Configuration enhancements
By implementing a method where a network entity receives and updates positioning information using ground truth data information, the challenges of enhancing AI/ML positioning systems in NLOS conditions are addressed, leading to improved positioning accuracy and AI/ML model performance.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/106595
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-07-19
- Publication Date
- 2025-05-30
AI Technical Summary
Current AI/ML positioning systems face challenges in enhancing positioning measurements, particularly in environments with heavy non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions, and there is a need for efficient methods to receive ground truth data information for AI/ML life cycle management procedures.
The proposed solution involves a method where a network entity, such as a base station, receives an uplink reference signal from a user equipment (UE), determines the UE's positioning information, and requests ground truth data information from a network node. This information is then used to update the positioning information and support AI/ML life cycle management procedures.
This approach enhances the accuracy of positioning measurements by utilizing ground truth data information, thereby improving the performance of AI/ML models in challenging radio conditions and supporting effective life cycle management.
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Figure CN2024106595_30052025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
CONFIGURATION ENHANCEMENTS
[0001] The present disclosure relates to wireless communications, and more specifically to configuration enhancements, for example, configuration enhancements for artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) life cycle management (LCM) procedures.BACKGROUND
[0002] A wireless communications system may include one or multiple network communication devices, such as base stations (BSs) , which may be otherwise known as an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB (gNB) , or other suitable terminology. Each network communication devices, such as a base station may support wireless communications for one or multiple user communication devices, which may be otherwise known as user equipment (UE) , or other suitable terminology. The wireless communications system may support wireless communications with one or multiple user communication devices by utilizing resources of the wireless communication system (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers) . Additionally, the wireless communications system may support wireless communications across various radio access technologies including third generation (3G) radio access technology, fourth generation (4G) radio access technology, fifth generation (5G) radio access technology, among other suitable radio access technologies beyond 5G (e.g., sixth generation (6G) ) .
[0003] AI / ML positioning has been studied to improve the location estimate accuracy of a device in challenging radio conditions, e.g., environments with heavy non-line-of-sight (NLOS) . One of the cases to be considered is the enhancement of positioning measurements using a gNB-side model, where training and / or inference is performed at the gNB. However, various aspects of the AI / ML positioning framework need to be further studied.SUMMARY
[0004] The present disclosure relates to methods, apparatuses, and systems that support configuration enhancements, for example, configuration enhancements for AI / ML LCM procedures.
[0005] Some implementations of the method and devices described herein include, receiving, from a first user equipment (UE) , an uplink reference signal; determining positioning information of the first UE based on the received uplink reference signal; transmitting, to a network node, a first request for ground truth data information associated to a positioning measurement for the first UE; receiving, from the network node, a first response for the requested ground truth data information based on the transmitted first request; and updating the positioning information based on the received ground truth data information.
[0006] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the network entity comprises one of the following: a base station; a gNodeB (gNB) ; a transmission reception point (TRP) ; a next generation radio access network (NG-RAN) node; a centralized unit of a base station; or a distributed unit of a base station.
[0007] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the ground truth data information is associated with at least one line-of-sight (LOS) / non-line-of-sight (NLOS) condition of a channel provided based on an uplink transmission from at least one UE to the network entity or a downlink transmission from the network entity to the at least one UE.
[0008] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the ground truth data information comprises at least one ground truth data information element (IE) indicating the at least one LOS or NLOS condition.
[0009] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the at least one ground truth data IE comprises one or more of the following: a hard indicator; a soft indicator; identifying information of at least one UE; earliest time of arrival (TOA) path of a reference signal from a set of received paths; associated TRP information to receive the reference signal; timestamp information associated to at least one ground truth measurement; measurement quality associated to the at least one ground truth measurement; location information of the at least one UE; or an environment type associated to the at least one ground truth measurement.
[0010] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the ground truth data information comprises label information comprising one or more of the following: identifying information of at least one UE; location information of the at least one UE; timestamp information indicating timing information of the location information; location validity associated with area validity or time-based validity; or location uncertainty or quality uncertainty of the at least one UE.
[0011] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the identifying information comprises one or more of the following: at least one positioning reference unit (PRU) identity (ID) ; at least one cell-radio network temporary identifier (C-RNTI) ; at least one S-temporary mobile subscriber identifier (S-TMSI) ; at least one globally unique temporary identifier (GUTI) ; at least one generic public subscription identifier (GPSI) ; at least one subscription permanent identifier (SUPI) ; a defined UE ID (may be at least any other defined UE ID) ; at least one routing ID; or at least one correlation ID.
[0012] Some implementations of the method and devices described herein include, transmitting, to the network node, a second request for validity of label information included in the ground truth data information; and receiving and from the network node, the requested validity of the label information.
[0013] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the positioning information is further determined based on one or more of the following: at least one downlink-based positioning measurement; or at least one uplink-based positioning measurement at a further network entity.
[0014] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the network node is a location server or a location management function (LMF) , and the processor is further configured to obtain PRU information explicitly indicating at least one PRU UE based on at least one of the following information: at least one location service (LCS) privacy profile of at least one UE; or LCS subscriber data of the at least one UE.
[0015] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the at least one PRU UE are explicitly indicated based on the following conditions: a first indication in the at least one LCS privacy profile being provided, wherein the first indication indicates that location information of the at least one UE is allowed or location information sharing with the network entity is allowed; and a first PRU indication in the LCS subscriber data being present, wherein the first PRU indication indicates whether a UE is a PRU UE.
[0016] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, at least one of the first indication or the first PRU indication is: received from a unified data management (UDM) ; received from an access and mobility management function (AMF) ; received from the location server or the LMF; or received via an operations, administration, and maintenance (OAM) signalling.
[0017] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the location information of the at least one UE and the first PRU indication are received from the location server or the LMF by reusing a new radio (NR) positioning protocol A (NRPPa) positioning information request message.
[0018] Some implementations of the method and devices described herein include, obtaining PRU information implicitly indicating at least one PRU UE based on at least one of the following information: at least one parameter including an NRPPa transaction ID and a type of uplink reference signal configuration; or at least one of the following: cell-radio network temporary identifier (C-RNTI) , S-temporary mobile subscriber identifier (S-TMSI) , globally unique temporary identifier (GUTI) , a defined UE ID (may be any other defined UE ID) , radio resource control (RRC) connection context, or rate of location change of the at least one UE.
[0019] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the ground truth data information comprises association information of at least one PRU UE and at least one performed positioning measurement.
[0020] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the association information comprises a second PRU indication indicating whether a UE is a PRU UE.
[0021] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the positioning measurement comprises one or more of the following: one or more uplink relative time of arrival (UL-RTOA) measurements; one or more Rx-Tx time difference measurements at the network entity; one or more Rx-Tx time difference measurements at one or more UEs; one or more uplink angle of arrival (UL-AoA) measurements; one or more uplink sounding reference signal reference signal received power (RSRP) measurements; one or more uplink channel impulse response measurements; one or more uplink power delay profile measurements; or one or more uplink delay profile measurements.
[0022] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the network node is a location server or an LMF, and the processor is further configured to at least one of the following: determine whether location information of at least one UE is allowed or location information sharing with the network entity is allowed; or determine whether the at least one UE is at least one PRU UE.
[0023] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the location information sharing is allowed based on processing of the location information being allowed by the at least one UE.
[0024] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the network node is a location server or an LMF, and the first response comprises a ground truth data information failure message in the event of one or more of the following: the ground truth data information being unavailable; location information of at least one UE being not allowed; location information of at least one UE being not available; or location information sharing with the network entity being disabled.
[0025] Some implementations of the method and devices described herein include, performing one of the following based on the ground truth data information failure message: preventing from updating the positioning information; switching a first positioning method for determining the positioning information to a second positioning method; stopping a first artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) model to be trained for the positioning measurement; or switching the first AI / ML model to a second AI / ML model.
[0026] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the network node is a UE, and the first request is transmitted via an RRC message or a medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC CE) .
[0027] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the network node is a location server or an LMF, and some implementations of the method and devices described herein include, receiving, from the network node, a third request for at least one inference output of a first AI / ML model trained based on the received ground truth data information; and transmitting, to the network node, a second response including the at least one inference output.
[0028] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the network node is a location server or an LMF, and some implementations of the method and devices described herein include, receiving, from the network node, at least one fourth request for (i) at least one inference output of a first AI / ML model trained based on the received ground truth data information and (ii) at least one functional characteristic of the first AI / ML model; and transmitting, to the network node, a third response including the at least one inference output and the at least one functional characteristic.
[0029] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the at least one functional characteristic is requested based on the following: at least one network configuration.
[0030] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the at least one functional characteristic is requested further based on at least one of the following: at least one network additional condition; or at least one UE additional condition.
[0031] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the at least one network configuration comprises at least one of the following: an antenna reference point (ARP) ID and ARP location information; downlink reference signal beam information; TRP beam antenna information; a downlink reference signal configuration; an uplink reference signal configuration; an uplink reference signal validity area cell list; a validity area specific uplink reference signal configuration; an aggregated uplink or downlink reference signal configuration; or a positioning validity area cell list.
[0032] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the at least one network additional condition may comprise at least one of the following: measurement beam information; mapping of downlink reference signal resource ID to physical antenna locations; TRP Tx timing error group information; TRP Rx timing error group information; TRP Rx and Tx timing error group information; TRP real time difference (RTD) information; TRP initial phase offset information; or at least one measurement from a same network entity or multiple network entities.
[0033] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the at least one UE additional condition comprise one or more of the following: mapping of uplink reference signal resource ID to physical antenna locations; a UE location; a UE orientation; a UE direction; UE Tx timing error group information; UE Rx timing error group information; UE Rx and Tx timing error group information; UE initial phase offset information; PRU initial phase offset information; UE carrier frequency offset error information; UE antenna reference point (ARP) ID and ARP location information; PRU carrier frequency offset error information; or UE mobility information.
[0034] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the network node is a location server or a location management function (LMF) , and some implementations of the method and devices described herein include, receiving, from the network node, performance information of a first AI / ML model trained based on the received ground truth data information; and performing an operation on the first AI / ML model based on the following: the received performance information; or a first message from the network node, wherein the first message indicates the operation to be performed.
[0035] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the operation on the first AI / ML model comprises one of the following: switching the first AI / ML model to a second AI / ML model; updating at least one model parameter of the first AI / ML model; initiating a training procedure of the first AI / ML model; activating the second AI / ML model; or deactivating the first AI / ML model.
[0036] Some implementations of the method and devices described herein include, receiving, from a network entity, a first request for ground truth data information associated to a positioning measurement for a first UE; and transmitting, to the network entity, a first response for the requested ground truth data information based on the received first request.
[0037] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the network entity comprises one of the following: a base station; a gNodeB (gNB) ; a transmission reception point (TRP) ; a next generation radio access network (NG-RAN) node; a centralized unit of a base station; or a distributed unit of a base station.
[0038] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the ground truth data information is associated with at least one line-of-sight (LOS) / non-line-of-sight (NLOS) condition of a channel provided based on an uplink transmission from at least one UE to the network entity or a downlink transmission from the network entity to the at least one UE.
[0039] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the ground truth data information comprises at least one ground truth data information element (IE) indicating the at least one LOS or NLOS condition.
[0040] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the at least one ground truth data IE comprises one or more of the following: a hard indicator; a soft indicator; identifying information of at least one UE; earliest time of arrival (TOA) path of a reference signal from a set of received paths; associated TRP information to receive the reference signal; timestamp information associated to at least one ground truth measurement; measurement quality associated to the at least one ground truth measurement; location information of the at least one UE; or an environment type associated to the at least one ground truth measurement.
[0041] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the ground truth data information comprises label information comprising one or more of the following: identifying information of at least one UE; location information of the at least one UE; timestamp information indicating timing information of the location information; location validity associated with area validity or time-based validity; or location uncertainty or quality uncertainty of the at least one UE.
