Combination therapy of GREM1 antagonist and activin receptor antagonist for treating pah
A combination of GREM1 and activin receptor antagonists provides a more effective treatment for PAH, reducing right ventricular hypertrophy and pressure while minimizing side effects.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/071165
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-01-08
- Filing Date
- 2025-01-08
- Publication Date
- 2025-07-17
AI Technical Summary
Current treatments for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are inadequate, with many patients progressing to right ventricular failure and existing therapies having significant side effects.
A combination therapy using a GREM1 antagonist and an activin receptor antagonist, optionally with additional therapeutic agents, to treat PAH, particularly in cases of inadequate response to activin receptor antagonists.
The combination therapy effectively reduces right ventricular hypertrophy and pressure in pulmonary arteries, offering improved therapeutic efficacy with reduced side effects compared to individual treatments.
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Figure PCTCN2025071165-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
COMBINATION THERAPY OF GREM1 ANTAGONIST AND ACTIVIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST FOR TREATING PAHTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to a novel combination therapy comprising a GREM1 antagonist and an activin receptor antagonist for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) .BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a chronic and progressive disease, characterized in high blood pressure in the blood vessels that supply the lungs (pulmonary arteries) . PAH is a serious condition that could damage the right side of the heart. The walls of the pulmonary arteries become thick and stiff and cannot expand as well to allow blood through. The reduced blood flow makes it harder for the right side of the heart to pump blood through the arteries, which will lead to heart failure and ultimately death if untreated. See, e.g., Montani, D., Günther, S., Dorfmüller, P. et al. Pulmonary arterial hypertension. Orphanet J Rare Dis 8, 97 (2013) .
[0003] Several therapeutic agents have been developed for the treatment (e.g., medical management) of PAH, including without limitation, prostanoids (e.g., trepoprostenil, epoprostenol, iloprost) , endothelin receptor antagonists (e.g., bosentan, ambrisentan) and phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (e.g., sildenafil, tadalafil) .
[0004] Sildenafil has been available in Europe for PAH patients in functional class II-III since 2005 and this drug was licensed in Canada and the USA for PAH patients in functional class II-IV. The functional class I, functional class II, functional class III and functional class IV are four categories proposed by the New York Heart Association (NYHA) to classify patients in functional classes based on how much they are limited during physical activity in regard to normal breathing. See, e.g., Montani, D., Günther, S., Dorfmüller, P. et al. Pulmonary arterial hypertension. Orphanet J Rare Dis 8, 97 (2013) .
[0005] Despite therapeutic advances, PAH remains incurable, with many patients progressing to right ventricular failure. Therefore, need exists for novel therapies for treating PAH with improved therapeutic efficacies and reduced side effects.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] The present disclosure provides, among others, a method for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in a subject in need thereof. In certain embodiments, the method comprises administering to the subject a GREM1 antagonist in combination with an activin receptor antagonist, thereby the PAH is treated in the subject.
[0007] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of treating PAH in a subject with inadequate or unsatisfactory response to an activin receptor antagonist, comprising administering to the subject a GREM1 antagonist, optionally in combination with an activin receptor antagonist, and further optionally in combination with at least one additional therapeutic agent.
[0008] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides an anti-GREM1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region, wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGASVKVSCKASGYX1FTSSGIGWVX2QAX3GQGLEWX4GEIYPRSGNTYNNEKFKGRX5TX6TX7DX8STSTX9YMELRSLRSDDTAVYX10CX11REAYSHHYYAMDYWGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 13) , and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of DX12VMTQTPLSLX13VTPGQPASISCRSSQSLLHSNGNTYLEWYLQKPGQSPQLLIYKVSNRFSGVPDRX14SGSGSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDVGVYYCFQGSHVPFTFGQGTKLEIK (SEQ ID NO: 17) , wherein X1 is S or T; X2 is K or R; X3 is S or P; X4 is I or M; X5 is A or V; X6 is L or M; X7 is A or T; X8 is K or T; X9 is V or A; X10 is F or Y; X11 is V or A; X12 is V or I; X13 is P or S; X14 is L or F.
[0009] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the anti-GREM1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein.
[0010] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit comprising (a) a first composition comprising the anti-GREM1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein, and (b) a second composition comprising the activin receptor antagonist.
[0011] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating PAH in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the anti-GREM1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein or the pharmaceutical composition provided herein, or the kit provided herein.
[0012] It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only, and are not restrictive of the invention. Further, the accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description, serve to explain principles of the invention.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0013] FIG. 1 shows the binding affinity to human GREM1 of the humanized 36F5 antibodies provided herein.
[0014] FIG. 2 shows the binding affinity to human GREM1 of the humanized 36F5 antibodies provided herein.
[0015] FIG. 3 shows the binding affinity to human GREM1 of the humanized 36F5 antibodies provided herein as compared to the chimeric 36F5.
[0016] FIG. 4 shows the activity of the humanized 36F5 antibodies provided herein for blocking the binding of human GREM1 to BMP2.
[0017] FIG. 5 shows the activity of the humanized 36F5 antibodies provided herein for blocking the binding of human GREM1 to BMP4.
[0018] FIG. 6 shows the activity of the humanized 36F5 antibodies provided herein for blocking the binding of human GREM1 to BMP7.
[0019] FIG. 7 shows that compared with vehicle group, RVSP (Right Ventricular Systolic Pressure) of groups of sildenafil treatment, 36F5-HdLa treatment, ActRIIA-mFc treatment, 36F5-HdLa+ ActRIIA-mFc treatment were decreased, and the combo group of 36F5-HdLag+ ActRIIA-mFc was more potent than the individual treatment of either 36F5-HdLa or ActRIIA-mFc alone.
[0020] FIG. 8 shows that compared with vehicle group, RVHI (Right Ventricular Hypertrophy Index) of groups of sildenafil treatment, 36F5-HdLa treatment, ActRIIA-mFc treatment, 36F5-HdLa+ ActRIIA-mFc treatment were decreased, and the combo group of 36F5-HdLa + ActRIIA-mFc was more potent than the individual treatment of either 36F5-HdLa, ActRIIA-mFc or sildenafil alone.
[0021] FIG. 9 shows that compared with vehicle group, PAWT% (Percentage of Pulmonary Artery Wall Thickness) of groups of sildenafil treatment, 36F5-HdLa treatment, ActRIIA-mFc treatment, 36F5-HdLa+ ActRIIA-mFc treatment were decreased, and the combo group of 36F5-HdLa + ActRIIA-mFc was more potent than the individual treatment of either 36F5-HdLa, ActRIIA-mFc or sildenafil alone.
[0022] The same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0023] The following description of the disclosure is merely intended to illustrate various embodiments of the disclosure. As such, the specific modifications discussed are not to be construed as limitations on the scope of the disclosure. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various equivalents, changes, and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure, and it is understood that such equivalent embodiments are to be included herein. All references cited herein, including publications, patents and patent applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[0024] In this application, the use of the singular includes the plural unless specifically stated otherwise. In this application, the use of “or” means “and / or” unless stated otherwise. Furthermore, the use of the term “including” as well as other forms such as “includes” and “included” is not limiting. In addition, terms such as “element” or “component” encompass both elements and components including one unit, and elements and components that include more than one subunit, unless specifically stated otherwise. Additionally, the section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only, and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described.
[0025] Definitions
[0026] As used herein, the term “a, ” “an, ” “the” and similar terms used in the context of the present invention (especially in the context of the claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and plural unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by the context.
[0027] As used herein, terms such as “comprises” , “comprised” , “comprising” , “contains” , “containing” and the like are intended to be inclusive or open-ended, and do not exclude additional, un-recited elements or method steps.
[0028] Reference to “about” a value or parameter herein includes (and describes) embodiments that are directed to that value or parameter per se. For example, description referring to “about X” includes description of “X. ” Numeric ranges are inclusive of the numbers defining the range. Generally speaking, the term “about” refers to the indicated value of the variable and to all values of the variable that are within the experimental error of the indicated value (e.g., within the 95%confidence interval for the mean) or within 10 percent of the indicated value, whichever is greater. Where the term “about” is used within the context of a time period (years, months, weeks, days etc. ) , the term “about” means that period of time plus or minus one amount of the next subordinate time period (e.g. about 1 year means 11-13 months; about 6 months means 6 months plus or minus 1 week; about 1 week means 6-8 days; etc. ) , or within 10 percent of the indicated value, whichever is greater.
[0029] As used herein, the term “antagonist” with respect to a protein (e.g., GREM1, an activin receptor such as ActRIIA) refers to any molecule that partially or completely prevents, blocks, inhibits, neutralizes or reduces a biological activity or effect of the protein (e.g., GREM1, an activin receptor such as ActRIIA) , either directly acting on the protein, or indirectly via acting on another molecule (e.g. binding partner of the protein such as a ligand of the protein) that interacts with the protein. Suitable antagonists may include, without limitation, antibodies, antisense oligonucleotides, peptides, and small molecules.
[0030] The term “antibody” as used herein includes any immunoglobulin, monoclonal antibody, polyclonal antibody, multivalent antibody, bivalent antibody, monovalent antibody, multispecific antibody or bispecific antibody that binds to a specific antigen, or any polypeptides that mimics an antibody in terms of being capable of binding to a specific antigen. A native intact antibody comprises two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains. Mammalian heavy chains are classified as alpha, delta, epsilon, gamma, and mu, each heavy chain consists of a variable region (VH) and a first, second, and third constant region (CH1, CH2, CH3, respectively) ; mammalian light chains are classified as λ or κ, while each light chain consists of a variable region (VL) and a constant region. The antibody has a “Y” shape, with the stem of the Y consisting of the second and third constant regions of two heavy chains bound together via disulfide bonding. Each arm of the Y includes the variable region and first constant region of a single heavy chain bound to the variable and constant regions of a single light chain. The variable regions of the light and heavy chains are responsible for antigen binding. The variable regions in both chains generally contain three highly variable loops called the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) (light chain CDRs including LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3, heavy chain CDRs including HCDR1, HCDR2, HCDR3) . CDR boundaries for the antibodies and antigen-binding domains disclosed herein may be defined or identified by the conventions of Kabat, IMGT, AbM, Chothia, or Al-Lazikani (Al-Lazikani, B., Chothia, C., Lesk, A.M., J. Mol. Biol., 273 (4) , 927 (1997) ; Chothia, C. et al., J Mol Biol. Dec 5; 186 (3) : 651-63 (1985) ; Chothia, C. and Lesk, A.M., J. Mol. Biol., 196, 901 (1987) ; N.R. Whitelegg et al, Protein Engineering, v13 (12) , 819-824 (2000) ; Chothia, C. et al., Nature. Dec 21-28; 342 (6252) : 877-83 (1989) ; Kabat E.A. et al., National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1991) ; Marie-Paule Lefranc et al, Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 27: 55-77 (2003) ; Marie-Paule Lefranc et al, Immunome Research, 1 (3) , (2005) ; Marie-Paule Lefranc, Molecular Biology of B cells (second edition) , chapter 26, 481-514, (2015) ) . The three CDRs are interposed between flanking stretches known as framework regions (FRs) , which are more highly conserved than the CDRs and form a scaffold to support the hypervariable loops. The constant regions of the heavy and light chains are not involved in antigen-binding, but exhibit various effector functions. Antibodies are assigned to classes based on the amino acid sequence of the constant region of their heavy chain. The five major classes or isotypes of antibodies are IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, which are characterized by the presence of alpha, delta, epsilon, gamma, and mu heavy chains, respectively. Several of the major antibody classes are divided into subclasses such as IgG1 (gamma1 heavy chain) , IgG2 (gamma2 heavy chain) , IgG3 (gamma3 heavy chain) , IgG4 (gamma4 heavy chain) , IgA1 (alpha1 heavy chain) , or IgA2 (alpha2 heavy chain) . In certain embodiments, the antibody provided herein encompasses any antigen-binding fragments thereof.
