Systems and methods for measurement report compression
By compressing AI/ML ISAC measurement reports in 5G NR systems using spatial, delay, and Doppler dimension compression, along with area-related information, the challenges of high data volume and target mobility are addressed, improving system performance and adaptability.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/078606
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-02-26
- Publication Date
- 2025-07-31
AI Technical Summary
The challenge in 5G New Radio (5G NR) and Next Generation Packet Core Network (NGC) systems is the high data volume and mobility of sensing targets, leading to significant reporting overhead and potential degradation of Artificial Intelligence (AI)/Machine Learning (ML) sensing and communication (ISAC) models due to large measurement data sizes and target mobility.
Implementing compression methods for AI/ML ISAC measurement reports, including spatial, delay, and Doppler dimension compression of channel impulse response (CIR) matrices, along with area-related information reporting and prediction models to optimize data transfer and model performance.
Reduces data size and reporting overhead while maintaining sensing accuracy, enhancing the performance and adaptability of AI/ML ISAC systems by efficiently managing large measurement data and adapting to target mobility.
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Figure CN2024078606_31072025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR MEASUREMENT REPORT COMPRESSIONTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The disclosure relates generally to wireless communications, including but not limited to systems and methods for measurement report compression.BACKGROUND
[0002] The standardization organization Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is currently in the process of specifying a new Radio Interface called 5G New Radio (5G NR) as well as a Next Generation Packet Core Network (NG-CN or NGC) . The 5G NR will have three main components: a 5G Access Network (5G-AN) , a 5G Core Network (5GC) , and a User Equipment (UE) . In order to facilitate the enablement of different data services and requirements, the elements of the 5GC, also called Network Functions, have been simplified with some of them being software based, and some being hardware based, so that they could be adapted according to need.SUMMARY
[0003] The example embodiments disclosed herein are directed to solving the issues relating to one or more of the problems presented in the prior art, as well as providing additional features that will become readily apparent by reference to the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompany drawings. In accordance with various embodiments, example systems, methods, devices and computer program products are disclosed herein. It is understood, however, that these embodiments are presented by way of example and are not limiting, and it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art who read the present disclosure that various modifications to the disclosed embodiments can be made while remaining within the scope of this disclosure.
[0004] At least one aspect is directed to a system, method, apparatus, or a computer-readable medium of the following. A method can include receiving, by a first wireless device from a second wireless device, a plurality of signals each associated with a respective one of a plurality of time units. The method can include obtaining, by the first wireless device, a plurality of measurements of the plurality of signals. The method can include performing, by the first wireless device, compression on the plurality of measurements, to obtain a compressed output in a channel impulse response (CIR) related format.
[0005] In some embodiments, the plurality of measurements can include a plurality of CIR matrices each with a delay dimension and a spatial dimension; the delay dimension corresponds to a number of time samples in a time unit; and / or the spatial dimension corresponds to a number of antennas of the first wireless device.
[0006] In some embodiments, the method can include sending, by the first wireless device to a wireless communication node, the compressed output to determine at least one of: a location or velocity for a current time, or a location or velocity for an upcoming time. The compressed output can be input to an artificial intelligence (AI) model to determine the location or velocity for the current time or the upcoming time. The method can include receiving, by the first wireless device from the wireless communication node, assistance information. The assistance information can include at least one of an indication of a compression method; predicted location and velocity results of sensing targets; a list of identifiers (IDs) of transmitting nodes for group reporting; a periodicity or triggering indicator for reporting area or location related information; and / or a periodicity or triggering indicator for reporting predicted measurements.
[0007] In certain embodiments, the predicted location and velocity results of sensing targets can include at least one of a plurality of predicted locations and velocities of sensing targets for the upcoming time, or a plurality of probabilities each corresponding to a respective one of the predicted locations and velocities.
