Heterocyclic compounds useful as KCNT1 inhibitors

Abstract

The present disclosure provides compounds and pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and methods of using the same.

Description

Attorney Docket No.2018833-0009 HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS USEFUL AS KCNT1 INHIBITORS BACKGROUND OF THEDISCLOSURE

[0001] KCNT1 encodes an outwardly rectifying sodium-activated potassium channel (potassium channel, subfamily T, member 1) commonly known as Slack (Sequence like a calcium- activated K+channel), or as Slo2.2 or KCa4.1. These channels are expressed in central and peripheral neurons and play an important role in neuronal excitability. Gain of function (GoF) mutations in KCNT1 that increase channel activity have been associated with certain diseases or conditions for which there are no existing cures. SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0002] Pathogenic mutations in KCNT1 cause several early onset epilepsies, including epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures (EIMFS) and Autosomal Dominant Nocturnal Frontal Lobe Epilepsy (ADNFLE), now termed Sleep-Related Hypermotor Epilepsy (SHE). In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides the insight that pharmaceutical compounds that selectively modulate abnormal KCNT1 function are useful in treating a neurological disease, disorder or condition related to excessive neuronal excitability and / or KCNT1 gain-of-function mutations.

[0003] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides inhibitors of KCNT1 that are useful for treating conditions requiring modulation of the activity of the potassium channel encoded by KCNT1. In some embodiments, a condition modulated by KCNT1 is a neurological disease. In some such embodiments, a neurological disease is associated with one or more KCNT1 activating mutations. In some embodiments, a neurological disease is selected epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures (EIMFS), also called migrating focal seizures of infancy (MFSI), and Frontal Lobe Epilepsy, also known as Autosomal Dominant Nocturnal Frontal Lobe Epilepsy (ADNFLE) or Sleep-Related Hypermotor Epilepsy (SHE). In some embodiments, a KCNT1 inhibitor provided herein is useful for treating SHE due to causes other than activating mutations in KCNT1, including those due to mutations in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor genes or other genetic or non-genetic causes. In some embodiments, a KCNT1 inhibitor provided herein is useful for treating epilepsy and refractory epilepsy including epileptic encephalopathies, generalized epilepsies, focal epilepsies, and post traumatic epilepsy. In some embodiments, a KCNT1 inhibitor 12436360v1 Page 1 of 62Attorney Docket No.2018833-0009 provided herein is useful for treating, among other things, muscle disorders or psychiatric disorders including but not limited to hyperactivity and anxiety. In some embodiments, a neurological disease is a disease that affects a patient who is a child (i.e., a patient who is less than 18 years of age, a patient who is less than or about 12 years of age, or a patient who is less than or about 6 years of age).

[0004] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a compound of formula I: or a pharmaceutically1 2 xRing A, Ring B, R , R , R , and m is as defined and described herein.

[0005] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, carriers, or diluents.

[0006] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides synthetic intermediates and synthetic processes useful for preparing compounds of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0007] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of treating a disease associated with aberrant (e.g., loss of function, gain of function, etc.) KCNT1 activity, or a mutant thereof, the method comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0008] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of inhibiting one or more mutants of KCNT1, the method comprising contacting a biological sample (e.g., a protein, a cell, a sample derived or obtained from a patient, etc.) with a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0009] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of inhibiting activity of KCNT1, or a mutant thereof, in a patient comprising the step of administering to said patient a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0010] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in medical therapy. 12436360v1 Page 2 of 62Attorney Docket No.2018833-0009

[0011] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of a disease associated with aberrant KCNT1 activity, or a mutant thereof.

[0012] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides the use of a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the preparation of a medicament useful for treating a disease associated with aberrant KCNT1 activity, or a mutant thereof in an animal (e.g., a human). DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS 1. General Description of Compounds of the Disclosure

[0013] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a compound of formula I: or a pharmaceuticallyRing A is a 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; Ring B is a 5- to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, provided that at least one heteroatom is at a position other than the fusion between Ring A and Ring B;from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur or a 9- to 10-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms 12436360v1 Page 3 of 62Attorney Docket No.2018833-0009 independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein R2is substituted with 0-3 instances of Ry; R3is selected from C1-6 aliphatic, a 3- to 6-membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, phenyl, a 10-membered aryl ring, a 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and a 9- to 10-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein R3is substituted with 0-4 instances of Rz; each Rxis selected from optionally substituted C1-6 aliphatic, -N(R)2, and -OR; each Ryis independently selected from oxo, -CN, -N(R)2, –OR, -CO2R, or an optionally substituted group selected from C1-4 aliphatic and a 3- to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring; each Rzis independently selected from –CN, halogen, -OR, -SO2R, and an optionally substituted group selected from C1-6 aliphatic and a 3- to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring; each R is independently selected from hydrogen or an optionally substituted group selected from C1-6 aliphatic, phenyl, a 3- to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, a 3- to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and a 5- to 6- membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and m is 0-2. 2. Compounds and Definitions

[0014] Compounds of this disclosure include those described generally above, and are further illustrated by the classes, subclasses, and species disclosed herein. As used herein, the following definitions shall apply unless otherwise indicated. For purposes of this disclosure, the chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75thEd. Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry are described in “Organic Chemistry”, Thomas Sorrell, University Science Books, Sausalito: 1999, and “March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry”, 5thEd., Ed.: Smith, M.B. and 12436360v1 Page 4 of 62Attorney Docket No.2018833-0009 March, J., John Wiley & Sons, New York: 2001, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

[0015] The term “aliphatic” or “aliphatic group”, as used herein, means a straight-chain (i.e., unbranched) or branched, hydrocarbon chain that is completely saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation. Unless otherwise specified, aliphatic groups contain 1-6 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-5 carbon atoms. In other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-4 carbon atoms. In still other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-3 carbon atoms, and in yet other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-2 carbon atoms. Suitable aliphatic groups include, but are not limited to, linear or branched alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups.

[0016] The term “alkyl” means a monovalent straight-chain (i.e., unbranched) or branched hydrocarbon chain that is completely saturated. Suitable alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n- propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, etc.

[0017] The term “alkenyl” means a monovalent straight-chain (i.e., unbranched) or branched hydrocarbon chain that contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the chain. Suitable alkenyl groups include vinyl, allyl, 1,3-butadienyl, etc.

[0018] The term “alkynyl” means a monovalent straight-chain (i.e., unbranched) or branched hydrocarbon chain that contains at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in the chain. Suitable alkynyl groups include ethynyl (also known as acetylenyl) , prop-1-ynyl, etc.

[0019] The term “carbocyclic” (“cycloaliphatic”, or “carbocycle” or “cycloalkyl”) refers to a monocyclic C3-C7hydrocarbon that is completely saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation, but which is not aromatic, where the radical or point of attachment is on the carbocyclic ring.

[0020] The term “heteroatom” means one or more of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, or silicon (including, any oxidized form of nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, or silicon; the quaternized form of any basic nitrogen or; a substitutable nitrogen of a heterocyclic ring, for example N (as in 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrolyl), NH (as in pyrrolidinyl) or NR+(as ).

[0021] The term “unsaturated”, as used herein, meanshas one or more units of unsaturation (e.g., a carbon-carbon double bond or a carbon-carbon triple bond).

[0022] The term “halogen” means F, Cl, Br, or I. 12436360v1 Page 5 of 62Attorney Docket No.2018833-0009

[0023] The term “aryl” refers to monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic ring systems having a total of five to fourteen carbon ring members, wherein at least one ring in the system is aromatic and wherein each ring in the system contains three to seven ring members, and where the radical or point of attachment is on the aromatic ring. The term “aryl” may be used interchangeably with the term “aryl ring”. In certain embodiments of the present disclosure, “aryl” refers to an aromatic ring system which includes, but is not limited to, phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, anthracyl and the like. Examples of aryl rings fused to one or more non-aromatic rings include indanyl, phthalimidyl, naphthimidyl, phenanthridinyl, or tetrahydronaphthyl, and the like, wherein the point of attachment is on the aryl ring.

[0024] The terms “heteroaryl” and “heteroar–”, used alone or as part of a larger moiety, e.g., “heteroaralkyl”, or “heteroaralkoxy”, refer to groups having 5 to 10 ring atoms, preferably 5, 6, or 9 ring atoms; having 6, 10, or 14 p electrons shared in a cyclic array, and having, in addition to carbon atoms, from one to five heteroatoms. The term “heteroatom” refers to nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and includes any oxidized form of nitrogen or sulfur, and any quaternized form of a basic nitrogen. Heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, thienyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, indolizinyl, purinyl, naphthyridinyl, and pteridinyl. The terms “heteroaryl” and “heteroar–”, as used herein, also include groups in which a heteroaryl ring is fused to one or more aryl, cycloaliphatic, or heterocyclyl rings, where the radical or point of attachment is on the heteroaromatic ring. Nonlimiting examples include indolyl, isoindolyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, dibenzofuranyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 4H–quinolizinyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, and phenoxazinyl. A heteroaryl group may be mono– or bicyclic. The term “heteroaryl” may be used interchangeably with the terms “heteroaryl ring”, “heteroaryl group”, or “heteroaromatic”, any of which terms include rings. The term “heteroaralkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted by a heteroaryl.

[0025] As used herein, the terms “heterocycle”, “heterocyclyl”, “heterocyclic radical”, and “heterocyclic ring” are used interchangeably and refer to a stable 5– to 7–membered monocyclic or 7–10–membered bicyclic heterocyclic moiety that is either saturated or partially unsaturated, and having, in addition to carbon atoms, one or more, preferably one to four, heteroatoms, as defined above. When used in reference to a ring atom of a heterocycle, the term “nitrogen” 12436360v1 Page 6 of 62Attorney Docket No.2018833-0009 includes a nitrogen that may bear one or more substituents as context and valency permit. As an example, in a saturated or partially unsaturated ring having 0–3 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, the nitrogen may be N (as in 3,4–dihydro–2H–pyrrolyl), NH (as in pyrrolidinyl), or+NR (as .

[0026] ring can be attached to its pendant group at any heteroatom or carbonatom that a stable structure. Examples of such saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic radicals include, without limitation, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperazinyl, dioxanyl, dioxolanyl, diazepinyl, oxazepinyl, thiazepinyl, morpholinyl, and quinuclidinyl. The terms “heterocycle”, “heterocyclyl”, “heterocyclyl ring”, “heterocyclic group”, “heterocyclic moiety”, and “heterocyclic radical”, are used interchangeably herein, and also include groups in which a heterocyclyl ring is fused to one or more aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloaliphatic rings, such as indolinyl, 3H–indolyl, chromanyl, phenanthridinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, or tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, where the radical or point of attachment is on the heterocyclyl ring. A heterocyclyl group may be mono– or bicyclic unless otherwise specified. The term “heterocyclylalkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted by a heterocyclyl.