[0042] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the identifying information comprises one or more of the following: at least one positioning reference unit (PRU) identity (ID) ; at least one cell-radio network temporary identifier (C-RNTI) ; at least one S-temporary mobile subscriber identifier (S-TMSI) ; at least one globally unique temporary identifier (GUTI) ; at least one generic public subscription identifier (GPSI) ; at least one subscription permanent identifier (SUPI) ; a defined UE ID (may be at least any other defined UE ID) at least one routing ID; or at least one correlation ID.
[0043] Some implementations of the method and devices described herein include, receiving, from the network entity, a second request for validity of label information included in the ground truth data information; and transmitting, to the network entity, the requested validity of the label information.
[0044] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the network node is a location server or a location management function (LMF) , and some implementations of the method and devices described herein include, providing PRU information explicitly indicating at least one PRU UE based on at least one of the following information: at least one location service (LCS) privacy profile of at least one UE;or LCS subscriber data of the at least one UE.
[0045] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the at least one PRU UE are explicitly indicated based on the following conditions: a first indication in the at least one LCS privacy profile being provided, wherein the first indication indicates that location information of the at least one UE is allowed or location information sharing with the network entity is allowed; and a first PRU indication in the LCS subscriber data being present, wherein the first PRU indication indicates whether a UE is a PRU UE.
[0046] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, at least one of the first indication or the first PRU indication is: received from a unified data management (UDM) ; received from an access and mobility management function (AMF) ; stored at the location server or the LMF; or received via an operations, administration, and maintenance (OAM) signalling.
[0047] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the location information of the at least one UE and the first PRU indication are transmitted, via the transceiver and to the network entity, by reusing a new radio (NR) positioning protocol A (NRPPa) positioning information request message.
[0048] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the network node is a location server or an LMF, and some implementations of the method and devices described herein include, providing PRU information implicitly indicating at least one PRU UE based on at least one of the following: at least one parameter including an NRPPa transaction identity (ID) and a type of uplink reference signal configuration; or at least one of the following: cell-radio network temporary identifier (C-RNTI) , S-temporary mobile subscriber identifier (S-TMSI) , globally unique temporary identifier (GUTI) , a defined UE ID (may be any other defined UE ID) , radio resource control (RRC) connection context, or rate of location change of the at least one UE.
[0049] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the ground truth data information comprises association information of at least one PRU UE and at least one performed positioning measurement.
[0050] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the association information comprises a second PRU indication indicating whether a UE is a PRU UE.
[0051] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the positioning measurement comprises one or more of the following: one or more uplink relative time of arrival (UL-RTOA) measurements; one or more Rx-Tx time difference measurements at the network entity; one or more Rx-Tx time difference measurements at one or more UEs; one or more uplink angle of arrival (UL-AoA) measurements; one or more uplink sounding reference signal reference signal received power (RSRP) measurements; one or more uplink channel impulse response measurements; one or more uplink power delay profile measurements; or one or more uplink delay profile measurements.
[0052] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the network node is a location server or an LMF, and the first response comprises a ground truth data information failure message in the event of at least one of the following: the ground truth data information being unavailable; location information of at least one UE being not allowed; location information of at least one UE being not available; or location information sharing with the network entity being disabled.
[0053] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the network node is a UE, and the first request is received via an RRC message or a medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC CE) .
[0054] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the network node is a location server or an LMF, and some implementations of the method and devices described herein include, transmitting, to the network entity, a third request for at least one inference output of a first AI / ML model trained based on the ground truth data information; and receiving, from the network entity, a second response including the at least one inference output.
[0055] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the network node is a location server or an LMF, and some implementations of the method and devices described herein include, transmitting, to the network entity, at least one fourth request for (i) at least one inference output of a first AI / ML model trained based on the ground truth data information and (ii) at least one functional characteristic of the first AI / ML model; and receiving, from the network entity, a third response including the at least one inference output and the at least one functional characteristic.
[0056] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the at least one functional characteristic is requested based on the following: at least one network configuration.
[0057] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the at least one functional characteristic is requested further based on at least one of the following: at least one network additional condition; or at least one UE additional condition.
[0058] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the at least one network configuration comprises at least one of the following: an antenna reference point (ARP) ID and ARP location information; downlink reference signal beam information; TRP beam antenna information; a downlink reference signal configuration; an uplink reference signal configuration; an uplink reference signal validity area cell list; a validity area specific uplink reference signal configuration; an aggregated uplink or downlink reference signal configuration; or a positioning validity area cell list.
[0059] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the at least one network additional condition comprise at least one of the following: measurement beam information; mapping of downlink reference signal resource ID to physical antenna locations; TRP Tx timing error group information; TRP Rx timing error group information; TRP Rx and Tx timing error group information; TRP real time difference (RTD) information; TRP initial phase offset information; or at least one measurement from a same network entity or multiple network entities.
[0060] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the at least one UE additional condition comprise one or more of the following: mapping of uplink reference signal resource ID to physical antenna locations; a UE location; a UE orientation; a UE direction; UE Tx timing error group information; UE Rx timing error group information; UE Rx and Tx timing error group information; UE initial phase offset information; PRU initial phase offset information; UE carrier frequency offset error information; UE antenna reference point (ARP) ID and ARP location information; PRU carrier frequency offset error information; or UE mobility information.
[0061] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the network node is a location server or an LMF, and some implementations of the method and devices described herein include, determining performance information of the first AI / ML model based on the following information of the first AI / ML model: at least one inference output; or the at least one inference output and at least one functional characteristic.
[0062] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein include, transmitting, to the network entity, performance information of the first AI / ML model.
[0063] Some implementations of the method and devices described herein include, determining, based on the performance information, an operation on the first AI / ML model to be performed at the network entity; and transmitting, to the network entity, a first message indicating the operation.
[0064] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the operation comprises one of the following: switching the first AI / ML model to a second AI / ML model; updating at least one model parameter of the first AI / ML model; initiating a training procedure of the first AI / ML model; activating the second AI / ML model; or deactivating the first AI / ML model.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0065] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communications system that supports configuration enhancements, such as configuration enhancements for AI / ML LCM procedures, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0066] FIG. 2 illustrates an example signaling diagram illustrating an example process that supports configuration enhancements, such as configuration enhancements for AI / ML LCM procedures, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0067] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of ground truth data information exchange procedure in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0068] FIG. 4 illustrates another example of ground truth data information exchange procedure in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0069] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of label information exchange procedure in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0070] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of AI / ML model performance monitoring procedure in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0071] FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a device that support configuration enhancements, such as configuration enhancements for AI / ML LCM procedures, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0072] FIG. 8 illustrates an example of a processor that support configuration enhancements, such as configuration enhancements for AI / ML LCM procedures, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0073] FIG. 9 illustrates a flowchart of a method that supports configuration enhancements, such as configuration enhancements for AI / ML LCM procedures, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0074] FIG. 10 illustrates a flowchart of a method that supports configuration enhancements, such as configuration enhancements for AI / ML LCM procedures, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0075] Principles of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. The disclosure described herein may be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0076] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0077] References in the present disclosure to “one embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “some embodiments, ” and the like indicate that the embodiment (s) described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment (s) . Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
[0078] It shall be understood that although the terms “first” and “second” or the like may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are used to distinguish one element from another element. For example, a first element could also be termed as a second element, and similarly, a second element could also be termed as a first element, without departing from the scope of embodiments. As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.
[0079] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof.
[0080] As used herein, the term “communication network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards, such as, 5G new radio (NR) , Long Term Evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) , Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) , and so on. Further, the communications between a user equipment and a network device in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the fifth generation (5G) communication protocols, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied in various communication systems. Given the rapid development in communications, there will also be future type communication technologies and systems in which the present disclosure may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the present disclosure to only the aforementioned systems.
[0081] As used herein, the term “network device” generally refers to a node in a communication network via which a user equipment can access the communication network and receive services therefrom. The network device may refer to a base station (BS) or an access point (AP) , for example, a node B (NodeB or NB) , a radio access network (RAN) node, an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a NR NB (also referred to as a gNB) , a Remote Radio Unit (RRU) , a radio header (RH) , an infrastructure device for a V2X (vehicle-to-everything) communication, a transmission and reception point (TRP) , a reception point (RP) , a remote radio head (RRH) , a relay, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a low power node such as a femto a base station (BS) , a pico BS, and so forth, depending on the applied terminology and technology. The network device may further refer to a network function (NF) in the core network, for example, a SMF, an AMF, a PCF, a UPF or devices with same function in future network architectures, and so forth.
[0082] As used herein, the term “user equipment (UE) ” generally refers to any end device that may be capable of wireless communications. By way of example rather than a limitation, a user equipment may also be referred to as a communication device, a terminal device, an end user device, a subscriber station (SS) , an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) , a portable subscriber station, a mobile station (MS) , or an access terminal (AT) . The user equipment may include, but is not limited to, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, a voice over IP (VoIP) phone, a wireless local loop phone, a tablet, a wearable user equipment, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a portable computer, a desktop computer, an image capture user equipment such as a digital camera, a gaming user equipment, a music storage and playback appliance, a vehicle-mounted wireless user equipment, a wireless endpoint, a mobile station, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , a USB dongle, a smart device, wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE) , an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD) , a vehicle, a drone, a medical device (for example, a remote surgery device) , an industrial device (for example, a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts) , a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. In the following description, the terms: “user equipment, ” “communication device, ” “terminal, ” “user equipment” and “UE, ” may be used interchangeably.
[0083] Aspects of the present disclosure are described in the context of a wireless communications system. FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communications system (or referred to as communication network) 100 that supports configuration enhancements, such as configuration enhancements for AI / ML LCM procedures in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 may include one or more network entities 102 (also referred to as network equipment) , one or more UEs 104, a core network 106, and a packet data network 108. The wireless communications system 100 may support various radio access technologies. In some implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a 4G network, such as an LTE network or an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network. In some other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a 5G network, such as an NR network. In other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a combination of a 4G network and a 5G network, or other suitable radio access technology including Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi) , IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) , IEEE 802.20. The wireless communications system 100 may support radio access technologies beyond 5G. Additionally, the wireless communications system 100 may support technologies, such as time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , or code division multiple access (CDMA) , etc.
[0084] The one or more network entities 102 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region to form the wireless communications system 100. One or more of the network entities 102 described herein may be or include or may be referred to as a network node, a base station, a network element, a radio access network (RAN) , a base transceiver station, an access point, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB (gNB) , or other suitable terminology. A network entity 102 and a UE 104 may communicate via a communication link 110, which may be a wireless or wired connection. For example, a network entity 102 and a UE 104 may perform wireless communication (e.g., receive signalling, transmit signalling) over a communication interface.
[0085] A network entity 102 may provide a geographic coverage area 112 for which the network entity 102 may support services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. ) for one or more UEs 104 within the geographic coverage area 112. For example, a network entity 102 and a UE 104 may support wireless communication of signals related to services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. ) according to one or multiple radio access technologies. In some implementations, a network entity 102 may be moveable, for example, a satellite associated with a non-terrestrial network. In some implementations, different geographic coverage areas 112 associated with the same or different radio access technologies may overlap, but the different geographic coverage areas 112 may be associated with different network entities 102. Information and signals described herein may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.
[0086] The one or more UEs 104 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region of the wireless communications system 100. A UE 104 may include or may be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a remote unit, a handheld device, or a subscriber device, or some other suitable terminology. In some implementations, the UE 104 may be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE 104 may be referred to as an Internet-of-Things (IoT) device, an Internet-of-Everything (IoE) device, or machine-type communication (MTC) device, among other examples. In some implementations, a UE 104 may be stationary in the wireless communications system 100. In some other implementations, a UE 104 may be mobile in the wireless communications system 100.
[0087] The one or more UEs 104 may be devices in different forms or having different capabilities. Some examples of UEs 104 are illustrated in FIG. 1. A UE 104 may be capable of communicating with various types of devices, such as the network entities 102, other UEs 104, or network equipment (e.g., the core network 106, the packet data network 108, a relay device, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, or another network equipment) , as shown in FIG. 1. Additionally, or alternatively, a UE 104 may support communication with other network entities 102 or UEs 104, which may act as relays in the wireless communications system 100.
