Enrichment method, analysis method, and kit for circulating tumor cells
The method of using immuno-microparticles to bind and size-based isolation to enrich CTCs addresses the challenges of low quantity and heterogeneity, achieving high purity and efficiency for CTC analysis.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/128746
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-12-13
- Filing Date
- 2024-10-31
- Publication Date
- 2025-06-19
AI Technical Summary
Current methods for isolating and analyzing circulating tumor cells (CTCs) face challenges due to their low quantity in blood and high heterogeneity, as well as interference from abundant white and red blood cells, leading to poor separation specificity and efficiency.
A method involving the use of immuno-microparticles that bind specifically to CTC markers, followed by size-based isolation using a microfluidic device or filter membrane, to enrich and purify CTCs based on size differences.
This approach significantly enhances the enrichment efficiency and purity of CTCs, allowing for more accurate analysis and potential applications in cancer diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment guidance.
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Figure PCTCN2024128746-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2024128746-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2024128746-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
ENRICHMENT METHOD, ANALYSIS METHOD, AND A KIT FOR A CIRCULATING TUMOR CELLS
[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0002] The present application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 609,391, filed on December 13, 2023, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0003] This application belongs to the field of biological cell technology which particularly relates to a method of enrichment and analysis of circulating tumor cells and a related reagent kit.BACKGROUND
[0004] In recent years, the incidence and mortality of malignant tumors have been increasing gradually. Because of many aspects such as limited detection effect and sampling difficulty, it’s difficult to monitor the whole development process of tumors efficiently and flexibly for traditional tumor screening and diagnosis methods such as tissue biopsy.
[0005] Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cancer cells that shed from solid tumors and enter the circulatory system. It plays an important role in the process of cancer metastasis and more than 90%of cancer-related deaths are caused by tumor metastasis. CTCs have become important biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, drug guidance, treatment monitoring, and cancer prognosis. However, CTCs are present in extremely low quantities in the blood and exhibit heterogeneity in expression. At the same time, the blood contains millions of white blood cells and billions of red blood cells, which pose significant challenges for the isolation and analysis of CTCs. Therefore, there is an urgent need for efficient and reliable isolation methods for CTC enrichment and downstream analysis.
[0006] Based on the physical difference and affinity differences between tumor cells and blood cells, there are many CTC isolation and enrichment methods, such as density gradient centrifugation method and membrane filtration method based on physical differences, and immunomagnetic separation method based on affinity difference. The physical property-based separation method, such as cell density difference, is straightforward to execute, but it suffers from poor separation specificity and a significant presence of background blood cells, which hampers downstream analysis. Although the size-based separation method can effectively eliminate small-sized red and white blood cells, it does not facilitate the enrichment of small-size CTCs.SUMMARY
[0007] The aim of this application is to solve the technical problem of how to better enrich CTC by providing an enrichment method, an analysis method, and a reagent kit.
[0008] In a first aspect, provided herein is a method for isolating a circulating tumor cell (CTC) in a sample comprising the CTC or suspected of comprising the CTC, the method comprising:
[0009] (a) incubating the sample with immuno-microparticles thereby forming cell and microparticle aggregates (CPAs) in an incubation solution, wherein the average size of the CPAs is larger than 10 μm; and
[0010] (b) isolating the CPAs formed in step (a) with a size-based isolation method thereby forming an isolated CTC,
[0011] wherein the immuno-microparticles comprise one or more first antibodies conjugated to microparticles, wherein the one or more first antibodies specifically bind to one or more markers of the CTC.
[0012] In certain embodiments, the microparticles comprise polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, ferric oxide, or silicon dioxide.
[0013] In certain embodiments, the microparticles are magnetic or nonmagnetic microparticles.
[0014] In certain embodiments, the average diameter of the microparticles is 0.5 μm-10 μm.
[0015] In certain embodiments, the size-based isolation method comprises the use of at least one of a film microfilter and a microfluidic device.
[0016] In certain embodiments, the film microfilter has an average pore size of 6 μm-10 μm.
[0017] In certain embodiments, the average size of the CPA is 11 μm-35 μm.
[0018] In certain embodiments, the average diameter of the microparticles is 0.5 μm-10 μm, and the film microfilter has an average pore size of 6 μm-12 μm.
[0019] In certain embodiments, the microfluidic device is an inertial focusing chip.
[0020] In certain embodiments, the inertial focusing chip is also capable of isolating cells or microparticles with cutoff size of 6-12 μm.
[0021] In certain embodiments, the sample is derived from a subject suffering from cancer.
[0022] In certain embodiments, the subject is a human or a non-human mammal.
[0023] In certain embodiments, the sample comprises or is derived from whole blood, plasma, any cell-containing blood fraction, cerebrospinal fluid, bone marrow, a cell sample, tumor sample, joint fluid, urine, tears or feces.
[0024] In certain embodiments, the sample comprises or is derived from pleural effusion, ascites, umbilical cord blood, amniotic fluid, or cultured human or animal cells.
[0025] In certain embodiments, the cancer is lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, melanoma, or ovarian cancer.
[0026] In certain embodiments, the one or more markers of the CTCs comprise epithelial cellular adhesion molecule (EpCAM) , cytokeratin (CK) 5, CK7, CK8, CK18, CK19, E-cadherin, vimentin, TWIST, fibronectin, N-cadherin, β-catenin, AKT, human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) 2, estrogen receptor (ER) , androgen receptor (AR) , multidrug-resistance-related proteins (MRP) , prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) , prostate-specific antigen (PSA) , epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) , androgen receptor (AR) -V7, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) , folate receptor, melanoma associated antigen (MAGE) A3, or high-molecular weight melanoma-associated antigen (HMW-MAA) .
[0027] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises analyzing the isolated CTC using a method selected from the group consisting of an immunochemical analysis, morphological analysis, genomics analysis, metabolomics analysis, epigenomics analysis, transcriptomics analysis, proteomics analysis, DNA mutation analysis, whole genome analysis, protein, RNA expression level of a specific gene, and a combination thereof.
[0028] In certain embodiments, the isolated CTC is analyzed by fluorescence staining and imaging of at least one of proteins and nucleic acids in the CTC.
[0029] In certain embodiments, the isolated CTC further comprises impurity cells and the method further comprises analyzing the impurity cells by fluorescence staining.
[0030] In certain embodiments, the fluorescent staining comprises staining the proteins with a fluorescent dye optionally comprising a second antibody.
[0031] In certain embodiments, the second antibody binds to at least one protein expressed by the CTC or the impurity cells.
[0032] In certain embodiments, the impurity cells comprise white blood cells.
[0033] In a second aspect, provided herein is a kit for conducting the method of claim 1, the kit comprising:
[0034] immuno-microparticles having an average diameter of 0.5 μm-10 μm; and
[0035] a size-based isolation device capable of isolating particles having an average size of greater than 10 μm, wherein the microparticles comprise one or more first antibodies conjugated to microparticles, wherein the one or more antibodies specifically bind to one or more markers of the CTC.
[0036] In certain embodiments, the size-based isolation device comprises one or more of a film microfilter and a microfluidic device.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0037] The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages of this invention will become more readily appreciated and understood by reference to the following detailed description, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
[0038] Figure 1 shows the design and real products of the inertial focusing microfluidic chip.
[0039] Figure 2 shows the staining result of microparticles with EpCAM antibody provided in Example 1A of this application.
[0040] Figure 3 shows the staining result of microparticles with N-Cadherin antibody provided in Example 1A of this application.
[0041] Figure 4 shows the staining result of microparticles with cell surface vimentin antibody provided in Example 1A of this application.
[0042] Figure 5 shows the staining result of microparticles with fibronectin antibody provided in Example 1A of this application.
[0043] Figure 6 shows the staining result of microparticles with EpCAM antibody and N-Cadherin antibody provided in Example 1 of this application.
[0044] Figure 7 shows the binding result between HT-29 cells and 3μm, 5μm, 10μm microparticles provided in Example 1B of this application.
