Olefin / silane multi-block interpolymer foams
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/070110
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-01-02
- Publication Date
- 2025-07-10
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Abstract
Description
OLEFIN / SILANE MULTI-BLOCK INTERPOLYMER FOAMSBACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] Peroxide initiated crosslinked foams are widely used in olefin interpolymer (for example, POE) based applications. The reaction characteristics (e.g., reaction efficiency, curing speed, and reaction selectivity) are crucial factors that can largely affect the production of foam compositions, the processing of foam parts formed from the same, and the performance of the foam parts. Olefin multi-block interpolymers (for example, OBCs) tend to have relatively low curing efficiencies as compared to the random POE interpolymers. There is a need for new foam compositions based on olefin multi-block interpolymers that have excellent curing properties, and that result in excellent foam properties.
[0002] U.S. Patent 6,624,254 discloses silane functional interpolymers having uniform silane distribution, long chain branching or tertiary silane functionality, and the conversion thereof through coupling, hydrolysis, hydrolysis and neutralization, condensation, oxidation or hydrosilation (see, for example, the abstract) . A process for preparing the silane functionalized interpolymers comprises contacting one or more addition polymerizable monomers lacking silane functionality and one or more alkenylsilane compounds corresponding to the formula: AnJjSiH4- (n + j) , where J is a C1-C40 hydrocarbyl, A is a C2-C20 alkenyl group, n is 1 or 2, preferably 1, and j is 0, 1 or 2. The polymerization takes place with a catalyst composition comprising a Group 3-10 metal complex, and under addition polymerization conditions (see column 1, lines 57-58) . The term “interpolymer” refers to any form of polymer, including graft or block polymers (see column 3, lines 12-14) . The interpolymers and derivatives thereof may be used in the preparation of solid objects and articles, such as moldings, films, sheets and foamed objects by molding, extruding or the like process (see column 1, lines 14-18) .
[0003] U.S. patent 7,608,668 discloses a class of ethylene / alpha-olefin block interpolymers, characterized by an average block index, ABI, which is greater than zero and up to about 1.0, and a molecular weight distribution, MWD, greater than about 1.3 (see abstract) . The ethylene / alpha-olefin interpolymer can be functionalized by incorporating at least one functional group in its polymer structure. Exemplary functional groups include ethylenically unsaturated mono-and di-functional carboxylic acids, ethylenically unsaturated mono-and difunctional carboxylic acid anhydrides, salts thereof, and esters thereof. Such functional groups may be grafted to an ethylene / alpha-olefin interpolymer, or may be copolymerized with ethylene and an optional additional comonomer to form an interpolymer of ethylene, the functional comonomer and optionally other comonomer (s) . One particularly useful functional group is maleic anhydride. See column 22, lines 42-57. Dispersions, both aqueous and non-aqueous, can also be formed using the inventive polymers or formulations comprising the same. Frothed foams comprising the invented polymers can also be formed, as disclosed in WO2005 / 021622. The polymers may also be crosslinked by any known means, such as the use of peroxide, electron beam, silane, azide, or other cross-linking technique. The polymers can also be chemically modified, such as by grafting (for example by use of maleic anhydride (MAH) , silanes, or other grafting agent) , halogenation, amination, sulfonation, or other chemical modification (see column 24, lines 56-67) . End uses include elastic films and fibers, soft touch goods, gaskets and profiles, adhesives (including hot melt adhesives and pressure sensitive adhesives) , footwear (including shoe soles and shoe liners) , auto interior parts and profiles, foam goods (both open and closed cell) , impact modifiers for other thermoplastic polymers, coated fabrics, hoses, tubing, weather stripping, cap liners, flooring, and viscosity index modifiers (see column 25, lines 34-44) .
[0004] U.S. Patent 8,609,779 discloses functionalized interpolymers derived from base olefin interpolymers, which are prepared by polymerizing one or more monomers or mixtures of monomers, such as ethylene and one or more comonomers, to form interpolymer products having unique physical properties. The functionalized olefin interpolymers contain two or more differing regions or segments (blocks) , resulting in unique processing and physical properties. See abstract. Radically graftable species of the silane class of materials may be attached to the polymer, either individually, or as relatively short grafts. These species include, but are not limited to, vinylalkoxysilanes, vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyltriacetoxysilane, vinyltrichlorosilane, and the like. Generally, materials of this class include, but are not limited to, hydrolyzable groups, such as alkoxy, acyloxy, or halide groups, attached to silicon. Materials of this class also include non-hydrolyzable groups, such as alkyl and siloxy groups, attached to silicon (see column 43, line 66, to column 44, line 35) . The ethylene / alpha-olefin interpolymers can be functionalized by incorporating at least one functional group in its polymer structure. Exemplary functional groups may include, for example, ethylenically unsaturated mono-and di-functional carboxylic acids, ethylenically unsaturated mono-and difunctional carboxylic acid anhydrides, salts thereof and esters thereof. Such functional groups may be grafted to an ethylene / alpha-olefin interpolymer, or may be copolymerized with ethylene and an optional additional comonomer to form an interpolymer of ethylene, the functional comonomer and optionally other comonomer (s) . Means for grafting functional groups onto polyethylene are described for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,762,890, 4,927,888, and 4,950,541. One particularly useful functional group is malic anhydride. See column 23, lines 44-59. These functionalized multi-block interpolymers and polymeric blends, containing the same, may be employed in the preparation of solid articles, such as moldings, films, sheets, and foamed objects (see column 2, lines 22-25) .
[0005] International Publication WO 2023 / 108583 discloses a process to form a crosslinked, foamed composition, and related processes and compositions, the process comprising thermally treating a first composition that comprises the following components: a) at least one olefin / silane interpolymer comprising at least one Si-H group, b) at least one peroxide, and c) at least one blowing agent (see abstract) . The term "olefin / silane interpolymer, " as used therein, refers to a random interpolymer that comprises, in polymerized form, at least 50 wt%or a majority weight percent of an olefin (based on the weight of the interpolymer) , and a silane monomer (see page 10, lines 25-27) .
[0006] U.S. Patent 10,308,829 discloses crosslinkable polymeric compositions comprising a polyolefin having hydrolyzable silane groups, an organic peroxide, and optionally a silanol condensation catalyst. Such crosslinkable polymeric compositions are crosslinkable via a combination of peroxide crosslinking and moisture curing. See abstract. As an example, SI-LINKTM DFDA-6451 is ethylene copolymerized with a vinylsilane with hydrolyzable silane groups, using a high pressure reactor (see column 5, lines 24-29) .
[0007] Additional compositions are described in the following references: U.S. Patent 5741858, U.S. Patent 9012563, U.S. Patent 7897689, U.S. Patent 8318864, U.S. Patent 8211982, U.S. Patent 8450430, Publication 2019 / 0225786 and International Publication WO2021262777.
[0008] However, as discussed above, there remains a need for new foam compositions that can be used to effectively and efficiently crosslink olefin multi-block interpolymers, and that generate excellent foam properties. This need has met as discussed below.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0009] A composition comprising the following components a through c:
[0010] a) at least one olefin / silane multi-block interpolymer,
[0011] b) at least one peroxide, and
[0012] c) at least one blowing agent.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0013] Figure 1 shows the 1H NMR spectrum of OBC A at 65℃.
[0014] Figure 2 shows the 1H NMR spectrum of OBC A at 110℃.
[0015] Figure 3. 1H NMR spectrum of SiH-OBC B (5 wt%HDMS) at 110℃.
[0016] Figure 4. 1H NMR Spectrum of SiH-OBC B (5 wt%HDMS) at 65℃.
[0017] Figure 5 depicts “%wt fraction increase from bulk” versus temperature for the noted comonomer octene, incorporated into an ethylene / octene multi-block copolymer (OBC A) , and for the two noted silanes, each incorporated into a respective ethylene / octene / silane multi-block interpolymer (SiH-OBC A and SiH-OBC B) .
[0018] Figure 6 depicts “%wt fraction increase from bulk” versus temperature for the noted comonomer octene, incorporated into an ethylene / octene multi-block copolymer (OBC B) , and for the two noted silanes, each incorporated into a respective ethylene / octene / silane multi-block interpolymer (SiH-OBC C and SiH-OBC D) .
[0019] Figure 7 depicts “%wt fraction increase from bulk” versus temperature for the noted comonomer octene, randomly incorporated into an ethylene / octene copolymer.
[0020] Figure 8 depicts the “melt enthalpy (J / g) versus melting temperature (℃) ” profile, used in the determination of SS-Tm.
[0021] DETAILED DRESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0022] It has been discovered that foam compositions containing olefin / silane multi-block interpolymers can generate crosslinked foams with a high degree of crosslinking. It was discovered that such foam compositions can be effectively cured at significantly lower peroxide levels (approximately 30%-70%dicumyl peroxide) than the amount of peroxide required to reach a comparable degree of cure (as indicated by MH-ML) , and a comparable expansion ratio, in foam compositions containing a conventional olefin multi-block interpolymer. Also, there were no significant differences in foam properties between these two types of compositions. These effects were also observed in a composition containing an EVA copolymer at 50 phr. The new compositions have significantly lower acetophenone concentration, and thus, lower foam odor.
[0023] As discussed, a composition is provided, comprising the following components a through c:
[0024] a) at least one olefin / silane multi-block interpolymer,
[0025] b) at least one peroxide, and
[0026] c) at least one blowing agent.
[0027] The above composition may comprise a combination of two or more embodiments, each as described herein. Each component may independently comprise a combination of two or more embodiments, each as described herein. As used herein, in regard to the sub structures of Formula 1, R1 = R1 and R2 = R2. An “alkyl” group may be linear, branched, cyclic, or any combination thereof. An “alkylene” group may be linear, branched, cyclic, or any combination thereof.
[0028] In one embodiment or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, the at least one olefin / silane multi-block interpolymer is an at least one ethylene / silane multi-block interpolymer. In one embodiment or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, the at least one ethylene / silane multi-block interpolymer is an at least one ethylene / alpha-olefin / silane multi-block interpolymer.
[0029] In one embodiment or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, the at least one multi-block interpolymer of component a has a density ≥ 0.855 g / cc, or ≥ 0.856 g / cc, or ≥ 0.858 g / cc, or ≥ 0.860 g / cc, or ≥ 0.861 g / cc, or ≥ 0.862 g / cc, or ≥ 0.863 g / cc, or ≥ 0.864 g / cc (1 cc = 1 cm3) . In one embodiment or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, the at least one multi-block interpolymer of component a has a density ≤ 0.940 g / cc, or ≤ 0.930 g / cc, or ≤ 0.925 g / cc, or ≤ 0.920 g / cc, or ≤ 0.915 g / cc, or ≤ 0.910 g / cc, or ≤ 0.905 g / cc, or ≤ 0.900 g / cc, or ≤ 0.895 g / cc, or ≤ 0.892 g / cc, or ≤ 0.890 g / cc.
[0030] In one embodiment or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, the at least one multi-block interpolymer of component a has a molecular weight distribution (MWD = Mw / Mn) ≥ 1.6, or ≥ 1.8, or ≥ 2.0, or ≥ 2.2, or ≥ 2.4, or ≥ 2.6. In one embodiment or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, the at least one multi-block interpolymer of component a has a molecular weight distribution (MWD = Mw / Mn) ≤ 4.0, or ≤ 3.8, or ≤ 3.6, or ≤ 3.4, or ≤ 3.2, or ≤ 3.1, or ≤ 3.0.
[0031] In one embodiment or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, the at least one ethylene / alpha-olefin / silane multi-block interpolymer of component a is an ethylene / alpha-olefin / silane multi-block terpolymer.
[0032] In one embodiment or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, for the at least one multi-block interpolymer of component a ≥ 50 wt%, or ≥ 60 wt%, or ≥ 70 wt% and / or ≤ 100 wt%of the SiH groups, based on the total weight of SiH groups in the multi-block interpolymer, are located in the soft segments of the multi-block interpolymer.
[0033] In one embodiment or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, for the at least one multi-block interpolymer of component a ≥ 80 wt%, or ≥ 90 wt%, or ≥ 92 wt%, or ≥ 95 wt%, or ≥ 98 wt% and / or ≤ 100 wt%of the SiH groups, based on the total weight of SiH groups in the multi-block interpolymer, are located in the soft segments of the multi-block interpolymer.
[0034] In one embodiment or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, the at least one multi-block interpolymer of component a has a soft segment melting temperature (SS-Tm) ≤ 16℃, or ≤ 15℃, or ≤ 14℃, or ≤ 13℃, or ≤ 12℃, or ≤ 11℃, or ≤10℃. In one embodiment or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, the at least one multi-block interpolymer of component a has a soft segment melting temperature (SS-Tm) ≥ 0.5℃, or ≥ 1.0℃, or ≥ 1.5℃, or ≥ 2.0℃.
[0035] In one embodiment or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, the silane of the olefin / silane multi-block interpolymer is derived from a silane monomer selected from Formula 1, as described herein: A- (SiBC-O) x-Si-EFH (Formula 1) .
[0036] In one embodiment or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, the Formula 1 is selected from compounds sl) through s16) , each as described herein.
[0037] In one embodiment or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, component b is selected from Formula P:
[0038] where R1 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; R4 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; R2, R3, R5 and R6 are each, independently, alkyl or H; or a Cl-C5 alkyl or H; or methyl or H. In one embodiment or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, for Formula P, Rl is an unsubstituted aryl group, and further phenyl; and R4 is an unsubstituted aryl group, and further phenyl.
[0039] In one embodiment or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, component b is dicumyl peroxide; 3, 6, 9-triethyl-3, 6, 9-trimethyl-1, 4, 7-triperoxynonane; tert-butylperoxy-2-ethylhexyl carbonate; or a combination thereof.
[0040] In one embodiment or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, the component c is selected from inorganic blowing agents, organic blowing agents, or combinations thereof, and further from organic blowing agents.
