Method for configuring a-IOT interface
The proposed method for configuring the A-IoT interface addresses inefficiencies in energy harvesting and node configuration by using UE as intermediate nodes and network nodes as carrier wave emitters, resulting in efficient deployment and reduced maintenance costs.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/137659
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-12-08
- Filing Date
- 2024-12-07
- Publication Date
- 2025-06-12
AI Technical Summary
Existing methods for configuring the ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) interface are inefficient, particularly in terms of energy harvesting and node configuration within the 3GPP framework, which hinders the effective deployment of A-IoT devices.
A method for configuring the A-IoT interface involves configuring user equipment (UE) to act as an intermediate node, network nodes to act as carrier wave emitters, and controlling these nodes to transmit excitation signals for backscattering, thereby enabling efficient energy harvesting and communication.
This configuration enables the widespread deployment of energy-efficient A-IoT devices, reduces maintenance costs, and ensures seamless coexistence with existing 3GPP networks by preventing severe interference.
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Figure CN2024137659_12062025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHOD FOR CONFIGURING A-IOT INTERFACEBACKGROUND OF DISCLOSURE1. Field of Disclosure
[0001] The present disclosure relates to the field of communication systems, and more particularly, to a method for configuring ambient internet of things (A-IoT) interface. 2. Description of Related Art
[0002] Backscattering is a communication scheme for A-IoT devices. In general, with the backscatter technology, an A-IoT device acting as a backscatter transmitter can harvest energy from excitation signals transmitted by a carrier wave emitter and then transmits its data by modulating and reflecting the received excitation signals to another A-IoT device acting a backscatter receiver. Note that, without loss of generality, a backscatter transmitter and a backscatter receiver also refer to an active transmitter and an active receiver, respectively, if an active radio frequency (RF) component is equipped within an A-IoT device or a network node. In this description, the reflected excitation signal, reflected ambient signal, or an active signal being generated and transmitted using stored energy, are collectively referred to as a backscattered / transmitted signal. The information carried in the backscattered / transmitted signal can be expressed in several ways: ● By adjusting the amplitude, phase, or center frequency of an RF carrier received from the carrier wave emitter, or ● By using an autonomously generated active RF signal.
[0003] The backscatter technology can be categorized into three schemes: monostatic based, bistatic based, or ambient-based schemes. ● For monostatic based backscatter scheme, the carrier wave emitter for transmitting excitation signals and the backscatter receiver for receiving backscattered / transmitted signals are equipped within the same device called the reader. ● For bistatic based backscatter scheme, the carrier wave emitter for transmitting incident signals and the backscatter receiver for receiving backscattered / transmitted signals are separately located. ● For the ambient-based backscatter scheme, the excitation signals are received from ambient RF sources, e.g., cellular base stations, wireless local area network (WLAN) access points (APs) , or TV / Radio broadcast towers. In the scheme, the A-IoT device can act as a backscatter transmitter to transmit backscattered / transmitted signals directly to backscatter receivers without receiving excitation signals from a dedicated carrier wave emitter.
[0004] A study item of RAN on Ambient IoT (Internet of Things) in 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has been discussed under the framework of 3GPP system. The study focused on ultra-low complexity A-IoT devices with ultra-low power consumption for the very-low end IoT applications, wherein the A-IoT devices can harvest energy from incident signals of ambient excitation sources. A-IoT devices distinguish themselves from existing 3GPP IoT technologies (such as NB-IoT, LTE-M, and RedCap) by achieving orders-of-magnitude lower complexity and power consumption. ITS 38.848 defines three A-IoT device types based on their distinct characteristics: ● Device A: Device A is characterized by its lack of energy storage and independent signal generation / amplification capabilities. This device type operates solely through backscattering transmission. ● Device B: Device B is equipped with energy storage capabilities but lacks independent signal generation. This device type operates through backscattering transmission and can utilize its stored energy to amplify reflected signals. ● Device C: Device C is equipped with both energy storage and independent signal generation capabilities. This device type incorporates active RF components for transmission.
[0005] In TS 38.848, power consumption targets of each device type are also evaluated.
[0006] For Device A, the power consumption target during transmitting / receiving is ≤ 1 μW or ≤ 10 μW.
[0007] For Device B, the target during transmitting / receiving is such that: ● Device A power consumption << Device B power consumption < Device C power consumption; or ● Device A power consumption ≤ Device B power consumption < Device C power consumption.
[0008] For Device C, the device power consumption during transmitting / receiving is ≤ 1 mW to ≤ 10 mW.
[0009] To achieve power consumption targets in the order of microwatts (μW) , A-IoT Type A devices must use passive loads. These devices are powered by an energy harvester that provides instantaneous energy conversion, as Type A devices are not equipped with any energy storage capabilities.
[0010] Type B devices incorporate both passive loads and energy storage components, such as capacitors or batteries. This stored energy enables Type B devices to power reflection amplifiers, thereby improving their coverage range.
[0011] Type C devices target power consumption in the order of milliwatts (mW) for transmitting and receiving operations. These devices can be equipped with larger capacitors to power active RF components including digital-to-analog converters (DAC) , filters, mixers, oscillators, and power amplifiers (PA) . Furthermore, Type C devices can leverage certain 3GPP protocols.Technical Problem:
[0012] Energy harvesting from the environment is a prerequisite for A-IoT devices to perform communications or charging. A-IoT devices require dedicated time periods for energy harvesting, and efficient methods for implementing this within the existing 3GPP framework require further investigation.
[0013] RF signal energy harvesting is more effective when the power source node is positioned closer to the A-IoT device. This configuration requires a mechanism for base stations to configure nodes that serve as power source nodes for the A-IoT devices, both for energy harvesting support and for relaying information.
[0014] The selection process for power source nodes among network components such as base stations, user equipment, relays, and IAB nodes needs further analysis.
[0015] Network deployment scenarios may involve one node serving multiple A-IoT devices. The base station must configure various A-IoT air interface parameters. Methods for configuring these parameters within the 3GPP framework require additional study.
[0016] Hence, a method for configuring ambient internet of things (A-IoT) interface is desirable.SUMMARY
[0017] An object of the present disclosure is to propose a method for configuring A-IoT interface.
[0018] In a first aspect, an embodiment of the invention provides a method for configuring ambient internet of things (A-IoT) interface for execution by a base station, comprising: configuring a user equipment (UE) to act as an intermediate node; providing control information for the intermediate node to perform communication with one or more than one internet of things (IoT) device; configuring a network node to act as a carrier wave emitter; and controlling the carrier wave emitter to transmit an excitation signal for one or more than one IoT device to perform backscattering.
[0019] In a second aspect, an embodiment of the invention provides a method for configuring ambient internet of things (A-IoT) interface for execution by a user equipment (UE) , comprising: being configured to act as an intermediate node; receiving from a base station control information for the intermediate node to perform communication with one or more than one internet of things (IoT) device that receives an excitation signal for backscattering, wherein the excitation signal is transmitted by a network node that acts as a carrier wave emitter.
[0020] In a third aspect, an embodiment of the invention provides a method for configuring ambient internet of things (A-IoT) interface for execution by an IoT device, comprising: receiving an excitation signal for backscattering from a network node that acts as a carrier wave emitter; and communicating through the A-IoT interface with a user equipment (UE) that is configured to act as an intermediate node based on control information that is provided by a base station to the UE.
[0021] In a fourth aspect, an embodiment of the invention provides a user equipment (UE) comprising a processor configured to call and run a computer program stored in a memory, to cause a device in which the processor is installed to execute the disclosed method.
[0022] In a fifth aspect, an embodiment of the invention provides a base station comprising a processor configured to call and run a computer program stored in a memory, to cause a device in which the processor is installed to execute the disclosed method.
[0023] In a sixth aspect, an embodiment of the invention provides an internet of things (IoT) device comprising a processor configured to call and run a computer program stored in a memory, to cause a device in which the processor is installed to execute the disclosed method.
[0024] The disclosed method may be programmed as computer executable instructions stored in non-transitory computer readable medium. The non-transitory computer readable medium, when loaded to a computer, directs a processor of the computer to execute the disclosed method.
[0025] The non-transitory computer readable medium may comprise at least one from a group consisting of: a hard disk, a CD-ROM, an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, a Read Only Memory, a Programmable Read Only Memory, an Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory, EPROM, an Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory and a Flash memory.
[0026] The disclosed method may be programmed as a computer program product, that causes a computer to execute the disclosed method.
[0027] The disclosed method may be programmed as a computer program, that causes a computer to execute the disclosed method.Advantageous Effects
[0028] The introduction of energy harvesting mechanisms within 3GPP systems delivers several key benefits. These mechanisms enable the deployment of tens or even hundreds of billions of A-IoT devices that are small in size, low in complexity, and energy-efficient. Such widespread deployment drives new market opportunities across various applications and scenarios, while improving productivity, efficiency, and quality of life.
[0029] The implementation of these mechanisms significantly reduces maintenance costs and environmental impact by eliminating the need for battery replacement or manual recharging of A-IoT devices.
[0030] Furthermore, these solutions ensure seamless coexistence with existing 3GPP networks by preventing severe interference. This eliminates the need for complex interference management systems between A-IoT devices and 3GPP devices.
[0031] The introduction of energy harvesting mechanisms within 3GPP systems delivers several key benefits. These mechanisms enable the deployment of tens or even hundreds of billions of A-IoT devices that are small in size, low in complexity, and energy-efficient. Such widespread deployment drives new market opportunities across various applications and scenarios, while improving productivity, efficiency, and quality of life.
[0032] The implementation of these mechanisms significantly reduces maintenance costs and environmental impact by eliminating the need for battery replacement or manual recharging of A-IoT devices.
[0033] Furthermore, these solutions ensure seamless coexistence with existing 3GPP networks by preventing severe interference. This eliminates the need for complex interference management systems between A-IoT devices and 3GPP devices.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0034] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present disclosure or related art, the following figures will be described in the embodiments briefly introduced. It is obvious that the drawings are merely some embodiments of the present disclosure, a person having ordinary skill in this field may obtain other figures according to these figures without paying the premise.
[0035] FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic view showing an A-IoT system topology 1.
[0036] FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic view showing an A-IoT system topology 2.
[0037] FIG. 4 illustrates a schematic view showing an A-IoT system topology 3.
[0038] FIG. 5 illustrates a schematic view showing an A-IoT system topology 4.
[0039] FIG. 6 illustrates a schematic view showing an embodiment of the disclosed method for configuring ambient internet of things (A-IoT) interface.
[0040] FIG. 7 illustrates a schematic view showing another embodiment of the disclosed method for configuring ambient internet of things (A-IoT) interface.
[0041] FIG. 8 illustrates a schematic view showing an example of signaling flows demonstrating the operational roles among a gNB, a network node, and two A-IoT devices in supporting backscatter communications.
[0042] FIG. 9 illustrates an example of signaling flows demonstrating the operational roles among a gNB, a network node, and 2 A-IoT devices in supporting energy harvesting as well as backscatter communication.
[0043] FIG. 10 illustrates a schematic view showing an example of signaling flows demonstrating the operational roles among a gNB, two network nodes, and a Type C A-IoT device for supporting energy harvesting as well as backscatter communication.
[0044] FIG. 11 illustrates a schematic view showing an example of signaling flows demonstrating the operational roles among a gNB, a network node, and an A-IoT device in supporting energy harvesting as well as backscatter communication.
[0045] FIG. 12 illustrates a schematic view showing an example of functional blocks demonstrating necessary configurations for energy harvesting or backscatter communication within a topology of A-IoT network.
[0046] FIG. 13 illustrates a schematic view showing an example of an A-IoT device.
[0047] FIG. 14 illustrates a schematic view showing an example of a user equipment (UE) .
[0048] FIG. 15 illustrates a schematic view showing an example of a base station.
[0049] FIG. 16 illustrates a schematic view showing a chip or executing the disclosed method in an A-IoT device.
[0050] FIG. 17 illustrates a schematic view showing a chip or executing the disclosed method in a UE.