[0045] Figure 8 shows the HT-29 cells after directly passing through the filter membrane provided in Example 5 of this application.
[0046] Figure 9 shows the result of HT-29 cells after incubating with 5μm microparticles and then passing through the filter membrane provided in Example 5 of this application.
[0047] Figure 10 shows the separation result of HT-29 cells after incubating with 5μm magnetic microparticles and then enriched by the magnetic separation provided in Example 6 of this application.
[0048] Figure 11 shows the separation result of HT-29 cells after incubating with 5μm magnetic microparticles and then enriched by the microfluid chip provided in Example 6 of this application.
[0049] Figure 12 shows the white blood cells before and after removal provided in Example 7 of this application.
[0050] Figure 13 shows the ROC result provided in Example 8 of this application.
[0051] Figure 14 shows the zeta potential and immunofluorescence staining result of SA-microparticle and EpCAM-microparticle prepared in Example 1. A After being modified with EpCAM, the microparticle gains lower zeta potential than the SA-microparticle. B the staining of specifical secondary antibody target EpCAM proved the EpCAM was successfully modified onto the surface of microparticles.
[0052] Figure 15 shows diameter distribution of different cells and their recovery rate under different flow rates in the inertial focusing chip. A Diameter of H1299, U937 and commercial 10 μm microparticle. the average diameter was 22 μm, 15 μm, and 11 μm separately. B Recovery rate of H1299, U937 and mimic WBC at different flow rates (2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, and 4.0 ml / min) after passing through the inertial focusing chip.
[0053] Figure 16 shows the cell trace at the outlet of the inertial focusing chip. A WBCs were removed from the outlet near the outer wall. B H1299 cancer cells were collected from the outlet near the inner wall. Flow rate: 3 ml / min.
[0054] Figure 17 shows optical microscopy images of H1299 cells incubbated with different particles. A. cells solution mixed with polystyrene particle solution in a low concentration (105 / ml) . B and C. cells solution mixed with polystyrene particle solution in a high concentration (106 / ml) . D. cells solution is mixed with silica particle solution in a very high concentration (107 / ml) . Cells were stained with Hoechst 33342.
[0055] Figure 18 shows the The expression level of EpCAM on different cell lines. A The EpCAM immunofluorescent staining results in four cell lines (H1299, SW1116, H69, and U937) . B the EpCAM fluorescence signal intensity of H1299, SW1116, H69, and U937. The H69 without fluorescence is measured as a control group. 10000 events were counted of each group by flow cytometer.
[0056] Figure 19 shows binding result of cells and microparticles. A The binding result of H1299 / U937 cell with EpCAM-modified microparticles before / after isolation by inertial focusing chip. B The size distribution of cells before and after incubation with microparticle. C. the diameter of H1299 / H69 cell & particle cluster before and after isolation by chip. D the diameter of U937, cell & particle cluster before and after isolation by chip.
[0057] Figure 20 shows data comparing cell recovery rate before and after incubating with particles. A Comparison of cell recovery rate before and after incubating with particles at different cell concentrations. B the diameter of the bare H69 cell or cell and particle aggregation (cells were incubated with 3 μm, 5 μm, or 10 μm microparticle) . C H69 recovery rate after incubating with different particles.
[0058] Figure 21 shows experimental results of cancer cells added to blood samples and captured by microparticle & chip method. A The image of cancer cells after isolation. The cancer cells were fluorescence treated before spiked into a blood sample. Scale bar 20 μm. B FSC parameter reflected the particle diameter in flow cytometry measurement. After incubating with microparticles, the H69 cells obtained a larger size than WBCs, whereas the normal H69 cells had size overlap with WBCs. C The capture rate of cancer cells spiked in the blood sample was assessed. The particle group exhibited a significant increase in capture rate for small-size cancer cells. No significant change in capture rate was observed for large-size cancer cells. D the particle number on the surface of cancer cells or PBMCs after incubation with microparticles and isolated by chip.
[0059] Figure 22 shows representative fluorescence images of CPA, EpCAM-CTC, WBC, and microparticle labeled with CD45 antibody and Hoechst 33342; the scale bar is 10 μm. B the diameter distribution of CPA and WBC measured under the microscope. C, D the CTC number captured from cancer patients utilize this technology (C) and inertial focusing chip only (D) . Normal people were measured by the same method as comparison. E the EpCAM-CTC number captured from the same cancer patients by IFC-IMP (inertial focusing chip combined immune microparticle) technology and inertial focusing chip only. F ROC analysis of CPA number in cancer patients and normal people. G the CPA number captured from different cancer patients by this technology. H The CPA number captured from non-cancer patients with other diseases by this technology.
[0060] Figure 23 shows the schematic illustration of the chip fabrication process. Chip pattern is developed onto a glass substrate by standard lithographic techniques. PDMS is cured to form the chip channel via the glass pattern and bound to a glass slide to obtain the final chip.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0061] Definitions
[0062] In this application, the term "and / or" is used to describe the relationship between associated objects, indicating that there can exist three possibilities. For example, "A and / or B" can denote the presence of A alone, the simultaneous presence of A and B, or the presence of B alone. Both A and B can be singular or plural. The symbol " / " generally signifies an "or" relationship between the preceding and following associated objects.
[0063] In this application, the term "at least one" refers to either one or more options, while "multiple" refers to two or more options. The phrase "at least one of the following" or similar expressions refers to any combination of these options, including single or multiple selections in any combination.
[0064] It is important to note that in the various embodiments of this application, the numbering of the aforementioned processes does not indicate a prescribed sequential order of execution. Some or all steps may be performed concurrently or in a different order. The execution sequence of each process should be determined based on its functionality and inherent logic, and should not impose any constraints on the implementation process of the disclosed embodiments in this application.
[0065] The terms used in the embodiments of this application are solely for the purpose of describing specific embodiments and are not intended to limit the scope of the application. The singular forms "one, " "said, " and "the" used in the embodiments and the appended claims are also intended to include the plural forms unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
[0066] The use of the singular herein includes the plural (and vice versa) unless specifically stated otherwise. In addition, where the use of the term "about" is before a quantitative value, the present teachings also include the specific quantitative value itself, unless specifically stated otherwise. As used herein, the term "about" refers to a ±10%, ±7%, ±5%, ±3%, ±1%, or ±0%variation from the nominal value unless otherwise indicated or inferred.
[0067] The weight of the relevant components mentioned in the embodiments of this application not only refers to the specific content of each component but also represents the proportional relationship between the weights of the components. Therefore, as long as the content of the relevant components is proportionally scaled up or down according to the instructions provided in the embodiments of this application, it falls within the scope of the disclosure. Specifically, the mass described in the embodiments of this application can be in units of μg, mg, g, kg, or other commonly known units of mass in the field of chemistry.
[0068] As used herein, the term “isolated” in connection with a CTC described herein means the CTC is separated from some or all of the components that accompany it in the sample.
[0069] The terms "first" and "second" are used solely for descriptive purposes to differentiate between objectives or substances, and should not be understood as indicating or implying relative importance or specifying the quantity of the indicated technical features. For example, within the scope of the embodiments of this application, the "first XX" can also be referred to as the "second XX, " and similarly, the "second XX" can be referred to as the "first XX. " Therefore, features designated as "first" or "second" can explicitly or implicitly include one or more instances of that feature.
[0070] To enhance clarity and comprehensibility regarding the technical problems, technical solutions, and advantageous outcomes addressed in this application, the following detailed explanations are provided in conjunction with exemplary embodiments. It should be noted that the specific embodiments described herein are solely intended for the purpose of elucidating the present application and are not intended to impose limitations on its scope.
[0071] The first aspect of this application provides a method for enrichment of a CTC, the method comprising:
[0072] S01: Providing immuno-microparticles and a biofluid sample. The immuno-microparticle is modified with a first antibody that specifically binds with the CTC from the biofluid sample;
[0073] S02: Incubating the immuno-microparticles with the biofluid sample thereby forming an incubation solution comprising cell and microparticle aggregates (CPA) comprising one or more tumor cells conjugated to one or more microparticles; and
[0074] S03: Isolating the CPA from the incubation solution using a size-based isolation method.
