Uplink channel impulse response measurement for machine learning positioning

Abstract

Various aspects of the present disclosure relate to uplink channel impulse response (UL CIR) for machine learning positioning. An apparatus, such as a NE, receives, from a positioning equipment, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more UL CIR measurements on a reference signal. The NE transmits, to the positioning equipment for a positioning estimation, the UL CIR measurements performed on the reference signal based on the measurement configuration. A positioning equipment transmits, to a NE, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more UL CIR measurements on a reference signal. The positioning equipment receives, from the NE, the UL CIR measurements performed on the reference signal based on the measurement configuration. The positioning equipment performs a positioning estimation based on the UL CIR measurements, and determines a location of a UE based on the positioning estimation.

Description

UPLINK CHANNEL IMPULSE RESPONSE MEASUREMENT FOR MACHINE LEARNING POSITIONINGRELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 63 / 554,737 filed February 16, 2024 entitled “Uplink Channel Impulse Response Measurement for Machine Learning Positioning,” the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The present disclosure relates to wireless communications, and more specifically to machine learning techniques for wireless device positioning.BACKGROUND

[0003] A wireless communications system may include one or multiple network communication devices, which may be otherwise known as network equipment (NE) supporting wireless communications for one or multiple user communication devices, which may be otherwise known as user equipment (UE), or other suitable terminology. The wireless communications system may support wireless communications with one or multiple user communication devices by utilizing resources of the wireless communication system (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers, or the like)). Additionally, the wireless communications system may support wireless communications across various radio access technologies including third generation (3G) radio access technology, fourth generation (4G) radio access technology, fifth generation (5G) radio access technology, among other suitable radio access technologies beyond 5G (e.g., sixth generation (6G)).

[0004] The wireless communications system may support wireless device positioning and location, such as to estimate positioning and determine a location of a UE in the wireless communications system. The wireless communications system may also include one or more wireless devices, such as UEs and / or network equipment (NE), among other devices, that transmit and / or receive signaling. Location services that enable positioning estimations may be supported inthe wireless communications system, such as to determine the location of a UE to receive transmitted signals in the wireless communications system.SUMMARY

[0005] An article “a” before an element is unrestricted and understood to refer to “at least one” of those elements or “one or more” of those elements. The terms “a,” “at least one,” “one or more,” and “at least one of one or more” may be interchangeable. As used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as “at least one of’ or “one or more of’ or “one or both of’) indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C). Also, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step that is described as “based on condition A” may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall be construed in the same manner as the phrase “based at least in part on.” Further, as used herein, including in the claims, a “set” may include one or more elements.

[0006] An NE for wireless communication is described. The NE may be configured to, capable of, or operable to perform one or more operations as described herein. For example, the NE may be configured to, capable of, or operable to receive, from a positioning equipment, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more uplink channel impulse response (UL CIR) measurements on a reference signal; and transmit, to the positioning equipment for a positioning estimation, the one or more UL CIR measurements performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration.

[0007] A processor (e.g., a standalone processor chipset, or a component of a NE) for wireless communication is described. The processor may be configured to, capable of, or operable to perform one or more operations as described herein. For example, the processor may be configured to, capable of, or operable to receive, from a positioning equipment, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more UL CIR measurements on a reference signal; and transmit, to the positioning equipment for a positioning estimation, the one or more UL CIR measurements performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration.

[0008] A method performed or performable by an NE (e.g., a base station) for wireless communication is described. The method may include receiving, from a positioning equipment, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more UL CIR measurements on a reference signal; and transmitting, to the positioning equipment for a positioning estimation, the one or more UL CIR measurements performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration.

[0009] In some implementations of the NE, the processor, and the method described herein, the measurement configuration indicates one or more types of UL CIRs to be measured. In some implementations of the NE, the processor, and the method described herein, the one or more UL CIR measurements are input data to a machine learning model that determines the positioning estimation. In some implementations of the NE, the processor, and the method described herein, the input data is usable to train the machine learning model to determine the positioning estimation. In some implementations of the NE, the processor, and the method described herein, the NE has a known location and is configured as at least one of a gNB, a transmission-reception point (TRP), a positioning reference unit (PRU) TRP, or a reference TRP. In some implementations of the NE, the processor, and the method described herein, the positioning equipment is at least one of a location server, a location management function (LMF), a UE, or a PRU UE. In some implementations of the NE, the processor, and the method described herein, the reference signal is at least one of a sounding reference signal (SRS), a SRS for positioning, a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) SRS, a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) demodulation reference signal (DM-RS), or a phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS). In some implementations of the NE, the processor, and the method described herein, the configuration parameters of the measurement configuration to conduct the one or more UL CIR measurements comprises one or more of complex values, time domain samples, a sampling frequency, power information, phase information, or a number of paths.

[0010] In some implementations of the NE, the processor, and the method described herein, the NE, the processor, and the method may be configured to, capable of, or operable to maintain the one or more UL CIR measurements as one or more of a one-dimensional (ID), a two-dimensional (2D), a three-dimensional (3D), or a multi-dimensional signature or fingerprint vector that represents a known location of a TRP. In some implementations of the NE, the processor, and the method described herein, the one or more UL CIR measurements include CIR measurement informationdetermined over a configured bandwidth of the reference signal. In some implementations of the NE, the processor, and the method described herein, the one or more UL CIR measurements are sampled to reduce a number of the one or more UL CIR measurements to a set of measurement samples. In some implementations of the NE, the processor, and the method described herein, the one or more UL CIR measurements are performed within a defined measurement time duration that includes one or more of a start time, a periodicity, an end time, or a time duration length. In some implementations of the NE, the processor, and the method described herein, the one or more UL CIR measurements are sampled with respect to a transmission reference point depending on maximum excess delay spread of a channel and an overall bandwidth of a transmitted UL positioning reference signal (UL PRS).

[0011] In some implementations of the NE, the processor, and the method described herein, the NE, the processor, and the method may be configured to, capable of, or operable to report the set of measurement samples as a configuration of at least one of a power threshold or a power interval. In some implementations of the NE, the processor, and the method described herein, the NE, the processor, and the method may be configured to, capable of, or operable to report the set of measurement samples as part of a measurement report. In some implementations of the NE, the processor, and the method described herein, a number of the one or more UL CIR measurements to be conducted is reduced based at least in part on one or more of a prioritization of location points, a location pair of a UE and reception point, one or more quality metrics of the CIR, or a number of user equipment UE reporting the one or more UL CIR measurements. In some implementations of the NE, the processor, and the method described herein, the NE, the processor, and the method may be configured to, capable of, or operable to transmit at least one of the one or more UL CIR measurements and associated one or more measurement sample quality metrics.

[0012] An positioning equipment for wireless communication is described. The positioning equipment may be configured to, capable of, or operable to perform one or more operations as described herein. For example, the positioning equipment may be configured to, capable of, or operable to transmit, to a NE, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more UL CIR measurements on a reference signal; receive, from the NE, the one or more UL CIR measurements performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration; performa positioning estimation based at least in part on the one or more UL CIR measurements; and determine a location of a UE based at least in part on the positioning estimation.

[0013] A processor (e.g., a standalone processor chipset, or a component of a positioning equipment) for wireless communication is described. The processor may be configured to, capable of, or operable to perform one or more operations as described herein. For example, the processor may be configured to, capable of, or operable to transmit, to a NE, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more UL CIR measurements on a reference signal; receive, from the NE, the one or more UL CIR measurements performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration; perform a positioning estimation based at least in part on the one or more UL CIR measurements; and determine a location of a UE based at least in part on the positioning estimation.

[0014] A method performed or performable by a positioning equipment for wireless communication is described. The method may include transmitting, to a NE, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more UL CIR measurements on a reference signal; receiving, from the NE, the one or more UL CIR measurements performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration; performing a positioning estimation based at least in part on the one or more UL CIR measurements; and determining a location of a UE based at least in part on the positioning estimation.

[0015] In some implementations of the positioning equipment, the processor, and the method described herein, the measurement configuration indicates one or more types of UL CIRs to be measured. In some implementations of the positioning equipment, the processor, and the method described herein, the positioning equipment, the processor, and the method may be configured to, capable of, or operable to use the one or more UL CIR measurements as input data to a machine learning model that determines the positioning estimation. In some implementations of the positioning equipment, the processor, and the method described herein, the positioning equipment, the processor, and the method may be configured to, capable of, or operable to use the input data to train the machine learning model to determine the positioning estimation. In some implementations of the positioning equipment, the processor, and the method described herein, the positioning equipment is at least one of a location server, a LMF, a UE, or a PRU UE. In some implementationsof the positioning equipment, the processor, and the method described herein, the reference signal is at least one of a SRS, a SRS for positioning, a MIMO SRS, a PUSCH DM-RS, or a PT-RS.

[0016] In some implementations of the positioning equipment, the processor, and the method described herein, the configuration parameters of the measurement configuration to conduct the one or more UL CIR measurements comprises one or more of complex values, time domain samples, a sampling frequency, power information, phase information, or a number of paths. In some implementations of the positioning equipment, the processor, and the method described herein, the one or more UL CIR measurements include CIR measurement information determined over a configured bandwidth of the reference signal. In some implementations of the positioning equipment, the processor, and the method described herein, the one or more UL CIR measurements are sampled to reduce a number of the one or more UL CIR measurements to a set of measurement samples. In some implementations of the positioning equipment, the processor, and the method described herein, the one or more UL CIR measurements are performed within a defined measurement time duration that includes one or more of a start time, a periodicity, an end time, or a time duration length.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] Figure 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communications system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0018] Figure 2 illustrates an example of a system for NR beam-based positioning, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0019] Figure 3 illustrates an example of a multi-cell round trip time (RTT) signaling procedure, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0020] Figure 4 illustrates an example system of a functional framework for a machine learning model and NR air interface, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0021] Figure 5 illustrates an example of a machine learning model functional framework for RAN intelligence, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0022] Figure 6 illustrates an example procedure diagram for using UL-based CIR measurements by a machine learning model to determine and output a location of a UE, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0023] Figure 7 illustrates an example of a UE in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0024] Figure 8 illustrates an example of a processor in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0025] Figure 9 illustrates an example of a network equipment (NE) in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0026] Figure 10 illustrates an example of a positioning equipment in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0027] Figure 11 illustrates a flowchart of a method performed by a NE in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0028] Figure 12 illustrates a flowchart of a method performed by a positioning equipment in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.DETAIEED DESCRIPTION

[0029] A wireless communications system may support location services that enable positioning estimations (e.g., determining, tracking, identifying, monitoring, estimating) of wireless device locations in the wireless communications system. The wireless communications system includes one or more wireless devices, such as UEs and / or NEs, among other devices, that transmit and / or receive signaling. For example, a UE may establish a wireless connection with a NE for transmitting and / or receiving control signaling, data signaling, or both. Reference is made herein to communicating data or information, such as signaling communication resources and / or communications that are transmitted or received between devices. It is to be appreciated that other terms may be used interchangeably with communicating, such as signaling, transmitting, receiving, outputting, forwarding, retrieving, obtaining, and so forth.

