A method for improving aquifer remediation using co 2-responsive chemicals
By forming a high viscosity gel in aquifer fractures using a low viscosity chemical solution and carbon dioxide, the method addresses the inefficiencies of existing technologies, enabling effective treatment of DNAPLs in both high and low permeable zones for improved aquifer remediation.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/071088
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-01-08
- Publication Date
- 2025-07-17
AI Technical Summary
Existing remediation technologies fail to effectively treat the upper and low permeable zones of aquifers contaminated with Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs) due to poor volumetric sweep efficiency and heterogeneity, leaving these areas untreated.
Injecting a low viscosity chemical solution containing an anionic surfactant and amine additive into aquifer fractures, followed by carbon dioxide to form a high viscosity gel, which blocks high permeable zones and diverts flow to lower permeable zones, enhancing the treatment efficiency of secondary surfactants.
The gel formation improves volumetric sweep efficiency, allowing secondary surfactants to target and treat both upper and lower permeable zones, resulting in a more comprehensive aquifer remediation process.
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Figure CN2024071088_17072025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
A METHOD FOR IMPROVING AQUIFER REMEDIATION USING CO2-RESPONSIVE CHEMICALSBACKGROUND
[0001] The accumulation of Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs) in an aquifer is a persistent source of contamination that cannot be remediated by the traditional method of pumping chemicals into a water-bearing formation. The injected chemicals, usually surfactants, have been used widely as a remediation technology to remove groundwater contaminants, such as petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorocarbons. Surfactant solutions are useful for treating the lower portion of the water-bearing formation due to “underride” as well as potions of the formation with greater areas of permeability; however, this leaves two areas under or not treated: the upper portion of the water-bearing formation and the reduced permeability zones. Gravity underride and the presence of heterogeneity in the porous media may result in a poor volumetric sweep efficiency and, therefore, incompletely treating the aquifer.
[0002] There exists a need for a method to target the accumulation of DNAPL as a source of contamination in an aquifer. Existing technologies inject chemicals, generally surfactants, to remove groundwater contaminants such as petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorocarbon as a remediation technology. Surfactants are able to treat the bottom layers of the aquifer and the high permeable zones, but are unable to target the upper and low permeable zones of the aquifer. The heterogeneity of layers of the aquifer results in poor volumetric sweep efficiency and incomplete treatment.SUMMARY
[0003] This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts that are further described below in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in limiting the scope of the claimed subject matter.
[0004] In one aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method for aquifer remediation. The method includes injecting a low viscosity chemical solution into a targeted zone, wherein the low viscosity chemical solution comprises an anionic surfactant and an amine additive; injecting a carbon dioxide solution into the targeted zone, contacting the low viscosity chemical solution and the carbon dioxide solution in the targeted zone, and generating a high viscosity gel to improve volumetric sweep efficiency.
[0005] In another aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to an aquifer remediation composition. The composition includes a low viscosity chemical solution comprising an anionic surfactant and an amine additive, and a carbon dioxide solution. The low viscosity chemical solution and the carbon dioxide solution are brought into contact in a targeted zone and generate a high viscosity gel to improve volumetric sweep efficiency
[0006] Other aspects and advantages of the claimed subject matter will be apparent from the following description and the appended claims.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0007] FIG. 1 is a schematic of a contaminated aquifer prior to treatment in accordance with one or more embodiments.
[0008] FIG. 2 is a schematic of a contaminated aquifer following injection of the low viscosity chemical solution into a fracture in accordance with one or more embodiments.
[0009] FIG. 3 is a schematic of a contaminated aquifer following injection of the carbon dioxide into the fracture containing the low viscosity chemical solution, to combine and form the high viscosity gel in accordance with one or more embodiments.
[0010] FIG. 4 is a schematic of a contaminated aquifer that contains a high viscosity gel injected into a fracture and has been treated with a second surfactant solution in accordance with one or more embodiments.
[0011] FIG. 5 shows a picture of a surfactant-amine solution in a double wall concentric test cylinder before CO2 bubbling.