[0075] In a first aspect, provided herein is a CTC isolation method by combining the use of immuno-microparticles and size-based isolation methods. More particularly, the immuno-microparticle modified with the first antibody that can specifically bind with CTC is mixed and incubated with the biofluid sample. Then, the CPA are isolated from the incubation solution by size-based isolation method. In this process, the first antibody-modified immuno-microparticle can bind with one or more CTC resulting in the formation of aggregates with increased size. Then, utilizing the size difference between CPA and blood cells, the blood cells and other components are separated by size-based isolation method. Thereby, the CTC’s enrichment efficiency and purity can be greatly improved, and the CTC analysis rate can be increased. The thus enriched CTCs can be used well for subsequent analysis, such as cancer early screening, auxiliary diagnosis, dynamic monitoring, and drug guidance.
[0076] In step S01, the provided biofluid samples can be any biofluid sample comprising a CTC or suspected of comprising a CTC. In certain embodiments, the biofluid sample can be obtained from humans or animals (such as mice, rabbits, etc. ) and include peripheral blood, pleural effusion, ascites, umbilical cord blood, amniotic fluid, bone marrow, as well as cultured human or animal cells. In certain embodiments, the biofluid sample comprises peripheral blood or pretreated blood.
[0077] In certain embodiments, the CTC originates from or comprises any type of cancer, such as lung cancer, breast cancer, bowel cancer, etc.
[0078] The immuno-microparticle is modified with the first antibody. Based on the action of the first antibody, the immuno-microparticle can selectively bind with the CTC from the biofluid sample after mixing with the biofluid sample.
[0079] In certain embodiments, the immuno-microparticle can be magnetic or nonmagnetic. Specifically, the material of the immuno-microparticle includes at least one of polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, ferric oxide, and silicon dioxide. In certain embodiments, the immuno-microparticle comprises silicon dioxide or polystyrene. The immunomagnetic separation technique exhibits several advantages, including efficient handling of large sample volumes, simplified operation, and convenient retrieval of cells.
[0080] The magnetic immuno-microparticle is modified with the first antibody relevant to the tumor marker. It enlarges the size of tumor cells via the specific binding between the first antibody and tumor cells. Thus, the capture rate of CTC can be increased. By utilizing the isolation component such as passing through the filter membrane or microfluidic chip and so on, the white blood cells and redundant microparticles are removed. The interference on subsequent CTC analysis can thus be greatly reduced.
[0081] In certain embodiments, the immuno-microparticle is conjugated to the first antibody by covalent conjugation or non-covalent conjugation. The method for conjugating the first antibody to the immune-microparticle is not particularly limited, and the present disclosure contemplates all methods of conjugation. In certain embodiments, conjugation is accomplished using covalent or non-covalent binding pairs. Binding pairs refer to first and second molecules that specifically bind to each other. One member of the binding pair can be conjugated with the immune-microparticle while the second member can be conjugated with the first antibody.
[0082] Examples of non-covalent binding pairs include, but are not limited to, biotin-avidin, biotin-streptavidin, biotin-neutravidin, IgG-protein A, IgG-protein G, IgG-synthesized protein AG, lectin-carbohydrate, enzyme-enzyme cofactor, enzyme-enzyme inhibitor, and complementary oligonucleotide pairs capable of forming nucleic acid duplexes) . In certain embodiments, the immune-microparticle comprises streptavidin and the first antibody comprises biotin.
[0083] Examples of covalent binding pairs include, but are not limited to, amine-to-amine crosslinkers (e.g., NHS-ester or imidoester reactive groups) , amine-to-sulfhydryl crosslinkers, carboxyl-to-amine crosslinkers (e.g., DCC, EDC (EDAC) ; and / or N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ) , photoreactive crosslinkers (e.g., aryl azide, diazirine) , sulfhydryl-to-carbohydrate crosslinkers (e.g., malemide and / or hydrazide reactive groups) , sulfhydryl-to hydroxyl crosslinkers (e.g., maleimide and / or isocyanate reactive groups) , sulfhydryl-to-sulfhydryl crosslinkers (e.g., maleimide and / or pyridyldithiol reactive groups) , sulfo-SMCC crosslinkers, sulfo-SBED biotin label transfer reagents, sulfhydryl-based biotin label transfer reagents, photoreactive amino acids (e.g., diazirine analogs of leucine and / or methionine) , NHS-azide Staudinger ligation reagents (e.g., activated azido compounds) , NHS-phosphine Staudinger ligation reagents (e.g., activated phosphine compounds) .
[0084] In certain embodiments, the diameter of the immuno-microparticle is 0.5μm-10μm. The size of a CTC normally is typically over 15μm, but some small CTC have a size of 10-15μm. When the CTC combines with immuno-microparticles and forms an aggregate of CTC and particles (CPA) , the resulting size can be about 11μm-35μm. Normal blood cells typically have a size of about 6μm-9μm. The CPA thus has a significant size difference relative to normal blood cells. Thus, the small-size blood cells and the immuno-microparticle uncombined with CTC can be removed based on their physical size differences. Therefore, the enrichment purity of CTC can be highly increased.
[0085] In certain embodiments, the first antibody includes at least one antibody capable of selectively binding to a protein expressed on the surface of tumor cells (e.g., epithelial tumor cells) , such as EpCAM, CK 5, CK7, CK8, CK18, CK19, E-Cadherin, the antibodies corresponding to the protein highly expressed at mesenchymal tumor cells, such as Vimentin, Twist, Fibronectin, N-Cadherin, β-catenin, AKTHER2, and the antibodies corresponding to the tumor-related proteins, such as ER, AR, MRP, PSMA, PSA, EGFR, ARV7, CEA, Folate receptor, MAGE A3, HMW-MAA. Whereas the protein related to these antibodies is not expressed on the surface of other blood cells. Therefore, the microparticle can bind to circulating tumor cells after modification with these antibodies.
[0086] In step S02, the incubation process, the immuno-microparticle modified with the first antibody binds with the CTC in the biofluid sample, if present, and thereby forms the CPA. The incubation solution containing CPA is obtained in this step.
[0087] The immuno-particles can be incubated with the sample at a concentration of 104-1010 particles / ml, 104-109 particles / ml, 104-108 particles / ml, 104-107 particles / ml, 104-106 particles / ml, 104-105 particles / ml, 105-1010 particles / ml, 106-1010 particles / ml, 107-1010 particles / ml, 108-1010 particles / ml, 109-1010 particles / ml, 105-107 particles / ml, 106-107 particles / ml, or 105-106 particles / ml.
[0088] The CTC can be present in the sample at concentration of 1-104 cells / ml, 1-103 cells / ml, 1-102 cells / ml, 10-104 cells / ml, 102-104 cells / ml, 103-104 cells / ml, 1-500 cells / mL, 1-100 cells / ml, 1-50 cells / ml, 50-500 cells / ml, 50-100 cells / ml, or 100-500 cells / ml.
[0089] In certain embodiments, the microparticle has an average diameter of about 5 μm and there is 50-100 cells / ml in the sample.
[0090] In certain embodiments, the incubation conditions comprise incubating at a temperature from 4℃ to 30℃, and incubation time from 0.5 h to 24 h. In certain embodiments, the temperature can be 4℃, 8℃, 10℃, 12℃, 15℃, 18℃, 20℃, 25℃, 27℃, or 30℃; the time can be 0.5h, 1h, 2h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 14h, 16h, 18h, 20h, 22h, or 24h. The immuno-microparticle modified with the first antibody can bind with all or substantially all CTC in the bioliquid sample under the aforementioned conditions.