[0051] FIG. 18 illustrates a schematic view showing a chip or executing the disclosed method in a base station.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
[0052] Embodiments of the disclosure are described in detail with the technical matters, structural features, achieved objects, and effects with reference to the accompanying drawings as follows. Specifically, the terminologies in the embodiments of the present disclosure are merely for describing the purpose of the certain embodiment, but not to limit the disclosure. In this disclosure, the term " / " should be interpreted to indicate "and / or. "
[0053] TS 38.848 considers four general connectivity topologies for A-IoT networks operating in indoor or outdoor scenarios: 1 IoT device: Direct connection between base station and Ambient IoT device. 2 IoT device: Connection through an intermediate node between base station and Ambient IoT device. 3 IoT Connection involving base station, assisting node, and Ambient IoT device with base station. 4 IoT device: Direct connection between user equipment and Ambient IoT device. Note that the bi-directional arrow symbol represents a connection between two entities. 1 Topology 1: IoT device
[0054] With reference to FIG. 1, In Topology 1, the Ambient IoT device directly and bidirectionally communicates with a base station. 2 Topology 2: IoT device
[0055] With reference to FIG. 2, in Topology 2, the Ambient IoT device communicates bidirectionally with an intermediate node between the Ambient IoT device and base station. 3 Topology 3: IoT STATION
[0056] With reference to FIG. 3, in Topology 3, the Ambient IoT device transmits data / signaling to a base station and receives data / signaling from the assisting node; or the Ambient IoT device receives data / signaling from a base station and transmits data / signaling to the assisting node. 4 Topology 4: IoT device
[0057] With reference to FIG. 4, in Topology 4, the Ambient IoT device communicates bidirectionally with a UE.
[0058] In Topology 2 and Topology 3, the network node serving as an intermediate or assisting node supports both ambient IoT and 3GPP air interfaces. This network node can be any 3GPP-compatible network component, such as a relay, integrated access and backhaul (IAB) , UE, or repeater. Direct communication between the base station (BS) and the 3GPP-compatible network node is possible through existing 3GPP interfaces, such as Uu and PC5, using corresponding 3GPP protocols.
[0059] Type C devices, in addition to supporting the ambient IoT air interface, can partially implement conventional 3GPP functions. This capability enables Type C devices to communicate with BS or UE according to 3GPP interfaces in Topology 1 and Topology 4, using the Uu interface and PC5 interface respectively.
[0060] The disclosure examines how base stations configure the A-IoT air interface of network nodes, both directly and indirectly. These nodes include intermediate nodes, assisting nodes, and Type C ambient IoT devices, whether they are 3GPP-capable or A-IoT capable. A fundamental requirement is that all ambient IoT devices (Types A, B, and C) must rely on energy harvesting to communicate with network nodes, including base stations, intermediate nodes, and assisting nodes.
[0061] A-IoT still has several technical issues that need to be addressed. For example, ● Energy harvesting from the environment is a prerequisite for A-IoT devices to perform communications or charging. A-IoT devices require dedicated time periods for energy harvesting, and efficient methods for implementing this within the existing 3GPP framework require further investigation. ● RF signal energy harvesting is more effective when the power source node is positioned closer to the A-IoT device. In A-IoT network topologies 2 and 3, intermediate nodes or assisting nodes can serve as power source nodes for the A-IoT devices. This configuration requires a mechanism for base stations to configure these nodes through 3GPP interfaces, both for energy harvesting support and for relaying information between the base station and A-IoT devices. ● The selection process for power source nodes among network components such as base stations, user equipment, relays, and IAB nodes needs further analysis. This selection should consider factors including node capabilities and relative distance to the A-IoT devices. ● Network deployment scenarios may involve one node serving multiple A-IoT devices. In such cases, the network node must identify potential A-IoT devices in its proximity through specific measurements and report these findings to the base station. Based on these measurements, the base station must configure various A-IoT air interface parameters, including interface type for each link, resource allocation, transmission power allocation, energy charging duration, and charging rates. Methods for configuring these parameters within the 3GPP framework require additional study.
[0062] The proposed solutions provide parameters and schemes for configuring network nodes capable of A-IoT air interface under various network topologies. These solutions establish specific frameworks for managing the A-IoT network infrastructure.
[0063] The solutions also introduce detailed parameters and schemes for configuring resources dedicated to energy harvesting and backscatter communication in the A-IoT air interface. This enables efficient resource utilization across the network.
[0064] Additionally, the solutions deliver comprehensive parameters and schemes for configuring information exchange protocols between network nodes and A-IoT devices. This ensures effective communication throughout the system.
[0065] With reference to FIG. 5, a telecommunication system including a UE 10a, a base station 20a, a base station 20b, and a network entity device 30 executes the disclosed method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 5 is shown for illustrative, not limiting, and the system may comprise more UEs, BSs, and CN entities. Connections between devices and device components are shown as lines and arrows in the FIGs. The UE 10a may include a processor 11a, a memory 12a, and a transceiver 13a. The base station 20a may include a processor 21a, a memory 22a, and a transceiver 23a. The base station 20b may include a processor 21b, a memory 22b, and a transceiver 23b. The network entity device 30 may include a processor 31, a memory 32, and a transceiver 33. Each of the processors 11a, 21a, 21b, and 31 may be configured to implement the proposed functions, procedures, and / or methods described in this description. Layers of radio interface protocol may be implemented in the processors 11a, 21a, 21b, and 31. Each of the memory 12a, 22a, 22b, and 32 operatively stores a variety of programs and information to operate a connected processor. Each of the transceivers 13a, 23a, 23b, and 33 are operatively coupled with a connected processor, and transmits and / or receives a radio signal. Each of the base stations 20a and 20b may be an eNB, a gNB, or one of other radio nodes.
[0066] Each of the processors 11a, 21a, 21b, and 31 may include a general-purpose central processing unit (CPU) , application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , other chipsets, logic circuits and / or data processing devices. Each of the memory 12a, 22a, 22b, and 32 may include read-only memory (ROM) , a random-access memory (RAM) , a flash memory, a memory card, a storage medium and / or other storage devices. Each of the transceivers 13a, 23a, 23b, and 33 may include baseband circuitry and radio frequency (RF) circuitry to process radio frequency signals. When the embodiments are implemented in software, the techniques described herein can be implemented with modules, procedures, functions, entities and so on, that perform the functions described herein. The modules can be stored in a memory and executed by the processors. The memory can be implemented within a processor or external to the processor, in which those can be communicatively coupled to the processor via various means are known in the art.
[0067] The network entity device 30 may be a node in a CN. CN may include LTE CN or 5GC which may include user plane function (UPF) , session management function (SMF) , access and mobility management function (AMF) , unified data management (UDM) , policy control function (PCF) , control plane (CP) / user plane (UP) separation (CUPS) , authentication server (AUSF) , network slice selection function (NSSF) , and the network exposure function (NEF) .
[0068] With reference to FIG. 5 and FIG. 13, the A-IoT device 60a may include a logical circuit 11a, a memory 12a, and a transceiver 13a. The logical circuit 11a is configured to call and run an A-IoT function, to cause A-IoT device 60a in which the logical circuit 11a is installed to execute the disclosed method, steps, and / or functions of an A-IoT device. The transceiver 13a may include baseband circuitry and radio frequency (RF) circuitry.
[0069] An example of A-IoT device in the description may include A-IoT device 60a. An example of the UE in the description may include one of the UE 10a or UE 10b. An example of the base station or gNB in the description may include the base station 20a. The term “resource” unless otherwise specified may be interpreted as radio resources in time domain and / or frequency domain.
[0070] Embodiments of the invention are detailed in the following:
[0071] In the following embodiments, the network node refers to any existing or future node specified in a 3GPP network that operates within the A-IoT topology or architecture. These network nodes support at least some 3GPP protocols through wired or wireless connections. Such nodes include gNBs, user equipment (UE) , relay nodes, integrated access and backhaul nodes (IAB) , A-IoT devices with partial 3GPP protocol support, intermediate nodes, and assisting nodes.
[0072] With reference to FIG. 6, a base station 20a, a network node, and an A-IoT device 60a performs an embodiment of the disclosed method. The A-IoT device 60a may comprise one or more than one A-IoT device.
[0073] Step A001: The base station 20a provides control information to one or more than one internet of things (IoT) device to perform communication via an IoT interface.
[0074] Step A003: The base station configures a network node to act as a carrier wave emitter.
[0075] Step A005: The base station controls the carrier wave emitter to transmit an excitation signal.
[0076] Step B002: The A-IoT device 60a receives control information from a base station to perform communication via an IoT interface.
[0077] Step B006: The A-IoT device 60a receives an excitation signal from a network node configured to act as a carrier wave emitter.
[0078] For the base station 20a the following applies:
[0079] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the network node acting as a carrier wave emitter is the base station.
[0080] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the one or more than one IoT device configures the one or more than one IoT device as one or more than one backscatter transmitter.
[0081] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the one or more than one IoT device specifies time and frequency resources allocated for backscattering.
[0082] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the time domain resources allocated for backscattering is separate from the time domain resources used for energy harvesting.
[0083] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the one or more than one IoT device includes an IoT device identity associated with the one or more than one IoT device.
[0084] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to one or more than one IoT device includes an IoT device identity, and the IoT device identity is associated with one or more than one destination IoT device for receiving request information from the base station.
[0085] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the one or more than one IoT device includes an information type to be requested from the one or more than one IoT device.
[0086] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the one or more than one IoT device includes feedback information to be transmitted from the one or more than one IoT device.
[0087] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the one or more than one IoT device includes a device type of one or more IoT devices to be requested by the base station.
[0088] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the one or more than one IoT device includes resource configuration of the IoT interface for backscattering an excitation signal.
[0089] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the one or more than one IoT device includes a modulation or coding scheme adopted by the one or more than one IoT device.
[0090] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the one or more than one IoT device specifies whether backscattered signal transmission or active RF signal transmission is enabled for the one or more than one IoT device to perform transmission to the base station via the IoT interface.
[0091] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the one or more than one IoT device schedules time or frequency domain resources for the IoT interface.
[0092] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the one or more than one IoT device specifies a carrier frequency used for the IoT interface.
[0093] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the base station performs channel measurement to determine whether the one or more than one IoT device is within a communication range of the base station.
[0094] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the base station performs channel measurement to determine a number of IoT devices that are within a communication range of the base station.
[0095] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the base station determines a number of detectable IoT devices that are within a communication range of the base station.
[0096] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the base station determines whether the one or more than one IoT device is within a communication range of the base station according to a decoding result of a signal transmitted from the one or more than one IoT device.
[0097] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the base station controls the carrier wave emitter to transmit the excitation signal using a configured carrier frequency.
[0098] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the base station controls the carrier wave emitter to transmit the excitation signal within a time duration or a frequency range.
[0099] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the base station controls the carrier wave emitter to transmit the excitation signal according to a configured power level.
[0100] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the base station determines whether the network node is eligible to be configured as the carrier wave emitter according to a relative distance between the network node and the one or more than one IoT device.
[0101] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the base station determines whether the network node is eligible to be configured as the carrier wave emitter according to a transmission power level of the network node.
[0102] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the base station receives report information from the one or more than one IoT device, the report information is conveyed in a backscattered signal the one or more than one IoT device reflects to the base station.
[0103] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the report information includes location relevant information of the one or more than one IoT device.
[0104] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the report information includes device type related information of the one or more than one IoT device.
[0105] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the report information includes a remaining energy status of the one or more than one IoT device.
[0106] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the base station configures a network node acting as a backscatter receiver.
[0107] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the one or more than one IoT device includes an identifier of the backscatter receiver.
[0108] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, according to the control information, the backscatter receiver is configured to receive backscattered signals the one or more than one IoT device reflects.
[0109] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the backscatter receiver is configured to receive report information the one or more than one IoT device transmits.
[0110] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the network node acting as the backscatter receiver is different from the network node acting as the carrier wave emitter.
[0111] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the base station configures a network node acting as a power source node, and the network node acting as a power source node provides a charging signal for an IoT device to perform energy harvesting, and the IoT device is one of the one or more than one IoT device.
[0112] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the base station schedules a time duration for transmission of the charging signal by the power source node.
[0113] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the base station schedules a power level for transmission of the charging signal by the power source node.
[0114] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the information related to the power source node is provided by the base station to the one or more than one IoT device.
[0115] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the information related to the power source node includes a waveform format of a charging signal transmitted by the power source node.