[0030] Features and characteristics of a transmitted signal in the wireless communications system may include a received signal strength, a delay profile, a power delay profile (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received path power (RSRPP), a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) of a particular reference signal), and / or a CIR of a received signal. A CIR of a received signal is a measure of how a wireless channel affects a transmitted signal over time, and can be used to characterize the multipath propagation, delay spread, and frequency selectivity of the channel. The CIR can support time domain characterization of the signal power and angular components of a received signal, and therefore may be considered more accurate representation of the channel observation based on the received signal, rather than considering only the received signal strength characteristics of the signal. A radio frequency signature, or fingerprint, may include any one or more of these features and characteristics of a transmitted signal, and therefore, an identifying signature or fingerprint of the signal may be detectable.

[0031] Aspects of the present disclosure support using artificial intelligence (Al) and / or machine learning (ML), and are directed to ascertaining the measurements, signaling, and features that support location management component (LCM) operations for direct and / or assisted Al and / or ML positioning. In a context of positioning estimations, a location estimation of a wireless device in the wireless communications system may be performed using Al and / or ML for NR air interface based at least in part on the identifying signature or fingerprint of a received signal that has been transmitted by the wireless device, such as a UE. The location of the UE may be determined based on the radio frequency signature and other features associated with the signal at the particular location. The location may be characterized and represented by the unique channel observations that are measured and / or determined as the signature or fingerprint of a transmitted signal from a wireless device at the particular location. This also supports positioning estimations of wireless device locations in indoor environments.

[0032] Aspects of the present disclosure support using a ML model or algorithm (e.g., a neural network, Al algorithms). For example, a positioning equipment (e.g., a location management function (LMF)) implemented at least in part with a machine learning model may include Al, a ML model or algorithm, a neural network, and / or any other type of machine learning model to implement the described techniques. As used herein, a machine learning model refers to a computer representation that is trainable based on inputs to approximate unknown functions. For example, amachine learning model can utilize algorithms to learn from, and make predictions on, inputs of known data (e.g., training and / or reference data) by analyzing the known data to learn to generate outputs. In aspects of the present disclosure, a machine learning model may receive input data as one or more UL CIR measurements on a reference signal and determine positioning estimations, such as a location of a UE in a wireless communications system.

[0033] Additional aspects of the present disclosure are directed to establishing an uplink signal measurement based on the signature or fingerprint of a received signal, which may depend on the signal characteristics of the captured signal and the link to be measured, such as separate UL CIR measurements that are defined based on the type of reference signal (e.g., a sounding reference signal (SRS)). These UL CIR signature or fingerprint measurements of a signal may be provided as input data to a machine learning model (e.g., an Al and / or ML model) that can train on the input data, as well as infer or determine the location of a wireless device in the wireless communications system based on positioning estimation.

[0034] As training data for the machine learning model, the input data (e.g., as one or more UL CIR measurements) are configurable, such as depending on the application or scenario in which an Al and / or ML process (e.g., for training or inference) manages processing and resources overhead for training and / or performing positioning estimation, while maintaining accuracy of the measurements and estimations. The UL CIR measurements support the Al and / or ML positioning techniques, such as based on a signal signature or fingerprinting of the signal. In addition to providing support for Al and / or ML positioning, the described techniques support managing signaling overhead, such as by allowing a signal measurement vector that represents the UL CIR measurements to be configurable depending on aspects such as the number of samples, the sampling resolution, as well as the power, time, angle, and domain characteristics.

[0035] Aspects of the present disclosure are described in the context of a wireless communications system.

[0036] Figure 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communications system 100 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 may include one or more NE 102, one or more UE 104, and a core network (CN) 106. The wireless communications system 100 may support various radio access technologies. In some implementations, the wirelesscommunications system 100 may be a 4G network, such as an LTE network or an LTE- Advanced (LTE-A) network. In some other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a NR network, such as a 5G network, a 5G-Advanced (5G-A) network, or a 5G ultrawideband (5G-UWB) network. In other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a combination of a 4G network and a 5G network, or other suitable radio access technology including Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20. The wireless communications system 100 may support radio access technologies beyond 5G, for example, 6G. Additionally, the wireless communications system 100 may support technologies, such as time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), or code division multiple access (CDMA), etc.

[0037] The one or more NE 102 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region to form the wireless communications system 100. One or more of the NE 102 described herein may be or include or may be referred to as a network node, a base station, a network element, a network function, a network entity, network infrastructure (or infrastructure), a radio access network (RAN), a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB), a next-generation NodeB (gNB), or other suitable terminology. An NE 102 and a UE 104 may communicate via a communication link, which may be a wireless or wired connection. For example, an NE 102 and a UE 104 may perform wireless communication (e.g., receive signaling, transmit signaling) over a Uu interface.

[0038] An NE 102 may provide a geographic coverage area for which the NE 102 may support services for one or more UEs 104 within the geographic coverage area. For example, an NE 102 and a UE 104 may support wireless communication of signals related to services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc.) according to one or multiple radio access technologies. In some implementations, an NE 102 may be moveable, for example, a satellite associated with a non-terrestrial network (NTN). In some implementations, different geographic coverage areas associated with the same or different radio access technologies may overlap, but the different geographic coverage areas may be associated with different NE 102.

[0039] The one or more UEs 104 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region of the wireless communications system 100. A UE 104 may include or may be referred to as a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a subscriber device, a transmitter device, a receiver device, or some other suitable terminology. In some implementations, the UE 104 may bereferred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE 104 may be referred to as an Internet-of-Things (loT) device, an Internet-of- Everything (loE) device, or machine-type communication (MTC) device, among other examples.

[0040] A UE 104 may be able to support wireless communication directly with other UEs 104 over a communication link. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a device-to-device (D2D) communication link. In some implementations, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) deployments, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) deployments, or cellular-V2X deployments, the communication link may be referred to as a sidelink. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a PC5 interface.

[0041] An NE 102 may support communications with the CN 106, or with another NE 102, or both. For example, an NE 102 may interface with other NE 102 or the CN 106 through one or more backhaul links (e.g., SI, N2, N6, or other network interface). In some implementations, the NE 102 may communicate with each other directly. In some other implementations, the NE 102 may communicate with each other indirectly (e.g., via the CN 106). In some implementations, one or more NE 102 may include subcomponents, such as an access network entity, which may be an example of an access node controller (ANC). An ANC may communicate with the one or more UEs 104 through one or more other access network transmission entities, which may be referred to as a radio heads, smart radio heads, or transmission-reception points (TRPs).

[0042] The CN 106 may support user authentication, access authorization, tracking, connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The CN 106 may be an evolved packet core (EPC), or a 5G core (5GC), which may include a control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME), an access and mobility management functions (AMF)) and a user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW), a packet data network (PDN) gateway (P-GW), or a user plane function (UPF)). In some implementations, the control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions, such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management (e.g., data bearers, signal bearers, etc.) for the one or more UEs 104 served by the one or more NE 102 associated with the CN 106.

[0043] The CN 106 may communicate with a packet data network over one or more backhaul links (e.g., via an SI, N2, N6, or other network interface). The packet data network may include an application server. In some implementations, one or more UEs 104 may communicate with the application server. A UE 104 may establish a session (e.g., a protocol data unit (PDU) session, or the like) with the CN 106 via an NE 102. The CN 106 may route traffic (e.g., control information, data, and the like) between the UE 104 and the application server using the established session (e.g., the established PDU session). The PDU session may be an example of a logical connection between the UE 104 and the CN 106 (e.g., one or more network functions of the CN 106).

[0044] In the wireless communications system 100, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may use resources of the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers)) to perform various operations (e.g., wireless communications). In some implementations, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support different resource structures. For example, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support different frame structures. In some implementations, such as in 4G, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support a single frame structure. In some other implementations, such as in 5G and among other suitable radio access technologies, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures (i.e., multiple frame structures). The NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures based on one or more numerologies.

[0045] One or more numerologies may be supported in the wireless communications system 100, and a numerology may include a subcarrier spacing and a cyclic prefix. A first numerology (e.g., / r=0) may be associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. In some implementations, the first numerology (e.g., / r=0) associated with the first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may utilize one slot per subframe. A second numerology (e.g., / r=l) may be associated with a second subcarrier spacing (e.g., 30 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A third numerology (e.g., / r=2) may be associated with a third subcarrier spacing (e.g., 60 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix or an extended cyclic prefix. A fourth numerology (e.g., / r=3) may be associated with a fourth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 120 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A fifth numerology (e.g., / r=4) may be associated with a fifth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 240 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix.

[0046] A time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to frames (also referred to as radio frames). Each frame may have a duration, for example, a 10 millisecond (ms) duration. In some implementations, each frame may include multiple subframes. For example, each frame may include 10 subframes, and each subframe may have a duration, for example, a 1 ms duration. In some implementations, each frame may have the same duration. In some implementations, each subframe of a frame may have the same duration.

[0047] Additionally, or alternatively, a time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to slots. For example, a subframe may include a number (e.g., quantity) of slots. The number of slots in each subframe may also depend on the one or more numerologies supported in the wireless communications system 100. For instance, the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth numerologies (i.e., / r=0, jU=l , / r=2, / r=3, / r=4) associated with respective subcarrier spacings of 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, and 240 kHz may utilize a single slot per subframe, two slots per subframe, four slots per subframe, eight slots per subframe, and 16 slots per subframe, respectively. Each slot may include a number (e.g., quantity) of symbols (e.g., OFDM symbols). In some implementations, the number (e.g., quantity) of slots for a subframe may depend on a numerology. For a normal cyclic prefix, a slot may include 14 symbols. For an extended cyclic prefix (e.g., applicable for 60 kHz subcarrier spacing), a slot may include 12 symbols. The relationship between the number of symbols per slot, the number of slots per subframe, and the number of slots per frame for a normal cyclic prefix and an extended cyclic prefix may depend on a numerology. It should be understood that reference to a first numerology (e.g., / r=0) associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may be used interchangeably between subframes and slots.

[0048] In the wireless communications system 100, an electromagnetic (EM) spectrum may be split, based on frequency or wavelength, into various classes, frequency bands, frequency channels, etc. By way of example, the wireless communications system 100 may support one or multiple operating frequency bands, such as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz - 7.125 GHz), FR2 (24.25 GHz - 52.6 GHz), FR3 (7.125 GHz - 24.25 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz - 114.25 GHz), FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz - 71 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz - 300 GHz). In some implementations, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may perform wireless communications over one or more of the operating frequency bands. In some implementations, FR1 may be used by the NEs 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for cellular communications traffic (e.g.,control information, data). In some implementations, FR2 may be used by the NEs 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for short-range, high data rate capabilities.