[0031] As used herein, the term “antigen-binding fragment” refers to a fragment (e.g., antibody fragment) formed from a fragment of an antibody comprising one or more CDRs, or any other portion (e.g., antibody portion) that binds to an antigen but does not comprise an intact native antibody structure. Examples of antigen-binding fragment / portion include, without limitation, a diabody, a Fab, a Fab', a F (ab') 2, a Fd, an Fv fragment, a disulfide stabilized Fv fragment (dsFv) , a (dsFv) 2, a bispecific dsFv (dsFv-dsFv') , a disulfide stabilized diabody (ds diabody) , a single-chain antibody molecule (scFv) , an scFv dimer (bivalent diabody) , a multispecific antibody, a camelized single domain antibody, a nanobody, a domain antibody, and a bivalent domain antibody. An antigen-binding fragment / portion is capable of binding to the same antigen to which the parent antibody binds. In certain embodiments, an antigen-binding fragment / portion may comprise one or more CDRs from a particular parent antibody.
[0032] “Fab” with regard to an antibody refers to a monovalent antigen-binding fragment of the antibody consisting of a single light chain (both variable and constant regions) bound to the variable region and first constant region of a single heavy chain by a disulfide bond. Fab can be obtained by papain digestion of an antibody at the residues proximal to the N-terminus of the disulfide bond between the heavy chains of the hinge region.
[0033] “Fab'” refers to a Fab fragment that includes a portion of the hinge region, which can be obtained by pepsin digestion of an antibody at the residues proximal to the C-terminus of the disulfide bond between the heavy chains of the hinge region and thus is different from Fab in a small number of residues (including one or more cysteines) in the hinge region.
[0034] “F (ab') 2” refers to a dimer of Fab’ that comprises two light chains and part of two heavy chains.
[0035] “Fv” with regard to an antibody refers to the smallest fragment of the antibody to bear the complete antigen binding site. A Fv fragment consists of the variable region of a single light chain bound to the variable region of a single heavy chain. A “dsFv” refers to a disulfide-stabilized Fv fragment that the linkage between the variable region of a single light chain and the variable region of a single heavy chain is a disulfide bond.
[0036] “Single-chain Fv antibody” or “scFv” refers to an engineered antibody consisting of a light chain variable region and a heavy chain variable region connected to one another directly or via a peptide linker sequence (Huston JS et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 85: 5879 (1988) ) . A “scFv dimer” refers to a single chain comprising two heavy chain variable regions and two light chain variable regions with a linker. In certain embodiments, an “scFv dimer” is a bivalent diabody or bivalent ScFv (BsFv) comprising VH-VL (linked by a peptide linker) dimerized with another VH-VL moiety such that VH's of one moiety coordinate with the VL's of the other moiety and form two binding sites which can target the same antigens (or epitopes) or different antigens (or epitopes) . In other embodiments, a “scFv dimer” is a bispecific diabody comprising VH1-VL2 (linked by a peptide linker) associated with VL1-VH2 (also linked by a peptide linker) such that VH1 and VL1 coordinate and VH2 and VL2 coordinate and each coordinated pair has a different antigen specificity.
[0037] “Single-chain Fv-Fc antibody” or “scFv-Fc” refers to an engineered antibody consisting of a scFv connected to the Fc region of an antibody.
[0038] “Camelized single domain antibody” “heavy chain antibody” or “nanobody” refers to an antibody that contains two VH domains and no light chains (Riechmann L. and Muyldermans S., J Immunol Methods. Dec 10; 231 (1-2) : 25-38 (1999) ; Muyldermans S., J Biotechnol. Jun; 74 (4) : 277-302 (2001) ; WO94 / 04678; WO94 / 25591; U.S. Patent No. 6,005,079) . Heavy chain antibodies were originally obtained from Camelidae (camels, dromedaries, and llamas) . Although devoid of light chains, camelized antibodies have an authentic antigen-binding repertoire (Hamers-Casterman C. et al., Nature. Jun 3; 363 (6428) : 446-8 (1993) ; Nguyen VK. et al. “Heavy-chain antibodies in Camelidae; a case of evolutionary innovation, ” Immunogenetics. Apr; 54 (1) : 39-47 (2002) ; Nguyen VK. et al. Immunology. May; 109 (1) : 93-101 (2003) ) . The variable domain of a heavy chain antibody (VHH domain) represents the smallest known antigen-binding unit generated by adaptive immune responses (Koch-Nolte F. et al., FASEB J. Nov; 21 (13) : 3490-8. Epub 2007 Jun 15 (2007) ) . “Diabodies” include small antibody fragments with two antigen-binding sites, wherein the fragments comprise a VH domain connected to a VL domain in a single polypeptide chain (VH-VL or VL-VH) (see, e.g., Holliger P. et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Jul 15; 90 (14) : 6444-8 (1993) ; EP404097; WO93 / 11161) . The two domains on the same chain cannot be paired, because the linker is too short, thus, the domains are forced to pair with the complementary domains of another chain, thereby creating two antigen-binding sites. The antigen-binding sites may target the same of different antigens (or epitopes) .
[0039] A “domain antibody” refers to an antibody fragment containing only the variable region of a heavy chain or the variable region of a light chain. In certain embodiments, two or more VH domains are covalently joined with a peptide linker to form a bivalent or multivalent domain antibody. The two VH domains of a bivalent domain antibody may target the same or different antigens.
[0040] In certain embodiments, a “ (dsFv) 2” comprises three peptide chains: two VH moieties linked by a peptide linker and bound by disulfide bridges to two VL moieties.
[0041] In certain embodiments, a “bispecific ds diabody” comprises VH1-VL2 (linked by a peptide linker) bound to VL1-VH2 (also linked by a peptide linker) via a disulfide bridge between VH1 and VL1.
[0042] In certain embodiments, a “bispecific dsFv” or “dsFv-dsFv'” comprises three peptide chains: a VH1-VH2 moiety wherein the heavy chains are bound by a peptide linker (e.g., a long flexible linker) and paired via disulfide bridges to VL1 and VL2 moieties, respectively. Each disulfide paired heavy and light chain has a different antigen specificity.
[0043] The term “humanized” as used herein means that the antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises CDRs derived from non-human animals, FR regions derived from human, and when applicable, constant regions derived from human. In certain embodiments, the amino acid residues of the variable region framework of the humanized gremlin antibody are substituted for sequence optimization. In certain embodiments, the variable region framework sequences of the humanized gremlin antibody chain are at least 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%or 100%identical to the corresponding human variable region framework sequences.
[0044] “Anti-GREM1 antibody” as used herein refers to an antibody that is capable of specific binding to GREM1 (e.g., human GREM1 or non-human GREM1) with a sufficient specificity and / or affinity, for example, to provide for therapeutic uses.
[0045] The term “affinity” as used herein refers to the strength of non-covalent interaction between an immunoglobulin molecule (i.e. antibody) or fragment thereof and an antigen.
[0046] The term “specific binding” or “specifically binds” as used herein refers to a non-random binding reaction between two molecules, such as for example between an antibody and an antigen. In certain embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein specifically bind to human and / or non-human gremlin1 with a binding affinity (KD) of ≤10-6 M (e.g., ≤5×10-7 M, ≤2×10-7 M, ≤10-7 M, ≤5×10-8 M, ≤2×10-8 M, ≤10-8 M, ≤5×10-9 M, ≤4×10-9M, ≤3×10-9M, ≤2×10-9 M, or ≤10-9 M. KD used herein refers to the ratio of the dissociation rate to the association rate (koff / kon) , which may be determined by using any conventional method known in the art, including but are not limited to surface plasmon resonance method, microscale thermophoresis method, HPLC-MS method and flow cytometry (such as FACS) method. In certain embodiments, the KD value can be appropriately determined by using flow cytometry method. A variety of immunoassay formats may be used to select antibodies specifically immunoreactive with a particular protein. For example, solid-phase ELISA immunoassays are routinely used to select antibodies specifically immunoreactive with a protein (see, e.g., Harlow &Lane, Using Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual (1998) , for a description of immunoassay formats and conditions that can be used to determine specific immunoreactivity) . Typically, a specific or selective binding reaction will produce a signal at least twice over the background signal and more typically at least 10 to 100 times over the background.
[0047] “Percent (%) sequence identity” with respect to amino acid sequence (or nucleic acid sequence) is defined as the percentage of amino acid (or nucleic acid) residues in a candidate sequence that are identical to the amino acid (or nucleic acid) residues in a reference sequence, after aligning the sequences and, if necessary, introducing gaps, to achieve the maximum correspondence. Alignment for purposes of determining percent amino acid (or nucleic acid) sequence identity can be achieved, for example, using publicly available tools such as BLASTN, BLASTp (available on the website of U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) , see also, Altschul S.F. et al, J. Mol. Biol., 215: 403-410 (1990) ; Stephen F. et al, Nucleic Acids Res., 25: 3389-3402 (1997) ) , ClustalW2 (available on the website of European Bioinformatics Institute, see also, Higgins D.G. et al, Methods in Enzymology, 266: 383-402 (1996) ; Larkin M.A. et al, Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) , 23 (21) : 2947-8 (2007) ) , and ALIGN or Megalign (DNASTAR) software. Those skilled in the art may use the default parameters provided by the tool, or may customize the parameters as appropriate for the alignment, such as for example, by selecting a suitable algorithm. In certain embodiments, the non-identical residue positions may differ by conservative amino acid substitutions. A “conservative amino acid substitution” is one in which an amino acid residue is substituted by another amino acid residue having a side chain (R group) with similar chemical properties (e.g., charge or hydrophobicity) . In general, a conservative amino acid substitution will not substantially change the functional properties of a protein. In cases where two or more amino acid sequences differ from each other by conservative substitutions, the percent or degree of similarity may be adjusted upwards to correct for the conservative nature of the substitution. Means for making this adjustment are well known to those of skill in the art. See, e.g., Pearson (1994) Methods Mol. Biol. 24: 307-331, which is herein incorporated by reference.