[0027] As used herein, the term “partially unsaturated” refers to a ring moiety that includes at least one double or triple bond. The term “partially unsaturated” is intended to encompass rings having multiple sites of unsaturation but is not intended to include aryl or heteroaryl moieties, as herein defined.

[0028] As described herein, compounds of the disclosure may contain “optionally substituted” moieties. In general, the term “substituted”, whether preceded by the term “optionally” or not, means that one or more hydrogens of the designated moiety are replaced with a suitable substituent. Unless otherwise indicated, an “optionally substituted” group may have a suitable substituent at each substitutable position of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure may be substituted with more than one substituent selected from a specified group, the substituent may be either the same or different at every position. Combinations of substituents envisioned by this disclosure are preferably those that result in the formation of stable or chemically feasible compounds. The term “stable”, as used herein, refers to compounds that are not substantially altered when subjected to conditions to allow for their production, detection, and, in certain 12436360v1 Page 7 of 62Attorney Docket No.2018833-0009 embodiments, their recovery, purification, and use for one or more of the purposes disclosed herein.

[0029] Suitable monovalent substituents on a substitutable carbon atom of an “optionally substituted” group are independently halogen; –(CH2)0–4R°; –(CH2)0–4OR°; -O(CH2)0-4Ro, –O– (CH2)0–4C(O)OR°; –(CH2)0–4CH(OR°)2; –(CH2)0–4SR°; –(CH2)0–4Ph, which may be substituted with R°; –(CH2)0–4O(CH2)0–1Ph which may be substituted with R°; –CH=CHPh, which may be substituted with R°; –(CH2)0–4O(CH2)0–1-pyridyl which may be substituted with R°; –NO2; –CN; –N3; -(CH2)0–4N(R°)2; –(CH2)0–4N(R°)C(O)R°; –N(R°)C(S)R°; –(CH2)0– 4N(R°)C(O)NR°2; -N(R°)C(S)NR°2; –(CH2)0–4N(R°)C(O)OR°; – N(R°)N(R°)C(O)R°; -N(R°)N(R°)C(O)NR°2; -N(R°)N(R°)C(O)OR°; –(CH2)0–4C(O)R°; – C(S)R°; –(CH2)0–4C(O)OR°; –(CH2)0–4C(O)SR°; -(CH2)0–4C(O)OSiR°3; –(CH2)0–4OC(O)R°; – OC(O)(CH2)0–4SR°, SC(S)SR°; –(CH2)0–4SC(O)R°; –(CH2)0–4C(O)NR°2; –C(S)NR°2; –C(S)SR°; –SC(S)SR°, -(CH2)0–4OC(O)NR°2; -C(O)N(OR°)R°; –C(O)C(O)R°; –C(O)CH2C(O)R°; – C(NOR°)R°; -(CH2)0–4SSR°; –(CH2)0–4S(O)2R°; –(CH2)0–4S(O)2OR°; –(CH2)0–4OS(O)2R°; – S(O)2NR°2; -(CH2)0–4S(O)R°; -N(R°)S(O)2NR°2; –N(R°)S(O)2R°; –N(OR°)R°; –C(NH)NR°2; – P(O)2R°; -P(O)R°2; -OP(O)R°2; –OP(O)(OR°)2; SiR°3; –(C1–4 straight or branched alkylene)O– N(R°)2; or –(C1–4 straight or branched alkylene)C(O)O–N(R°)2, wherein each R° may be substituted as defined below and is independently hydrogen, C1–6 aliphatic, –CH2Ph, –O(CH2)0– 1Ph, -CH2-(5-6 membered heteroaryl ring), or a 5–6–membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or, notwithstanding the definition above, two independent occurrences of R°, taken together with their intervening atom(s), form a 3–12–membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl mono– or bicyclic ring having 0–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, which may be substituted as defined below.

[0030] Suitable monovalent substituents on R° (or the ring formed by taking two independent occurrences of R° together with their intervening atoms), are independently halogen, –(CH2)0–2Rl, –(haloRl), –(CH2)0–2OH, –(CH2)0–2ORl, –(CH2)0–2CH(ORl)2; -O(haloRl), –CN, –N3, –(CH2)0– 2C(O)Rl, –(CH2)0–2C(O)OH, –(CH2)0–2C(O)ORl, –(CH2)0–2SRl, –(CH2)0–2SH, –(CH2)0–2NH2, – (CH2)0–2NHRl, –(CH2)0–2NRl2, –NO2, –SiRl3, –OSiRl3, -C(O)SRl, –(C1–4 straight or branched alkylene)C(O)ORl, or –SSRlwherein each Rlis unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is 12436360v1 Page 8 of 62Attorney Docket No.2018833-0009 substituted only with one or more halogens, and is independently selected from C1–4 aliphatic, – CH2Ph, –O(CH2)0–1Ph, or a 5–6–membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0– 4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. Suitable divalent substituents on a saturated carbon atom of R° include =O and =S.

[0031] Suitable divalent substituents on a saturated carbon atom of an “optionally substituted” group include the following: =O, =S, =NNR*2, =NNHC(O)R*, =NNHC(O)OR*, =NNHS(O)2R*, =NR*, =NOR*, –O(C(R*2))2–3O–, or –S(C(R*2))2–3S–, wherein each independent occurrence of R*be substituted as defined below, or anor aryl ring having 0–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. Suitable divalent substituents that are bound to vicinal substitutable carbons of an “optionally substituted” group include: –O(CR*2)2– 3O–, wherein each independent occurrence of R*is selected from hydrogen, C1–6 aliphatic which may be substituted as defined below, or an unsubstituted 5–6–membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

[0032] Suitable substituents on the aliphatic group of R*include halogen, –Rl, -(haloRl), -OH, –ORl, –O(haloRl), –CN, –C(O)OH, –C(O)ORl, –NH2, –NHRl, –NRl2, or –NO2, wherein each Rlis unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted only with one or more halogens, and is independently C1–4 aliphatic, –CH2Ph, –O(CH2)0–1Ph, or a 5–6–membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

[0033] Suitable substituents on a substitutable nitrogen of an “optionally substituted” group include –R†, –NR†2, –C(O)R†, –C(O)OR†, –C(O)C(O)R†, –C(O)CH2C(O)R†, – S(O)2R†, -S(O)2NR†2, –C(S)NR†2, –C(NH)NR†2, or –N(R†)S(O)2R†; wherein each R†is independently hydrogen, C1–6 aliphatic which may be substituted as defined below, unsubstituted –OPh, or an unsubstituted 5–6–membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or, notwithstanding the definition above, two independent occurrences of R†, taken together with their intervening atom(s) form an unsubstituted 3–12–membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl mono– or bicyclic ring having 0–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. 12436360v1 Page 9 of 62Attorney Docket No.2018833-0009

[0034] Suitable substituents on the aliphatic group of R†are independently halogen, – Rl, -(haloRl), –OH, –ORl, –O(haloRl), –CN, –C(O)OH, –C(O)ORl, –NH2, –NHRl, –NRl2, or -NO2, wherein each Rlis unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted only with one or more halogens, and is independently C1–4 aliphatic, –CH2Ph, –O(CH2)0–1Ph, or a 5–6– membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

[0035] As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, S. M. Berge et al., describe pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1977, 66, 1–19, incorporated herein by reference. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this disclosure include those derived from suitable inorganic and organic acids and bases. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange. Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2– hydroxy–ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2–naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3–phenylpropionate, phosphate, pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, p–toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and the like.

[0036] Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium and N+(C1–4alkyl)4 salts. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like. Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and 12436360v1 Page 10 of 62Attorney Docket No.2018833-0009 amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, loweralkyl sulfonate and aryl sulfonate.

[0037] Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include all isomeric (e.g., enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational)) forms of the structure; for example, the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center, Z and E double bond isomers, and Z and E conformational isomers. When a bond in a compound or formula provided herein is drawn in a non-stereochemical manner (e.g., flat), the atom to which the bondis attached includes all stereochemical possibilities. Bold-rectangles ( ) and dashed-rectangles( ) designate relative stereochemistry. When a bond in a formula provided hereinis drawn as a bold-wedge ( ) or a dashed-wedge ( ), it is to be understood that the atom towhich the bond is attached has the stereochemistry as designated and the compound is said to have absolute stereochemistry. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a composition comprising a mixture of two stereoisomers of a compound. A composition that comprises a 50:50 mixture of two stereoisomers is a racemic mixture. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a racemic mixture of two stereoisomeric compounds. In some embodiments, a composition comprising a mixture of two stereoisomers is said to be enriched when the composition comprises a greater amount of one stereoisomer. In some embodiments, the composition is enriched by at least 51% of the absolute stereoisomer depicted. In some embodiments, the composition is enriched by at least 60% of the absolute stereoisomer depicted. In some embodiments, the composition is enriched by at least 80% of the absolute stereoisomer depicted. In some embodiments, the composition is enriched by at least 90% of the absolute stereoisomer depicted. In some embodiments, the composition is enriched by at least 95% of the absolute stereoisomer depicted. In some embodiments, the composition is enriched by at least 99% of the absolute stereoisomer depicted. Therefore, single stereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational) mixtures of the present compounds are within the scope of the disclosure. Unless otherwise stated, all tautomeric forms of the compounds of the disclosure are within the scope of the disclosure. Additionally, unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the present structures including the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by a13C- or14C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this disclosure. 12436360v1 Page 11 of 62Attorney Docket No.2018833-0009 Such compounds are useful, for example, as analytical tools, as probes in biological assays, or as therapeutic agents in accordance with the present disclosure.

[0038] As used herein, the term “inhibitor” is defined as a compound that binds to and / or inhibits the target protein with measurable affinity. In certain embodiments, an inhibitor has an IC50 and / or binding constant of less about 50 mM, less than about 1 mM, less than about 500 nM, less than about 100 nM, or less than about 10 nM.