[0049] FR1 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least three numerologies). For example, FR1 may be associated with a first numerology (e.g., / r=0), which includes 15 kHz subcarrier spacing; a second numerology (e.g., / r=l), which includes 30 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a third numerology (e.g., / r=2), which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing. FR2 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least 2 numerologies). For example, FR2 may be associated with a third numerology (e.g., / r=2), which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a fourth numerology (e.g., / r=3), which includes 120 kHz subcarrier spacing.

[0050] According to implementations, one or more of the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 are operable to implement various aspects of the techniques described with reference to the present disclosure. In one or more implementations, a NE 102 receives, from a positioning equipment (e.g., another NE 102 implemented as a positioning equipment), a measurement configuration to conduct one or more UL CIR measurements on a reference signal. The NE 102 transmits, to the positioning equipment for a positioning estimation, the one or more UL CIR measurements performed on the reference signal based on the measurement configuration. In further one or more implementations, a positioning equipment (e.g., a NE 102 implemented as a positioning equipment) transmits, to a NE 102, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more UL CIR measurements on a reference signal. The positioning equipment receives, from the NE, the one or more UL CIR measurements performed on the reference signal based on the measurement configuration. The positioning equipment can then perform a positioning estimation based on the one or more UL CIR measurements, and determine a location of a UE 104 based on the positioning estimation. In one or more implementations, the NE 102 has a known location and is configured as at least one of a gNB, a TRP, a PRU TRP, or a reference TRP, and the positioning equipment is at least one of a location server, a LMF, an additional UE 104, or a PRU UE. In further one or more implementations, the one or more UL CIR measurements are input data to a machine learning model that determines the positioning estimation. The input data is also usable to train the machine learning model to determine the positioning estimation.

[0051] Separate positioning techniques, as indicated in Table (1) below, can be currently configured and performed based on the requirements of the LMF and UE capabilities. The transmission of PRS enable a UE to perform UE positioning -related measurements, enable computation of a UE’s location estimate, and are configured per TRP, where a TRP may transmit one or more beams.Table (1): Supported Rel-16 UE Positioning Methods

[0052] Figure 2 illustrates an example of system 200 for NR beam-based positioning in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The system 200 illustrates a UE 104 and NEs 102 (e.g., gNBs). The PRS can be transmitted by different base stations (serving and neighboring) using narrow beams over FR1 and FR2 as illustrated in the example system 200, which is relatively different when compared to LTE where the PRS was transmitted across the whole cell. The PRS can be locally associated with a PRS resource identifier (ID) and resource set ID for a base station (e.g., a TRP). Similarly, UE positioning measurements, such as reference signal time difference(RSTD) and PRS reference signal received power (RSRP) measurements are performed on a per beam basis (e.g., based on downlink (DL) PRS resources, or DL PRS resource sets) as opposed to different cells, as was the case in LTE. In addition, there are additional uplink (UL) positioning methods that the network can use to compute the location of a target UE.

[0053] A reference signal (RS) to measurements mapping is shown below in Table (2) and in Table (3), which indicate the RS to measurements mapping for each of the supported RAT- dependent positioning techniques at a UE and at a gNB, respectively. RAT-dependent positioning techniques involve the 3 GPP RAT and core network entities to perform a position estimation of a UE, which are differentiated from RAT-independent positioning techniques that rely on the global navigation satellite system (GNSS), inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor, wireless local area network (WLAN), and Bluetooth technologies for performing target device (UE) positioning.Table (2): UE Measurements for RAT-dependent Positioning TechniquesTable (3): gNB Measurements for RAT-dependent Positioning Techniques.

[0054] Various RAT-dependent positioning techniques are supported in Rel-16, such as downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDoA), DL-angle of departure (AoD), multi-RTT, enhanced cell-ID (E-CID) / NR E-CID, uplink (UL)-TDoA, and UL-AoA. The DL-TDoA positioning method makes use of the measured DL PRS RSRP of downlink signals received from multiple transmission points (TPs), at the UE. The UE measures the DL PRS RSRP of the received signals using assistance data received from the positioning server, and the resulting measurements are used along with other configuration information to locate the UE in relation to the neighboring TPs.

[0055] The DL AoD positioning method makes use of the measured DL PRS RSRP of downlink signals received from multiple TPs, at the UE. The UE measures the DL PRS RSRP of the received signals using assistance data received from the positioning server, and the resulting measurements are used along with other configuration information to locate the UE in relation to the neighboring TPs.

[0056] Figure 3 illustrates an example 300 of a multi-cell RTT signaling procedure in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The multi-RTT positioning technique makes use of the UE Rx-Tx measurements and DL PRS RSRP of downlink signals received from multipleTRPs, as measured by the UE, as well as the measured gNB Rx-Tx measurements and uplink sounding reference signal (SRS) RSRP (UL SRS-RSRP) at multiple TRPs of uplink signals transmitted from a UE. The UE measures the UE Rx-Tx measurements (and optionally DL PRS RSRP of the received signals) using assistance data received from the positioning server (also referred to herein as a location server, or positioning equipment), and the TRPs the gNB Rx-Tx measurements (and optionally UL SRS-RSRP of the received signals) using assistance data received from the positioning server. The measurements are used to determine the RTT at the positioning server, which are used to estimate the location of the UE. The multi-RTT is only supported for UE-assisted and NG-RAN assisted positioning techniques as noted in Table (1).

[0057] For the E-CID positioning technique, the position of a UE is estimated with the knowledge of its serving ng-eNB, gNB, and cell, and is based on LTE signals. The information about the serving ng-eNB, gNB, and cell may be obtained by paging, registration, or other methods. The NR E-CID positioning refers to techniques which use additional UE measurements and / or NR radio resources and other measurements to improve the UE location estimate using NR signals. Although NR E-CID positioning may utilize some of the same measurements as the measurement control system in the RRC protocol, the UE may not (or is not expected to) make additional measurements for the sole purpose of positioning (e.g., the positioning procedures do not supply a measurement configuration or measurement control message, and the UE reports the measurements that it has available rather than being required to take additional measurement actions).

[0058] The UL-TDoA positioning technique makes use of the UL RTOA (and optionally UL SRS-RSRP) at multiple reception points (RPs) of uplink signals transmitted from UE. The RPs measure the UL-RTOA (and optionally UL SRS-RSRP) of the received signals using assistance data received from the positioning server, and the resulting measurements are used along with other configuration information to estimate the location of the UE.

[0059] The UL-AoA positioning technique makes use of the measured azimuth and the zenith of arrival at multiple RPs of uplink signals transmitted from UE. The RPs measure azimuth- AoA (A-AoA) and zenith- AoA (Z-AoA) of the received signals using assistance data received from the positioning server (also referred to herein as the location server, or positioning equipment), and the resulting measurements are used along with other configuration information to estimate the location of the UE.

[0060] Various RAT-independent positioning techniques may also be used, such as network- assisted GNSS techniques, barometric pressure sensor positioning, WLAN positioning, Bluetooth positioning, terrestrial beacon system (TBS) positioning, and motion sensor positioning. The network-assisted GNSS techniques make use of UEs that are equipped with radio receivers capable of receiving GNSS signals. In 3GPP specifications, the term GNSS encompasses both global and regional / augmentation navigation satellite systems. Examples of global navigation satellite systems include Global Positioning System (GPS), Modernized GPS, Galileo, Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), and BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS). Regional navigation satellite systems include Quasi Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), while the many augmentation systems are classified under the generic term of Space Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS) and provide regional augmentation services. The network-assisted GNSS techniques may use different GNSSs (e.g., GPS, Galileo, etc.) separately or in combination to determine the location of a UE.

[0061] The barometric pressure sensor positioning technique makes use of barometric sensors to determine the vertical component of the position of the UE. The UE measures barometric pressure, optionally aided by assistance data, to calculate the vertical component of its location or to send measurements to the positioning server for position calculation. This technique can be combined with other positioning techniques to determine the 3D position of a UE.

[0062] The WLAN positioning technique makes use of the WLAN measurements (access point (AP) identifiers and optionally other measurements) and databases to determine the location of the UE. The UE measures received signals from WLAN access points, optionally aided by assistance data, to send measurements to the positioning server for position calculation. Using the measurement results and a references database, the location of a UE can be calculated. Additionally, or alternatively, a UE makes use of WLAN measurements, and optionally WLAN AP assistance data provided by the positioning server to determine its location.

[0063] The Bluetooth positioning technique makes use of Bluetooth measurements (beacon identifiers and optionally other measurements) to determine the location of a UE. The UE measures received signals from Bluetooth beacons, and using the measurement results and a references database, the location of the UE can be calculated. The Bluetooth technique may be combined with other positioning techniques (e.g., WLAN) to improve positioning accuracy of a UE.

[0064] The TBS positioning technique includes a network of ground-based transmitters that broadcast signals for positioning purposes. Examples of types of TBS positioning signals are Metropolitan Beacon System (MBS) signals and PRSs. A UE measures received TBS signals, optionally aided by assistance data, to calculate its location and / or to send measurements to a positioning server for position calculation.

[0065] The motion sensor positioning techniques make use of different sensors, such as accelerometers, gyros, magnetometers, and so forth to calculate the displacement of a UE. The UE can estimate a relative displacement based on a reference position and / or a reference time. The UE can send a report that includes the determined relative displacement, which can be used to determine the absolute position of the UE. This technique can be used with other positioning techniques for hybrid positioning.

[0066] Different downlink measurements, such as used for RAT-dependent positioning measurements and techniques, include DL PRS-RSRP, DL RSTD, and UE Rx-Tx time difference, such as the supported RAT-dependent positioning techniques shown below in Table (4).Measurement configurations that may be used include four (4) pair of DL RSTD measurements, which may be performed per pair of cells, and each measurement is performed between a different pair of DL PRS resources and / or resource sets with a single reference timing. Additionally, eight (8) DL PRS RSRP measurements can be performed on different DL PRS resources from the same cell.Table (4): Positioning Measurement Definitions for DL-based and UL-based positioning

[0067] Figure 4 illustrates an example system 400 of a functional framework for a machine learning model and NR air interface, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. In this example system 400, the functional framework includes multiple processes that enable AI / ML functionality over the air interface. Data collection 402 is a function that provides input data to model training 404, management 406, and inference 408 functions. Training data 410 is a data input to the AI / ML model training 404, and monitoring data 412 is a data input to the management 406 of the AI / ML model or for AI / ML functionalities. Similarly, inference data 414 is a data input to the AI / ML function for inference 408.

[0068] The model training 404 is a function that performs AI / ML model training, validation, and testing, which may generate model performance metrics that can be used as part of the model testing procedure. The model training 404 is also responsible for data preparation (e.g., data preprocessing and cleaning, formatting, and transformation) based on the training data 410 that is received from data collection 402, if required. A model storage 416 can be used to deliver trained,validated, and tested AI / ML models (e.g., a trained and / or updated model 418), or can receive an updated version of a model at the model storage.