[0048] As used herein, a “homologue sequence” refers to a polynucleotide sequence (or its complementary strand) or an amino acid sequence that has sequence identity of at least 80% (e.g., at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%) to another sequence when optionally aligned.
[0049] As used herein, the term “treatment” , “treat” or “treating” , with regard to a disorder, refers to managing, eliminating, reducing or ameliorating a disorder and / or a symptom associated therewith. Although not excluded, treatment of a disorder does not require that the disorder, or symptoms associated therewith be completely eliminated. The term “treatment” as used herein may include “prophylactic treatment” that is applied before development of any symptom or manifestation of a disorder to reduce the possibility of occurrence or recurrence of a disorder, or reducing the possibility of relapse of a previously controlled disorder, in a subject who is not afflicted with a disorder but at risk, or who is susceptible to recurrence of the disorder, or who is at risk or susceptible to relapse of the disorder. Within the meaning of the invention, “treatment” also includes prevention of relapse or prevention stages, as well as treatment of acute or chronic signs, symptoms and / or dysfunction. Treatment can target symptoms, for example, to suppress symptoms. It can function in a short period of time, for a medium period of time, or can be a long-term treatment, such as in the case of maintenance therapy.
[0050] The term “therapeutically effective amount” or “effective amount” means the amount of a pharmaceutical agent that produces some desired local or systemic therapeutic effect at a reasonable benefit / risk ratio applicable to any treatment alone or together with further doses. In the case of the treatment of a particular disease, the desired local or systemic therapeutic effect preferably relates to inhibition of the course of the disease. This comprises slowing down the progress of the disease and, in particular, interrupting or reversing the progress of the disease. When administered for preventing a disease, the amount is sufficient to avoid or delay onset of the disease. A therapeutically effective amount or an effective amount need not be curative or prevent a disease or condition from ever occurring. An effective amount of the pharmaceutical agent described herein will depend on the condition to be treated, the severeness of the disease, the individual parameters of the patient, including age, physiological condition, size and weight, the duration of treatment, the type of an accompanying therapy (if present) , the specific route of administration and similar factors. Accordingly, the doses administered of the pharmaceutical agent described herein may depend on various of such parameters. In the case that a reaction in a patient is insufficient with an initial dose, higher doses (or effectively higher doses achieved by a different, more localized route of administration) may be used. In certain embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical agent will depend on its therapeutic index, solubility, and the like.
[0051] As used herein, administration of one agent “in combination with” another one or more further agents includes simultaneous (concurrent) and consecutive administration in any order and in any form. It is to be understood, for example, that Drug A is administered “in combination with” Drug B, or use of Drug A “in combination with” Drug B can encompass at least three scenarios, for example: 1) Drug A and Drug B are formulated in a single molecule or in a single dosage form prior to administration or at the time of administration; 2) Drug A and Drug B are formulated in two separate dosage forms and provided (e.g., manufactured or sold) together with instructions of administering Drug A in combination with Drug B; and 3) Drug A and Drug B are formulated in two separate dosage forms and provided (e.g., manufactured or sold) separately with instructions of either i) administering Drug A in combination with Drug B when Drug A is being provided (e.g., manufactured or sold) , or ii) administering Drug B in combination with Drug A when Drug B is being provided (e.g., manufactured or sold) . In other words, use of Drug A in combination with Drug B does not necessarily mean that Drug A and Drug B must be provided (e.g., manufactured or sold) together.
[0052] As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” indicates that the substance or composition is compatible chemically and / or toxicologically, with the other ingredients comprising a formulation, and / or the subjects being treated therewith.
[0053] Methods of Treatment
[0054] 1. Treating PAH using a GREM1 antagonist in combination with an antagonist for activin receptor
[0055] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a GREM1 antagonist (for example, at an effective amount) in combination with an activin receptor antagonist (for example, at an effective amount or a sub-effective amount) .
[0056] In certain embodiments, the activin receptor antagonist and the GREM1 antagonist exhibit at least additive effects in treating PAH. The term “additive” effect as used herein refers to the effects achieved by combination of one agent with another agent that is not less than what would be expected from the sum of their separate effects. In certain embodiments, additive effects are equal to the sum of the effects of each agent when used independently.
[0057] In certain embodiments, the method provided herein exhibits synergistic effects in treating PAH. The term “synergistic” effects as used herein refers to effects achieved by combination of one agent with another agent that is greater than mere sum of effects achieved by individual agents when administered alone. Synergistic effects are more than merely additive effects. For example, if Drug A produces an effect of 2 units and Drug B produces an effect of 2 units, an additive effect is an effect equal to 4 units; a synergistic effect is greater than 4 units with an unpredictable upper boundary.
[0058] In certain embodiments, the activin receptor antagonist and the GREM1 antagonist exhibit at least additive effects in reducing Right Ventricular Hypertrophy Index (RVHI) . RVHI, which can be calculated as the ratio of right ventricular weight divided by the sum of the left ventricular weight and the septum weight, reflects the severity of right ventricular hypertrophy. The severity of right ventricular hypertrophy reflects the progression of PAH. PAH is a right heart failure syndrome. In early-stage PAH, the right ventricle tends to adapt to afterload by increasing contractility with minimal or no increase in the dimensions of the right heart chamber. However, as the disease progresses, this adaptive response may become insufficient, leading to right ventricular dilation and ultimately right ventricular failure. Right sided heart failure is the main cause of death in PAH (Grzegorz et al., Sotatercept as a next-generation therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension: insights from the STELLAR trial. Cardiovascular Research (2023) 119, e155-e157) . Hence, regular monitoring of right ventricular structure and function (e.g., right ventricular hypertrophy) is essential for assessing the progression and prognosis of PAH. As such, RVHI is an important metric for evaluating the effectiveness of PAH treatments. A decrease in RVHI signifies improved treatment efficacy for PAH, suggesting a positive response to the therapeutic intervention.
[0059] In certain embodiments, the activin receptor antagonist is administered at an effective amount.
[0060] In certain embodiments, the activin receptor antagonist is administered at a sub-effective amount. The term “sub-effective amount” as used herein, means an amount or dose of an active pharmaceutical agent that is lower than the effective amount required to achieve the intended therapeutic effects when administered alone.
[0061] For example, the sub-effective amount has a reduction of about 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%relative to the effective amount. In certain embodiments, a sub-effective amount for the activin receptor antagonist is about 0.1 mg / kg, about 0.2 mg / kg, about 0.3 mg / kg, about 0.4 mg / kg, about 0.5 mg / kg or about 0.6 mg / kg.
[0062] A sub-effective amount of the active agent is expected to yield lower therapeutic efficacy compared to a regular or effective amount when administered alone, due to the reduction in the amount.
[0063] On the other hand, the lowered amount may also lead to fewer adverse effects or less toxicity. In certain embodiments, administering the activin receptor antagonist at a sub-effective amount reduces its side effects compared to those observed at an effective amount. In certain embodiments, the side effects include, but not limited to, epistaxis, dizziness, telangiectasia, increased hemoglobin levels, thrombocytopenia, and increased blood pressure.
[0064] Without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that combining the GREM1 antagonist provided herein with an activin receptor antagonist, where the activin receptor antagonist is administered at a sub-effective amount, may enhance the therapeutic efficacy of the activin receptor antagonist to levels comparable to those achieved with an effective amount, while simultaneously reducing adverse effects or toxicity typically associated with an effective amount.
[0065] In certain embodiments, the therapeutic efficacy of the activin receptor antagonist is substantially maintained at a level comparable to otherwise observed when administered at an effective amount. As used herein, the term “comparable to” with respective to the level of the therapeutic efficacy refers to a level that is no less than 70%, no less than 80%, or no less than 90%of a reference level.
[0066] In certain embodiments, the administration of the GREM1 antagonist is prior to, simultaneously with, or after the administration of the activin receptor antagonist.
[0067] In certain embodiments, the administration is via oral, nasal, intravenous, subcutaneous, sublingual, or intramuscular administration.
[0068] i) GREM1 antagonist
[0069] In certain embodiments, the GREM1 antagonist provided herein comprises an anti-GREM1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof. In certain embodiments, the anti-GREM1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises the heavy chain HCDR1, HCDR2 and HCDR3 and / or light chain LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3 of any one of the anti-GREM1 antibodies (e.g., 14E3, 69H5, 22F1, 56C11, 36F5, 42B9, 67G11) as described in the PCT patent application PCT / CN2022 / 072297, which is herein incorporated by reference. In certain embodiments, the anti-GREM1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein comprises heavy chain HCDR1, HCDR2 and HCDR3 and / or light chain LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3, wherein the HCDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence comprising SSGIG (SEQ ID NO: 1) , or a homologue sequence of at least 80%sequence identity thereof, the HCDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence comprising EIYPRSGNTYNNEKFKG (SEQ ID NO: 2) , or a homologue sequence of at least 80%sequence identity thereof, the HCDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence comprising EAYSHHYYAMDY (SEQ ID NO: 3) , or a homologue sequence of at least 80%sequence identity thereof, the LCDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence comprising RSSQSLLHSNGNTYLE (SEQ ID NO: 4) or a homologue sequence of at least 80%sequence identity thereof, the LCDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence comprising KVSNRFS (SEQ ID NO: 5) or a homologue sequence of at least 80%sequence identity thereof, and the LCDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence comprising FQGSHVPFT (SEQ ID NO: 6) or a homologue sequence of at least 80%sequence identity thereof. In certain embodiments, the anti-GREM1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises heavy chain HCDR1, HCDR2 and HCDR3 and / or light chain LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3, wherein: the HCDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence comprising TYGMA (SEQ ID NO: 25) , or a homologue sequence of at least 80%sequence identity thereof; the HCDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence comprising WINTLSGEPTYADDFKG (SEQ ID NO: 26) , or a homologue sequence of at least 80%sequence identity thereof; the HCDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence comprising EPMDY (SEQ ID NO: 27) , or a homologue sequence of at least 80%sequence identity thereof; the LCDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence comprising KSSQSLLDSDGKTYLS (SEQ ID NO: 28) or a homologue sequence of at least 80%sequence identity thereof; the LCDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence comprising LVSKLDS (SEQ ID NO: 29) or a homologue sequence of at least 80%sequence identity thereof; and the LCDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence comprising WQGAHFPLT (SEQ ID NO: 30) or a homologue sequence of at least 80%sequence identity thereof.
[0070] CDRs are known to be responsible for antigen binding, however, it has been found that not all of the 6 CDRs are necessarily indispensable or unchangeable. In other words, it is possible to replace or change or modify 1, 2, or 3 CDRs in the anti-GREM1 antibody, yet substantially retain the specific binding affinity to GREM1.