[0039] The terms “measurable affinity” and “measurably inhibit,” as used herein, means a measurable change in activity of KCNT1, or a mutant thereof, between a sample comprising a compound of the present disclosure, or composition thereof, and KCNT1, or a mutant thereof, and an equivalent sample comprising KCNT1, or a mutant thereof, in the absence of said compound, or composition thereof. 3. Description of Exemplary Compounds

[0040] According to one aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound of formula I:or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Ring A is a 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; Ring B is a 5- to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, provided that at least one heteroatom is at a position other than the fusion between Ring A and Ring B;12436360v1 Page 12 of 62Attorney Docket No.2018833-0009 R2is a 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur or a 9- to 10-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein R2is substituted with 0-3 instances of Ry; R3is selected from C1-6 aliphatic, a 3- to 6-membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, phenyl, a 10-membered aryl ring, a 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and a 9- to 10-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein R3is substituted with 0-4 instances of Rz; each Rxis selected from optionally substituted C1-6 aliphatic, -N(R)2, and -OR; each Ryis independently selected from oxo, -CN, -N(R)2, –OR, -CO2R, or an optionally substituted group selected from C1-4 aliphatic and a 3- to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring; each Rzis independently selected from –CN, halogen, -OR, -SO2R, and an optionally substituted group selected from C1-6 aliphatic and a 3- to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring; each R is independently selected from hydrogen or an optionally substituted group selected from C1-6 aliphatic, phenyl, a 3- to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, a 3- to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and a 5- to 6- membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and m is 0-2.

[0041] As defined generally above, Ring A is a 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. It will be appreciated that when Ring A comprises a nitrogen atom, that nitrogen atom is -N= or -N(R)- as valency permits. In some such embodiments, a nitrogen atom in Ring A is selected from -N= and -N(R)-, wherein R is as defined above and described herein.

[0042] In some embodiments, Ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, Ring A is a 5- 12436360v1 Page 13 of 62Attorney Docket No.2018833-0009 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, Ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl ring having 2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, Ring A is a 5- membered heteroaryl ring having 1 heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, Ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2 nitrogen atoms. In some embodiments, Ring A is a 5-membered ring having 2 nitrogen atoms.

[0043] In some embodiments, Ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 nitrogen atoms. In some embodiments, Ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2 nitrogen atoms. In some embodiments, Ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl ring having 1 nitrogen atom.

[0044] In some embodiments, Ring A is selected from , ,unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, provided that at least one heteroatom is at a position other than the fusion between Ring A and Ring B. It will be appreciated that, in some embodiments, a heteroatom (i.e., one or both heteroatoms) in Ring B is not adjacent to the atom to which R1is attached. 12436360v1 Page 14 of 62Attorney Docket No.2018833-0009

[0047] In some embodiments, Ring B is a 5- to 6-membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, provided that at least one heteroatom is at a position other than the fusion between Ring A and Ring B. In some embodiments, Ring B is a 6- to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, provided that at least one heteroatom is at a position other than the fusion between Ring A and Ring B. In some embodiments, Ring B is a 5-membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, provided that at least one heteroatom is at a position other than the fusion between Ring A and Ring B. In some embodiments, Ring B is a 6-membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, provided that at least one heteroatom is at a position other than the fusion between Ring A and Ring B. In some embodiments, Ring B is a 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, provided that at least one heteroatom is at a position other than the fusion between Ring A and Ring B.

[0048] In some embodiments, Ring B is a 5- to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1 heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, provided that the heteroatom is at a position other than the fusion between Ring A and Ring B. In some embodiments, Ring B is a 5- to 6-membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1 heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, provided that the heteroatom is at a position other than the fusion between Ring A and Ring B. In some embodiments, Ring B is a 6- to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1 heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, provided that the heteroatom is at a position other than the fusion between Ring A and Ring B. In some embodiments, Ring B is a 5-membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1 heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, provided that the heteroatom is at a position other than the fusion between Ring A and Ring B. In some embodiments, Ring B is a 6-membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1 heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, provided that the heteroatom is at a position other than the fusion between Ring A and Ring B. In some embodiments, Ring B is a 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1 heteroatom selected from 12436360v1 Page 15 of 62Attorney Docket No.2018833-0009 nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, provided that the heteroatom is at a position other than the fusion between Ring A and Ring B.

[0049] In some embodiments, Ring B is a 5- to 7-membered saturated heterocyclic ring having 1 heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, provided that the heteroatom is at a position other than the fusion between Ring A and Ring B. In some embodiments, Ring B is a 5- to 6- membered saturated heterocyclic ring having 1 heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, provided that the heteroatom is at a position other than the fusion between Ring A and Ring B. In some embodiments, Ring B is a 6- to 7-membered saturated heterocyclic ring having 1 heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, provided that the heteroatom is at a position other than the fusion between Ring A and Ring B. In some embodiments, Ring B is a 5-membered saturated heterocyclic ring having 1 heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, provided that the heteroatom is at a position other than the fusion between Ring A and Ring B. In some embodiments, Ring B is a 6-membered saturated heterocyclic ring having 1 heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, provided that the heteroatom is at a position other than the fusion between Ring A and Ring B. In some embodiments, Ring B is a 7-membered saturated heterocyclic ring having 1 heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, provided that the heteroatom is at a position other than the fusion between Ring A and Ring B.

[0050] In some embodiments, Ring B is selected from12436360v1 Page 16 of 62Attorney Docket No.2018833-0009

[0051] As defined generally above, R1is selected ,In. In someembodiments, R1is . In some embodiments, R1. In some.

[0053] In some embodiments, R1is . In some embodiments, R1,. In someembodiments, R1.

[0054] As a ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur or a 9- to 10-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein R2is substituted with 0-3 instances of Ry. In some embodiments, R2is substituted with 0-2 instances of Ry. In some embodiments, R2is substituted with 0-1 instances of Ry. In some 12436360v1 Page 17 of 62Attorney Docket No.2018833-0009 embodiments, R2is substituted with 1-3 instances of Ry. In some embodiments, R2is substituted with 1-2 instances of Ry. In some embodiments, R2is substituted with 2-3 instances of Ry.

[0055] In some embodiments, R2is a 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R2is a 5- membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R2is a 5-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R2is a 5- membered heteroaryl ring having 2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R2is a 5-membered heteroaryl ring having 1 heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.

[0056] In some embodiments, R2is a 6-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 nitrogen atoms. In some embodiments, R2is a 6-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2 nitrogen atoms. In some embodiments, R2is a 6-membered heteroaryl ring having 2 nitrogen atoms. In some embodiments, R2is a 6-membered heteroaryl ring having 1 nitrogen atom.

[0057] In some embodiments, R2is a 9- to 10-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R2is a 9-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R2is a 9-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R2is a 9-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R2is a 9-membered heteroaryl ring having 2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R2is a 9-membered heteroaryl ring having 1 heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.

[0058] In some embodiments, R2is a 10-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 nitrogen atoms. In some embodiments, R2is a 10-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 nitrogen atoms. In some embodiments, R2is a 10-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 nitrogen atoms. In some embodiments, R2is a 10-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 nitrogen atoms. In some embodiments, R2is a 10-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2 nitrogen atoms. In some embodiments, R2is a 10-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2 nitrogen atoms. In some embodiments, R2is a 10-membered heteroaryl ring having 2 nitrogen atoms. In some 12436360v1 Page 18 of 62Attorney Docket No.2018833-0009 embodiments, R2is a 10-membered heteroaryl ring having 2 nitrogen atoms. In some embodiments, R2is a 10-membered heteroaryl ring having 1 nitrogen atom.

[0059] In some embodiments, R2is selected from

[0061] In some embodiments, R2is selected from12436360v1 Page 19 of 62Attorney Docket No.2018833-0009

[0062] As defined generally above, R3is selected from C1-6 aliphatic, a 3- to 6-membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, phenyl, a 10-membered aryl ring, a 5- to 6- membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and a 9- to 10-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein R3is substituted with 0-4 instances of Rz. In some embodiments, R3is substituted with 0-3 instances of Rz. In some embodiments, R3is substituted with 0-2 instances of Rz. In some embodiments, R3is substituted with 0-1 instances of Rz. In some embodiments, R3is substituted with 1-4 instances of Rz. In some embodiments, R3is substituted with 1-3 instances of Rz. In some embodiments, R3is substituted with 1-2 instances of Rz. In some embodiments, R3is substituted with 2-4 instances of Rz. In some embodiments, R3is substituted with 2-3 instances of Rz. In some embodiments, R3is substituted with 3-4 instances of Rz.

[0063] In some embodiments, R3is C1-6 aliphatic. In some embodiments, R3is C1-4 aliphatic. In some embodiments, R3is C1-2 aliphatic. In some embodiments, R3is C3-6 aliphatic. In some embodiments, R3is C4-6 aliphatic. In some embodiments, R3is C4-5 aliphatic.

[0064] In some embodiments, R3is a 3- to 6-membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, R3is a 3- to 4-membered saturated carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, R3is a 4- to 6-membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, R3is a 4- to 6-membered saturated carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, 12436360v1 Page 20 of 62Attorney Docket No.2018833-0009 R3is a 5- to 6-membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, R3is a 5- to 6-membered saturated carbocyclic ring.

[0065] In some embodiments, R3is phenyl.

[0066] In some embodiments, R3is a 10-membered aryl ring.

[0067] In some embodiments, R3is a 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R3is a 5- membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R3is a 5-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R3is a 5- membered heteroaryl ring having 2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R3is a 5-membered heteroaryl ring having 1 heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.

[0068] In some embodiments, R3is a 6-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 nitrogen atoms. In some embodiments, R3is a 6-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2 nitrogen atoms. In some embodiments, R3is a 6-membered heteroaryl ring having 2 nitrogen atoms. In some embodiments, R3is a 6-membered heteroaryl ring having 1 nitrogen atom.

[0069] In some embodiments, R3is a 9- to 10-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R3is a 9-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R3is a 9-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R3is a 9-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R3is a 9-membered heteroaryl ring having 2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R3is a 9-membered heteroaryl ring having 1 heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.

[0070] In some embodiments, R3is a 10-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 nitrogen atoms. In some embodiments, R3is a 10-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 nitrogen atoms. In some embodiments, R3is a 10-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2 nitrogen atoms. In some embodiments, R3is a 10-membered heteroaryl ring having 2 nitrogen atoms. In some embodiments, R3is a 10-membered heteroaryl ring having 1 nitrogen atom.

[0071] In some embodiments, R3is selected from 12436360v1 Page 21 of 62Attorney Docket No.2018833-0009

[0072] In some embodiments, R3is selected from12436360v1 Page 22 of 62Attorney Docket No.2018833-0009

[0073] In some embodiments, R3is selected from12436360v1 Page 23 of 62Attorney Docket No.2018833-0009

[0074] generally above, each Rxis selected from optionally substituted C1-6 aliphatic, -N(R)2, and -OR. In some embodiments, Rxis C1-6 aliphatic. In some embodiments, Rxis C1-4 aliphatic. In some embodiments, Rxis C1-2 aliphatic. In some embodiments, Rxis -CH3, - CH2CH3, or -CH(CH3)2. In some embodiments, at least one Rxis C1-6 aliphatic. In some embodiments, Rxis optionally substituted C1-6 aliphatic. In some such embodiments, Rxis -CF3, -CF2H, -CHF2, CF2CH3, or CH2CF3.

