Method for backscatter communication timing determination in FDD for a-iot
By leveraging system information and guard band configurations, the method addresses interference issues in FDD networks, enabling synchronized and efficient communication between UEs and A-IoT devices, ensuring network performance and reliability.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/142296
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-12-27
- Publication Date
- 2025-07-03
AI Technical Summary
In Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) networks, Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) devices utilizing uplink frequencies for communication pose challenges due to potential interference with existing User Equipment (UE) behavior, requiring effective solutions to manage timing and configure guard bands to ensure A-IoT signals do not disrupt standard UE uplink and downlink operations within the same frequency spectrum.
The method involves the UE receiving system information including Timing Advance (TA) values and specific uplink occasions to synchronize and determine backscatter communication timing, with the base station managing interference and optimizing network resources by broadcasting dynamic updates and configuring guard bands to ensure synchronized and interference-free communication.
This approach facilitates harmonious coexistence of UEs and A-IoT devices, enhancing network efficiency and robustness by ensuring accurate timing and synchronization, thereby maintaining the integrity of communication links without compromising performance.
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Figure CN2023142296_03072025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHOD FOR BACKSCATTER COMMUNICATION TIMING DETERMINATION IN FDD FOR A-IOTBACKGROUNDField
[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to communication systems, and more particularly, to user equipment (UE) that Backscatter Communication Timing Determination in FDD for A-IoT.
[0002] Background
[0003] The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.
[0004] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasts. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources. Examples of such multiple-access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.
[0005] These multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate on a municipal, national, regional, and even global level. An example telecommunication standard is 5G New Radio (NR) . 5G NR is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to meet new requirements associated with latency, reliability, security, scalability (e.g., with Internet of Things (IoT) ) , and other requirements. Some aspects of 5G NR may be based on the 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard. There exists a need for further improvements in 5G NR technology. These improvements may also be applicable to other multi-access technologies and the telecommunication standards that employ these technologies.SUMMARY
[0006] The disclosed technology addresses the need for efficient coexistence and synchronization between User Equipment (UE) and Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) devices within a Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) network. The method begins with the UE receiving system information (SI) from a base station (BS) , which includes Timing Advance (TA) values and allocation of specific uplink (UL) occasions. These parameters are critical for the UE to accurately backscatter queries to A-IoT devices on a designated UL frequency 'fu' , ensuring that the communication is synchronized with the network's timing.
[0007] The UE, upon receiving the SI, utilizes the TA values and UL occasions to determine the appropriate timing for backscatter communication. This enables the UE to reflect the query to the A-IoT device and to transmit the backscattered response to the BS. The process ensures that the backscattered signal does not introduce any frequency shift, which is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the communication link within the network.
[0008] The base station plays a pivotal role in this communication method by broadcasting SI to all UEs. This SI includes dynamic updates that allow UEs to maintain proper synchronization with A-IoT devices and adapt to evolving network conditions. The BS also manages interference and optimizes network resources by coordinating the backscatter communication timing of UEs and A-IoT devices. This involves offering synchronization schemes and timing adjustments that are suitable for the network environment and ensuring accurate A-IoT device communication.
[0009] Furthermore, the BS adjusts the network's timing and synchronization parameters based on the capabilities reported by both UEs and A-IoT devices. This adjustment is broadcasted in defined periods to ensure that all devices within the network receive the necessary information to operate cohesively. The method ensures that the network can handle the additional complexity of A-IoT device communication without compromising the performance and reliability of the communication for traditional UEs.
[0010] In summary, the disclosed method provides a structured approach to managing the intricate dynamics of A-IoT communication within FDD networks. By leveraging system information for timing and synchronization, the method facilitates a harmonious coexistence of UEs and A-IoT devices, thereby enhancing the overall efficiency and robustness of the network's wireless communication.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0011] Figure 1 depicts an innovative approach in which an Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device capitalizes on the in-band frequency spectrum typically reserved for downlink (DL) communication in cellular networks.
[0012] Figure 2 illustrates a scenario in which an Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device utilizes the guard bands of New Radio (NR) in a cellular network to facilitate communication while mitigating inter-cell interference.
[0013] Figure 3 presents an innovative configuration where an Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device is designed to harness the uplink (UL) frequency band for communication within a cellular network.
[0014] Figure 4 illustrates a communication strategy where an A-IoT device makes use of the guard bands within the New Radio (NR) uplink (UL) frequency spectrum.
[0015] Figure 5 addresses the unique communication requirements of Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) devices within the uplink (UL) frequency band of a Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) network.
[0016] Figure 6 illustrates a second solution to the challenge of enabling Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) devices to communicate within a cellular network without causing interference to legacy User Equipment (UE) and gNB operations.
[0017] Figure 7 introduces a third solution for integrating Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) communications into a Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) network, leveraging the downlink (DL) spectrum denoted as 'f1. ' In this FDD spectrum, User Equipment (UE) is typically configured to monitor 'f1' for its DL signals.
[0018] Figure 8 outlines a fourth solution to facilitate communication between Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) devices and the gNB within a cellular network, specifically using the downlink (DL) spectrum identified as 'f1. '
[0019] Figure 9 presents a fifth solution for enabling communication between Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) devices and the gNB using the uplink (UL) spectrum, referred to as 'f2. '
[0020] Figure 10 introduces a sixth solution for integrating Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) communications within a cellular network, which involves the use of an independent frequency band.
[0021] Figure 11 illustrates the communication process within a Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) network involving a user equipment (UE) reader, an Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device, and the gNodeB (gNB) .
[0022] Figure 12 provides a visual representation of the communication process between UEs, A-IoT devices, and the gNB using the UL spectrum 'f2' in an FDD network.
[0023] Figure 13 illustrates the operation of a half-duplex (HDX) system within an Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) setting.
[0024] Figure 14 provides a detailed depiction of the operation of a full-duplex (FDX) system within the context of Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) .