[0116] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the information related to the power source node includes a time duration for transmission of the charging signal by the power source node.
[0117] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the information related to the power source node specifies a carrier frequency for transmission of the charging signal by the power source node.
[0118] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the network node acting as the power source node is the base station.
[0119] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, a device type of the one or more than one IoT device is an active IoT device that transmits an active radio frequency (RF) signal via the IoT interface.
[0120] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the one or more than one active IoT device specifies resource scheduling between the base station and the one or more than one IoT device of the device type.
[0121] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the one or more than one active IoT device includes a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) of the active RF signal generated by the one or more than one active IoT device.
[0122] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the one or more than one active IoT device includes report information to be transmitted by the one or more than one IoT device of the device type.
[0123] For the A-IoT device 60a the following applies:
[0124] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the network node acting as a carrier wave emitter is the base station.
[0125] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information configures the IoT device as a backscatter transmitter.
[0126] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information specifies time and frequency resources allocated for backscattering.
[0127] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the time domain resources allocated for backscattering is separate from the time domain resources used for energy harvesting.
[0128] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information includes an IoT device identity associated with the IoT device.
[0129] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information includes an IoT device identity, and the IoT device identity is associated with one or more than one destination IoT device for receiving request information from the base station.
[0130] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information includes an information type to be requested from the IoT device.
[0131] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information includes feedback information to be transmitted from the IoT device.
[0132] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information includes a device type of one or more IoT devices to be requested by the base station.
[0133] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information includes resource configuration of the IoT interface for backscattering an excitation signal.
[0134] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information includes a modulation or coding scheme adopted by the IoT device.
[0135] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information specifies whether backscattered signal transmission or active RF signal transmission is enabled for the IoT device to perform transmission to the base station via the IoT interface.
[0136] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information schedules time or frequency domain resources for the IoT interface.
[0137] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information specifies a carrier frequency used for the IoT interface.
[0138] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, channel measurement is performed to determine whether the IoT device is within a communication range of the base station.
[0139] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, channel measurement is performed to determine a number of IoT devices that are within a communication range of the base station.
[0140] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, a number of detectable IoT devices that are within a communication range of the base station is determined.
[0141] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, whether the one or more than one IoT device is within a communication range of the base station is determined according to a decoding result of a signal transmitted from the one or more than one IoT device.
[0142] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the carrier wave emitter transmits the excitation signal using a configured carrier frequency.
[0143] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the carrier wave emitter transmits the excitation signal within a time duration or a frequency range.
[0144] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the carrier wave emitter transmits the excitation signal according to a configured power level.
[0145] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, whether the network node is eligible to be configured as the carrier wave emitter is determined according to a relative distance between the network node and the one or more than one IoT device.
[0146] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, whether the network node is eligible to be configured as the carrier wave emitter is determined according to a transmission power level of the network node.
[0147] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the IoT device transmits report information to the base station, the report information is conveyed in a backscattered signal the IoT device reflects to the base station.
[0148] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the report information includes location relevant information of the IoT device.
[0149] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the report information includes device type related information of the IoT device.
[0150] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the report information includes a remaining energy status of the IoT device.
[0151] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, a network node is configured by the base station to act as a backscatter receiver associated with the IoT device.
[0152] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information includes an identifier of the backscatter receiver.
[0153] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, according to the control information, the backscatter receiver is configured to receive backscattered signals the IoT device reflects.
[0154] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the backscatter receiver is configured to receive report information the IoT device transmits.
[0155] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the network node acting as the backscatter receiver is different from the network node acting as the carrier wave emitter.
[0156] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, a network node is configured by the base station to act as a power source node, and the network node acting as a power source node provides a charging signal for the IoT device to perform energy harvesting.
[0157] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, a time duration for transmission of the charging signal by the power source node is scheduled by the base station.
[0158] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, a power level for transmission of the charging signal by the power source node is scheduled by the base station.
[0159] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the information related to the power source node is provided by the base station to the IoT device.
[0160] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the information related to the power source node includes a waveform format of a charging signal transmitted by the power source node.
[0161] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the information related to the power source node includes a time duration for transmission of the charging signal by the power source node.
[0162] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the information related to the power source node specifies a carrier frequency for transmission of the charging signal by the power source node.
[0163] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the network node acting as the power source node is the base station.
[0164] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, a device type of the IoT device is an active IoT device that transmits an active radio frequency (RF) signal via the IoT interface.
[0165] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information specifies resource scheduling between the base station and the IoT device of the device type.
[0166] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information includes a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) of the active RF signal generated by the IoT device acting as an active IoT device.
[0167] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information includes report information to be transmitted by the IoT device of the device type.
[0168] With reference to FIG. 7, a base station 20a, a UE 10a, a network node, and an A-IoT device 60a performs an embodiment of the disclosed method. The A-IoT device 60a may comprise one or more than one A-IoT device.
[0169] Step A011: The base station 20a configures the UE 10a to act as an intermediate node.
[0170] Step A013: The base station 20a provides control information for the intermediate node to perform communication with one or more than one internet of things (IoT) device.
[0171] Step A015: The base station 20a configures a network node to act as a carrier wave emitter.
[0172] Step A017: The base station 20a controls the carrier wave emitter to transmit an excitation signal for one or more than one IoT device to perform backscattering.
[0173] Step C012: The UE 10a is configured to act as an intermediate node.
[0174] Step C018: The UE 10a receives, from the base station 20a, the control information for the intermediate node to perform communication with one or more than one internet of things (IoT) device that receives an excitation signal for backscattering. The excitation signal is transmitted by a network node that acts as a carrier wave emitter.
[0175] The IoT device 60a receives the excitation signal for backscattering from the network node that acts as the carrier wave emitter. The IoT device 60a communicates through the A-IoT interface with the UE 10a that is configured to act as the intermediate node based on the control information that is provided by the base station 20a to the UE 10a.
[0176] For the base station 20a, the following applies:
[0177] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the intermediate node includes a remaining energy status of an IoT device that performs energy harvesting, and the IoT device is one of the one or more than one IoT device.
[0178] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the intermediate node includes a device type of an IoT device for the intermediate node to request information from, and the IoT device is one of the one or more than one IoT device.
[0179] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the intermediate node includes resource configuration of an IoT interface between the intermediate node and the one or more than one IoT device.
[0180] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the UE is configured as the intermediate node by the base station via an Uu interface.
[0181] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the UE is configured as the intermediate node by the base station via radio resource control (RRC) signaling.
[0182] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the intermediate node is via an Uu interface.
[0183] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the intermediate node is via Layer 1 signaling or RRC signaling.
[0184] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the base station determines whether a UE is eligible to be configured as the intermediate node according to a relative distance between the UE and the one or more than one IoT device.
[0185] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the relative distance between the UE and the one or more than one IoT device is determined based on channel measurements at the UE.
[0186] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the base station controls the carrier wave emitter to transmit the excitation signal using a configured carrier frequency.
[0187] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the base station controls the carrier wave emitter to transmit the excitation signal within a time duration or a frequency range.
[0188] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the base station controls the carrier wave emitter to transmit the excitation signal according to a configured power level.
[0189] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the base station determines whether the network node is eligible to be configured as the carrier wave emitter according to a relative distance between the network node and an IoT device, and the IoT device is one of the one or more than one IoT device.
[0190] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the base station determines whether the network node is eligible to be configured as the carrier wave emitter according to a transmission power level of the network node.
[0191] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the base station receives report information from the intermediate node; wherein the report information is conveyed in a backscattered signal which the one or more than one IoT device reflects to the intermediate node, and the intermediate node forwards the report information to the base station.
[0192] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the report information includes location relevant information of the one or more than one IoT device.
[0193] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the report information indicates one or more than one detectable IoT device.
[0194] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the one or more than one detectable IoT device is within a communication range of the intermediate node and the signal transmitted by the one or more than one detectable IoT device are decodable by the intermediate node.
[0195] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the report information indicates a number of the one or more than one detectable IoT device.
[0196] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the report information includes device type related information of the one or more than one IoT device.
[0197] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the report information includes a remaining energy status of the one or more than one IoT device.
[0198] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the base station configures a network node acting as a backscatter receiver.
[0199] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the intermediate node includes an identifier of the backscatter receiver.
[0200] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the backscatter receiver is configured by the base station to receive backscattered signals the one or more than one IoT device reflects.
[0201] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the base station receives report information from the backscatter receiver.
[0202] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the network node acting as the backscatter receiver is different from the network node acting as the carrier wave emitter.
[0203] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the base station configures a network node acting as a power source node which transmits a charging signal for an IoT device to perform energy harvesting, wherein information relevant to the power source node is selectively provided by the base station to the UE.
[0204] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the base station schedules time duration for transmission of the charging signal by the power source node.
[0205] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the base station schedules a power level for transmission of the charging signal by the power source node.
[0206] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the network node acting as the power source node is the base station.
[0207] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, a device type of the one or more than one IoT device is an active IoT device that transmits an active radio frequency (RF) signal.
[0208] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the intermediate node includes resource scheduling between the intermediate node and the one or more than one IoT device of the device type.
[0209] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the intermediate node includes a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) of the active RF signal generated by the one or more than one active IoT device.
[0210] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, radio resources used for transmission of the active RF signal is scheduled by the intermediate node.
[0211] For the UE 10a, the following applies:
[0212] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the UE includes a remaining energy status of an IoT device that performs energy harvesting, and the IoT device is one of the one or more than one IoT device.
[0213] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the UE includes a device type of an IoT device for the UE to request information from, and the IoT device is one of the one or more than one IoT device.
[0214] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the UE includes resource configuration of an IoT interface between the UE and the one or more than one IoT device.
[0215] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the UE is configured as the intermediate node by the base station via an Uu interface.
[0216] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the UE is configured as the intermediate node by the base station via radio resource control (RRC) signaling.
[0217] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the UE is via an Uu interface.
[0218] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the UE is via Layer 1 signaling or RRC signaling.
[0219] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, whether the UE is eligible to be configured as the intermediate node is determined according to a relative distance between the UE and the one or more than one IoT device.
[0220] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the relative distance between the UE and the one or more than one IoT device is determined based on channel measurements or decoding results of signals transmitted from the one or more than one IoT device at the UE.
[0221] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the carrier wave emitter transmits the excitation signal using a configured carrier frequency, wherein the information of the configured carrier frequency is selectively provided by the base station to the UE.
[0222] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the carrier wave emitter transmits the excitation signal within a time duration or a frequency range, wherein the information of the time duration or a frequency range is selectively provided by the base station to the UE.
[0223] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the carrier wave emitter transmits the excitation signal according to a configured power level, wherein the information of the configured power level is selectively provided by the base station to the UE.
[0224] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, whether the network node is eligible to be configured as the carrier wave emitter is determined according to a relative distance between the network node and an IoT device, and the IoT device is one of the one or more than one IoT device within a communication range of the UE.
[0225] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, whether the network node is eligible to be configured as the carrier wave emitter is determined according to a transmission power level of the network node.
[0226] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the UE transmits report information to the base station; wherein the report information is conveyed in a backscattered signal which the one or more than one IoT device reflects to the UE, and the UE forwards the report information to the base station.
[0227] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the report information includes location relevant information of the one or more than one IoT device.
[0228] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the report information indicates one or more than one detectable IoT device.
[0229] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the one or more than one detectable IoT device is within a communication range of the UE and the signal transmitted by the one or more than one detectable IoT device are decodable by the UE.
[0230] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the report information indicates a number of the one or more than one detectable IoT device.
[0231] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the report information includes device type related information of the one or more than one IoT device.
[0232] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the report information includes a remaining energy status of the one or more than one IoT device.
[0233] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, a network node acting as a backscatter receiver is configured by the base station.
[0234] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the UE includes an identifier of the backscatter receiver.
[0235] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the backscatter receiver is configured by the base station to receive backscattered signals the one or more than one IoT device reflects.
[0236] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the backscatter receiver transmits report information to the base station.
[0237] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the network node acting as the backscatter receiver is different from the network node acting as the carrier wave emitter.
[0238] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, a network node acting as a power source node is configured by the base station, and the power source node transmits a charging signal for an IoT device to perform energy harvesting, wherein information relevant to the power source node is selectively provided by the base station to the UE.