[0088] A UE 104 may also be able to support wireless communication directly with other UEs 104 over a communication link 114. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a device-to-device (D2D) communication link. In some implementations, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) deployments, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) deployments, or cellular-V2X deployments, the communication link 114 may be referred to as a sidelink. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a communication interface.
[0089] A network entity 102 may support communications with the core network 106, or with another network entity 102, or both. For example, a network entity 102 may interface with the core network 106 through one or more backhaul links 116 (e.g., via an S1, N2, N2, or another network interface) . The network entities 102 may communicate with each other over the backhaul links 116 (e.g., via an X2, Xn, or another network interface) . In some implementations, the network entities 102 may communicate with each other directly (e.g., between the network entities 102) . In some other implementations, the network entities 102 may communicate with each other or indirectly (e.g., via the core network 106) . In some implementations, one or more network entities 102 may include subcomponents, such as an access network entity, which may be an example of an access node controller (ANC) . An ANC may communicate with the one or more UEs 104 through one or more other access network transmission entities, which may be referred to as a radio heads, smart radio heads, or transmission-reception points (TRPs) .
[0090] In some implementations, a network entity 102 may be configured in a disaggregated architecture, which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack physically or logically distributed among two or more network entities 102, such as an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) (e.g., a network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance) , or a virtualized RAN (vRAN) (e.g., a cloud RAN (C-RAN) ) . For example, a network entity 102 may include one or more of a central unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , a radio unit (RU) , a RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) (e.g., a Near-Real Time RIC (Near-RT RIC) , a Non-Real Time RIC (Non-RT RIC) ) , a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) system, or any combination thereof.
[0091] An RU may also be referred to as a radio head, a smart radio head, a remote radio head (RRH) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , or a transmission reception point (TRP) . One or more components of the network entities 102 in a disaggregated RAN architecture may be co-located, or one or more components of the network entities 102 may be located in distributed locations (e.g., separate physical locations) . In some implementations, one or more network entities 102 of a disaggregated RAN architecture may be implemented as virtual units (e.g., a virtual CU (VCU) , a virtual DU (VDU) , a virtual RU (VRU) ) .
[0092] Split of functionality between a CU, a DU, and an RU may be flexible and may support different functionalities depending upon which functions (e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, radio frequency functions, and any combinations thereof) are performed at a CU, a DU, or an RU. For example, a functional split of a protocol stack may be employed between a CU and a DU such that the CU may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the DU may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. In some implementations, the CU may host upper protocol layer (e.g., a layer 3 (L3) , a layer 2 (L2) ) functionality and signalling (e.g., RRC, service data adaption protocol (SDAP) , Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) ) . The CU may be connected to one or more DUs or RUs, and the one or more DUs or RUs may host lower protocol layers, such as a layer 1 (L1) (e.g., physical (PHY) layer) or an L2 (e.g., radio link control (RLC) layer, MAC layer) functionality and signalling, and may each be at least partially controlled by the CU.
[0093] Additionally, or alternatively, a functional split of the protocol stack may be employed between a DU and an RU such that the DU may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the RU may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. The DU may support one or multiple different cells (e.g., via one or more RUs) . In some implementations, a functional split between a CU and a DU, or between a DU and an RU may be within a protocol layer (e.g., some functions for a protocol layer may be performed by one of a CU, a DU, or an RU, while other functions of the protocol layer are performed by a different one of the CU, the DU, or the RU) .
[0094] A CU may be functionally split further into CU control plane (CU-CP) and CU user plane (CU-UP) functions. A CU may be connected to one or more DUs via a midhaul communication link (e.g., F1, F1-c, F1-u) , and a DU may be connected to one or more RUs via a fronthaul communication link (e.g., open fronthaul (FH) interface) . In some implementations, a midhaul communication link or a fronthaul communication link may be implemented in accordance with an interface (e.g., a channel) between layers of a protocol stack supported by respective network entities 102 that are in communication via such communication links.
[0095] The core network 106 may support user authentication, access authorization, tracking, connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The core network 106 may be an evolved packet core (EPC) , or a 5G core (5GC) , which may include a control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME) , an access and mobility management functions (AMF) ) and a user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW) , a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW) , or a user plane function (UPF) ) . In some implementations, the control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions, such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management (e.g., data bearers, signal bearers, etc. ) for the one or more UEs 104 served by the one or more network entities 102 associated with the core network 106.
[0096] The core network 106 may communicate with the packet data network 108 over one or more backhaul links 116 (e.g., via an S1, N2, N2, or another network interface) . The packet data network 108 may include an application server 118. In some implementations, one or more UEs 104 may communicate with the application server 118. A UE 104 may establish a session (e.g., a protocol data unit (PDU) session, or the like) with the core network 106 via a network entity 102. The core network 106 may route traffic (e.g., control information, data, and the like) between the UE 104 and the application server 118 using the established session (e.g., the established PDU session) . The PDU session may be an example of a logical connection between the UE 104 and the core network 106 (e.g., one or more network functions of the core network 106) .
[0097] In the wireless communications system 100, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may use resources of the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers) ) to perform various operations (e.g., wireless communications) . In some implementations, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support different resource structures. For example, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support different frame structures. In some implementations, such as in 4G, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support a single frame structure. In some other implementations, such as in 5G and among other suitable radio access technologies, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures (i.e., multiple frame structures) . The network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures based on one or more numerologies.
[0098] One or more numerologies may be supported in the wireless communications system 100, and a numerology may include a subcarrier spacing and a cyclic prefix. A first numerology (e.g., μ=0) may be associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. In some implementations, the first numerology (e.g., μ=0) associated with the first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may utilize one slot per subframe. A second numerology (e.g., μ=1) may be associated with a second subcarrier spacing (e.g., 30 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A third numerology (e.g., μ=2) may be associated with a third subcarrier spacing (e.g., 60 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix or an extended cyclic prefix. A fourth numerology (e.g., μ=3) may be associated with a fourth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 120 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A fifth numerology (e.g., μ=4) may be associated with a fifth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 240 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix.
[0099] A time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to frames (also referred to as radio frames) . Each frame may have a duration, for example, a 10 millisecond (ms) duration. In some implementations, each frame may include multiple subframes. For example, each frame may include 10 subframes, and each subframe may have a duration, for example, a 1 ms duration. In some implementations, each frame may have the same duration. In some implementations, each subframe of a frame may have the same duration.
[0100] Additionally or alternatively, a time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to slots. For example, a subframe may include a number (e.g., quantity) of slots. The number of slots in each subframe may also depend on the one or more numerologies supported in the wireless communications system 100. For instance, the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth numerologies (i.e., μ=0, μ=1, μ=2, μ=3, μ=4) associated with respective subcarrier spacings of 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, and 240 kHz may utilize a single slot per subframe, two slots per subframe, four slots per subframe, eight slots per subframe, and 16 slots per subframe, respectively. Each slot may include a number (e.g., quantity) of symbols (e.g., OFDM symbols) . In some implementations, the number (e.g., quantity) of slots for a subframe may depend on a numerology. For a normal cyclic prefix, a slot may include 14 symbols. For an extended cyclic prefix (e.g., applicable for 60 kHz subcarrier spacing) , a slot may include 12 symbols. The relationship between the number of symbols per slot, the number of slots per subframe, and the number of slots per frame for a normal cyclic prefix and an extended cyclic prefix may depend on a numerology. It should be understood that reference to a first numerology (e.g., μ=0) associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may be used interchangeably between subframes and slots.
[0101] In the wireless communications system 100, an electromagnetic (EM) spectrum may be split, based on frequency or wavelength, into various classes, frequency bands, frequency channels, etc. By way of example, the wireless communications system 100 may support one or multiple operating frequency bands, such as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz –7.125 GHz) , FR2 (24.25 GHz –52.6 GHz) , FR3 (7.125 GHz –24.25 GHz) , FR4 (52.6 GHz –114.25 GHz) , FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz –71 GHz) , and FR5 (114.25 GHz –300 GHz) . In some implementations, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may perform wireless communications over one or more of the operating frequency bands. In some implementations, FR1 may be used by the network entities 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for cellular communications traffic (e.g., control information, data) . In some implementations, FR2 may be used by the network entities 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for short-range, high data rate capabilities.
[0102] FR1 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least three numerologies) . For example, FR1 may be associated with a first numerology (e.g., μ=0) , which includes 15 kHz subcarrier spacing; a second numerology (e.g., μ=1) , which includes 30 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a third numerology (e.g., μ=2) , which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing. FR2 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least 2 numerologies) . For example, FR2 may be associated with a third numerology (e.g., μ=2) , which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a fourth numerology (e.g., μ=3) , which includes 120 kHz subcarrier spacing.
[0103] Artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) positioning has been studied to improve the location estimate accuracy of a device in challenging radio conditions, e.g., environments with heavy NLOS. One of the cases to be considered is the enhancement of positioning measurements using a gNB-side model, where training and / or inference is performed at the gNB. It is presently not clear, how the gNB may receive ground truth data information regarding the LOS / NLOS condition or timing information to be used for various AI / ML life cycle management procedures, e.g., training, performance monitoring, etc. A work item on AI / ML for NR air interface has been approved, where one of the key objectives includes the specification of the necessary measurements, signalling / mechanism (s) to facilitate life cycle management (LCM) operations specific to direct AI / ML and assisted AL / ML positioning. There are some problems exists in the mentioned solutions. One of the key issues to be addressed is a method for a network entity such as a base station to receive information relating to ground truth generated associated to one or more positioning reference units (PRUs) in a given area. This may vary depending on the considered deployment. Another issue to be addressed in the context of performance monitoring, is the level of information about a particular AI / ML model that may be shared with another network entity without impacting the performance monitoring of the model.
[0104] A UE may support the functions of a PRU. The PRU supports the following functions. For example, the PRU supports service level association, association update and disassociation with a serving LMF. The PRU sends service level association, association update or disassociation to LMF via LCS supplementary service message. The PRU supports association with multiple LMFs, e.g., for the case a PRU is in multiple LMF overlapped serving areas. The PRU information included in a PRU association or PRU association update contains one or more than one of the following aspects: PRU positioning capabilities; location information if known; PRU ON / OFF state. PRU ON / OFF states indicate temporarily availability of the PRU functionality of a UE at the serving LMF. A UE accesses 5G network via NR satellite shall not operate as a PRU.
[0105] A positioning reference unit (PRU) at a known location can perform positioning measurements (e.g., RSTD, RSRP, UE Rx-Tx Time Difference measurements, etc. ) and report these measurements to a location server. In addition, the PRU can transmit SRS to enable TRPs to measure and report UL positioning measurements (e.g., RTOA, UL-AoA, gNB Rx-Tx Time Difference, etc. ) from PRU at a known location. The PRU measurements can be compared by a location server with the measurements expected at the known PRU location to determine correction terms for other nearby target devices. The DL-and / or UL location measurements for other target devices can be corrected based on the previously determined correction terms. A PRU may also comprise of a TRP with a known location. A target device, e.g. a target UE, may be referred to as a UE of interest whose position (absolute or relative) is to be obtained by the network or by the UE itself.
[0106] Any reference made to device / UE position / location information may refer to either an 2D / 3D absolute position, 2D / 3D relative position, distance, relative direction with respect to another node / entity, ranging in terms of distance, ranging in terms of direction or combination thereof.
[0107] In view of the above analysis and discussions, some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution in order to enhance network-based AI / ML model life cycle management procedures. In addition, methods are described wherein, the configurability options of the measurement are introduced wherein the location server may configure various configurability options. Principles and implementations of embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to FIGS. 2-10.