[0071] In certain embodiments, the anti-GREM1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain CDR3 sequence of EPMDY (SEQ ID NO: 27) or EAYSHHYYAMDY (SEQ ID NO: 3) . Heavy chain CDR3 regions are located at the center of the antigen-binding site, and therefore are believed to make the most contact with antigen and provide the most free energy to the affinity of antibody to antigen. It is also believed that the heavy chain CDR3 is by far the most diverse CDR of the antigen-binding site in terms of length, amino acid composition and conformation by multiple diversification mechanisms (Tonegawa S. Nature. 302: 575-81) . The diversity in the heavy chain CDR3 is sufficient to produce most antibody specificities (Xu JL, Davis MM. Immunity. 13: 37-45) as well as desirable antigen-binding affinity (Schier R, etc. J Mol Biol. 263: 551-67) .
[0072] In some embodiments, the anti-GREM1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises all or a portion of the heavy chain variable domain and / or all or a portion of the light chain variable domain. In one embodiment, the anti-GREM1 antibody is a single domain antibody which consists of all or a portion of the heavy chain variable domain provided herein. More information of such a single domain antibody is available in the art (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,248,516) .
[0073] In certain embodiments, the anti-GREM1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein comprises a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region. In certain embodiments, the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGASVKVSCKASGYX1FTSSGIGWVX2QAX3GQGLEWX4GEIYPRSGNTYNNEKFKGRX5TX6TX7DX8STSTX9YMELRSLRSDDTAVYX10CX11REAYSHHYYAMDYWGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 13) , wherein X1 is S or T; X2 is K or R; X3 is S or P; X4 is I or M; X5 is A or V; X6 is L or M; X7 is A or T; X8 is K or T; X9 is V or A; X10 is F or Y; X11 is V or A. In certain embodiments, X1 is S; X7 is A; X8 is K; X11 is V. In certain embodiments, X1 is S; X3 is P; X5 is V; X7 is A; X8 is K; X10 is F; X11 is V In certain embodiments, X1 is S; X2 is K; X4 is I; X6 is L; X7 is A; X8 is K; X9 is V; X11 is V. In certain embodiments, the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11 and SEQ ID NO: 12.
[0074] In certain embodiments, the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of DX12VMTQTPLSLX13VTPGQPASISCRSSQSLLHSNGNTYLEWYLQKPGQSPQLLIYKVSNRFSGVPDRX14SGSGSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDVGVYYCFQGSHVPFTFGQGTKLEIK (SEQ ID NO: 17) , wherein X12 is V or I; X13 is P or S; X14 is L or F. In certain embodiments, X12 is V. In certain embodiments, the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15 and SEQ ID NO: 16.
[0075] In certain embodiments, the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14.
[0076] In certain embodiments, the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15.
[0077] In certain embodiments, the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16.
[0078] In certain embodiments, the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14.
[0079] In certain embodiments, the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15.
[0080] In certain embodiments, the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16.
[0081] In certain embodiments, the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14.
[0082] In certain embodiments, the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15.
[0083] In certain embodiments, the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16.
[0084] In certain embodiments, the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14.
[0085] In certain embodiments, the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15.
[0086] In certain embodiments, the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16.
[0087] In certain embodiments, the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14.
[0088] In certain embodiments, the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15.
[0089] In certain embodiments, the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16.
[0090] In certain embodiments, the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14.
[0091] In certain embodiments, the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15.
[0092] In certain embodiments, the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16.
[0093] In certain embodiments, the anti-GREM1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein comprises a heavy chain variable region (e.g., Hul4E3-Ha VH, Hul4E3-Hb VH, Hul4E3-Hc VH, Hu22Fl-Ha VH, Hu22Fl-Hb VH, Hu22Fl-Hc VH, Hu22Fl-Hd VH, Hu56C11-H0 VH, Hu56C11-HaVH, Hu56C11-Hb VH, Hu56C11-Hc VH) and a light chain variable region (e.g., Hul4E3-La VL, Hul4E3-Lb VL, Hu22Fl-La VL, Hu22Fl-Lb VL, Hu56C11-L0 VL, Hu56C11-La VL, Hu56C11-Lb VL) as described in the PCT patent application PCT / CN2022 / 072297, which is herein incorporated by reference.
[0094] In certain embodiments, the heavy chain variable region is selected from the group consisting of Hul4E3-Ha VH, Hul4E3-Hb VH and Hul4E3-Hc VH as described in the PCT patent application PCT / CN2022 / 072297, which is herein incorporated by reference and the light chain variable region is selected from the group consisting of Hul4E3-La VL and Hul4E3-Lb VL as described in the PCT patent application PCT / CN2022 / 072297.
[0095] In certain embodiments, the heavy chain variable region is selected from the group consisting of Hu22Fl-Ha VH, Hu22Fl-Hb VH, Hu22Fl-Hc VH and Hu22Fl-Hd VH as described in the PCT patent application PCT / CN2022 / 072297, which is herein incorporated by reference and the light chain variable region is selected from the group consisting of Hu22Fl-La VL and Hu22Fl-Lb VL as described in the PCT patent application PCT / CN2022 / 072297.
[0096] In certain embodiments, the heavy chain variable region is selected from the group consisting of Hu56C11-H0 VH, Hu56C11-HaVH, Hu56C11-Hb VH and Hu56C11-Hc VH as described in the PCT patent application PCT / CN2022 / 072297, which is herein incorporated by reference and the light chain variable region is selected from the group consisting of Hu56C11-L0 VL, Hu56C11-La VL and Hu56C11-Lb VL as described in the PCT patent application PCT / CN2022 / 072297.
[0097] In certain embodiments, the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of QVQLVQSGSELKKPGASVKVSCKASGYTFTTYGMAWMRQAPGQGLEWMGWINTLSGEPTYADDFKGRFVFSLDTSVSTAYLQISSLKAEDTAVYYCAREPMDYWGQGTMVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 31) , and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of DVVMTQSPLSLPVTLGQPASISCKSSQSLLDSDGKTYLSWLQQRPGQSPRRLIYLVSKLDSGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDVGVYYCWQGAHFPLTFGQGTKLEIK (SEQ ID NO: 32) .
[0098] In certain embodiments, the anti-GREM1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein further comprises one or more amino acid residue substitutions or modifications yet retains specific binding specificity or affinity to hGREM1. In certain embodiments, at least one of the substitutions or modifications is in one or more of the CDR sequences, and / or in one or more of the non-CDR regions of the VH or VL sequences.
[0099] In certain embodiments, the anti-GREM1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof further comprises an immunoglobulin constant region, optionally a constant region of a human IgG. In certain embodiments, the constant region comprises a constant region of human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4, and optionally the constant region comprises a heavy chain constant region comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18 and / or a light chain constant region comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19.
[0100] In certain embodiments, the anti-GREM1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is linked to one or more conjugate moieties. In certain embodiments, the conjugate moiety comprises a clearance-modifying agent, therapeutic agent (e.g., a chemotherapeutic agent) , a toxin, a radioactive isotope, a detectable label (e.g., a lanthanide, a luminescent label, a fluorescent label, biotin / avidin, or an enzyme-substrate label) , a pharmacokinetic modifying moiety, a DNA-alkylator, a topoisomerase inhibitor, a tubulin-binders, other anticancer drugs such as androgen receptor inhibitor, for example, as those described in PCT patent application PCT / CN2022 / 072297, which is herein incorporated by reference.
[0101] ii) activin receptor antagonist
[0102] As used herein, the term “activin receptor” refers to an activin-binding receptor, which has a single transmembrane domain and a specific hydrophilic Cys-rich ligand-binding domain. There are two types of activin receptor, i.e., type I (ActRI) and type II (ActRII) serine-threonine kinase receptors (Williams Textbook of Endocrinology (Thirteenth Edition) , 2016) . In certain embodiments, the activin receptor is ActRI, ActRIIA, or ActRIIB. In certain embodiments, the activin receptor is activin receptor type IIA (ActRIIA) . In certain embodiments, the activin receptor antagonist comprises an antibody against ActRIIA ligand or antigen-binding fragment thereof, an inhibitory ActRIIA ligand mimetic peptide, an inhibitory nucleic acid targeting ActRIIA ligand RNA or DNA, a polynucleotide encoding the inhibitory nucleic acid, a compound inhibiting interaction between ActRIIA ligand and ActRIIA, a compound inhibiting the ActRIIA ligand activity.
[0103] In certain embodiments, the activin receptor antagonist comprises a ligand trap capable of trapping ActRIIA ligands (e.g., activin, growth and differentiation factor (GDF) and / or bone morphogenic protein (BMP) ) .
[0104] In certain embodiments, the ligand trap comprises an extracellular domain of ActRIIA. In certain embodiments, the ligand trap comprises an extracellular domain of human ActRIIA. The term “extracellular domain of human ActRIIA” as used herein includes extracellular domain of human ActRIIA, analogs, and derivatives thereof. The term “analogs” , as used herein, refers to molecules that have a structure similar to the extracellular domain of human ActRIIA but may differ slightly in their amino acid sequence. Analogs typically retain the same or similar biological activity as the original protein domain. They may be naturally occurring variants or may be artificially created through genetic engineering or chemical synthesis. The term “derivatives” as used herein, refers to molecules that are based on the structure of the extracellular domain of human ActRIIA but have been modified in some way. Modifications can include changes to the amino acid sequence, addition of chemical groups, or alteration of the protein's three-dimensional structure. Derivatives may have altered biological activity compared to the original protein domain, depending on the nature of the modification. They are often created through chemical synthesis or protein engineering techniques to improve certain properties, such as stability, solubility, or binding affinity.
[0105] In certain embodiments, the extracellular domain of human ActRIIA comprises an amino acid sequence at positions from 21 to 135 of the human ActRIIA. In certain embodiments, the human ActRIIA comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24. In certain embodiments, the extracellular domain of human ActRIIA comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21 or a homologue sequence of at least 80% (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%or at least 99%) sequence identity thereof.
[0106] In certain embodiments, the ligand trap further comprises the Fc domain of human IgG. In certain embodiments, the extracellular domain of human ActRIIA is fused to the Fc domain of human IgG (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4) . The term “Fc domain” has used herein includes Fc domain, analogs, and derivatives thereof. The term “analogs” , as used herein, refers to molecules that have a structure similar to the Fc domain but may differ slightly in their amino acid sequence. Analogs typically retain the same or similar biological activity as the original protein domain. They may be naturally occurring variants or may be artificially created through genetic engineering or chemical synthesis. The term “derivatives” as used herein, refers to molecules that are based on the structure of the Fc domain but have been modified in some way. Modifications can include changes to the amino acid sequence, addition of chemical groups, or alteration of the protein's three-dimensional structure. Derivatives may have altered biological activity compared to the original protein domain, depending on the nature of the modification. They are often created through chemical synthesis or protein engineering techniques to improve certain properties, such as stability, solubility, or binding affinity.
[0107] In certain embodiments, the extracellular domain of human ActRIIA is fused to the Fc domain of human IgG1. In certain embodiments, the Fc domain of human IgG1 comprises an amin acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22 or a homologue sequence of at least 80% (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%or at least 99%) sequence identity thereof.