[0239] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, time duration for transmission of the charging signal by the power source node is configured by the base station.
[0240] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, a power level for transmission of the charging signal by the power source node is scheduled by the base station.
[0241] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the network node acting as the power source node is the base station.
[0242] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, a device type of the one or more than one IoT device is an active IoT device that transmits an active radio frequency (RF) signal.
[0243] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the UE includes resource scheduling between the UE and the one or more than one IoT device of the device type.
[0244] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the UE includes a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) of the active RF signal generated by the one or more than one active IoT device.
[0245] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, radio resources used for transmission of the active RF signal is scheduled by the UE.
[0246] For the IoT device 60a, the following applies:
[0247] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the UE includes a remaining energy status of the IoT device that performs energy harvesting.
[0248] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the UE includes a device type of the IoT device for the UE to request information from, and the IoT device is one of the one or more than one IoT device communicating with the UE.
[0249] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the UE includes resource configuration of an IoT interface between the UE and the IoT device communicating with the UE.
[0250] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the UE is configured as the intermediate node by the base station via an Uu interface.
[0251] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the UE is configured as the intermediate node by the base station via radio resource control (RRC) signaling.
[0252] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the UE is via an Uu interface.
[0253] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the UE is via Layer 1 signaling or RRC signaling.
[0254] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, whether the UE is eligible to be configured as the intermediate node is determined according to a relative distance between the UE and the IoT device.
[0255] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the relative distance between the UE and the IoT device is determined based on channel measurements or decoding results of signals transmitted from the IoT device to the UE.
[0256] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the carrier wave emitter transmits the excitation signal using a configured carrier frequency, wherein the information of the configured carrier frequency is selectively provided by the base station to the UE.
[0257] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the carrier wave emitter transmits the excitation signal within a time duration or a frequency range, wherein the information of the time duration or a frequency range is selectively provided by the base station to the UE.
[0258] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the carrier wave emitter transmits the excitation signal according to a configured power level, wherein the information of the configured power level is selectively provided by the base station to the UE.
[0259] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, whether the network node is eligible to be configured as the carrier wave emitter is determined according to a relative distance between the network node and the IoT device, and the IoT device is one of one or more than one IoT device within a communication range of the UE.
[0260] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, whether the network node is eligible to be configured as the carrier wave emitter is determined according to a transmission power level of the network node.
[0261] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the UE transmits report information to the base station; wherein the report information is conveyed in a backscattered signal which the IoT device reflects to the UE, and the UE forwards the report information to the base station.
[0262] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the report information includes location relevant information of the IoT device.
[0263] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the report information indicates one or more than one detectable IoT device.
[0264] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the one or more than one detectable IoT device is within a communication range of the UE and the signals transmitted by the one or more than one detectable IoT device are decodable by the UE.
[0265] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the report information indicates a number of the one or more than one detectable IoT device.
[0266] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the report information includes device type related information of the IoT device.
[0267] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the report information includes a remaining energy status of the IoT device.
[0268] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, a network node acting as a backscatter receiver is configured by the base station.
[0269] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the UE includes an identifier of the backscatter receiver.
[0270] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the backscatter receiver is configured by the base station to receive backscattered signals the IoT device reflects.
[0271] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the backscatter receiver transmits report information to the base station.
[0272] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the network node acting as the backscatter receiver is different from the network node acting as the carrier wave emitter.
[0273] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, a network node acting as a power source node is configured by the base station, and the power source node transmits a charging signal for the IoT device to perform energy harvesting, wherein information relevant to the power source node is selectively provided by the base station to the UE.
[0274] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, time duration for transmission of the charging signal by the power source node is configured by the base station.
[0275] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, a power level for transmission of the charging signal by the power source node is scheduled by the base station.
[0276] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the network node acting as the power source node is the base station.
[0277] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, a device type of the IoT device is an active IoT device that transmits an active radio frequency (RF) signal.
[0278] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the UE includes resource scheduling between the UE and the IoT device of the device type.
[0279] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the control information provided by the base station to the UE includes a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) of the active RF signal generated by the IoT device of the device type.
[0280] In one or more embodiments of the disclosure, radio resources used for transmission of the active RF signal is scheduled by the UE.
[0281] Embodiment A:
[0282] In all A-IoT topologies (1 through 4) , a gNB can configure information settings for communication between network nodes and A-IoT devices via the A-IoT air interface, which includes backscattered, transmitted, or active RF signals. When operating under Topology 1, the gNB configures these settings for itself as the network node. For Topologies 2, 3, and 4, the gNB configures these settings for other network nodes (such as user equipment or intermediate / assisting nodes) using 3GPP interfaces like Uu interface, through radio resource control (RRC) , medium access control (MAC) , or L1 signaling protocols. The gNB can provide one or more instances of the following information illustrated in the embodiments.
[0283] Embodiment A-1: Configuration of roles with A-IoT air interface.
[0284] In A-IoT network deployments, a gNB can configure network nodes (including itself) with specific roles and functionality for A-IoT interface communications. Each network node can be assigned one or multiple roles to facilitate data transmission between the node and A-IoT devices. The role of the network node can be configured as an intermediate node, an assisting node, a carrier wave emitter, a backscatter transmitter / receiver, a power source node, an active RF transmitter / receiver or any combination of the above characters.
[0285] The gNB can configure a network node (including gNB itself) with one or more instances of the following information for data transmission between the network node and an A-IoT device (e.g., A-IoT device 60a) via A-IoT air interface.
[0286] A network node configured as a power source node can provide energy by transmitting charging signals that enable A-IoT devices to perform energy harvesting. This configuration is particularly useful in an ambient-based backscatter scheme where in the A-IoT devices equipped with batteries can store harvested energy. The gNB configures energy harvesting parameters for the power source node, including time duration for energy transmission, power level for energy transmission (power level of charging signals) , and others.
[0287] The gNB can configure a network node as a carrier wave emitter. In such configuration, the gNB may configure for the carrier wave emitter resource location or power level relevant scheduling information, such as time duration, carrier frequency, frequency range, power level, etc., for transmitting excitation signal by the network node.
[0288] The gNB can configure the network node to act as a backscatter transmitter. The gNB can configure the resource scheduling information for the backscatter transmitter including one or more of: ● time duration for receiving an excitation signal or ambient RF signal, ● carrier frequency for receiving an excitation signal or ambient RF signal, and ● frequency range for receiving an excitation signal or ambient RF signal. The network node can use the resource scheduling information for backscattering or energy harvesting.
[0289] Furthermore, the gNB can configure what type of information the network node provides in response to receiving an excitation signal. The gNB can configure the network node to provide one or more of the following information types after the network node is excited with a received excitation signal: ● price tag, ● sensor data, and ● geographical position data.
[0290] Each information type can be categorized, and each category can be associated with a traffic type or a priority level.
[0291] The gNB can configure the network node to act as a backscatter receiver. The gNB can configure the resource scheduling information for the backscatter receiver including one or more of: ● time duration for receiving backscattered / transmitted signals, ● carrier frequency for receiving backscattered / transmitted signals, and ● frequency range for receiving backscattered / transmitted signals.
[0292] The network node can use the resource scheduling information for receiving backscattered / transmitted signals. Furthermore, the gNB can configure one or more of the following processing parameters for the backscattered / transmitted signals: ● An encryption scheme of the backscattered / transmitted signals. ● A parameter indicating whether HARQ feedback responding to the received backscattered / transmitted signal is enabled to be provided to the gNB. ● A parameter indicating whether the received backscattered / transmitted signals are to be forwarded to the gNB. ● A parameter indicating whether information extracted from the received backscattered / transmitted signals are to be transmitted to the gNB.
[0293] Embodiment A-2: Configuration of Topology associated with A-IoT air interface.
[0294] A gNB (e.g., BS 20a) can configure a network node (including gNB itself) with one or more instances of the following information for data transmission between the network node and an A-IoT device (e.g., A-IoT device 60a) via A-IoT air interface.
[0295] The gNB configures the A-IoT network structure, including one or more of: ● Network topology (types 1, 2, 3, or 4) ; and ● Backscatter scheme (monostatic, bistatic, or ambient-based) .
[0296] In this configuration, the network node can be assigned at least one of the following roles: ● a carrier wave emitter, ● a backscatter transmitter, or ● a backscatter receiver.
[0297] Monostatic based backscatter scheme:
[0298] When the network node is configured to work in topology 2 or topology 4 and a monostatic based backscatter scheme is configured, the gNB can configure the network node to function as a reader that integrates both the carrier wave emitter and the backscatter receiver. In this case, at least one A-IoT device associated with the network node receives excitation signal from the network node and transmit backscattered / transmitted signal to the same network node.
[0299] Ambient-based backscatter scheme:
[0300] When the network node is configured to work in topology 2 or topology 4 and an ambient-based backscatter scheme is configured, the network node can be a backscatter transceiver. In the configuration, the network node can be a backscatter receiver to receive backscattered / transmitted signal from an A-IoT device (e.g., A-IoT device 60a) as well as a backscatter transmitter to transmit backscattered / transmitted signal to an A-IoT device (e.g., A-IoT device 60a) . In this case, the energy is harvested from ambient RF sources and stored within the A-IoT device. The A-IoT device can be configured by the network node or the gNB to also act as a backscatter transceiver, which bi-directionally communicates with the network node or interacts with other A-IoT devices based on backscatter communication.
[0301] Bistatic based backscatter scheme:
[0302] When the network node is configured to work in topology 3 and a bistatic based backscatter scheme is configured, the network node can be configured as a carrier wave emitter. In the configuration, an A-IoT device (e.g., A-IoT device 60a) can be configured by the network node or gNB to receive carrier signals from the network node and transmits backscattered / transmitted signal to the gNB or another network node.
[0303] Alternatively, the network node can be configured as a backscatter receiver. In the configuration, the A-IoT device is configured by the network node or gNB to receive excitation signals from the gNB, or another network node and transmits backscattered / transmitted signal to the network node.
[0304] Ambient-based backscatter scheme
[0305] When the network node is configured to work in topology 2 or topology 3 and an ambient-based backscatter scheme is configured, the network node can be configured as a backscatter receiver. In the configuration, an A-IoT device (e.g., A-IoT device 60a) can be configured by the network node or gNB to receive excitation signals from ambient RF sources, including gNB, UE, etc., and transmits backscattered / transmitted signal to the network node.
[0306] Embodiment A-3: Resource configuration of A-IoT air interface.
[0307] A gNB (e.g., BS 20a) can configure a network node (including gNB itself) with one or more instances of the following information for data transmission between the network node and an A-IoT device (e.g., A-IoT device 60a) via A-IoT air interface. ● Carriers, BWPs or frequency subbands used for backscatter communication via A-IoT air interface. ● Time and frequency resource location for backscatter communication via A-IoT interface. ■ The gNB can schedule the resources for various signals over an A-IoT interface, including excitation signals, backscattered / transmitted signals, charging signals, or active RF signals transmitted. ■ A network node can implement a timer-based resource scheduling scheme for signal transmission. Under this scheme, the network node transmits one of the signals either while a timer is running or after the timer expires. When the timer counts down to zero, the timer automatically resets to a default value, which may be configured by the gNB. ● Device type of an A-IoT device (e.g., A-IoT device 60a) associated with the network node. ● The number of A-IoT devices associated with the network node. ● Measurement of A-IoT air interface associated with the network node.
[0308] Embodiment A-4: Configuration for a network node serving as a carrier wave emitter.
[0309] A gNB (e.g., BS 20a) can configure for a network node (including gNB itself) , which acts as a carrier wave emitter, one or more instances of the following information for data transmission between the network node and an A-IoT device (e.g., A-IoT device 60a) via A-IoT air interface. ● Time duration, carrier frequency, frequency range, power range, or excitation signal type of an excitation signal transmitted by the network node to an A-IoT device (e.g., A-IoT device 60a) . The excitation signal type is associated with at least one of the following: ■ A modulation and coding scheme (MCS) of the excitation signal adopted by the network node. ■ Additional information is carried in the excitation signal for a specific information inquiry. For example, the specific information inquiry can be a price tag, sensor data, geographical location data, etc. The information requested via the inquiry can be transmitted in the backscattered / transmitted signal.