[0008] In some implementations, performing compression can include at least one of performing, by the first wireless device, compression on the plurality of measurements in the spatial dimension; generating, by the first wireless device, the compressed output by representing each of the CIR matrices using: (i) a reference CIR of a reference antenna, and (ii) difference information of one or more remaining antennas; and / or generating, by the first wireless device, the difference information to include a difference in at least one of: phase, amplitude or reference signal received power (RSRP) , between the reference antenna and the one or more remaining antennas. Performing compression can include performing, by the first wireless device, compression on the plurality of measurements in the delay dimension. Performing compression can include generating, by the first wireless device, the compressed output by representing each of the CIR matrices using: (i) a reference CIR of a reference antenna, and / or (ii) at least one selection part each corresponding to some respective time delay paths measured by a respective remaining antenna. Performing compression can include generating, by the first wireless device, each of the at least one selection part to include at least one of: delay dimension information, amplitude information and / or phase difference information, with respect to the reference CIR. Performing compression comprises at least one of: performing, by the first wireless device, compression on the plurality of measurements in a Doppler dimension; generating, by the first wireless device, the compressed output by representing the CIR matrices using: (i) a reference CIR matrix, and (ii) information of at least one effective path in effective Doppler frequency shift; and / or generating, by the first wireless device, the information of the at least one effective path to include at least one of: delay dimension information, amplitude information or Doppler shift or phase difference information, with respect to the reference CIR matrix.
[0009] In certain embodiments, the method can include sending, by the first wireless device to the wireless communication node, area or location related information. The area or location related information can include at least one of: at least one of a longitude, a latitude or a location coordinate of a sensing area or the first wireless device; and / or an indication or identifier (ID) of the sensing area. The area or location related information can include at least one of: an identifier (ID) of the first wireless device; an ID of the second wireless device; an ID of a cell; an indication of a resource set corresponding to all or a portion of the plurality of signals; and / or an ID of a resource corresponding to all or a portion of the plurality of signals.
[0010] In some embodiments, the method can include receiving, by the first wireless device from the wireless communication node, a configuration for scheduled reporting of the area or location related information, the configuration comprising a periodicity or a time interval for the scheduled reporting. The method can include at least one of receiving, by the first wireless device from the wireless communication node, an indication to report the area or location related information, corresponding or responsive to an event. The event can correspond to performance degradation of the AI model, or completion of a defined number of measurement reports. The method can include sending, by the first wireless device to the wireless communication node, predicted measurements about a sensing target, wherein the predicted measurements comprise at least one of at least one CIR matrix; at least one measurement data or intermediate variables, comprising at least one of a relative time of arrival (RTOA) , a reference signal received power (RSRP) , a Doppler frequency shift, of an upcoming time; and / or a timestamp or indication of the upcoming time.
[0011] In some implementations, the predicted measurements can include at least one of: a plurality of predicted measurements for the upcoming time, or a plurality of probabilities each corresponding to a respective one of the predicted measurements. The indication of the upcoming time can include at least one of: a time difference between the upcoming time and the current time, a difference of in system frame number (SFN) of the upcoming time relative to the current time, a slot number of the upcoming time within a frame relative to the current time, or a symbol index of the upcoming time relative to the current time.
[0012] In some implementations, the method can include determining, by first wireless device or the wireless communication node, a group of second wireless devices according to proximity or location. The method can include performing, by the first wireless device, one or more measurements associated with the group of second wireless devices. The method can include generating, by the first wireless device, a joint measurement report for the group, according to the one or more measurements.
[0013] In some implementations, the method can include joint measurement report, for a combined measurement of the one or more measurements associated with the group of second wireless devices, the combined measurement is associated with at least one of an identifier (ID) of the first wireless device; and / or an ID of each of the second wireless device. A method can include sending, by a second wireless device to a first wireless device, a plurality of signals each associated with a respective one of a plurality of time units. The method can include causing the first wireless device to obtain a plurality of measurements of the plurality of signals, and to perform compression on the plurality of measurements, to obtain a compressed output in a channel impulse response (CIR) related format.