[0069] The management 406 is a function that oversees the operation (e.g., selection, (de)activation, switching, and / or fallback) and monitoring (e.g., performance) of Al / ML models and / or AI / ML functionalities. This function is also implemented to make decisions to ensure the proper inference operation based on data received from the functions for data collection 402 and inference 408. A management instruction 420 from management 406 to inference 408 is information provided as an input to manage the inference function. This information may include selection, (de) activation and / or switching of AI / ML models and / or AI / ML-based functionalities, or as a fallback to non-AI / ML operations (i.e., not relying on an inference process), etc. A model transfer and / or delivery request 422 from management 406 to the model storage 416 is used to request model(s) from the model storage. A performance feedback and / or retraining request 424 from management 406 to model training 404 is information used as an input for the model training function (e.g., for model (re)training or updating purposes).

[0070] The function for inference 408 provides outputs from the process of applying AI / ML models and / or AI / ML functionalities, using the data that is provided by data collection 402 (i.e., the inference data 414 from data collection 402 as a data input to inference 408). The function of inference 408 is also responsible for data preparation (e.g., data pre-processing and cleaning, formatting, and transformation) based on the inference data 414 delivered by data collection 402, if required. An inference output 426 is data used by the function of management 406 to monitor the performance of AI / ML models and / or AI / ML functionalities.

[0071] The model storage 416 is a function responsible for storing the trained and / or updated models 418 that can be used to perform the inference function. The function of model storage 416 is representative of a reference point (if any) when applicable for protocol terminations, model transfer and / or delivery, and related processes. It should be noted that its purpose does not encompass restricting the actual storage locations of models, and all data, information, and instruction input and outputs to / from the model storage are case by case, as needed. The model transfer and / or delivery 428 is used to deliver an AI / ML model to the inference function.

[0072] With reference to positioning accuracy enhancements, some selected representative sub-use cases may include direct AI / ML positioning, with an AI / ML model output indicating a UE location (e.g., fingerprinting or signature based on channel observation as the input of the AI / ML model). An AI / ML assisted positioning, with an AI / ML model output indicating a new measurement and / or enhancement of an existing measurement (e.g., a line of sight (LOS) or NLOS identification, timing, and / or angle of measurement, likelihood of measurement). More specifically, additional use cases may include a case 1 for UE-based positioning with a UE-side model, direct AI / ML, or AI / ML assisted positioning; a case 2a for UE-assisted and / or LME-based positioning with a UE-side model, or AI / ML assisted positioning; a case 2b for UE-assisted and / or LME-based positioning with a LME-side model, or direct AI / ML positioning; a case 3a for NG-RAN node assisted positioning with a gNB-side model, or AI / ML assisted positioning; and a case 3b for NG- RAN node assisted positioning with a LME-side model, or direct AI / ML positioning. Additionally, a one-sided model with inference may be performed entirely at a UE, or at the network (e.g., as prioritized in Rel-18 SI).

[0073] Figure 5 illustrates an example of a machine learning model functional framework 500 for RAN intelligence, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. In this example, the functional framework 500 includes data collection 502 as a function that provides input data to model training 504 and model inference 506 functions. The AI / ML algorithm specific data preparation (e.g., data pre-processing and cleaning, formatting, and transformation) may not be implemented in the function for data collection 502. Examples of input data may include measurements from UEs or different network entities, feedback from an actor 508, and / or output from an AI / ML model. Training data 510 is a data input to the AI / ML model training 504, and inference data 512 is a data input to the AI / ML function for model inference 506. The model training 504 may provide a model deployment and / or update 514 to the function for model inference 506.

[0074] The function for model inference 506 provides AI / ML model inference output 516 (e.g. predictions or decisions), and in implementations, may provide model performance feedback 518 to the model training 504. The function for model inference 506 may also implemented for data preparation (e.g. data pre-processing and cleaning, formatting, and transformation) based on the inference data 512 delivered from data collection 502, if required. The inference output 516 of theAI / ML model is generated or determined by the model inference function, and details of the inference output are specific for various use cases. Additionally, the model performance feedback 518 from model inference 506 may be used to monitor the performance of the AI / ML model, when available. The actor 508 is a function that receives the output 516 from the model inference 506 and triggers or performs corresponding actions. The actor 508 may trigger actions directed to other entities, or to itself. The feedback 520 back to data collection 502 is information that may be needed to derive the training data 510, the inference data 512, or to monitor the performance of the AI / ML model and its impact to the network through updating of KPIs and performance counters.

[0075] The following are some non-limiting examples of entities and terminologies that may be referred to in this disclosure. A transmission point (TP) is a set of geographically co-located transmit antennas (e.g. an antenna array, such as with one or more antenna elements) for one cell, part of one cell, or one PRS-only TP. Transmission points can include base station (eNodeB) antennas, remote radio heads, a remote antenna of a base station, an antenna of a PRS-only TP, etc. One cell can be formed by one or multiple transmission points. For a homogeneous deployment, each transmission point may correspond to one cell.

[0076] A reception point (RP) is a set of geographically co-located receive antennas (e.g. an antenna array, such as with one or more antenna elements) for one cell, part of one cell, or one UL- SRS-only RP. Reception points can include base station (ng-eNB or gNB) antennas, remote radio heads, a remote antenna of a base station, an antenna of a UL-SRS-only RP, etc. One cell can include one or multiple reception points. For a homogeneous deployment, each reception point may correspond to one cell. A transmission-reception point (TRP) is a set of geographically co-located antennas (e.g. an antenna array, such as with one or more antenna elements) supporting TP and / or RP functionality. A PRS-only TP is a TP that only transmits PRS signals or DL-PRS for PRS-based TBS positioning and is not associated with a cell.

[0077] A positioning reference unit (PRU) at a known location can perform positioning measurements (e.g., RSTD, RSRP, UE Rx-Tx time difference measurements, etc.) and report these measurements to a location server. In addition, the PRU can transmit SRS to enable TRPs to measure and report UL positioning measurements (e.g., RTOA, UL-AoA, gNB Rx-Tx time difference, etc.) from a PRU at a known location. The PRU measurements can be compared by a location server with the measurements expected at the known PRU location to determine correctionterms for other nearby target devices. The DL and / or UL location measurements for other target devices can then be corrected based on the previously determined correction terms. A PRU may also comprise of a TRP with a known location.

[0078] Additionally, a target-UE may be referred to as a UE of interest, having a position or location (absolute or relative) that is to be obtained or determined by the network or by the UE itself. Further, any reference made to a device or UE position or location information may refer to a 2D or 3D absolute position, a 2D or 3D relative position, a distance, a relative direction with respect to another node or network entity, ranging in terms of distance, ranging in terms of direction, and / or any combination thereof. As described in the present disclosure, the terms Al and ML may be used interchangeably to refer to an intelligent software component or system, such as a machine learning model.

[0079] In aspects of this disclosure, an UL CIR measurement is an aspect to enable direct AI / ML-based positioning. For direct AI / ML positioning, techniques such as fingerprinting can be leveraged by AI / ML models to obtain enhanced location estimates based on the type of RF signatures associated with a given location. The present disclosure provides for UL-based CIR measurements that support implementations of direct AI / ML positioning, and provides for configurability to manage the CIR measurement overhead. In aspects of the described techniques, a first technique supports defining an UL-based, raw multi-dimensional CIR vector signature or fingerprint for supporting UE-based positioning with a UE-side model, as well as UE-assisted and / or LMF-based positioning with a LMF-side model.

[0080] A second technique is described to reduce the overhead that may occur for multidimensional UL-based CIR vector signature or fingerprint on a sample level. It is noted that, in defining channel observations, they are a function of a number of samples and are performed over a time period and over a certain frequency, which could result in higher overhead measurements that may affect air interface resources. A third technique is described to reduce the overhead that may occur for multi-dimensional UL-based CIR vector signature or fingerprint on a system level (e.g., based on reducing the number of TRPs to be measured and a quality of the CIRs to be measured). It should be noted that any of the described techniques may be implemented in combination with each other.

[0081] With reference to the first described technique for UL-PRS CIR fingerprint measurement, a fingerprint measurement is generated at a gNB (NG-RAN) based on a measurement of a received UL-PRS or SRS for a positioning signal at a gNB, TRP, PRU TRP, and / or reference TRP. In other implementations, other reference signals may be used to derive a fingerprint measurement including MIMO SRS, physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) DM-RS, etc. In an example implementation, the SRS or SRS for positioning fingerprint may be derived based on multiple transmitted SRS or SRS for positioning resources, including one or more of UL carriers, carrier IDs, TRPs, SRS or SRS for positioning resource sets, SRS or SRS for positioning resources, or any combination thereof. This RF fingerprint represents a unique RF signature of the received SRS or SRS for positioning at a given location. In one or more implementations, a gNB (e.g., a NE) receives a measurement configuration from positioning equipment, performs UL CIR measurements based on the measurement configuration, and can then transmit the UL CIR measurements to the positioning equipment or to other configuration equipment (e.g., a location server, LME) that receives additional UL CIR measurements from multiple gNBs.

[0082] Figure 6 illustrates an example procedure diagram 600 for using UL-based CIR measurements by a machine learning model to determine and output a location of a UE, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. This example procedure diagram 600 represents an overview of the process from the perspective of receiver 602 (e.g., a gNB, TRP, PRU TRP, and / or reference TRP). An advantage of the PRU is that it can perform multiple measurements at a known location of the UE, store the captured data associated with the known location, which may then be used to train a machine learning model based on the stored and captured data.

[0083] At 604 (step 1), a gNB, TRP, PRU TRP, and / or reference TRP performs an UL-based CIR measurement per UE, or a gNB, TRP, PRU TRP, and / or reference TRP location per UE based on the received UL-PRS and sample size. The gNB, TRP, PRU TRP, and / or reference TRP may be configured for a type of CIR measurement that is to be performed (e.g., raw CIR measurements or overhead reduced CIR measurements). At 606 (step 2), the gNB, TRP, PRU TRP, and / or reference TRP performs associated receiver processing on the UL CIR measurement to remove any hardware and / or software imperfections of the measurement, or to assist in reducing the overall CIR overhead based on the described second technique to reduce overhead as described herein.

[0084] At 608 (step 3), a data collection entity 610, which may include a gNB, TRP, PRU TRP, and / or reference TRP, or other network entity (e.g., a LMF, a network data analytics function (NWDAF)) may pre-process the UL CIR measurement inputs based on the techniques described for overhead reduction, or remove outliers or add labels (e.g., reference location, timestamp information, CIR quality metrics, etc.) to filter the measurement data. At 612 (step 4) the raw measurements (e.g., the unfiltered measurements from receiver processing at 606), or the processed input data (e.g., the filtered measurements for overhead reduction at 608), is provided as input data to an AI / ML model 614. At 616 (steps 5a, 5b), classification or regression techniques, or unsupervised learning techniques, are performed with a trained AI / ML model (also referred to herein as a machine learning model) with the goal of determining an output 618 as the location of a UE based on the UL-based CIR measurements. At 620 (step 6), the configured AI / ML model 614 outputs 2D and / or 3D location information of a target UE based on the trained, multi-dimensional CIR signatures or vectors.