[0041] In one embodiment or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, the weight ratio of component a to component b ≥ 50, or ≥ 60, or ≥ 70, or ≥ 72, or ≥75, or ≥ 78, or ≥ 80, or ≥ 82 and / or ≤ 1000, or ≤ 800, or ≤ 600 or ≤ 500, or ≤ 450, or ≤ 400 or ≤ 380, or ≤ 360, or ≤ 340.
[0042] In one embodiment or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, the weight ratio of component c to component b ≥ 2.0, or ≥ 2.5, or ≥ 3.0, or ≥ 3.2, or ≥3.4, or ≥ 3.6, or ≥ 3.8, or ≥ 4.0 and / or ≤ 20, or ≤ 18, or ≤ 16 or ≤ 14, or ≤ 12, or ≤ 10.
[0043] In one embodiment or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, the weight ratio of component a to component c ≥ 10, or ≥ 12, or ≥ 14, or ≥ 18, or ≥ 20 and / or ≤ 60, or ≤ 55, or ≤ 50 or ≤ 48, or ≤ 46, or ≤ 44, or ≤ 42, or ≤ 41, or ≤ 40.
[0044] In one embodiment or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, the composition comprises ≥ 30.0 wt%, or ≥ 32.0 wt%, or ≥ 35.0 wt%, or ≥ 38.0 wt%, or ≥ 40.0 wt%, or ≥ 42.0 wt%, or ≥ 44.0 wt%, or ≥ 46.0 wt%, and / or ≤ 96.0 wt%, or ≤ 95.0 wt%, or ≤ 94.0 wt%, or ≤ 93.0 wt%, or ≤ 92.0 wt%of the sum of components a and b, based on the weight of the composition.
[0045] In one embodiment or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, the composition comprises ≥ 30.0 wt%, or ≥ 32.0 wt%, or ≥ 35.0 wt%, or ≥ 38.0 wt%, or ≥ 40.0 wt%, or ≥ 42.0 wt%, or ≥ 44.0 wt%, or ≥ 46.0 wt%, and / or ≤ 98.0 wt%, or ≤ 97.0 wt%, or ≤ 96.0 wt%, or ≤ 95.0 wt%, or ≤ 94.0 wt%of the sum of components a, b and c, based on the weight of the composition.
[0046] In one embodiment or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, the composition further comprises at least one additive. In one embodiment or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, the at least one additive is selected from flow aids, antioxidants, UV stabilizers, colorants, processing aids (for example, zinc stearate) , oils or any combination thereof.
[0047] Also provided is a crosslinked foam formed from the composition of an embodiment or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein.
[0048] Also provided is an article comprising at least one component formed from the composition of an embodiment or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein.
[0049] Also provided is an article comprising at least one component formed from the crosslinked foam of an embodiment or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein.
[0050] Also provided is a method of forming a crosslinked composition, said method comprising mixing the composition of an embodiment or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein.
[0051] Blowing Agents
[0052] A blowing agent (or foaming agent) is a material (for example, a compound or mixture of compounds) that facilitates the formation of a foam; for example, by trapping air or gas inside a solid forming polymer composition, by generating gas after thermal degradation, or by diffusing air or gas into polymers under high pressure. Blowing agents suitable for making the foams disclosed herein can include, but are not limited to, inorganic blowing agents, organic blowing agents, and combinations thereof. Some blowing agents are disclosed in Sendijarevic et al., "Polymeric Foams and Foam Technology. Hanser Gardner Publications, Cincinnati, Ohio, 2nd edition, Chapter 18, pages 505-547 (2004) , which is incorporated herein by reference. Non-limiting examples of suitable inorganic blowing agents include carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon, water, air, and helium. Non-limiting examples of suitable organic blowing agents include aliphatic hydrocarbons having, for example, 1-6 carbon atoms, aliphatic alcohols having, for example, 1-3 carbon atoms, and fully and partially halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons having, for example, 1-4 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of suitable aliphatic hydrocarbons include methane, ethane, propane, n-butane, isobutane, n-pentane, isopentane, neopentane, and the like. Non-limiting examples of suitable aliphatic alcohols include methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, and isopropanol. Non-limiting examples of suitable, fully and partially halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons include fluorocarbons, chlorocarbons, and chlorofluorocarbons.
[0053] Non-limiting examples of suitable fluorocarbons include methyl fluoride; perfluoromethane; ethyl fluoride; 1, 1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a) ; 1, 1, 1-trifluoroethane (HFC-143a) ; 1, 1, 1, 2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) ; pentafluoroethane, difluoromethane, perfluoroethane; 2, 2-difluoropropane; 1, 1, 1-trifluoropropane; perfluoropropane; dichloropropane; difluoropropane; perfluorobutane; perfluorocyclobutane; and pentafluoroethane.
[0054] Non-limiting examples of suitable, partially halogenated chlorocarbons and chlorofluorocarbons include methyl chloride; methylene chloride; ethyl chloride; 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane; 1, l-dichloro-1-fluoroethane (HCFC-141 b) ; l-chloro-1, 1-difluoro-ethane (HCFC-142b) ; 1, l-dichloro-2, 2, 2-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123) ; and 1-chloro-1, 2, 2, 2-tetra-fluoroethane (HCFC-124) . Non-limiting examples of suitable, fully halogenated chloro-fluorocarbons include trichloromonofluoromethane (CFC 11) ; dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12) ; trichlorotrifluoroethane (CFC-113) ; 1, 1, 1-trifluoroethane; dichlorotetrafluoroethane (CFC-114) ; chloroheptafluoropropane; and dichlorohexafluoropropane.
[0055] Non-limiting examples of suitable organic blowing agents include azodicarboxamide, azodicarbonamide, azodiisobutyronitrile, benezenesulfonhydrazide, 4.4-oxybenzene sulfonyl-semicarbazide, p-toluenesulfonyl semi-carbazide, barium azodicarboxylate, N, N'-dimethyl-N, N'dinitrosotere-phthalamide, and trihydrazinotriazine. As an example, the blowing agent could be selected from azodicarboxamide, azodicarbonamide, modified azodicarbonamide, benzenesulfonyl hydrazide, dinitroso-pentamethylenetetramine, sodium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, nitrogen gas, and carbon dioxide gas.
[0056] Peroxides
[0057] As used herein, a peroxide contains at least one oxygen-oxygen bond (O-O) . Peroxides include, but are not limited to, dialkyl, diaryl, dialkaryl, or diaralkyl peroxide, having the same or differing respective alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, or aralkyl moieties, and further each dialkyl, diaryl, dialkaryl, or diaralkyl peroxide, having the same respective alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, or aralkyl moieties.
[0058] Exemplary organic peroxides include dicumyl peroxide ( "DCP" ) ; tert-butyperoxy-benzoate; di-tert-amyl peroxide ( "DTAP" ) ; bis (t-butyl-peroxy isopropyl) benzene ( "BIPB" ) ; isopropylcumyl t-butyl peroxide; t-butylcumylperoxide; di-t-butyl peroxide; 2, 5-bis (t-butyl-peroxy) -2, 5-dimethylhexane; 2, 5-bis (t-butylperoxy) -2, 5-dimethy lhexyne-3; 1, 1-bis (t-butyl-peroxy) -3, 3, 5-trimethylcyclohexane; isopropylcumyl cumylperoxide; butyl-4, 4-di (tert-butylperoxy) valerate; di (isopropylcumyl) peroxide; 1, l-di- (tert-butylperoxy) -cyclohexane ( "LUPEROX 331" ) ; 1, 1-di- (tert-amylperoxy) cyclohexane ( "LUPEROX 531" ) ; tert-butylperoxyacetate ( "TBPA" ) ; tert-amyl peroxyacetate ( "TAPA" ) ; 2, 5-dimethyl-2, 5-di (tert-butylperoxy) hexane ( "LUPEROX 101" ) ; tert-butylperoxy-2-ethylhexyl carbonate ( "TBEC" ) ; and mixtures of two or more thereof.
[0059] The peroxide may be a cyclic peroxide. Examples of cyclic peroxides include those derived from acetone, methylamyl ketone, methylheptyl ketone, methylhexyl ketone, methylpropyl ketone, methylbutyl ketone, diethyl ketone, methylethyl ketone, methyloctyl ketone, methylnonyl ketone, methyldecyl ketone, methylundecyl ketone and combinations thereof, among others. The cyclic peroxides can be used alone or in combination with one another. A number of cyclic peroxides are commercially available, for example, under the tradename TRIGONOX, such as 3, 6, 9-triethyl-3, 6, 9-trimethyl-1, 4, 7-triperoxonane.
[0060] Olefin / Silane Multi-Block Interpolymers (Component a)
[0061] An olefin / silane multi-block interpolymers, terpolymers and copolymers comprise, in polymerize form, an olefin and a silane. An ethylene / silane multi-block interpolymers, terpolymers and copolymers comprise, in polymerize form, an ethylene and a silane. These multi-block interpolymers, terpolymers and copolymers are characterized by multiple blocks or segments of two or more polymerized monomer units, differing in chemical or physical properties. These properties are discussed further below, in reference to ethylene / alpha-olefin / silane multi-block interpolymers and terpolymers. It is noted that ethylene / alpha-olefin multi-block interpolymers are similarly described; as some examples, see U.S. Patent 7,858,706, US Patent 8,476,393 and U.S. Patent 9,243,173, each incorporated herein by reference.
[0062] Ethylene / alpha-olefin / silane multi-block interpolymers and terpolymers comprise, in polymerize form, ethylene, an alpha-olefin and a silane. Alpha-olefins include, but are not limited to, a C3-C20 alpha-olefins, further C3-C10 alpha-olefins, further C3-C8 alpha-olefins, such as propylene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, and 1-octene.
[0063] Ethylene / alpha-olefin / silane multi-block interpolymers and terpolymers are characterized by multiple blocks or segments of two or more polymerized monomer units, differing in chemical or physical properties. In some embodiments, the multi-block interpolymers, and further terpolymers, can be represented by the following formula: (AB) n, where n is at least 1, preferably an integer greater than 1, such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, or higher. Here, “A” represents a hard block or segment, and “B” represents a soft block or segment. Preferably the A segments and the B segments are linked (or covalently bonded) in a substantially linear fashion, as opposed to a substantially branched or substantially star-shaped fashion. In other embodiments, the A segments and the B segments are randomly distributed along the polymer chain. In other words, for example, the block interpolymers usually do not have a structure as follows: AAA-AA-BBB-BB. In still other embodiments, the block interpolymers do not usually have a third type of block or segment, which comprises different comonomer (s) . In yet other embodiments, each of block A and block B has monomers or comonomers substantially randomly distributed within the block. In other words, neither block A nor block B comprises two or more sub-segments (or sub-blocks) of distinct composition, such as a tip segment, which has a substantially different composition than the rest of the block.
[0064] The term “hard segments (HS) , ” as used herein, refer to blocks of polymerized monomer units, in which ethylene is present in an amount, for example, > 90 mol%, or ≥ 92 mol%, or ≥ 95 mol%, or ≥ 98 mol%, or ≥ 99 mol%, based on the total number of moles of polymerized monomers in the blocks. In one embodiment, ethylene is present in an amount ≤99.8 mol%, or ≤ 99.6 mol%, or ≤ 99.4 mol%, or ≤ 99.3 mol%, based on the total number of moles of polymerized monomers in the blocks.
[0065] The term “soft segments (SS) , ” as used herein, refer to blocks of polymerized monomer units, in which ethylene is present in an amount, for example, ≤ 90 mol%, or ≤ 88 mol%, or ≤ 86 mol%, or ≤ 84 mol%, or ≤ 82 mol%, based on the total number of moles of polymerized monomers in the blocks. In one embodiment, ethylene is present in an amount ≥ 60 mol%, or ≥ 65 mol%, or ≥ 70 mol%, or ≥ 75 mol%, or ≥ 80 mol%, based on the total number of moles of polymerized monomers in the blocks.
[0066] The soft segments can be present in, for example, an ethylene / octene / silane multi-block interpolymer from 1 wt%, or 5 wt%, or 10 wt%, or 15 wt%, or 20 wt%, or 25 wt%, or 30 wt%, or 35 wt%, or 40 wt%, or 45 wt% to 50 wt%, or 55 wt%, or 60 wt%, or 65 wt%, or 70 wt%, or 75 wt%, or 80 wt%, or 85 wt%, or 90 wt%, or 95 wt%, or 99 wt%of the total weight of the ethylene / octene multi-block interpolymer. Conversely, the hard segments can be present in similar ranges. The soft segment weight percentage and the hard segment weight percentage can be calculated based on data obtained from DSC or NMR. Such methods and calculations are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Patent 7,608,668, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein, in its entirety. For example, the hard segment and the soft segment weight percentages may be determined as described in “column 57 to column 63” of U.S. Patent 7,608,668, incorporated herein by reference.
[0067] Typically, ethylene comprises 50 mole percent or a majority mole percent of the whole multi-block interpolymer; that is, ethylene comprises at least 50 mole percent of the whole interpolymer. More preferably ethylene comprises at least 60 mole percent, or at least 70 mole percent, or at least 80 mole percent, or at least 90 mole percent, with the substantial remainder of the whole polymer comprising at least one other comonomer, such as an alpha-olefin having three or more carbon atoms, and comprising at least one silane monomer.
[0068] As discussed, the ethylene / alpha-olefin / silane multi-block interpolymers comprise two or more chemically distinct regions or segments (referred to as “blocks” ) , preferably joined in a linear manner. In an embodiment, the blocks differ in the amount or type of incorporated comonomer (s) , density, amount of crystallinity, crystallite size attributable to a polymer of such composition, type or degree of tacticity (isotactic or syndiotactic) , region-regularity or regio-irregularity, amount of branching (including long chain branching or hyper-branching) , homogeneity or any other chemical or physical property. Compared to block interpolymers of the prior art, including interpolymers produced by sequential monomer addition, fluxional catalysts, or anionic polymerization techniques, the present ethylene / alpha-olefin / silane multi-block interpolymer is characterized by unique distributions of both polymer polydispersity (PDI or Mw / Mn or MWD) , polydisperse block length distribution, and / or polydisperse block number distribution, due, in an embodiment, to the effect of the shuttling agent (s) in combination with multiple catalysts used in their preparation.