[0310] For scenarios involving multiple A-IoT devices, the network node supports three multiplexing schemes. For each of more than one A-IoT device associated with the network node (i.e., A-IoT device receives an excitation signal from the network node) : ● Different A-IoT devices can be associated with different subband or subcarrier frequency so that frequency division multiplexing (FDM) based excitation signal receiving can be performed simultaneously among A-IoT devices. Under FDM, different A-IoT devices operate on distinct subbands or subcarrier frequencies, enabling simultaneous excitation signal reception. ● Different A-IoT devices can be associated with different time durations for backscatter communication so that time division multiplexing (TDM) based excitation signal receiving can be performed. The network node can transmit excitation signal based on a polling scheme to receive backscattered / transmitted signal at different time from different A-IoT devices. With TDM, different A-IoT devices are assigned different time durations for backscatter communication, and the network node implements a polling scheme to receive backscattered signals at different times. ● Different A-IoT devices can be associated with different beams or antennas for backscatter communication so that spatial division multiplexing (SDM) based excitation signal receiving can be performed. Through SDM, different A-IoT devices communicate using different beams or antennas for backscatter operations.
[0311] A gNB (e.g., BS 20a) or a network node determines carrier wave emitter eligibility based on several factors. The gNB or network node can determine whether the network node can act as a carrier wave emitter of a paired A-IoT device based on one or more instances of the following information associated with the network node. ● The distance between the network node and the A-IoT device. The distance can be determined based on at least one of the following: ■ A geographical location of the A-IoT device relative to the network node. ■ A channel measurement result, e.g., RSRP, of the channel between an A-IoT device (e.g., A-IoT device 60a) and the network node. ● A transmission power level of the network node. ■ Note that the excitation signals can be transmitted simultaneously from more than one network node. That is, one A-IoT device can receive the same excitation signal or different excitation signals from more than one network node based on TDM, FDM, or SDM scheme. In this case, an excitation signal transmitted from a network node can carry an associated power level. ■ Note that the excitation signal transmitted from the network node can be unicast, groupcast, or broadcast. That is, one or more than one A-IoT device can receive the excitation signal from the network node.
[0312] The primary consideration can be the distance between the network node and the A-IoT device, which can be calculated using either the geographical location of the A-IoT device relative to the network node or channel measurement results such as Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) . The transmission power level of the network node is also a crucial factor in this determination.
[0313] Embodiment A-5: Configuration for a network node operating as a backscatter transmitter.
[0314] A gNB (e.g., BS 20a) can configure a network node (including gNB itself) to act as a backscatter transmitter, with one or more instances of the following configurations for data transmission between the network node and an A-IoT device (e.g., A-IoT device 60a) via A-IoT air interface. The backscatter transmitter transmits a backscattered / transmitted signal which can be generated through backscattering (e.g., for IoT device type A or B) or through independent active RF signals (e.g., for IoT device type C) . The configurations comprise one or more instances of the following: 1. Signal transmission parameters; 2. Inter-IoT-device multiplexing parameters; and 3. RF parameters. Signal transmission parameters: The signal transmission parameters of a backscattered / transmitted signal transmitted by the network node to an A-IoT device (e.g., A-IoT device 60a) when the network node acts as a backscatter transmitter (e.g., under ambient-based backscatter scheme) may comprise: 1 Time duration; 2 Carrier frequency; 3 Frequency range; and 4 Signal type parameters.
[0315] The gNB's configuration includes specifications for the backscattered signal's time duration, carrier frequency, frequency range, power range, and signal type. The signal type parameters may comprise one or more of: 1 Modulation and coding scheme; 2 Signal generation method (backscattering or independent RF) ; and 3 Specific information to be carried in the transmitted signal.
[0316] The signal type parameters encompass the modulation and coding scheme used by the network node, the signal generation method (whether backscattering or independent RF generation) , and the specific information to be carried in the signal. The specific information to be carried in the signal, for example, may comprise price tags, sensor data, or geographical location data. This information can be requested through carrier wave emitter signals. Inter-IoT-device multiplexing parameters:
[0317] The inter-IoT-device multiplexing parameters indicate one or more multiplexing schemes. When multiple A-IoT devices are associated with the network node, the gNB can implement various multiplexing schemes to manage communications efficiently. Through frequency division multiplexing (FDM) , different A-IoT devices can operate on separate subbands or subcarrier frequencies, enabling simultaneous backscatter communications. Time division multiplexing (TDM) allows A-IoT devices to communicate during different time durations. Spatial division multiplexing (SDM) enables communication through different beams or antennas for different A-IoT devices. RF parameters:
[0318] The configurations may comprise one or more RF parameters of the backscattered / transmitted signal transmitted by the network node.
[0319] A gNB (e.g., BS 20a) or a network node can determine whether the network node can act as a backscatter transmitter of a paired A-IoT device based on one or more key factors. The one or more key factors comprise one or more instances of the following information related to the network node: 1. Distance; 2. Device parameters; and 3. Signal configuration. 1. Distance:
[0320] A gNB (e.g., BS 20a) or network node can determine whether a network node is eligible to act as a backscatter transmitter for a paired A-IoT device based on several key factors. The primary consideration is the distance between the network node and the A-IoT device, which can be determined through either the geographical location of the A-IoT device relative to the network node or through channel measurement results such as Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) . 2. Device parameters:
[0321] The transmission power level of the network node and the source ID of the target backscatter transmitter configured for the A-IoT device are also crucial factors in this determination.
[0322] Additionally, the transmission power level of the network node and the source ID of the target backscatter transmitter configured for the A-IoT device are also crucial factors in this determination. 3. Signal configuration:
[0323] The backscattered or transmitted signals from the network node can be configured for unicast, groupcast, or broadcast transmission, allowing one or multiple A-IoT devices to receive these signals. Additionally, an A-IoT device (e.g., A-IoT device 60a) can receive multiple backscattered or transmitted signals from different network nodes through various multiplexing schemes including Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) , Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) , or Spatial Division Multiplexing (SDM) .
[0324] Embodiment A-6: Configuration for a network node functioning as a backscatter receiver.
[0325] A gNB (e.g., BS 20a) can configure a network node (including gNB itself) to act as a backscatter receiver for data transmission between the network node and an A-IoT device (e.g., A-IoT device 60a) via A-IoT air interface. The backscatter receiver can receive two types of signals: backscattered / transmitted signals from Type A or B A-IoT devices that reflect existing RF signals, or independently generated active RF signals from Type C A-IoT devices. The configuration comprises one or more instances of the following information: 1. Signal reception parameters; 2. Inter-IoT-device multiplexing parameters; and 3. RF parameters. Signal reception parameters:
[0326] The signal reception parameters may comprise one or more of: 1 Time duration; 2 Carrier frequency; 3 Frequency range; and 4 Signal type parameters.
[0327] The signal type parameters may comprise one or more of: 1 Modulation and coding scheme; and 2 Signal generation method (backscattering or independent RF) .
[0328] The configuration includes the time duration, carrier frequency, frequency range, and signal type parameters for receiving backscattered or transmitted signals from A-IoT devices. The signal type configuration specifies the modulation and coding scheme of the backscattered signal, as well as whether the signal is generated through backscattering (for Type A / B devices) or independent RF generation (for Type C devices) . The network node can autonomously determine which type of signal to receive based on channel monitoring or signal detection. Inter-IoT-device multiplexing parameters:
[0329] When multiple A-IoT devices communicate with (e.g., transmit a backscattered / transmitted signal to) the network node, different multiplexing schemes can be employed. Through Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) , different A-IoT devices can use different subbands or subcarrier frequencies for simultaneous communication. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) allows devices to communicate during different time durations. Spatial Division Multiplexing (SDM) enables devices to use different beams or antennas for communication. RF parameters:
[0330] The configuration also specifies the RF impedance switch rate that A-IoT devices use for generating backscattered or transmitted signals. Additionally, it sets the power threshold that the network node uses for detecting received signals. These parameters ensure effective signal generation and reliable detection in the backscatter communication system.
[0331] A gNB (e.g., BS 20a) or a network node can determine whether the network node can act as a backscatter receiver of a paired A-IoT device based on one or more key factors. The one or more key factors comprise one or more instances of the following information related to the network node: 1. Distance; 2. Device parameters; and 3. Signal configuration. 1. Distance:
[0332] One of the key factor may be the distance between the network node and the A-IoT device, which can be determined either through the geographical location of the A-IoT device relative to the network node or through channel measurement results, such as Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) , of the channel between the A-IoT device and the network node. 2. Device parameters:
[0333] The transmission power level of the A-IoT device is another crucial factor in this determination.
[0334] Additionally, the destination ID of the target backscatter receiver must be configured for the A-IoT device to transmit backscattered or transmitted signals appropriately. The destination ID of the target backscatter receiver is another crucial factor in this determination. 3. Signal configuration:
[0335] The backscattered or transmitted signals from the A-IoT device can be configured for unicast, groupcast, or broadcast transmission, allowing multiple network nodes to receive signals transmitted from the same A-IoT device. Furthermore, the network node can receive or collect multiple backscattered or transmitted signals from multiple A-IoT devices through various multiplexing schemes including Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) , Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) , or Spatial Division Multiplexing (SDM) .
[0336] Embodiment A-7: Configuration for a network node acting as a power source node.
[0337] A gNB (e.g., BS 20a) can configure a network node (including gNB itself) to act as a power source node that provides charging signals to A-IoT devices. The configuration includes one or more instances of the following information for energy harvesting by at least one A-IoT device associated with the network node.: 1. Charging signal parameters; 2. Device energy harvesting information; and 3. Power distribution parameters. Charging Signal Parameters:
[0338] The charging signal parameters includes one or more of: ● Time duration for transmission; ● Carrier frequency; ● Frequency range; ● Power level; and ● Charging signal type.
[0339] The charging signal type may specify one or more of: ● Waveform format; ● Number of antennas or antenna indexes; and ● Beamforming support and beam directions.
[0340] The charging signal type configuration incorporates several aspects of signal generation. The network node can be configured with a specific waveform format for generating the charging signal. It can also be configured with a number of antennas or antenna indexes to use for signal generation. Additionally, the configuration can specify beamforming support and antenna beam directions for charging signal transmission. Device Energy Harvesting Information:
[0341] The device energy harvesting information of an A-IoT device (e.g., A-IoT device 60a) associated with the network node includes one or more of: ● Energy storage capability status ● Energy storage capacity ● Device type classification (A, B, or C)
[0342] For each A-IoT device associated with the network node, energy harvesting information can be configured. This includes whether the device has energy storage capabilities, the size of any energy storage supported by the device, and whether the device is classified as type A, B, or C. Power Distribution Parameters:
[0343] The power distribution parameters for providing power from the network node include one or more of: ● Target A-IoT devices for power distribution ● Coverage range of charging signal transmission
[0344] The configuration also specifies target A-IoT devices that will receive power from the network node. These target devices are determined based on the coverage range of the charging signal transmitted from the network node. The coverage range effectively defines which A-IoT devices can receive and harvest energy from the power source node's charging signals.
[0345] A gNB (e.g., BS 20a) can determine whether and when a network node can act as a power source node based on several key factors related to the network node's capabilities and conditions. The factors comprise one or more instances of the following information related to the network node. 1. Power headroom of the network node; 2. Network node capacity; 3. Communication resource scheduling; and 4. Distance between network node and A-IoT device. Power headroom of the network node
[0346] The gNB evaluates the power headroom of the network node, which represents the total amount of available power remaining that the network node can provide for energy harvesting by A-IoT devices. Network node capacity The network node's overall capacity is also considered in this evaluation. Communication resource scheduling
[0347] The communication resources scheduled for the network node play a crucial role in this determination. For instance, a network node cannot serve as a power source while it is actively communicating with the gNB or an A-IoT device (e.g., A-IoT device 60a) . However, the network node can multiplex its transmissions of charging signals, Uu interface communications, and A-IoT interface communications using time division multiplexing (TDM) , frequency division multiplexing (FDM) , or spatial division multiplexing (SDM) schemes. For SDM, different antennas can be used for charging signals vs data transmission. For example, when using SDM, the network node can transmit charging signals from one antenna while using a different antenna for data transmission over Uu or A-IoT interfaces. Distance between network node and A-IoT device:
[0348] The distance between network node and A-IoT device may be determined by: Geographical location of A-IoT device relative to network node; and / or Channel measurements (e.g., RSRP) between network node and A-IoT device.