[0085] In aspects of the described techniques, a CIR measurement, or an approximated version of the channel impulse response, is generated, e.g., based on a received UL-PRS, or SRS or SRS for positioning signal at a gNB, TRP, PRU TRP, and / or reference TRP, which has been transmitted from a UE or PRU UE signal at a target UE or a PRU UE. This raw CIR of a received positioning reference signal may be utilized or the features of this CIR may be extracted, since the CIR is defined as a channel’s response to an impulse signal, which characterizes the wireless communication channel behavior of a pre-defined period of time. For a transmitted signal, x(t), passing through a multipath channel, (t), the received signal y(t) at a receiver is given by equation / 1):

[0086] In aspects of the described techniques, a CIR measurement, or an approximated version of the channel impulse response, is generated (e.g., based on a received DL-PRS signal at a target UE or a PRU UE, which has been transmitted from a gNB or TRP). This raw CIR of a received positioning reference signal may be utilized or the features of this CIR may be extracted, since the CIR is defined as a channel’s response to an impulse signal, which characterizes the wireless communication channel behavior of a pre-defined period of time. For a transmitted signal, x(t), passing through a multipath channel, (t), the received signal y(t) at a receiver is given by equation / 1):

[0087] If the transmitted signal is represented by an impulse signal, where x(t) = 5(t), then the down converted complex baseband channel impulse response, sampled at T, is given by equation(2):where akis the amplitude per signal path component k at time t, 0kis the phase per signal path component k at time t, and tkis the path delays normalized to the sample period. The observed discrete CIR for every nthsample is then given as equation(3) and equation(4):where hL= [L(l),L(2),L(3), ,L( / V)], for a total of N samples and hk(n) is characterized by a sine function.

[0088] In addition, it captures the particular channel features and / or behavior at a given location, which provides a unique representation or signature, which may be near impossible or highly unlikely to replicate in another location within the same environment. This depends on how the CIR measurement is defined, including capturing the amplitude, phase, and delay spread characteristics at the gNB, TRP, PRU TRP, and / or reference TRP or based on the transmission location of the target UE and managing the resulting overhead due to the generation of this type of measurement. In one aspect, the CIR fingerprint measurement is a time domain representation given by equation(2), while in other implementations, the discretized CIR can be modelled as a tapped delay line (FIR filter), comprising of time varying coefficients hk, characterized by equation(3).

[0089] According to an aspect of the techniques, the UL-PRS CIR or SRS for positioning CIR may include the raw UL-PRS, which is generated using a correlation function between the received signal and a reference transmitted UL-PRS or SRS for positioning signal. This resulting received UL-PRS or SRS for positioning provides an insight on the UL channel observations over a certain period of time. However, a full wideband CIR has significant data overhead for transferring such information (e.g., in the case of NG-RAN-assisted positioning with a gNB-side model, or directAI / ML positioning, where a gNB, TRP, PRU TRP, and / or reference TRP may need to transfer such information to the LMF via NRPPa.

[0090] In an implementation, SRS for positioning aggregation may also be applied to receive a wideband CIR, which considers that the CIR is generated based on several factors. The factors may include a number of samples s per for every Ithpath of each SRS for positioning symbol r (resource element transmission), which depends on the SRS for positioning configuration including comb-size, number of symbols, RE offset, slot offset, and / or bandwidth in terms of physical resource block (PRB) allocations. The CIR may also be generated based on multiple symbols with a slot, subframe, or frame. The PRB allocations define the bandwidth for which the CIR is measured (e.g., up to 100 MHz for FR1 and up to 400 MHz for FR2). Additional factors may include over NTX-RXantenna pairs. Based on a total number of NRPRPs (reception points) given by a vectornRP=RP(2), ... , RP(NRP) ], where a UE or PRU UE traverses each location q and transmits SRS for positioning which is received by a total NRPreception points.

[0091] Additional factors may take into account a vector of reference locations or ground truth locations given by Q = [1, ... , q]. In such an implementation, for simplicity, a 2D location (xi,yi) is given a label 1, a 2D location (X2,y2) is given a label 2, a 2D location (xq,yq) is given a label q, and so on. In other implementations, a 3D location may also be utilized within a given environment. In another implementation for UL-based direct AI / ML positioning, the gNB, TRP, PRU TRP, and / or reference TRP location information is normally static and is pre-defined during deployment, therefore one or more combinations of locations may provide a unique UL-based fingerprint. For example, a location of the gNB, TRP, PRU TRP, and / or reference TRP; a location of a UE at the time of a SRS for positioning transmission; and / or a combination of a location of the gNB, TRP, PRU TRP, and / or reference TRP and a location of the UE at the time of the SRS for positioning transmission, which may be identified or labeled as a unique location pair, and may be still mapped to the ground truth location pairs given by Q = [1, ... , q],

[0092] In aspects of the described techniques, OQIRrepresents the multi-dimensional CIR vector signature, where the columns represent the number of locations over which a channel is viewed, and the rows are the different transmitters, for iterations of channel observations for the differenttransmitters. A machine learning model may be trained on this input data of channel observations in equation(5):

[0093] This OQIRmulti-dimensional CIR vector signature or fingerprint may be collected during a so-called offline phase, where a series of CIR measurements are performed by each gNB, TRP, PRU TRP, and / or reference TRP, or per location point or unique location pair per received signal from a different UE before the deployment of a AI / ML model. The location server may then consolidate the different fingerprints received from different reception points (e.g., different gNB, TRP, PRU TRP, and / or reference TRPs). In other implementations, one or more elements of the OQIRmulti-dimensional CIR vector signature or fingerprint may be updated after deployment of the AI / ML model (also known as the online phase) (e.g., during the monitoring phase), based on dynamic changes in the environment (e.g., movement of people or objects which can affect the overall channel impulse response). This may be updated in an on-demand manner (e.g., using on- demand NRPPa signaling), which may be solicited or unsolicited between the gNB, TRP, PRU TRP, and / or reference TRP and LMF.

[0094] However, this OQIRmulti-dimensional CIR vector signature or fingerprint may correspond to a single Tx-Rx antenna pair (single input single output (SISO)) or TRP (transmission reception point). In another single input multiple output (SIMO) or MIMO implementation, OQIRmay be further expressed as a function Tx-Rx antenna pairs, given by further expanding equation(4), as below in equation(6) and equation(7):h" = [h hL\ (7) which provides for an updatedmulti-dimensional CIR vector signature or fingerprint taking into account multiple Tx-Rx link pairs for MIMO, in equation(8):D

[0095] The OQ and OQ multi-dimensional CIR vector signatures or fingerprints may also be considered as the raw measurements CIR data, which can be utilized for performing direct AI / ML positioning, such as for the case of NG-RAN assisted positioning with gNB-side model, direct AI / ML. The gNB, TRP, PRU TRP, and / or reference TRP performs the raw CIR measurement defined by OQ and OQ and then transmits this UL measurement data to the LMF using NRPPa signaling.

[0096] The CIR measurements are defined below in Table (5) as a function of the various parameters detailed above. In different implementations one or more combinations of the parameters may be used to define the raw UL CIR:Table (5): Parameters of UL CIR Raw Measurements

[0097] With reference to the second described technique for reduced CIR overhead, which is sample-based, various techniques can be implemented to reduce OQ and OQ multi-dimensional CIR vector signatures or fingerprints. The first technique described above highlights the potential overhead that may result from utilizing the raw CIR as a UL-based fingerprint. In a NR OFDM system, Table (6) below shows the potential reporting overhead considering different NR system configurations in FR1 and FR2 for a reference signal (e.g., SRS). Given that a SRS for positioning resource configuration may comprise of at least a comb size {2, 4, 6, and 12} and at least a number of symbols, including {2, 4, 6, and 12} in a given PRB, the CIR reporting overhead may significantly scale up considering the bandwidth requirements.Table (6): Example CIR Reporting Overhead

[0098] According to one aspect of the techniques, an UL post-processing window is defined, where a CIR processing window is defined for CIR samples falling within the window duration are reported. In an implementation, the window (e.g., a time duration) may be a static window, while in another implementation, the window may be a rolling window over the total number of samples. The CIR window configuration may include a start sample, a length of samples, an end sample, or any combination thereof. The CIR window configuration may be periodic over a total sample length (i.e., multiple windows with a fixed sample spacing between each window). In other implementations, the CIR sample window may be aperiodic with multiple windows configured with a variable sample apart from each other. The CIR window configuration, including a start sample, a length of samples, and an end sample may be provided to the gNB, TRP, PRU TRP, and / or reference TRP from the location server (e.g., LMF via NRPPa Measurement Request or Measurement Update, or equivalent signaling). In another implementation, the gNB, TRP, PRU TRP, and / or reference TRP may self-determine the CIR window configuration and then report this to the location server.

[0099] In an alternate aspect of the techniques, a gNB, TRP, PRU TRP, and / or reference TRP may perform the full wideband CIR measurement based on the received SRS or aggregated SRS for positioning and then performs pruning of the overall wideband CIR measurement by only considering first N configurable samples. The first N configurable samples may be determined with respect to a sample reference point Tsamp-ref configured by the network or determined by the UE. One of the selection criteria for selecting the first N samples may be determined on the perceived maximum excess delay spread of the channel, TMax and overall bandwidth of the transmitted SRS or SRS for positioning B, or also expressed in the number of PRBs of a SRS resource configurationallocated to a particular target UE and also signal to noise (SNR) or signal-to-interference-plus- noise ratio (SINR). For different indoor and outdoor environments, the T\iaxmay vary and therefore, in an implementation, N, B, and TMax may be provided to the gNB, TRP, PRU TRP, and / or reference TRP from the location server (e.g., LMF via NRPPa Measurement Request or Measurement Update, or equivalent signaling). In another implementation, the gNB, TRP, PRU TRP, and / or reference TRP may self-determine N, SNR, and TMax and utilize the bandwidth contained in the received SRS or SRS for positioning configuration, and then report this to the location server.

[0100] According to another aspect of the techniques, CIR samples are reported via configuration of a power threshold or power interval, Xi<a <X2, where a may be the power or normalized power, while Xi and X2 represent the lower and upper bounds of the CIR power and / or amplitude. The values, Xi, X2 may be provided to the UE from the location server (e.g., EMF via NRPPa Measurement Request or Measurement Update, or equivalent signaling). In another implementation, the gNB, TRP, PRU TRP, and / or reference TRP may self-determine Xi and A? and then report this to the location server.