[0108] FIG. 2 illustrates an example signaling diagram illustrating an example process 200 that supports configuration enhancements, such as configuration enhancements for AI / ML LCM procedures, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 2, a network entity 201, and a network node 202 and a UE 203 (may be referred to as a first UE 203) are shown. An example of the network entity 201 may be a base station, or a gNodeB (gNB) , or a transmission reception point (TRP) , or a next generation radio access network (NG-RAN) node, or a centralized unit of a base station (e.g. split base station centralized unit) , or a distributed unit of a base station (e.g. split base station decentralized unit) . The network entity 201 may be used interchangeable with one of the base station, the gNB, the TRP, the NG-RAN node, the split base station centralized unit, or the split base station decentralized unit in some examples below. In some examples, an example of the network node 202 may be a UE, which is the same as the UE 203 or different from the UE 203. The UE may be used interchangeable with UE / device in some examples below. In some other examples, an example of the network node 202 may be a location server, or a location management function (LMF) . In some examples, the network node 202 may be an analytical data repository function (ADRF) , or a network data analytics function (NWDAF) . The terms AI and ML herein may be used interchangeably to refer to an intelligent software component or system. In some embodiments, the LMF or the ADRF or the NWDAF may be considered as a specific implementation of the location server.
[0109] In the process 200, the first UE 203 may transmit (212) an uplink reference signal 205, and the network entity 201 may receive (214) the uplink reference signal 205 from the first UE 203. Then the network entity 201 may determine (216) positioning information of the first UE 203 based on the received uplink reference signal 205. The network entity 201 may transmit (218) , to the network node 202, a request (may be referred to as a first request) 215 for ground truth data information associated to a positioning measurement for the first UE 203. On the network node 202 side, the network node 202 receives (220) , the first request 215 from the network entity 201, and transmits (222) , to the network entity 201, a first response 225 for the requested ground truth data information based on the received first request 215. The network entity 201 receives (224) the first response 225 from the network node 202, and updates (226) the positioning information based on the received ground truth data information. An example of an uplink reference signal 205, may include but not limited to SRS for positioning or SRS for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) .
[0110] In some examples, the ground truth data information above may comprise ground truth measurement (s) , and associated information, e.g., label information used as training dataset to train an AI / ML model. In another implementation, the ground truth data information may be used to perform monitoring of an AI / ML model, in order to derive performance metrics and analyze the performance the AI / ML model against the ground truth data information. The ground truth measurement refers to, for example, the measurement that would be used as a part of the ground truth data information which may be used to train an AI / ML model. The key similarities and differences between the ground truth measurement information and other UL / DL positioning measurement information may be as below.
[0111] As to the similarities above, the ground truth measurement information and a UL-based / DL-based positioning measurement information may refer to the same type of positioning measurement such as uplink relative time of arrival (UL-RTOA) measurements, gNB Rx-Tx time difference measurements, uplink angle of arrival (UL- AoA) measurements, uplink sounding reference signal (UL-SRS) reference signal received power (RSRP) / reference signal received path power (RSRPP) measurements, uplink received signal code power (UL-RSCP) measurements, UL-reference signal carrier phase difference (RSCPD) measurements, uplink channel impulse response measurements, uplink power delay profile measurements or uplink delay profile measurements, UE Rx-Tx time difference measurements, which is based on a received SRS (for uplink measurements) or DL-PRS (for downlink measurements) . As to the differences above, the ground truth measurement information comprises additional information, e.g., label information including LOS / NLOS or location information, in addition to the UL-based / DL-based positioning measurement information, which assists in training a supervised / semi-supervised AI / ML model. In an unsupervised learning scheme, the raw measurements are sufficient, i.e. UL-based / DL-based positioning measurements are sufficient to train an AI / ML model (without any additional ground truth data information) .
[0112] In some examples, the positioning measurement above may comprise various measurements, for example, one or more uplink relative time of arrival (UL-RTOA) measurements, one or more Rx-Tx time difference measurements at the network entity, or one or more Rx-Tx time difference measurements at one or more UEs, one or more uplink angle of arrival (UL-AoA) measurements, one or more uplink sounding reference signal reference signal received power (RSRP) measurements, one or more uplink channel impulse response measurements, one or more uplink power delay profile measurements, one or more uplink delay profile measurements, or any combination thereof.
[0113] Some examples below describe contents of labels (or referred to as label information) associated with ground truth data information. In some examples, a new procedure may be defined in which the network entity, e.g., a base station, a gNB, a base station TRP, a next generation radio access network (NG-RAN) node, a split base station centralized unit or a split base station decentralized unit may request for AI / ML-related information, e.g., labels according to ground truth data information for AI / ML model training. The TRP above is a set of geographically co-located antennas (e.g. antenna array (with one or more antenna elements) ) supporting transmission point (TP) and / or reception point (RP) functionality. In one implementation, this ground truth data information (including labels) may comprise information related to AI / ML positioning. The ground truth data information associated to a positioning measurement may vary according to the type of AI / ML positioning method. Exemplary positioning measurements, as mentioned above, are made on the uplink and may include one or more of the following: UL-RTOA, gNB Rx-Tx time difference, UE Rx-Tx time difference measurements, UL-AoA, sounding reference signal (SRS) RSRP measurements, UL-RSCP, UL-RSCPD, channel impulse response measurements or power delay profile measurements or delay profile measurements.
[0114] An example representative use case of AI / ML positioning is AI / ML assisted positioning, and another one is direct AI / ML positioning. An AI / ML model output of the AI / ML assisted positioning may be new measurement and / or enhancement of existing measurement, e.g., an LOS / NLOS identification, timing and / or an angle of measurement, likelihood of measurement. An AI / ML model output of the direct AI / ML positioning may be a UE location, e.g., fingerprinting based on channel observation as the input of the AI / ML model.
[0115] In some examples, the ground truth data information is associated with at least one line-of-sight (LOS) / non-line-of-sight (NLOS) condition of a channel provided based on an uplink transmission from at least one UE to the network entity 201 or a downlink transmission from the network entity 201 to the at least one UE. For example, in the case of AI / ML assisted positioning, the ground truth data information regarding the line-of-sight (LOS) / Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions of the channel are provided based on PRU UL transmission, e.g., SRS transmission and the corresponding measurement at the receiver, i.e., the base station / gNB / TRP which may be an example of the network entity 201. In another implementation, the LOS / NLOS conditions of a downlink measurement such as UE Rx-Tx time difference measurement may also assist in the training of an AI / ML model at the base station / gNB.
[0116] In some examples, the ground truth data information may comprises at least one ground truth data information element (IE) indicating the at least one LOS or NLOS condition. The at least one ground truth data IE above may specifically comprise: a hard indicator, or a soft indicator, or identifying information of at least one UE, or earliest time of arrival (TOA) path of a reference signal from a set of received paths, or associated TRP information to receive the reference signal, or timestamp information associated to at least one ground truth measurement, or measurement quality associated to the at least one ground truth measurement, or location information of the at least one UE, or an environment type associated to the at least one ground truth measurement, or any combination thereof. In other words, the ground truth LOS / NLOS condition of the channel may be determined and represented based on one or more of the ground truth data IEs above associated to the positioning measurement.
[0117] The hard indicator with an indication 0 refers to a NLOS measurement, or the hard indicator with an indication 1 refers to a LOS measurement. The soft indicator, with a values ranging from 0 to 1 in steps of 0.1, where each value represents the likelihood of a LOS measurement path is experienced by the receiver / measurement device / entity.
[0118] The UE identifying information of the at least one UE may include at least one PRU ID, or at least one cell-radio network temporary identifier (C-RNTI) , or at least one S-temporary mobile subscriber identifier (S-TMSI) , or at least one globally unique temporary identifier (GUTI) , or at least one generic public subscription identifier (GPSI) , or at least one subscription permanent identifier (SUPI) , at least any other defined UE ID or at least one routing ID, or at least one correlation ID, or any combination thereof. One of the at least one UE may be a normal UE (or referred to as a non-PRU UE) , or may be a PRU UE (or referred to as PRU)
[0119] The earliest / first time of arrival (TOA) path of a reference signal from a total set received paths, e.g., the same transmitted SRS signal based on the same SRS resource, SRS resource set, or SRS carrier configuration. In one extended implementation, the receiver, e.g., base station / gNB may construct the ground truth delay spread of the channel based on the PRU SRS transmission at a certain location (given by the PRU location information) and the plurality of received paths starting with the earliest / first received path to the latest / last received path. Additional path results of each measurement may be configured up to a configurable maximum path number. Selection method of selecting the received paths ranging from earliest to latest path may be shared, including e.g., power thresholding, window-based, and so forth.
[0120] The associated TRP information to receive SRS may comprise: NR physical cell identity (PCI) ; or NR cell global identity (CGI) ; or NR ARFCN; or TRP ID; or geographical coordinates of TRP, such as, reference point or antenna reference point (ARP) , ARP location information (including ARP ID, ARP location type, ARP position relative geodetic / cartesian coordinates) , a TRP position (e.g. absolute or relative geodetic / cartesian coordinates) ; or gNB / TRP Rx antenna information, such as, TRP beam antenna angles including TRP azimuth and elevation angles, or polarization information, or any combination thereof.
[0121] The timestamp information associated to at least one ground truth measurement, may comprise: SFN time Slot timestamp information depending on Subcarrier spacing, e.g., 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, 240 kHz, 480 kHz, 960 kHz. Time bases such as GNSS time, UTC time.
[0122] The measurement quality associated to the at least one ground truth measurement, may comprise timing measurement quality in terms of uncertainty of the timing value (in metres) and timing (in metres) resolution, and / or angle measurement quality applicable to azimuth and elevation angles and associated angular resolutions.
[0123] The location Information of the at least one UE may comprises Location coordinates of the PRU or non-PRU UE (normal UE) , or location timestamp, or location validity in terms of area validity (location / area of UE / PRU may or may not be valid for a certain model training) or time-based validity (data no longer useful after time period elapses, model training based on temporal criteria) , or location / quality uncertainty of PRU or non-PRU UE (normal UE) , or any combination thereof.
[0124] The environment type associated to the at least one ground truth measurement, may be indoor, or outdoor, or urban, or rural.
[0125] In some other examples, the ground truth data information may comprise label information comprising identifying information of at least one UE, or location information of the at least one UE, or timestamp information indicating timing information of the location information, or location validity associated with area validity or time-based validity, or location uncertainty or quality uncertainty of the at least one UE, or any combination thereof. For example, in the case of direct AI / ML positioning, the ground truth data information may comprise label information associated to a measurement comprising one or more combinations of the following: the UE identifying information including a PRU ID, cell-radio network temporary identifier (C-RNTI) , S-temporary mobile subscriber identifier (S-TMSI) , globally unique temporary identifier (GUTI) , generic public subscription identifier (GPSI) , subscription permanent identifier (SUPI) , at least any other defined UE ID, routing ID, correlation ID, or combinations thereof; or location coordinates of the PRU or non-PRU UE (normal UE) ; or location timestamp; or location validity in terms of area validity (location / area of normal UE / PRU is not valid for a certain model training) or time-based validity (data no longer useful after time period elapses) ; or location / quality uncertainty of the PRU or non-PRU UE (normal UE) .
[0126] In some examples, the network entity 201 may transmit, to the network node 202, a request (may be referred to as a second request) for validity of label information included in the ground truth data information. The network node 202 may receive the second request from the network entity 201, and then transmits, to the network entity 201, the requested validity of the label information. On the network entity 201 side, the network entity 201 may receive the requested validity of the label information from the network node. For example, in the case of AI / ML assisted or direct AI / ML positioning, the validity of the ground truth label information may be requested and received. This assists the training entity to determine whether ground truth is suitable for training a specific model based on the validity area or duration of the ground truth data information. In dynamic environments, where there is a frequent change / movement of objects / humans, the channel may experience various fluctuation in the received paths, which is a function of the direct path, scatterers and reflectors in the overall environment. This may also affect the ground truth of the LOS / NLOS or timing (TOA) information indicators, which may need to be updated if the ground truth information is not valid anymore.