[0108] In certain embodiments, the ligand trap comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23 or a homologue sequence of at least 80% (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%or at least 99%) sequence identity thereof. In certain embodiments, the ligand trap comprises Sotatercept. The amino acid sequence of Sotatercept is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 23.
[0109] 2. Treating PAH using an anti-GREM1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof
[0110] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating PAH in a subject with inadequate or unsatisfactory response to an activin receptor antagonist, comprising administering to the subject a GREM1 antagonist.
[0111] A subject with “inadequate or unsatisfactory response” to a medication can refer to a subject whose disease or condition continues to progress despite of the administration of the medication. This could be due to a variety of reasons such as inability to receive effective dosage due to reasons such as severe side effects, individual variations in drug metabolism or response, the presence of comorbidities, or the severity of the underlying condition. In one scenario, the subject may experience side effects from the medication such that the dosage of the medication has to be reduced, in which case the therapeutic effect would also be reduced. In some cases, the subject may no longer tolerate the side effects of medication and hence such medication has to be discontinued. In certain embodiments, the activin receptor antagonist is the same as those described under “ii) activin receptor antagonist” and incorporated herein. In certain embodiments, the activin receptor antagonist is Sotatercept. It has been observed that patients receiving Sotatercept sometimes cannot tolerate the side effects of Sotatercept. In these instances, a reduced dosage of Sotatercept, such as a sub-effective amount, may be administered, potentially leading to diminished therapeutic effects. Additionally, some patients may become intolerant to Sotatercept or experience disease progression even at reduced dosages. These patients are encompassed within the contemplation of the “subject with inadequate or unsatisfactory response to an activin receptor antagonist” .
[0112] Without wishing to be bound by any theory, but it is believed that GREM1 antagonist are useful for the above-mentioned subjects, potentially by reducing GREM1-mediated inhibition on the BMP signaling pathway, thereby restoring the balance between the pro-proliferative signaling and the anti-proliferative signaling in the pulmonary artery, which has been a key mechanism of the “next-generation treatment” for PAH. See, e.g., Grzegorz et al., Sotatercept as a next-generation therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension: insights from the STELLAR trial. Cardiovascular Research (2023) 119, e155-e157.
[0113] In certain embodiments, the GREM1 antagonist may be provided as a monotherapy. In certain embodiments, the GREM1 antagonist can be combined with other standard of care therapies for PAH, such as the traditional PAH therapies described in, for example, Grzegorz et al., Sotatercept as a next-generation therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension: insights from the STELLAR trial. Cardiovascular Research (2023) 119, e155-e157, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
[0114] In certain embodiments, the GREM1 antagonist comprises the anti-GREM1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof as described under “i) Anti-GREM1 antibodies” , which are incorporated herein.
[0115] iii) additional therapeutic agent
[0116] In certain embodiments, the GREM1 antagonist is administered in combination with at least one additional therapeutic agent. In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of drugs targeting endothelin pathway (such as endothelin receptor antagonist) , drugs targeting nitric oxide pathway (such as phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors, soluble guanylate cyclase activators) , drugs targeting prostacyclin pathway (such as prostacyclin analogs, prostacyclin receptor agonist) , drugs targeting vasodilatory pathway (such as Getagozumab monoclonal antibody, therapeutic vaccine ETR-002 peptide, Pemziviptadil (vasoactive intestinal peptide analog) , endothelial progenitor cells (eNOS gene) ) , a diuretic, an anticoagulant, a cardiac glycoside, a vasodilator, a prostacyclin analogue, a calcium channel blocker, an endothelium antagonist, a lipid lowering agent, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, a thromboxane inhibitor and an endopeptidase inhibitor.
[0117] The diuretics that can be used in the combination therapies of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, chlorthalidone, indapamid, bendro-flumethiazid, metolazone, cyclopenthiazide, polythiazide, mefruside, ximapide, chlorothiazide, and hydrochlorothiazide.
[0118] In certain embodiments, anticoagulants such as warfarin may be suitable for patients with pulmonary hypertension who are at an increased risk of thrombosis and thromboembolism.
[0119] In certain embodiments, the vasodilator is selected from the group consisting of prostacyclin, epoprostenol, treprostinil, and nitric oxide (NO) .
[0120] In certain embodiments, the prostacyclin analogue is selected from the group consisting of ilomedin, treprostinil, and epoprostenol.
[0121] Examples of calcium channel blockers that can be used include without limitation diltiazem, felodipine, amlodipine, and nifedipine.
[0122] For lipid lowering agents, HMG CoA reductase inhibitors such as simvastatin, pravastatin, atorvastatin, lovastatin, itavastatin, fluvastatin, pitavastatin, rosuvastatin, ZD-4522, and cerivastatin are suitable options.
[0123] In certain embodiments, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, particularly phospho-diesterase V inhibitors such as tadalafil, sildenafil, and vardenafil can also be used in the combination therapies.
[0124] 3. Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)
[0125] The World Health Organization (WHO) has divided pulmonary hypertension (PH) into five groups based on similarities in pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and therapeutic options, i.e., Group 1 (PAH) , Group 2 (pulmonary hypertension due to left-sided heart disease) , Group 3 (pulmonary hypertension due to lung diseases and / or hypoxia) , Group 4 (chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) ) and Group 5 (pulmonary hypertension with unclear or multifactorial etiologies) . See, e.g., Simonneau G et al., Haemodynamic definitions and updated clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 2019; 53: 1801913, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. PAH is one of the five subgroups of pulmonary hypertension (PH) . The term “pulmonary hypertension” ( “PH” ) , as used herein, refers to high blood pressure in the lungs from any cause. The term “hypertension” or “high blood pressure” , as used herein, refers to high blood pressure in the arteries throughout the body.
[0126] In certain embodiments, the subject is a subject having or diagnosed as having Group 1 (PAH) .
[0127] As used herein, the term “pulmonary arterial hypertension” or “PAH” refers to a lung disorder characterized by sustained elevation of pulmonary artery pressure, for example, a mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) that is equal to or greater than 20 mm Hg (or greater than 25 mm Hg) , which can be measured using conventional techniques, such as right-heart catheterization, in a resting subject. See, e.g., Bradley A. Maron, Revised Definition of Pulmonary Hypertension and Approach to Management: A Clinical Primer, J Am Heart Assoc. 2023; 12: e029024. However, an abnormally elevated mPAP alone is not sufficient to define pulmonary vascular disease, as the abnormally elevated mPAP may be caused by increased cardiac output or increased pulmonary artery wedge pressure. Therefore, according to the recommendations of the 6th World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension (WSPH) Task Force, a pulmonary vascular resistance ≥3 Wood Units is included in the definition of all forms of pre-capillary PH, provided that mPAP>20 mmHg. See, e.g., Simonneau G et al., Haemodynamic definitions and updated clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 2019; 53: 1801913.
[0128] PAH is also typically characterized by proliferative remodeling of the small pulmonary arteries and progressive luminal narrowing. The resulting elevations in pulmonary artery pressure strain the heart, eventually culminating in right ventricular failure and death. See, e.g., Marius M. Hoeper, Phase 3 Trial of Sotatercept for Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, N Engl J Med 2023; 388: 1478-1490. PAH can also be characterized by pulmonary arteries that are narrower, thicker and / or stiffer than healthy pulmonary arteries. For example, healthy pulmonary arteries are flexible with blood flowing easily through the vessels; mild PAH may be characterized by thick and stiff artery walls limiting blood flow and increasing the resistance; moderate PAH may be characterized by more restricted blood flow as the artery narrows; and severe PAH (for example, severe PAH with plexiform lesions) may be characterized by advanced vascular lesions (abnormal growth) and ghrombi (blood clots) . See, e.g., About Pulmonary Hypertension, Pulmonary Hypertension Association retrieved from https: / / phassociation. org / types-pulmonary-hypertension-groups / on November 28, 2023.
[0129] The pulmonary arterial stiffness can be measured in vivo by invasive or noninvasive approaches based on, for example, measurements of pressure and inner or outer diameter or cross-sectional area. See, e.g., Tian L et al., In vivo and in vitro measurements of pulmonary arterial stiffness: A brief review. Pulm Circ. 2012 Oct; 2 (4) : 505-17, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. In certain embodiments, pulmonary arterial stiffness can be indicated by the percentage of pulmonary artery wall thickness (PAWT%) for each arteriole, which can be measured by a non-invasive imaging approach in combination with image processing using a software (e.g., ImageJ) .
[0130] Symptoms and / or complications of PAH which characterize these conditions and aid in diagnosis are well known in the art, for example, tinnitus, vertigo, dizziness, headaches, or fainting. Tests for diagnosing PAH include without limitation blood pressure measurements. A family history of PAH can also help determining if a subject is likely to have or is having PAH.
[0131] The WHO also provided a clinical classification of PAH as shown in Table 1 (Simonneau G et al., Haemodynamic definitions and updated clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 2019; 53: 1801913 , the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference) :
[0132] Table 1: Clinical Classification of PAH
[0133] The disease severity of PAH can also be represented, for example, by the WHO functional class, in patients having PAH. The WHO functional classification is based on the NYHA system and assesses activity tolerance, monitoring disease progression and treatment response. It includes four classes, i.e., Class I (pulmonary hypertension without resulting limitation of physical activity; ordinary physical activity does not cause undue dyspnea or fatigue, chest pain or near syncope) , Class II (pulmonary hypertension resulting in slight limitation of physical activity; patient comfortable at rest; ordinary physical activity causes undue dyspnea or fatigue, chest pain or near syncope) , Class III (pulmonary hypertension resulting in marked limitation of physical activity; patient comfortable at rest; less than ordinary activity causes undue dyspnea or fatigue, chest pain or near syncope) and Class IV (pulmonary hypertension resulting in inability to carry out any physical activity without symptoms; patient manifests signs of right-heart failure; dyspnea and / or fatigue may be present even at rest; discomfort is increased by any physical activity) .
[0134] In certain embodiment, the subject is being treated, assessed, or at risk for PAH, for example a PAH ( [WHO] functional class I, [WHO] functional class II, [WHO] functional class III or [WHO] functional class IV) .
[0135] In certain embodiments, the subject includes human and non-human animals. The term "non-human animals" encompasses all vertebrate species, including but not limited to mammals and non-mammals, exemplary of which are non-human primates, mice, rats, cats, rabbits, sheep, dogs, cows, chickens, amphibians, and reptiles. Unless specified otherwise, the terms "patient" and "subject" are utilized interchangeably throughout this document.
[0136] In certain embodiments, the subject is human.
[0137] Anti-GREM1 antibodies, Polynucleotides and Recombinant Methods
[0138] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides anti-GREM1 antibodies or antigen-binding fragment thereof as described under “i) Anti-GREM1 antibodies” , which are incorporated herein. In another aspect, the present disclosure provides isolated polynucleotides that encode the anti-GREM1 antibodies or an antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein. DNA encoding the monoclonal antibody is readily isolated and sequenced using conventional procedures (e.g., by using oligonucleotide probes that are capable of binding specifically to genes encoding the heavy and light chains of the antibody) . The encoding DNA may also be obtained by synthetic methods.