[0101] According to an aspect of the techniques, the CIR described by equation(4) may be transformed using a logarithmic transformation based on the propagation loss and antenna gain characteristics. Considering the Friis free space transmission formula, the received power of signal (Pr) received at time instant nTs, where n is the sample number and Tscorresponds to the symbol duration, which depends on the sub carrier spacing (SCS) configuration, equation(9):where GTxand GRxare the Tx and Rx antenna gains, respectively, A is the signal wavelength, d is propagation distance also given by d = c. nTs, c being the speed of light in vacuum, and Ptis the transmit power. The transmit power of a transmitted signal x(t) over time T can also be expressed as equation / 10):Pt = ^o \x t')\2dt (10)

[0102] This results in a received power at time instant nTs, with a corresponding channel gain cr(nTs) in equation(l l):

[0103] Considering equation(9) and equation(l 1), the following amplitude gain is derived based on propagation path loss and antenna characteristics, in equation(12):

[0104] Assuming that a component of the square of the absolute channel gains can then be expressed by aggregating the multipath version of the signal at time instant nTs, to a term A nTs) = |cr(nTs) |, with a total of N samples, given by equation(13) and equation(14):h = [h4, h2, ..., hN] (14)

[0105] Considering a probabilistic localization technique, where the goal is to determine an estimated location L from an actual Location L based on the vector signal parameter x, the conditional expectation L = E as an estimator which minimizes the mean squareerror, which requires knowledge of the joint probability distribution function (p(L, x))~ , which is challenging in a realistic implementation. However, E[L|%] can usually be estimated using kernel regression methods, where kernel regression is a non-parametric method to estimate the conditional expectation of a random variable, and the goal is to determine a non-linear relation between a pair of random variables. Therefore, an example kernel estimator, such as Nadaraya Watson Kernel estimator can applied to the nthsample to perform kernel regression between a received CIR vector and stored CIR fingerprint vector jn, which is a function of B nTs) = | / ?(nTs)|, and a corresponding propagation path loss and antenna characteristics term (gathered during the offline phase) is given by equation(15):

[0106] It can be observed that the contribution to the large path delays corresponding with a larger sample size n are less weighted in the kernel regression function, which may result in elimination of samples of non-significant channel gains. However, if all of the channel gains need to be considered irrespective of the n sample size, then the ratio of the hnand jnmay be considered, and applying the log scale ilogn- logjn= logA(nTs) - logB(nTs) (16)

[0107] It can be observed that the transformed CIR is dependent on the threshold values A(nTs) and B(nTs) , which are obtained by aggregating the multipath version of the signal at time instant nTs. The network may configure the UE or PRU UE to transform the raw measured CIR using the log approach, which may be signaled to a gNB, TRP, PRU TRP, and / or reference TRP (e.g., via NRPPa Measurement Request or Measurement Update, or equivalent signaling). In another aspect of the techniques, the gNB, TRP, PRU TRP, and / or reference TRP may self-determine whether to transform the raw UL CIR to the log domain and then report the determined threshold values A(nTs) and B(nTs) to the location server. According to an aspect of the techniques, the abovedescribed UL CIR overhead reduction configurations may also be broadcast to multiple gNB, TRP, PRU TRP, and / or reference TRPs within a pre-defined geographic area.

[0108] With reference to the third described technique for reduced CIR overhead, which is a system-based approach, techniques are provided to address the overall UL CIR overhead from a system perspective, which can include a reduction in the number of RPs performing the UL-based CIR measurement, where prioritization criteria of RPs may be applied, based on many factors, such as UE or PRU UE distance to TRP, mobility pattern of UE, etc. Additionally, or alternatively, a reduction in a number of reference locations (e.g., the matrix of equation(5)), ground truth locations, and / or location pairs for performing the UL-based CIR. Prioritization criteria of the referencelocations, ground truth locations, and / or location pairs may be applied, where the UL-based CIR between two or more locations are relatively similar or are not sufficiently unique. Prioritization may be applied to the reference locations or to the ground truth locations which are deemed sufficiently unique. Additionally, or alternatively, a qualitative sorting may be applied, where relative good quality or better quality CIRs are considered, while relative bad quality CIRs are discarded (e.g., a bad quality CIR may be due to noise interference). Additionally, or alternatively, for a number of UEs or PRU UEs transmitting SRS or SRS for positioning in a given area, the UL CIR overhead may be managed by understanding and controlling the amount of UEs required to transmit SRS or SRS for positioning to derive UL-based CIR fingerprint or signatures to avoid overload of the air interface time-frequency resources.

[0109] According to one aspect of the techniques, the set of gNB, TRP, PRU TRP, and / or reference TRP may be configured via network signaling (e.g., NRPPa) to control a set of RPs which perform the UL-based CIR measurement in order to reduce CIR overhead from a system perspective. The RPs which perform the UL-based CIR measurements may be managed by the LMF using an explicit or implicit prioritization criteria, implying that CIR measurements from higher RP priority may be considered, while lower priority RPs may be discarded. This may be done by LMF implementation or signaled to each RP via NRPPa as to their assigned priority.

[0110] According to an aspect of the techniques, the number of reference locations, ground truth locations, and / or location pairs may be reduced via a prioritization criteria. The locations and / or location pairs which do not provide sufficiently unique UL-based CIR measurements may be explicitly assigned a lower priority or implicitly prioritized in the order of appearance within a list of locations to be measured, or transmit SRS or SRS for positioning from (e.g., in descending or ascending order of appearance).

[0111] In another implementation, the granularity or spacing between each reference location, ground truth locations, and / or location pair may be adjusted from a network point of view. For example, an area of 100 m2(e.g., a factory warehouse) is divided into square grids of 25 grids corresponding to 25 reference locations or location pairs, with a spacing of 2m between each adjacent location, which implies 25 UL-based CIR measurements for each RP. This can be adjusted to dividing the same area in 4 square grids, corresponding to 4 reference locations or location pairs, with a spacing of 5m between each adjacent location, which implies 4 UL-based CIR measurementsfor each RP. This is one example of reducing the UL-based CIR measurement at the cost of UE location estimate accuracy.

[0112] According to an aspect of the techniques, the quality of CIR samples may be determined based on a signal-noise-ratio (SNR), signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), or other received signal quality metrics. CIR samples received from a certain gNB, TRP, PRU TRP, and / or reference TRP, that are deemed to have low SNR or SINR may be discarded, where the criteria for discarding samples may be based on a configured SNR or SINR threshold. This SNR or SINR threshold may be provided to the gNB, TRP, PRU TRP, and / or reference TRP via network signaling (e.g., NRPPa signaling, such as NRPPa Measurement Request or Measurement Update).

[0113] According to an aspect of the techniques, the network may determine and restrict the number of CIR samples to be reported for a given UL-based fingerprint or signature based on the number of UEs transmitting SRS or SRS for positioning within a given pre-defined area. The pre-defined area may be in the form of physical cell ID (PCI), NR cell global identifier (NCGI ID), TRP ID, RAN area, tracking area, NR absolute radio frequency channel number (NRFCN) frequency list, or any combination thereof. This would control and manage the SRS or SRS for positioning transmission overhead across a number of UEs, which may be more resource efficient from a system perspective at the potential cost of individual UE location estimate accuracy.

[0114] In another aspect of the techniques, general quality metrics may be associated to a UL- based CIR measurement and / or measurement samples, and may be reported to the location server from the gNB, TRP, PRU TRP, and / or reference TRP using NRPPa Measurement Report message along with the CIR measurement (e.g., SNR, SINR). These quality metrics can assist the positioning calculation entity to discard any so-called bad quality CIR measurements or CIR measurement samples.

[0115] Figure 7 illustrates an example of a UE 700 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The UE 700 may include a processor 702, a memory 704, a controller 706, and a transceiver 708. The processor 702, the memory 704, the controller 706, or the transceiver 708, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. These components may becoupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces.

[0116] The processor 702, the memory 704, the controller 706, or the transceiver 708, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., circuitry). The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or other programmable logic device, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure.

[0117] The processor 702 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, or any combination thereof). In some implementations, the processor 702 may be configured to operate the memory 704. In some other implementations, the memory 704 may be integrated into the processor 702. The processor 702 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 704 to cause the UE 700 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.

[0118] The memory 704 may include volatile or non-volatile memory. The memory 704 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions when executed by the processor 702 cause the UE 700 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as the memory 704 or another type of memory. Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer.

[0119] In some implementations, the processor 702 and the memory 704 coupled with the processor 702 may be configured to cause the UE 700 to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., executing, by the processor 702, instructions stored in the memory 704). For example, the processor 702 may support wireless communication at the UE 700 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein.

[0120] The controller 706 may manage input and output signals for the UE 700. The controller 706 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the UE 700. In some implementations, thecontroller 706 may utilize an operating system such as iOS®, ANDROID®, WINDOWS®, or other operating systems. In some implementations, the controller 706 may be implemented as part of the processor 702.

[0121] In some implementations, the UE 700 may include at least one transceiver 708. In some other implementations, the UE 700 may have more than one transceiver 708. The transceiver 708 may represent a wireless transceiver. The transceiver 708 may include one or more receiver chains 710, one or more transmitter chains 712, or a combination thereof.

[0122] A receiver chain 710 may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) over a wireless medium. For example, the receiver chain 710 may include one or more antennas to receive a signal over the air or wireless medium. The receiver chain 710 may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA)) configured to amplify the received signal. The receiver chain 710 may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the receive signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during transmission of the signal. The receiver chain 710 may include at least one decoder for decoding the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.

[0123] A transmitter chain 712 may be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, packets). The transmitter chain 712 may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques such as amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), or digital modulation schemes like phase-shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). The transmitter chain 712 may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over the wireless medium. The transmitter chain 712 may also include one or more antennas for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.

[0124] Figure 8 illustrates an example of a processor 800 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The processor 800 may be an example of a processor configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 800 may include a controller 802 configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 800 may optionally include at least one memory 804, which may be, forexample, an L1 / L2 / L3 cache. Additionally, or alternatively, the processor 800 may optionally include one or more arithmetic-logic units (ALUs) 806. One or more of these components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses).

[0125] The processor 800 may be a processor chipset and include a protocol stack (e.g., a software stack) executed by the processor chipset to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor chipset may include one or more cores, one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 800) or other memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), static RAM (SRAM), ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM), magnetic RAM (MRAM), resistive RAM (RRAM), flash memory, phase change memory (PCM), and others).

[0126] The controller 802 may be configured to manage and coordinate various operations (e.g., signaling, receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) of the processor 800 to cause the processor 800 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. For example, the controller 802 may operate as a control unit of the processor 800, generating control signals that manage the operation of various components of the processor 800. These control signals include enabling or disabling functional units, selecting data paths, initiating memory access, and coordinating timing of operations.

[0127] The controller 802 may be configured to fetch (e.g., obtain, retrieve, receive) instructions from the memory 804 and determine subsequent instruction(s) to be executed to cause the processor 800 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The controller 802 may be configured to track memory addresses of instructions associated with the memory 804. The controller 802 may be configured to decode instructions to determine the operation to be performed and the operands involved. For example, the controller 802 may be configured to interpret the instruction and determine control signals to be output to other components of the processor 800 to cause the processor 800 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. Additionally, or alternatively, the controller 802 may be configured to manageflow of data within the processor 800. The controller 802 may be configured to control transfer of data between registers, ALUs 806, and other functional units of the processor 800.