[0075] In some embodiments, Rxis -N(R)2. In some embodiments, Rxis -NHR. In some embodiments, Rxis -NH2. In some embodiments, Rxis -NHCH3. In some embodiments, Rxis - N(CH3)2.

[0076] In some embodiments, Rxis -OR. In some embodiments, Rxis -OCH3. In some embodiments, Rxis -OCH2F. In some embodiments, Rxis -OCF2H. In some embodiments, Rxis -OCF3.

[0077] As defined generally above, each Ryis independently selected from oxo, -CN, -N(R)2, –OR, -CO2R, or an optionally substituted group selected from C1-4 aliphatic, and a 3- to 7- membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, Ryis selected from -CN, -N(R)2, –OR and -CO2R. In some embodiments, Ryis an optionally substituted group selected from C1-4 aliphatic and a 3- to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, Ryis -CN. In some embodiments, Ryis -N(R)2. In some embodiments, Ryis selected from -NH2, -NHCH3, and -N(CH3)2. In some embodiments, Ryis - OR. In some embodiments, Ryis selected from -OH, -OCH3, -OCH2CH3, -OCHF2, -OCF2H, and -OCF3. In some embodiments, Ryis -CO2R. In some embodiments, Ryis -CO2H. It will be appreciated that, in certain instances, R2can be drawn in one or more tautomeric forms when, for example, Ryis -OH on a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen atom of R2. For example, when R2is Similarly, when12436360v1 Page 24 of 62Attorney Docket No.2018833-0009 . All4 aliphatic and a 3- to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, Ryis optionally substituted C1-4 aliphatic. In some embodiments, Ryis optionally substituted C1-3 aliphatic. In some such embodiments, Ryis -CH3, -CH2CH3, -CH(CH3)2, -CF3, -CH2F, -CF2H, - CF2CH3, -C(OH)(CH3)2, and -C≡CH.

[0079] In some embodiments, Ryis an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, Ryis an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered saturated carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, Ryis an optionally substituted 3- to 5-membered saturated carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, Ryis an optionally substituted 3- to 4-membered saturated carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, Ryis an optionally substituted 5- to 7-membered saturated carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, Ryis an optionally substituted 5- to 6-membered saturated carbocyclic ring.

[0080] In some embodiments, Ryis selected from -CH3 -CH2CH3 -CH(CH3)2 -CF3

[0081] As defined generally above, each Rzis independently selected from –CN, halogen, - OR, -SO2R, and an optionally substituted group selected from C1-6 aliphatic and a 3- to 7- membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, Rzis selected from –CN, halogen, -OR, and -SO2R. In some embodiments, Rzis halogen. In some embodiments, Rzis -CN. In some embodiments, Rzis -OR. In some embodiments, Rzis -SO2R.

[0082] In some embodiments, Rzis an optionally substituted group selected from C1-4 aliphatic and a 3- to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, Rzis optionally substituted C1-4 aliphatic. In some embodiments, Rzis optionally substituted C1-3 12436360v1 Page 25 of 62Attorney Docket No.2018833-0009 aliphatic. In some embodiments, Rzis C1-4 aliphatic optionally substituted with halogen, -(CH2)0- 4OR° or -CN. In some such embodiments, Rzis -CH3, -CH2CH3, -CH(CH3)2, -CF3, -CH2F, -CF2H, -CF2CH3, -CH2CN, and -CH2OCH3.

[0083] In some embodiments, at least one Rzis -CF3. In some embodiments, at least one Rzis -CF3 and at least one additional Rzis selected from halogen (e.g., Cl), -CH3, -CH2CH3, -CH(CH3)2, and cyclopropyl. In some embodiments, at least one Rzis -CH3. In some embodiments, at least one Rzis -CH3 and at least one additional Rzis selected from -CN, -CH3, -CF3, halogen (e.g., Cl), -CF2H, -CF2CH3, -CH2CN, -CH2OCH3, cyclopropyl, -OCH3, -OCH2CH3, and cyclopropyl.

[0084] In some embodiments, Rzis an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, Rzis an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered saturated carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, Rzis an optionally substituted 3- to 5-membered saturated carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, Rzis an optionally substituted 3- to 4-membered saturated carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, Rzis an optionally substituted 5- to 7-membered saturated carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, Rzis an optionally substituted 5- to 6-membered saturated carbocyclic ring.

[0085] As defined generally above, each R is independently selected from hydrogen or an optionally substituted group selected from C1-6 aliphatic, phenyl, a 3- to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, a 3- to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and a 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, each R is hydrogen. In some embodiments, each R is an optionally substituted group selected from C1-6 aliphatic, phenyl, a 3- to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, a 3- to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and a 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, at least one R is optionally substituted C1-6 aliphatic. In some embodiments, at least one R is optionally substituted C1-4 aliphatic. In some embodiments, at least one R is optionally substituted C1-2 aliphatic. In some embodiments, at least one R is -CH3, -CF3, -CF2H, -CH2F, -CH2CH3, -CF2CH3, -CH2CF3, or -CH(CH3)2. 12436360v1 Page 26 of 62Attorney Docket No.2018833-0009

[0086] In some embodiments, at least one R is optionally substituted phenyl. In some embodiments, at least one R is an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, at least one R is an optionally substituted 3- to 5-membered saturated carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, at least one R is an optionally substituted 3- to 4-membered saturated carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, at least one R is an optionally substituted 5- to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, at least one R is an optionally substituted 5- to 7-membered saturated carbocyclic ring.

[0087] In some embodiments, at least one R is an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, at least one R is an optionally substituted 3- to 5-membered saturated heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, at least one R is an optionally substituted 3- to 4-membered saturated heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, at least one R is an optionally substituted 5- to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, at least one R is an optionally substituted 5- to 7-membered saturated heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.

[0088] In some embodiments, at least one R is an optionally substituted 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, at least one R is an optionally substituted 5-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, at least one R is an optionally substituted 5-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, at least one R is an optionally substituted 5-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.

[0089] In some embodiments, at least one R is an optionally substituted 6-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 nitrogen atoms. In some embodiments, at least one R is an optionally substituted 6-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2 nitrogen atoms. 12436360v1 Page 27 of 62Attorney Docket No.2018833-0009

[0090] In some embodiments, at least one R is hydrogen. In some embodiments, each R group of R1is hydrogen (i.e., the R group of) is hydrogen. In some embodiments, the R group of Ryis hydrogen. In somethe R group of Ryis -CH3. In some embodiments, the R group of Rzis hydrogen. In some embodiments, the R group of Rzis -CH3.

[0091] As defined generally above, m is 0-2. In some embodiments, m is 0. In some embodiments, m is 0-1. In some embodiments, m is 1-2. In some embodiments, m is 1. In some embodiments, m is 2.

[0092] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a compound of formula I-a:or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of Ring B, R1, R2, Rx, and m is as defined in any of the above embodiments, and combinations thereof.

[0093] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a compound of any of formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, and II-g:12436360v1 Page 28 of 62Attorney Docket No.2018833-0009or a salt thereof, wherein each of Ring A, R1, R2, R3, Rx, and m is as defined in any of the above embodiments, and combinations thereof.

[0094] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a compound of any of formulae III-a, III-b, III-c, III-d, III-e, III-f, and III-g:or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of R1, R2, Rx, and m is as defined in any of the above embodiments, and combinations thereof. 12436360v1 Page 29 of 62Attorney Docket No.2018833-0009

[0095] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a compound of any of formulae III-b-i, III-c-i, III-d-i, III-e-i, III-f-i, and III-g-i:or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of R1, R2, Rx, and m is as defined in any of the above embodiments, and combinations thereof.

[0096] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a compound selected from Table 1: 12436360v1 Page 30 of 6226fo13 .efgoaeP rehttlaselbatpecc1 I 2a- -I3-I4-Iyllacitueca.m 1v1 ra06elhp 36ba a34 Tro214. Uses, Formulation and Administration Pharmaceutically Acceptable Compositions

[0097] According to another embodiment, the invention provides a composition comprising a compound described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle. The amount of compound in provided compositions is such that is effective to measurably inhibit KCNT1, or a mutant thereof, in a biological sample or in a patient. In certain embodiments, the amount of compound in provided compositions is such that is effective to measurably inhibit KCNT1, or a mutant thereof, in a biological sample or in a patient. In certain embodiments, a provided composition is formulated for administration to a patient in need of such composition. In some embodiments, a provided composition is formulated for oral administration to a patient.

[0098] The term “patient”, as used herein, means an animal, preferably a mammal, and most preferably a human.

[0099] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle” refers to a non- toxic carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle that does not destroy the pharmacological activity of the compound with which it is formulated. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants or vehicles that may be used in the compositions of this invention include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene- polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol and wool fat.

[0100] A “pharmaceutically acceptable derivative” means any non-toxic salt, ester, salt of an ester or other derivative of a compound of this invention that, upon administration to a recipient, is capable of providing, either directly or indirectly, a compound of this invention or an inhibitorily active metabolite or residue thereof.

[0101] As used herein, the term “inhibitorily active metabolite or residue thereof” means that a metabolite or residue thereof is also an inhibitor of KCNT1, or a mutant thereof.12436360v1 Page 32 of 62

[0102] Compositions of the present invention may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir. The term "parenteral" as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intra-synovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intrahepatic, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques. Preferably, the compositions are administered orally, intraperitoneally or intravenously. Sterile injectable forms of the compositions of this invention may be aqueous or oleaginous suspension. These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer’s solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.

[0103] For this purpose, any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides. Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions. These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, such as carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents that are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms including emulsions and suspensions. Other commonly used surfactants, such as Tweens, Spans and other emulsifying agents or bioavailability enhancers which are commonly used in the manufacture of pharmaceutically acceptable solid, liquid, or other dosage forms may also be used for the purposes of formulation.

[0104] Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this disclosure may be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions. In the case of tablets for oral use, carriers commonly used include lactose and corn starch. Lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added. For oral administration in a capsule form, useful diluents include lactose and dried cornstarch. When aqueous suspensions are required for oral use, the active ingredient is combined with emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening, flavoring or coloring agents may also be added.12436360v1 Page 33 of 62

[0105] Alternatively, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this disclosure may be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration. These can be prepared by mixing the agent with a suitable non-irritating excipient that is solid at room temperature but liquid at rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the drug. Such materials include cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.