[0025] Figure 15 reflects the behavior of the User Equipment (UE) and the generic NodeB (gNB) within a full-duplex (FDX) Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) system.
[0026] Figure 16 illustrates a heterogeneous network deployment that integrates a large FDD cell with a macro base station and a smaller TDD cell with a micro base station.
[0027] Figure 17 presents a network deployment scenario where the gNB and the UE reader are equipped to directly interface with A-IoT devices.
[0028] Figure 18 begins with the UE initiating the band aggregation process to establish robust connections with the gNB and A-IoT devices.
[0029] Figure 19 illustrates a User Equipment (UE) reader configured to operate as a relay in two distinct embodiments: a Layer 3 (L3) relay and a Layer 2 (L2) relay.
[0030] Figure 20 describes the signaling and behavior of the UE reader and gNB within an A-IoT network. The diagram captures the sequence of messages exchanged between the UE reader, gNB, and A-IoT devices in both L3 and L2 relay configurations.
[0031] Figure 21 shows two ways to communicate between gNB (or UE reader) and A-IoT. The first one is gNB or UE reader can use format 1 to provide energy and message to A-IoT directly.
[0032] Figure 22 represents two methods of DL communication between the UE reader / gNB and A-IoT devices.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0033] The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of various configurations and is not intended to represent the only configurations in which the concepts described herein may be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of various concepts. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these concepts may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well known structures and components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring such concepts.
[0034] Several aspects of telecommunication systems will now be presented with reference to various apparatus and methods. These apparatus and methods will be described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, components, circuits, processes, algorithms, etc. (collectively referred to as “elements” ) . These elements may be implemented using electronic hardware, computer software, or any combination thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.
[0035] By way of example, an element, or any portion of an element, or any combination of elements may be implemented as a “processing system” that includes one or more processors. Examples of processors include microprocessors, microcontrollers, graphics processing units (GPUs) , central processing units (CPUs) , application processors, digital signal processors (DSPs) , reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, systems on a chip (SoC) , baseband processors, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , programmable logic devices (PLDs) , state machines, gated logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform the various functionality described throughout this disclosure. One or more processors in the processing system may execute software. Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software components, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.
[0036] Accordingly, in one or more example embodiments, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or encoded as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes computer storage media. Storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise a random-access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, other magnetic storage devices, combinations of the aforementioned types of computer-readable media, or any other medium that can be used to store computer executable code in the form of instructions or data structures that can be accessed by a computer.
[0037] Issue: In FDD networks, A-IoT devices utilizing uplink frequencies for communication pose challenges due to potential interference with existing UE behavior. Effective solutions are needed to manage timing and configure guard bands, ensuring A-IoT signals do not disrupt standard UE uplink and downlink operations within the same frequency spectrum.
[0038] Figure 1 depicts an innovative approach in which an Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device capitalizes on the in-band frequency spectrum typically reserved for downlink (DL) communication in cellular networks. Specifically, the A-IoT device is shown to utilize the DL frequency, denoted as 'fd, ' to receive query commands from a UE reader or a gNB. Once the command is received, the A-IoT device employs a backscattering technique to communicate, essentially reflecting and modulating the incoming DL frequency signal to transmit its response using the same DL frequency 'fd. ' This method allows the A-IoT device to operate without generating its own signal, thereby conserving power and reducing complexity.
[0039] To address the challenge of intra-cell interference, which can occur when the A-IoT signal is in close proximity to other subcarriers used for standard cellular communication such as the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) , Figure 1 further illustrates the strategic use of A-IoT guard bands (A-IoT GB) . These guard bands create a buffer zone between the A-IoT backscatter signal and the PDSCH, effectively preventing interference from nearby sub-carriers. The network has the capability to configure the A-IoT GB to be anywhere from zero to two resource elements (REs) wide, depending on the specific needs of the deployment. This configuration is communicated to both the A-IoT device and the UE reader through system information (SI) or Radio Resource Control (RRC) messages, ensuring that both entities are synchronized in their use of the spectrum and maintain the integrity of the A-IoT communication channel.
[0040] Figure 2 illustrates a scenario in which an Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device utilizes the guard bands of New Radio (NR) in a cellular network to facilitate communication while mitigating inter-cell interference. These guard bands, referred to as DL NR guard bands (NR GB) , are strategically positioned on both sides of the configured channel bandwidth, which could be, for instance, 100MHz or 20MHz. Within these NR GBs, the gNB or the UE reader broadcasts a query command using a dedicated downlink frequency, labeled 'fdg. ' This frequency is specifically chosen to be within the NR GBs to capitalize on the interference protection they offer.
[0041] The figure further demonstrates the implementation of additional A-IoT guard bands (A-IoT GB) surrounding the A-IoT frequency 'fdg' to enhance this interference protection. These A-IoT GBs serve as a further safeguard against potential inter-cell interference that could emanate from neighboring cells. The network can configure the A-IoT GBs to span from zero to six resource elements (REs) , depending on the level of interference mitigation required. The configuration of these A-IoT GBs is communicated to the A-IoT device and the UE reader through system information (SI) broadcasts or Radio Resource Control (RRC) messages. This ensures that both the A-IoT device and the UE reader are aware of and can operate within the parameters set by the network to prevent interference from adjacent cells and maintain robust A-IoT communication.
[0042] Figure 3 presents an innovative configuration where an Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device is designed to harness the uplink (UL) frequency band for communication within a cellular network. The A-IoT device utilizes the UL frequency, denoted as 'fu, ' to receive query commands transmitted by a UE reader or a gNB. In response to these commands, the A-IoT device employs a backscatter communication method, reflecting the received signal back on the same UL frequency 'fu. ' This technique allows the A-IoT device to communicate by modulating the reflected signal, thus avoiding the need for active signal transmission and conserving energy.