[0128] The memory 804 may include one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor 800 or other memory, such as RAM, ROM, DRAM, SDRAM, SRAM, MRAM, flash memory, etc. In some implementations, the memory 804 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., local to the processor 800). In some other implementations, the memory 804 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., remote to the processor 800).

[0129] The memory 804 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 800, cause the processor 800 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. The controller 802 and / or the processor 800 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 804 to cause the processor 800 to perform various functions. For example, the processor 800 and / or the controller 802 may be coupled with or to the memory 804, the processor 800, and the controller 802, and may be configured to perform various functions described herein. In some examples, the processor 800 may include multiple processors and the memory 804 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein.

[0130] The one or more ALUs 806 may be configured to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, the one or more ALUs 806 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., the processor 800). In some other implementations, the one or more ALUs 806 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 800). One or more ALUs 806 may perform one or more computations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on data. For example, one or more ALUs 806 may receive input operands and an operation code, which determines an operation to be executed. One or more ALUs 806 may be configured with a variety of logical and arithmetic circuits, including adders, subtractors, shifters, and logic gates, to process and manipulate the data according to the operation. Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more ALUs 806 may support logical operations such as AND, OR, exclusive-OR (XOR), not-OR (NOR), and not-AND (NAND), enabling the one or more ALUs 806 to handle conditional operations, comparisons, and bitwise operations.

[0131] The processor 800 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The processor 800 may be configured to or operable to support at least one controller (e.g., the controller 802) coupled with at least one memory (e.g., the memory 804) and configured to cause the processor to receive, from a positioning equipment, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more UL CIR measurements on a reference signal; and transmit, to the positioning equipment for a positioning estimation, the one or more UL CIR measurements performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration.

[0132] Additionally, the processor 800 may be configured to or operable to support any one or combination of the measurement configuration indicates one or more types of UL CIRs to be measured. The one or more UL CIR measurements can serve as input data to a machine learning model that determines the positioning estimation. The input data is usable to train the machine learning model to determine the positioning estimation. The positioning equipment is at least one of a location server, a LMF, a UE, or a PRU UE. The reference signal is at least one of a SRS, a SRS for positioning, a MIMO SRS, a PUSCH DM-RS, or a PT-RS. The configuration parameters of the measurement configuration to conduct the one or more UL CIR measurements comprises one or more of complex values, time domain samples, a sampling frequency, power information, phase information, or a number of paths. The at least one controller is configured to cause the processor to maintain the one or more UL CIR measurements as one or more of a ID, a 2D, a 3D, or a multidimensional signature or fingerprint vector that represents a known location of a TRP. The one or more UL CIR measurements include CIR measurement information determined over a configured bandwidth of the reference signal. The one or more UL CIR measurements are sampled to reduce a number of the one or more UL CIR measurements to a set of measurement samples. The one or more UL CIR measurements are performed within a defined measurement time duration that includes one or more of a start time, a periodicity, an end time, or a time duration length. The one or more UL CIR measurements are sampled with respect to a transmission reference point depending on maximum excess delay spread of a channel and an overall bandwidth of a transmitted UL PRS. The at least one controller is configured to cause the processor to report the set of measurement samples as a configuration of at least one of a power threshold or a power interval. The at least one controller is configured to cause the processor to report the set of measurement samples as part of a measurement report. A number of the one or more UL CIR measurements to be conducted isreduced based at least in part on one or more of a prioritization of location points, a location pair of a UE and reception point, one or more quality metrics of the CIR, or a number of user equipment UE reporting the one or more UL CIR measurements. The at least one controller is configured to cause the processor to transmit at least one of the one or more UL CIR measurements and associated one or more measurement sample quality metrics.

[0133] Figure 9 illustrates an example of a NE 900 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The NE 900 may include a processor 902, a memory 904, a controller 906, and a transceiver 908. The processor 902, the memory 904, the controller 906, or the transceiver 908, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. These components may be coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces.

[0134] The processor 902, the memory 904, the controller 906, or the transceiver 908, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., circuitry). The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or other programmable logic device, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure.

[0135] The processor 902 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, or any combination thereof). In some implementations, the processor 902 may be configured to operate the memory 904. In some other implementations, the memory 904 may be integrated into the processor 902. The processor 902 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 904 to cause the NE 900 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.

[0136] The memory 904 may include volatile or non-volatile memory. The memory 904 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions when executed by the processor 902 cause the NE 900 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as the memory 904 or another type of memory. Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media andcommunication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer.

[0137] In some implementations, the processor 902 and the memory 904 coupled with the processor 902 may be configured to cause the NE 900 to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., executing, by the processor 902, instructions stored in the memory 904). For example, the processor 902 may support wireless communication at the NE 900 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The NE 900 may be configured to or operable to support a means for receiving, from a positioning equipment, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more UL CIR measurements on a reference signal; and transmitting, to the positioning equipment for a positioning estimation, the one or more UL CIR measurements performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration.

[0138] Additionally, the NE 900 may be configured to or operable to support any one or combination of the method further comprising the measurement configuration indicates one or more types of UL CIRs to be measured. The one or more UL CIR measurements can serve as input data to a machine learning model that determines the positioning estimation. The input data is usable to train the machine learning model to determine the positioning estimation. The NE has a known location and is configured as at least one of a gNB, a TRP, a PRU TRP, or a reference TRP. The positioning equipment is at least one of a location server, a LMF, a UE, or a PRU UE. The reference signal is at least one of a SRS, a SRS for positioning, a MIMO SRS, a PUSCH DM-RS, or a PT-RS. The configuration parameters of the measurement configuration to conduct the one or more UL CIR measurements comprises one or more of complex values, time domain samples, a sampling frequency, power information, phase information, or a number of paths. The method further comprising maintaining the one or more UL CIR measurements as one or more of a ID, a 2D, a 3D, or a multi-dimensional signature or fingerprint vector that represents a known location of a TRP. The one or more UL CIR measurements include CIR measurement information determined over a configured bandwidth of the reference signal. The one or more UL CIR measurements are sampled to reduce a number of the one or more UL CIR measurements to a set of measurement samples. The one or more UL CIR measurements are performed within a defined measurement time duration that includes one or more of a start time, a periodicity, an end time, or a time duration length. The one ormore UL CIR measurements are sampled with respect to a transmission reference point depending on maximum excess delay spread of a channel and an overall bandwidth of a transmitted UL PRS. The method further comprising reporting the set of measurement samples as a configuration of at least one of a power threshold or a power interval. The method further comprising reporting the set of measurement samples as part of a measurement report. A number of the one or more UL CIR measurements to be conducted is reduced based at least in part on one or more of a prioritization of location points, a location pair of a UE and reception point, one or more quality metrics of the CIR, or a number of user equipment UE reporting the one or more UL CIR measurements. The method further comprising transmitting at least one of the one or more UL CIR measurements and associated one or more measurement sample quality metrics.

[0139] Additionally, or alternatively, the NE 900 may support at least one memory (e.g., the memory 904) and at least one processor (e.g., the processor 902) coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the NE to receive, from a positioning equipment, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more UL CIR measurements on a reference signal; and transmit, to the positioning equipment for a positioning estimation, the one or more UL CIR measurements performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration.

[0140] Additionally, the NE 900 may be configured to support any one or combination of the measurement configuration indicates one or more types of UL CIRs to be measured. The one or more UL CIR measurements are input data to a machine learning model that determines the positioning estimation. The input data is usable to train the machine learning model to determine the positioning estimation. The NE has a known location and is configured as at least one of a gNB, a TRP, a PRU TRP, or a reference TRP. The positioning equipment is at least one of a location server, a LMF, a UE, or a PRU UE. The reference signal is at least one of a SRS, a SRS for positioning, a MIMO SRS, a PUSCH DM-RS, or a PT-RS. The configuration parameters of the measurement configuration to conduct the one or more UL CIR measurements comprises one or more of complex values, time domain samples, a sampling frequency, power information, phase information, or a number of paths. The at least one processor is configured to cause the NE to maintain the one or more UL CIR measurements as one or more of a ID, a 2D, a 3D, or a multidimensional signature or fingerprint vector that represents a known location of a TRP. The one or more UL CIR measurements include CIR measurement information determined over a configuredbandwidth of the reference signal. The one or more UL CIR measurements are sampled to reduce a number of the one or more UL CIR measurements to a set of measurement samples. The one or more UL CIR measurements are performed within a defined measurement time duration that includes one or more of a start time, a periodicity, an end time, or a time duration length. The one or more UL CIR measurements are sampled with respect to a transmission reference point depending on maximum excess delay spread of a channel and an overall bandwidth of a transmitted UL PRS. The at least one processor is configured to cause the NE to report the set of measurement samples as a configuration of at least one of a power threshold or a power interval. The at least one processor is configured to cause the NE to report the set of measurement samples as part of a measurement report. A number of the one or more UL CIR measurements to be conducted is reduced based at least in part on one or more of a prioritization of location points, a location pair of a UE and reception point, one or more quality metrics of the CIR, or a number of user equipment UE reporting the one or more UL CIR measurements. The at least one processor is configured to cause the NE to transmit at least one of the one or more UL CIR measurements and associated one or more measurement sample quality metrics.

[0141] The controller 906 may manage input and output signals for the NE 900. The controller 906 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the NE 900. In some implementations, the controller 906 may utilize an operating system such as iOS®, ANDROID®, WINDOWS®, or other operating systems. In some implementations, the controller 906 may be implemented as part of the processor 902.

[0142] In some implementations, the NE 900 may include at least one transceiver 908. In some other implementations, the NE 900 may have more than one transceiver 908. The transceiver 908 may represent a wireless transceiver. The transceiver 908 may include one or more receiver chains 910, one or more transmitter chains 912, or a combination thereof.

[0143] A receiver chain 910 may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) over a wireless medium. For example, the receiver chain 910 may include one or more antennas to receive a signal over the air or wireless medium. The receiver chain 910 may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA)) configured to amplify the received signal. The receiver chain 910 may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the receive signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied duringtransmission of the signal. The receiver chain 910 may include at least one decoder for decoding the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.

[0144] A transmitter chain 912 may be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, packets). The transmitter chain 912 may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques such as amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), or digital modulation schemes like phase-shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). The transmitter chain 912 may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over the wireless medium. The transmitter chain 912 may also include one or more antennas for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.

[0145] Figure 10 illustrates an example of a positioning equipment 1000 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The positioning equipment 1000 may include a processor 1002, a memory 1004, a controller 1006, and a transceiver 1008. The processor 1002, the memory 1004, the controller 1006, or the transceiver 1008, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. These components may be coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces.

[0146] The processor 1002, the memory 1004, the controller 1006, or the transceiver 1008, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., circuitry). The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or other programmable logic device, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure.