[0091] In step S03, a size-based isolation method can be used to isolate the CPA / CTC from the incubation solution. The isolation process comprises passing the incubation solution through a filter membrane and obtaining the CPA / CTC. In certain embodiments, the pore size of the filter membrane is 6μm-10μm, such as 6μm, 7μm, 8μm, 9μm, or 10μm. The size of CPA can be about 11μm-35μm. Whereas, the size of blood cells is about 6μm-9μm. Because of the size and deformability of the cells, the blood cells with the size of 6μm-9μm can pass through the filter membrane at certain pressures. As for the CPA, the microparticles do not only increase the size of the tumor cells but also inhibit the deformability. Their size does not decrease under external pressure. Therefore, the CPA will be kept above the membrane after filtering.
[0092] In certain embodiments, a size-based isolation method is applied to isolate the CPA / CTC from the incubation solution. The isolation process can comprise passing the incubation solution through an inertial focusing chip thereby obtaining the CPA. In certain embodiments, the inertial focusing chip is as illustrated in Fig. 1. This inertial focusing chip has two inlets and two outlets. Cell solution and PBS buffer were injected into the chip from inlet A and inlet B separately. When a cell migrates inside the chip, the cell suffers a drag force along the main flow direction and accelerates to the same flow rate as the surrounding fluid. Meanwhile, the cell will laterally migrate to the equilibrium position in a dynamic sense under the inertial lift force, which is perpendicular to the main flow direction. The microfluid chip is designed as a helix structure. The curvature of the chip’s channel generates two Dean vortexes with opposite rotation direction which is perpendicular to the main flow direction. The particle inside the helix channel can migrate at the main flow stream following Dean vortexes. Those migration phenomena are related to the size of the particle. Based on this theory, the large-size tumor cells and the small-size blood cells can be classified. After passing through the spiral channel, WBC waste will be collected from outlet C, and CPA / CTC will be collected from outlet D. The immuno-microparticle further increases the size difference between tumor cells and blood cells and also increases the size of those small-size tumor cells. Therefore, the microfluidic chip based on inertial focusing theory can separate tumor cells from small-size blood cells and obtain the aggregate of tumor cells and microparticles.
[0093] In a second aspect, provided herein is a method for analysis of CTC, the method comprising:
[0094] T01: utilizing the method described herein to enrich / isolate CPA / CTC; and
[0095] T02: processing the enriched CPA / CTC with fluorescence staining and performing fluorescence imaging analysis.
[0096] This method first utilizes the isolation method which combines immuno-microparticle and size-based isolation method to collect CPA / CTC from bioliquid samples. Then, the CTC from the enriched CPA is analyzed by fluorescence staining and imaging. On account of the high purity of enriched CTC, it can be analyzed more accurately and efficiently based on fluorescence staining.
[0097] In step T01: enrich CTC from the biofluid sample, the method is as described herein.
[0098] In certain embodiments, the fluorescence stain used for fluorescence staining includes at least one fluorescent protein staining solution or one nucleic acid staining solution. In certain embodiments, the fluorescence stain is a multicolor immunofluorescence stain.
[0099] In certain embodiments, the fluorescent protein staining solution comprises a fluorescent dye and a second antibody conjugated to the fluorescent dye. The second antibody can comprise at least one antibody that is capable of selective binding to a protein highly expressed in white blood cells, such as CD2, CD15, CD16, CD19, CD33, CD35, CD41, CD45, and antibodies corresponding to protein highly expressed in epithelial and mesenchymal cancer cells, such as EpCAM, CK 5, CK7, CK8, CK18, CK19, E-Cadherin, Vimentin, Twist, Fibronectin, N-Cadherin, β-catenin, AKTHER2. The second antibody with fluorescent dye can specifically bind with the white blood cells or the tumor cell, and the white blood cells and the tumor cell can be recognized specifically.
[0100] In certain embodiments, the second antibody in the fluorescence protein staining solution can establish a linkage with a fluorescent dye through either covalent or non-covalent conjugation methods. The fluorescent dye utilized can have an emission wavelength ranging from 400nm to 800nm, such as common fluorescent dye FITC, Alexa 405, Alexa 488, Alexa 555, Alexa 594, Alexa 647, PE, PE-eFluor610TM, CY3TM, CY5, etc., and the quantum dot CdTe, CdSe, AgS2, ZnHgSe, ZnCdSe, etc. These dyes can be stimulated under a certain excitation wavelength and emit fluorescent signals of different colors. After coupling with the second antibody, the fluorescent dye can specifically bind to the white blood cells or CTCs, and present different fluorescent signals.
[0101] In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid dye in the staining solution includes at least one of Hoechst 33342 and Hoechst 33258. The nucleic acid dye can label the cell nuclei of karyocytes. The aforementioned nucleic acid dyes are aromatic cyclic compounds that contain benzene or pyridine rings. Through these ring structures, they can absorb ultraviolet or blue light and emit fluorescence. When these nucleic acid dyes bind to DNA or RNA, their fluorescence properties undergo changes, which can be utilized to detect the presence of nucleic acid molecules.
[0102] In certain embodiments, the fluorescent imaging analysis can integrate the targeted immuno-microparticle and the immunofluorescence staining.
[0103] The fluorescent dye can be selected from the group consisting of Alexa 488 (A10254M) , Alexa 532 (A10255) , Alexa 546 (A10258M) , Alexa 555 (A20346) , Alexa 568 (A20341M) , Alexa 594 (A10256M) , Alexa 633 (A20342M) , Alexa 647 (A20347) , Alexa 660 (A20343) , Alexa 680 (A20344) , Alexa 750 (A30459) , FL (B10250, D6003) , TMR (B30466) , TR, 493 / 503 (B2103) , 499 / 508 (D20350) , 507 / 545 (D6004) ) , 577 / 618 (D20351) , 630 / 650 (B22802) , Oregon 488 (O60345, O6010M) , 4-dimethylamino phenylazophenyl (D1521) , eosin (E1185) , fluorescein (F1505, I304515, I304526) , Lucifer yellow (L1338) , NBD (I9, D2004) , PyMPO (060345, 06010M) , 7 (Q10257) , 9 (Q30457) , 35 (Q2034B) , Rhodamine RedTM (R6029M) , sulfonerhodamine (B10621) , tetramethylrhodamine (T60275, T60286, T60065) , and Texas (T6008M, T6009M) . The fluorescent dyes can also include fluorescein-5-maleimide (F5M) , 6-iodoacetamidofluorescein (6-iaf) , tetramethylrhodamine-5-maleimide (T5M) , 6-bromoacetyl-2-dimethylaminonaphthalene (BADAN) , Alexa 488 (blue) , Cy3bTM (green) , and 647 (red) .
[0104] In a third aspect, provided herein is a kit for CTC enrichment, the kit comprising: the immuno-microparticle described herein and a size-based isolation device capable of isolating particles having an average size of greater than 10 μm.
[0105] The size-based isolation device is used to capture the CPA / CTC. It can include at least one component selected from the group consisting of filter membrane (s) and the inertial focusing microfluid chip. Specifically, the pore size of the filter membrane is 6-10μm, and the inertial focusing microfluid chip refers to the previous text.
[0106] In certain embodiments, the kit further comprises a fluorescent staining solution for CPA staining. The fluorescent staining solution can include at least one fluorescent protein staining solution and one nucleic acid staining solution. In certain embodiments, the fluorescent protein staining solution includes fluorescent dye and the second antibody coupled with fluorescent dye. In certain embodiments, the second antibody is at least one antibody that is capable of selectively binding to CD2, CD15, CD16, CD19, CD33, CD41, CD45, CD35, CD235a, EpCAM, CK 5, CK7, CK8, CK18, CK19, E-Cadherin, Vimentin, Twist, Fibronectin, N-Cadherin, β-catenin, AKTHER2, ER, AR, MRP, PSMA, PSA, EGFR, ARV7, CEA, Folate receptor, MAGE A3, or HMW-MAA. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid staining solution comprises at least one of Hoechst 33342 and Hoechst 33258.