[0012] FIG. 6 shows a picture of a surfactant-amine solution in a double wall concentric test cylinder after CO2 bubbling.
[0013] FIG. 7 is a graph of viscosity versus shear rate, in accordance with one or more embodiments.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0014] Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids are liquids that are both denser than water and immiscible in water. These contaminants are able to seep through soil and form denser layers of contamination in aquifers because of their high density and low water solubility. Examples of DNAPLs include tetrachloroethane and trichloroethane which were heavily used in the mid-1900s prior to the discovery of their negative health and environmental effects. Often, these chemicals reach the environment through accidental spills related to industrial activities and at hazardous waste facilities.
[0015] Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid accumulates in aquifers but cannot be treated with traditional methods of pumping chemicals for treatment. Surfactants are commonly utilized to treat contaminants but are unable to treat the upper and lower permeable zones. This inability of treatment leads to a poor volumetric sweep efficiency and incomplete aquifer remediation. Accordingly, there exists a need to treat DNAPL.
[0016] In one aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method for generating a high viscosity gel in an aquifer to block the highly permeable zone and allow targeted treatment of DNAPL contaminants by a surfactant, improving aquifer remediation efforts.
[0017] Embodiments disclosed herein relate to the injection of a low viscosity chemical solution to the targeted zones (those with high permeability streaks and fractures) . This is followed by the injection of carbon dioxide (CO2) . This injected CO2 will react with the injected low viscosity chemical solution to generate high viscosity gel. This formed gel blocks the high permeable zones in contaminated aquifers, diverts the flow to the lower permeable zones, and hence improves the volumetric sweep efficiency. As a result, the surfactant added to treat the contaminants is able to reach the contaminated zone and a better remediation process is achieved.
[0018] Initially, a formation must be identified that requires remediation. The formation in which this process will be utilized in will be an aquifer with a fracture present and layers of DNAPL contamination needing treatment. Referring now to FIG. 1, a contaminated aquifer with a fracture 10 is illustrated. In the aquifer, the contaminants form an upper layer 13A and lower layer 13B. Typically, these contaminants are DNAPLs such as coal tar, creosote, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) , extra heavy crude oil, and other non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) with density values higher than the density of liquid water. In order to target these contaminants, a gel will be formed in situ in the fracture using a low viscosity chemical solution. To inject the low viscosity chemical solution and carbon dioxide to form the gel, an injection well 5 is used. A return 11 provides an exit path for excess of the low viscosity chemical solution and is used to indicate when the fracture is entirely filled. When fluid flows through the return, the fracture is filled and the process can proceed to carbon dioxide injection. To initiate the process to achieve a gel formation, the low viscosity chemical solution is injected into the targeted zone, i.e., the fracture through an injection well. Referring now to FIG. 2, the contaminated aquifer from FIG. 1 is illustrated with this low viscosity chemical solution injected into the fracture 16. There are two closures that allow for directing fluids in the system upon injection into the system. The upper closure 17 is open during fracture injection and closed once fracture injection is complete. The lower closure 18 is closed during fracture injection and opens when the contamination layer below the fracture is treated with a secondary surfactant at a later stage in the process.
[0019] The low viscosity chemical solution used in embodiments herein contains from 0.05 mol / L to 5.0 mol / L of anionic surfactant in water and from 0.05 mol / L to 5.0 mol / L of amine additive in water. In one or more embodiments, the lower limit on the molar concentration of the anionic surfactant may be 0.05 mol / L, 0.10 mol / L, 0.15 mol / L, 0.25 mol / L, 0.50 mol / L, 0.75 mol / L, or 1.00 mol / L while the upper limit on the molar concentration of the anionic surfactant may be 3.00 mol / L, 3.50 mol / L, 4.00 mol / L, 4.25 mol / L, 4.50 mol / L, 4.75 mol / L, or 5.00 mol / L with any lower limit pair with any mathematically appropriate upper limit. Additionally, in one or more embodiments, the lower limit on the molar concentration of the amine additive in water may be 0.05 mol / L, 0.10 mol / L, 0.15 mol / L, 0.25 mol / L, 0.50 mol / L, 0.75 mol / L, or 1.00 mol / L while the upper limit on the molar concentration of the amine additive in water may be 3.00 mol / L, 3.50 mol / L, 4.00 mol / L, 4.25 mol / L, 4.50 mol / L, 4.75 mol / L, or 5.00 mol / L with any lower limit pair with any mathematically appropriate upper limit. The final viscosity of the chemical solution may depend on several parameters including, but not limited to, the concentration of each part of the chemical solution and the temperature of the aquifer.