[0147] The processor 1002 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, or any combination thereof). In some implementations, the processor 1002 may be configured to operate the memory 1004. In some other implementations, the memory 1004 may be integrated into the processor 1002. The processor 1002may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 1004 to cause the positioning equipment 1000 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.

[0148] The memory 1004 may include volatile or non-volatile memory. The memory 1004 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions when executed by the processor 1002 cause the positioning equipment 1000 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as the memory 1004 or another type of memory. Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer.

[0149] In some implementations, the processor 1002 and the memory 1004 coupled with the processor 1002 may be configured to cause the positioning equipment 1000 to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., executing, by the processor 1002, instructions stored in the memory 1004). For example, the processor 1002 may support wireless communication at the positioning equipment 1000 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The positioning equipment 1000 may be configured to or operable to support a means transmitting, to a NE, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more UL CIR measurements on a reference signal; receiving, from the NE, the one or more UL CIR measurements performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration; performing a positioning estimation based at least in part on the one or more UL CIR measurements; and determining a location of a UE based at least in part on the positioning estimation.

[0150] Additionally, the positioning equipment 1000 may be configured to or operable to support any one or combination of the measurement configuration indicates one or more types of UL CIRs to be measured. The method further comprising using the one or more UL CIR measurements as input data to a machine learning model that determines the positioning estimation. The method further comprising using the input data to train the machine learning model to determine the positioning estimation. The positioning equipment is at least one of a location server, a LME, a UE, or a PRU UE. The reference signal is at least one of a SRS, a SRS for positioning, a MIMO SRS, a PUSCH DM-RS, or a PT-RS. The configuration parameters of the measurement configuration to conduct the one or more UL CIR measurements comprises one or more of complexvalues, time domain samples, a sampling frequency, power information, phase information, or a number of paths. The one or more UL CIR measurements include CIR measurement information determined over a configured bandwidth of the reference signal. The one or more UL CIR measurements are sampled to reduce a number of the one or more UL CIR measurements to a set of measurement samples. The one or more UL CIR measurements are performed within a defined measurement time duration that includes one or more of a start time, a periodicity, an end time, or a time duration length.

[0151] Additionally, or alternatively, the positioning equipment 1000 may support at least one memory (e.g., the memory 1004) and at least one processor (e.g., the processor 1002) coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the positioning equipment to transmit, to a NE, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more UL CIR measurements on a reference signal; receive, from the NE, the one or more UL CIR measurements performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration; perform a positioning estimation based at least in part on the one or more UL CIR measurements; and determine a location of a UE based at least in part on the positioning estimation.

[0152] Additionally, the positioning equipment 1000 may be configured to support any one or combination of the measurement configuration indicates one or more types of UL CIRs to be measured. The at least one processor is configured to cause the positioning equipment to use the one or more UL CIR measurements as input data to a machine learning model that determines the positioning estimation. The at least one processor is configured to cause the positioning equipment to use the input data to train the machine learning model to determine the positioning estimation. The positioning equipment is at least one of a location server, a LMF, a UE, or a PRU UE. The reference signal is at least one of a SRS, a SRS for positioning, a MIMO SRS, a PUSCH DM-RS, or a PT-RS. The configuration parameters of the measurement configuration to conduct the one or more UL CIR measurements comprises one or more of complex values, time domain samples, a sampling frequency, power information, phase information, or a number of paths. The one or more UL CIR measurements include CIR measurement information determined over a configured bandwidth of the reference signal. The one or more UL CIR measurements are sampled to reduce a number of the one or more UL CIR measurements to a set of measurement samples. The one ormore UL CIR measurements are performed within a defined measurement time duration that includes one or more of a start time, a periodicity, an end time, or a time duration length.

[0153] The controller 1006 may manage input and output signals for the positioning equipment 1000. The controller 1006 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the positioning equipment 1000. In some implementations, the controller 1006 may utilize an operating system such as iOS®, ANDROID®, WINDOWS®, or other operating systems. In some implementations, the controller 1006 may be implemented as part of the processor 1002.

[0154] In some implementations, the positioning equipment 1000 may include at least one transceiver 1008. In some other implementations, the positioning equipment 1000 may have more than one transceiver 1008. The transceiver 1008 may represent a wireless transceiver. The transceiver 1008 may include one or more receiver chains 1010, one or more transmitter chains 1012, or a combination thereof.

[0155] A receiver chain 1010 may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) over a wireless medium. For example, the receiver chain 1010 may include one or more antennas to receive a signal over the air or wireless medium. The receiver chain 1010 may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA)) configured to amplify the received signal. The receiver chain 1010 may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the receive signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during transmission of the signal. The receiver chain 1010 may include at least one decoder for decoding the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.

[0156] A transmitter chain 1012 may be configured to generate and transmit signals(e.g., control information, data, packets). The transmitter chain 1012 may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques such as amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), or digital modulation schemes like phase-shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). The transmitter chain 1012 may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over the wireless medium. The transmitterchain 1012 may also include one or more antennas for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.

[0157] Figure 11 illustrates a flowchart of a method 1100 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method may be implemented by a NE as described herein. In some implementations, the NE may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the NE to perform the described functions. It should be noted that the method described herein describes a possible implementation, and that the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible.

[0158] At 1102, the method may include receiving, from a positioning equipment, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more UL CIR measurements on a reference signal. The operations of 1102 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1102 may be performed by a NE as described with reference to Figure 9.

[0159] At 1104, the method may include transmitting, to the positioning equipment for a positioning estimation, the one or more UL CIR measurements performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration.. The operations of 1104 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1104 may be performed by a NE as described with reference to Figure 9.

[0160] Figure 12 illustrates a flowchart of a method 1200 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method may be implemented by a positioning equipment as described herein. In some implementations, the positioning equipment may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the positioning equipment to perform the described functions. It should be noted that the method described herein describes a possible implementation, and that the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible.

[0161] At 1202, the method may include transmitting, to a NE, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more UL CIR measurements on a reference signal. The operations of 1202 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects ofthe operations of 1202 may be performed by a positioning equipment as described with reference to Figure 10.

[0162] At 1204, the method may include receiving, from the NE, the one or more UL CIR measurements performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration. The operations of 1204 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1204 may be performed by a positioning equipment as described with reference to Figure 10.

[0163] At 1206, the method may include performing a positioning estimation based at least in part on the one or more UL CIR measurements. The operations of 1206 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1206 may be performed a positioning equipment as described with reference to Figure 10.

[0164] At 1208, the method may include determining a location of a UE based at least in part on the positioning estimation. The operations of 1208 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1208 may be performed a positioning equipment as described with reference to Figure 10.

[0165] The description herein is provided to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A network equipment (NE) for wireless communication, comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and operable to cause the NE to: receive, from a positioning equipment, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more uplink channel impulse response (UL CIR) measurements on a reference signal; and transmit, to the positioning equipment for a positioning estimation, the one or more UL CIR measurements performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration.

2. The NE of claim 1 , wherein the measurement configuration indicates one or more types of UL CIRs to be measured.

3. The NE of claim 1, wherein the one or more UL CIR measurements are input data to a machine learning model that determines the positioning estimation, and wherein the input data is usable to train the machine learning model to determine the positioning estimation.

4. The NE of claim 1, wherein: the NE has a known location and is configured as at least one of a gNB, a transmissionreception point (TRP), a positioning reference unit (PRU) TRP, or a reference TRP; and the positioning equipment is at least one of a location server, a location management function (LMF), a user equipment (UE), or a positioning reference unit (PRU) UE.

5. The NE of claim 1, wherein the reference signal is at least one of a sounding reference signal (SRS), a SRS for positioning, a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) SRS, a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) demodulation reference signal (DM-RS), or a phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS).

6. The NE of claim 1 , wherein configuration parameters of the measurement configuration to conduct the one or more UL CIR measurements comprises one or more of complex values, time domain samples, a sampling frequency, power information, phase information, or a number of paths.

7. The NE of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is operable to cause the NE to maintain the one or more UL CIR measurements as one or more of a one-dimensional (ID), a two- dimensional (2D), a three-dimensional (3D), or a multi-dimensional signature or fingerprint vector that represents a known location of a transmission-reception point (TRP).

8. The NE of claim 1, wherein the one or more UL CIR measurements include CIR measurement information determined over a configured bandwidth of the reference signal.

9. The NE of claim 1, wherein the one or more UL CIR measurements are sampled to reduce a number of the one or more UL CIR measurements to a set of measurement samples.

10. The NE of claim 9, wherein the one or more UL CIR measurements are performed within a defined measurement time duration that includes one or more of a start time, a periodicity, an end time, or a time duration length.

11. The NE of claim 9, wherein the one or more UL CIR measurements are sampled with respect to a transmission reference point depending on maximum excess delay spread of a channel and an overall bandwidth of a transmitted UL positioning reference signal (UL PRS).

12. The NE of claim 9, wherein the at least one processor is operable to cause the NE to report the set of measurement samples as a configuration of at least one of a power threshold or a power interval.

13. The NE of claim 9, wherein the at least one processor is operable to cause the NE to report the set of measurement samples as part of a measurement report.

14. A method performed by a network equipment (NE), the method comprising: receiving, from a positioning equipment, a measurement configuration to conduct one or more uplink channel impulse response (UL CIR) measurements on a reference signal; and transmitting, to the positioning equipment for a positioning estimation, the one or more UL CIR measurements performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration.

15. A positioning equipment for wireless communication, comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and operable to cause the positioning equipment to: transmit, to a network equipment (NE), a measurement configuration to conduct one or more uplink channel impulse response (UL CIR) measurements on a reference signal; receive, from the NE, the one or more UL CIR measurements performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration; perform a positioning estimation based at least in part on the one or more UL CIR measurements; and determine a location of a user equipment (UE) based at least in part on the positioning estimation.

16. The positioning equipment of claim 15, wherein the measurement configuration indicates one or more types of UL CIRs to be measured.

17. The positioning equipment of claim 15, wherein the at least one processor is operable to cause the positioning equipment to: use the one or more UL CIR measurements as input data to a machine learning model that determines the positioning estimation; and use the input data to train the machine learning model to determine the positioning estimation.

18. The positioning equipment of claim 15, wherein the positioning equipment is at least one of a location server, a location management function (LMF), a user equipment (UE), or a positioning reference unit (PRU) UE.

19. The positioning equipment of claim 15, wherein configuration parameters of the measurement configuration to conduct the one or more UL CIR measurements comprises one or more of complex values, time domain samples, a sampling frequency, power information, phase information, or a number of paths.

20. A method performed by a positioning equipment, the method comprising: transmitting, to a network equipment (NE), a measurement configuration to conduct one or more uplink channel impulse response (UL CIR) measurements on a reference signal; receiving, from the NE, the one or more UL CIR measurements performed on the reference signal based at least in part on the measurement configuration; performing a positioning estimation based at least in part on the one or more UL CIR measurements; and determining a location of a user equipment (UE) based at least in part on the positioning estimation.

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