[0127] In some examples, the SRS transmission characteristics have to be also preserved in order to provide accurate ground truth measurements. These include parameters such as number of periodic transmissions, resource type (periodic, semi-persistent, aperiodic) , bandwidth (FR1 -5 MHz to 200 MHz; FR2 -50 MHz -2 GHz) , SRS resource set list comprising number of SRS resources per set, spatial relation information, pathloss reference information, spatial relation information per SRS resource, SSB information, SRS frequency, bandwidth aggregation indication, positioning validity area.
[0128] With reference to above examples, the base station / gNB receives SRS transmissions from a UE and performs subsequent measurements, where these measurements may be UL-based positioning measurement (i.e. UL positioning measurement) . In some implementations, the positioning information may be further determined based on at least one downlink-based positioning measurement. For example, UL-based positioning measurement and DL-based positioning measurement (i.e. DL positioning measurement) such as gNB Rx-Tx time difference and UE Rx-Tx time difference (Multi-RTT) measurements may be performed to determine the positioning information.
[0129] According to some examples, , the base station / gNB performs one or more positioning measurement based on a received reference signal, e.g., UL-reference signal without any association information as seen in Table 1, which shows an overview of raw measurement training dataset at gNB / NG-RAN node for measurements made up from multiple PRU UEs / UEs. The multiple PRU UEs / UEs may be an example of the at least one UE mentioned in the process 200 above.
[0130] Table 1
[0131] Depending on the number of configured measurements and number of UEs involved, a list / training dataset comprising positioning measurements is created / developed at the gNB / NG-RAN. This training dataset may be used to train any number of AI / ML models situated in, depending on the implementation, an over-the-top (OTT) server or gNB / NG-RAN or location server (LMF) . However, in order to train a supervised / semi-supervised AI / ML model, additional meta information, e.g., label information, is required in terms of the UEs / PRU UEs from which the positioning measurements are based, associated location information of these PRU UEs / UEs. The gNB / NG-RAN node may be enhance / update / modify the initially created training data comprising of only measurements as seen in Table 2 based on the information exchange with a network function or UE / device. Table 2 is an example of how the additional ground truth data information elements may be used to train an AI / ML model, and shows an overview of enhanced / updated training dataset at gNB / NG-RAN node with ground truth data information. In another implementation, the positioning measurements and additional meta information (e.g. label information in the ground truth data information) may be used to create a training dataset in a single step / procedure to be used for AI / ML model training or performance monitoring.
[0132] Table 2
[0133] In some examples, the network entity 201, e.g., the base station / gNB / NG-RAN node is not aware about the one or more UEs / devices that serves as a PRU that serve as a source to the ground truth measurement and its related data. The base station / gNB / NG-RAN node may need to implicitly or explicitly obtain PRU information in order to validate or differentiate the ground truth data information which it may need, so as to process for training its own model in the case of AI / ML assisted positioning.
[0134] In some examples, the network node 202 (e.g. a location server or an LMF) provide, for example to the network entity 201, PRU information based on at least one location service (LCS) privacy profile of at least one UE, and / or LCS subscriber data of the at least one UE. In such examples, the PRU information may explicitly indicating at least one PRU UE, and the network node 202 may be a location server or an LMF. On the network entity 201 side, the network entity 201 may obtain PRU information explicitly indicating at least one PRU UE based on the at least one LCS privacy profile of at least one UE, and / or the LCS subscriber data of the at least one UE.
[0135] In some examples, the at least one PRU UE are explicitly indicated based on the following conditions: an indication (referred to as a first indication) in the at least one LCS privacy profile being provided, in which the first indication indicates that location information of the at least one UE is allowed or location information sharing with the network entity is allowed; and a PRU indication (referred to as a first PRU indication) in the LCS subscriber data being present, in which the first PRU indication indicates whether a UE is a PRU UE. For example, in the case of explicit indication, the NG-RAN node / gNB may determine the PRU information based on the stored information of the UE within the UDM, which includes LCS privacy profile of the UE, in which the following conditions need to be satisfied: (i) location privacy profile indication being provided and the associated field “location is allowed” or “location sharing with NG-RAN / gNB node (an is allowed” example of the first indication) . The NG-RAN node / gNB may process the location of the normal UE / PRU UE for AI / ML procedures including labels associated to a ground truth, and (ii) UE LCS subscriber data is provided and PRU indication (i.e. the first PRU indication) is present.
[0136] In some examples, on the network entity 201 side, the at least one of the first indication or the first PRU indication is received from a unified data management (UDM) . Alternatively, the at least one of the first indication or the first PRU indication is received from an access and mobility management function (AMF) . Alternatively, the at least one of the first indication or the first PRU indication is received via an operations, administration, and maintenance (OAM) signalling. Alternatively, the at least one of the first indication or the first PRU indication is received from the location server or the LMF. On the network node 202 side, the network node 202 may receive the first indication and / or the first PRU indication from the UDM, the AMF, or store the first indication and / or the first PRU indication at the LMF locally. For example, the following methods may be used to solicit the request of one or more information elements (IEs) within the location privacy profile indication and / or UE LCS subscriber data. Specifically, the NG-RAN node / gNB may request such information from the AMF, which triggers a further request from the AMF to the UDM, and then the UDM responds to the AMF, which then returns a response to the NG-RAN node / gNB. In an alternative implementation, if such information is stored at the AMF. The NG-RAN node / gNB can transmit a request to the AMF which then provides a response of the privacy profile information and LCS subscriber data. In an alternative implementation, the NG-RAN node may request such information from the LMF, which triggers a further request from the LMF to the AMF. Then the AMF responds to the LMF, which then returns a response to the NG-RAN node / gNB. In some examples, the network node 202 may receive the first indication and / or the first PRU indication via an OAM signalling. For example, the NG-RAN node / gNB may receive information that a UE is acting as PRU via OAM signalling.
[0137] In some examples, as mentioned above, the at least one of the first indication or the first PRU indication may be received from the location server or the LMF. In some examples, the location information of the at least one UE and the first PRU indication are received from the location server or the LMF by reusing a new radio (NR) positioning protocol A (NRPPa) positioning information request message. For example, in a similar alternative implementation, the NG-RAN node may request such information from the LMF. If the LMF is aware about the location privacy profile indication and UE LCS subscriber data, then it can share the location and associated PRU indication by re-using an existing message, e.g., NR Positioning Protocol Annex (NRPPa) Positioning Information Request message as shown in Table 3 which shows NRPPa positioning information request and an explicit indication about PRU awareness and UE location processing. Some contents according the present disclosure are emphasized in bold in Table 3 below.
[0138] Table 3
[0139] It should be noted that the above information retrieval mechanisms about the UE acting as a PRU and location sharing may be based on solicited or unsolicited requests. For example, for the case of the solicitied request, the LMF node is requesting information for a certain functionality, and it can provide UE association information, e.g. information including a PRU indication. For the case of the unsolcitied request, the LMF can simply signal the UE association information without transmitting a request message.
[0140] Using this information, such as, e.g. information including a PRU indication, the NG-RAN node / gNB can better associate the performed UL positioning measurements with the UE acting as a PRU as part of ground truth data collection and training input for an AI / ML model at the gNB or gNB OTT server.
[0141] In some examples, the network node may be the location server or the LMF, and the network node 202 may provide PRU information implicitly indicating at least one PRU UE based on at least one parameter including an NRPPa transaction identity (ID) and a type of uplink reference signal (e.g. SRS) configuration. Alternatively or additionally, the network node 202 may provide PRU information implicitly indicating at least one PRU UE based on based on cell-radio network temporary identifier (C-RNTI) , or S-temporary mobile subscriber identifier (S-TMSI) , or globally unique temporary identifier (GUTI) , or any other defined UE ID or radio resource control (RRC) connection context, or rate of location change of the at least one UE, or any combination thereof.
[0142] On the network entity 201 side, the network entity 201 may obtain the PRU information implicitly indicating at least one PRU UE based on: (i) at least one parameter including an NRPPa transaction ID and a type of uplink reference signal configuration; and / or (ii) one or more of the following: cell-radio network temporary identifier (C-RNTI) , S-temporary mobile subscriber identifier (S-TMSI) , globally unique temporary identifier (GUTI) , any other defined UE ID, radio resource control (RRC) connection context, or rate of location change of the at least one UE. As an example, in the case of implicit indication, the NG-RAN node / gNB may determine the PRU information including indications based on a few parameters including received NRPPa transaction ID, type of SRS configuration (e.g. whether the SRS configuration is designed for stationary UE, or if the configuration is designed for a limited area comprising one or two cells e.g., if the positioning validity area cell list IE message comprises a few cells) . As another example, the combination of the C-RNTI, the S-TMSI, the GUTI, or any other UE ID, RRC connection context and rate of location change (e.g., a UE being stationary for long periods may be assumed to be a PRU UE-low rate of location change) may be used in one or more combinations to implicitly infer whether the UE is acting as a PRU UE.
[0143] In some cases, the implicit indication of PRU information may not fully reveal the association between the performed UL positioning measurements at the NG-RAN / gNB and PRU UE indication and / or associated location. In some examples, the ground truth data information may be used for indicating whether a UE is a PRU UE. For example, the ground truth data information may comprise association information of at least one PRU UE and at least one performed positioning measurement, which the association information may comprise a PRU indication (referred to as a second PRU indication) indicating whether a UE is a PRU UE.
[0144] As mentioned above, the network node 202 may provide, to the network entity 201, the ground truth data information including the association information of at least one PRU UE and at least one performed positioning measurement. For example, the LMF may provide the association information of the PRU UE and performed UL measurement (s) after receiving one or more measurement reports from the NG-RAN node / gNB. The existing measurement transfer exchange procedure is non-UE associated such that the NG-RAN node / gNB reports the performed one or more UL measurements and reports these one or more UL measurements to the LMF without any knowledge of UE association, i.e., the association of UE and the performed measurements are not available or not known to the NG-RAN node / gNB. In order to maintain a degree of anonymity of the PRU UE to the gNB, a new PRU ID may be defined to distinguish ground truth data including label and associated label metrics from the PRU UE. Table 4 is an illustrative example of the one or more ground truth data information elements contained within a new or existing NRPPa message. In other words, this information in Table 4 also corresponds to the label information associated to each measurement for each normal UE / PRU UE. The ground truth data information shown in Table 4 may be provided from a network node, e.g., location server / LMF or analytical data repository function (ADRF) or network data analytics function (NWDAF) . Some contents according the present disclosure are emphasized in bold in Table 4 below.
[0145] Table 4
[0146] The above implementation may consider the UE / PRU UE association of measurements made at one gNB / NG-RAN node, i.e. an example of the network entity 201. In some examples, continuing with reference to the process 200, the positioning information may be further determined based on at least one uplink-based positioning measurement at a further network entity different from the network entity 201. For example, in the event that a gNB-side model considers measurements from other NG-RAN nodes / gNBs, this is also supported by the above implementation as long as the UE / PRU UE association for each measurement made in another NG-RAN node / gNB is maintained and differentiated as part of the ground truth data information. For example, Table 4 above may be signalled from the LMF but associated with another NG-RAN node / gNB which would be useful for training at the NG-RAN node / gNB with the AI / ML model. This association of another NG-RAN node / gNB may be described and differentiated in terms of an NG-RAN / gNB node identifier / globally unique TRP ID / cell ID and so forth.
[0147] Some examples below will describe an example of ground truth data exchange procedure between the network entity 201 and the network node 202, i.e., as mentioned above, the network entity 201 requests the ground truth data information, and the network node 202 responds the request, and transmits the ground truth data information, in which the network node 202 is a location server or an LMF. In some examples, the network entity 201 may determine whether location information of at least one UE is allowed or location information sharing with the network entity is allowed, and determine whether the at least one UE is at least one PRU UE. In some examples, the location information sharing is allowed based on processing of the location information being allowed by the at least one UE.
[0148] In some examples below, the network entity (e.g. the network entity 201) , the gNB, the NG-RAN node may be used interchangeable. The various signalling procedures are detailed, which enable the triggered request and response by the gNB to assist in exchanging information relevant to various AI / ML LCM procedures. The main objective / purpose of this procedure is for the NG-RAN node / gNB to request ground truth data information from another network node, e.g., location server or LMF or ADRF or NWDAF.