[0069] DEFINITIONS
[0070] Unless stated to the contrary, implicit from the context, or customary in the art, all parts and percentages are based on weight, and all test methods are current as of the filing date of this disclosure.
[0071] The term "composition, " as used herein, includes a mixture of materials, which comprise the composition, as well as reaction products and decomposition products formed from the materials of the composition. Any reaction product or decomposition product is typically present in trace or residual amounts.
[0072] The term "polymer, " as used herein, refers to a polymeric compound prepared by polymerizing monomers, whether of the same or a different type. The generic term polymer thus includes the term homopolymer (employed to refer to polymers prepared from only one type of monomer, with the understanding that trace amounts of impurities can be incorporated into the polymer structure) , and the term interpolymer as defined hereinafter. Trace amounts of impurities, such as catalyst residues, can be incorporated into and / or within the polymer. Typically, a polymer is stabilized with very low amounts ( “ppm” amounts) of one or more stabilizers, such as one or more antioxidants.
[0073] The term "interpolymer, " as used herein, refers to a polymer prepared by the polymerization of at least two different types of monomers. The term interpolymer thus includes the term copolymer (employed to refer to polymers prepared from two different types of monomers) and polymers prepared from more than two different types of monomers.
[0074] The term “olefin-based polymer, ” as used herein, refers to a polymer that comprises, in polymerized form, 50 wt%or a majority weight percent of an olefin, such as ethylene or propylene (based on the weight of the polymer) , and optionally may comprise one or more comonomers.
[0075] The term "propylene-based polymer, " as used herein, refers to a polymer that comprises, in polymerized form, a majority weight percent of propylene (based on the weight of the polymer) , and optionally may comprise one or more comonomers.
[0076] The term "ethylene-based polymer, " as used herein, refers to a polymer that comprises, in polymerized form, 50 wt%or a majority weight percent of ethylene (based on the weight of the polymer) , and optionally may comprise one or more comonomers.
[0077] The term "ethylene / alpha-olefin interpolymer, " as used herein, refers to an interpolymer that comprises, in polymerized form, 50 wt%or a majority weight percent of ethylene (based on the weight of the interpolymer) , and an alpha-olefin. The alpha-olefin is randomly distributed within the interpolymer. The term, "ethylene / alpha-olefin copolymer, " as used herein, refers to a copolymer that comprises, in polymerized form, 50 wt%or a majority amount of ethylene monomer (based on the weight of the copolymer) , and an alpha-olefin, as the only two monomer types. The alpha-olefin is randomly distributed within the copolymer.
[0078] The term "ethylene / alpha-olefin multi-block interpolymer, " as used herein, refers to a multi-block interpolymer that comprises, in polymerized form, 45 wt%, and further 50 wt%, or a majority weight percent of ethylene (based on the weight of the interpolymer) , and an alpha-olefin. The term "ethylene / alpha-olefin multi-block copolymer, " as used herein, refers to a multi-block copolymer that comprises, in polymerized form, 45 wt%, and further 50 wt%, or a majority weight percent of ethylene (based on the weight of the copolymer) , and an alpha-olefin, as the only two monomer types.
[0079] The term "olefin / silane multi-block interpolymer, " as used herein, refers to a multi-block interpolymer that comprises, in polymerized form, 45 wt%, and further 50 wt%, or a majority weight percent of an olefin, such as ethylene or propylene (based on the weight of the interpolymer) ; and a silane. An example of a silane monomer is depicted in Formula 1, as described herein.
[0080] The term "ethylene / silane multi-block interpolymer, " as used herein, refers to a multi-block interpolymer that comprises, in polymerized form, 45 wt%, and further 50 wt%, or a majority weight percent of ethylene (based on the weight of the interpolymer) ; and a silane. An example of a silane monomer is depicted in Formula 1, as described herein.
[0081] The term "ethylene / alpha-olefin / silane multi-block interpolymer, " as used herein, refers to a multi-block interpolymer that comprises, in polymerized form, 45 wt%, and further 50 wt%, or a majority weight percent of ethylene (based on the weight of the interpolymer) , an alpha-olefin and a silane monomer. The ethylene / alpha-olefin / silane interpolymer is formed by the copolymerization of at least the ethylene, the alpha-olefin and the silane monomer. An example of a silane monomer is depicted in Formula 1, as described herein.
[0082] The term "ethylene / alpha-olefin / silane multi-block terpolymer, " as used herein, refers to a multi-block terpolymer that comprises, in polymerized form, 45 wt%, and further 50 wt%, or a majority weight percent of ethylene (based on the weight of the terpolymer) , an alpha-olefin and a silane monomer as the only three monomer types. The ethylene / alpha-olefin / silane terpolymer is formed by the copolymerization of the ethylene, the alpha-olefin and the silane monomer, as the only three monomer types. An example of a silane monomer is depicted in Formula 1, as described herein.
[0083] The phrase “amajority weight percent, ” as used herein, in reference to a polymer (or interpolymer, terpolymer or copolymer) , refers to the amount of monomer present in the greatest amount in the polymer.
[0084] The term "heteroatom, " as used herein, refers to an atom other than hydrogen or carbon (for example, O, S, N or P) . The term "heteroatom group" refers to a heteroatom or a chemical group containing one or more heteroatoms.
[0085] The terms "hydrocarbon, " "hydrocarbyl, " and similar terms, as used herein, refer to a respective compound or chemical group, etc., containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms. A divalent "hydrocarbylene group" is defined in similar manner.
[0086] The terms “silane, ” “silane monomer, ” “silane compound, ” or similar terms, as used herein, refer to an organic compound comprising at least one SiH group. Typically the molecular weight of such a compound is ≤ 1000 g / mol.
[0087] The term “silane compound comprising a hydrolyzable organic group, ” as used herein, refers to a silane compound in which one or more of hydrogen atoms of the SiH group (s) is / are substituted with a hydrolyzable organic group.
[0088] The term “crosslinked composition, ” and similar terms, as used herein, refer to a composition that has a network structure due to the formation of chemical bonds between polymer chains. The degree of formation of this network structure is typically indicated by an increase in the “MH-ML” differential, relative to the non-crosslinked composition.
[0089] The terms “thermally treating, ” “thermally treated, ” “thermal treatment, ” and similar terms, as used herein, in reference to a foam composition as discussed herein, refer to increasing the temperature of the composition by the application of heat. As an example, heat may be applied by electrical means (for example, a heating coil) and / or by radiation and / or by hot oil and / or by mechanical shearing. Note, the temperature at which the thermal treatment takes place, refers to the temperature of the “heat-applying” device, or, if the device contains an enclosed or semi-enclosed atmosphere, the temperature of the atmosphere within the device, such as, for example, the atmosphere within an oven or a tunnel (for example, the air temperature in an hot air oven or a hot air tunnel) .
[0090] The term "alkenyl group, " as used herein, refers to an organic chemical group that contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) . In a preferred embodiment, the alkenyl group is a hydrocarbon group containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond, and further containing only one carbon-carbon double bond.
[0091] The terms "substituted aryl, " "substituted aryl group, " and similar terms, as used herein, refer to an aryl group, etc., in which one or more hydrogen atoms is / are independently substituted with a heteroatom group.
[0092] The terms "comprising, " "including, " "having, " and their derivatives, are not intended to exclude the presence of any additional component, step or procedure, whether the same is specifically disclosed. In order to avoid any doubt, all compositions claimed through use of the term “comprising” may include any additional additive, adjuvant, or compound, whether polymeric or otherwise, unless stated to the contrary. In contrast, the term, “consisting essentially of” excludes from the scope of any succeeding recitation any other component, step or procedure, excepting those that are not essential to operability. The term “consisting of”excludes any component, step or procedure, not specifically delineated or listed.
[0093] Listing of Some Composition and Process Features
[0094] A] A composition comprising the following components a through c:
[0095] a) at least one olefin / silane multi-block interpolymer,
[0096] b) at least one peroxide, and
[0097] c) at least one blowing agent.
[0098] B] The composition of A] above, wherein the at least one olefin / silane multi-block interpolymer is an ethylene / silane multi-block interpolymer.
[0099] C] The composition of B] above, wherein the at least one ethylene / silane multi-block interpolymer is an ethylene / alpha-olefin / silane multi-block interpolymer.
[0100] D] The composition of any one of A] -C] (A] through C] ) above, wherein at least one interpolymer of component a has a density ≥ 0.855 g / cc, or ≥ 0.856 g / cc, or ≥ 0.858 g / cc, or ≥ 0.860 g / cc, or ≥ 0.861 g / cc, or ≥ 0.862 g / cc, or ≥ 0.863 g / cc, or ≥ 0.864 g / cc (1 cc= 1 cm3) .
[0101] E] The composition of any one of A] -D] above, wherein at least one multi-block interpolymer of component a has a density ≤ 0.940 g / cc, or ≤ 0.930 g / cc, or ≤ 0.925 g / cc, or ≤ 0.920 g / cc, or ≤ 0.915 g / cc, or ≤ 0.910 g / cc, or ≤ 0.905 g / cc, or ≤ 0.900 g / cc, or ≤ 0.895 g / cc, or ≤ 0.892 g / cc, or ≤ 0.890 g / cc.
[0102] F] The composition of any one of A] -E] above, wherein the at least one multi-block interpolymer of component a has a melt index (I2) ≥ 0.40, or ≥ 0.50, or ≥ 0.60, or ≥ 0.65, or ≥ 0.70, or ≥ 0.75, or ≥ 0.80, or ≥ 0.82, or ≥ 0.84, or ≥ 0.86, or ≥ 0.88, or ≥ 0.90 g / 10 min.
[0103] G] The composition of any one of A] -F] above, wherein the at least one multi-block interpolymer of component a has a melt index (I2) ≤ 2,000, or ≤ 1,000, or ≤ 500, or ≤ 200, or ≤ 100, or ≤ 50, or ≤ 20, or ≤ 10, or ≤ 8.0, or ≤ 7.0, or ≤ 6.0, or ≤ 5.0 g / 10 min.
[0104] H] The composition of any one of A] -G] above, wherein the at least one multi-block interpolymer of component a has a I10 / I2 ratio ≥ 6.0, or ≥ 6.5, or ≥ 7.0, or ≥ 7.2, or ≥ 7.4, or ≥ 7.6, or ≥ 7.8, or ≥ 8.0, or ≥ 8.2, and / or ≤ 30, or ≤ 25, or ≤ 20, or ≤ 18, or ≤ 15, or ≤ 12, or ≤ 10, or ≤ 9.5.
[0105] I] The composition of any one of A] -H] above, wherein at least one multi-block interpolymer of component a has a molecular weight distribution (MWD = Mw / Mn) ≥ 1.6, or ≥ 1.8, or ≥ 2.0, or ≥ 2.2, or ≥ 2.4, or ≥ 2.6.
[0106] J] The composition of any one of A] -I] above, wherein at least one multi-block interpolymer of component a has a molecular weight distribution (MWD = Mw / Mn) ≤ 4.0, or ≤ 3.8, or ≤ 3.6, or ≤ 3.4, or ≤ 3.2, or ≤ 3.1, or ≤ 3.0.
[0107] K] The composition of any one of A] -J] above, wherein at least one multi-block interpolymer of component a has a number average molecular weight (Mn) ≥ 5,000, or ≥ 10,000, or ≥ 15,000, or ≥ 20,000, or ≥ 22,000, or ≥ 24,000, or ≥ 26,000, or ≥ 28,000, or ≥ 30,000 g / mol and / or ≤ 100,000, or ≤ 95,000, or ≤ 80,000, or ≤ 75,000, or ≤ 70,000, or ≤ 65,000, or ≤ 60,000, or ≤ 58,000, or ≤ 56,000, or ≤ 54,000, or ≤ 52,000, or ≤ 50,000, or ≤ 48,000, or ≤ 46,000 g / mol.
[0108] L] The composition of any one of A] -K] above, wherein at least one multi-block interpolymer of component a has a weight average molecular weight (Mw) ≥ 20,000, or ≥ 50,000, or ≥ 55,000, or ≥ 60,000, or ≥ 65,000, or ≥ 70,000, or ≥ 72,000, or ≥ 74,000, or ≥ 76,000, or ≥ 78,000, or ≥ 80,000 g / mol and / or ≤ 500,000, or ≤ 400,000, or ≤ 300,000, or ≤ 200,000, or ≤ 190,000, or ≤ 180,000, or ≤ 170,000, or ≤ 165,000, or ≤ 160,000, or ≤ 155,000, or ≤ 150,000, or ≤ 145,000, or ≤ 140,000, or ≤ 136,000 g / mol.
[0109] M] The composition of any one of A] -L] above, wherein at least one multi-block interpolymer of component a has melting point (Tm) ≥ 90℃, or ≥ 100℃, or ≥ 105℃, or ≥ 110℃, or ≥ 112℃, or ≥ 114℃, or ≥ 115℃, or ≥ 116℃, or ≥ 117℃ and / or ≤ 140℃, or ≤ 135℃, or ≤ 130℃, or ≤ 128℃, or ≤ 126℃, or ≤ 125℃, or ≤ 124℃, or ≤ 123℃, as determined by DSC.
[0110] N] The composition of any one of A] -M] above, wherein at least one multi-block interpolymer of component a has a glass transition temperature (Tg) ≥ -90.0℃, or ≥ -85.0℃, or -80.0℃, or ≥ -78.0℃, or ≥ -76.0℃, or ≥ -74.0℃, or ≥ -73.0℃, or ≥ -72.0℃ and / or ≤ -40.0℃, ≤ -45.0℃, or ≤ -50.0℃, or ≤ -52.0℃, or ≤ -54.0℃, ≤ -56.0℃, or ≤ -58.0℃, or ≤ -60.0℃, as determined by DSC.