[0014] In some implementations, a non-transitory computer-readable medium may store instructions that when executed by at least one processor may cause the at least one processor to perform any one or more of the methods disclosed herein. An apparatus may comprise at least one processor configured to perform any one or more of the methods disclosed herein.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0015] FIG. 1 illustrates an example cellular communication network in which techniques disclosed herein may be implemented, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0016] FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of an example base station and a user equipment device, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0017] FIG. 3 illustrates an example implementation of CIR matrix in AI / ML ISAC for multiple antennas scenario, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0018] FIG. 4 illustrates an example implementation of the total CIR matrices of a plurality of sensing RS that a receiving node is to report, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0019] FIG. 5 illustrates an example implementation of a CIR matrix compressed in antenna dimension, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0020] FIG. 6 illustrates an example implementation of a CIR matrix compression approach in antenna dimension, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0021] FIG. 7 illustrates an example implementation of a CIR matrix compressed in delay dimension, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0022] FIG. 8 illustrates an example implementation of a selection part of a CIR, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0023] FIG. 9 illustrates an example implementation of a CIR matrix compression approach in delay dimension, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0024] FIG. 10 illustrates an example implementation of CIR matrices compressed in Doppler dimension, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0025] FIG. 11 illustrates a change in sensing mode, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0026] FIG. 12 illustrates a change in serving cell, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0027] FIG. 13 illustrates a change in resource (s) (e.g., of sensing reference signals) , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0028] FIG. 14 illustrates an example implementation of reporting area related information periodically, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0029] FIG. 15 illustrates an example implementation of a prediction model deployed on a sensing RS reception node, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0030] FIG. 16 illustrates an example implementation of a prediction model deployed on the network side, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0031] FIG. 17 illustrates an example implementation of a SF sending prediction results as assistance data or information to a UE or BS, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0032] FIG. 18 illustrates an example implementation of joint sensing for multiple transmission and reception nodes, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0033] FIG. 19 illustrates an example implementation of group reporting of measurements of different transmission nodes in adjacent areas, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0034] FIG. 20 illustrates a flow diagram of an example method for compression to obtain a measurement report, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0035] 1. Mobile Communication Technology and Environment
[0036] FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless communication network, and / or system, 100 in which techniques disclosed herein may be implemented, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. In the following discussion, the wireless communication network 100 may be any wireless network, such as a cellular network or a narrowband Internet of things (NB-IoT) network, and is herein referred to as “network 100. ” Such an example network 100 includes a base station 102 (hereinafter “BS 102” ; also referred to as wireless communication node) and a user equipment device 104 (hereinafter “UE 104” ; also referred to as wireless communication device) that can communicate with each other via a communication link 110 (e.g., a wireless communication channel) , and a cluster of cells 126, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138 and 140 overlaying a geographical area 101. In FIG. 1, the BS 102 and UE 104 are contained within a respective geographic boundary of cell 126. Each of the other cells 130, 132, 134, 136, 138 and 140 may include at least one base station operating at its allocated bandwidth to provide adequate radio coverage to its intended users.
[0037] For example, the BS 102 may operate at an allocated channel transmission bandwidth to provide adequate coverage to the UE 104. The BS 102 and the UE 104 may communicate via a downlink radio frame 118, and an uplink radio frame 124 respectively. Each radio frame 118 / 124 may be further divided into sub-frames 120 / 127 which may include data symbols 122 / 128. In the present disclosure, the BS 102 and UE 104 are described herein as non-limiting examples of “communication nodes, ” generally, which can practice the methods disclosed herein. Such communication nodes may be capable of wireless and / or wired communications, in accordance with various embodiments of the present solution.
[0038] FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of an example wireless communication system 200 for transmitting and receiving wireless communication signals (e.g., OFDM / OFDMA signals) in accordance with some embodiments of the present solution. The system 200 may include components and elements configured to support known or conventional operating features that need not be described in detail herein. In one illustrative embodiment, system 200 can be used to communicate (e.g., transmit and receive) data symbols in a wireless communication environment such as the wireless communication environment 100 of FIG. 1, as described above.
[0039] System 200 generally includes a base station 202 (hereinafter “BS 202” ) and a user equipment device 204 (hereinafter “UE 204” ) . The BS 202 includes a BS (base station) transceiver module 210, a BS antenna 212, a BS processor module 214, a BS memory module 216, and a network communication module 218, each module being coupled and interconnected with one another as necessary via a data communication bus 220. The UE 204 includes a UE (user equipment) transceiver module 230, a UE antenna 232, a UE memory module 234, and a UE processor module 236, each module being coupled and interconnected with one another as necessary via a data communication bus 240. The BS 202 communicates with the UE 204 via a communication channel 250, which can be any wireless channel or other medium suitable for transmission of data as described herein.
[0040] As would be understood by persons of ordinary skill in the art, system 200 may further include any number of modules other than the modules shown in FIG. 2. Those skilled in the art will understand that the various illustrative blocks, modules, circuits, and processing logic described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented in hardware, computer-readable software, firmware, or any practical combination thereof. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability and compatibility of hardware, firmware, and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps are described generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware, firmware, or software can depend upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Those familiar with the concepts described herein may implement such functionality in a suitable manner for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as limiting the scope of the present disclosure.