[0349] The distance between the network node and the A-IoT device is another critical factor in this determination. This distance can be assessed in two ways: through the geographical location of the A-IoT device relative to the network node, or through channel measurement results, such as Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) , of the channel between the A-IoT device and the network node.
[0350] Embodiment A-8: Configuration for a network node operating as an A-IoT transmitter or an A-IoT receiver of active RF signals.
[0351] gNB can configure a network node (including gNB itself) , which acts as an A-IoT transmitter or an A-IoT receiver, with one or more instances of the following information for data transmission between the network node and an A-IoT device, e.g., Type C device, via the A-IoT air interface.
[0352] The gNB can configure a network node (including itself) to act as either an A-IoT transmitter or receiver for data transmission with A-IoT devices, e.g., a Type C A-IoT device, via the A-IoT air interface. The configuration includes one or more of: 1. Reception Configuration; 2. Transmission Configuration; and 3. Transmission Modes. 1 Reception Configuration:
[0353] When configured as an A-IoT RF receiver, the network node can receive active RF signals from Type C devices equipped with independent RF transmitters. Configuration parameters include one or more of: ● Time duration for reception; ● Carrier frequency; ● Frequency range; ● Active RF signal type; and ● Modulation and coding scheme (MCS) used by the A-IoT device. 2 Transmission Configuration:
[0354] When configured as an A-IoT RF transmitter, the network node can transmit active RF signals to Type C devices equipped with RF receivers. Configuration parameters include one or more of: ● Time duration for transmission; ● Carrier frequency; ● Frequency range; ● Active RF signal type; and ● MCS to be used by the network node. 3 Transmission Modes:
[0355] The gNB can configure either the network node or Type C A-IoT device to use: ● Active RF transmission mode: Using only active RF signals ● Backscatter / transmitted signal transmission mode: Using backscattering scheme
[0356] The hybrid transmission scheme can be configured by the gNB for either the network node or a Type C A-IoT device, for example, ● The network node transmits active RF signal to the A-IoT device and the A-IoT device transmits backscattered / transmitted signal to the network node; Or ● The network node transmits backscattered / transmitted signal to the A-IoT device and the A-IoT device transmits active RF signal to the network node.
[0357] Embodiment A-9: Configuration for multiplexed schemes for backscatter communication and energy harvesting in an A-IoT device.
[0358] For A-IoT devices capable of both energy harvesting and backscatter communication, the gNB provides configuration parameters either directly to the A-IoT device or indirectly through a network node. This configuration establishes paired relationships between the A-IoT device and a network node. The configuration parameters may comprise one or more of: ● A power source node of the A-IoT device; ● A backscatter node (abackscatter transmitter or a backscatter receiver) paired with the A-IoT device (abackscatter receiver or a backscatter transmitter) ; and ● Resource configuration.
[0359] The gNB designates a power source node for the A-IoT device, which can be an intermediate node, an assisting node, a user equipment (UE) , or the gNB itself. Additionally, the gNB pairs the A-IoT device with a backscatter node that acts as either a backscatter transmitter or receiver. This backscatter node can be an intermediate node, an assisting node, a UE, the gNB, or another A-IoT device. A single network node may serve as both the power source node and backscatter node for an A-IoT device (e.g., paired with the A-IoT device) .
[0360] The gNB configures resources for energy harvesting and backscatter communication operations using various multiplexing approaches. Resources may partially overlap in the time or frequency domain, allowing certain resources to support both energy harvesting and backscatter communication simultaneously. Similarly, resources may overlap in the spatial domain, enabling specific antennas to support both operations. The gNB may also implement time division multiplexing (TDM) , frequency division multiplexing (FDM) , or spatial division multiplexing (SDM) through different antennas or beams to separate these operations.
[0361] Embodiment A-10: Configuration of channel measurements between a network node and an A-IoT device.
[0362] The gNB configures measurement parameters for a network node (including gNB itself) to perform channel measurements over A-IoT air interface. The measurement parameters comprise one or more instances of the following information: ● frequency carriers adopted by A-IoT devices; ● channel quality metrics; ● temporal parameters for these measurements; and ● spectral parameters for these measurements
[0363] The network node measures the frequency carriers adopted by A-IoT devices and assesses channel quality through various metrics. These quality measurements include HARQ-ACK results, Channel State Information (CSI) , Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) , and Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) . The network node also uses configured power threshold values to compare measurement results and track the number of A-IoT devices within vicinity of the network node.
[0364] The gNB specifies temporal and spectral parameters for these measurements, including time duration, frequency range, resource pool allocation, carrier frequency, and bandwidth parts (BWP) .
[0365] Embodiment A-11: Configuration for measurement reporting to the gNB.
[0366] A gNB (e.g., BS 20a) can configure a network node (including gNB itself) one or more instances of the following information for the network node to report or feedback channel measurement results to the gNB. These measurement reports enable the gNB to optimize resource scheduling for backscatter communication or energy harvesting over A-IoT interface.
[0367] The measurement reports contain multiple types of channel measurement information. Network nodes report channel quality measurements, including Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request Acknowledgment (HARQ-ACK) results, Channel State Information (CSI) , Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) , and Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) . Additionally, network nodes report the number of A-IoT devices or A-IoT identifiers detected within vicinity of the network node.
[0368] The gNB configures the reporting scheme for these measurement results. Network nodes can submit either dynamic or semi-static measurement reports. The reports are transmitted using specific physical channels, namely the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) or the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) .
[0369] Embodiment A-12: Configuration for retrieving information from an A-IoT device.
[0370] A gNB (e.g., BS 20a) may configure a network node (including gNB itself) or an A-IoT device (e.g., A-IoT device 60a) with one or more instances of information or parameters for the network node to request specific information from the A-IoT device. For A-IoT devices, this configuration can be applied directly or indirectly through a network node. The information or parameters may comprise information type, a specific A-IoT device identity for information retrieving, and feedback information.
[0371] The configuration defines predefined information types that can be requested from an A-IoT device (e.g., A-IoT device 60a) , such as price tags, sensor data, and geographical location. Each information type is assigned a unique information identifier.
[0372] When retrieving information from a specific A-IoT device, the device is identified using either a unicast ID or groupcast ID. These identifiers may correspond to the source ID or destination ID of the network node.
[0373] The configuration also specifies the types of feedback information that A-IoT devices should provide. This feedback includes one or more of: ● HARQ-ACK signals in response to received backscattered or transmitted signals, ● the remaining amount of harvested energy in storage, ● power levels detected from a power source node, ● modulation and coding schemes used for backscattered or transmitted signals, and ● the charging rate of energy harvesting.
[0374] Embodiment B: Information Feedback for Topologies 2, 3, and 4
[0375] For network topologies 2, 3, or 4, network nodes (including intermediate / assisting nodes and UEs) can provide information feedback about their communication with A-IoT devices via the Uu interface. This feedback, which pertains to communications using the A-IoT interface (including backscattered / transmitted signals and active RF signals) , can be transmitted through RRC, MAC, or L1 signaling. At least one instance of the following information can be reported by the network node as the information feedback. ● The decoding result of the communication between the network node and one or more A-IoT devices associated with the network node. ● Channel conditions between the network node and the one or more A-IoT devices associated with the network node. ● Energy harvest rates of one or more A-IoT devices associated with the network node. ● A report of a number of detectable A-IoT devices in vicinity of the network node. ● Device type (s) , i.e., type A, B, or C, of one or more A-IoT devices associated with the network node. ● Communication type of the A-IoT interface, specifying whether backscattered / transmitted signals or active RF signals are used, between one or more A-IoT devices associated with the network node. ● Power headroom of the network node if the network node acts as a power source for providing power to an A-IoT device (e.g., A-IoT device 60a) , i.e., the total amount of available power remaining the network node can provide for being harvested by an A-IoT device. ● Current energy storage levels, specifying remaining power stored in the energy storage of one or more A-IoT devices. ● Information type or content related to the A-IoT device, and is requested by the network node.
[0376] Embodiment C: A-IoT Device Information Feedback
[0377] Embodiments of the disclosure addresses information feedback mechanisms across network topologies 1, 2, 3, and 4. In these topologies, A-IoT devices can transmit information feedback to network nodes through the A-IoT interface. These network nodes may function as a gNB, serve as an intermediate or assisting node, or operate as a UE.
[0378] The transmission of information feedback can occur through two primary methods. Type C devices can utilize active RF signals for transmission, while all device types can employ backscattered or transmitted signals to communicate with the network node via the A-IoT interface.
[0379] The specific content and types of information that can be transmitted through this feedback mechanism align with the specifications previously outlined in Embodiment B.
[0380] Embodiment D:
[0381] In network topologies 1, 2, 3, or 4, a network node can indicate or configure information settings for its communication with an A-IoT device (e.g., A-IoT device 60a) . This network node, which may be an intermediate / assisting node, gNB, or UE, can transmit these settings to the A-IoT device via the A-IoT interface using either backscattered / transmitted signals or active RF signals.
[0382] The network node can provide several types of information to an A-IoT device. The network node can provide one or more instances of the following information to each A-IoT device as needed for establishing and maintaining communication. ● A communication type of the A-IoT interface, specifying whether backscattered / transmitted signals or active RF signals are used, between one or more A-IoT devices associated with the network node. ● A threshold value used to decode the modulated backscattered / transmitted signals. ● An energy harvesting rate adopted by the A-IoT device. ● An information type to be requested from the A-IoT device. ■ Various information types can be predefined, e.g., price tag, sensor data, geographical location, etc. ● Information related to a specific A-IoT device for information retrieving. ■ The specific A-IoT device can be indicated using an identity, e.g., a source ID or destination ID. ● Information related to a specific A-IoT device identity for performing A-IoT air interface communication. ■ The specific A-IoT device can be indicated based on a unicast ID or groupcast ID, e.g., a source ID or destination ID of the network node. ● A modulation and coding scheme used for A-IoT air interface communication. ● Necessity of HARQ-ACK feedback for A-IoT air interface communication. ● Carrier frequency, BWP, or time and frequency resource scheduling for backscattered / transmitted signal transmission.
[0383] Communication parameters for the A-IoT communication include the communication type of the A-IoT interface type specification, the threshold values for decoding modulated backscattered / transmitted signals, the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) for A-IoT air interface communication, and the HARQ-ACK feedback requirements. The network node specifies whether the communication over the A-IoT air interface will use backscattered / transmitted signals or active RF signals. The network node also sets threshold values that the A-IoT device should use when decoding modulated backscattered / transmitted signals and MCS. The A-IoT devices use the specified communication type, threshold values, MCS, and communicate according to the HARQ-ACK feedback requirements.
[0384] Information for resource allocation includes the carrier frequency, BWP, time and frequency resource scheduling for backscattered / transmitted signals, and energy harvesting rate parameters. The A-IoT devices use the specified carrier frequency, BWP for communication, time and frequency resource scheduled for backscattered / transmitted signals, and the energy harvesting rate parameters for the A-IoT devices.
[0385] Information for device identification and management includes the A-IoT device identities for information retrieval, device identities for unicast or groupcast A-IoT air interface communication, and the information type specifications.
[0386] Embodiment E-1: A procedure of configuring a network node by gNB for data communication
[0387] This embodiment describes a procedure where a gNB configures a network node for data communication with A-IoT devices via the A-IoT interface.
[0388] FIG. 8 illustrates an example of signaling flows demonstrating the operational roles among a gNB, a network node, and two A-IoT devices in supporting backscatter communications.
[0389] With reference to FIG. 8, the gNB configures the network node to act as a reader that can transmit excitation signals as well as receive backscattered / transmitted signals.
[0390] The network node transmits excitation signals transmitted to A-IoT device 1 and A-IoT device 2 using different carrier frequencies for each device.
[0391] Upon receiving these excitation signals, each A-IoT device generates its own backscattered / transmitted signals in response.
[0392] The network node then collects these backscattered / transmitted signals in response, extracts information from the backscattered / transmitted signals, and reports the collected information to the gNB.