[0111] O] The composition of any one of A] -N] above, wherein the composition comprises two or more olefin / silane multi-block interpolymers as component a, further two or more ethylene / silane multi-block interpolymers as component a, further two or more ethylene / alpha-olefin / silane multi-block interpolymers as component a.
[0112] P] The composition of any one of A] -N] above, wherein the composition comprises only one olefin / silane multi-block interpolymer as component a, further only one ethylene / silane multi-block interpolymer as component a, further only one ethylene / alpha-olefin / silane multi-block interpolymer as component a.
[0113] Q] The composition of any one of C] -P] above, wherein the at least one ethylene / alpha-olefin / silane multi-block interpolymer of component a is an ethylene / alpha-olefin / silane multi-block terpolymer.
[0114] R] The composition of any one of C] -Q] above, wherein the alpha-olefin of the ethylene / alpha-olefin multi-block interpolymer, or terpolymer, is a C3-C20 alpha-olefin, and further a C3-C10 alpha-olefin, and further a C3-C8 alpha-olefin.
[0115] S] The composition of any one of C] -R] above, wherein the alpha-olefin of the ethylene / alpha-olefin multi-block interpolymer, or terpolymer, is selected from propylene, 1-butene, 1-hexene or 1-octene, further propylene, 1-butene, or 1-octene, further 1-butene or 1-octene, further 1-octene.
[0116] T] The composition of any one of A] -S] above, wherein the silane of the olefin / silane multi-block interpolymer is derived from a silane monomer selected from Formula 1, as described below: A- (SiBC-O) x-Si-EFH (Formula 1) ,
[0117] where A is an alkenyl group;
[0118] B is a hydrocarbyl group or hydrogen, C is a hydrocarbyl group or hydrogen, and where B and C may be the same or different;
[0119] H is hydrogen, and x ≥ 0;
[0120] E is a hydrocarbyl group or hydrogen, F is a hydrocarbyl group or hydrogen, and where E and F may be the same or different.
[0121] U] The composition of T] above, wherein, for Formula 1, x is from 0 to 10, or from 0 to 8, or from 0 to 6, or from 0 to 4, or from 0 to 2, or 0 or 1, or 0.
[0122] V] The composition of T] or U] above, wherein, for Formula 1, A is a C2-C50 alkenyl group, or a C2-C40 alkenyl group, or a C2-C30 alkenyl group, or a C2-C20 alkenyl group.
[0123] W] The composition of any one of T] -V] above, wherein, for Formula 1, A (A-) is selected from the following structures i) -iv) :
[0124] i) R1R2C=CR3-, where each of R1 and R2 is independently hydrogen or an alkyl group, and R3 is hydrogen, and wherein R1 and R2 may be the same or different;
[0125] ii) R1R2C=CR3- (CR4R5) n-, where each of R1, R2, R4, R5 is independently hydrogen, or an alkyl group, and R3 is hydrogen, and wherein two or more from R1, R2, R4, R5 may be the same or different, and n is from 1 to 10, or from 1 to 8, or from 1 to 6, or from 1 to 4, or from 1 to 2, or 1;
[0126] iii) where each or R1 and R2 is independently hydrogen or an alkyl, and wherein R1 and R2 may be the same or different, and n is from 1 to 10, or from 1 to 8, or from 1 to 6, or from 1 to 4, or from 1 to 2, or 1; or
[0127] iv) where each or R1 and R2 is independently hydrogen or an alkyl, and wherein R1 and R2 may be the same or different, and n is from 1 to 10, or from 1 to 8, or from 1 to 6, or from 1 to 4, or from 1 to 2, or 1.
[0128] X] The composition of any one of T] -W] above, wherein, for Formula 1, A (A-) is selected from the following structures is) -ivs) :
[0129] is) R1R2C=CR3-, where each of R1 and R2 is independently hydrogen or an alkyl group, and R3 is hydrogen, and wherein R1 and R2 may be the same or different;
[0130] iis) R1R2C=CR3- (CR4R5) n-, where each of R1, R2, R4, R5 is independently hydrogen, or an alkyl group, and R3 is hydrogen, and wherein two or more from R1, R2, R4, R5 may be the same or different, and n is from 1 to 10, or from 1 to 8, or from 1 to 6, or from 1 to 4, or from 1 to 2, or 1;
[0131] iiis) where n is from 1 to 10, or from 1 to 8, or from 1 to 6, or from 1 to 4, or from 1 to 2, or 1; or
[0132] ivs) where n is from 1 to 10, or from 1 to 8, or from 1 to 6, or from 1 to 4, or from 1 to 2, or 1.
[0133] Y] The composition of X] above, wherein, for Formula 1, A is selected from the structure is) or structure iis) .
[0134] Z] The composition of X] or Y] above, wherein, for Formula 1, A is selected from the structure iis) .
[0135] A2] The composition of any one of X] -Z] above, wherein, for Formula 1, A is selected from the structure iis) , and where n is from 1 to 10, or from 2 to 10, or from 2 to 8, or from 2 to 6.
[0136] B2] The composition of any one of T] -A2] above, wherein, for Formula 1, B is an alkyl, further a Cl-C5 alkyl, further a Cl-C4 alkyl, further a Cl-C3 alkyl, further a Cl-C2 alkyl, further methyl.
[0137] C2] The composition of any one of T] -B2] above, wherein, for Formula 1, C is an alkyl, further a Cl-C5 alkyl, further a Cl-C4 alkyl, further a Cl-C3 alkyl, further a Cl-C2 alkyl, further methyl.
[0138] D2] The composition of any one of T] -C2] above, wherein, for Formula 1, E is an alkyl, further a Cl-C5 alkyl, further a Cl-C4 alkyl, further a Cl-C3 alkyl, further a Cl-C2 alkyl, further methyl.
[0139] E2] The composition of any one of T] -D2] above, wherein, for Formula 1, F is an alkyl, further a Cl-C5 alkyl, further a Cl-C4 alkyl, further a Cl-C3 alkyl, further a Cl-C2 alkyl, further methyl.
[0140] F2] The composition of any one of T] -E2] above, wherein Formula 1 is selected from compounds sl) through s16) , as described below:
[0141] G2] The composition of any one of T] -F2] above, wherein Formula 1 is selected from structures sl) to s8) , as described above.
[0142] H2] The composition of any one of T] -G2] above, wherein Formula 1 is selected from structures sl) to s6) , as described above.
[0143] I2] The composition of any one of T] -G2] above, wherein Formula 1 is selected from structure s7) or structure s8) , as described above.
[0144] J2] The composition of any one of T] -F2] above, wherein Formula 1 is selected from structures s9) to s16) , as described above.
[0145] K2] The composition of any one of T] -J2] above, wherein the silane is derived from a silane monomer selected from the following compounds: 1-ethenyldimethylsilane; allyldimethylsilane; 3-butenyl-dimethylsilane; 4-pentenyl-dimethylsilane; 5-hexenyl-dimethylsilane; 6-heptenyl-dimethylsilane; 7-octenyl-dimethylsilane; 8-nonenyl-dimethylsilane; 9-decenyl-dimethylsilane; l- (but-3-en-1-yl) -1, 1, 3, 3-tetramethyl-disiloxane (BuMMH) ; l- (hex-5-en-1-yl) -1, 1, 3, 3-tetramethyldisiloxane (HexMMH) ; (2-bicyclo- [2.2.l] hept-5-en-2-yl) ethyl) -silane (NorDMS) ; or l- (2-bicyclo [2.2. l] hept-5-en-2-yl) ethyl) -l, 1, 3, 3-tetramethyldisiloxane (NorMMH) .
[0146] L2] The composition of any one of T] -K2] above, wherein the silane is derived from a silane monomer selected from the following compounds: 1-ethenyldimethylsilane; allyldimethylsilane; 3-butenyl-dimethylsilane; 4-pentenyl-dimethylsilane; 5-hexenyl-dimethylsilane; 6-heptenyl-dimethylsilane; 7-octenyl-dimethylsilane; 8-nonenyl-dimethyl-silane; or 9-decenyl-dimethylsilane.
[0147] M2] The composition of any one of T] -L2] above, wherein the silane is derived from a silane monomer selected from the following compounds: 5-hexenyl-dimethylsilane; or 7-octenyl-dimethylsilane, and further 5-hexenyl-dimethylsilane.
[0148] N2] The composition of any one of A] -M2] above, wherein the at least one multi-block interpolymer of component a comprises, in polymerized form, ≥ 0.20 wt%, or ≥ 0.40 wt%, or ≥ 0.60 wt%, or ≥ 0.80 wt%, or ≥ 1.0 wt%, or ≥ 1.1 wt%, or ≥ 1.2 wt%, or ≥ 1.3 wt%, or ≥ 1.4 wt%, or ≥ 1.5 wt%of the silane, based on the weight of the interpolymer.
[0149] O2] The composition of any one of A] -N2] above, wherein the at least one multi-block interpolymer of component a comprises, in polymerized form, ≤ 40 wt%, or ≤ 30 wt%, or ≤ 20 wt%, or ≤ 10 wt%, or ≤ 9.0 wt%, or ≤ 8.0 wt%, or ≤ 7.0 wt%, or ≤ 6.0 wt%, or ≤ 5.0 wt%, or ≤ 4.0 wt%of the silane, based on the weight of the interpolymer.
[0150] P2] The composition of any one of A] -O2] above, wherein the at least one multi-block interpolymer of component a comprises, in polymerize form, two or more silane monomers.
[0151] Q2] The composition of any one of A] -P2] above, wherein, for the at least one multi-block interpolymer of component a, ≥ 50 wt%, or ≥ 60 wt%, or ≥ 70 wt% and / or ≤ 100 wt%of the SiH groups, based on the total weight of SiH groups in the multi-block interpolymer, are located in the soft segments of the multi-block interpolymer.
[0152] R2] The composition of any one of A] -Q2] above, wherein, for the at least one multi-block interpolymer of component a, ≥ 80 wt%, or ≥ 90 wt%, or ≥ 92 wt%, or ≥ 95 wt%, or ≥ 98 wt%and / or ≤ 100 wt%of the SiH groups, based on the total weight of SiH groups in the multi-block interpolymer, are located in the soft segments of the multi-block interpolymer.
[0153] S2] The composition of any one of A] -R2] above, wherein the at least one multi-block interpolymer of component a has a soft segment melting temperature (SS-Tm) ≤ 16℃, or ≤ 15℃, or ≤ 14℃, or ≤ 13℃, or ≤ 12℃, or ≤ 11℃, or ≤ 10℃.
[0154] T2] The composition of any one of A] -S2] above, wherein, for the at least one multi-block interpolymer of component a has a soft segment melting temperature (SS-Tm) ≥ 0.5℃, or ≥ 1.0℃, or ≥ 1.5℃, or ≥ 2.0℃.
[0155] U2] The composition of any one of A] -T2] above, wherein component b is dicumyl peroxide; 3, 6, 9-triethyl-3, 6, 9-trimethyl-1, 4, 7-triperoxynonane; tert-butylperoxy-2-ethylhexyl carbonate; bis (tert-butylperoxyisopropyl) benzene; or a combination thereof.
[0156] V2] The composition of any one of A] -T2] above, wherein component b is selected from Formula P:
[0157] where R1 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; R4 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; R2, R3, R5 and R6 are each, independently, alkyl or H; or a Cl-C5 alkyl or H; or methyl or H.
[0158] W2] The composition of V2] above, wherein, for Formula P, Rl is an unsubstituted aryl group, and further phenyl; and R4 is an unsubstituted aryl group, and further phenyl.
[0159] X2] The composition of V2] or W2] above, wherein component b is di-cumylperoxide:
[0160] Y2] The composition of any one of A] -X2] above, wherein component c is selected from inorganic blowing agents, organic blowing agents, or combinations thereof, and further from organic blowing agents.
[0161] Z2] The composition of any one of A] -Y2] above, wherein component c is selected from azodicarboxamide, azodicarbonamide modified with a metal oxide or a metal salt, benzenesulfonyl hydrazide, dinitrosopentamethylene tetramine, sodium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, water, nitrogen gas, or carbon dioxide gas.
[0162] A3] The composition of any one of A] -Z2] above, wherein the composition comprises ≥ 40.0 wt%, or ≥ 42.0 wt%, or ≥ 45.0 wt%, or ≥ 50.0 wt%, or ≥ 55.0 wt%, or ≥ 60.0 wt%, or ≥ 65.0 wt%, or ≥ 70.0 wt%, or ≥ 75.0 wt%, or ≥ 80.0 wt%, or ≥ 82.0 wt%, or ≥ 84.0 wt%, or ≥ 86.0 wt%, or ≥ 88.0 wt%, or ≥ 90.0 wt%of component a and / or ≤ 99.0 wt%, or ≤ 98.0 wt%, or ≤ 97.0 wt%, or ≤ 96.0 wt%, or ≤ 95.0 wt%, or ≤ 94.0 wt%, or ≤ 93.0 wt%, or ≤ 92.0 wt%of component a, based on the weight of the composition.
[0163] B3] The composition of any one of A] -A3] above, wherein the composition comprises ≥ 0.10 wt%, or ≥ 0.12 wt%, or ≥ 0.14 wt%, or ≥ 0.16 wt%, or ≥ 0.18 wt%, or ≥ 0.20 wt%, or ≥ 0.22 wt%, or ≥ 0.24 wt%, or ≥ 0.26 wt%of component b and / or ≤ 1.00 wt%, or ≤ 0.90 wt%, or ≤ 0.80, or ≤ 0.75 wt%, or ≤ 0.70 wt%, or ≤ 0.68 wt%, or ≤ 0.66 wt%, or ≤ 0.64 wt%, or ≤ 0.62, or ≤ 0.60 wt%, or ≤ 0.58 wt%, or ≤ 0.56 wt%of component b, based on the weight of the composition.