[0043] To ensure that this innovative use of the UL frequency does not result in intra-cell interference, especially with the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) used by other UEs, Figure 3 also showcases the deployment of A-IoT guard bands (A-IoT GB) . These guard bands are placed strategically between the A-IoT signal and the PUSCH to act as a buffer, preventing interference from the subcarriers in close frequency proximity. The network is responsible for configuring the breadth of the A-IoT GB, which can vary from zero to two resource elements (REs) , and for conveying this configuration to the A-IoT device and the UE reader. This information is disseminated through system information (SI) broadcasts or Radio Resource Control (RRC) messages, enabling both the A-IoT device and the UE reader to align their operations with the network's interference mitigation strategy, thus preserving the clarity and integrity of the A-IoT communication.
[0044] Figure 4 illustrates a communication strategy where an Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device makes use of the guard bands within the New Radio (NR) uplink (UL) frequency spectrum. These UL NR guard bands (NR GB) are situated on either side of the channel bandwidth, which could be set at values such as 10MHz or 20MHz, to serve as a protective measure against inter-cell interference. Within this designated NR GB space, the gNB or the UE reader transmits query commands on an UL frequency labeled 'fug, ' which is specifically allocated for A-IoT communications to avoid disruption to the main UL traffic channels.
[0045] To provide an additional layer of protection and to further reduce the risk of interference from signals originating in adjacent cells, A-IoT guard bands (A-IoT GB) are introduced on both sides of the A-IoT designated frequency 'fug. ' These guard bands are critical in creating a clear separation between the A-IoT communications and the regular UL traffic of neighboring cells. The network has the flexibility to configure the A-IoT GB to extend from zero to six resource elements (REs) , tailoring the protection to the unique requirements of the A-IoT deployment. The configuration details of these A-IoT GB are communicated to the A-IoT device and the UE reader through system information (SI) or Radio Resource Control (RRC) messages, ensuring both are informed and can adhere to the network-defined parameters for maintaining robust and interference-free A-IoT communications.
[0046] Figure 5 addresses the unique communication requirements of Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) devices within the uplink (UL) frequency band of a Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) network. In this scenario, a User Equipment (UE) reader sends a query command to an A-IoT device using the UL frequency, denoted as 'fu. ' The A-IoT device, which supports backscattering on the UL transmission, reflects this signal back to the UE reader without the capability for frequency shift-meaning it can only use the same UL frequency 'fu' for both reception and transmission of the backscattered signal.
[0047] A key issue arises from this setup: traditionally, in FDD networks, UEs are programmed to receive signals only on the downlink (DL) frequency, not the UL frequency. Therefore, when the UE reader transmits a query on the UL frequency 'fu, ' it must also be capable of receiving the A-IoT device's backscattered response on the same UL frequency. This deviation from standard UE behavior could lead to potential interference, as the UL frequency is typically congested with signals from various UEs, which may disrupt the reception of the specific A-IoT response signal.
[0048] To resolve this, the proposed solution involves the UE reader monitoring specific occasions on the UL frequency 'fu' to receive the A-IoT device's response. These occasions are predefined by the network and communicated to the UE reader via Radio Resource Control (RRC) or System Information (SI) messages issued by the gNB. Additionally, the network employs a timing advance (TA) mechanism to synchronize the uplink transmissions of all UEs and A-IoT devices, ensuring that the gNB receives them in a coordinated manner. The TA values, which can be absolute or delta, indicate the timing adjustment needed for the A-IoT device's response to arrive at the gNB precisely aligned with the network's timing grid. The absolute TA values adjust based on the DL reception timing, while the delta TA values adjust based on the timing of the previous UL transmission. These TA values are provided to the UE reader within the query command or acknowledgment (ACK) and can also be communicated to the A-IoT device through Medium Access Control (MAC) Control Elements (CE) or RRC messages from the gNB. This solution ensures the A-IoT device's UL backscatter transmissions are accurately timed to avoid interference and maintain the integrity of the communication link.
[0049] Figure 6 illustrates a second solution to the challenge of enabling Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) devices to communicate within a cellular network without causing interference to legacy User Equipment (UE) and gNB operations. This approach involves the utilization of an independent frequency band, such as a dedicated sub-1GHz band or specifically designated guard bands in the uplink (UL) or downlink (DL) spectrum, referred to as 'fug' and 'fdg' respectively. These bands are reserved for A-IoT communications to prevent any overlap with the traditional frequency bands used by the network, thereby eliminating the risk of interference.
[0050] The gNB configures the time and frequency domain resources for this dual-way communication between the UE reader and the A-IoT device, and these configurations are relayed to the UE reader via Radio Resource Control (RRC) or System Information (SI) messages. The frequency domain resources can be specifically assigned as dedicated A-IoT bands, UL guard bands, or DL guard bands, depending on the network's strategy for A-IoT integration. In the case of the UL guard band 'fug, ' the transmission timing for A-IoT communication is synchronized with the UE reader's UL timing, which is in turn managed by the gNB through Timing Advance (TA) MAC Control Elements (CEs) . The UE reader has the flexibility to offer one or multiple UL timing resources to the A-IoT device, which then selects the most appropriate timing resource (s) to respond within the UL guard band 'fug. ' Similarly, for the DL guard band 'fdg, ' the A-IoT device's transmission timing is aligned with the UE reader's DL timing, which is synchronized using the Synchronization Signal Block (SSB) and Channel State Information-Reference Signals (CSI-RS) . Here as well, the UE reader can provide various UL timing resources for A-IoT communication, and the A-IoT device can choose from these to respond within the DL guard band 'fdg. ' This solution ensures that A-IoT devices can operate within the network without impacting the existing cellular infrastructure, maintaining clear and interference-free communication channels.
[0051] Figure 7 introduces a third solution for integrating Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) communications into a Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) network, leveraging the downlink (DL) spectrum denoted as 'f1. ' In this FDD spectrum, User Equipment (UE) is typically configured to monitor 'f1' for its DL signals. However, if a UE reader were to broadcast a query command on 'f1, ' it could potentially interfere with the DL reception of another UE. To mitigate this risk of interference, the gNB can allocate UE-specific DL resources to the UE reader, such as dynamic Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) resources, Semi-Persistent Scheduling (SPS) DL resources, or a measurement gap.