[0107] The CTC enrichment method, analysis method, and the kit described herein combine the biological method and physical method. Via utilizing the immuno-microparticle modified with the first antibody, the size of CTC is increased. Then, the small-size blood cells and immuno-microparticles uncombined with CTC are removed based on the physical size difference. Therefore, the enrichment purity and efficiency of CTC can be highly increased. Specifically, the enrichment efficiency can reach more than 90%, and the removal rate of the blood cell can reach more than 99.9%. The utilization of the aforementioned enrichment method, analysis method, and kit enables the application of circulating tumor cells in diverse domains, including cancer early screening, auxiliary diagnosis, dynamic monitoring, and therapeutic guidance. This significantly enhances the efficiency of interpreting and analyzing circulating tumor cells.
[0108] Example 1A
[0109] The binding result between microparticle and antibody:
[0110] a. centrifuge the 200 μl streptavidin modified microparticle (polystyrene microparticle, 25 mg / ml) solution at 5000 rpm for 5min, remove the supernatant, and wash the microparticle with buffer solution and resuspend in 200 μl buffer solution.
[0111] b. the washed microparticles are incubated with 20 μl biotin-modified human EpCAM antibody, N-Cadherin antibody, cell surface vimentin antibody, and fibronectin antibody at 4℃ overnight. The antibody can conjugate to the surface of microparticles via linkage between streptavidin and biotin.
[0112] c. wash the microparticle with buffer solution the next day, keep the microparticle in the 200 μl preserving solution (0.1%BSA in PBS solution) .
[0113] d. incubate the microparticle with the secondary antibody labeled with Alexa FluorTM 488 (1: 500 dilution) for 1 hour at room temperature, and wash the microparticle with the buffer solution.
[0114] The staining results with the different antibodies are shown in Figs. 2, 3, 4, and 5. In each figure group, the left one is the microparticle without the antibody and the right one is the microparticle with the antibody. Other microparticles with different materials, sizes or modifications can be fabricated using the same protocol.
[0115] Example 1B
[0116] The binding result between microparticle and antibody:
[0117] a. centrifuge the 200 μl streptavidin modified microparticle (polystyrene microparticle, 25 mg / ml) solution at 5000 rpm for 5min, remove the supernatant, and wash the microparticle with buffer solution and resuspend in 200 μl buffer solution.
[0118] b. the washed microparticles are incubated with 20 μl biotin-modified murine EpCAM antibody, and rabbit N-Cadherin antibody at 4℃ overnight.
[0119] c. Wash the microparticle with buffer solution the next day and keep the microparticle in the 200 μl preserving solution.
[0120] d. Incubate the microparticle with the goat anti-mouse secondary antibody labeled with Alexa FluorTM 488 and the goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody labeled with AF647 (1: 500 dilution) for 1 hour at room temperature, and wash the microparticle with the buffer solution.
[0121] The staining results with the different antibodies are shown in Fig. 6. The left picture is the microparticle unbound with the antibody. The middle picture is the microparticle bound with the mouse EpCAM antibody. The right picture is the microparticle bound with the rabbit N-Cadherin antibody.
[0122] These results demonstrate that the microparticles can bind to the antibody.
[0123] Example 2
[0124] The binding result between HT-29 cancer cells with different size microparticles:
[0125] a. Centrifuge the microparticle (concentration ~109 / ml-1) solution which has different sizes of 3μm, 5μm, and 10μm. remove the supernatant, and wash the microparticle with buffer solution.
[0126] b. The washed microparticles are incubated with EpCAM antibody overnight.
[0127] c. Wash the microparticle with buffer solution the next day and keep the microparticle in the preserving solution.
[0128] d. Incubate 200 μl HT-29 cells with the 5 μl microparticle on a shaker at room temperature for 0.5 hours.
[0129] The binding result is shown in Fig. 7. It proves that HT-29 cells can bind with microparticles of different size; the aggregation of cell and particle will be bigger as the microparticle become bigger. Other binding experiments between different microparticles and different cell lines can use the same protocol.
[0130] Example 3
[0131] Use of the microparticles prepared in Example 1A in cancer cell isolation by microfluidic chip:
[0132] Enrich HT-29, Hela, and MCF-7 cells by directly passing through the microfluidic chip. The inlets of the inertial focusing chip were connected to syringe pumps. the flow rate of PBS is 3ml / min, and the flow rate of cell solution (2 ml in PBS) is 0.6ml / min separately. PBS buffer was pumped into the chip for 20 seconds to wash the channel. Once the flow velocity reached a steady state, the cell solution was pumped into the chip. The solution from two outlets was collected into 24 well plates. After collecting, the cells are spun down to the bottom of the plate at 1300 rpm for 5 min. The number of the collected cells was counted under the microscope. The cells were collected after passing through the chip. The capture rate of cells is shown in Table 1. The cell diameters are measured under microscopes.
[0133] Table 1
[0134] Use of the microparticles prepared in Example 2 for cell isolation by microfluidic chip:
[0135] a. Incubate HT-29 cells, Hela cells, and MCF-7 cells with microparticles of different sizes separately, and then dilute with PBS into 2 ml.
[0136] b. Enrich aforementioned cells by passing through the microfluidic chip as the no microparticle group aforementioned.
[0137] The capture rate of cells is shown in Table 2.
[0138] Table 2
[0139] The data from Table 1 and Table 2 proves that: the cell size can be increased by combining with microparticles, especially for those cells with small sizes; after binding with microparticles, the capture rate of HT-29 cells, Hela cells, and MCF-7 cells is higher than no microparticle group.
[0140] The capture rate is highest in the experiment group of the 5μm microparticle especially.
[0141] Example 4
[0142] Circulating tumor cells undergo an epithelial-mesenchymal transformation process in cancer patients. Hela cells (normal expression of EpCAM, high expression of N-Cadherin) are used for experiments.
[0143] Experiment 4A:
[0144] Hela cells are captured by passing through the microfluidic chip directly, and the capture rate is calculated.
[0145] Experiment 4B:
[0146] a. Centrifuge the 200 μl streptavidin modified microparticle solution with the size of 5μm. remove the supernatant, and wash the microparticle with buffer solution and resuspend in 200 μl buffer solution.
[0147] b. Incubate the washed microparticle with 20 μl biotin-modified EpCAM antibody, N-Cadherin antibody, and both EpCAM and N-Cadherin antibody separately at 4℃ overnight (the obtained microparticle can be represented using the symbol EpCAM-microparticle, N-Cadherin-microparticle and EpCAM+N-Cadherin-microparticle) .
[0148] c. Wash the microparticle with buffer solution the next day and keep the microparticle in the 200 μl preserving solution (0.1%BSA in PBS solution) .
[0149] d. Incubate 200 μl Hela cells with 5 μl EpCAM-microparticle, N-Cadherin-microparticle and EpCAM+ N-Cadherin-microparticle separately on a shaker at room temperature for 0.5 hours.
[0150] e. Hela cells incubated with microparticles are diluted into 2 ml PBS and then captured by passing through the microfluidic chip, and the capture rate is calculated.
[0151] The capture rate is shown in Table 3.
[0152] Table 3
[0153] The data in Table 3 proves that: the capture rate of Hela cells in the adding microparticles group is higher than in no microparticles group; the mixture type microparticles have a better binding efficiency than epithelial type or mesenchymal type, and the capture rate of Hela cells is higher in mixture type microparticle group compared to other groups.
[0154] Example 5
[0155] The microparticles prepared in Example 1 are used for cell capture by filter membrane: HT-29 cells are captured by passing through the filter membrane (Isopore Membrane Filters, TCTP01300, Merck) with a pore size of 10μm. The capture rate of HT-29 is calculated. The capture result is shown in Fig. 8: The picture is HT-29 cells captured by the filter membrane.
[0156] The experiment 2 of cell capture by filter membrane: HT-29 cells are incubated and bound with 5μm microparticles (the same protocol as Example 2) , and captured by the aforementioned filter membrane. The capture rate of HT-29 is calculated. The capture result is shown in Fig. 9 The picture is HT-29 cells captured by filter membrane after the cells incubated with microparticles.