[0020] The anionic surfactants used in embodiments herein are selected from a group of sodium sulfate surfactants containing more than 12 hydrophobic carbons. Examples of effective anionic surfactants in this application include sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) , sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) , sodium hexadecyl sulfate (SHS) , sodium octadecyl sulfate (SOS) , or combinations thereof.
[0021] Examples of amine additives include diethylenetriamine (DETA) , bis (hexamethylene) triamine (BHMTA) , 2- (dimethylamino) ethanol (DMAE) (for SOS only) .
[0022] Once the low viscosity chemical solution is injected to fully saturate the fracture of interest, to then begin formation of the gel, carbon dioxide is injected into the fracture through the injection well. It is apparent that the fracture is fully saturated when the low viscosity chemical solution flows out of the return line. Once the carbon dioxide contacts the low viscosity chemical solution, a chemical reaction occurs that forms a gel within the fracture. Referring now to FIG. 3, the contaminated aquifer from FIG. 1 and 2 is illustrated with the gel 19 filling the fracture following the injection of the carbon dioxide solution. The carbon dioxide solution can be injected concurrently or separately with the low viscosity chemical solution.
[0023] This formed gel blocks the high permeable zones in the aquifer, diverting the flow of any treatment chemical to the lower permeable zone 13B, or upper permeable zone 13A, improving the volumetric sweep efficiency. Volumetric sweep efficiency is defined as the fraction of floodable pore volume swept or contacted by the injected water. A higher volumetric sweep efficiency implies that the treatment of the contaminants will be more effective, as is discussed below.
[0024] Once the gel has fully gelated following the completion of the chemical reaction from the injection of the low viscosity chemical solution and the carbon dioxide, a secondary surfactant is injected to a different targeted zone than the fracture. This is the location of the contaminant, typically a DNAPL layer. Because of the gel formation, this secondary surfactant is able to effectively reach the contaminant, treat the contaminant, and achieve a more effective remediation process. Referring now to FIG. 4, the contaminated aquifer from FIG. 1 -3 is illustrated with the secondary surfactant 22 treating a layer of the contamination. Because of the placement of the high viscosity gel into the fracture, the secondary surfactant is able to target the upper and lower permeable layers of the aquifer using the upper and lower closures to target different areas. To target the upper contaminant layer, the lower closure 18 is closed and the upper layer 17 is opened. To target the lower contaminant layer, both the upper and lower closures are opened. The secondary surfactant is then able to treat the DNAPL by significantly increasing the aqueous solubility of the DNAPL and by reducing the interfacial tension between the DNAPL and water phases, allowing the DNAPL layer to break up. This secondary surfactant solution used in embodiments herein may be an anionic surfactant, such as SDS, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) , alkyl aryl disulfonate (ADS) , and alcohol propoxy sulfate (APS) .
[0025] Embodiments of the present disclosure may provide at least one of the following advantages. Using a CO2-responsive gel formation provides a stronger method of control of the formation and gelation time compared to conventional methods using temperature or salinity. This process also provides a mechanism for CO2 utilization to prevent overall emissions to the environment.
[0026] Example
[0027] Laboratory testing was conducted to identify the rheological properties of the yielded CO2-based gels. Testing was conducted at 25℃ using a controlled-stressed rheometer with parallel plates. Initially, only the low viscosity chemical solution is present in the double wall concentric test cylinder. Referring to FIG. 5, the low viscosity chemical solution is in the double wall concentric test cylinder and appears to be liquid with bubbles on the surface.