[0052] A dynamic PDSCH allocation can range from 4 to 12 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols, while the SPS can be configured with periodicities ranging from 10ms to 640ms, allowing for flexibility in scheduling the PDSCH. A measurement gap, on the other hand, provides a specific duration during which a UE can monitor other frequencies without the risk of missing its own DL transmissions. By ensuring that certain time domain resources on the DL spectrum 'f1' are dedicated to a specific UE, the gNB prevents other UEs (e.g., UE2) from monitoring the same time / frequency (T / F) resources, thereby avoiding interference between different UEs and between UEs and A-IoT devices.
[0053] Despite using the DL spectrum 'f1' for A-IoT communication, it is still necessary for the UE or the gNB to manage the UL timing of the A-IoT device's backscattered response. The gNB can issue Timing Advance (TA) commands to the UE to control the timing of the A-IoT's UL transmission, ensuring synchronization with the network. Similarly, the UE reader can embed TA commands within the query or acknowledgment (ACK) commands to direct the A-IoT device's timing. It is important to note that when the gNB allocates T / F resources on the DL spectrum 'f1' for A-IoT communication, it refrains from transmitting any other signals on those resources. Additionally, the UE is not expected to receive any signals other than the A-IoT communication on the allocated T / F resources, ensuring a clear and dedicated channel for the A-IoT interactions.
[0054] Figure 8 outlines a fourth solution to facilitate communication between Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) devices and the gNB within a cellular network, specifically using the downlink (DL) spectrum identified as 'f1. ' In this solution, the gNB communicates with A-IoT devices using T / F resources on the spectrum 'f1' that are not concurrently allocated to other UEs, such as UE2. This approach ensures that there is no interference with the DL reception of other UEs within the network, allowing the existing DL NR signals or channels, including PDSCH, SPS DL, and measurement gap configurations, to be reused for A-IoT communications without disruption.
[0055] However, a potential challenge arises when A-IoT devices employ backscattering to communicate using the DL spectrum 'f1. ' The gNB must ensure that the uplink (UL) timing of the A-IoT's backscattered signal does not cause interference with other UEs in the network. This may be problematic as the gNB might not have precise location information for all UEs, which is necessary to fully prevent timing conflicts. To address this, the gNB can employ Timing Advance (TA) commands to control the UL timing of the A-IoT devices. Additionally, the gNB can reserve guard times, expressed in units of microseconds or OFDM symbols, during which no signal is transmitted (empty signal periods) to prevent potential interference.
[0056] These guard times and TA commands are communicated to the A-IoT devices, ensuring that the timing of their backscattered UL transmissions does not overlap with the DL reception times of other UEs in the cell. By signaling or configuring these parameters to the A-IoT devices, the gNB can effectively coordinate the network's T / F resources to maintain a harmonious communication environment. This guarantees that all UEs, including those not involved in A-IoT communication, will not receive interference from A-IoT signals using backscattering transmission on the DL spectrum 'f1. '
[0057] Figure 9 presents a fifth solution for enabling communication between Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) devices and the gNB using the uplink (UL) spectrum, referred to as 'f2. ' In this approach, the gNB allocates T / F resources on the UL spectrum 'f2' exclusively for gNB-A-IoT communication. By ensuring that these resources are not simultaneously used by other UEs, such as UE2, the gNB effectively prevents interference with the UL transmissions of other UEs within the network. This allows for the reuse of existing UL NR signals or channels, such as the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) or Configured Grant (CG) UL, for A-IoT communications.
[0058] However, a potential challenge arises when the gNB is required to both listen to and transmit on the UL spectrum 'f2. ' To address this, the introduction of guard times is necessary. During these guard times, as well as throughout the duration of gNB-A-IoT communication, the gNB ceases to listen to the UL transmissions from UEs on the T / F resources allocated for A-IoT communication on the UL spectrum 'f2. ' This ensures that there is no overlap between the A-IoT communication and the regular UL traffic from other UEs.
[0059] The gNB may communicate the specific durations reserved for gNB-A-IoT communication to all UEs through system information (SI) broadcasts. Additionally, the UL timing for A-IoT devices is regulated by Timing Advance (TA) commands issued by the gNB. The TA commands are designed to synchronize the A-IoT's UL transmissions with the network's timing, ensuring that A-IoT signals do not interfere with the UL transmissions of other UEs. By controlling the UL timing through TA commands and broadcasting the reserved communication durations, the gNB effectively orchestrates the UL spectrum 'f2' to facilitate interference-free communication between itself and A-IoT devices, while maintaining the integrity of the UL transmissions for the rest of the network's UEs.
[0060] Figure 10 introduces a sixth solution for integrating Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) communications within a cellular network, which involves the use of an independent frequency band. This could be a dedicated sub-1GHz frequency band or designated guard bands for uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) , labeled as 'fug' and 'fdg' respectively. Utilizing these separate bands ensures that A-IoT communications do not interfere with the transmissions of legacy UEs and the gNB's operations.
[0061] In the case of the UL guard band 'fug' or the DL guard band 'fdg, ' the transmission timing for A-IoT communications is meticulously controlled by the gNB using Timing Advance commands (TAC) . These commands are crucial for synchronizing the A-IoT device's transmissions with the network's timing grid, thereby avoiding potential timing conflicts with other network operations.
[0062] For the DL guard band 'fdg' specifically, the transmission timing is carefully aligned with the UE reader's DL timing. This alignment ensures that the A-IoT device's backscattered DL signal does not disrupt the UE reader's ability to receive other DL transmissions from the gNB. By managing the timing with TAC, the gNB coordinates A-IoT communications within the dedicated or guard bands, allowing for seamless integration of A-IoT devices into the existing network infrastructure without impacting the performance or reliability of the legacy UE communications.