[0164] C3] The composition of any one of A] -B3] above, wherein the composition comprises ≥ 1.0 wt%, or ≥ 1.2 wt%, or ≥ 1.4 wt%, or ≥ 1.6 wt%, or ≥ 1.8 wt%, or ≥ 2.0 wt%, or ≥ 2.1 wt%, or ≥ 2.2 wt%of component c and / or ≤ 5.0 wt%, or ≤ 4.5 wt%, or ≤ 4.0 wt%, or ≤ 3.8 wt%, or ≤ 3.5 wt%, or ≤ 3.2 wt%, or ≤ 3.0 wt%, or ≤ 2.9 wt%, or ≤ 2.8 wt%of component c, based on the weight of the composition.
[0165] D3] The composition of any one of A] -C3] above, wherein the weight ratio of component a to component b ≥ 50, or ≥ 60, or ≥ 70, or ≥ 72, or ≥ 75, or ≥ 78, or ≥ 80, or ≥ 82 and / or ≤ 1000, or ≤ 800, or ≤ 600, or ≤ 500, or ≤ 450, or ≤ 400 or ≤ 380, or ≤ 360, or ≤ 340.
[0166] E3] The composition of any one of A] -D3] above, wherein the weight ratio of component c to component b ≥ 2.0, or ≥ 2.5, or ≥ 3.0, or ≥ 3.2, or ≥ 3.4, or ≥ 3.6, or ≥ 3.8, or ≥ 4.0 and / or ≤ 20, or ≤ 18, or ≤ 16 or ≤ 14, or ≤ 12, or ≤ 10.
[0167] F3] The composition of any one of A] -E3] above, wherein the weight ratio of component a to component c ≥ 10, or ≥ 12, or ≥ 14, or ≥ 18, or ≥ 20 and / or ≤ 60, or ≤ 55, or ≤ 50 or ≤ 48, or ≤ 46, or ≤ 44, or ≤ 42, or ≤ 41, or ≤ 40.
[0168] G3] The composition of any one of A] -F3] above, wherein the composition comprises ≥ 30.0 wt%, or ≥ 32.0 wt%, or ≥ 35.0 wt%, or ≥ 38.0 wt%, or ≥ 40.0 wt%, or ≥ 42.0 wt%, or ≥ 44.0 wt%, or ≥ 46.0 wt%, and / or ≤ 96.0 wt%, or ≤ 95.0 wt%, or ≤ 94.0 wt%, or ≤ 93.0 wt%, or ≤ 92.0 wt%of the sum of components a and b, based on the weight of the composition.
[0169] H3] The composition of any one of I2] -G3] above, wherein the composition comprises ≥ 30.0 wt%, or ≥ 32.0 wt%, or ≥ 35.0 wt%, or ≥ 38.0 wt%, or ≥ 40.0 wt%, or ≥ 42.0 wt%, or ≥ 44.0 wt%, or ≥ 46.0 wt%, and / or ≤ 98.0 wt%, or ≤ 97.0 wt%, or ≤ 96.0 wt%, or ≤ 95.0 wt%, or ≤ 94.0 wt%of the sum of components a, b and c, based on the weight of the composition.
[0170] I3]The composition of any one of A] -H3] above, wherein, the composition further comprises at least one filler as component d.
[0171] J3] The composition of I3] above, wherein the at least one filler is selected from talc, a nano clay, carbon black, or any combination thereof; or from talc, carbon black, or any combination thereof.
[0172] K3] The composition of I3] or J3] above, wherein the at least one filler is present in an amount ≥ 2.0 wt%, or ≥ 2.5 wt%, or ≥ 3.0 wt%, or ≥ 3.2 wt%, or ≥ 3.4 wt%, or ≥ 3.6 wt%, or ≥ 3.8 wt%, or ≥ 4.0 wt% and / or ≤ 30 wt%, or ≤ 25 wt%, or ≤ 20 wt%, or ≤ 15 wt%, or ≤ 10 wt%, or ≤ 8.0 wt%, or ≤ 6.0 wt%, or ≤ 5.0 wt%, based on the weight of the composition.
[0173] L3] The composition of any one of A] -K3] above, wherein the composition further comprises a thermoplastic polymer, different from the at least one multi-block interpolymer of component a in one or more features, such as monomer (s) types, distributions and / or amounts; density; melt index (12) ; Mn; Mw; MWD; or any combination thereof, and further, in one or more features, such as monomer (s) types, distributions and / or amounts; density; melt index; or any combination thereof.
[0174] M3] The composition of any one of A] -L3] above, wherein the composition further comprises an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer.
[0175] N3] The composition of M3] above, wherein the ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer is present in an amount ≥ 10 wt%, or ≥ 15 wt%, or ≥ 20 wt%, or ≥ 25 wt%, or ≥ 30 wt%, or ≥ 32 wt%, or ≥ 34 wt%, or ≥ 36 wt%, or ≥ 38 wt%, or ≥ 40 wt%, or ≥ 42 wt%, or ≥ 44 wt% and / or ≤ 60 wt%, or ≤ 58 wt%, or ≤ 55 wt%, or ≤ 52 wt%, or ≤ 50 wt%, or ≤ 48 wt%, or ≤ 46 wt%, based on the weight of the composition.
[0176] O3] The composition of any one of A] -N3] above, wherein the composition further comprises at least one additive.
[0177] P3] The composition of O3] above, wherein the at least one additive is selected from flow aids, antioxidants, UV stabilizers, colorants, processing aids (for example, zinc stearate) , oils or any combination thereof.
[0178] Q3] The composition of O3] or P3] above, wherein the at least one additive is present in an amount ≥ 0.2 wt%, or ≥ 0.4 wt%, or ≥ 0.6 wt%, or ≥ 0.8 wt%, or ≥ 1.0 wt%, or ≥ 1.2 wt%, or ≥ 1.4 wt%, or ≥ 1.6 wt%, or ≥ 1.7 wt%, or ≥ 1.8 wt% and / or ≤ 10 wt%, or ≤ 8.0 wt%, or ≤ 6.0 wt%, or ≤ 4.0 wt%, or ≤ 3.8 wt%, or ≤ 3.5 wt%, or ≤ 3.2 wt%, or ≤ 3.0 wt%, or ≤ 2.8 wt%, or ≤ 2.4 wt%, or ≤ 2.2 wt%, or ≤ 2.0 wt%based on the weight of the composition.
[0179] R3] The composition of any one of O3] -Q3] above, wherein the composition comprises at least two additives, or at least three additives.
[0180] S3] The composition of any one of A] -R3] above, wherein the composition comprises ≤ 5.0 wt%, or ≤ 2.0 wt%, or ≤ 1.0 wt%, or ≤ 0.5 wt%, or ≤ 0.2 wt%, or ≤ 0.1 wt%, or ≤ 0.05 wt%of a silane compound comprising a hydrolyzable organic group, based on the weight of the composition; and further the composition does not comprise a silane compound comprising a hydrolyzable organic group (for example, an alkoxy, an aryloxy, an araloxy, an aliphatic acyloxy, an amino or a substituted amino) .
[0181] T3] The composition of any one of A] -S3] above, wherein the composition comprises ≤ 5.0 wt%, or ≤ 2.0 wt%, or ≤ 1.0 wt%, or ≤ 0.5 wt%, or ≤ 0.2 wt%, or ≤ 0.1 wt%, or ≤ 0.05 wt%of a wax, based on the weight of the composition; and further the composition does not comprise a wax.
[0182] U3] The composition of any one of A] -T3] above, wherein the composition comprises ≤ 5.0 wt%, or ≤ 2.0 wt%, or ≤ 1.0 wt%, or ≤ 0.5 wt%, or ≤ 0.2 wt%, or ≤ 0.1 wt%, or ≤ 0.05 wt%of a tackifier, based on the weight of the composition; and further the composition does not comprise a tackifier.
[0183] V3] The composition of any one of A] -U3] above, wherein the composition comprises ≤ 5.0 wt%, or ≤ 2.0 wt%, or ≤ 1.0 wt%, or ≤ 0.5 wt%, or ≤ 0.2 wt%, or ≤ 0.1 wt%, or ≤ 0.05 wt%of a phenolic resin, based on the weight of the composition; and further the composition does not comprise a phenolic resin.
[0184] W3] The composition of any one of A] -V3] above, wherein the composition comprises ≤ 5.0 wt%, or ≤ 2.0 wt%, or ≤ 1.0 wt%, or ≤ 0.5 wt%, or ≤ 0.2 wt%, or ≤ 0.1 wt%, or ≤ 0.05 wt%of a sulfur-containing compound, based on the weight of the composition; and further the composition does not comprise a sulfur-containing compound (acompound containing at least one sulfur atom) .
[0185] X3] The composition of any one of A] -W3] above, wherein the composition, after thermal treatment at a temperature of 180℃ for 15 minutes, has a "MH -ML" value ≥ 0.60, or ≥ 0.62, or ≥ 0.65, or ≥ 0.68, or ≥ 0.70, or ≥ 0.75, or ≥ 0.80, or ≥ 0.85, or ≥ 0.90, or ≥ 0.95, or ≥ 1.00 dN*m and / or ≤ 3.0, or ≤ 2.8, or ≤ 2.6, or ≤ 2.4, or ≤ 2.2, or ≤ 2.0 dN*m. The MH value and the ML value are determined by MDR as described herein.
[0186] A4] A crosslinked foam formed from the composition of any one of A] -X3] above.
[0187] B4] The crosslinked foam of A4] above, wherein the foam has a density ≥ 0.090, or ≥ 0.095, or ≥ 0.100, or ≥ 0.102, or ≥ 0.105, or ≥ 0.107, or ≥ 0.110 g / cc and / or ≤ 0.190, or ≤ 0.185, or ≤ 0.180, or ≤ 0.175, or ≤ 0.170 g / cc. The foam density is determined as described herein.
[0188] C4] The crosslinked foam of A4] or B4] above, wherein the foam has a Type C Tear ≥ 6.0, or ≥ 6.2, or ≥ 6.5, or ≥ 6.8, or ≥ 7.0, or ≥ 7.2, or ≥ 7.5, or ≥ 7.8, or ≥ 8.0, or ≥ 8.2, or 8.5 kg / cm. Type C Tear is described herein.
[0189] D4] The crosslinked foam of any one of A4] -C4] above, wherein the foam has a Tensile Strength ≥ 1.20, or ≥ 1.25, or ≥ 1.30, or ≥ 1.35, or ≥ 1.40, or ≥ 1.45, or ≥ 1.50, or ≥ 1.55 MPa. Tensile Strength is described herein.
[0190] E4] The crosslinked foam of any one of A4] -D4] above, wherein the foam has a “Elongation at Break” ≥ 200%, or ≥ 250%, or ≥ 300%, or ≥ 350%, or ≥ 400%, or ≥ 450%, or ≥ 500%, or 550%. “Elongation at Break” is described herein.
[0191] F4] The crosslinked foam of any one of A4] -E4] above, wherein the foam has a Compression Set, at 50℃, ≤ 90%, or ≤ 85%, or ≤ 82%, or ≤ 80%, or ≤ 78%. Compression Set, at 50℃, is described herein.
[0192] G4] The crosslinked foam of any one of A4] -F4] above, wherein the foam has a Rebound (%) ≥ 40%, or ≥ 45%, or ≥ 50%, or ≥ 52%, or ≥ 55%, or ≤ 58%, or ≥ 60%. Rebound (%) is described herein.
[0193] H4] The crosslinked foam of any one of A4] -G4] above, wherein the foam has a Shrinkage (%) ≤ 2.0%, or ≤ 1.8%, or ≤ 1.5%, or ≤ 1.2%, or ≤ 1.0%, or ≤ 0.8%, or ≤ 0.6%or ≤ 0.5%, or ≤ 0.4%, or ≤ 0.3%. Shrinkage (%) is described herein.
[0194] I4] The crosslinked foam of any one of A4] -H4] above, wherein the foam comprises at least one crosslink structure selected from c1) through c4) , where each notation represents the polymer backbone of the olefin / silane multi-block interpolymer, and the crosslink bond in c2) is a bond between two carbon atoms:
[0195] or c4) any combination of c1) through c3) .
[0196] A5] An article comprising at least one component formed from the composition of any one of A] -X3] above.
[0197] B5] An article comprising at least one component formed from the crosslinked foam of any one of A4] -I4] above.
[0198] C5] The article of A5] or B5] above, wherein the article is a foam.
[0199] D5] The article of A5] or B5] above, wherein the article is a foam for consumable goods, an insulation foam, a footwear component, an automotive part, a roofing membrane, or a toy.
[0200] E5] The article of A5] or B5] above, wherein the article is a shoe, a sneaker, a boot or a sandal.
[0201] F5] A method of forming a crosslinked foam, said method comprising mixing the composition of any one of A] -X3] above.
[0202] G5] The method of F5] above, further comprising thermally treating the composition.
[0203] H5] The method of F5] or G5] above, wherein the composition is thermally treated at a temperature ≥ 120℃, or ≥ 125℃, or ≥ 130℃, or ≥ 135℃, or ≥ 140℃, or ≥ 145℃, or ≥ 150℃, or ≥ 155℃, or ≥ 165℃, or ≥ 170℃, or ≥ 175℃, or ≥ 180℃ and / or ≤ 250℃, or ≤ 240℃, or ≤ 230℃, or ≤ 220℃, or ≤ 215℃, or ≤ 210℃, or ≤ 205℃, or ≤ 200℃.