[0041] In accordance with some embodiments, the UE transceiver 230 may be referred to herein as an “uplink” transceiver 230 that includes a radio frequency (RF) transmitter and a RF receiver each comprising circuitry that is coupled to the antenna 232. A duplex switch (not shown) may alternatively couple the uplink transmitter or receiver to the uplink antenna in time duplex fashion. Similarly, in accordance with some embodiments, the BS transceiver 210 may be referred to herein as a “downlink” transceiver 210 that includes a RF transmitter and a RF receiver each comprising circuity that is coupled to the antenna 212. A downlink duplex switch may alternatively couple the downlink transmitter or receiver to the downlink antenna 212 in time duplex fashion. The operations of the two transceiver modules 210 and 230 may be coordinated in time such that the uplink receiver circuitry is coupled to the uplink antenna 232 for reception of transmissions over the wireless transmission link 250 at the same time that the downlink transmitter is coupled to the downlink antenna 212. Conversely, the operations of the two transceivers 210 and 230 may be coordinated in time such that the downlink receiver is coupled to the downlink antenna 212 for reception of transmissions over the wireless transmission link 250 at the same time that the uplink transmitter is coupled to the uplink antenna 232. In some embodiments, there is close time synchronization with a minimal guard time between changes in duplex direction.
[0042] The UE transceiver 230 and the base station transceiver 210 are configured to communicate via the wireless data communication link 250, and cooperate with a suitably configured RF antenna arrangement 212 / 232 that can support a particular wireless communication protocol and modulation scheme. In some illustrative embodiments, the UE transceiver 210 and the base station transceiver 210 are configured to support industry standards such as the Long Term Evolution (LTE) and emerging 5G standards, and the like. It is understood, however, that the present disclosure is not necessarily limited in application to a particular standard and associated protocols. Rather, the UE transceiver 230 and the base station transceiver 210 may be configured to support alternate, or additional, wireless data communication protocols, including future standards or variations thereof.
[0043] In accordance with various embodiments, the BS 202 may be an evolved node B (eNB) , a serving eNB, a target eNB, a femto station, or a pico station, for example. In some embodiments, the UE 204 may be embodied in various types of user devices such as a mobile phone, a smart phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , tablet, laptop computer, wearable computing device, etc. The processor modules 214 and 236 may be implemented, or realized, with a general purpose processor, a content addressable memory, a digital signal processor, an application specific integrated circuit, a field programmable gate array, any suitable programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof, designed to perform the functions described herein. In this manner, a processor may be realized as a microprocessor, a controller, a microcontroller, a state machine, or the like. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a digital signal processor and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a digital signal processor core, or any other such configuration.
[0044] Furthermore, the steps of a method or algorithm described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in firmware, in a software module executed by processor modules 214 and 236, respectively, or in any practical combination thereof. The memory modules 216 and 234 may be realized as RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, a hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. In this regard, memory modules 216 and 234 may be coupled to the processor modules 210 and 230, respectively, such that the processors modules 210 and 230 can read information from, and write information to, memory modules 216 and 234, respectively. The memory modules 216 and 234 may also be integrated into their respective processor modules 210 and 230. In some embodiments, the memory modules 216 and 234 may each include a cache memory for storing temporary variables or other intermediate information during execution of instructions to be executed by processor modules 210 and 230, respectively. Memory modules 216 and 234 may also each include non-volatile memory for storing instructions to be executed by the processor modules 210 and 230, respectively.
[0045] The network communication module 218 generally represents the hardware, software, firmware, processing logic, and / or other components of the base station 202 that enable bi-directional communication between base station transceiver 210 and other network components and communication nodes configured to communication with the base station 202. For example, network communication module 218 may be configured to support internet or WiMAX traffic. In a typical deployment, without limitation, network communication module 218 provides an 802.3 Ethernet interface such that base station transceiver 210 can communicate with a conventional Ethernet based computer network. In this manner, the network communication module 218 may include a physical interface for connection to the computer network (e.g., Mobile Switching Center (MSC) ) . The terms “configured for, ” “configured to” and conjugations thereof, as used herein with respect to a specified operation or function, refer to a device, component, circuit, structure, machine, signal, etc., that is physically constructed, programmed, formatted and / or arranged to perform the specified operation or function.