[0063] Figure 11 illustrates the communication process within a Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) network involving a user equipment (UE) reader, an Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device, and the gNodeB (gNB) . The sequence starts when the UE reader transmits a query command to the A-IoT device over the uplink frequency 'fu' . Upon receipt of this query, the gNB identifies specific uplink occasions for the UE reader to await the A-IoT device's response. This scheduling information, along with the Timing Advance (TA) values, is relayed to the UE reader via Radio Resource Control (RRC) or System Information (SI) messages.
[0064] In response to the query, the A-IoT device backscatters the signal using the same uplink frequency 'fu' , reflecting the signal with no alteration in frequency. To ensure synchronization across the network, the gNB coordinates the timing of all UEs and the A-IoT device by using the TA mechanism. It provides the A-IoT device with Medium Access Control (MAC) Control Elements (CE) or RRC messages that include the necessary TA values. The A-IoT device then adjusts its uplink transmission timing according to these TA values to guarantee that its backscattered response is precisely timed. Consequently, the gNB receives this response in harmony with the rest of the network traffic. The depicted sequence diagram highlights the signaling and required behaviors to preserve the integrity of the communication link among the UE reader, A-IoT device, and gNB.
[0065] Figure 12 provides a visual representation of the communication process between UEs, A-IoT devices, and the gNB using the UL spectrum 'f2' in an FDD network. The gNB initiates the process by broadcasting system information (SI) that includes the reserved time / frequency (T / F) resources and guard times for A-IoT communications. UEs within the network monitor this SI and adjust their UL transmission schedules to avoid the reserved T / F resources.
[0066] During the guard times communicated by the SI, the gNB stops listening to UL transmissions from UEs on the spectrum 'f2, ' focusing solely on A-IoT communications. The gNB sends Timing Advance (TA) commands to the A-IoT device to precisely control its UL transmission timing, ensuring that it does not interfere with other UEs' communications. The A-IoT device then transmits its UL signal on the reserved 'f2' resources during the allocated guard time, and the gNB receives the transmission without any interference from other UEs.
[0067] This sequence diagram illustrates the signaling and coordinated behavior required among the UEs, A-IoT devices, and the gNB to maintain an interference-free communication environment on the UL spectrum 'f2, ' ensuring the integrity of both A-IoT and legacy UE transmissions within the network.
[0068] Issue: Half-duplex (HDX) RFID systems, which operate by time-sharing communication between the reader and the tag, offer a simpler reader design and a longer read range (about 2x) over full-duplex (FDX) systems. FDX systems, while allowing simultaneous two-way communication, require more complex readers due to the need to discriminate the tag's response from background noise.
[0069] Figure 13 illustrates the operation of a half-duplex (HDX) system within an Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) setting. This figure is representative of the HDX mode's time-sharing communication protocol, where the A-IoT device, or tag, is energized by an electromagnetic field generated by the reader. The reader, which could be a generic NodeB (gNB) , User Equipment (UE) reader, or a separate energy source, creates an alternating current (AC) field that the A-IoT device harnesses to charge its internal capacitor.
[0070] Once the A-IoT device has gathered enough power, the reader transmits commands by modulating the powering field. After the transmission of these commands, the reader stops emitting the field and shifts to a receptive state, awaiting the A-IoT device's response. The A-IoT device then uses the energy stored in its capacitor to backscatter a response, which is subsequently received and processed by the reader. The HDX system is characterized by this non-simultaneous exchange, with the reader and the A-IoT device alternating between transmitting and receiving modes.
[0071] While Figure 13 and the preceding figures from Figure 1 to Figure 12 in the patent documentation are described using HDX as the mode of operation for clarity and simplicity, it is important to note that the described system is not restricted to HDX. The system is capable of supporting both HDX and full-duplex (FDX) modes. However, the patent figures have been chosen to demonstrate the HDX mode specifically due to its simpler reader design and potentially superior performance metrics, such as increased read range, when compared to FDX systems, which require more complex designs to handle simultaneous two-way communication and to filter out ambient noise from the tag's response.
[0072] Figure 14 provides a detailed depiction of the operation of a full-duplex (FDX) system within the context of Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) . This illustration captures the essence of FDX communication where the A-IoT device, also known as the tag, is capable of receiving power and commands from the reader while concurrently sending its response. The reader, which may be a gNB, a UE reader, or an independent power source, emits a continuous alternating current (AC) magnetic field that not only powers the tag but also carries modulated commands to it.
[0073] In this FDX mode, the tag responds by superimposing its own signal onto the carrier frequency using Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) , a form of modulation. This simultaneous transmission and reception enable a continuous exchange of information between the reader and the tag. The reader's role in an FDX system is complex as it involves maintaining the powering field, modulating commands into this field, and simultaneously demodulating the tag's superimposed response. The reader's circuitry must be adept at separating the tag's response from the carrier signal and any extraneous noise that may be present in the environment.
[0074] The advantage of the FDX system, as Figure 14 likely demonstrates, is its ability to facilitate faster data transfer rates due to this simultaneous two-way communication capability. However, this comes at the cost of increased complexity in the reader's design, which must incorporate sophisticated filtering mechanisms to ensure the integrity of the communication process. Despite the complexity, FDX systems are valuable in scenarios where speed and efficiency are paramount.
[0075] While Figure 14 focuses on the FDX mode, it is understood that the system described in the patent is not exclusively limited to FDX. The preceding figures, from Figure 1 to Figure 12, may have showcased the HDX mode, but the system is designed to support both FDX and HDX modes. The decision to illustrate the FDX mode in Figure 14 provides a comprehensive view of the system's capabilities, ensuring that the patent covers the full spectrum of operational modes that the A-IoT system can employ.
[0076] Figure 15 represents the interaction between the A-IoT device (tag) and the UE reader / gNB (tag reader) within an Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) system. The UE reader / gNB initiates the sequence by establishing a continuous alternating current (AC) magnetic field, which provides power to the A-IoT device and carries modulated commands.