[0204] TEST METHODS
[0205] Variable Temperature 1H NMR -Location of SiH Functionality
[0206] Hard segment and soft segment have dramatic different responses to a temperature sweep around the melting temperature, Tm, of the hard segment. Variable temperature solution NMR is a good tool to monitor this difference, due to its ability to differentiate hard and soft segments. The hard segment signal is concentrated on peaks from long ethylene runs at “1.35 ppm, ” while the methyl peak at “0.95 ppm” is associated with octene copolymer and is dominated by the soft segment. The SiCH3 peak at “0.15 ppm” is associated with hexyl dimethyl silane (HDMS) . Since solution NMR works best when the entire sample is a solution, the analysis typically starts at a temperature well above the Tm of the hard segment. The test sample is then cooled below this Tm, while collecting a spectrum at each temperature set point. As the hard segment starts to crystallize below its Tm, the “1.35 ppm” peak integral diminishes (crystallized solid is unobservable in solution NMR) , and the octene composition, computed from the spectrum, migrates from the weight averaged composition of hard and soft segments toward a composition of the soft segment. As a comparison, similar experiments on a random copolymer show the computed composition constant across the temperature range. This variable temperature NMR experiment can be leveraged to detect which segment the third comonomer (silane) is incorporated into. If the computed third copolymer composition has a similar migration pattern as the octene composition, then the third comonomer is preferentially incorporated into the soft segment as octene. The Tm of the hard segment is determined by DSC.
[0207] Experimental
[0208] The polymer sample (approximately 5 mg) was added to a “5 mm” NMR tube, ” along with d2-tetrachloroethane (0.6 mL) . The sample tube was then capped and heated to 125℃ in a heating block. The tube was frequently taken out and vortexed until a homogeneous solution was obtained, as evidenced by consistent flow when the tube is tipped to its side.
[0209] A Bruker Avance 400 MHz system, equipped with a “5 mm BBO probe” was employed to acquire the 1H NMR spectra. The acquisition parameters were as follows: 90°pulse, spectral width at 20 ppm, spectral center at 3 ppm, 1.0 second acquisition time, 15 seconds relaxation time, 64 K data points, and 16 scans. The chemical shift reference was set by referencing the dominating PE peak to “1.35 ppm. ” The NMR sample was heated to 120℃-125℃, above the Tm of the polymer at issue, to completely dissolve the polymer in the solution, but the collecting of the spectra was initially started at 110℃ (polymer still in solution) . The temperature was decreased by 5 or 10℃ each time, waiting at least 30 minutes for thermal equilibrium, before a spectrum was taken at each temperature step. The NMR sample was heated in an aluminum heating block with thermocouple inside block. The block was equilibrated at each test temperature. Note, aluminum provides a quick and even equilibration of the block at each test temperature. Once the NMR sample within the heating block equilibrated at the test temperature, the NMR tube was placed into an NMR sample holder inside the NMR machine. NMR machine was equipped with heating and cooling units. The temperature inside the NMR machine was calibrated using an ethylene glycol sample (for example, a sealed ethylene glycol sample for NMR temperature calibration) . Hydroxyl groups on the ethylene glycol molecule shift, relative to the respective “ppm” location, with temperature -the degree of the shift was calibrated as a function of temperature.
[0210] All raw data were processed using MNOVA software for exponential multiplication, Fourier Transform, phasing, baseline correction, and integration.
[0211] Discussion
[0212] Figure 1 shows the 1H spectrum of the OBC A sample at 65℃. The “6.0 ppm” peak is from residual 1H of the d2-tetrachloroethane solvent and its integral is normalized to 1000 for all spectra taken for this study. The “1.55 ppm” is the residual HOD peak in the solvent. This peak shifts with temperature and is not always resolvable from the “1.35 ppm” peak. For a given bottle of solvent used within a few days, and the bottle remains closed between usage, the residual HOD remains the same. Therefore, in the case when resolution of the HOD peak is not achievable, an integral of 287 is subtracted from the “1.35 ppm” peak integral. The rest of the “1.35 ppm” peak is from aliphatic CH2 / CH 1Hs on the polyolefin chain. The “0.96 ppm” peak is from octene CH3 and other saturated chain end CH3. Saturated chain end signals are present in negligible amounts in polymers with thousands of repeat units, and are ignored in this study.
[0213] One useful technique for calculating weight percentage of comonomer in a polyethylene-co-a-olefin is to use the simplified formula of (CH2) n for such samples. The normalized moles for the comonomer and normalized moles of CH2 equivalent (every CH3 has a corresponding CH to make the overall formula CH2) can be found from the rest of the sample. The normalized moles of comonomer multiplied by the formula weight of comonomer yields the weight of the comonomer. The normalized moles of CH2 multiplied by 14 g / mol yields the weight of the rest of the sample. Using the above spectrum as an example:
[0214] The normalized moles of octene is 2567.69 / 3 = 855.90. The weight of octene is 855.90 *112 g / mol = 95861 unit.
[0215] The normalized moles of the rest of the CH2 equivalent is (24611.48 -855.90 *13) / 2 = 6742.39. The weight of the rest of the CH2 equivalent is 6742.39 *14 g / mol = 94393 unit. The weight percentage of octene in this spectrum (Figure 1) is 50.4.
[0216] Figure 2 shows the 1H NMR spectrum of the sample in Figure 1 at 110℃. Using the procedures laid out in the previous paragraph, the calculations are as follows:
[0217] The normalized moles of octene is 2777.82 / 3 = 925.94. The weight of octene is 925.94 *112 g / mol = 103705 unit.
[0218] The normalized moles of the rest of the CH2 equivalent is (31834.72 -287 -925.94 * 13) / 2 = 9755.25. The weight of the rest of the CH2 equivalent is 9755.25 *14 g / mol = 136574 unit. The weight percentage of octene in this spectrum (Figure 2) is 43.2.
[0219] The weight percentage of interest in these samples vary greatly from octene in the 40-50 wt%range to HDMS in the 2-5 wt%. In order to plot all the data in a reasonable range, the concept of %increase from the bulk weight percentage (or weight fraction) was used. Since the sample started as completely dissolved and remain completely dissolved at the starting temperature of 110℃, the “110℃ spectrum calculated values” were used as the bulk composition. The %increase from bulk weight percentage is then as follows: [ (wt%comonomer at current temperature -wt%comonomer at 110℃) / wt%comonomer at 110℃] *100.
[0220] Therefore at 65℃ (Figure 1) , the %increase from bulk weight percentage is [ (50.4-43.2) / 43.2] *100 = 16.7.
[0221] Figure 3 shows 1H NMR spectrum of SiH-OBC B with 5 wt%HDMS at 110℃. Compared to the ethylene / octene only samples, there are additional peaks at 3.9 ppm from SiH, at 0.7 ppm from SiCH2, and at 0.2 ppm from SiCH3 1Hs. SiH peak has 29Si satellites that totals to 5%of the peak that is at, or below, the noise level of the spectrum. Therefore, the center SiH peak integral needs to be divided by 0.95 to get the full SiH integral. The integrals for these peaks (total 9 1Hs) are used to compute normalized moles of HDMS as follows: (57.78 / 0.95 + 124.38 + 367.57) / 9 = 61.42. Weight of HDMS is 61.42 *142 g / mol = 8722 unit. Each HDMS contributes 9 1Hs to the aliphatic peak from 1.7 to 0.8 ppm, and needs to be subtracted from that peak integral to get aliphatic signals from ethylene and octene. The HOD peak again is assumed to be 287 based on discussions for Figure 1. The normalized moles of CH2 equivalent from rest of the sample is as follows: (25412.10 -287 -61.42 *9) / 2 = 12286. The weight of CH2 equivalent from rest of the sample is 12286 *14 g / mol = 172006 unit. Weight percentage of HDMS is 4.8.
[0222] Figure 4 shows 1H NMR spectrum of the sample shown in Figure 3, but now at 65℃. Using the methods described in the previous paragraph, the calculations are as follows: Normalized moles of HDMS is (58.76 / 0.95 + 111.01 + 366.28) / 9 = 59.9. The weight of HDMS is 59.9 *142 g / mol = 8506 unit.
[0223] Normalized moles of CH2 equivalent not from HDMS is (22751.33 -287 -59.9*9) / 2 = 10962.59. The weight of CH2 equivalent not from HDMS is 10962.59 *14 g / mol = 153476 unit. Weight percentage of HDMS is 5.3. The %increase from bulk is [ (5.3-4.8) / 4.8] *100 = 10.4.
[0224] Using the methods outlined above, the plots for OBC A, SiH-OBC A and SiH-OBC B are shown in Figure 5. See also Table A1 below. Using the methods outlined above, the plots samples for OBC B, SiH-OBC C and SiH-OBC D are shown in Figure 6. See also Table A2 below.
[0225] Table A1: Variable Temp. NMR (OBC A, SiH-OBC A and SiH-OBC B) *Since the amount of total SiH was independently measured (13C NMR) at about 1.4 wt%, it can be seen from this study that 100 wt%of the SiH present in the multi-block interpolymer is present in the soft segments.
[0226] Table A1 Continued *Since the amount of total SiH was independently (13C NMR) measured at 4.7 wt%, it can be seen from this study that 100 wt%of the SiH present in the multi-block interpolymer is present in the soft segments.
[0227] Table A2: Variable Temp. NMR (OBC B, SiH-OBC C and SiH-OBC D) *Since the amount of total SiH was independently (13C NMR) measured at 1.5 wt%, it can be seen from this study that 100 wt%of the SiH present in the multi-block interpolymer is present in the soft segments. **Since the amount of total SiH was independently (13C NMR) measured at 3.5 wt%, it can be seen from this study that 100 wt%of the SiH present in the multi-block interpolymer is present in the soft segments.
[0228] As seen in Figure 5, the profiles for SiH-OBC A (about 2 wt%SiH) and SiH-OBC B (about 5 wt%SiH) each followed a similar pattern to that of OBC A, showing that as the temperature decreased, the “%weight fraction increase from bulk” increased. These results indicate that the silane comonomer for both SiH-OBC A and SiH-OBC B is located predominantly in the soft segments of the multi-block terpolymer. Similarly, as seen in Figure 6, the similar profiles of SiH-OBC C (about 2 wt%SiH) and SiH-OBC D (about 4 wt%SiH) with that of OBC B, indicate that the silane comonomer for both SiH-OBC C and SiH-OBC D is located predominantly in the soft segments of the multi-block terpolymer.
[0229] As a comparison, the “%weight fraction increase from bulk versus temperature” for a random ethylene / octene copolymer is shown in Figure 7. Here, for a random distribution of the octene, the “%increase from bulk” remains relatively constant over the noted temperature range.
[0230] Also, as seen in Figures 5 and 6, for each plot, the increase from bulk composition is forming a plateau, or has a plateau, for low temperatures around 60-65℃. Each “plateau-like area” indicates that only the soft segments are observable. At low temperature, the hard segments crystalizes and are no longer observable. Thus, the measured HDMS (wt%) at the plateau-like end can be interpreted as the amount of HDMS (wt%) in the soft segments.
[0231] The method outlined above is applicable to other alpha-olefin comonomers, since all have a methyl that can be resolved from the main 1.35 ppm CH2 / CH peak. So enrichment of comonomer as the solution is cooled down can be followed using 1H NMR and the method outlined above. Similarly, 1Hs from SiH, SiCH2, and SiCH3 can be resolved from the main aliphatic 1H peaks from 2 ppm to 0.8 ppm. Enrichment of other silane containing monomers thus can be quantified using 1H NMR and the method discussed above.
[0232] Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) for Ethylene / Alpha-Olefin Multi-Block Interpolymers and Ethylene / Alpha-Olefin / Silane Multi-Block Interpolymers; and Determination of SS-Tm;
[0233] Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) can be used to measure the melting, crystallization, and glass transition behavior of a polymer over a wide range of temperature. For example, the TA Instruments Discovery DSC, equipped with an RCS (refrigerated cooling system) and an autosampler, can be used to perform this analysis. During testing, a nitrogen purge gas flow of 50 ml / min is used. Each sample is melt pressed (preheated for 2 minutes, and pressed at a pressure of 10 MPa for 2 minutes) into a thin film, at about 190℃. The melted sample is then air-cooled to room temperature (about 23-25℃) . A “3-10 mg, ” 6 mm diameter specimen is extracted from the cooled polymer, weighed, placed in a light aluminum pan (about 50 mg) , and crimped shut. Analysis is then performed to determine its thermal properties.
[0234] The thermal behavior of the sample is determined by ramping the sample temperature up and down to create “heat flow versus temperature” profiles. First, the sample is rapidly heated to 180℃ for an ethylene-based polymer (or PE) , and held isothermally for 5 minutes, in order to remove its thermal history. Next, the sample is cooled to -90℃, at a 10℃ / minute cooling rate, and held isothermally at -90℃ for five minutes. The sample is then heated to 180℃ for PE (this is the “second heat” ramp) , at a 10℃ / minute heating rate. The cooling and second heating curves are recorded.
[0235] The glass transition temperature, Tg, is determined from the DSC second heating curve, where half the sample has gained the liquid heat capacity as described in Bernhard Wunderlich, The Basis of Thermal Analysis, in Thermal Characterization of Polymeric Materials, 92, 278-279 (Edith A. Turi ed., 2d ed. 1997) . Baselines are drawn from below and above the glass transition region and extrapolated through the Tg region. The temperature at which the sample heat capacity is half-way between these baselines is the Tg. The melting point, Tm, of the polymer sample is determined as the temperature corresponding to the maximum heat flow (endotherm) in the second DSC heating curve. The crystallization temperature of the polymer sample is determined as the temperature corresponding to the maximum exotherm in the DSC cooling curve (or the temperature (peak temperature) of the crystallization peak, corresponding to the lowest dip of the exotherm peak) . The percent crystallinity is calculated by dividing the heat of fusion (Hf) , determined from the second heat curve, by a theoretical heat of fusion, for example, 292 J / g for ethylene-based polymer samples, and multiplying this quantity by 100 (for example, for ethylene-based polymer samples, %cryst. = (Hf / 292 J / g) x 100.