[0046] The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model (referred to herein as, “open system interconnection model” ) is a conceptual and logical layout that defines network communication used by systems (e.g., wireless communication device, wireless communication node) open to interconnection and communication with other systems. The model is broken into seven subcomponents, or layers, each of which represents a conceptual collection of services provided to the layers above and below it. The OSI Model also defines a logical network and effectively describes computer packet transfer by using different layer protocols. The OSI Model may also be referred to as the seven-layer OSI Model or the seven-layer model. In some embodiments, a first layer may be a physical layer. In some embodiments, a second layer may be a Medium Access Control (MAC) layer. In some embodiments, a third layer may be a Radio Link Control (RLC) layer. In some embodiments, a fourth layer may be a Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer. In some embodiments, a fifth layer may be a Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer. In some embodiments, a sixth layer may be a Non Access Stratum (NAS) layer or an Internet Protocol (IP) layer, and the seventh layer being the other layer.
[0047] Various example embodiments of the present solution are described below with reference to the accompanying figures to enable a person of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the present solution. As would be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, after reading the present disclosure, various changes or modifications to the examples described herein can be made without departing from the scope of the present solution. Thus, the present solution is not limited to the example embodiments and applications described and illustrated herein. Additionally, the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the methods disclosed herein are merely example approaches. Based upon design preferences, the specific order or hierarchy of steps of the disclosed methods or processes can be re-arranged while remaining within the scope of the present solution. Thus, those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the methods and techniques disclosed herein present various steps or acts in a sample order, and the present solution is not limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented unless expressly stated otherwise.
[0048] 2. Systems and Methods for Measurement Report Compression
[0049] In Artificial Intelligence (AI) / Machine Learning (ML) Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) , the sensing reference signal (e.g., sensing RS) reception node e.g., user equipment (UE) or base station (BS) can measure a reflected signal and can report the measurement data to a sensing result calculation node, e.g., sensing function (SF) . Different from traditional positioning or sensing measurement reports, the input data for AI / ML algorithms may be larger in size and may have higher dimensions; hence the input data can be challenging to transfer directly. Moreover, due to the mobility of sensing targets, the performance of an AI / ML sensing model may be affected and can degenerate severely. In this disclosure, a compression method for AI / ML ISAC measurement report can be proposed, and some methods of reporting region related information has been considered.
[0050] In ISAC, there can be six total sensing modes, namely BS-BS bistatic, BS monostatic, BS-UE bistatic, UE-BS bistatic, UE-UE bistatic, and UE monostatic (e.g., BS transmission and UE reception, BS transmission and reception itself, BS A transmission and BS B reception, UE transmission and BS reception, UE transmission and reception itself, and UE A transmission and UE B reception) . In each sensing mode, the UE or BS may receive the sensing RS reflected from the sensing targets, and can transfer some measurement results to the SF. Wherein the measurement results may include delay, angle and velocity information of targets. In some sensing methods, the measurement results may occupy tens of bits so that it can be easy to transfer, but for AI / ML ISAC, the data size of measurement results can exceed thousands of bits, which can lead to significant reporting overhead for an UE or BS. Specifically, in current AI / ML physical layer framework, there can be three types of AI / ML model inputs defined, namely channel impulse response (CIR) , power delay profile (PDP) , and delay profile (DP) . CIR can have the largest data size and can carry amplitude, delay, and phase information of a channel, PDP can have smaller data size and can carry amplitude and delay information, and DP can have the smallest data size and can carry delay information. Due to the Doppler frequency shift (e.g., sometimes referred to as phase information) required for velocity estimation, CIR may be an effective form of measurement result for processing / use by an AI / ML ISAC system. In this context, the present disclosure describes approaches by which a UE or BS can reduce the data size of a measurement report.
[0051] To account for mobility of a sensing target, some implementations can include a node switching procedure in a sensing session. For example, when a sensing target moves from region A to region B, the SF can reconfigure BS and UE in the two regions in order to select proper transmission and reception nodes. In this context, approaches for a UE or BS to report some information related to their sensing region (s) are addressed in this disclosure.
[0052] Example 1
[0053] For AI / ML ISAC scenarios where a reception node (e.g., BS or UE) for measuring a sensing RS may have multiple antennas, a CIR matrix format for this context can be defined. FIG. 3 is an illustration of a CIR matrix when reception node (for receiving a sensing RS) has multiple antennas. For example, as shown in FIG. 3, the CIR matrix may comprise two dimensions, namely delay dimension and spatial / antenna dimension. The delay dimension can be related to the time samples in a time unit, e.g., time samples in an OFDM symbol, and the antenna / spatial dimension can be related to the number of antennas which the UE or BS has.