[0077] The A-IoT device, upon harvesting energy and receiving commands, backscatters a Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) modulated response onto the carrier signal. This enables simultaneous transmission of power and commands by the UE reader / gNB and reception of the backscattered signal from the A-IoT device.
[0078] The UE reader / gNB continues to modulate the field with commands, and the A-IoT device responds with backscattered modulated data. The UE reader / gNB demodulates and processes the A-IoT device's response, acknowledging the receipt of data and maintaining a continuous communication loop. This revised sequence diagram demonstrates the full-duplex communication capability of the system, allowing for efficient and uninterrupted data exchange between the A-IoT device and the UE reader / gNB.
[0079] Issue: Implementing Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) for both uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) in User Equipment (UE) necessitates an additional receiver for the UL spectrum. This requirement increases the complexity and cost of the UE design.
[0080] Figure 16 illustrates a heterogeneous network deployment that integrates a large FDD cell with a macro base station and a smaller TDD cell with a micro base station. In this configuration, the User Equipment (UE) aggregates FDD and TDD bands to establish robust connections with the generic NodeB (gNB) and Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) devices. The FDD band, particularly sub- 1GHz frequencies, is utilized for the link between the gNB and the UE to capitalize on the superior coverage characteristics of lower frequencies. The TDD band is employed for the link between the UE and A-IoT devices, which simplifies the UE's implementation by obviating the need for an additional uplink receiver.
[0081] In this enhanced network model, the UE dynamically selects the optimal communication band to maintain service continuity and network efficiency. The macro base station, in conjunction with the micro base station, orchestrates interference management between the FDD and TDD cells. The UE adjusts its transmission power for TDD communication with A-IoT devices in accordance with power control commands from the gNB, ensuring minimal interference and optimal signal strength. Synchronization between the UE and the gNB is meticulously maintained to align with the TDD cell's uplink / downlink configuration, thereby preventing signal collision and interference. Furthermore, the UE is equipped to facilitate seamless handover between FDD and TDD cells, ensuring uninterrupted service as the UE traverses the heterogeneous network landscape.
[0082] Figure 17 presents a network deployment scenario where the gNB and the UE reader are equipped to directly interface with A-IoT devices. The gNB assumes a pivotal role in managing the allocation of time and frequency resources, as well as the uplink timing and power, to avert interference among the UE, gNB, and A-IoT devices. The UE reader is tasked with receiving commands from the gNB to regulate the uplink power and timing of A-IoT devices, thereby fostering an orderly and efficient network environment.
[0083] In this scenario, the gNB disseminates resource allocation directives, encompassing frequency bands, time slots, and power levels, to both the UE and A-IoT devices for uplink and downlink communications. The UE is designed to be backward compatible, functioning seamlessly with both contemporary and legacy systems across diverse network environments. The receiver within the UE is adeptly engineered to navigate the complexities of a mixed FDD / TDD network without necessitating an additional uplink receiver. Centralized control by the gNB ensures that the uplink power and timing of A-IoT devices are meticulously managed, optimizing network performance and curtailing interference. Additionally, the UE reader acts as an intermediary, conveying information between the gNB and A-IoT devices, which enables coordinated device management and control within the network.
[0084] The integration of these capabilities into the UE, A-IoT devices, and gNB operations within the network allows for a seamless amalgamation of FDD and TDD benefits, ensuring efficient communication and resource utilization within a heterogeneous network framework.
[0085] Figure 18 begins with the UE initiating the band aggregation process to establish robust connections with the gNB and A-IoT devices. The gNB provides power control commands to manage interference and ensure optimal signal strength. The UE adjusts its transmission power for TDD communication and requests a handover to a TDD cell when necessary. The gNB commands the handover and synchronizes timing to prevent signal collision and interference.
[0086] As the UE confirms the handover, it continues communication within the TDD cell. The gNB allocates time and frequency resources for A-IoT devices, optimizing network performance. The UE communicates with the A-IoT device using the allocated resources, and the A-IoT device reports uplink timing and power back to the gNB for centralized control. Finally, the gNB adjusts the UE's TDD communication parameters to ensure efficient interaction with A-IoT devices.
[0087] This sequence diagram is an integral part of the technical report, providing a clear and structured representation of the signaling and behavior of the UE and gNB within a heterogeneous network that utilizes both FDD and TDD technologies.
[0088] Issue: Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) devices are capable of backscattering signals to communicate directly with a gNB. However, there is ambiguity regarding the communication capabilities of A-IoT devices located indoors, where direct backscattering to the gNB may not be feasible. It remains to be clarified whether User Equipment (UE) can function as a relay to facilitate extended coverage for these A-IoT devices.
[0089] Figure 19 illustrates a User Equipment (UE) reader configured to operate as a relay in two distinct embodiments: a Layer 3 (L3) relay and a Layer 2 (L2) relay. The UE reader is provisioned with a plurality of communication layers to facilitate bidirectional communication with gNB and Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) devices.
[0090] In the embodiment of the UE reader as an L3 relay, the UE reader comprises a Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer, a Medium Access Control (MAC) layer, and a Physical (PHY) layer. The RRC layer is configured to manage high-level protocol functions, including but not limited to connection establishment, maintenance, and mobility management between the UE reader and the gNB. The MAC and PHY layers are utilized for facilitating communication with A-IoT devices, which are presumed to be equipped with corresponding MAC and PHY layers and devoid of an RRC layer. The UE reader, in this embodiment, is capable of handling downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) transmissions with the gNB, thereby acting as an intermediary for relaying information between the gNB and A-IoT devices.