[0139] The isolated polynucleotide that encodes the anti-GREM1 antibodies or an antigen-binding fragment thereof disclosed herein can be inserted into a vector for further cloning (amplification of the DNA) or for expression, using recombinant techniques known in the art. Many vectors are available. The vector components generally include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: a signal sequence, an origin of replication, one or more marker genes, an enhancer element, a promoter, and a transcription termination sequence.
[0140] The present disclosure provides vectors (e.g., expression vectors) containing the nucleic acid sequence provided herein encoding the anti-GREM1 antibodies or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, at least one promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid sequence, and at least one selection marker. Examples of vectors include, but are not limited to, retrovirus (including lentivirus) , adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpesvirus (e.g., herpes simplex virus) , poxvirus, baculovirus, papillomavirus, papovavirus (e.g., SV40) , lambda phage, and M13 phage, plasmid pcDNA3.3, pMD18-T, pOptivec, pCMV, pEGFP, pIRES, pQD-Hyg-GSeu, pALTER, pBAD, pcDNA, pCal, pL, pET, pGEMEX, pGEX, pCI, pEGFT, pSV2, pFUSE, pVITRO, pVIVO, pMAL, pMONO, pSELECT, pUNO, pDUO, Psg5L, pBABE, pWPXL, pBI, p15TV-L, pPro18, pTD, pRS10, pLexA, pACT2.2, pCMV-SCRIPT. RTM., pCDM8, pCDNA1.1 / amp, pcDNA3.1, pRc / RSV, PCR 2.1, pEF-1, pFB, pSG5, pXT1, pCDEF3, pSVSPORT, pEF-Bos etc.
[0141] Vectors comprising the polynucleotide sequence encoding the anti-GREM1 antibodies or an antigen-binding fragment thereof disclosed herein can be introduced to a host cell for cloning or gene expression. Suitable host cells for cloning or expressing the DNA in the vectors herein are the prokaryote, yeast, or higher eukaryote cells described above. Suitable prokaryotes for this purpose include eubacteria, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive organisms, for example, Enterobacteriaceae such as Escherichia, e.g., E. coli, Enterobacter, Erwinia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella, e.g., Salmonella typhimurium, Serratia, e.g., Serratia marcescans, and Shigella, as well as Bacilli such as B. subtilis and B. licheniformis, Pseudomonas such as P. aeruginosa, and Streptomyces.
[0142] The present disclosure also provides a method of expressing the anti-GREM1 antibodies or antigen-binding fragment thereof disclosed herein, comprising culturing the host cell under the condition at which the vector is expressed. The host cells used to produce the anti-GREM1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein may be cultured in a variety of media. Commercially available media such as Ham's F10 (Sigma) , Minimal Essential Medium (MEM) (Sigma) , RPMI-1640 (Sigma) , and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) , Sigma) are suitable for culturing the host cells. In addition, any of the media described in Ham et al., Meth. Enz. 58: 44 (1979) , Barnes et al., Anal. Biochem. (1980) 102: 255, U.S. Pat. No. 4,767,704; 4,657,866; 4,927,762; 4,560,655; or 5,122,469; WO 90 / 03430; WO 87 / 00195; or U.S. Pat. Re. 30,985 may be used as culture media for the host cells. Any of these media may be supplemented as necessary with hormones and / or other growth factors (such as insulin, transferrin, or epidermal growth factor) , salts (such as sodium chloride, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate) , buffers (such as HEPES) , nucleotides (such as adenosine and thymidine) , antibiotics (such as GENTAMYCINTM drug) , trace elements (defined as inorganic compounds usually present at final concentrations in the micromolar range) , and glucose or an equivalent energy source. Any other necessary supplements may also be included at appropriate concentrations that would be known to those skilled in the art. The culture conditions, such as temperature, pH, and the like, are those previously used with the host cell selected for expression, and will be apparent to the ordinarily skilled artisan.
[0143] Pharmaceutical Composition
[0144] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a GREM1 antagonist and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. In certain embodiments, the GREM1 antagonist is capable of blocking GREM1 binding to BMP (e.g., BMP2, BMP4 and / or BMP7) . In certain embodiments, the GREM1 antagonist is the anti-GREM1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof disclosed herein.
[0145] In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprising a second therapeutic agent. In certain embodiments, the second therapeutic agent is selected from those described in the section “ii) activin receptor antagonist ” or the section “iii) additional therapeutic agent” above, which are incorporated herein.
[0146] The GREM1 antagonist, and the second therapeutic agent described above may each be administered in the form of any suitable pharmaceutical composition. The term "pharmaceutical composition" refers a formulation comprising a therapeutically effective agent (e.g., the GREM1 antagonist, second therapeutic agent described above) , preferably together with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents and / or excipients. The pharmaceutical composition is useful for treating, preventing, or reducing the severity of a disease or disorder by administration of said pharmaceutical composition to a subject.
[0147] Pharmaceutical acceptable carriers for use in the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein may include, for example, pharmaceutically acceptable liquid, gel, or solid carriers, aqueous vehicles, nonaqueous vehicles, antimicrobial agents, isotonic agents, buffers, antioxidants, anesthetics, suspending / dispending agents, sequestering or chelating agents, diluents, adjuvants, excipients, or non-toxic auxiliary substances, other components known in the art, or various combinations thereof.
[0148] Pharmaceutical compositions are usually provided in a uniform dosage form and may be prepared in a manner known in the art. A pharmaceutical composition may, for example, be in the liquid dosage form such as solution or suspension, or solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules. The pharmaceutical compositions described herein are generally applied in a therapeutically effective amount and in a pharmaceutically acceptable preparation.
[0149] Kit
[0150] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides kits useful in treating PAH in a subject in need thereof.
[0151] In certain embodiments, the kit comprising a composition comprising a GREM1 antagonist described herein.
[0152] In certain embodiments, the kit comprising a first composition comprising a GREM1 antagonist described herein and a second composition comprising a second therapeutic agent (e.g., an activin receptor antagonist) . The second therapeutic agent is selected from those described in the section “ii) activin receptor antagonist” or the section “iii) additional therapeutic agent” above, which are incorporated herein. In certain embodiments, the first composition and the second composition are in separate containers. In certain embodiments, the first composition and the second composition are in one container.
[0153] In certain embodiments, the kit comprises a package insert comprising instructions for using the GREM1 antagonist in combination with the second therapeutic agent (e.g., an activin receptor antagonist) .
[0154] As used herein, the term “package insert” refers to instructions included in a commercial package of medicines that contain information about, for example, indications, dosage, usage, administration, contraindications, other medicines to be combined with the packaged product, and / or warnings concerning the use of such medicines.
[0155] The kit may further comprise other materials desirable from a commercial and user standpoint, including other buffers, diluents, filters, needles, and syringes.
[0156] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating PAH in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the anti-GREM1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein. In certain embodiments, the anti-GREM1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of at least one additional therapeutic agent as those described in the section “iii) additional therapeutic agent” above, which are incorporated herein.
[0157] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides use of a GREM1 antagonist in combination with an activin receptor antagonist in the manufacture of a medicament for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in a subject in need thereof.
[0158] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides use of a GREM1 antagonist in the manufacture of a medicament for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in a subject in need thereof, wherein the medicament is used in combination with an activin receptor antagonist.
[0159] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides use of a GREM1 antagonist in the manufacture of a medicament for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in a subject in need thereof, wherein the treatment comprises administering to the subject a GREM1 antagonist in combination with an activin receptor antagonist thereby treating PAH in the subject.
[0160] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides use of a GREM1 antagonist in the manufacture of a medicament for treating PAH in a subject with inadequate or unsatisfactory response to an activin receptor antagonist, wherein the treatment comprises administering to the subject a GREM1 antagonist, optionally in combination with an activin receptor antagonist, and further optionally in combination with at least one additional therapeutic agent.
[0161] EXAMPLES
[0162] While the disclosure has been particularly shown and described with reference to specific embodiments (some of which are preferred embodiments) , it should be understood by those having skill in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as disclosed herein.
[0163] Example 1: Humanization of gremlin1 (GREM1) antibodies
[0164] This example illustrates the generation and characterization of humanized antibodies of the clone 36F5. The generation and characterization of the mouse hybridoma 36F5 has been described in PCT patent application PCT / CN2022 / 072297, which is herein incorporated by reference.
[0165] The humanized antibodies of 36F5 were designed in the following protocol, i.e., three-dimensional structure simulation and humanization by CDR-grafting.
[0166] The first step of antibody humanization is simulation of the three-dimensional structure of variable domains of 36F5. The sequence of each variable domain (Vk and Vh) of murine antibody was blasted in the PDB database (Protein Data Bank, http: / / www. rcsb. org / ) to identify the most homologous antibody sequence with known high resolution structure. Selected structure templates for modeling 36F5 had the best similarity to the target antibodies. We changed each residue of the structure to meet the target sequence manually. Certain side chain conformation was adjusted while the main chain conformations were retained. In the position where the parent structure and the simulated structure have the same residue, the side chain conformation remains unchanged; if the residue is different between the template structure and modeled structure in some positions, the side chain conformation is mutated and refined according to the template structure and packaging considerations.
[0167] We also simulated the structure for CDR-grafted 36F5 in order to guide the back mutation design and evaluation of developability and stability of the humanized antibody. The structure simulation was performed in a similar way.
[0168] Humanization was carried out by CDR-grafting. After blasting the sequence of mu36F5 in the human immunoglobulin gene database in IMGT, human germline framework sequence IGHV / 7-4 for heavy chain and IGKV / 2-30 for light chain was used for CDR grafting, respectively, then the humanized 36F5 without back mutation was obtained. To further keep the activity of the humanized 36F5, we aligned the framework sequence of humanized antibody and that of murine antibody, these different residues were double checked in the murine antibody structure model, if any of them in the position which might interact with and influence the CDR residues, it should be back mutated to murine residue. 6 variants of humanized heavy chain with different back mutations were Hu_36F5_H0 (SEQ ID NO: 7) , Hu_36F5_Ha (SEQ ID NO: 8) , Hu_36F5_Hb (SEQ ID NO: 9) , Hu_36F5_Hc (SEQ ID NO: 10) , Hu_36F5_Hd (SEQ ID NO: 11) and Hu_36F5_He (SEQ ID NO: 12) , and 3 light chain variants with different back mutations were Hu_36F5_L0 (SEQ ID NO: 14) , hu_36F5_La (SEQ ID NO: 15) and hu_36F5_Lb (SEQ ID NO: 16) , and these humanized heavy chain and light chain variable regions cDNAs fused to hIgG1 and hKappa constant regions were inserted into a mammalian vector, then each humanized heavy chain was co-expressed with a humanized light chain to obtain 18 versions humanized antibodies, including Hu_36F5_H0L0, Hu_36F5_H0La, Hu_36F5_H0Lb, Hu_36F5_HaL0, Hu_36F5_HaLa, Hu_36F5_HaLb, Hu_36F5_HbL0, Hu_36F5_HbLa, Hu_36F5_HbLb, Hu_36F5_HcL0, Hu_36F5_HcLa, Hu_36F5_HcLb, Hu_36F5_HdL0, Hu_36F5_HdLa, Hu_36F5_HdLb, Hu_36F5_HeL0, Hu_36F5_HeLa, Hu_36F5_HeLb, the expression and purification procedure are same as the chimeric antibodies.