[0236] The cumulative crystallinity at a specific temperature (Ts) is determined by first calculating the heat of fusion (Hs) for the sample between Ts and 140℃ . In this case, the second heating curve is baseline corrected by drawing a linear baseline between the heat flow at -50℃ and 140℃. The Hs can then be calculated from the integrated base-line-corrected heat flow curved between two temperature points (i.e., Ts and 140℃ ) . The cumulative crystallinity at a specific temperature (Ts) is then calculated by dividing Hs by a theoretical heat of fusion of 292 J / g for PE, and multiplying this quantity by 100 (for example, %cumulative crystallinity (at Ts) = (Hs / 292 J / g) x 100 (for PE) ) . The change in crystallinity of the PE between RT and 60 ℃ is then calculated as the difference between the cumulative crystallinity at Ts = 23℃ and the cumulative crystallinity at Ts = 60℃.
[0237] The soft segment melting temperature (SS-Tm) is determined from the DSC second heating curve. For example, an ethylene / octene multi-block copolymer, or an ethylene / octene / silane multi-block terpolymer, typically has two melting peaks, one melting peak associated with the soft segments and one melting point associated with the hard segments. The SS-Tm is associated with the lower temperature peak for the soft segments. For some multi-block block copolymers or terpolymers, the peak associated with the melting of the soft segments is a small hump (or bump) over the baseline, making it difficult to assign a peak maximum. This difficulty can be overcome by converting a normal DSC profile into a weighted DSC profile using the following method.
[0238] In DSC, the heat flow depends on the amount of the material melting at a certain temperature, as well as on the temperature-dependent specific heat capacity. The temperature dependence of the specific heat capacity, in the melting regime, of linear low-density polyethylene leads to an increase in the heat of fusion with decreasing comonomer content. Or the heat of fusion values get progressively lower as the crystallinity is reduced with increasing comonomer content. See Wild, L. Chang, S.; Shankernarayanan, M J., Improved Method for Compositional Analysis of Polyolefins by DSC, Polym. Prep 1990; 31: 270-1, which is incorporated by reference herein, in its entirety. For a given point in the DSC curve (defined by its heat flow in watts per gram (W / g) and temperature in degrees Celsius) , by taking the ratio of “the temperature-dependent heat of fusion (ΔΗ (T) ) ” to “the heat of fusion expected for a linear copolymer, ” the DSC curve can be converted into a weight-dependent distribution curve, as discussed below.
[0239] For a DSC analysis of a polymer sample, the second heating curve is baseline corrected, for example, by drawing a linear baseline between the heat flow at -50℃ and 135℃. The temperature-dependent heat of fusion curve (or “Enthalpy (J / g) versus Temperature (℃) ” ) can then be generated from the summation of the integrated heat flow between two consecutive data points (from the “Heat Flow (W / g) versus Time (min) ” profile) . This summation is represented overall by a cumulative enthalpy curve ( “Enthalpy (J / g) versus Temperature (℃) ” profile) . Note, Joule (J) = Watt (W) *sec, and each temperature is determined from the respective time point and the temperature ramp.
[0240] The expected relationship between the heat of fusion for linear ethylene / octene copolymers, at a given temperature, is shown by the “heat of fusion versus melting temperature” curve. Using random ethylene / octene copolymers, one can obtain the following relationship (calibration equation) for the expected heat of fusion of linear copolymers, ΔHlinear copolymer, and melting temperature, Tm (in ℃) : See also Figure 8 ( “Melt Enthalpy (J / g) versus Melting Temperature (℃) ” for linear copolymers) .
[0241] For each integrated data point from the cumulative enthalpy curve ( “Enthalpy (J / g) versus Temperature (℃) ” profile) , at a given temperature (T) , the ratio of ‘the enthalpy from the cumulative enthalpy curve” to the expected heat of fusion for linear copolymers at that temperature, ” yields a fractional weight that can be assigned to the respective data point. Thus, DSC Wt. Fraction = [Cumulative Enthalpy (at T) / Melt Enthalpy (at T) from the calibration equation] . Using this ratio, a plot of the DSC Wt. Fraction versus Temperature (℃) can be generated, and the area under this curve (or ATotal) can be calculated. A normalized DSC Wt. Fraction, at each T, can be calculated by dividing the value for the DSC Wt. Fraction by ATotal (or DSC Wt. Fraction / ATotal) . Thus, a normalized DSC Wt. Fraction versus Temperature (℃) curve can be generated. The soft segment Tm (SS-Tm) is assigned as temperature at the location of the maximum in the normalized DSC Wt. Fraction versus Temperature (℃) curve. The method is applicable to interpolymers containing polymerized ethylene and polymerized octene, etc., but can be adapted to other polymers as well.
[0242] Melt Index
[0243] The melt index MI (or I2) of an ethylene-based polymer or composition is measured in accordance with ASTM D-1238, condition 190℃ / 2.16 kg. The melt index I10 of an ethylene- based polymer or composition is measured in accordance with ASTM D-1238, condition 190℃ / 10 kg. The melt flow rate MFR of a propylene-based polymer or composition is measured in accordance with ASTM D-1238, condition 230℃ / 2.16 kg.
[0244] Density
[0245] A sheet of material is molded per ASTM D4703 Annex A. 1 Procedure C (15℃cooling) . Each sample is first compression molded at 190℃, 3000 lbs for six minutes, then at 30000 lbs for four minutes, and then cooled at 15℃ per minute, until sample has cooled to 30℃. On removal from the press, three coupons (approx. 1.5” x approx. 0.5” x approx. 0.125” ) are cut from the sheet. The density is measured within one hour of molding.
[0246] Density is measured per D792 Method B using isopropyl alcohol (IPA) as the immersion fluid. The coupons are weighed in air and then immersed in the IPA. The IPA is contained in a double walled vessel and the temperature is controlled to 23℃ + / -0.1℃. The samples are allowed to soak in the fluid for eight minutes to ensure the samples have equilibrated to the bath temperature. The samples are then weighed while still immersed in the fluid. A glass sinker of known dry weight and volume is then weighed while immersed in the fluid. The density of the immersion fluid is calculated from the known and measured values for the glass sinker. The density of the samples may then be calculated from the known fluid density and the measured wet and dry sample weights. The results from the three coupons are averaged and the result reported in grams per cubic centimeter (g / cc = g / cm3) .
[0247] NMR Characterization of Interpolymers
[0248] For 13C NMR experiments, samples were dissolved, in 10 mm NMR tubes, in tetrachloroethane-d2 (with or without 0.025 M Cr (acac) 3) . The concentration was approximately 300 mg / 2.8 ML. Each tube was then heated in a heating block set at l10℃. The sample tube was repeatedly vortexed and heated to achieve a homogeneous flowing fluid. The 13C NMR spectrum was taken on a BRUKER AVANCE 600 MHz spectrometer, equipped with a 10 mm C / H DUAL cryoprobe. The following acquisition parameters were used: 60 seconds relaxation delay, 90 degree pulse of 12.0 μs, 256 scans. The spectrum was centered at 100 ppm, with a spectral width of 250 ppm. All measurements were taken without sample spinning at 110℃. The 13C NMR spectrum was referenced to “74.5 ppm” for the resonance peak of the solvent. For a sample with Cr, the data was taken with a “7 seconds relaxation dela” and 1024 scans. The “mol%silane (silane monomer) ” was calculated based on the integration of SiMe carbon resonances, versus the integration of CH2 carbons associated with ethylene units and CH / CH3 carbons associated with octene units (or other alpha-olefin) . The “mol%octene (or other alpha-olefin) ” was similarly calculated with reference to the CH / CH3 carbons associated with octene (or other alpha-olefin) .
[0249] For 1 H NMR experiments, each sample was dissolved, in 8 mm NMR tubes, in tetrachloroethane-d2 (with or without 0.001 M Cr (acac) 3) . The concentration was approximately l00 mg / 1.8 ML. Each tube was then heated in a heating block set at 110℃. The sample tube was repeatedly vortexed and heated to achieve a homogeneous flowing fluid. The 1H NMR spectrum was taken on a BRUKER AVANCE 600 MHz spectrometer, equipped with a 10 mm C / H DUAL cryoprobe. A standard single pulse, 1H NMR experiment was performed. The following acquisition parameters were used: 70 seconds relaxation delay, 90 degree pulse of 17.2 μs, 32 scans. The spectrum was centered at “1.3 ppm, ” with a spectral width of 20 ppm. All measurements were taken, without sample spinning, at 110℃. The 1H NMR spectrum was referenced to “5.99 ppm” for the resonance peak of the solvent (residual protonated tetrachloroethane) . For a sample with Cr, the data was taken with a “16 seconds relaxation dela” and 128 scans. The “mol%silane (silane monomer) ” was calculated based on the integration of SiMe proton resonances, versus the integration of CH2 protons associated with ethylene units and CH3 protons associated with octene units (or other alpha-olefin) . The “mol%octene was similarly calculated with reference to the CH3 protons associated with octene (or other alpha-olefin) .
[0250] Compositional Conventional GPC
[0251] The chromatographic system consisted of a PolymerChar GPC-IR (Valencia, Spain) high temperature GPC chromatograph equipped with an internal IR5 infra-red detector (IR5) . The autosampler oven compartment was set at 160° Celsius and the column compartment was set at 150° Celsius. The columns used were four Agilent “Mixed A” 30 cm, 20-micron linear mixed-bed columns. The chromatographic solvent was 1, 2, 4 trichlorobenzene, which contained 200 ppm of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) . The solvent source was nitrogen sparged. The injection volume was 200 microliters and the flow rate was 1.0 milliliters / minute.
[0252] Calibration of the GPC column set was performed with 21 narrow molecular weight distribution polystyrene standards with molecular weights ranging from 580 to 8, 400,000 g / mol, and arranged in six “cocktail” mixtures with at least a decade of separation between individual molecular weights. The standards were purchased from Agilent Technologies. The polystyrene standards were prepared at “0.025 grams in 50 milliliters of solvent” for molecular weights equal to, or greater than, 1,000,000, and “0.05 grams in 50 milliliters of solvent” for molecular weights less than 1,000,000. The polystyrene standards were pre- dissolved at 80℃, with gentle agitation, for 30 minutes, and then cooled. The room temperature solution was transferred, cooled, into the autosampler dissolution oven, at 160℃, for 30 minutes. The polystyrene standard peak molecular weights were converted to polyethylene molecular weights using Equation 1 (as described in Williams and Ward, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Let., 6, 621 (1968) ) .:
[0253] Mpolyethylene=A× (Mpolystyrene) B (EQ1) , where M is the molecular weight, A has a value of 0.405 and B is equal to 1.0. A fifth order polynomial was used to fit the respective polyethylene-equivalent calibration points.
[0254] The total plate count of the GPC column set was performed with decane, which was introduced into a blank sample via a micropump, controlled with the PolymerChar GPC-IR system. The plate count for the chromatographic system should be greater than 18,000 for the four Agilent “Mixed A” 30 cm, 20-micron linear mixed-bed columns.
[0255] Samples were prepared in a semi-automatic manner with the PolymerChar “Instrument Control” Software, wherein the samples were weight-targeted at 2 mg / ml, and the solvent (contained 200 ppm BHT) was added to a pre nitrogen-sparged septa-capped vial, via the PolymerChar high temperature autosampler. The samples were dissolved for two hours at 160° Celsius under “low speed” shaking.
[0256] The calculations of Mn (GPC) , Mw (GPC) , and Mz (GPC) were based on GPC results using the internal IR5 detector (measurement channel) of the PolymerChar GPC-IR chromatograph according to Equations 2-4, using PolymerChar GPCOneTM software, the baseline-subtracted IR chromatogram at each equally-spaced data collection point (i) , and the polyethylene equivalent molecular weight obtained from the narrow standard calibration curve for the point (i) from Equation 1.
[0257] In order to monitor the deviations over time, a flowrate marker (decane) was introduced into each sample via a micropump controlled with the PolymerChar GPC-IR system. This flowrate marker (FM) was used to linearly correct the pump flowrate (Flowrate (nominal) ) for each sample by RV alignment of the respective decane peak within the sample (RV (FM Sample) ) to that of the decane peak within the narrow standards calibration (RV(FM Calibrated) ) . Any changes in the time of the decane marker peak are then assumed to be related to a linear-shift in flowrate (Flowrate (effective) ) for the entire run. After calibrating the system based on a flow marker peak, the effective flowrate (with respect to the narrow standards calibration) is calculated as Equation 5. Processing of the flow marker peak was done via the PolymerChar GPCOneTM Software. Acceptable flowrate correction is such that the effective flowrate should be within + / -0.5%of the nominal flowrate. Flowrate (effective) = Flowrate (nominal) * (RV (FM Calibrated) / RV (FM Sample) ) (EQ5) .
[0258] EXPERIMENTAL
[0259] Commercial Reagents and Polymers
[0260] Commercial reagents and polymers are shown in Table 1.
[0261] Table 1: Commercial Reagents and Polymers *The Dow Chemical Company
[0262] SiH-OBC and OBC Syntheses and Characterization
[0263] All raw materials (ethylene and 1-octene) and the process solvent (anarrow boiling range high-purity isoparaffinic solvent, ISOPAR-E) were purified with molecular sieves, before introduction into the reaction environment. The 5-hexenyldimethylsilane (HDMS) , supplied by Gelest, was used as a termonomer for SiH-OBC A, B, C, D. The HDMS was purified over AZ-300 alumina supplied by UOP Honeywell prior to use. The HDMS was fed to the reactor as a 22 wt%solution in ISOPAR-E. Hydrogen was supplied pressurized, as a high purity grade, and was not further purified. The reactor monomer feed stream was pressurized, via a mechanical compressor, to above the reaction pressure. The solvent and comonomer feed were pressurized, via a pump, to above the reaction pressure. The individual catalyst components were manually, batch diluted with purified solvent and pressurized to above the reaction pressure. All reaction feed flows were measured with mass flow meters and independently controlled with computer automated valve control systems.