[0157] The capture rate is shown in table 4:
[0158] Table 4
[0159] The data from Table 4 shows that: HT-29 cells have a low capture rate by passing through the filter membrane directly. The capture rate can be highly increased after binding the HT-29 cells with 5μm microparticles and following the capture method by the filter membrane.
[0160] Example 6
[0161] The isolation experiment by immunomagnetic separation method: Bind the 5μm magnetic microparticle with HT-29 cells (the same protocol as Example 2) . The cells are captured by the immunomagnetic separation method. The detail is that the mixture is put onto the magnetic separation racks for 5 min at room temperature. The magnetic separation racks pull the magnetic microparticle-bound target to the tube wall. Remove the supernatant. The capture rate is calculated. The result is shown in Fig. 10: The picture is HT-29 cells captured by a magnet after the cells incubated with immunomagnetic microparticles.
[0162] The isolation experiment by microfluidic chip: Bind the 5μm magnetic microparticle with HT-29 cells (the same protocol as Example 2) . The cells are captured by the aforementioned microfluidic chip (the same protocol as Example 3) . The capture rate is calculated. The result is shown in Fig. 11: The picture is HT-29 cells captured by the microfluidic chip after the cells incubated with immunomagnetic microparticles.
[0163] The capture rate is shown in table 5:
[0164] Table 5
[0165] The data from Table 5 shows that: the cell capture rate by using the microfluidic chip method is higher than using the immunomagnetic separation method. Meanwhile, the captured sample only has a little magnetic particle by using the microfluidic chip method, whereas the immunomagnetic separation method has a distraction from abundant magnetic particles.
[0166] Example 7
[0167] The isolation experiment of HT-29 cells by microfluidic chip:
[0168] a. Add 100 HT-29 cells (the nuclei of the cells were stained by Hoechst 33342 for 10 min) into the 1ml blood sample. centrifuge the sample at 300 g for 10 min and remove the supernatant.
[0169] b. Remove the plasma. Remove the supernatant after processing by density gradient centrifugation. The blood sample was diluted by PBS to 8 ml. The diluted blood sample was added to a 3 ml Ficoll medium in a 15 ml centrifuge tube. Centrifuge at 1000 g for 10 min. After centrifugation, the mononuclear cells layer was transferred into a new 15 ml centrifuge tube. Centrifuge at 500 g for 10 minutes to remove residual Ficoll medium. The remaining cells were suspended with 500 μl PBS and transferred into a 1.5 ml tube.
[0170] c. Collect the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) layer. Add the 5μm microparticle into PBMC and incubate for 1h at room temperature.
[0171] d. Isolate the cells by using the microfluidic chip (the same protocol as Example 3) . Remove the supernatant after centrifugation at 500 g for 10 minutes.
[0172] e. Fabricate cell slide. After collecting blood cells from chip isolation, the cells were centrifuged to the bottom of the glass slide. Slowly remove the PBS solution and add 5%paraformaldehyde (PFA, Leagene) solution to fix the cell. The fixed cells were treated with 3%BSA in PBS for 30min.
[0173] f. Stain the cell slide. The cells were stained with CD45 Monoclonal Antibody PE-eFluorTM 610 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) for 1 hour at room temperature.
[0174] g. Read the cell slide and calculate the capture rate.
[0175] The Fig. 12 shows the results of WBC before and after processing by microfluidic chip. The left picture is before removing WBC and the right picture is after removing WBC. The data shows that the capture rate of HT-29 is 85%and the removal rate of WBC is over 99%.
[0176] Example 8
[0177] The isolation experiment of the clinic sample by microfluidic chip:
[0178] a. centrifuge the 1 ml clinic sample at 300 g for 10 min and remove the supernatant. The blood samples are mainly from common cancer type, like lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer.
[0179] b. Remove the plasma. Remove the supernatant after processing by density gradient centrifugation (the same protocol as Example 7) .
[0180] c. Collect the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) layer. Add the 5μm microparticle into PBMC and incubate for 1h at room temperature.
[0181] d. Isolate the cells by using the microfluidic chip (the same protocol as Example 3) . Remove the supernatant after centrifugation.
[0182] e. Fabricate cell slide. After collecting blood cells from chip isolation, the cells were centrifuged to the bottom of the glass slide. Slowly remove the PBS solution and add 5%paraformaldehyde (PFA, Leagene) solution to fix the cell. The fixed cells were treated with 3%BSA in PBS for 30min.
[0183] f. Stain the cell slide. Then cells were stained with CD45 Monoclonal Antibody PE-eFluorTM 610 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) for 1 hour at room temperature. After washing with PBS twice, the nuclei of the cells were stained by Hoechst 33342 for 10 min.
[0184] g. Read the cell slide and calculate the capture rate.
[0185] The data is shown in table 6:
[0186] Table 6
[0187] The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve is shown in Fig. 12. The value of the area under the curve (AUC) is 0.95 after calculation.
[0188] Example 9
[0189] Measure recovery rate under different flow rates:
[0190] The inlets of the inertial focusing chip were connected to syringe pumps. Green fluorescent silica microparticles (10 μm diameter) were purchased and used without any further modification. Cancer cells (H1299 and U936) were stained with Hoechst 33342 fluorescent dye and suspended in PBS (final concentration of 500 cells / ml) . The diameter of the cells and particles was measured under the microscope. The cell solution or particle solution was used to demonstrate size-based sorting of cancer cells using this inertial focusing device. A 2 ml cell solution (around 1000 cells) or silica particle solution (10 um particle to mimic white blood cells) was transferred into the syringe. The flow rate of the cell solution was varied from 2 ml / min to 4 ml / min. PBS buffer was pumped into the chip for 20 seconds to wash the channel. Once the flow velocity reached a steady state, the cell solution was pumped into the chip. The solution from two outlets was collected into 24 well plates. After collection, the cells were spun down to the bottom of the plate at 1300 rpm for 5 min. the number of the collected cells (or particles) was counted under the microscope.
[0191] The average diameter of H1299 cells and U937 cells were 22 μm and 15 μm, respectively. They were used to mimic CTCs with different sizes. The 10 μm silica particles were used to mimic WBCs. As the flow rate increased from 2 ml / min to 4 ml / min, the recovery rate of H1299 was increased to the maximum at the flow rate of 3.5 ml / min and then decreased. An opposite result was observed in the mimic WBC group. The recovery rate of U937 decreased from a high level to a minimum level as the flow rate increased. It clarified how flow rates affect the recovery rates of different particles. Considering enriching more cancer cells and removing more WBCs (count the recovery rate of H1299 + U937 -WBC) , a flow rate of 3 ml / min was used (Fig. 15) . A recorded movie proved that under the flow rate of 3 ml / min, most of the WBCs were removed from the outlet near the outer wall, and the cancer cells were collected from the outlet near the inner wall (Fig. 16) .
[0192] Example 10
[0193] Cells Incubation with polystyrene microparticles at different particle concentrations:
[0194] Mix polystyrene EpCAM-modified microparticle solution with H1299 cells at different microparticle concentrations (105 / ml-107 / ml) . The mixture was put onto a shaker and incubated at rt for 0.5h under darkness. After incubation, these mixtures were transferred into the 24-well plate and observed under the microscope.
[0195] As illustrated in Fig. 17A-D, cells do not bind with microparticles at a low particle concentration. When increase microparticle concentration, more particles will bind to cells, and there appears some particle clusters. To increase the cell size, high particle concentration should be used.
[0196] Example 11
[0197] Different cell lines Incubated with microparticles:
[0198] Mix 5μl silica EpCAM-modified microparticle solution (~109ml-1) with 1000 cells of different cell lines (H1299 / SW1116 / U937 / H69) and dilute to 200 μl with PBS. These cells were stained by Hoechst 33342 before mixing. The mixture was put onto a shaker and incubated at rt for 0.5h under darkness. After incubation, these mixtures were transferred into the 24-well plate. The diameter of cells before and after incubation with particles was measured under the microscope.