[0169] The expression and purification of a recombinant antibody protein were conducted by following steps: ExpiCHO cells were seeded in ExpiCHO Expression Medium at 5-6×10^6 cells / ml. Subsequently, ExpiCHO cells were transfected using ExpiCHO transfection kit with equal amount of heavy chain vector and light chain vector DNA at a final concentration of 1.0 μg / ml. The transfected cells were cultured in shake flasks at 125 rpm in a 8%CO2 and 37℃ incubator. ExpiCHO feed was added at 18 to 22 hours post transfection. Cell Culture was harvested on day 10. Harvest Cell Culture Fluid (HCCF) was obtained by centrifugation. The HCCF was then loaded onto rProteinA column (G. E. Healthcare) and washed with PBS. The final IgG antibody was eluted with a solution containing 20 mM citrate acid at pH3.2. Finally, the eluted antibody protein was neutralized and stored at -80℃ for long-term usage. The resulting antibody was analyzed to determine the level of purity using SDS-PAGE and size exclusion chromatography (TSKgel G3000SWXL, TOSOH) .
[0170] Example 2: Binding affinity to human GREM1 of the humanized antibodies provided herein
[0171] This example illustrates the results of the binding affinity against human GREM1 of the humanized antibodies provided herein.
[0172] Clear polystyrene plates (BEAVER) were coated with 100 μl / well of a 0.5mg / ml human gremlin1 (ACRO) in high pH coating buffer overnight at 4 ℃. Then the plates were washed once on an automatic plate washer using PBS +0.1%Tween 20 (Sigma) . 100 μl of block solution consisting of PBS +1%BSA +1%normal goat serum + 0.5%Tween 20 (Sigma) was added to each well and incubated at room temperature for 2 hours. Then 100 ul of antibodies in antibody dilution buffer containing PBS + 1%BSA+1%normal goat serum +0.01%Tween 20 starting from 2 mg / ml (13.33nM) and then 4 fold serial dilution were added to each well of the plate and incubated for 1 hours at room temperature. Afterward the plates were washed three times with 200 ml of PBS+0.1%Tween20 followed by adding 100 μl / well 1: 10000 mouse anti-human IgG-HRP (abcam) , and incubate for 1 hour at room temperature. They were then washed 3× with PBS+0.1%Tween 20. Finally, 100 μl / well of TMB (InnoReagents) was added to each well and after 2 minutes add 50 ml of stop solution to each well. The plates were read on a Multiscan FC microplate reader (Thermo Scientific) at 450nm. The EC50 values were also shown in FIG. 1.
[0173] As shown in FIG. 1, the humanized 36F5 antibodies Hu36F5-HdLa, Hu36F5-HcLa, Hu36F5-HbLa, Hu36F5-HdL0, Hu36F5-HbL0 and Hu36F5-HcL0 showed similar binding to human Gremlin1, and better than Hu36F5-HaL0, Hu36F5-H0L0, Hu36F5-H0La and Hu36F5-HaLa. The Hu36F5-HdLa was chosen for second screening. As shown in FIG. 2, the humanized 36F5 antibodies Hu36F5-HdLb, Hu36F5-HeLa and Hu36F5-HeLb showed similar bind to human Gremlin1 compared to Hu36F5-HdLa.
[0174] Example 3: Binding affinity to human GREM1 of the humanized antibodies provided herein
[0175] This example illustrates the results of the binding affinity against human GREM1 of the humanized antibodies provided herein.
[0176] Human gremlin protein was diluted with kinetics buffer (PBS pH 7.4, 0.1%BSA+0.002%Tween-20) to get a concentration of 2ug / ml in the Loading Column of 96-well half-area Microplate (Greiner Bio-one) , 100ul per well. 0nM was used as a reference control. Antibodies to be tested were diluted with ForteBio kinetics buffer to a concentration of 100 nM, 50nM, 25nM in kinetics buffer in the Association Column of the plate, 100ul per well. Put HIS1K sensors in the 1st Baseline Column for 60s to get the 1st baseline, then in the Loading Column for 90s to capture the Gremlin-his protein. After that, put the sensors in the 2nd Baseline Column for 60s to get the 2nd baseline. Then put them in the Association Column for 90s to let Gremlin / Gremlin Ab associate completely to get the Kon factor data. Put the sensors in the dissociation Column for 60s to get the Koff factor data. Analyze the data by ForteBio (Octet96) to obtain the affinity under global condition.
[0177] As shown in FIG. 3, 36F5-HeLb showed better affinity than chimeric antibody.
[0178] Example 4: BMP2 / 4 / 7 blocking assay of the humanized antibodies provided herein
[0179] This example illustrates the results of BMP2 / 4 / 7 blocking assay of the humanized antibodies provided herein.
[0180] As described in the art previously, plates were coated with recombinant human BMP2 / 4 / 7 (0.5 mg / ml) overnight. Then the plates were washed once on an automatic plate washer using PBS +0.1%Tween 20 (Sigma) . 100 μl of block solution consisting of PBS +1%BSA +1%normal goat serum + 0.5%Tween 20 (Sigma) was added to each well and incubated at room temperature for 2 hours. Then the plates were washed three 3 times. Then 55ul serial dilutions of chimeric antibodies and 55ul 0.5 mg / ml of human Gremlin1-his in dilution buffer containing PBS + 1%BSA+1%normal goat serum +0.01%Tween 20 separately were mixed and incubated for 1h at RT before 100ul of this complex was added to coated plates and allowed to incubate for an additional hour at room temperature. The plates were then washed 3 times and added with 100ul of anti-his HRP (GenScript) in dilution buffer. Plates were then developed with a TMB solution and stopped by adding stop solution. After wash three times with wash buffer, the plates were read on a plate reader at 450 nm.
[0181] As shown in FIG. 4, FIG. 5 and FIG. 6, consistent with the binding result, Hu36F5-HdLa, Hu36F5-HdLb, Hu36F5-HeLa and Hu36F5-HeLb showed similar potent activity in blocking GREM1 binding to BMP2, BMP4 and BMP7.
[0182] Example 5: Efficacy of anti-Gremlin1 antibody in a rat model of monocrotaline (MCT) induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)
[0183] In this example, the anti-pulmonary hypertension modulatory effects of anti-Gremlin 1 antibodies provided herein (e.g., Hu36F5-HdLa, Hu36F5-HdLb, Hu36F5-HeLa and Hu36F5-HeLb) and ActRIIA-mFc were comprehensively evaluated by measuring RVSP (Right Ventricular Systolic Pressure) , RVHI (Right Ventricular Hypertrophy Index) and PAWT% (Percentage of Pulmonary Artery Wall Thickness) .
[0184] ActRIIA-mFc: ActRIIA (Aa21-135) with a mouse Fc connected by TGGG linker, is a ligand trap comprising an extracellular domain of human ActRIIA having an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 21. The amino acid sequence of the mouse Fc is shown in SEQ ID NO: 20.
[0185] Sildenafil: a compound with the following structural formula: is an inhibitor of cGMP specific PDE-5 in the smooth muscle of the pulmonary vasculature, where PDE-5 is responsible for degradation of cGMP. Sildenafil, therefore, increases cGMP within pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells resulting in relaxation, and is commonly used to improve the ability to exercise in adults and children 1 year of age and older with PAH. In this study, Sildenafil was used as a positive control. In the MCT induced PAH model, Sildenafil showed significant difference in RVSP, RVHI, PAWT indicators.
[0186] In this study, rats were subcutaneously injected with a single dose of MCT at 60 mg / kg to induce PAH. MCT-induced PAH rat model has been frequently used to study pathophysiological processes in PAH and to identify novel therapeutic strategies. See, e.g., Nogueira-Ferreira, R. et al., Exploring the monocrotaline animal model for the study of pulmonary arterial hypertension: A network approach. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. 2015, 35, 8-16; Jasenovec, T. et al., Monocrotaline-Induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Bosentan Treatment in Rats: Focus on Plasma and Erythrocyte Parameters. Pharmaceuticals 2022, 15, 1227.
[0187] The MCT-induced PAH rats were randomized into 5 groups based on the body weight on Day 0, 10 animals per group. Rats were administered with vehicle, sildenafil, 36F5-HdLa, ActRIIA-mFc, 36F5-HdLa plus ActRIIA-mFc at the indicated doses as listed in Table 2 after a single injection of MCT. On Day 22 after MCT modeling, rats were anaesthetized by pentobarbital sodium, and RVSP was measured by insertion of a venous catheter into the right jugular vein, then through the right atrium into the Right Ventricular. Rats were euthanized by exsanguinating under deep anesthesia. A bi-lateral thoracotomy or cervical dislocation was performed on these animals as a secondary measure to ensure death. The left lung tissues were collected and placed immediately into 10%NBF for H&E staining to detect PAWT% (Arterial diameter range of 50~100 μm) . The heart samples were excised and weighed. Then the right ventricular wall was dissected, the remaining left ventricular wall and ventricular septum were weighed. RVHI was calculated as the ratio of right ventricular weight / (left ventricular + septum weight) . The data was analyzed by using GraphPad Prism 7 and each column represented the Mean ± SEM, p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
[0188] Table 2. The effect summary of test articles on RVSP / RVHI / PAWT in PAH model a. Mean ± SEM; b. ***p<0.001, *p<0.05 vs Vehicle, one-way ANOVA.
[0189] Results:
[0190] RVSP (Right Ventricular Systolic Pressure) : As shown in FIG. 7, compared with Vehicle group, the RVSP of all treatment groups was decreased. Among these, the group of 36F5-HdLa-10 mg / kg shows the trend of RVSP reduction, and the Combo group of 36F5-HdLa-10 mg / kg+ActRIIA-mFc-2.5 mg / kg shows a statistically significant difference relative to vehicle control and is also more potent than the individual treatment of either 36F5-HdLa-10 mg / kg or ActRIIA-mFc-2.5 mg / kg alone, indicating the synergistic effect of the combination therapy.
[0191] RVHI (Right Ventricular Hypertrophy Index) : As shown in FIG. 8, compared with Vehicle group, the RVHI of all treatment groups was decreased. Among these, the group of 36F5-HdLa-10 mg / kg reduced the RVHI, and the group of 36F5-HdLa-10 mg / kg + ActRIIA-mFc-2.5 mg / kg shows a statistically significant difference relative to vehicle control and is more potent than 36F5-HdLa-10 mg / kg, ActRIIA-mFc-2.5 mg / kg or sildenafil 25 mg / kg treatment alone, indicating the synergistic effect of the combination therapy.