[0149] FIG. 3 illustrates an example process 300 of ground truth data information exchange procedure in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, specifically, it illustrates a basic signalling flow for a successful exchange of ground truth data information between network entity 301 (e.g. an NG-RAN node) and a network node 302, e.g., LMF / location server. An exemplary interface could utilize NRPPa signalling in the case that the information exchange is between a base station and location server. The network entity 301 may be an example of the network entity 201. The network node 302 may be an example of the network node 202.
[0150] As shown in the process 300, at 312, the network entity 301 initiates this procedure by transmitting a ground truth data information request message to a network node 302. The network node 302 may be a core network entity, e.g., LMF, ADRF, NWDAF.
[0151] At 314, the network node 302 determines whether the UE location sharing is allowed with the NG-RAN node / UE location retrieval process is to be initiated if UE location not available. This may also consist of initiating another UE location privacy check process with other responsible core network entities, e.g., UDM, AMF, and determining whether location sharing is allowed. In the case that the ground truth data information comprises no form of UE / PRU UE location retrieval, the step 314 may be skipped, e.g., in the case that ground truth data information only comprises LOS / NLOS information or timing (TOA) information of each reported path.
[0152] At 316, the network node 302 determines whether the UE is an enabled to operate as PRU UE. This may also consist of initiating another PRU check process with other responsible core network entities, e.g., UDM, AMF, and determining whether the UE acting as a PRU is allowed. In one implementation, depending on the hardware capabilities and subscription information of the UE, a UE may be configured in a dynamic fashion to act as a PRU UE.
[0153] At 318a, upon successful outcome of the checks / review process in steps 314 and 316, the network node 302 then responds with a ground truth data information response message that contains the available label information and associated label metrics applicable to the relevant PRUs or Non-PRU UEs (normal UEs) as shown in Table 4.
[0154] Continuing with reference to FIG. 2, and the process 200, for example, the network node is a location server or an LMF. In some other examples, the ground truth data information cannot be successfully obtained by the network entity (e.g. the network entity 201) . In such examples, the first response comprises a ground truth data information failure message if the ground truth data information is unavailable. Additionally or alternatively, the first response comprises a ground truth data information failure message if location information of at least one UE is not allowed. Additionally or alternatively, the first response comprises a ground truth data information failure message if location information of at least one UE is not available. Additionally or alternatively, the first response comprises a ground truth data information failure message if location information sharing with the network entity is disabled. In some examples, the network entity 201 may perform one of the following based on the ground truth data information failure message: preventing from updating the positioning information, or switching a first positioning method for determining the positioning information to a second positioning method, or stopping a first artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) model to be trained for the positioning measurement, or switching the first AI / ML model to a second AI / ML model.
[0155] FIG. 4 illustrates another example process 400 of ground truth data information exchange procedure in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. Specifically, FIG. 4 illustrates a basic signalling flow for an unsuccessful exchange of ground truth data between the network entity 301 (e.g. an NG-RAN node or other examples of the network entity 201 above) and the network node 302 (e.g., LMF / location server or ADRF or NWDAF) , in the event ground truth information is unavailable or the location sharing privacy checks in step 314 is unsuccessful.
[0156] As shown in the process 400, at 312, the network entity 301 initiates this ground truth data information exchange procedure by transmitting a ground truth data information request message.
[0157] At 314, the network node 302 determines whether the UE location sharing is allowed with the NG-RAN node / UE location retrieval process is to be initiated if UE location not available. If the location sharing is not enabled, then may skip directly to step 318b.
[0158] At 316, the network node 302 determines whether the UE is enabled to operate as PRU UE. This may also consist of initiating another PRU check process with other responsible core network entities, e.g., UDM, AMF and determining whether the UE acting as a PRU is allowed.
[0159] At 318b, the network node 302 then responds with a ground truth data information failure message in the event that one or more of the following: the ground truth data information / the label information and its associated metrics are unavailable; or the location sharing is disabled or location retrieval process is disabled; or location information of the UE is not allowed or not available.
[0160] In some examples, the NG-RAN node / gNB may request the LMF for the ground truth data information / data including the label information. The LMF may then initiate a ground truth data retrieval request subject to steps 314 and 316 of FIG. 3 with the ADRF. The ADRF may then provide a response of the ground truth data information, which may then be forwarded to the NG-RAN node / gNB. The LMF may provide a gNB or NG-RAN node associated request to the ADRF for such ground truth data information including the label information.
[0161] Some examples below will describe another example of ground truth data exchange procedure between the network entity 201 and the network node 202, i.e., as mentioned above, the network entity 201 requests the ground truth data information, and the network node 202 responds the request, and transmits the ground truth data information, in which the network node 202 is implemented as a UE. As an example, the procedure in such examples may be referred to as, for example, base station / gNB to UE AI / ML label exchange procedure. According to the base station / gNB to UE AI / ML label exchange procedure, the base station / NG-RAN node / gNB may utilize air interface signalling to directly obtain the label information and associated related data as part of the ground truth data information from the UE / PRU UE.
[0162] A number of assumptions can be made for this scenario including the fact that the NG-RAN node is already aware about the provided user consent or that the user consent is already given. Additionally, it is assumed that the NG-RAN node does need to know whether the UE is acting as a PRU UE or a non-PRU UE, although the UE can indicate its current state to the NG-RAN node if it is acting as PRU UE or not. This instance of the solution does not need to involve the location server / LMF.
[0163] FIG. 5 illustrates an example process 500 of label information exchange procedure in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. Specifically, FIG. 5 illustrates a basic signalling flow for the exchange of label information for AI / ML LCM procedures, e.g., for the training of gNB-side models. In the process 500, the network entity 501, the NG-RAN node, and the gNB may be used interchangeable with each other. The network node 502 may be used interchangeable with the UE. In such examples, a label information request (an example of the first request 215 in the process 200 above) from the network entity 501 to the UE is transmitted via an RRC message or a medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC CE) . On the UE side, the label information request (an example of the first request 215) is received via the RRC message or the MAC CE.
[0164] As shown in the process 500, at 512, the network entity 501 initiates a label information request procedure, e.g., this label information request may be transferred via a variety of different RRC messages from the gNB to the UE. In an illustrative example, the label information request may be transmitted in same RRC reconfiguration message containing the SRS for positioning configuration. This label information may comprise of the location information of the UE, for example. This location information may be provided based on RAT-dependent (e.g., DL-TDOA, DL-AoD) or RAT-independent positioning (A-GNSS, WiFi, Bluetooth, etc. ) techniques.
[0165] At 514, the network node 502, i.e. the UE, then responds with a label information response message according to request transmitted by the network entity 501 at 512, provided the UE has the capability and if it is available at the UE. The location information response can further comprise the following: location stamp, location coordinates, location horizontal / vertical uncertainty / confidence / error, location source, or horizontal / vertical velocity estimates.
[0166] For gNB-side models, the gNB may associate the received label information with the performed / received measurements, e.g., UL positioning measurements, at the base station / gNB using the above procedures. The pairing of label information and the performed / received measurements e.g., UL positioning measurements may be used to perform supervised or semi-supervised training of the AI / ML model.
[0167] As mentioned in the examples above, the label information request (an example of the first request in the process 200 above) from the network entity 501 to the UE is transmitted via an RRC message. In another implementation, other signalling mechanisms may be considered for label information exchange between the NG-RAN node / gNB and the UE, for example, a medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC CE) and so forth. That is, for example, the label information request may be transmitted via the MAC CE.
[0168] If user consent is not given or is not yet available, the gNB may leverage the user consent provided by the MDT framework to collect ground truth data from desired UE (s) / PRU UE (s) . An example may include a list per PLMN / tracking area / ran notification area / cell / zone of UEs where prior UE user consent was already provided for MDT or AI / ML data collection procedures using MDT as a framework. A text box “LoggedMeasurementConfiguration message” below shows an exemplary signalling message content from the gNB to the UE about a UE / PRU UE’s eligibility to provide ground truth data including label information and indication whether the UE is PRU UE or not (normal UE) . The text box below is equally applicable to immediate logging framework. The user consent mentioned above, for example, the UE / device user consent to process the location of the UE / device. Some contents according the present disclosure are emphasized in bold in text box below.
[0169] LoggedMeasurementConfiguration message
[0170] In some examples, the contents of the text box may be an example signalling for AI / ML ground truth data collection based on eligible UE / PRU UEs as part of the PLMN Identity List or AI / ML Identity List. Table 5 below shows loggedMeasurementConfiguration field descriptions.
[0171] Table 5
[0172] As mentioned above, the ground truth data information may be used to perform monitoring of an AI / ML model, in order to derive performance metrics and analyze the performance the AI / ML model against the ground truth data information. Some examples below will further describe the performance monitoring of the AI / ML model. The network node may be a location server or an LMF in such examples.
[0173] Continuing with reference to FIG. 2, in some examples, the network node 202 may be the location server or the LMF. The network node 202 may transmit, to the network entity 201, a request (referred to as a third request) for at least one inference output of an AI / ML model (referred to as a first AI / ML model) trained based on the ground truth data information. Then the network entity 201 may receive the third request from the network node 202. After receiving the third request, the network entity 201 may transmit, to the network node 202, a response (referred to as a second response) including the at least one inference output. On the network node 202 side, the network node 202 may receive the second response from the network entity 201. As an example, the details may further refer to steps 612 and 614 in FIG. 6 below.
[0174] In some other examples, the network node 202 may be the location server or the LMF. the network node 202 may transmit, to the network entity 201, at least one request (refer to as at least one fourth request) for (i) at least one inference output of a first AI / ML model trained based on the ground truth data information and (ii) at least one functional characteristic of the first AI / ML model. Then the network entity 201 may receive the at least one fourth request from the network node 202. In such examples, one fourth request among the at least one fourth request may be used for requesting (i) at least one inference output of a first AI / ML model trained based on the ground truth data information, and the other fourth request may be used for requesting (ii) at least one functional characteristic of the first AI / ML model. Alternatively, the at least one fourth request above may be a single request for requesting both (i) at least one inference output of a first AI / ML model trained based on the ground truth data information and (ii) at least one functional characteristic of the first AI / ML model. After receiving the at least one fourth request, the network entity 201 may transmit, to the network node 202, a response (referred to as a third response) including the at least one inference output and the at least one functional characteristic. The network node 202 may receive the third response from the network entity 201. As an example, the details may further refer to steps 612 to 618 in FIG. 6 below.
[0175] In some examples, the network node 202 which is a location server or an LMF, may determine performance information of the first AI / ML model based on at least one inference output. In some other examples, the network node 202 which is a location server or an LMF, may determine performance information of the first AI / ML model based on the at least one inference output and at least one functional characteristic. In some examples, after determining the performance information, the network node 202 may transmit, to the network entity 201, the performance information of the first AI / ML model, e.g., the AI / ML model performance result. The network entity 201 receives the performance information of a first AI / ML model from the network node 202, and may perform an operation (or take an action) on the first AI / ML model. What operation is to be performed may be decided by the network entity 201 or the network node 202. In an example implementation, the network node 202 may determine and perform the operation based on the received AI / ML model performance information from the network node 202. In another example implementation, the network node 202 may determine, based on the performance information, an operation on the first AI / ML model to be performed at the network entity 601, and transmit, to the network entity 201, a first message indicating the determined operation. Then the network entity 201 may receive the first message from the network node 202, and perform corresponding operation based on first message indicating the operation to be performed. In some examples, the operation may be switching the first AI / ML model to a second AI / ML model. Alternatively, the operation may be updating at least one model parameter of the first AI / ML model. Alternatively, the operation may be initiating a training procedure of the first AI / ML model. Alternatively, the operation may be activating the second AI / ML model. Alternatively, the operation may be deactivating the first AI / ML model.