[0393] Embodiment E-2: A procedure of configuring a network node as a power source node as well as a backscatter receiver by gNB.
[0394] This embodiment describes how a gNB configures a network node to function as both a power source node and backscatter receiver. FIG. 9 illustrates an example of signaling flows demonstrating the operational roles among a gNB, a network node, and 2 A-IoT devices in supporting energy harvesting as well as backscatter communication.
[0395] With reference to FIG. 9, a gNB configures the network node to serve dual functions as a power source node that transmits charging signals to charge A-IoT devices and as a backscatter receiver that receives backscattered / transmitted signals.
[0396] The network node transmits charging signals that are received by both A-IoT device 1 and A-IoT device 2, allowing them to charge respective batteries of the A-IoT device 1 and A-IoT device 2.
[0397] Each A-IoT device generates and transmits backscattered / transmitted signals using the energy stored in the battery.
[0398] The backscattered / transmitted signal #1 transmitted by A-IoT device 1 is received by the gNB, while the backscattered / transmitted signal #2 transmitted by A-IoT device 2 is received by the network node.
[0399] The network node extracts information from the backscattered / transmitted signal #1, and then reports the collected information to the gNB.
[0400] Embodiment E-3: A procedure of configuring multiple network nodes for power source and backscatter reception.
[0401] FIG. 10 illustrates an example of signaling flows demonstrating the operational roles among a gNB, two network nodes, and a Type C A-IoT device for supporting energy harvesting as well as backscatter communication.
[0402] With reference to FIG. 10, a gNB configures the network node A as both a power source node and a backscatter receiver, while configuring the network node B solely as a power source node.
[0403] The A-IoT device receives charging signals from both network node A and network node B for charging its battery.
[0404] For information retrieval, the gNB implements one of two approaches based on the A-IoT device's capabilities. The gNB configures radio resources for the A-IoT device to retrieve information from the A-IoT device via Uu interface if the A-IoT device supports part of 3GPP protocol. Alternatively, the gNB transmits excitation signals to trigger backscattered / transmitted signal from the A-IoT device via A-IoT air interface.
[0405] The backscattered / transmitted signal transmitted by A-IoT device 1 is generated based on reflected excitation signal, i.e., backscattering, or an independent RF signal. The backscattered / transmitted signal conveys information of the A-IoT device 1.
[0406] The backscattered / transmitted signal is received by network node A.
[0407] The network node A extracts information from the backscattered / transmitted signal, and then reports the extracted information to the gNB.
[0408] Embodiment E-4: A procedure of configuring a network node as a power source node as well as a backscatter transceiver.
[0409] FIG. 11 illustrates an example of signaling flows demonstrating the operational roles among a gNB, a network node, and an A-IoT device (e.g., A-IoT device 60a) in supporting energy harvesting as well as backscatter communication.
[0410] With reference to FIG. 11, a gNB configures a network node A as a power source node to function as well as a backscatter transceiver.
[0411] The gNB schedules radio resources for the network node for energy harvesting and backscatter communication using a time division multiplexing (TDM) scheme as an example.
[0412] The network node A transmits charging signals to the A-IoT device during the time scheduled for energy harvesting, and then performs data exchanging with the A-IoT device during the time scheduled for backscatter communication.
[0413] The A-IoT device receives charging signals from the network node during a time duration and then uses stored energy to perform backscatter communication with the network node in a separate time duration.
[0414] The network node evaluates the channel quality of the A-IoT interface by analyzing decoding results of the received backscattered / transmitted signal or conducting reference signal received power (RSRP) channel measurement.
[0415] The network node A then compiles these channel quality evaluations and reports the results to the gNB.
[0416] Embodiment F: Configuration blocks of backscatter communication.
[0417] FIG. 12 illustrates an example of functional blocks demonstrating necessary configurations for energy harvesting or backscatter communication within a topology of A-IoT network. These configurations establish the framework through which A-IoT devices can effectively harvest energy and conduct backscatter communications. Each block represents a distinct configuration phase.
[0418] A-IoT network topology configuration represents the fundamental network architecture setup. This flows downward to the "Network node function configuration" block, where specific functions are assigned to network nodes within the established topology.
[0419] Association of A-IoT devices to a network node is a configuration phase where A-IoT devices are linked to their corresponding network nodes.
[0420] In energy harvesting and backscatter communication resource configuration, the resource allocation is performed for both energy harvesting and communication operations.
[0421] In data exchanging contents configuration, the parameters for information exchange are configured between network elements.
[0422] Channel measurement and report configuration is the final phase where monitoring and feedback mechanisms are established.
[0423] Embodiment G: A-IoT, UE and gNB:
[0424] With reference to FIG. 14, the UE 100 may include a processor 11a, a memory 12a, and a transceiver 13a. The processor 11a is configured to call and run a computer program stored in the memory 12a, to cause UE 100 in which the processor 11 is installed to execute the disclosed method, steps, and / or functions of a UE. The UE 100 is an example of the UE in the description (e.g., network node in the figures) . The transceiver 13a may include baseband circuitry and radio frequency (RF) circuitry.
[0425] With reference to FIG. 15, the base station 200 is a network device and may include a processor 21a, a memory 22a, and a transceiver 23a. The processor 21a is configured to call and run a computer program stored in the memory 22a, to cause network node 200 in which the processor 11 is installed to execute the method, steps, and / or functions of a base station. The gNB is an example of the base station in the description. The transceiver 23a, may include baseband circuitry and radio frequency (RF) circuitry.
[0426] With reference to FIG. 16, the embodiment of the disclosure also provides a chip 60 that may correspond to an A-IoT device in the embodiments of the disclosure. The chip 60 may implement a corresponding process realized by the A-IoT device in various methods of the embodiments of the disclosure. The chip 60 includes a logical circuit 61, and the logical circuit 61 may call and run a computer program from memory to implement the methods in the embodiments of the present application.
[0427] Optionally, the chip 60 may also include a memory 62. In particular, the logical circuit 61 may call and run the computer program from the memory 62 to implement the methods in the embodiments of the present application.
[0428] Moreover, the memory 62 may be a separate device from the logical circuit 61 or may be integrated into the logical circuit 61.
[0429] Optionally, the chip 60 may include an input interface 63. Note that the logical circuit 61 may control the input interface 63 to communicate with other devices or chips, specifically, to obtain messages or data sent by other devices or chips.
[0430] Optionally, the chip 60 may further include an output interface 64. Note that the logical circuit 61 may control the output interface 64 to communicate with other devices or chips, specifically, to output messages or data to other devices or chips.
[0431] With reference to FIG. 17, the embodiment of the disclosure also provides a chip 70 that may correspond to a UE in the embodiments of the disclosure. The chip 70 may implement a corresponding process realized by the UE in various methods of the embodiments of the disclosure. The chip 70 includes a processor 71, and the processor 71 may call and run a computer program from memory to implement the methods in the embodiments of the present application.
[0432] Optionally, the chip 70 may also include a memory 72. In particular, the processor 71 may call and run the computer program from the memory 72 to implement the methods in the embodiments of the present application.
[0433] Moreover, the memory 72 may be a separate device from the processor 71 or may be integrated into the processor 71.
[0434] Optionally, the chip 70 may further include an input interface 73. Note that the processor 71 may control the input interface 73 to communicate with other devices or chips, specifically, to obtain messages or data sent by other devices or chips.
[0435] Optionally, the chip 70 may further include an output interface 74. Note that the processor 71 may control the output interface 74 to communicate with other devices or chips, specifically, to output messages or data to other devices or chips.
[0436] With reference to FIG. 18, the embodiment of the disclosure also provides another chip 80 that may correspond to a base station (e.g., CN network entity, network node, radio node, the base station, or gNB) in the description, and the chip 80 may implement the corresponding processes implemented by the base station in the various methods of the embodiments of the disclosure. The chip 80 includes a processor 81, and the processor 81 may call and run a computer program from the memory 82 to implement the methods in the embodiments of the present application.
[0437] Optionally, the chip 80 may further include a memory 82. In particular, the processor 81 may call and run the computer program from the memory 82 to implement the methods in the embodiments of the present application.
[0438] Wherein the memory 82 may be a separate device from the processor 81 or may be integrated into the processor 81.
[0439] Optionally, the chip 80 may also include an input interface 83. In particular, the processor 81 may control the input interface 83 to communicate with other devices or chips, specifically, to obtain messages or data sent by other devices or chips.
[0440] Optionally, the chip may further include an output interface 84. In particular, the processor 81 may control the output interface 84 to communicate with other devices or chips, specifically, to output messages or data to other devices or chips.
[0441] The embodiment of the present disclosure is a combination of techniques / processes that may be adopted in 3GPP specification to create an end product.
[0442] While the present disclosure has been described in connection with what is considered the most practical and preferred embodiments, it is understood that the present disclosure is not limited to the disclosed embodiments but is intended to cover various arrangements made without departing from the scope of the broadest interpretation of the appended claims.