[0192] PAWT% (Percentage of Pulmonary Artery Wall Thickness) : As shown in FIG. 9, compared with Vehicle group, the PAWT%of all treatment groups was decreased. Among these, the group of 36F5-HdLa-10 mg / kg reduced the PAWT%, and the group of 36F5-HdLa-10 mg / kg + ActRIIA-mFc-2.5 mg / kg displayed a statistically significant difference relative to vehicle control and is more potent than either 36F5-HdLa-10 mg / kg, ActRIIA-mFc-2.5 mg / kg or sildenafil 25 mg / kg treatment alone, indicating the synergistic effect of the combination therapy.
[0193] The results show that ActRIIA-mFc-2.5mg / kg and its combination with 36F5-HdLa-10mg / kg significantly reduced RVSP, RVHI and PAWT%, and the effect of 36F5-HdLa-10mg / kg and ActRIIA-mFc-2.5mg / kg combination treatment group was slightly better than that of 36F5-HdLa-10mg / kg single treatment group and ActRIIA-mFc-2.5mg / kg single treatment group. These results provide evidence that either the 36F5 as monotherapy or in combination with active agents like ActRIIA-mFC could be therapeutically efficacious. The combination therapy displayed more potent therapeutic activity than any single agent alone in controlling and improving the disease progression of PAH. Table 3. Sequences mentioned or used in the present disclosure.
Claims
1.A method for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in a subject in need thereof, comprising:administering to the subject a GREM1 antagonist in combination with an activin receptor antagonist, thereby treating PAH in the subject.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the activin receptor antagonist and the GREM1 antagonist exhibit at least additive effects in treating PAH.3.The method of claim 2, wherein the activin receptor antagonist and the GREM1 antagonist exhibit at least additive effects in reducing Right Ventricular Hypertrophy Index (RVHI) .4.The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the activin receptor antagonist is administered at an effective amount.5.The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the activin receptor antagonist is administered at a sub-effective amount.6.The method of claim 5, wherein the sub-effective amount is about 0.1 mg / kg, about 0.2 mg / kg, about 0.3 mg / kg, about 0.4 mg / kg, about 0.5 mg / kg or about 0.6 mg / kg.7.The method of claim 5 or 6, wherein the side effects of the activin receptor antagonist is reduced relative to otherwise observed when administered at an effective amount.8.The method of any one of claims 5-7, wherein the therapeutic efficacy of the activin receptor antagonist is substantially maintained at a level comparable to otherwise observed when administered at an effective amount.9.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the administration of the activin receptor antagonist is prior to, simultaneously with, or after the administration of the GREM1 antagonist.10.A method of treating PAH in a subject with inadequate or unsatisfactory response to an activin receptor antagonist, comprising administering to the subject a GREM1 antagonist, optionally in combination with an activin receptor antagonist, and further optionally in combination with at least one additional therapeutic agent.11.The method of claim 10, wherein the additional therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of drugs targeting endothelin pathway (such as endothelin receptor antagonist) , drugs targeting nitric oxide pathway (such as phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors, soluble guanylate cyclase activators) , drugs targeting prostacyclin pathway (such as prostacyclin analogs, prostacyclin receptor agonist) , drugs targeting vasodilatory pathway (such as Getagozumab monoclonal antibody, therapeutic vaccine ETR-002 peptide, Pemziviptadil (vasoactive intestinal peptide analog) , endothelial progenitor cells (eNOS gene) ) , a diuretic, an anticoagulant, a cardiac glycoside, a vasodilator, a prostacyclin analogue, a calcium channel blocker, an endothelium antagonist, a lipid lowering agent, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, a thromboxane inhibitor, and an endopeptidase inhibitor.12.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the GREM1 antagonist comprises an anti-GREM1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof.13.The method of claim 12, wherein the anti-GREM1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises heavy chain HCDR1, HCDR2 and HCDR3 and / or light chain LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3, wherein:(1) the HCDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence comprising SSGIG (SEQ ID NO: 1) , or a homologue sequence of at least 80%sequence identity thereof;the HCDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence comprising EIYPRSGNTYNNEKFKG (SEQ ID NO: 2) , or a homologue sequence of at least 80%sequence identity thereof;the HCDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence comprising EAYSHHYYAMDY (SEQ ID NO: 3) , or a homologue sequence of at least 80%sequence identity thereof;the LCDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence comprising RSSQSLLHSNGNTYLE (SEQ ID NO: 4) or a homologue sequence of at least 80%sequence identity thereof;the LCDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence comprising KVSNRFS (SEQ ID NO: 5) or a homologue sequence of at least 80%sequence identity thereof; andthe LCDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence comprising FQGSHVPFT (SEQ ID NO: 6) or a homologue sequence of at least 80%sequence identity thereof; or (2) the HCDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence comprising TYGMA (SEQ ID NO: 25) , or a homologue sequence of at least 80%sequence identity thereof;the HCDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence comprising WINTLSGEPTYADDFKG (SEQ ID NO: 26) , or a homologue sequence of at least 80%sequence identity thereof;the HCDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence comprising EPMDY (SEQ ID NO: 27) , or a homologue sequence of at least 80%sequence identity thereof;the LCDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence comprising KSSQSLLDSDGKTYLS (SEQ ID NO: 28) or a homologue sequence of at least 80%sequence identity thereof;the LCDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence comprising LVSKLDS (SEQ ID NO: 29) or a homologue sequence of at least 80%sequence identity thereof; andthe LCDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence comprising WQGAHFPLT (SEQ ID NO: 30) or a homologue sequence of at least 80%sequence identity thereof.14.The method of claim 13, wherein the anti-GREM1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region, wherein(1) the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGASVKVSCKASGYX1FTSSGIGWVX2QAX3GQGLEWX4GEIYPRSGNTYNNEKFKGRX5TX6TX7DX8STSTX9YMELRSLRSDDTAVYX10CX11REAYSHHYYAMDYWGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 13) , and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of DX12VMTQTPLSLX13VTPGQPASISCRSSQSLLHSNGNTYLEWYLQKPGQSPQLLIYKVSNRFSGVPDRX14SGSGSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDVGVYYCFQGSHVPFTFGQGTKLEIK (SEQ ID NO: 17) , whereinX1 is S or T; X2 is K or R; X3 is S or P; X4 is I or M; X5 is A or V; X6 is L or M; X7 is A or T; X8 is K or T; X9 is V or A; X10 is F or Y; X11 is V or A; X12 is V or I; X13 is P or S; X14 is L or F; or(2) the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 31, SEQ ID NO: 33 and SEQ ID NO: 34, and / orthe light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 32 and SEQ ID NO: 35.15.The method of claim 14, wherein X1 is S; X7 is A; X8 is K; X11 is V.16.The method of claim 14, wherein X1 is S; X3 is P; X5 is V; X7 is A; X8 is K; X10 is F; X11 is V.17.The method of claim 14, wherein X1 is S; X2 is K; X4 is I; X6 is L; X7 is A; X8 is K; X9 is V; X11 is V.18.The method of any one of claims 14-17, wherein X12 is V.19.The method of any one of claims 13-18, wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11 and SEQ ID NO: 12; and / orthe light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15 and SEQ ID NO: 16.20.The method of claim 19, wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14; orthe heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15; orthe heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16; orthe heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14; orthe heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15; orthe heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16; orthe heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14; orthe heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15; orthe heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16; orthe heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14; orthe heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15; orthe heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16; orthe heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14; orthe heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15; orthe heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16; orthe heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14; orthe heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15; orthe heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16; orthe heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32; orthe heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35; orthe heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32; orthe heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35; orthe heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32; orthe heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34, and / or the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35.21.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the activin receptor antagonist comprises an antibody against ActRIIA ligand or antigen-binding fragment thereof, an inhibitory ActRIIA ligand mimetic peptide, an inhibitory nucleic acid targeting ActRIIA ligand RNA or DNA, a polynucleotide encoding the inhibitory nucleic acid, a compound inhibiting interaction between ActRIIA ligand and ActRIIA, a compound inhibiting the ActRIIA ligand activity.22.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the activin receptor antagonist comprises a ligand trap capable of trapping at least one ActRIIA ligand, optionally the at least one ActRIIA ligand comprises activin.23.The method of claim 22, wherein the ligand trap comprises an extracellular domain of human ActRIIA.24.The method of claim 23, wherein the ligand trap further comprises the Fc domain of human IgG (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4) .25.The method of any one of claims 22-24, wherein the ligand trap comprises Sotatercept.26.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the subject is human.27.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the administration is via oral, nasal, intravenous, subcutaneous, sublingual, or intramuscular administration.28.An anti-GREM1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprising the heavy chain variable region and the light chain variable region as defined in any one of claims 14-20.29.An isolated polynucleotide encoding the anti-GREM1 antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 28.30.A vector comprising the isolated polynucleotide of claim 29.31.A host cell comprising the vector of claim 30.32.A method of expressing the anti-GREM1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 28, comprising culturing the host cell of claim 31 under the condition at which the vector of claim 30 is expressed.33.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the anti-GREM1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 28 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.34.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 33, further comprising the activin receptor antagonist as defined in any one of claims 21-25.35.A kit comprising (a) a first composition comprising the anti-GREM1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 28, and (b) a second composition comprising the activin receptor antagonist as defined in any one of claims 21-25.36.The kit of claim 35, wherein the first composition and the second composition are in separate containers.37.The kit of claim 35, wherein the first composition and the second composition are in one container.38.A kit comprising a composition comprising the anti-GREM1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 28.39.The kit of any one of claims 35-38, further comprising a package insert comprising instructions for using the anti-GREM1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof in combination with the activin receptor antagonist as defined in any one of claims 21-25.40.A method for treating PAH in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the anti-GREM1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 28 or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 33 or 34, or the kit of any one of claims 35-39.41.The method of claim 40, wherein the anti-GREM1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered in combination with an activin receptor antagonist.42.The method of any one of claims 1-9 and 40-41, wherein the anti-GREM1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered further in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of at least one additional therapeutic agent.43.The method of claim 42, wherein the therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of drugs targeting endothelin pathway (such as endothelin receptor antagonist) , drugs targeting nitric oxide pathway (such as phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors, soluble guanylate cyclase activators) , drugs targeting prostacyclin pathway (such as prostacyclin analogs, prostacyclin receptor agonist) , drugs targeting vasodilatory pathway (such as Getagozumab monoclonal antibody, therapeutic vaccine ETR-002 peptide, Pemziviptadil (vasoactive intestinal peptide analog) , endothelial progenitor cells (eNOS gene) ) , a diuretic, an anticoagulant, a cardiac glycoside, a vasodilator, a prostacyclin analogue, a calcium channel blocker, an endothelium antagonist, a lipid lowering agent, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, a thromboxane inhibitor, and an endopeptidase inhibitor.
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