[0176] In some examples, as mentioned above, the network node 202 may request the at least one functional characteristic. In some examples, the at least one functional characteristic is requested based on at least one network configuration. Additionally, the at least one functional characteristic may be further requested based on at least one network additional condition (e.g. NW-side additional conditions below) and / or at least one UE additional condition (e.g. UE-side additional conditions below) .
[0177] For example, a network node (e.g. the network node 202) may request various functional characteristics of an AI / ML model at the NG-RAN node / gNB in order to fulfill different LCM procedures, e.g., performance monitoring. The functional characteristics of the AI / ML model refers to an AI / ML-enabled feature / feature group (FG) enabled by configuration (s) , where configuration (s) is (are) supported based on conditions indicated by UE capability. Correspondingly, functionality of the AI / ML model operates based on, at least, one configuration of AI / ML-enabled feature / FG or specific configurations of an AI / ML-enabled feature / FG. A UE / network may have one AI / ML model for the functionality, or UE / network may have multiple AI / ML models for the functionality. For an AI / ML-enabled feature / FG, additional conditions refer to any aspects that are assumed for the training of the model but are not a part of UE capability for the AI / ML-enabled feature / FG. It does not imply that additional conditions are necessarily specified. Additional conditions can be divided into two categories: NW-side additional conditions and UE-side additional conditions. In order to perform remote AI / ML monitoring of a model in another entity such as a base station / gNB / NG-RAN node, the location server may require certain parameters relating to the model. There are two cases considered. Case A is that another entity, e.g., gNB with an AI / ML model is willing to share a certain level of functional detail regarding one or more AI / ML models with the location server / LMF in addition to one or more model inference outputs in order to perform AI / ML model monitoring. Case B is that another entity, e.g., gNB is only willing to share the inference output with the location server / LMF in order to perform AI / ML model monitoring.
[0178] In the case of a number of models from a single gNB being monitored, or the case of a number of total AI / ML models being monitored across a set of gNBs, the choice on whether to switch / update AI / ML model may be based on the AI / ML model performance result.
[0179] FIG. 6 illustrates an example process 600 of AI / ML model performance monitoring procedure in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. FIG. 6 specifically illustrates the basic operation of the case A above, where it is assumed that the NG-RAN node makes the decision on whether to update / switch a model based on the model performance result. The network entity 601 may be an example of the network entity 201. The network node 602 may be an example of the network node 202 which is a location server or an LMF. The “network entity 601” and “gNB” and “base station” and “NG-RAN node” may be used interchangeably with each other in some steps below.
[0180] In the process 600, at 612, the network node 602, e.g., a location server or an LMF, requests the AI / ML model inference output. One or more AI / ML model inference outputs may be requested corresponding to one more AI / ML models at a gNB / base station / NG-RAN node. An example of the AI / ML model inference output is the LOS or NLOS or path timing information, e.g., TOA of each path, associated to a positioning measurement.
[0181] At 614, the gNB / base station / NG-RAN node responds, to the network node 602, with AI / ML model inference output as in step 612.
[0182] At 616, the network node 602, e.g., location server / LMF requests the AI / ML model functional parameters. One or more AI / ML model functional parameters may be requested corresponding to one more AI / ML models at the gNB / base station / NG-RAN node.
[0183] At 618, the network entity 601 (gNB / base station / NG-RAN node) responds, to the network node 602, with AI / ML model functional parameters as requested in step 616.
[0184] As mentioned above, the at least one inference output of a first AI / ML model trained based on the received ground truth data information and the at least one functional characteristic of the first AI / ML model may be requested in a single request. With reference to the process 600, in such examples, the AI / ML model inference output and the AI / ML model functional parameters may be requested in one step, and the responses at 614 and 618 may be provided as a single message in a subsequent step. That is, the steps 612 and 616 may be combined as a single step, and the steps 614 and 618 may be combined as a single subsequent step.
[0185] At 620, the network node 602 determines the AI / ML model performance based on the information provided in the previous steps (e.g. step 614, or both steps 614 and 618) . The AI / ML model performance can be implemented and evaluated in a number of ways, e.g., positioning accuracy in terms 2D accuracy, 3D accuracy; direction accuracy in terms of azimuth and / or elevation accuracy; distance accuracy, e.g., range accuracy, based on a percentage of error, 0% (no error) to 100%error; abstract performance metrics such as excellent, good, satisfactory, poor, and so forth; in terms of probabilities of good classification with soft metrics, ranging from 0 to 1, in various configurable steps, e.g., 0.1, 0.25, etc. Cumulative distribution functions or probability distribution functions of positioning availability and positioning / direction accuracy are also support as AI / ML performance monitoring metrics.
[0186] At 622, the network node 602 transfers the AI / ML model performance result to the NG-RAN node. The AI / ML model performance result is a result of determining the AI / ML model performance.
[0187] At 624, the network entity 601 (NG-RAN node) determines whether to take further action on the AI / ML model based on the received AI / ML model performance result, e.g., whether to switch the AI / ML model (i.e. the first AI / ML model above, or referred to as current AI / ML model) to another AI / ML model (i.e. the second AI / ML model above) , or whether to update model parameters of the AI / ML model, or whether to initiate new training procedure for the AI / ML model, or whether to activate new AI / ML model, or whether to deactivate current AI / ML model, and so forth.
[0188] In some other examples, as the case B above, the process 600 in FIG. 6 may be further implemented with the absence of steps 616 and 618. This corresponds to the scenario where the NG-RAN node does not intend to share any AI / ML functionality with another entity performing AI / ML model performance monitoring.
[0189] Continuing with reference to FIG. 2 or FIG. 6, the functional details that are to be signaled will be described below, in which network configurations and / or network / UE conditions may be involved.
[0190] The at least one network configuration may comprise an antenna reference point (ARP) ID and ARP location information, or downlink reference signal beam information (e.g. NR-PRS beam information) , or TRP beam antenna information, or a downlink reference signal configuration (e.g. DL-PRS configuration) , or an uplink reference signal configuration (e.g. SRS configuration) , or an uplink reference signal validity area cell list (e.g. SRS validity area cell list) , or a validity area specific uplink reference signal configuration (e.g. the validity area specific SRS configuration) , or an aggregated uplink or downlink reference signal configuration (e.g. aggregated SRS / PRS configuration) , or a positioning validity area cell list ( {NR CGI, NR PCI} ) , or any combination thereof.
[0191] The at least one network additional condition may comprise measurement beam information (including, e.g. DL-PRS resource ID, DL-PRS resource set or SSB index) , or mapping of downlink reference signal resource ID to physical antenna locations (e.g. mapping of PRS resource ID to physical antenna locations (for multi -RTT methods which also require UE Rx-Tx time difference measurements) ) , or TRP Tx timing error group information, or TRP Rx timing error group information, or TRP Rx and Tx timing error group information, or TRP real time difference (RTD) information (synchronization error) , or TRP initial phase offset information, or at least one measurement from a same network entity (e.g. gNB) or multiple network entities (e.g. gNBs / NG-RAN nodes) , or any combination thereof.
[0192] The at least one UE additional condition may comprise mapping of uplink reference signal resource ID to physical antenna locations (e.g. mapping of SRS resource ID to physical antenna locations) , or a UE location, or a UE orientation, or a UE direction, or UE Tx timing error group information, or UE Rx timing error group information, or UE Rx and Tx timing error group information, or UE initial phase offset information, or PRU initial phase offset information, or UE carrier frequency offset error information, or UE antenna reference point (ARP) ID and ARP location information, or PRU carrier frequency offset error information, or UE mobility information (e.g., horizontal / vertical velocity estimates) , or any combination thereof.
[0193] In some other examples, FIG. 6 may be implemented with step 624 being performed at the entity node 602 side. That is, the entity node 602 performs the AI / ML model performance monitoring, which results in a further message (e.g. the first message mentioned above) being transmitted to the NG-RAN node on the intended action (i.e. the operation indicated in the first message) to be performed, e.g., whether to switch model, update model parameters, initiate new training for the model, activate a new model, deactivate the current model and so forth.
[0194] FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a device 700 that supports configuration enhancements, such as configuration enhancements for AI / ML LCM procedures, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The device 700 may be an example of the UE 104 or the network entity 102 or an entity in the core network 106 as described herein. The device 700 may support wireless communication with one or more network entities 102, UEs 104, or any combination thereof. The device 700 may include components for bi-directional communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a processor 702, a memory 704, a transceiver 706, and, optionally, an I / O controller 708. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses) .
[0195] The processor 702, the memory 704, the transceiver 706, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. For example, the processor 702, the memory 704, the transceiver 706, or various combinations or components thereof may support a method for performing one or more of the operations described herein.
[0196] In some implementations, the processor 702, the memory 704, the transceiver 706, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry) . The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some implementations, the processor 702 and the memory 704 coupled with the processor 702 may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., executing, by the processor 702, instructions stored in the memory 704) .
[0197] For example, the processor 702 may support wireless communication at the device 700 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, the processor 702 may be configured to be operable to support a means for receiving, from a first user equipment (UE) , an uplink reference signal; a means for determining positioning information of the first UE based on the received uplink reference signal; a means for transmitting, to a network node, a first request for ground truth data information associated to a positioning measurement for the first UE; a means for receiving, from the network node, a first response for the requested ground truth data information based on the transmitted request; and a means for updating the positioning information based on the received ground truth data information. The processor 702 may be configured to operable to support other means for other implementations of method 900.
[0198] In some other examples, the processor 702 may be configured to operable to support a means for receiving, from a network entity, a first request for ground truth data information associated to a positioning measurement for a first UE; and a means for transmitting, to the network entity, a first response for the requested ground truth data information based on the received request. The processor 702 may be configured to operable to support other means for other implementations of method 900.
[0199] The processor 702 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, a microcontroller, an ASIC, an FPGA, a programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic component, a discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof) . In some implementations, the processor 702 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other implementations, a memory controller may be integrated into the processor 702. The processor 702 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the memory 704) to cause the device 700 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.
[0200] The memory 704 may include random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM) . The memory 704 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 702 cause the device 700 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some implementations, the code may not be directly executable by the processor 702 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some implementations, the memory 704 may include, among other things, a basic I / O system (BIOS) which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.
[0201] The I / O controller 708 may manage input and output signals for the device 700. The I / O controller 708 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the device M02. In some implementations, the I / O controller 708 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral. In some implementations, the I / O controller 708 may utilize an operating system such as or another known operating system. In some implementations, the I / O controller 708 may be implemented as part of a processor, such as the processor 702. In some implementations, a user may interact with the device 700 via the I / O controller 708 or via hardware components controlled by the I / O controller 708.
[0202] In some implementations, the device 700 may include a single antenna 710. However, in some other implementations, the device 700 may have more than one antenna 710 (i.e., multiple antennas) , including multiple antenna panels or antenna arrays, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. The transceiver 706 may communicate bi-directionally, via the one or more antennas 710, wired, or wireless links as described herein. For example, the transceiver 706 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver 706 may also include a modem to modulate the packets, to provide the modulated packets to one or more antennas 710 for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from the one or more antennas 710. The transceiver 706 may include one or more transmit chains, one or more receive chains, or a combination thereof.
[0203] A transmit chain may be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) . The transmit chain may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques such as amplitude modulation (AM) , frequency modulation (FM) , or digital modulation schemes like phase-shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) . The transmit chain may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over the wireless medium. The transmit chain may also include one or more antennas 710 for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.
[0204] A receive chain may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) over a wireless medium. For example, the receive chain may include one or more antennas 710 for receive the signal over the air or wireless medium. The receive chain may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA) ) configured to amplify the received signal. The receive chain may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the receive signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during transmission of the signal. The receive chain may include at least one decoder for decoding the processing the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.
[0205] FIG. 8 illustrates an example of a processor 800 that supports configuration enhancements, such as configuration enhancements for AI / ML LCM procedures, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The processor 800 may be an example of a processor configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 800 may include a controller 802 configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 800 may optionally include at least one memory 804. Additionally, or alternatively, the processor 800 may optionally include one or more arithmetic-logic units (ALUs) 806. One or more of these components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses) .