[0091] In an alternative embodiment, the UE reader is configured to function as an L2 relay, wherein the UE reader is equipped with only the MAC and PHY layers for communication purposes. This configuration simplifies the relay role of the UE reader, focusing on the data link and physical transmission aspects of communication. The gNB is capable of relaying commands to A-IoT devices through the UE reader, which receives said commands and forwards them to the A-IoT devices utilizing the MAC and PHY layers. Direct communication between the UE reader and the gNB is similarly facilitated through the MAC and PHY layers without the intervention of higher-layer processing.
[0092] The UE reader, in both embodiments, serves as a conduit for communication between the gNB and A-IoT devices. The distinction between the two relay configurations lies in the protocol layers employed by the UE reader for communication. The L3 relay embodiment enables the UE reader to handle more complex interactions with the gNB, while the L2 relay embodiment streamlines the UE reader's role to focus on the data link layer functions, such as framing and error detection, and the physical layer functions, such as signal transmission and reception.
[0093] Figure 19 is instrumental in illustrating the adaptability of the UE reader to different operational roles within a network, contingent upon the communication requirements and the capabilities of the A-IoT devices. This adaptability ensures efficient utilization of network resources and compatibility with A-IoT devices of varying communication stack complexities.
[0094] Figure 20 describes the signaling and behavior of the UE reader and gNB within an A-IoT network. The diagram captures the sequence of messages exchanged between the UE reader, gNB, and A-IoT devices in both L3 and L2 relay configurations. It provides a visual representation of the communication flow, highlighting the role of the UE reader as a relay and the adaptability of its operational mode based on the network's requirements and the capabilities of the A-IoT devices. The diagram serves as a guide for understanding the interactions and processes that enable the UE reader to facilitate efficient and compatible communication within the A-IoT ecosystem.
[0095] Issue: It is unclear how A-IoT devices harvest energy. Assessing the introduction of a Continuous Waveform or Carrier Waveform (CW) before the preamble for better power accumulation is necessary to optimize device activation and ensure consistent operation within the A-IoT ecosystem.
[0096] Figure 21 shows two ways to communicate between gNB (or UE reader) and A-IoT. The first one is gNB or UE reader can use format 1 to provide energy and message to A-IoT directly. The second one is gNB or UE reader uses format 2 to provide message to A-IoT, and another carrier source provides the carrier waveform for charging. The gNB and the carrier source are controlled by network to prevent interference, e.g., the carrier source uses UL spectrum to broadcast the carrier waveform within the given T / F resources from network.
[0097] Figure 21 depicts two distinct downlink (DL) communication formats utilized by a generic NodeB (gNB) or a User Equipment (UE) reader to transmit signals to Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) devices.
[0098] Format 1 is a comprehensive communication structure that includes four components: a carrier, a preamble, a command, and a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) . The carrier, lasting for a duration of 400 microseconds as an example, serves as an energy source that A-IoT devices use to harvest power necessary for activation. The preamble follows the carrier and is utilized by A-IoT devices for synchronization purposes. The command contains broadcast query information sent from the gNB, which provides A-IoT devices with essential instructions for responding, such as time / frequency (T / F) resources or the UE reader's ID. Lastly, the CRC is employed by A-IoT devices for error detection and correction.
[0099] Format 2, on the other hand, excludes the carrier component and consists only of a preamble, a command, and a CRC. This format is used in scenarios where A-IoT devices do not require an RF charging signal or have access to alternative energy sources.
[0100] The figure illustrates two communication strategies between the gNB (or UE reader) and A-IoT devices. The first strategy involves using Format 1, where the gNB or UE reader directly provides both energy and messages to the A-IoT device. The second strategy employs Format 2, where the gNB or UE reader transmits only the message, and a separate carrier source supplies the carrier waveform for charging the A-IoT device. To avoid interference, the gNB and the carrier source are coordinated by the network. For instance, the carrier source might utilize the uplink (UL) spectrum to broadcast the carrier waveform within the T / F resources allocated by the network. This coordination ensures that the A-IoT devices can receive energy and information without signal conflict.
[0101] Figure 22 represents two methods of DL communication between the UE reader / gNB and A-IoT devices. In Format 1, the UE reader / gNB directly provides the A-IoT device with energy through a carrier signal and sends a preamble for synchronization, followed by a command containing essential information for the A-IoT device to respond. A CRC is appended for error checking.
[0102] In Format 2, a separate Carrier Source provides the carrier waveform for A-IoT device charging, while the UE reader / gNB sends only the preamble, command, and CRC. The network coordinates the gNB and Carrier Source to avoid interference, ensuring that the A-IoT device can receive the necessary information and energy without conflict. This diagram is a part of the technical report detailing the communication protocols between the gNB (or UE reader) and A-IoT devices.
[0103] Other embodiments: The present disclosure relates to an innovative system topology for facilitating communication within an Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) environment. The disclosed system topology introduces a novel air interface configuration that simplifies the integration of A-IoT devices with existing cellular network infrastructure.
[0104] In a first aspect of the invention, a gNB establishes a connection with a User Equipment (UE) or UE reader via a wired cable. This configuration obviates the need for a new air interface between the gNB and the A-IoT device, instead introducing a new air interface between the UE reader and the A-IoT device. Consequently, the complexity and effort associated with modifying gNB specifications are substantially reduced. The gNB is enabled to access the A-IoT device through the UE reader, which serves as an intermediate node, thereby facilitating communication between the A-IoT device and the gNB.
[0105] In a second aspect of the invention, a wireless air interface is established between the gNB and a UE or UE reader. This air interface employs the NR-Uu interface, thereby minimizing changes to the UE specifications. A new air interface is necessitated between the UE and the A-IoT device, the specifications of which are tailored based on the use cases and their respective requirements.
[0106] The invention further discloses three A-IoT devices, each with distinct design targets for power consumption, complexity, and functionality:
[0107] Device A is designed with stringent power consumption targets during transmission and reception, specifically less than or equal to 1 μW or 10 μW. The complexity of Device A is intended to be on par with UHF RFID ISO18000-6C (EPC C1G2) standards. Device A lacks energy storage and independent signal generation capabilities, relying instead on backscattering transmission. It operates with a backscattering activation power threshold, is subject to reflection loss, and requires a distant carrier wave source for signal transmission, particularly for positioning purposes.