[0264] The continuous solution polymerization reactor consisted of a liquid full, adiabatic, continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) . Independent control of all fresh solvent, monomer, comonomer, hydrogen, and catalyst component feeds was possible. The total fresh feed stream to the reactor (solvent, monomer, comonomer A, comonomer B, and hydrogen) was temperature controlled to maintain a single solution phase by passing the feed stream through a heat exchanger. The catalyst components and Chain Shuttling Agent were injected into the polymerization reactor using custom designed injection stingers. The primary catalyst component feed (catalyst 1 from Table 2A and Table 2B) was computer controlled to maintain the reactor monomer conversion at the specified target. The molar ratio of the secondary catalyst feed (catalyst 2 from Table 2A and Table 2B) to total catalyst feed was adjusted to maintain the desired split between the polymer soft segment and hard segment. The co-catalyst 3 component was fed based on calculated specified molar ratio to the catalyst components. The co-catalyst 4 component was fed to maintain a constant specified concentration in the reactor. For SiH-OBC A, B, C, D and OBC A, B, the Chain Shuttling Agent component was fed based on calculated specified molar ratio to the catalyst components. The feed stream (s) , catalyst (s) , and co-catalyst (s) were injected into the reactor, where they were immediately mixed with the circulating polymerization reactor contents via mechanical stirring.
[0265] The reactor effluent entered a zone where it was deactivated with the addition of, and reaction with, a suitable reagent (water) . At this same reactor exit location, other additives were added for polymer stabilization. Following catalyst deactivation and additive addition, the reactor effluent entered a devolatization system, where the polymer was removed from the non-polymer stream. The isolated polymer melt was pelletized and collected. The non-polymer stream was passed to the waste. Polymerization conditions for the polymers are further provided in Table 2C.
[0266] Table 2A: Catalysts for SiH-OBC A, B, C, D and OBC A, B.
[0267] Table 2B: Reactor Conditions
[0268] Polymer properties are shown in Tables 3A and 3B.
[0269] Table 3A: Ethylene / alpha-olefin / silane multi-block terpolymers, Ethylene / alpha-olefin multi-block copolymers and Properties *HDMS = 5-Hexenyldimethylsilane. **Based on total amount of SiH in the SiH-OBC. Note, for each of SiH-OBC A, SiH-OBC B, SiH-OBC C and SiH-OBC D, a majority (≥ 50 wt%) of the SiH groups are located in the soft segments; such a distribution of the SiH groups allow for better reactivity towards a crosslinking agent, leading to an improved physical performance after crosslinking.
[0270] Table 3B: Ethylene / alpha-olefin / silane multi-block terpolymers, Ethylene / alpha-olefin multi-block copolymers and Properties *Determined by 13C NMR.
[0271] Foam Compositions
[0272] Foam compositions are shown in Table 4. “CE” refers to “Comparative Example” and “IE” refers to “Inventive Example” .
[0273] Table 4: Foam Compositions (weight parts)
[0274] Foam Preparation:
[0275] Polymers (see Table 4) were added to the 1.5 liter Banbury mixer. Then, ZnO, ZnSt, Steric acid, and Talc 1250 were added, after the polymer had melted (around 5 minutes, temperature around 120℃ to 130℃) . The blowing agent and peroxide were added last, and mixed for another 3 to 5 minutes for a total mix time of 15 minutes. The mixed compound was transferred to a KL-6 roll mill (purchased from Baihong Machinery Co. ) and rolled (at 70-100℃ ) into a blanket with a thickness of approximately 3 mm.
[0276] Roll milled blankets were cut into squares and placed inside a pre-heated bun foam mold of dimensions 178 mm x 178 mm x 12 mm (7.01 inch x 7.01 inch x 0.47 inch) . The mold was then preheated for 9 minutes at 130℃, and then pressed at 10 tons for 4 minutes, to form a preheated mass. The preheated mass was transferred to a foaming press, and held for 10 minutes at 100 kg / cm2 and 180℃, to form a bun foam (crosslinked foam) . Once the pressure was released, the bun foam was removed quickly from the tray and placed in a vented hood on several non-stick sheets. It was cooled overnight, and then cut into slices for testing.
[0277] Also, after cooling overnight, the “cold expansion ratio (%) of the foam, ” or “Cold ER (%) ” was calculated using the equation below, and the dimensions are those of the cooled foam:
[0278] where L is the length of the bun foam (in mm) and W is the width of the bun foam (in mm) . Results are shown in Table 5.
[0279] Foam Cutting and Characterization
[0280] Foam Cutting and Slicing to Produce Cut-Foam Samples (the edges (thickness) of each cut sample surrounded by a skin layer) .
[0281] The bun foams were first cut into small plaques (6 inch x 6 inch x 0.47 inch) using a vertical band saw. Thin slices (thickness of around 3 mm or 0.12 inch) were then cut from the small plaques, using a lab scale horizontal band saw. The slices were used to measure the tensile and tear properties. Generally, the remaining inner foam layer of dimensions “6 inch x 6 inch x 3 mm” was used to measure density, hardness and the rebound of the foam.
[0282] Durometer Hardness
[0283] The hardness was an average of five readings measured across the surface of the sample. The Asker C test method was used in this study. Results are shown in Table 5.
[0284] Foam Density
[0285] Each cut foam sample was weighed to the nearest 0.1 g, and its volume determined by measuring its length, width, and thickness to the nearest 0.1 mm. Results are shown in Table 5. One measurement was made per foam composition. The density was calculated based on below equation:
[0286] Oven Shrinkage
[0287] Each bun foam was cut using the vertical band saw to form a foam sample, and its width WI and length LI were measured. The foam sample was placed in a pre-heated oven equilibrated at 70℃ and removed after 40 minutes. Next, the width WF and length LF of the sample were re-measured, after 30 minutes of cooling at room temperature (22℃-24℃) . The formula used to calculate the shrinkage (%) of the foam sample was as follow: Δ = (1- (WF+LF) / (WI+ LI) ) *100. The change in the sample thickness was negligible (< 5%) . Results are shown in Table 5. One measurement was made per foam composition.
[0288] Falling Ball Rebound
[0289] A steel ball of 5 / 8” diameter was dropped from a height of 500 mm onto a cut foam sample to determine the %-Rebound or Resilience. The %-Rebound is calculated as rebound height (mm) *100 / 500. The “rebound height was measured using a ruler. Results are shown in Table 5. One measurement was made per foam composition.
[0290] Mechanical Properties
[0291] Cut foam samples, each with thickness of approximately 3 mm, were submitted for ASTM D638 mechanical property characterization (Tensile) , at a strain rate of 500 mm / minute. Tensile properties are listed in Table 5. For each foam composition, tensile properties from three cut samples were measured, and an average reported for each property.
[0292] Compression Set
[0293] Compression Set (C-Set) was measured per ASTM D395 method B under conditions of 50%compression at 50℃ for 6 hours. Two buttons were tested per foam composition and the average reported. The dimensions of each test button was 26 mm in diameter and “10 mm ± 0.5 mm” in thickness. Each test button was die cut from a “6 inch x 6 inch x 0.47 inch” plaque. Results are shown in Table 5.
[0294] Type C Tear
[0295] Type C Tear was measured in accordance with ASTM D624 Type C, using Type C test samples. Results are shown in Table 5. Three test samples were tested per foam composition and the average reported.
[0296] Split Tear
[0297] The split tear strength was measured by using a specimen with the dimension of “6 inch (length) x 1 inch (width) x 0.4 inch (thickness) , ” and the notch depth from 1.0 inch to 1.5 inch. The testing speed was 2 inches / minute. Results are shown in Table 5.
[0298] Moving Die Rheometer (MDR) Analysis
[0299] MDR cure properties of each composition (rolled milled blanket) was measured in accordance with ASTM D-5289, using an Alpha Technologies MDR 2000. About a “4.5 g” sample was placed into the MDR sample holder. The MDR test was carried out at 180℃ over a period of 15 minutes, at an oscillation frequency of 100 CPM (1.67 Hz) and an oscillation angle of 0.5 degree (7%strain) . The minimum torque (ML) and the maximum torque (MH) exerted by the MDR during the testing interval were reported in dNm. The difference between MH and ML is indicative of the extent of crosslinking, with the greater the difference reflecting a greater degree of crosslinking. One sample tested per composition. Results are shown in Table 5.
[0300] Foam Results
[0301] The above foam fabrication and characterization methods were followed for all the foam compositions. Each foam composition (see Table 4) used a foaming package (AC9000) and an additive package (ZnO, ZnSt, HOSt, and Talc 1250) . Table 5 summarizes each composition and its performance results. Here again, “CE” refers to “Comparable Example” and “IE” refers to “Inventive Example. ” The experiments are divided into five groups marked by “-A” , “-B” , “-C” , “-D” , and “-E, ” respectively, after the notations “CE” or “IE” . Foam compositions CE-A and CE-B contained OBC A (approx. 0.867 density and 1 melt index) , and foam compositions CE-C and CE-D contained OBC B (approx. 0.886 density and 5 melt index) . Foam composition CE-E is the blend between OBC A and EVA (see Table 1) . Corresponding, the “IE” notations are for foam compositions, each containing a SiH-OBC with a comparable density and melt index to that of either OBC A or OBC B. To make a better comparison of the foam performance, all the formulations of the foam compositions in same comparing group (-A, -B, -C, -D, or -E) were adjusted to result in comparable expansion ratios (see the Cold ER values) .
[0302] As seen in Table 5, foam compositions IE-A1, IE-A2, IE-B1, IE-C1, IE-C2, IE-D1 and IE-E1 each reach comparable crosslinking density (indicated by MH-ML) to their corresponding comparative foam composition, at considerably much less peroxide (approx. 30%to 70%of peroxide (DCP) ) loading required for the comparative composition. However, the lower peroxide amount did not adversely affect the resulting foam properties, since very little differences were observed in the foam properties between the “IE” group (s) ” and the corresponding “CE” group. ” These results indicate the compositions containing the SiH-OBC interpolymers have significantly improved curing properties, without sacrificing foam performance.
[0303] Table 5: Foam Properties
[0304] Acetophenone Concentration -Testing and Results
[0305] Another benefit to DCP reduction is low foam odor. The odor from a foam formed from a “DCP containing formulation” is due mainly from the decomposition product acetophenone. With the reduction of the DCP loading, it was also observed that the acetophenone residuals were significantly reduced in foams formed from the “SiH OBC containing” compositions, as characterized by GC, as discussed below.
[0306] Immediately after foaming and crosslinking each composition (crosslinked foam) , approximately 2.8 g of the foam, was removed from the bun foam and placed in an aluminum bag that was immediately sealed. Each foam was stored in the bag for about a week (7 days) at room temperature. The acetophenone concentration in each bag was characterized with head space GC, using the following conditions in Tables B and C. Results are shown in Table 6. As seen in Table 6, foams formed from compositions IE-A1, IE-A2, IE-B1, IE-C1, IE-C2, IE-D1 and IE-E1, each had a significantly lower amount of acetophenone, as compared to foams formed from the respective comparative compositions CE-A, CE-B, CE-C, CE-D or CE-E.
[0307] Table B
[0308] Table C
[0309] Table 6: Acetophenone Results *Each ppm value based on the weight of the gas sample analyzed.
Claims
1.A composition comprising the following components a through c:a) at least one olefin / silane multi-block interpolymer,b) at least one peroxide, andc) at least one blowing agent.2.The composition of claim 1, wherein the olefin / silane multi-block interpolymer is an ethylene / silane multi-block interpolymer.3.The composition of claim 2, wherein the ethylene / silane multi-block interpolymer is an ethylene / alpha-olefin / silane multi-block interpolymer.4.The composition of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the at least one interpolymer of component a has a density from 0.855 g / cc to 0.940 g / cc.5.The composition of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the at least one interpolymer of component a has a molecular weight distribution (MWD = Mw / Mn) from 1.6 to 4.0.6.The composition of any one of claims 3-5, wherein the at least one ethylene / alpha-olefin / silane multi-block interpolymer of component a is an ethylene / alpha-olefin / silane multi-block terpolymer.7.The composition of any one of claims 1-6, wherein, for the at least one multi-block interpolymer of component a, ≥ 50 mole%of the SiH groups, based on the total moles of SiH groups in the multi-block interpolymer, are located in the soft segments of the interpolymer.8.The composition of any one of claims 1-7, wherein, the at least one interpolymer of component a has a soft segment melting temperature (SS-Tm) from 0.5℃ to 16℃.9.The composition of any one of claims 1-8, wherein component b is selected from Formula P:where R1 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; R4 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; R2, R3, R5 and R6 are each, independently, an alkyl or H.10.The composition of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the silane of the olefin / silane multi-block interpolymer is derived from a silane monomer selected from Formula 1: A- (SiBC-O) x-Si-EFH (Formula 1) ,where A is an alkenyl group;B is a hydrocarbyl group or hydrogen, C is a hydrocarbyl group or hydrogen, and where B and C may be the same or different;H is hydrogen, and x ≥ 0;E is a hydrocarbyl group or hydrogen, F is a hydrocarbyl group or hydrogen, and where E and F may be the same or different.11.The composition of claim 10, wherein Formula 1 is selected from compounds sl) through s16) , as described below: 12.The composition of any one of claims 1-11, wherein component c is selected from inorganic blowing agents, organic blowing agents, or combinations thereof.13.The composition of any one of claims 1-12, wherein the weight ratio of component a to component b is from 50 to 1000.14.The composition of any one of claims 1-13, wherein the weight ratio of component c to component b is from 2.0 to 20.15.The composition of any one of claims 1-14, wherein the composition comprises from 30.0 wt% to 96.0 wt%of the sum of components a and b, based on the weight of the composition.16.The composition of any one of claims 1-15, wherein the composition comprises from 30.0 wt%to 98.0 wt%of the sum of components a, b and c, based on the weight of the composition.17.The composition of any one of claims 1-16, wherein the composition further comprises at least one additive.18.A crosslinked foam formed from the composition of any one of claims 1-17.19.An article comprising at least one component formed from the composition of any one of claims 1-17.20.A method of forming a crosslinked foam, said method comprising mixing the composition of any one of claims 1-17.
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