[0106] Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this disclosure may also be administered topically, especially when the target of treatment includes areas or organs readily accessible by topical application, including diseases of the eye, the skin, or the lower intestinal tract. Suitable topical formulations are readily prepared for each of these areas or organs.

[0107] Topical application for the lower intestinal tract can be effected in a rectal suppository formulation (see above) or in a suitable enema formulation. Topically-transdermal patches may also be used.

[0108] For topical applications, provided pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated in a suitable ointment containing the active component suspended or dissolved in one or more carriers. Carriers for topical administration of compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax and water. Alternatively, provided pharmaceutically acceptable compositions can be formulated in a suitable lotion or cream containing the active components suspended or dissolved in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water.

[0109] For ophthalmic use, provided pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated as micronized suspensions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, or, preferably, as solutions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, either with or without a preservative such as benzylalkonium chloride. Alternatively, for ophthalmic uses, the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated in an ointment such as petrolatum.

[0110] Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention may also be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation. Such compositions are prepared according to techniques well- known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline,12436360v1 Page 34 of 62employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and / or other conventional solubilizing or dispersing agents.

[0111] The amount of compounds of the present disclosure that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a composition in a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated, the particular mode of administration. Preferably, provided compositions should be formulated so that a dosage of between 0.01 - 100 mg / kg body weight / day of the inhibitor can be administered to a patient receiving these compositions.

[0112] It should also be understood that a specific dosage and treatment regimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and the judgment of the treating physician and the severity of the particular disease being treated. The amount of a compound of the present disclosure in the composition will also depend upon the particular compound in the composition. Uses of Compounds and Pharmaceutically Acceptable Compositions

[0113] Compounds and compositions described herein are generally useful for the inhibition of activity of KCNT1, or a mutant thereof. In some embodiments, a provided compound inhibits one or more gain-of-function (GoF) KCNT1 mutants. In some embodiments, a provided compound inhibits a KCNT1 mutant selected from KCNT1G288S, KCNT1R398Q, KCNT1A934T, KCNT1R950Q, KCNT1R961H, KCNT1R474H, KCNT1R25W, KCNT1R428Q, KCNT1R100W, KCNT1R356Q, KCNT1A966T, KCNT1R262Q, KCNT1R262W, KCNT1F346L, KCNT1R356W, KCNT1S379N, KCNT1L437I, KCNT1L437F, KCNT1R474C, KCNT1R928C, KCNT1A259T, KCNT1M267T, KCNT1Q270K, KCNT1Q270E, KCNT1V271F, KCNT1L281F, KCNT1L281I, KCNT1G288C, KCNT1A295V, KCNT1L339R, KCNT1M354R, KCNT1R398W, KCNT1P409S, KCNT1P409L, KCNT1H469P, KCNT1H469L, KCNT1R474L, KCNT1R474S, KCNT1W476R, KCNT1A477T, KCNT1R484Q, KCNT1H499R, KCNT1F502S, KCNT1M516V, KCNT1R538C, KCNT1G554E, KCNT1K629Q, KCNT1K629E, KCNT1T671I, KCNT1I760F, KCNT1I760M, KCNT1L781V, KCNT1Y796H, KCNT1G797V, KCNT1P820L, KCNT1E893K, KCNT1E893V, KCNT1M896I, KCNT1M896K, KCNT1M896R, KCNT1M896V, KCNT1Q906R, KCNT1F932I, KCNT1R933G, KCNT1R933H, KCNT1A934S, KCNT1A934V, KCNT1Y938C, KCNT1L942F, KCNT1K947E, KCNT1R950L, KCNT1S982P, KCNT1T1001S, and KCNT1A1113D. In some embodiments, a provided compound inhibits a KCNT1 mutant selected from KCNT1G288S, KCNT1R398Q, KCNT1A934T, KCNT1R950Q, KCNT1R961H, KCNT1R474H,12436360v1 Page 35 of 62KCNT1R25W, KCNT1R428Q, KCNT1R100W, KCNT1R356Q, KCNT1A966T, KCNT1R262Q, KCNT1R262W, KCNT1F346L, KCNT1R356W, KCNT1S379N, KCNT1L437I, KCNT1L437F, KCNT1R474C, KCNT1R928Cand KCNT1P924L. In some embodiments, a provided compound inhibits substantially all gain-of- function KCNT1 mutants. In some embodiments, a provided compound inhibits at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% of gain-of-function KCNT1 mutants.

[0114] The compounds and compositions described herein can be used to treat a neurological disease or disorder or a disease or condition associated with excessive neuronal excitability and / or a gain-of-function mutation in a gene (e.g., KCNT1), also referred to herein as a disease or disorder mediated by KCNT1. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a compound for use in treating a disease or disorder mediated by KCNT1. In some such embodiments, such compound is a compound provided herein. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a use of a compound provided herein (e.g., a compound of formula I) in the treatment of a disease or disorder mediated by KCNT1. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a use of a compound provided herein (e.g., a compound of formula I) in a method of treating a disease or disorder mediated by KCNT1. . Exemplary diseases, disorders, or conditions mediated by KCNT1 include epilepsy and other encephalopathies (e.g., epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures (MMFSI, EIMFS)), autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE), West syndrome, infantile spasms, epileptic encephalopathy, developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE), early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE), generalized epilepsy, focal epilepsy, multifocal epilepsy, temporal lobe epilepsy, Ohtahara syndrome, early myoclonic encephalopathy and Lennox Gastaut syndrome, drug resistant epilepsy, seizures (e.g., frontal lobe seizures, generalized tonic-clonic seizures, asymmetric tonic seizures, focal seizures), leukodystrophy, hypomyelinating leukodystrophy, leukoencephalopathy, and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy, cardiac dysfunctions (e.g., cardiac arrhythmia, Brugada syndrome, myocardial infarction), pulmonary vasculopathy / hemorrhage, pain and related conditions (e.g., neuropathic pain, acute / chronic pain, migraine, etc.), muscle disorders (e.g., myotonia, neuromyotonia, cramp muscle spasms, spasticity), itch and pruritis, movement disorders (e.g., ataxia and cerebellar ataxias), psychiatric disorders (e.g., major depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder), neurodevelopmental disorder, learning disorders, intellectual disability, Fragile X, neuronal plasticity, and autism spectrum disorders. In some12436360v1 Page 36 of 62embodiments, a disease, disorder, or condition mediated by KCNT1 is an epilepsy or other neuropsychiatric disease associated with reduced activity of inhibitory interneurons. In some embodiments, a disease, disorder, or condition mediated by KCNT1 is an epilepsy or other neuropsychiatric disease associated with an imbalance in excitatory and inhibitory neuron activity. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that inhibitory interneurons prevent instability of the brain system by inhibition. Such diseases include Dravet syndrome, which is a genetic epilepsy characterized by temperature-sensitive / febrile seizures, myoclonic atonic epilepsy, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, myoclonic epilepsy of infancy, PCDH19-associated epilepsy, benign myoclonic epilepsy (BME), severe infantile multifocal epilepsy (SIMFE), and myoclonic-astatic epilepsy (MAE).

[0115] In some embodiments, the neurological disease or disorder or the disease or condition associated with excessive neuronal excitability and / or a gain-of-function mutation in a gene (e.g., KCNT1) is selected from EIMFS, ADNFLE and West syndrome. In some embodiments, the neurological disease or disorder or the disease or condition associated with excessive neuronal excitability and / or a gain-of-function mutation in a gene (e.g., KCNT1) is selected from infantile spasms, epileptic encephalopathy, focal epilepsy, Ohtahara syndrome, developmental and epileptic encephalopathy and Lennox Gastaut syndrome. In some embodiments, the neurological disease or disorder or the disease or condition associated with excessive neuronal excitability and / or a gain-of-function mutation in a gene (e.g., KCNT1) is seizure. In some embodiments, the neurological disease or disorder or the disease or condition associated with excessive neuronal excitability and / or a gain-of-function mutation in a gene (e.g., KCNT1) is selected from cardiac arrhythmia, Brugada syndrome, and myocardial infarction.

[0116] In some embodiments, the neurological disease or disorder or the disease or condition associated with excessive neuronal excitability and / or a gain-of-function mutation in a gene (e.g., KCNT1) is selected from the group consisting of the learning disorders, Fragile X, intellectual function, neuronal plasticity, psychiatric disorders, and autism spectrum disorders.

[0117] Accordingly, the compounds and compositions thereof can be administered to a subject with a neurological disease or disorder or a disease or condition associated with excessive neuronal excitability and / or a gain-of-function mutation in a gene such as KCNT1 (e.g., EIMFS, ADNFLE, West syndrome, infantile spasms, epileptic encephalopathy, focal epilepsy, Ohtahara syndrome,12436360v1 Page 37 of 62developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, and Lennox Gastaut syndrome, seizures, cardiac arrhythmia, Brugada syndrome, and myocardial infarction).

[0118] EIMFS is a rare and debilitating genetic condition characterized by an early onset (e.g., before 6 months of age) of almost continuous heterogeneous focal seizures, where seizures appear to migrate from one brain region and hemisphere to another. Patients with EIMFS are generally intellectually impaired, non-verbal and non-ambulatory. While several genes have been implicated to date, the gene that is most commonly associated with EIMFS is KCNT1. Several de novo mutations in KCNT1 have been identified in patients with EIMFS, including V271F, G288S, R428Q, R474Q, R474H, R474C, 1760M, A934T, P924L, G243S, H257D, A259D, R262Q, Q270E, L2741, F346L, C377S, R398Q, P409S, A477T, F502V, M516V, Q550del, K629E, K629N, I760F, E893K, M896K, R933G, R950Q, K1154Q (Barcia et al. (2012) Nat Genet. 44: 1255-1260; Ishii et al. (2013) Gene 531:467-471; McTague et al. (2013) Brain.136: 1578-1591; Epi4K Consortium & Epilepsy Phenome / Genome Project. (2013) Nature 501:217-221; Lim et al. (2016) J Med Genet 2016;53:217–225; Ohba et al. (2015) Epilepsia 56:el21-el28; Zhou et al. (2018) Genes Brain Behav. e12456; Moller et al. (2015) Epilepsia. el14-20; Numis et al. (2018) Epilepsia.1889-1898; Madaan et al. Brain Dev.40(3):229-232; McTague et al. (2018) Neurology. 90(1):e55-e66; Kawasaki et al. (2017) J Pediatr. 191:270-274; Kim et al. (2014) Cell Rep. 9(5):1661-1672; Ohba et al. (2015) Epilepsia.56(9):e121-8; Rizzo et al. (2016) Mol Cell Neurosci. 72:54-63; Zhang et al. (2017) Clin Genet. 91(5):717-724; Mikati et al. (2015) Ann Neurol. 78(6):995-9; Baumer et al. (2017) Neurology. 89(21):2212; Dilena et al. (2018) Neurotherapeutics.15(4):1112-1126). These mutations are gain-of-function, missense mutations that are dominant (i.e., present on only one allele) and result in change in function of the encoded potassium channel that causes a marked increase in whole cell current when tested in Xenopus oocyte or mammalian expression systems (see, e.g., Milligan et al. (2015) Ann Neurol.75(4): 581- 590; Barcia et al. (2012) Nat Genet.44(11): 1255-1259; and Mikati et al. (2015) Ann Neurol.78(6): 995-999).