Claims
1.A method for configuring ambient internet of things (A-IoT) interface for execution by a base station, comprising:configuring a user equipment (UE) to act as an intermediate node;providing control information for the intermediate node to perform communication with one or more than one internet of things (IoT) device;configuring a network node to act as a carrier wave emitter; andcontrolling the carrier wave emitter to transmit an excitation signal for one or more than one IoT device to perform backscattering.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the control information provided by the base station to the intermediate node includes a remaining energy status of an IoT device that performs energy harvesting, and the IoT device is one of the one or more than one IoT device.3.The method of claim 1, wherein the control information provided by the base station to the intermediate node includes a device type of an IoT device for the intermediate node to request information from, and the IoT device is one of the one or more than one IoT device.4.The method of claim 1, wherein the control information provided by the base station to the intermediate node includes resource configuration of an IoT interface between the intermediate node and the one or more than one IoT device.5.The method of claim 1, wherein the UE is configured as the intermediate node by the base station via an Uu interface.6.The method of claim 1, wherein the UE is configured as the intermediate node by the base station via radio resource control (RRC) signaling.7.The method of claim 1, wherein the control information provided by the base station to the intermediate node is via an Uu interface.8.The method of claim 1, wherein the control information provided by the base station to the intermediate node is via Layer 1 signaling or RRC signaling.9.The method of claim 1, wherein the base station determines whether a UE is eligible to be configured as the intermediate node according to a relative distance between the UE and the one or more than one IoT device.10.The method of claim 9, wherein the relative distance between the UE and the one or more than one IoT device is determined based on channel measurements at the UE.11.The method of claim 1, wherein the base station controls the carrier wave emitter to transmit the excitation signal using a configured carrier frequency.12.The method of claim 1, wherein the base station controls the carrier wave emitter to transmit the excitation signal within a time duration or a frequency range.13.The method of claim 1, wherein the base station controls the carrier wave emitter to transmit the excitation signal according to a configured power level.14.The method of claim 1, wherein the base station determines whether the network node is eligible to be configured as the carrier wave emitter according to a relative distance between the network node and an IoT device, and the IoT device is one of the one or more than one IoT device.15.The method of claim 1, wherein the base station determines whether the network node is eligible to be configured as the carrier wave emitter according to a transmission power level of the network node.16.The method of claim 1, wherein the base station receives report information from the intermediate node; wherein the report information is conveyed in a backscattered signal which the one or more than one IoT device reflects to the intermediate node, and the intermediate node forwards the report information to the base station.17.The method of claim 16, wherein the report information includes location relevant information of the one or more than one IoT device.18.The method of claim 16, wherein the report information indicates one or more than one detectable IoT device.19.The method of claim 18, wherein the one or more than one detectable IoT device is within a communication range of the intermediate node and the signal transmitted by the one or more than one detectable IoT device are decodable by the intermediate node.20.The method of claim 16, wherein the report information indicates a number of the one or more than one detectable IoT device.21.The method of claim 16, wherein the report information includes device type related information of the one or more than one IoT device.22.The method of claim 16, wherein the report information includes a remaining energy status of the one or more than one IoT device.23.The method of claim 1, wherein the base station configures a network node acting as a backscatter receiver.24.The method of claim 23, wherein the control information provided by the base station to the intermediate node includes an identifier of the backscatter receiver.25.The method of claim 23, wherein the backscatter receiver is configured by the base station to receive backscattered signals the one or more than one IoT device reflects.26.The method of claim 23, wherein the base station receives report information from the backscatter receiver.27.The method of claim 23, wherein the network node acting as the backscatter receiver is different from the network node acting as the carrier wave emitter.28.The method of claim 1, wherein the base station configures a network node acting as a power source node which transmits a charging signal for an IoT device to perform energy harvesting, wherein information relevant to the power source node is selectively provided by the base station to the UE.29.The method of claim 28, wherein the base station schedules time duration for transmission of the charging signal by the power source node.30.The method of claim 28, wherein the base station schedules a power level for transmission of the charging signal by the power source node.31.The method of claim 28, wherein the network node acting as the power source node is the base station.32.The method of claim 1, wherein a device type of the one or more than one IoT device is an active IoT device that transmits an active radio frequency (RF) signal.33.The method of claim 32, wherein the control information provided by the base station to the intermediate node includes resource scheduling between the intermediate node and the one or more than one IoT device of the device type.34.The method of claim 32, wherein the control information provided by the base station to the intermediate node includes a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) of the active RF signal generated by the one or more than one active IoT device.35.The method of claim 32, wherein radio resources used for transmission of the active RF signal is scheduled by the intermediate node.36.A base station comprising:a processor configured to call and run a computer program stored in a memory, to cause a device in which the processor is installed to execute the method of any of claims 1 to 35.37.A chip, comprising:a processor, configured to call and run a computer program stored in a memory, to cause a device in which the chip is installed to execute the method of any of claims 1 to 35.38.A computer-readable storage medium, in which a computer program is stored, wherein the computer program causes a computer to execute the method of any of claims 1 to 35.39.A computer program product, comprising a computer program, wherein the computer program causes a computer to execute the method of any of claims 1 to 35.40.A computer program, wherein the computer program causes a computer to execute the method of any of claims 1 to 35.41.A method for configuring ambient internet of things (A-IoT) interface for execution by a user equipment (UE) , comprising:being configured to act as an intermediate node;receiving, from a base station, control information for the intermediate node to perform communication with one or more than one internet of things (IoT) device that receives an excitation signal for backscattering, wherein the excitation signal is transmitted by a network node that acts as a carrier wave emitter.42.The method of claim 41, wherein the control information provided by the base station to the UE includes a remaining energy status of an IoT device that performs energy harvesting, and the IoT device is one of the one or more than one IoT device.43.The method of claim 41, wherein the control information provided by the base station to the UE includes a device type of an IoT device for the UE to request information from, and the IoT device is one of the one or more than one IoT device.44.The method of claim 41, wherein the control information provided by the base station to the UE includes resource configuration of an IoT interface between the UE and the one or more than one IoT device.45.The method of claim 41, wherein the UE is configured as the intermediate node by the base station via an Uu interface.46.The method of claim 41, wherein the UE is configured as the intermediate node by the base station via radio resource control (RRC) signaling.47.The method of claim 41, wherein the control information provided by the base station to the UE is via an Uu interface.48.The method of claim 41, wherein the control information provided by the base station to the UE is via Layer 1 signaling or RRC signaling.49.The method of claim 41, wherein whether the UE is eligible to be configured as the intermediate node is determined according to a relative distance between the UE and the one or more than one IoT device.50.The method of claim 49, wherein the relative distance between the UE and the one or more than one IoT device is determined based on channel measurements or decoding results of signals transmitted from the one or more than one IoT device at the UE.51.The method of claim 41, wherein the carrier wave emitter transmits the excitation signal using a configured carrier frequency, wherein the information of the configured carrier frequency is selectively provided by the base station to the UE.52.The method of claim 41, wherein the carrier wave emitter transmits the excitation signal within a time duration or a frequency range, wherein the information of the time duration or a frequency range is selectively provided by the base station to the UE.53.The method of claim 41, wherein the carrier wave emitter transmits the excitation signal according to a configured power level, wherein the information of the configured power level is selectively provided by the base station to the UE.54.The method of claim 41, wherein whether the network node is eligible to be configured as the carrier wave emitter is determined according to a relative distance between the network node and an IoT device, and the IoT device is one of the one or more than one IoT device within a communication range of the UE.55.The method of claim 41, wherein whether the network node is eligible to be configured as the carrier wave emitter is determined according to a transmission power level of the network node.56.The method of claim 41, wherein the UE transmits report information to the base station;wherein the report information is conveyed in a backscattered signal which the one or more than one IoT device reflects to the UE, and the UE forwards the report information to the base station.57.The method of claim 56, wherein the report information includes location relevant information of the one or more than one IoT device.58.The method of claim 56, wherein the report information indicates one or more than one detectable IoT device.59.The method of claim 58, wherein the one or more than one detectable IoT device is within a communication range of the UE and the signal transmitted by the one or more than one detectable IoT device are decodable by the UE.60.The method of claim 56, wherein the report information indicates a number of the one or more than one detectable IoT device.61.The method of claim 56, wherein the report information includes device type related information of the one or more than one IoT device.62.The method of claim 56, wherein the report information includes a remaining energy status of the one or more than one IoT device.63.The method of claim 41, wherein a network node acting as a backscatter receiver is configured by the base station.64.The method of claim 63, wherein the control information provided by the base station to the UE includes an identifier of the backscatter receiver.65.The method of claim 63, wherein the backscatter receiver is configured by the base station to receive backscattered signals the one or more than one IoT device reflects.66.The method of claim 63, wherein the backscatter receiver transmits report information to the base station.67.The method of claim 63, wherein the network node acting as the backscatter receiver is different from the network node acting as the carrier wave emitter.68.The method of claim 41, wherein a network node acting as a power source node is configured by the base station, and the power source node transmits a charging signal for an IoT device to perform energy harvesting, wherein information relevant to the power source node is selectively provided by the base station to the UE.69.The method of claim 68, wherein time duration for transmission of the charging signal by the power source node is configured by the base station.70.The method of claim 68, wherein a power level for transmission of the charging signal by the power source node is scheduled by the base station.71.The method of claim 68, wherein the network node acting as the power source node is the base station.72.The method of claim 41, wherein a device type of the one or more than one IoT device is an active IoT device that transmits an active radio frequency (RF) signal.73.The method of claim 72, wherein the control information provided by the base station to the UE includes resource scheduling between the UE and the one or more than one IoT device of the device type.74.The method of claim 72, wherein the control information provided by the base station to the UE includes a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) of the active RF signal generated by the one or more than one active IoT device.75.The method of claim 72, wherein radio resources used for transmission of the active RF signal is scheduled by the UE.76.An user equipment (UE) comprising:a processor configured to call and run a computer program stored in a memory, to cause a device in which the processor is installed to execute the method of any of claims 41 to 75.77.A chip, comprising:a processor, configured to call and run a computer program stored in a memory, to cause a device in which the chip is installed to execute the method of any of claims 41 to 75.78.A computer-readable storage medium, in which a computer program is stored, wherein the computer program causes a computer to execute the method of any of claims 41 to 75.79.A computer program product, comprising a computer program, wherein the computer program causes a computer to execute the method of any of claims 41 to 75.80.A computer program, wherein the computer program causes a computer to execute the method of any of claims 41 to 75.81.A method for configuring ambient internet of things (A-IoT) interface for execution by an IoT device, comprising:receiving an excitation signal for backscattering from a network node that acts as a carrier wave emitter; andcommunicating through the A-IoT interface with a user equipment (UE) that is configured to act as an intermediate node based on control information that is provided by a base station to the UE.82.The method of claim 81, wherein the control information provided by the base station to the UE includes a remaining energy status of the IoT device that performs energy harvesting.83.The method of claim 81, wherein the control information provided by the base station to the UE includes a device type of the IoT device for the UE to request information from, and the IoT device is one of the one or more than one IoT device communicating with the UE.84.The method of claim 81, wherein the control information provided by the base station to the UE includes resource configuration of an IoT interface between the UE and the IoT device communicating with the UE.85.The method of claim 81, wherein the UE is configured as the intermediate node by the base station via an Uu interface.86.The method of claim 81, wherein the UE is configured as the intermediate node by the base station via radio resource control (RRC) signaling.87.The method of claim 81, wherein the control information provided by the base station to the UE is via an Uu interface.88.The method of claim 81, wherein the control information provided by the base station to the UE is via Layer 1 signaling or RRC signaling.89.The method of claim 81, wherein whether the UE is eligible to be configured as the intermediate node is determined according to a relative distance between the UE and the IoT device.90.The method of claim 89, wherein the relative distance between the UE and the IoT device is determined based on channel measurements or decoding results of signals transmitted from the IoT device to the UE.91.The method of claim 81, wherein the carrier wave emitter transmits the excitation signal using a configured carrier frequency, wherein the information of the configured carrier frequency is selectively provided by the base station to the UE.92.The method of claim 81, wherein the carrier wave emitter transmits the excitation signal within a time duration or a frequency range, wherein the information of the time duration or a frequency range is selectively provided by the base station to the UE.93.The method of claim 81, wherein the carrier wave emitter transmits the excitation signal according to a configured power level, wherein the information of the configured power level is selectively provided by the base station to the UE.94.The method of claim 81, wherein whether the network node is eligible to be configured as the carrier wave emitter is determined according to a relative distance between the network node and the IoT device, and the IoT device is one of one or more than one IoT device within a communication range of the UE.95.The method of claim 81, wherein whether the network node is eligible to be configured as the carrier wave emitter is determined according to a transmission power level of the network node.96.The method of claim 81, wherein the UE transmits report information to the base station;wherein the report information is conveyed in a backscattered signal which the IoT device reflects to the UE, and the UE forwards the report information to the base station.97.The method of claim 96, wherein the report information includes location relevant information of the IoT device.98.The method of claim 96, wherein the report information indicates one or more than one detectable IoT device.99.The method of claim 98, wherein the one or more than one detectable IoT device is within a communication range of the UE and the signals transmitted by the one or more than one detectable IoT device are decodable by the UE.100.The method of claim 96, wherein the report information indicates a number of the one or more than one detectable IoT device.101.The method of claim 96, wherein the report information includes device type related information of the IoT device.102.The method of claim 96, wherein the report information includes a remaining energy status of the IoT device.103.The method of claim 81, wherein a network node acting as a backscatter receiver is configured by the base station.104.The method of claim 103, wherein the control information provided by the base station to the UE includes an identifier of the backscatter receiver.105.The method of claim 103, wherein the backscatter receiver is configured by the base station to receive backscattered signals the IoT device reflects.106.The method of claim 103, wherein the backscatter receiver transmits report information to the base station.107.The method of claim 103, wherein the network node acting as the backscatter receiver is different from the network node acting as the carrier wave emitter.108.The method of claim 81, wherein a network node acting as a power source node is configured by the base station, and the power source node transmits a charging signal for the IoT device to perform energy harvesting, wherein information relevant to the power source node is selectively provided by the base station to the UE.109.The method of claim 108, wherein time duration for transmission of the charging signal by the power source node is configured by the base station.110.The method of claim 108, wherein a power level for transmission of the charging signal by the power source node is scheduled by the base station.111.The method of claim 108, wherein the network node acting as the power source node is the base station.112.The method of claim 81, wherein a device type of the IoT device is an active IoT device that transmits an active radio frequency (RF) signal.113.The method of claim 112, wherein the control information provided by the base station to the UE includes resource scheduling between the UE and the IoT device of the device type.114.The method of claim 112, wherein the control information provided by the base station to the UE includes a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) of the active RF signal generated by the IoT device of the device type.115.The method of claim 72, wherein radio resources used for transmission of the active RF signal is scheduled by the UE.116.An ambient internet of things (A-IoT) device comprising:a processor configured to call and run a computer program stored in a memory, to cause a device in which the processor is installed to execute the method of any of claims 81 to 115.117.A chip, comprising:a processor, configured to call and run a computer program stored in a memory, to cause a device in which the chip is installed to execute the method of any of claims 81 to 115.118.A computer-readable storage medium, in which a computer program is stored, wherein the computer program causes a computer to execute the method of any of claims 81 to 115.119.A computer program product, comprising a computer program, wherein the computer program causes a computer to execute the method of any of claims 81 to 115.120.A computer program, wherein the computer program causes a computer to execute the method of any of claims 81 to 115.
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