function comprises a session management function.3.An apparatus as claimed in claim 2, wherein the means for configuring the user plane function comprises means for:using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed, wherein the indication comprises at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule; andproviding indication of how data traffic is to be routed to the user plane function.4.An apparatus as claimed in claim 3, wherein the using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed is performed in dependence on determining that the routing table indicates that at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule for routing data traffic currently configured at the user plane function is to be changed.5.An apparatus as claimed in any of claims 2 to 4, wherein the user plane function is configured to interface with the plurality of routers using a plurality of respective interfaces, and the apparatus further comprises means for:establishing, for each of the plurality of interfaces, a respective tunnel between the apparatus and the user plane function.6.An apparatus as claimed in claim 5, further comprising means for causing the user plane function to be configured to exchange routing information between at least one of said interfaces and its respective tunnel.7.An apparatus as claimed in any of claims 2 to 6, further comprising means for providing, to the user plane function, an instruction to obtain an identifier of an interface between the user plane function and the at least one router from a time sensitive network translation function.8.An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the core network function comprises the user plane function.9.An apparatus as claimed in claim 8, wherein the means for configuring the user plane function comprises means for:using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed, wherein the indication comprises at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule; andcausing the apparatus to use the packet detection rule and / or forwarding action rule to route data traffic to the host.10.An apparatus as claimed in claim 9, further comprising means for providing the indication of how data traffic is to be routed to a session management function.11.An apparatus as claimed in any of claims 9 to 10, wherein the using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed is performed in dependence on determining that the routing table indicates that at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule for routing data traffic currently configured at the user plane function is to be changed.12.An apparatus as claimed in claim 8, wherein the means for configuring the user plane function comprises means for:providing the routing table to a session management function;receiving, from the session management function, an indication of how data traffic is to be routed, wherein the indication comprises at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule; andusing the at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule to route data traffic to the host.13.An apparatus as claimed in claim 9, further comprising means for receiving, from the session management function, an instruction to obtain an identifier of an interface between the apparatus and the at least one router from a time sensitive network translation function.14.An apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim, the apparatus further comprising means for constructing said table in response to determining that a new quality of service flow or a modification to a quality of service flow is to be established in respect of the data traffic.15.An apparatus comprising means for performing:receiving, from a user plane function, an indication of how data traffic is to be routed between the user plane function and a plurality of routers located uplink between the user plane function and a host, wherein the indication comprises at least one of a routing table, at least one packet detection rule, or at least one forwarding action rule, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a session management function.16.An apparatus as claimed in claim 15, wherein when the indication comprises a routing table, the apparatus further comprises means for:using the routing table to create at least one packet detection rule and forwarding action rule that indicates how traffic data is to be routed; andproviding the at least one packet detection rule and forwarding action rule to the user plane function.17.An apparatus comprising means for performing:receiving, from a session management function, a configuration to exchange, between the session management function and a plurality of routers located uplink between the apparatus and a host, routing information; andcausing said routing information to be exchanged between the session management function and the plurality of routers, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a user plane function.18.An apparatus as claimed in claim 17, further comprising means for performing:receiving, from the session management function, an indication that indicates how data traffic is to be routed from the apparatus to at least one of the plurality of routers, the indication comprising at least one packet detection rule and forwarding action rule, wherein the at least one packet detection rule and forwarding action rule is based on the routing information; andcausing data traffic to be routed to the host in accordance with the at least one packet detection rule and forwarding action rule.19.An apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the user plane function is configured to maintain a mapping between an identifier of a forwarding policy and an identifier of an interface between the user plane function and a router of said plurality of routers.20.A method for an apparatus, the method comprising:exchanging routing information with a plurality of routers located uplink between a user plane function and a host, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a core network function;constructing a routing table comprising a learnt route for routing data traffic to the host using the routing information, wherein the learnt route is determined using the routing information;deriving at least one preferred route (s) to be used among the one or more learnt routes when selecting a router from the plurality of routers for routing data traffic to the host; andconfiguring the user plane function to route the data traffic using the derived at least one preferred route.21.A method for an apparatus, the method comprising:receiving, from a user plane function, an indication of how data traffic is to be routed between the user plane function and a plurality of routers located uplink between the user plane function and a host, wherein the indication comprises at least one of a routing table, at least one packet detection rule, or at least one forwarding action rule, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a session management function.22.A method for an apparatus, the method comprising:receiving, from a session management function, a configuration to exchange, between the session management function and a plurality of routers located uplink between the apparatus and a host, routing information; andcausing said routing information to be exchanged between the session management function and the plurality of routers, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a user plane function.23.A computer program comprising instructions which, when the program is executed by a computer, cause the computer to carry out:exchanging routing information with a plurality of routers located uplink between a user plane function and a host, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a core network function;constructing a routing table comprising a learnt route for routing data traffic to the host using the routing information, wherein the learnt route is determined using the routing information;deriving at least one preferred route (s) to be used among the one or more learnt routes when selecting a router from the plurality of routers for routing data traffic to the host; andconfiguring the user plane function to route the data traffic using the derived at least one preferred route.24.A computer program comprising instructions which, when the program is executed by a computer, cause the computer to carry out:receiving, from a user plane function, an indication of how data traffic is to be routed between the user plane function and a plurality of routers located uplink between the user plane function and a host, wherein the indication comprises at least one of a routing table, at least one packet detection rule, or at least one forwarding action rule, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a session management function.25.A computer program comprising instructions which, when the program is executed by a computer, cause the computer to carry out:receiving, from a session management function, a configuration to exchange, between the session management function and a plurality of routers located uplink between the apparatus and a host, routing information; andcausing said routing information to be exchanged between the session management function and the plurality of routers, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a user plane function.
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