[0206] The processor 800 may be a processor chipset and include a protocol stack (e.g., a software stack) executed by the processor chipset to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor chipset may include one or more cores, one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 800) or other memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , dynamic RAM (DRAM) , synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM) , static RAM (SRAM) , ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM) , magnetic RAM (MRAM) , resistive RAM (RRAM) , flash memory, phase change memory (PCM) , and others) .
[0207] The controller 802 may be configured to manage and coordinate various operations (e.g., signaling, receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) of the processor 800 to cause the processor 800 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. For example, the controller 802 may operate as a control unit of the processor 800, generating control signals that manage the operation of various components of the processor 800. These control signals include enabling or disabling functional units, selecting data paths, initiating memory access, and coordinating timing of operations.
[0208] The controller 802 may be configured to fetch (e.g., obtain, retrieve, receive) instructions from the memory 804 and determine subsequent instruction (s) to be executed to cause the processor 800 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The controller 802 may be configured to track memory address of instructions associated with the memory 804. The controller 802 may be configured to decode instructions to determine the operation to be performed and the operands involved. For example, the controller 802 may be configured to interpret the instruction and determine control signals to be output to other components of the processor 800 to cause the processor 800 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. Additionally, or alternatively, the controller 802 may be configured to manage flow of data within the processor 800. The controller 802 may be configured to control transfer of data between registers, arithmetic logic units (ALUs) , and other functional units of the processor 800.
[0209] The memory 804 may include one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor 800 or other memory, such RAM, ROM, DRAM, SDRAM, SRAM, MRAM, flash memory, etc. In some implementation, the memory 804 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., local to the processor 800) . In some other implementations, the memory 804 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., remote to the processor 800) .
[0210] The memory 804 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 800, cause the processor 800 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. The controller 802 and / or the processor 800 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 804 to cause the processor 800 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting transmit power prioritization) . For example, the processor 800 and / or the controller 802 may be coupled with or to the memory 804, the processor 800, the controller 802, and the memory 804 may be configured to perform various functions described herein. In some examples, the processor 800 may include multiple processors and the memory 804 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein.
[0211] The one or more ALUs 806 may be configured to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementation, the one or more ALUs 806 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., the processor 800) . In some other implementations, the one or more ALUs 806 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 800) . One or more ALUs 806 may perform one or more computations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on data. For example, one or more ALUs 806 may receive input operands and an operation code, which determines an operation to be executed. One or more ALUs 806 be configured with a variety of logical and arithmetic circuits, including adders, subtractors, shifters, and logic gates, to process and manipulate the data according to the operation. Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more ALUs 806 may support logical operations such as AND, OR, exclusive-OR (XOR) , not-OR (NOR) , and not-AND (NAND) , enabling the one or more ALUs 806 to handle conditional operations, comparisons, and bitwise operations.
[0212] The processor 800 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples the processor 802 may be configured to or operable to support a means for receiving, from a first user equipment (UE) , an uplink reference signal; a means for determining positioning information of the first UE based on the received uplink reference signal; a means for transmitting, to a network node, a first request for ground truth data information associated to a positioning measurement for the first UE; a means for receiving, from the network node, a first response for the requested ground truth data information based on the transmitted request; and a means for updating the positioning information based on the received ground truth data information. The processor 800 may be configured to or operable to support other means for other implementations of method 800.
[0213] In some other examples, the processor 802 may be configured to or operable to support a means for receiving, from a network entity, a first request for ground truth data information associated to a positioning measurement for a first UE; and a means for transmitting, to the network entity, a first response for the requested ground truth data information based on the received request. The processor 800 may be configured to or operable to support other means for other implementations of method 1000.
[0214] FIG. 9 illustrates a flowchart of a method 900 that supports configuration enhancements, such as configuration enhancements for AI / ML LCM procedures, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 900 may be implemented by a device or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 900 may be performed by the network entity 201 or the network entities 102 as described herein. In some implementations, the device may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0215] At 905, the method includes receiving, from a first user equipment (UE) , an uplink reference signal. The operations of 905 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 905 may be performed by a device as described with reference to FIG. 1 to FIG. 8.
[0216] At 910, the method includes determining positioning information of the first UE based on the received uplink reference signal. The operations of 910 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 910 may be performed by a device as described with reference to FIG. 1 to FIG. 8.
[0217] At 915, the method includes transmitting, to a network node, a first request for ground truth data information associated to a positioning measurement for the first UE. The operations of 915 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 915 may be performed by a device as described with reference to FIG. 1 to FIG. 8.
[0218] At 920, the method includes receiving, from the network node, a first response for the requested ground truth data information based on the transmitted request. The operations of 920 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 920 may be performed by a device as described with reference to FIG. 1 to FIG. 8.
[0219] At 925, the method includes updating the positioning information based on the received ground truth data information. The operations of 925 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 925 may be performed by a device as described with reference to FIG. 1 to FIG. 8.
[0220] FIG. 10 illustrates a flowchart of a method 1000 that supports configuration enhancements, such as configuration enhancements for AI / ML LCM procedures, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1000 may be implemented by a device or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1000 may be performed by the network node 202 or the UE 104 or a device in a core network 106 as described herein. In some implementations, the device may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0221] At 1005, the method includes receiving, from a network entity, a first request for ground truth data information associated to a positioning measurement for a first UE. The operations of 1005 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1005 may be performed by a device as described with reference to FIG. 1 to FIG. 8.
[0222] At 1010, the method may include transmitting, to the network entity, a first response for the requested ground truth data information based on the received request. The operations of 1010 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1010 may be performed by a device as described with reference to FIG. 1 to FIG. 8.
[0223] It should be noted that the methods described herein describes possible implementations, and that the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible. Further, aspects from two or more of the methods may be combined.
[0224] The various illustrative blocks and components described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed with a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a CPU, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.
[0225] The functions described herein may be implemented in hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software executed by a processor, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Other examples and implementations are within the scope of the disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, functions described herein may be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or combinations of any of these. Features implementing functions may also be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations.
[0226] Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer. By way of example, non-transitory computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , flash memory, compact disk (CD) ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that may be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor.
[0227] As used herein, including in the claims, an article “a” before an element is unrestricted and understood to refer to “at least one” of those elements or “one or more” of those elements. The terms “a, ” “at least one, ” “one or more, ” and “at least one of one or more” may be interchangeable. As used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as “at least one of” or “one or more of” or “one or both of” ) indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C) . Also, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step that is described as “based on condition A” may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall be construed in the same manner as the phrase “based at least in part on. Further, as used herein, including in the claims, a “set” may include one or more elements.
[0228] The description herein is provided to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims
1.A network entity comprising:a processor; anda transceiver coupled to the processor,wherein the processor is configured to:receive, via the transceiver and from a first user equipment (UE) , an uplink reference signal;determine positioning information of the first UE based on the received uplink reference signal;transmit, via the transceiver and to a network node, a first request for ground truth data information associated to a positioning measurement for the first UE;receive, via the transceiver and from the network node, a first response for the requested ground truth data information based on the transmitted first request; andupdate the positioning information based on the received ground truth data information.2.The network entity of claim 1, wherein the network entity comprises one of the following:a base station;a gNodeB (gNB) ;a transmission reception point (TRP) ;a next generation radio access network (NG-RAN) node;a centralized unit of a base station; ora distributed unit of a base station.3.The network entity of claim 1, wherein the ground truth data information is associated with at least one line-of-sight (LOS) / non-line-of-sight (NLOS) condition of a channel provided based on an uplink transmission from at least one UE to the network entity or a downlink transmission from the network entity to the at least one UE.4.The network entity of claim 1, wherein the ground truth data information comprises at least one ground truth data information element (IE) indicating the at least one LOS or NLOS condition.5.The network entity of claim 4, wherein the at least one ground truth data IE comprises at least one of the following:a hard indicator;a soft indicator;identifying information of at least one UE;earliest time of arrival (TOA) path of a reference signal from a set of received paths;associated TRP information to receive the reference signal;timestamp information associated to at least one ground truth measurement;measurement quality associated to the at least one ground truth measurement;location information of the at least one UE; oran environment type associated to the at least one ground truth measurement.6.The network entity of claim 1, wherein the ground truth data information comprises label information comprising at least one of the following:identifying information of at least one UE;location information of the at least one UE;timestamp information indicating timing information of the location information;location validity associated with area validity or time-based validity; orlocation uncertainty or quality uncertainty of the at least one UE.7.The network entity of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to:transmit, via the transceiver and to the network node, a second request for validity of label information included in the ground truth data information; andreceive, via the transceiver and from the network node, the requested validity of the label information.8.The network entity of claim 1, wherein the positioning information is further determined based on at least one of the following:at least one downlink-based positioning measurement; orat least one uplink-based positioning measurement at a further network entity.9.The network entity of claim 1, wherein the network node is a location server or a location management function (LMF) , and the processor is further configured to:obtain PRU information explicitly indicating at least one PRU UE based on at least one of the following information:at least one location service (LCS) privacy profile of at least one UE; orLCS subscriber data of the at least one UE.10.The network entity of claim 9, wherein the at least one PRU UE are explicitly indicated based on the following conditions:a first indication in the at least one LCS privacy profile being provided, wherein the first indication indicates that location information of the at least one UE is allowed or location information sharing with the network entity is allowed; anda first PRU indication in the LCS subscriber data being present, wherein the first PRU indication indicates whether a UE is a PRU UE.11.The network entity of claim 10, wherein at least one of the first indication or the first PRU indication is:received from a unified data management (UDM) ;received from an access and mobility management function (AMF) ;received from the location server or the LMF; orreceived via an operations, administration, and maintenance (OAM) signalling.12.The network entity of claim 10, wherein the location information of the at least one UE and the first PRU indication are received from the location server or the LMF by reusing a new radio (NR) positioning protocol A (NRPPa) positioning information request message.13.The network entity of claim 1, wherein the ground truth data information comprises association information of at least one PRU UE and at least one performed positioning measurement.14.The network entity of claim 13, wherein the association information comprises a second PRU indication indicating whether a UE is a PRU UE.15.The network entity of claim 1, wherein the positioning measurement comprises at least one of the following:one or more uplink relative time of arrival (UL-RTOA) measurements;one or more Rx-Tx time difference measurements at the network entity;one or more Rx-Tx time difference measurements at one or more UEs;one or more uplink angle of arrival (UL-AoA) measurements;one or more uplink sounding reference signal reference signal received power (RSRP) measurements;one or more uplink channel impulse response measurements;one or more uplink power delay profile measurements; orone or more uplink delay profile measurements.16.The network entity of claim 1, wherein the network node is a location server or an LMF, and the processor is further configured to at least one of the following:determine whether location information of at least one UE is allowed or location information sharing with the network entity is allowed; ordetermine whether the at least one UE is at least one PRU UE.17.The network entity of claim 1, wherein the network node is a location server or an LMF, and the first response comprises a ground truth data information failure message in the event of at least one of the following:the ground truth data information being unavailable;location information of at least one UE being not allowed;location information of at least one UE being not available; orlocation information sharing with the network entity being disabled.18.A network node comprising:a processor; anda transceiver coupled to the processor,wherein the processor is configured to:receive, via the transceiver and from a network entity, a first request for ground truth data information associated to a positioning measurement for a first UE; andtransmit, via the transceiver and to the network entity, a first response for the requested ground truth data information based on the received first request.19.A processor for wireless communication, comprising:at least one memory; anda controller coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the controller to:receive, from a first user equipment (UE) , an uplink reference signal;determine positioning information of the first UE based on the received uplink reference signal;transmit, to a network node, a first request for ground truth data information associated to a positioning measurement for the first UE;receive, from the network node, a first response for the requested ground truth data information based on the transmitted request; andupdate the positioning information based on the received ground truth data information.20.A processor for wireless communication, comprising:at least one memory; anda controller coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the controller to:receive, from a network entity, a first request for ground truth data information associated to a positioning measurement for a first UE; andtransmit, to the network entity, a first response for the requested ground truth data information based on the received request.
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