[0199] Here, we chose 4 different cell lines. H1299 and SW1116 have a large cell size (the average diameter is 22.51 μm and 19.95 μm respectively) . U937 has a medium size (16.51 μm) and H69 has a small size (10.01 μm) . For the EpCAM expression level, SW1116 and H69 express a high level of EpCAM. H1299 has a low EpCAM expression. U937 is EpCAM negative (Fig. 18) .
[0200] For the binding result between cells and particles. Fig. 19B is the size distribution of cells and their cluster formed with microparticles before and after incubation with particles. All the cells have a larger size after incubating with microparticles. We also checked the binding result after isolation by chip. Fig. 19A shows that after isolation, microparticles can still bind to H1299 very well. However, for the U937, the particles will depart from cells after the isolation process. Fig. 19C further proves that in the EpCAM-positive cell line, the cluster size has no significant change before and after isolation. Fig. 19D shows that the size of U937 and particle cluster decreased after isolation and became similar to the bare U937 cell line. The particles exhibit non-specific binding with EpCAM-negative cells. However, this binding force is not as robust as the interaction between antibodies and antigens. Moreover, the high-speed fluid utilized during the isolation process can disrupt this binding phenomenon. As a result, this binding will not significantly affect the outcome of the cell isolation process.
[0201] Example 12
[0202] Recovery rate test of inertial focusing chip by different cell lines and different-sized microparticles:
[0203] The recovery rate for each cell line (H1299, SW1116, H69, and U937) at different cell concentrations (100, 200, and 1000 cells per 2 ml PBS) in the inertial focusing platform was measured. The flow rate was set as 3 ml / min. Meanwhile, mix 5μl silica EpCAM-modified particle solution with the cell solution prepared before. The mixture was put on a shaker and incubated at rt for 0.5h. Then the mixture was diluted into 2 ml PBS and injected into the chip to separate. Different cell concentration groups used the same method except to adjust cell solution concentration. Calculate the recovery rate of each test group.
[0204] Besides the 3 μm silica particle, 5 μm particle, and 10 um particle were also tested. The particles were modified with EpCAM antibody as the 3 μm particle. After incubating 5 μl those particle solution with H69 cells at different cell concentrations (100, 200, and 1000 cells per 2 ml PBS) for 0.5 h, the cell size was measured under a microscope and cells were enriched by the inertial focusing chip to calculate the capture rate of each group.
[0205] For the no-particle-binding group, the recovery rate of H1299 is about 80%in each group, and U937 is about 50% (Fig. 20A) . After mixing and incubating with silica microparticles, the recovery rate has no significant change. The recovery rate of U937 isolation is not affected by the presence of microparticles since there is no expression of EpCAM on the surface of U937 cells. The H1299 cell line has EpCAM expressed on its surface, but the recovery rate doesn’t increase after adding microparticles. It’s speculated that the cell size of H1299 isn’t the main impact factor for its recovery rate. Almost all the H1299 cells already have a diameter above 15 μm, and the chip can enrich most of the cells in both particle and no-particle groups. On the other side, it demonstrates that extraneous particles will not affect the recovery rate of cell lines with large sizes. In the SW1116 cell line, a slight increase showed in the particle group (Fig. 20A) . As for the H69, the recovery rate has a significant increase after binding with particle (from 20%-30%to 30%-50%) (Fig. 7A) . The obtained result demonstrates the feasibility of enhancing the recovery rate by introducing particles to increase the cell size, particularly for small-sized cell lines.
[0206] When the different-sized microparticles were applied to enlarge the cell size, it showed the cell diameter after incubating with different-sized microparticles had a significant increase (Fig. 20B) . Fig. 20C shows the cell capture rate. the particle helped increase the cell capture rate.
[0207] Example 13
[0208] CTC capture from blood simulating by cancer cell line:
[0209] A blood sample test was performed by H1299-GFP and Hoechst 33342 labeled H69. 1000 H1299 cells and 1000 H69 cells were spiked into 2ml fresh blood samples collected from healthy people and preserved in an ACD (Acid Citric Dextrose) vacuum blood collection. The blood sample was centrifuged at 300 g for 10 min to remove plasma. Then, the red blood cells were removed by density gradient centrifugation method using Ficoll medium. The mononuclear cells were suspended with 500 μl PBS and transferred into a 1.5 ml tube. 10 μl EpCAM modified silica particles (with a diameter of 5 μm) were added into the cell solution and incubated for 1h at rt. After incubation, this mixture was diluted to 2 ml with PBS and transferred to a 10 ml syringe. Connect the syringe to the inertial focusing chip and start the separation procedure. The control group did the same protocol, the only variation was that no particle was added to the cell solution. After the separation procedure, the cell numbers of H1299 and H69 were counted under the microscope and capture rates were calculated.
[0210] Most of the erythrocytes and granulocytes were removed using the Ficoll media, because of the difference of cell density. The remaining was incubated with particles and then the mixture was processed by chip. Fig. 21A shows the cells separated from the blood. The spiked cells were captured and identified very well. From the result of flow cytometry, we identified H69 cells from the cell and particle mixture. We can see most of H69 cells get a larger size than the particles, WBCs, and bare control H69 cell line (Fig. 21B) . The enlarged size makes sure the small cancer cells can be enriched. The result shows that after adding particles, the recovery rate of H69 cells increased from 39%to 75%. For h1299, the recovery rate maintains at a high level and the increase is not obvious (Fig. 21C) . Furthermore, we found that after isolation by chip, about 85 percent of cancer cells were covered by 4 particles or more than 4 particles. When incubating the particle with normal WBCs, less than 1 percent of cells were covered by more than 4 particles (Fig. 21D) . The particle number on the surface of cells can help identify cancer cells from normal blood cells to a certain degree.
[0211] Example 14 -CTC capture from the patient blood
[0212] An ACD vacuum blood collection tube (BD company, U.S. ) was used to collect 1 mL of peripheral venous blood from the cancer patient. Blood samples were temporarily stored at 4℃.
[0213] The blood sample was centrifuged at 300 g for 10 min to remove plasma. Then, the red blood cells were removed by density gradient centrifugation method using Ficoll medium. The mononuclear cells were suspended with 500 μl PBS and transferred into a 1.5 ml tube. 10 μl EpCAM modified silica particles (with a diameter of 5 μm) were added into the cell solution and incubated for 1h at rt. After incubation, this mixture was diluted to 2 ml with PBS and transferred to a 10 ml syringe. Connect the syringe to the inertial focusing chip and start the separation procedure. The control group did the same protocol, the only variation was that no particle was added to the cell solution. After isolation by chip, the collection was transferred into 24 well plates. Another 4 ml of the same blood sample was set as the no-particle group control. This control group was also treated with the Ficoll medium and then isolated by the inertial focusing chip without incubated with microparticles.
[0214] After collecting blood cells from chip isolation, the cells were centrifuged to the bottom of the plate. Slowly remove the PBS solution and add 5%paraformaldehyde solution to fix the cell. The fixed cells were treated with 3%BSA in PBS for 30min. Then cells were stained with CD45 Monoclonal Antibody PE-eFluorTM 610 for 1 hour at room temperature. After washing with PBS twice, the nuclei of the cells were stained by Hoechst 33342 for 10 min. Finally, the cells were observed and imaged under the fluorescence microscope.
[0215] Generally speaking, the CTC is EpCAM positive and CD45 negative. As stated before, the cancer cells in the blood sample can be captured by microparticles based on the EpCAM protein. Thus, our judgment of the CTC was the cell-particle aggregation (CPA) with Hoechst33342+ and CD45- (Fig. 22A) . The residual WBC was Hoechst33342+ and CD45+, and the residual microparticle was non-fluorescence. The CPA has a significant size increase and is distributed from 13-21 μm, which is much larger than WBCs (Fig. 22B) . Besides, as the CTC can lose epithelial marker expression in the context of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, not all the CTC can combine with the microparticle. Those non-EpCAM CTCs were normally recognized as CD45 negative, and had a large cell size and a high karyoplasmic ratio. It was proved that our CTC capture method does not affect the isolation efficiency of EpCAM-negative cells, and we successfully captured and identified the EpCAM-negative CTC from cancer patient samples (Fig. 22A) .