[0119] ADNFLE has a later onset than EIMFS, generally in mid-childhood, and is generally a less severe condition. It is characterized by nocturnal frontal lobe seizures and can result in psychiatric, behavioral and cognitive disabilities in patients with the condition. While ADNFLE is associated with genes encoding several neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits, mutations in the KCNT1 gene have been implicated in more severe cases of the disease (Heron et12436360v1 Page 38 of 62al. (2012) Nat Genet.44: 1188-1190). Functional studies of the mutated KCNT1 genes associated with ADNFLE indicated that the underlying mutations (M896I, R398Q, Y796H, and R928C) were dominant, gain-of-function mutations (Milligan et al. (2015) Ann Neurol.75(4): 581-590; Mikati et al. (2015) Ann Neurol.78(6): 995-999). West is a severe form of epilepsy composed of a triad of infantile spasms,an pattern termed hypsarrhythmia, and mental retardation, although a diagnosis can be made one of these elements is missing. Mutations in KCNT1, including G652V and R474H, have been associated with West syndrome (Fukuoka et al. (2017) Brain Dev 39:80-83 and Ohba et al. (2015) Epilepsia 56:el21-el28). Treatment targeting the KCNT1 channel suggests that these mutations are gain-of-function mutations (Fukuoka et al. (2017) Brain Dev 39:80-83).

[0121] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of treating a disease or condition associated with excessive neuronal excitability and / or a gain-of-function mutation in a gene such as KCNT1 (for example, epilepsy and other encephalopathies (e.g., epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures (MMFSI, EIMFS), autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE), West syndrome, infantile spasms, epileptic encephalopathy, focal epilepsy, Ohtahara syndrome, developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE), and Lennox Gastaut syndrome, seizures, leukodystrophy, leukoencephalopathy, intellectual disability, multifocal epilepsy, generalized tonic-clonic seizures, drug resistant epilepsy, temporal lobe epilepsy, cerebellar ataxia, asymmetric tonic seizures) and cardiac dysfunctions (e.g., cardiac arrhythmia, Brugada syndrome, sudden unexpected death in epilepsy, myocardial infarction), pain and related conditions (e.g., neuropathic pain, acute / chronic pain, migraine, etc.), muscle disorders (e.g., myotonia, neuromyotonia, cramp muscle spasms, spasticity), itch and pruritis, ataxia and cerebellar ataxias, psychiatric disorders (e.g., major depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia), learning disorders, Fragile X, neuronal plasticity, and autism spectrum disorders) comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a compound disclosed herein (e.g., a compound of Formula I, I-a, II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-g, III-a, III-b, III-c, III-d, III-e, III-f, III-g, III-b-i, III-c-i, III-d-i, III-e-i, III-f-i, or III-g-i, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof), or a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein (e.g., a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound disclosed herein (e.g., a compound of Formula I, I-a, II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-12436360v1 Page 39 of 62g, III-a, III-b, III-c, III-d, III-e, III-f, III-g, III-b-i, III-c-i, III-d-i, III-e-i, III-f-i, or III-g-i, or a salt thereof), and a .be associated with a gain-of-function mutation in KCNT1 is genotyped to confirm the presence of a known gain-of-function mutation in KCNT1 prior to administration of the compounds and compositions thereof. For example, whole exome sequencing can be performed on the patient. Gain-of-function mutations associated with EIMFS may include, but are not limited to, V271F, G288S, R428Q, R474Q, R474H, R474C, I760M, A934T, P924L, G243S, H257D, A259D, R262Q, Q270E, L2741, F346L, C377S, R398Q, P409S, A477T, F502V, M516V, Q550del, K629E, K629N, I760F, E893K, M896K, R933G, R950Q, and K1154Q. Gain-of-function mutations associated with ADNFLE may include, but are not limited to, M896I, R398Q, Y796H, R928C, and G288S. Gain-of-function mutations associated with West syndrome may include, but are not limited to, G652V and R474H. Gain-of-function mutations associated with temporal lobe epilepsy may include, but are not limited to, R133H and R565H. Gain-of-function mutations associated with Lennox-Gastaut may include, but are not limited to, R209C. Gain-of-function mutations associated with seizures may include, but are not limited to, A259D, G288S, R474C, and R474H. Gain-of-function mutations associated with leukodystrophy may include, but are not limited to, G288S and Q906H.

[0123] Gain-of-function mutations associated with Multifocal Epilepsy may include, but are not limited to, V340M. Gain-of-function mutations associated with EOE may include, but are not limited to, F346L and A934T. Gain-of-function mutations associated with early-onset epileptic encephalopathies (EOEE) may include, but are not limited to, R428Q. Gain-of-function mutations associated with developmental and epileptic encephalopathies may include, but are not limited to, F346L, R474H, and A934T. Gain-of-function mutations associated with epileptic encephalopathies may include, but are not limited to, L437F, Y796H, P924L, and R961H. Gain- of-function mutations associated with Early Infantile Epileptic Encephalopathy (EIEE) may include, but are not limited to, M896K. Gain-of-function mutations associated with drug resistant epilepsy and generalized tonic-clonic seizure may include, but are not limited to, F346L. Gain-of- function mutations associated with migrating partial seizures of infancy may include, but are not limited to, R428Q. Gain-of-function mutations associated with leukoencephalopathy may include, but are not limited to, F932I.12436360v1 Page 40 of 62

[0124] Gain-of-function mutations associated with NFLE may include, but are not limited to, A934T and R950Q. Gain-of-function mutations associated with Ohtahara syndrome may include, but are not limited to, A966T. Gain-of-function mutations associated with infantile spasms may include, but are not limited to, P924L. Gain-of-function mutations associated with Brugada syndrome may include, but are not limited to, R1106Q. Gain-of-function mutations associated with Brugada syndrome may include, but are not limited to, R474H.

[0125] In other examples, the patient is first genotyped to identify the presence of a mutation in KCNT1 and this mutation is then confirmed to be a gain-of-function mutation using standard in vitro assays, such as those described in Milligan et al. (2015) Ann Neurol. 75(4): 581-590. Typically, the presence of a gain-of-function mutation is confirmed when the expression of the mutated KCNT1 allele results an increase in whole cell current compared to the whole cell current resulting from expression of wild-type KCNT1 as assessed using whole-cell electrophysiology (such as described in Milligan et al. (2015) Ann Neurol.75(4): 581-590; Barcia et al. (2012) Nat Genet. 44(11): 1255-1259; Mikati et al. (2015) Ann Neurol. 78(6): 995-999; or Rizzo et al. Mol Cell Neurosci. (2016) 72:54-63). This increase of whole cell current can be, for example, an increase of at least about 50%, 100%, 150%, 200%, 250%, 300%, 350%, 400% or more. The subject can then be confirmed to have a disease or condition associated with a gain-of-function mutation in KCNT1.

[0126] In some embodiments, the patient is confirmed as having a KCNT1 allele containing a gain-of-function mutation (e.g., V271F, G288S, R398Q, R428Q, R474Q, R474H, R474C, G652V, I760M, Y796H, M896I, P924L, R928C or A934T).

[0127] The compounds and compositions, according to methods described herein, may be administered using any amount and any route of administration effective for treating or lessening the severity of a neurological disease or disorder or the disease or condition associated with excessive neuronal excitability and / or a gain-of-function mutation in a gene (e.g., KCNT1). The exact amount required will vary from subject to subject, depending on the species, age, and general condition of the subject, the severity of the infection, the particular agent, its mode of administration, and the like. Compounds described herein are preferably formulated in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. The expression "dosage unit form" as used herein refers to a physically discrete unit of agent appropriate for the patient to be treated. It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the compounds and compositions of12436360v1 Page 41 of 62the present disclosure will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment. The specific effective dose level for any particular patient or organism will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; the activity of the specific compound employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specific compound employed, and like factors well known in the medical arts. The term “patient”, as used herein, means an animal, preferably a mammal, and most preferably a human.

[0128] Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this disclosure can be administered to humans and other animals orally, rectally, parenterally, intracisternally, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, topically (as by powders, ointments, or drops), bucally, as an oral or nasal spray, or the like, depending on the severity of the infection being treated. In certain embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure may be administered orally or parenterally at dosage levels of about 0.01 mg / kg to about 50 mg / kg and preferably from about 1 mg / kg to about 25 mg / kg, of subject body weight per day, one or more times a day, to obtain the desired therapeutic effect.

[0129] Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include, but are not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active compounds, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.

[0130] Injectable preparations, for example, sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution, suspension or emulsion in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be12436360v1 Page 42 of 62employed are water, Ringer’s solution, U.S.P. and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables.

[0131] Injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial- retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.

[0132] In order to prolong the effect of a compound of the present disclosure, it is often desirable to slow the absorption of the compound from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the compound then depends upon its rate of dissolution that, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered compound form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the compound in an oil vehicle. Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the compound in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide- polyglycolide. Depending upon the ratio of compound to polymer and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of compound release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the compound in liposomes or microemulsions that are compatible with body tissues.

[0133] Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are preferably suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the compounds of this invention with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.

[0134] Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the active compound is mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and / or a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants such as glycerol, d) disintegrating12436360v1 Page 43 of 62agents such as agar agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate, h) absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay, and i) lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage form may also comprise buffering agents.

[0135] Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard- filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like. The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.