[0028] CO2 is added to the double wall concentric test cylinder at 25℃ to form a gel. Referring to FIG. 6, the formed gel is shown in the double wall concentric test cylinder. The test cylinder is inverted to demonstrate the gel formation.
[0029] The laboratory testing data was used to plot viscosity against shear rate for four different low viscosity chemical solutions with varying ratios of surfactant to amine additives. Referring to FIG. 7, it is apparent that the viscosity data varies between each solution at lower shear rates and begins to converge for all solutions at higher shear rates. The surfactants for each example are as follows: example 1 uses SDS, example 2 uses STS, example 3 uses SHS, and example 4 uses SOS. For each example, DETA was used as the amine.
[0030] Although only a few example embodiments have been described in detail above, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the example embodiments without materially departing from this invention. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of this disclosure as defined in the following claims.
Claims
1.A method for aquifer remediation, the method comprising:injecting a low viscosity chemical solution into a targeted zone, wherein the low viscosity chemical solution comprises an anionic surfactant and an amine additive;injecting a carbon dioxide solution into the targeted zone;contacting the low viscosity chemical solution and the carbon dioxide solution in the targeted zone; andgenerating a high viscosity gel to improve volumetric sweep efficiency.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the anionic surfactant contains more than 12 carbon and an amine.3.The method of claim 2, wherein the anionic surfactant is a sodium sulfate.4.The method of claim 3, wherein the anionic surfactant is selected from a group consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) , sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) , sodium hexadecyl sulfate (SHS) , sodium octadecyl sulfate (SOS) , and combinations thereof.5.The method of claim 1, wherein the amine additive is selected from a group consisting of diethylenetriamine (DETA) , bis (hexamethylene) triamine (BHMTA) , 2- (dimethylamino) ethanol (DMAE) , and combinations thereof.6.The method of claim 3, further comprising mixing the anionic surfactant with water at a molar concentration of 0.05 mol / L or greater.7.The method of claim 5, further comprising mixing the amine additive with water at a molar concentration of 0.05 mol / L or greater.8.The method of claim 1, further comprising introducing the low viscosity chemical solution and the carbon dioxide solution into the targeted zone simultaneously and separately.9.The method of claim 1, further comprising injecting an aquifer remediation fluid into the targeted zone after generating the high viscosity gel, and treating the aquifer for a groundwater contaminant.10.The method of claim 9, wherein the aquifer remediation fluid is a second surfactant.11.The method of claim 10, wherein the second surfactant is selected from a group of anionic surfactants consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfates (SDS) , sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) , alkyl aryl disulfonate (ADS) , and alcohol propoxy sulfate (APS) .12.An aquifer remediation composition comprising:a low viscosity chemical solution comprising an anionic surfactant and an amine additive; anda carbon dioxide solution;wherein the low viscosity chemical solution and the carbon dioxide solution are brought into contact in a targeted zone and generate a high viscosity gel to improve volumetric sweep efficiency.13.The aquifer remediation composition of claim 12, wherein the anionic surfactant contains more than 12 carbon and an amine.14.The aquifer remediation composition of claim 13, wherein the anionic surfactant is a sodium sulfate.15.The aquifer remediation composition of claim 14, wherein the anionic surfactant is selected from a group consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) , sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) , sodium hexadecyl sulfate (SHS) , sodium octadecyl sulfate (SOS) , and combinations thereof.16.The aquifer remediation composition of claim 12, wherein the amine additive is selected from a group consisting of diethylenetriamine (DETA) , bis (hexamethylene) triamine (BHMTA) , 2- (dimethylamino) ethanol (DMAE) , and combinations thereof.17.The aquifer remediation composition of claim 14, wherein the anionic surfactant has a molar concentration of 0.05 mol / L or greater.18.The aquifer remediation composition of claim 16 wherein the amine additive has a molar concentration of 0.05 mol / L or greater.
Citation Information
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