[0108] The architecture of Device A comprises a low pass filter (LPF) for suppressing adjacent sub-carrier and carrier interference, an envelope detector (ED) for On-Off Keying (OOK) signal support, an analog to digital converter (ADC) for digital baseband processing, a digital baseband (DBB) for sequence matching, a modulator (switch) for OOK modulation, and a radio frequency energy harvester for energy conversion.
[0109] Device B, with design targets situated between those of Device A and Device C, incorporates energy storage and utilizes backscattering transmission without independent signal generation. The energy storage is employed for signal amplification. Device B's architecture includes components similar to Device A, with additional energy harvesters for various ambient power sources and a reflection amplifier to enhance signal strength.
[0110] Device C targets power consumption during transmission and reception of less than or equal to 1 mW to 10 mW, with complexity significantly lower than Narrow-Band IoT (NB-IoT) . Device C is equipped with energy storage, independent signal generation, and active RF components for transmission, as well as mobility management capabilities. Its architecture includes an LPF, ED, ADC, and DBB for advanced functions such as synchronization, payload decoding, and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) , along with energy harvesters, energy storage, and amplifiers for signal enhancement.
[0111] The disclosed invention also presents a communication process between the UE reader or gNB and the A-IoT device. The UE reader initiates the process by powering up the A-IoT device and transmitting a command that defines essential communication parameters. Upon energy harvesting, the A-IoT device activates, decodes the command, and transmits a random sequence within a selected time duration, preceded by a known preamble sequence. The UE reader acknowledges the A-IoT's transmission within a predetermined duration, in accordance with the system's configuration.
[0112] The UE or UE reader, as described herein, may function as a relay, Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) node, New Radio (NR) / Long-Term Evolution (LTE) UE, repeater, or a base station (gNB) .
[0113] The User Equipment to Ambient IoT Device Communication Link (U2A Link) and the Ambient IoT Device to User Equipment Communication Link (A2U Link) are characterized by specific modulation schemes and encoding methods to facilitate efficient data transmission and backscatter communication. The U2A Link includes preambles for initial and subsequent signaling, while the A2U Link employs modulation techniques for backscattered data encoding and transmits essential protocol information.
[0114] The foregoing description of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed, and modifications and variations are possible considering the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of the invention. The embodiments were chosen and described to explain the principles of the invention and its practical application to enable one skilled in the art to utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.
Claims
1.A method of wireless communication for a User Equipment (UE) in a network supporting Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) devices, comprising:receiving from a base station (BS) , system information (SI) that includes Timing Advance (TA) values and allocation of specific uplink (UL) occasions for monitoring A-IoT device responses, if the UE has initiated a query using UL frequency 'fu' within a Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) network;utilizing the TA values and specific UL occasions for determining the appropriate timing to backscatter a query to the A-IoT device on UL 'fu' , if the UE is designed to coexist with A-IoT devices within the same network and is required to maintain synchronization;employing the received TA values for synchronization with the A-IoT device, ensuring that the backscattered response from the A-IoT device on UL 'fu' does not induce a frequency shift;transmitting to the BS the backscattered response received from the A-IoT device on UL 'fu' , after adjusting the UE's UL timing based on the TA values and specific UL occasions, ensuring that the response is coordinated with other network traffic by the gNB.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the TA values and specific UL occasions are synchronized with the network's timing to initiate a backscatter communication period from a defined frame, governed by the SI configuration.3.The method of claim 1, wherein the backscatter communication period is used for initiating a response reception period from a defined frame, determined by the synchronization status with the network.4.The method of claim 1, wherein the SI, including the TA values and UL occasions, is dynamically updated to maintain synchronization with evolving network conditions and A-IoT device requirements.5.The method of claim 1, wherein the UE adjusts its transmission and reception parameters based on the TA values and UL occasions, initiating an optimization period from a defined frame and determined by the network's SI broadcast period.6.The method of claim 1, wherein the UE adapts its backscatter timing based on the TA values and UL occasions provided by the network, initiating an adjustment period from a defined frame and determined by the network's synchronization configuration period.7.A method of wireless communication for a base station (BS) in a network supporting Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) devices, comprising:broadcasting system information (SI) to UEs that includes Timing Advance (TA) values and allocation of specific uplink (UL) occasions for A-IoT device communication;providing UEs with dynamic SI updates to ensure proper synchronization and coexistence with A-IoT devices within the network;managing interference and optimizing network resources by coordinating the backscatter communication timing of UEs and A-IoT devices;offering synchronization schemes and backscatter timing adjustments suitable for maintaining network integrity and ensuring accurate A-IoT device communication;adjusting the network's timing and synchronization parameters based on the reported capabilities of UEs and A-IoT devices to maintain efficient and robust communication.8.The method of claim 7, wherein the SI, including TA values and UL occasions, is broadcasted in a defined period determined by the network's SI broadcast period, ensuring all relevant information is conveyed to UEs at least once within this period.9.The method of claim 7, wherein the dynamic SI updates are broadcasted in a defined period determined by the network's synchronization configuration period, ensuring all UEs adjust their timing accordingly.10.The method of claim 7, wherein the backscatter communication timing of UEs and A-IoT devices is managed in a defined period determined by the network's interference management configuration period, ensuring all timing adjustments are made at least once within this period.11.The method of claim 7, wherein the synchronization schemes and backscatter timing adjustments are provided in a defined period determined by the network's synchronization provision configuration period, ensuring all UEs and A-IoT devices are informed at least once within this period.12.The method of claim 7, wherein the network's timing and synchronization parameters are adjusted based on the reported synchronization capabilities of UEs and A-IoT devices in a defined period determined by the network's synchronization provision configuration period, ensuring all devices are operating cohesively within the network.
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