[0136] The active compounds can also be in micro-encapsulated form with one or more excipients as noted above. The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings, release controlling coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. In such solid dosage forms the active compound may be admixed with at least one inert diluent such as sucrose, lactose or starch. Such dosage forms may also comprise, as is normal practice, additional substances other than inert diluents, e.g., tableting lubricants and other tableting aids such a magnesium stearate and microcrystalline cellulose. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage forms may also comprise buffering agents. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.12436360v1 Page 44 of 62

[0137] Dosage forms for topical or transdermal administration of a compound of this disclosure include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants or patches. The active component is admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any needed preservatives or buffers as may be required. Ophthalmic formulation, ear drops, and eye drops are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention. Additionally, the present invention contemplates the use of transdermal patches, which have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound to the body. Such dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispensing the compound in the proper medium. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the compound across the skin. The rate can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or by dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel.

[0138] According to one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of inhibiting the activity of KCNT1, or a mutant thereof, in a biological sample comprising the step of contacting said biological sample with a compound of this disclosure, or a composition comprising said compound.

[0139] The term “biological sample”, as used herein, includes, without limitation, cell cultures or extracts thereof; biopsied material obtained from a mammal or extracts thereof; and blood, saliva, urine, feces, semen, tears, or other body fluids or extracts thereof.

[0140] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of inhibiting activity of KCNT1, or a mutant thereof, in a patient comprising the step of administering to said patient a compound of the present disclosure, or a composition comprising said compound.

[0141] Depending upon the particular condition, or disease, to be treated, additional therapeutic agents, which are normally administered to treat that condition, may also be present in the compositions of this invention. As used herein, additional therapeutic agents that are normally administered to treat a particular disease, or condition, are known as “appropriate for the disease, or condition, being treated.” EXEMPLIFICATION

[0142] As depicted in the Examples below, in certain exemplary embodiments, compounds are prepared according to the following general procedures. It will be appreciated that, although the general methods depict the synthesis of certain compounds of the present invention, the12436360v1 Page 45 of 62following general methods, and other methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art, can be applied to all compounds and subclasses and species of each of these compounds, as described herein.

[0143] Compound numbers utilized in the Examples below correspond to compound numbers set forth in Table 1, supra.

[0144] Example 1. Synthesis of Exemplary Compounds

[0145] Example 1.1. Synthesis of (R)-1-Methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-N-(2-(2- (trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl)-2,4,5,7-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-c]pyrazol-4-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5- carboxamide (I-1a)

[0146] Step 1 – Synthesis4(5H)-one

[0147] To a solution of 1-[(4--7H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyrazol-4-one (1.34 g, 5.19 mmol, prepared according to the procedure in WO20232443) was added TFA (15 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at 70 °C for 16 h under a nitrogen atmosphere. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and diluted with water (30 mL), then extracted with ethyl acetate (30 mL x 2). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound (0.85 g, crude) as a yellow solid.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 13.85 (s, 1H), 8.64 (s, 1H), 4.84 (s, 2H), 4.10 (s, 2H).

[0148] Step 2 – Synthesis of 2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl)-2,7-dihydropyrano[3,4- c]pyrazol-4(5H)-one

[0149] To a solution of methylc]pyrazol-4-one (850 mg, 6.15 mmol), 4-iodo-2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (1.4 g, 5.13 mmol), K3PO4 (5.4 g, 25.64 mmol) in dioxane (2012436360v1 Page 46 of 62mL) was added t-BuXphos Pd G3 (408 mg, 512.82 µmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 110 °C for 16 h under a nitrogen atmosphere. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was diluted with H2O (30 mL), and extracted with ethyl acetate (30 mL x 2). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (30 mL x 2), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography (acetonitrile 25 - 65% / 0.225% formic acid in water) to give the title compound (420 mg, 29%) as a white solid.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.60 (s, 1H), 8.90 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 1H), 8.46 (s, 1H), 8.27 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 1H), 4.95 (s, 2H), 4.25 (s, 2H). LCMS (ESI) m / z: 284.1 [M+H]+.

[0150] Step 3 – Synthesis of (R,Z)-2-methyl-N-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl)-2,7- dihydropyrano[3,4-c]pyrazol-4(5H)-ylidene)propane-2-sulfinamide

[0151] To a solution of-7H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyrazol-4-one (200 mg, 0.71 mmol), (S)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (428 mg, 3.53 mmol) in THF (8 mL) was added Ti(i-PrO)4 (0.5 mL, 1.77 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 60 °C for 16 h under a nitrogen atmosphere. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was quenched with H2O (10 mL), and then filtered. The filtrate was extracted with ethyl acetate (30 mL x 2). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (solvent gradient: 0 - 30% EtOAc in petroleum ether) to give the title compound (270 mg, 98%) as a yellow solid. LCMS (ESI) m / z: 387.1 [M+H]+.

[0152] Step 4 – Synthesis of (S)-2-methyl-N-((R)-2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl)- 2,4,5,7-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-c]pyrazol-4-yl)propane-2-sulfinamide & (S)-2-methyl-N-((S)- 2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl)-2,4,5,7-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-c]pyrazol-4-yl)propane-2- sulfinamide12436360v1 Page 47 of 62

[0153] To a solution of (R,Z)-2-methyl-N-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl)-2,7- dihydropyrano[3,4-c]pyrazol-4(5H)-ylidene)propane-2-sulfinamide (270 mg, 0.69 mmol) in THF (5 mL) at 0 °C was added NaBH4 (132 mg, 2.10 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 1 h. The mixture was quenched with sat. aq. NH4Cl (2 mL), and water (30 mL) was added. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (50 mL x 2). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL x 2), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography (acetonitrile 37 - 67% / 0.225% formic acid in water) to give the title compound (S)-2-methyl-N-((R)-2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl)- 2,4,5,7-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-c]pyrazol-4-yl)propane-2-sulfinamide (88 mg, 32%) and (S)-2- methyl-N-((S)-2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl)-2,4,5,7-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-c]pyrazol-4- yl)propane-2-sulfinamide (32 mg, 14%) both as yellow solids. LCMS (ESI) m / z: 389.1 [M+H]+.

[0154] Step 5 – Synthesis of (R)-2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl)-2,4,5,7- tetrahydropyrano[3,4-c]pyrazol-4-amine HCl salt

[0155] To a solution of (R)-2--4-pyridyl]-5,7-dihydro- 4H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyrazol-4-yl]propane-2-sulfinamide (88 mg, 0.23 mmol) was added hydrochloric acid in dioxane (2 M, 5 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound (60 mg, crude) as yellow oil that required no further purification. LCMS (ESI) m / z: 284.1 [M+H]+.

[0156] Step 6 – Synthesis of (R)-1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-N-(2-(2- (trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl)-2,4,5,7-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-c]pyrazol-4-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5- carboxamide

[0157] To a solution of (R)yl)-2,4,5,7-tetrahydropyrano[3,4- c]pyrazol-4-amine HCl salt (60 mg, 0.21 mmol ), 1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-12436360v1 Page 48 of 62carboxylic acid (49 mg, 0.25 mmol) and DIEA (0.1 mL, 0.63 mmol) in DCM (8 mL) was added HATU (96 mg, 0.25 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 4 h. The reaction was diluted with H2O (30 mL), and then extracted with DCM (20 mL x 2). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL x 2), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography (acetonitrile 37 - 77% / 0.225% formic acid in water) to give the title compound (32.6 mg, 34%) as a white solid.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.09 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 8.92 (s, 1H), 8.81 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 1H), 8.31 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.18 - 8.12 (m, 1H), 7.43 (s, 1H), 5.23 - 5.17 (m, 1H), 4.89 - 4.71 (m, 2H), 4.20 (s, 3H), 4.05 - 3.94 (m, 1H), 3.78 - 3.70 (m, 1H). LCMS (ESI) m / z: 461.1 [M+H]+.

[0158] Example 1.2. Synthesis of (S)-1-Methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-N-(2-(2- (trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl)-2,4,5,7-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-c]pyrazol-4-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5- carboxamide (I-1b)

[0159] Step 1 –pyridin-4-yl)-2,4,5,7- tetrahydropyrano[3,4-c]pyrazol-4-amine HCl salt

[0160] To a solution of(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl)-2,4,5,7- tetrahydropyrano[3,4-c]pyrazol-4-yl)propane-2-sulfinamide (38 mg, 0.23 mmol) was added hydrochloric acid in dioxane (2 M, 5 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound (27 mg, crude) as yellow oil that required no further purification.

[0161] Step 2 – Synthesis of (S)-1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-N-(2-(2- (trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl)-2,4,5,7-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-c]pyrazol-4-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5- carboxamide12436360v1 Page 49 of 62

[0162] To a solution of (S)- 4-yl)-2,4,5,7-tetrahydropyrano[3,4- c]pyrazol-4-amine HCl salt (27 mg, 0.21 mmol), 2-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3- carboxylic acid (22 mg, 0.25 mmol) and DIEA (0.05 mL, 0.31 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) was added HATU (52 mg, 0.12 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 4 h. The reaction was diluted with H2O (30 mL), and then extracted with DCM (20 mL x 2). The combined organic layers were swashed with brine (20 mL x 2), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography (acetonitrile 37 - 77% / 0.225% formic acid in water) to give the title compound (14 mg, 32%) as a white solid.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.09 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 8.92 (s, 1H), 8.81 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 1H), 8.31 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.17 - 8.12 (m, 1H), 7.43 (s, 1H), 5.24 - 5.16 (m, 1H), 4.87 - 4.76 (m, 2H), 4.19 (s, 3H), 4.02 - 3.95 (m, 1H), 3.78 - 3.71 (m, 1H). LCMS (ESI) m / z: 461.2 [M+H]+.

[0163] Example 2. Biological Assays

[0164] Example 2.1. FLIPR TI / K flux assay

[0165] HEK293 cells stably expressing human KCNT1 are cultured in DMEM, 10% FBS, 100U / mL penicillin-streptomycin and 0.8μg / mL puromycin for selection purposes. One day before the assay, cells are detached using TrypLE™ Express and counted using a cell counter. Only cells with >85% viability are used for the assay. Cells are resuspended in culture media and seeded at 20,000 cells per well at 30μl per well in a 384-well plate. The cells are incubated overnight at 37C, 5% (v / v) CO2.