[0216] We count CTC numbers from 158 cancer patients and 102 normal people in total. Cancer types include lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, and some other types.
[0217] Fig. 22C shows the CTC number in patients and normal people in the no-particle group. The average number of CTC is 5.1 in 4 ml of patient blood (N=66) , significantly higher than in normal blood (2.7 CTC / 4 ml, N=56) . The false positive CTC identified from normal people should be some exfoliated epithelial cells. (Adding more staining markers could reduce false positives) . Whereas in the particle group, the average number of cell-particle aggregation (CPA) is 216 in patients (N=158) , which is significantly higher than the CTC number in the no-particle group (Fig. 22D) . It’s a great increase in the capture efficiency. Meanwhile, the CPA number in the control group is significantly lower (the average number is 45, N=102 ) . The difference in CPA number between patients and normal people is more significant than the CTC number count in the no-particle group. Meanwhile, in the particle-adding group, the mean value of large-size EpCAM negative CTC is similar to the no-particle group (Fig. 22E) . So, the EpCAM negative and large-size CTC is still captured and identified in the particle-adding group. The diagnostic performance of the CPA count was assessed by constructing a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The AUC (area under each ROC curve) for CPA count in discrimination between cancer patients and normal people was 0.94 (Fig. 22F) . When the cutoff value of the CPA number is around 90 to 110, the CPA number can be used to identify cancer patients and normal people with high sensitivity and high specificity. Furthermore, we looked deeply into different cancer types and found our technology can capture CTC from most cancer patients with different cancer types, such as lung cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, and so on. It indicates our technology captures and identifies CTC with a high sensitivity and specificity (Fig. 22G) . In the non-cancer group, several samples with other diseases were collected to study the impact factors of CTC counting. The result shows the CTC number in hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia groups have no significant difference compared with normal people. For some organic damage or lesions, such as pneumonia, gastrointestinal bleeding, and liver cirrhosis, the CTC number normally has a high level (Fig. 22H) . Those CTCs might be epithelial cells shed from damaged tissue because of the disease. When applying this technique for cancer patient detection, those diseases should be taken into consideration to reduce the false positive result.
[0218] Example 15 -Fabrication of microfluidic chip.
[0219] Microfluidic devices were fabricated using common polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) replica molding processes. A microfluidic device was first designed using AutoCAD (Autodesk, San Rafael, CA, USA) and printed on photomask films. Standard lithographic techniques were used to produce a mold from a clean glass master spin-coated with SU-8 100 (Kayaku Advanced Materials, Inc., USA) . The pattern was developed by propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (Sigma Aldrich, USA) . Then, the patterned glass was silanized with trichloro (1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorooctyl) silane (Sigma Aldrich, USA) . PDMS chips were produced by casting degassed PDMS (mixed in a 10: 1 mixture of base and curing agent) onto the silanized pattern and subsequently baking in an oven for 2 h at 65 ℃. After curing, the PDMS was peeled from the mold, access holes (1 mm) for fluidic inlets and outlets were punched with the puncher, and the PDMS devices were irreversibly bonded to a clean glass slide using an oxygen plasma machine (PLASMA CLEANER PDC-002) to complete the channels. The assembled device was finally placed in an oven at 65 ℃ overnight to further enhance the bonding. Blocking buffer (5%BSA and 1%PF-127 in PBS) was injected into this chip and put at 4℃ for incubation. Fig. 23 shows the schematic illustration of the chip fabrication process.
[0220] The preceding description represents preferred embodiments of the present application and should not be interpreted as limiting the scope thereof. Any modifications, equivalents, substitutions, or improvements made within the scope of the principles and spirit of the present application are considered to be within the protected scope of this application.
Claims
1.A method for isolating a circulating tumor cell (CTC) in a sample comprising the CTC or suspected of comprising the CTC, the method comprising:(a) incubating the sample with immuno-microparticles thereby forming cell and microparticle aggregates (CPAs) in an incubation solution, wherein the average size of the CPAs is larger than 10 μm; and(b) isolating the CPAs formed in step (a) with a size-based isolation method thereby forming an isolated CTC,wherein the immuno-microparticles comprise one or more first antibodies conjugated to microparticles, wherein the one or more first antibodies specifically bind to one or more markers of the CTC.2.The method according to claim 1, wherein the microparticles comprise polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, ferric oxide, or silicon dioxide.3.The method according to claim 1, wherein the microparticles are magnetic or nonmagnetic microparticles.4.The method according to claim 1, wherein the average diameter of the microparticles is 0.5 μm-10 μm.5.The method according to claim 1, wherein the size-based isolation method comprises the use of at least one of a film microfilter and a microfluidic device.6.The method according to claim 5, wherein the film microfilter has an average pore size of 6 μm-10 μm.7.The method according to claim 1, wherein the average size of the CPA is 11 μm-35 μm.8.The method according to claim 5, wherein the average diameter of the microparticles is 0.5 μm-10 μm, and the film microfilter has an average pore size of 6 μm-12 μm.9.[Corrected under Rule 26, 08.02.2025]The method according to claim 5, wherein the microfluidic device is an inertial focusing chip.10.[Corrected under Rule 26, 08.02.2025]The method according to claim 9, wherein the inertial focusing chip is also capable of isolating cells or microparticles with cutoff size of 6-12 μm.11.The method according to claim 1, wherein the sample is derived from a subject suffering from cancer.12.The method according to claim 11, wherein the subject is a human or a non-human mammal.13.The method according to claim 1, wherein the sample comprises or is derived from whole blood, plasma, any cell-containing blood fraction, cerebrospinal fluid, bone marrow, a cell sample, tumor sample, joint fluid, urine, tears or feces.14.The method according to claim 1, wherein the sample comprises or is derived from pleural effusion, ascites, umbilical cord blood, amniotic fluid, or cultured human or animal cells.15.The method according to claim 11, wherein the cancer is lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, melanoma, or ovarian cancer.16.The method according to claim 1, wherein the one or more markers of the CTCs comprise epithelial cellular adhesion molecule (EpCAM) , cytokeratin (CK) 5, CK7, CK8, CK18, CK19, E-cadherin, vimentin, TWIST, fibronectin, N-cadherin, β-catenin, AKT, human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) 2, estrogen receptor (ER) , androgen receptor (AR) , multidrug-resistance-related proteins (MRP) , prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) , prostate-specific antigen (PSA) , epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) , androgen receptor (AR) -V7, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) , folate receptor, melanoma associated antigen (MAGE) A3, or high-molecular weight melanoma-associated antigen (HMW-MAA) .17.The method according to claim 1 further comprising analyzing the isolated CTC using a method selected from the group consisting of an immunochemical analysis, morphological analysis, genomics analysis, metabolomics analysis, epigenomics analysis, transcriptomics analysis, proteomics analysis, DNA mutation analysis, whole genome analysis, protein, RNA expression level of a specific gene, and a combination thereof.18.The method according to claim 17, wherein the isolated CTC is analyzed by fluorescence staining and imaging of at least one of proteins and nucleic acids in the CTC.19.The method according to claim 18, wherein the isolated CTC further comprises impurity cells and the method further comprises analyzing the impurity cells by fluorescence staining.20.The method according to claim 18, wherein the fluorescent staining comprises staining the proteins with a fluorescent dye optionally comprising a second antibody.21.The method according to claim 20, wherein the second antibody binds to at least one protein expressed by the CTC or the impurity cells.22.The method according to claim 19, wherein the impurity cells comprise white blood cells.23.A kit for conducting the method according to claim 1, the kit comprising:immuno-microparticles having an average diameter of 0.5 μm-10 μm; anda size-based isolation device capable of isolating particles having an average size of greater than 10 μm, wherein the microparticles comprise one or more first antibodies conjugated to microparticles, wherein the one or more antibodies specifically bind to one or more markers of the CTC.24.The kit according to claim 23, wherein the size-based isolation device comprises one or more of a film microfilter and a microfluidic device.
Citation Information
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