[0166] On the day of the assay, the reagents are prepared following the FLIPR® Potassium Assay Kit manual: prepare 2x dye solution, dilute the dye with assay buffer (20mM HEPES in 1x HBSS, PH7.4), addition of probenecid to a final concentration of 5mM, and vortexed vigorously for 1–2 minutes. The cell plate is flicked to remove medium and tapped on paper towels to remove excess media. The assay buffer and 2x dye solution are mixed 1:1 and added to each well for a total volume of 20μl per well. The cell plate is moved to a plate shaker, agitated at 600rpm for two minutes, and then incubated at 25C for one hour.12436360v1 Page 50 of 62

[0167] The compounds are prepared in DMSO and transferred to a 384-well compound plate (PP, low binding), referred to as a source plate. Reference agonist (300nM) compound and test inhibitor (10mM) compounds are added to the compound plate and a 4-fold serial dilution is performed in DMSO. Using an ECHO dispenser, compounds are dispensed at 90 nL / well from the source plate to a 384-well compound plate (PP, low binding). After the dispensing is complete, 30μL / well assay buffer is added to the compound plate and mixed for two minutes on a plate shaker. The cell plate, compound plate, and tips are loaded into the FLIPR instrument, and a transfer of 10μl of 3x compound to the cell plate is initiated. The treated cell plate is kept at in the dark at 25C for 30 minutes. Chloride-free stimulation buffer containing 4x 2mM Tl+ and 4x EC80 of agonist loxapine is loaded into a 384-well compound plate (PP, low binding). After the 30- minute incubation, the cell plate, compound plate containing stimulation buffer, and FLIPR tips are loaded into the FLIPR instrument. After a baseline read, the FLIPR initiates a transfer of 10μL of stimulation buffer containing loxapine to the cell plate. The plate is read for 160 sec with 1 second interval reads to obtain the data.

[0168] The normalized fluorescence reading (RFU) is calculated as shown follow, while Fmax and Fmin stand for maximum and minimum of signal during defined time window. The IC50 is calculated by fitting % inhibition against log of compound concentrations with Hill equation using XLfit.

[0169] Results areTable 2. Compound No. IC50 (nM)

[0170] In Table 2, “A” indicates an IC50 of ≤ 250 nM; “B” indicates an IC50 of > 250 nM and ≤ 500 nM; “C” indicates an IC50 of > 500 nM and ≤ 1000 nM; and “D” indicates an IC50 of > 1000 nM.12436360v1 Page 51 of 62

Claims

CLAIMS 1. A compound of formula I: or a pharmaceuticallyRing A is a 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; Ring B is a 5- to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, provided that at least one heteroatom is at a position other than the fusion between Ring A and Ring B;from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur or a 9- to 10-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein R2is substituted with 0-3 instances of Ry; R3is selected from C1-6 aliphatic, a 3- to 6-membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, phenyl, a 10-membered aryl ring, a 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and a 9- to 10-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein R3is substituted with 0-4 instances of Rz; each Rxis selected from optionally substituted C1-6 aliphatic, -N(R)2, and -OR; each Ryis independently selected from oxo, -CN, -N(R)2, –OR, -CO2R, or an optionally substituted group selected from C1-4 aliphatic and a 3- to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring;12436360v1 Page 52 of 62each Rzis independently selected from –CN, halogen, -OR, -SO2R, and an optionally substituted group selected from C1-6 aliphatic and a 3- to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring; each R is independently selected from hydrogen or an optionally substituted group selected from C1-6 aliphatic, phenyl, a 3- to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, a 3- to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and a 5- to 6- membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and m is 0-2.

2. The compound according to claim 1, wherein Ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.

3. The compound according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein Ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.

4. The compound according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein Ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2 nitrogen atoms.

5. The compound according to claim 1, wherein Ring A is selected from , ,12436360v1 Page 53 of 62nd 6. The compound according to claim 5, wherein Ring A .

7. The compound according to any one of claims 1-6, wherein Ring B is a 6- to 7- membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, provided that at least one heteroatom is at a position other than the fusion between Ring A and Ring B.

8. The compound according to claim 7, wherein Ring B is selected from12436360v1 Page 54 of 629. The compound according to any one of claims 1-8, wherein R1.

10. The compound according to any one of claims 1-9, wherein R2is a 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein R2is substituted with 0-3 instances of Ry.

11. The compound according to claim 10, wherein R2is a 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein R2is substituted with 1-2 instances of Ry.

12. The compound according to claim 11, wherein R2is a 6-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 nitrogen atoms, wherein R2is substituted with 0-3 instances of Ry.

13. The compound according to claim 12, wherein R2is selected from14. The compound according to claim 13, wherein R2is selected from12436360v1 Page 55 of 6215. The compound according to any one of claims 1-14, wherein R3is a 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein R3is substituted with 0-4 instances of Rz.

16. The compound according to claim 15, wherein R3is a 5-membered heteroaryl ring having 2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein R3is substituted with 0-4 instances of Rz.

17. The compound according to claim 16, .

18. The compound according to claim 17, .

19. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from any of formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, and II-g:12436360v1 Page 56 of 62or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

20. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from any of formulae III-a, III-b, III-c, III-d, III-e, III-f, and III-g:12436360v1 Page 57 of 62or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

21. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from any of formulae III-b-i, III-c-i, III-d-i, III-e-i, III-f-i, and III-g-i:or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

22. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to any one of claims 1- 21, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, carriers, or diluents.

23. A method of inhibiting one or more mutants of KCNT1, the method comprising contacting a biological sample (e.g., a protein, a cell, a sample derived or obtained from a patient, etc.) with a compound according to any one of claims 1-21, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.12436360v1 Page 58 of 6224. The method according to claim 23, wherein the compound inhibits one or more gain-of- function (GoF) KCNT1 mutants.

25. The method according to claim 24, wherein the one or more gain-of-function KCNT1 mutants are selected from KCNT1G288S, KCNT1R398Q, KCNT1A934T, KCNT1R950Q, KCNT1R961H, KCNT1R474H, KCNT1R25W, KCNT1R428Q, KCNT1R100W, KCNT1R356Q, KCNT1A966T, KCNT1R262Q, KCNT1R262W, KCNT1F346L, KCNT1R356W, KCNT1S379N, KCNT1L437I, KCNT1L437F, KCNT1R474C, KCNT1R928C, KCNT1A259T, KCNT1M267T, KCNT1Q270K, KCNT1Q270E, KCNT1V271F, KCNT1L281F, KCNT1L281I, KCNT1G288C, KCNT1A295V, KCNT1L339R, KCNT1M354R, KCNT1R398W, KCNT1P409S, KCNT1P409L, KCNT1H469P, KCNT1H469L, KCNT1R474L, KCNT1R474S, KCNT1W476R, KCNT1A477T, KCNT1R484Q, KCNT1H499R, KCNT1F502S, KCNT1M516V, KCNT1R538C, KCNT1G554E, KCNT1K629Q, KCNT1K629E, KCNT1T671I, KCNT1I760F, KCNT1I760M, KCNT1L781V, KCNT1Y796H, KCNT1G797V, KCNT1P820L, KCNT1E893K, KCNT1E893V, KCNT1M896I, KCNT1M896K, KCNT1M896R, KCNT1M896V, KCNT1Q906R, KCNT1F932I, KCNT1R933G, KCNT1R933H, KCNT1A934S, KCNT1A934V, KCNT1Y938C, KCNT1L942F, KCNT1K947E, KCNT1R950L, KCNT1S982P, KCNT1T1001S, and KCNT1A1113D.

26. The method according to any one of claims 23-25, wherein the compound inhibits all or substantially all gain-of-function KCNT1 mutants.

27. The method according to any one of claims 23-26, wherein the compound inhibits a KCNT1 mutant selected from KCNT1G288S, KCNT1R398Q, KCNT1A934T, KCNT1R950Q, KCNT1R961H, KCNT1R474H, KCNT1R25W, KCNT1R428Q, KCNT1R100W, KCNT1R356Q, KCNT1A966T, KCNT1R262Q, KCNT1R262W, KCNT1F346L, KCNT1R356W, KCNT1S379N, KCNT1L437I, KCNT1L437F, KCNT1R474C, KCNT1R928C.

28. A method of treating a disease associated with aberrant KCNT1 activity, or a mutant thereof, the method comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a compound according to any one of claims 1-21, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.12436360v1 Page 59 of 6229. The method according to claim 28, wherein the disease associated with aberrant KCNT1 activity, or a mutant thereof, is a neurological disease associated with excessive neuronal excitability and / or a gain-of-function mutation.

30. The method according to claim 28 or claim 29, wherein the disease associated with aberrant KCNT1 activity, or a mutant thereof, is selected from epilepsy and other encephalopathies (e.g., epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures (MMFSI, EIMFS)), Autosomal Dominant Nocturnal Frontal Lobe Epilepsy (ADNFLE), West syndrome, infantile spasms, epileptic encephalopathy, developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE), early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE), generalized epilepsy, focal epilepsy, multifocal epilepsy, temporal lobe epilepsy, Ohtahara syndrome, early myoclonic encephalopathy and Lennox Gastaut syndrome, drug resistant epilepsy, seizures (e.g., frontal lobe seizures, generalized tonic-clonic seizures, asymmetric tonic seizures, focal seizures), leukodystrophy, hypomyelinating leukodystrophy, leukoencephalopathy, and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy, cardiac dysfunctions (e.g., cardiac arrhythmia, Brugada syndrome, myocardial infarction), pulmonary vasculopathy / hemorrhage, pain and related conditions (e.g., neuropathic pain, acute / chronic pain, migraine, etc.), muscle disorders (e.g., myotonia, neuromyotonia, cramp muscle spasms, spasticity), itch and pruritis, movement disorders (e.g., ataxia and cerebellar ataxias), psychiatric disorders (e.g., major depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder), neurodevelopmental disorder, learning disorders, intellectual disability, Fragile X, intellectual function,neuronal plasticity, and autism spectrum disorders.

31. The method according to claim 30, wherein the disease associated with aberrant KCNT1 activity, or a mutant thereof, is selected from EIMFS, ADNFLE and West syndrome.

32. The method according to claim 30, wherein the disease associated with aberrant KCNT1 activity, or a mutant thereof, is selected from infantile spasms, epileptic encephalopathy, focal epilepsy, Ohtahara syndrome, developmental and epileptic encephalopathy and Lennox Gastaut syndrome.12436360v1 Page 60 of 6233. The method according to claim 30, wherein the disease associated with aberrant KCNT1 activity, or a mutant thereof, is seizure.

34. The method according to claim 33, wherein the seizure is a migrating focal seizure.

35. The method according to claim 30, wherein the disease associated with aberrant KCNT1 activity, or a mutant thereof, is selected from cardiac arrhythmia, Brugada syndrome, and myocardial infarction.

36. The method according to claim 30, wherein the disease associated with aberrant KCNT1 activity, or a mutant thereof, is selected from learning disorders, Fragile X, intellectual function, neuronal plasticity, psychiatric disorders, and autism spectrum disorders.12436360v1 Page 61 of 62

Images