[0054] Moreover, when it can be necessary to estimate targets’ velocity, the UE or BS can report multiple CIR matrices such as is shown in FIG. 4. The total data size that the UE or BS is to report can be NDoppler*NAntenna*Nt. In some embodiments, NDoppler represents the maximum Doppler dimension index and can be related to the number of time units used for measuring Doppler, NAntenna represents the maximum number of antennas and / or Nt represents the maximum number of time samples in a time unit. Taking an OFDM signal as an example sensing RS, if the UE or BS has 32 antennas and can receive such a sensing RS with 128 symbols, in each symbol there can be 1024 time samples. In this scenario, the size of a CIR matrix can be [32, 1024] and the total data size of the measurement report can be 128×32×1024. FIG. 4 illustrates an example implementation of the total data size collected from a sensing RS that a receiving node is to report.
[0055] Example 1-1
[0056] As mentioned above, the total data size that a UE or BS can report can be NDoppler*NAntenna*Nt, Moreover, sensing accuracy can be closely related to the numbers of time units, time samples and / or antennas used for sensing. In other words, the larger the data size that the UE or BS is to report, the higher the sensing accuracy that can be obtained. However, excessive data in a measurement report may cause significant overhead for UE or BS. One solution may be to reduce the data size of the measurement report from the spatial dimension. Specifically, when UE or BS receives the reflected signal using / from different antennas, the elements with same delay index can comprise different phase and amplitude information. In this situation, the CIR matrix can be compressed according to the antenna / spatial dimension.
[0057] FIG. 5 illustrates an example implementation of a CIR matrix compressed in the antenna / spatial dimension. For example, as shown in FIG. 5, each CIR matrix can be decomposed / processed into a reference CIR and an additional list. The reference CIR may comprise the whole / complete information from a reference antenna channel and the additional list can comprise difference information determined / calculated between the reference antenna and the remaining (or rest / others of the) antennas. The difference information may comprise:
[0058] ■ the phase difference information between reference antenna and remaining antennas;
[0059] ■ the amplitude difference information between reference antenna and remaining antennas.
[0060] FIG. 6 is an illustration of CIR matrices being compressed from the antenna / spatial dimension. For example, as shown in FIG. 6, the sensing RS node (e.g., a reception node) can decompose each CIR matrix into a reference antenna CIR and an additional list. The total data size that the UE or BS reports can be NDoppler* (1×Nt+ (NAntenna-1) ×Nt) . Wherein the 1×Nt represents the data size of reference antenna CIR and (NAntenna-1) ×Nt represents the data size of the additional list.
[0061] In this compression method, the information that the UE or BS transfers / conveys / indicates to SF can comprise several reference CIRs, additional lists and / or indicator (s) of the reference antenna (s) . The measurement information element (IE) for conveying / indicating this information can be summarized for example as follows:
[0062] Wherein ReferenceAntennaID represents the indicator of the reference antenna.
[0063] Example 1-2:
[0064] Besides compressing the CIR matrix from the antenna / spatial dimension, another method can be to compress CIR matrices from the delay dimension. Specifically, the UE or BS can filter each CIR matrix in the delay dimension and can report some specific delay paths of CIR.
[0065] FIG. 7 is an illustration of a UE or BS compressing the CIR matrix in delay dimension. For example, as shown in FIG. 7, a UE or BS can divide / partition a CIR matrix into a reference CIR and several selection parts. Similar to antenna / spatial dimension compression, the reference CIR comprises the full information of a reference antenna, and each selection part comprises some specific paths of CIR corresponding to each antenna. The number of selection parts can be equal to the number of remaining (e.g., non-reference) antennas.
[0066] FIG. 8 is an illustration of the selection part of a CIR. From FIG. 8, it can be seen that the selection part can comprise at least one time delay path which represent the target reflection path. The information comprised in the selection part can be as follows:
[0067] ■ the start and end indices in delay dimension, or start index in delay dimension and length of the selection part or relative time of arrival (RTOA) ;
[0068] ■ the amplitude information or received signal reference power (RSRP) ;
[0069] ■ the phase difference information with respect to the reference CIR.
[0070] FIG. 9 is an illustration flow of CIR matrices being compressed from the delay dimension. For example, as shown in FIG. 9, the sensing RS reception node can divide / process / transform each CIR matrix into a reference antenna CIR and several selection parts. The total data size that a UE or BS can report can be Wherein the represents the data size of the selection part in each antenna.
[0071] In this compression method, the information that the UE or BS can transfer / convey / indicate to SF comprises several reference CIRs, lists of selection part (s) and / or indicators of the reference antenna (s) , wherein each list of selection part (s) can include several selection parts. The measurement IE for conveying / indicating this information can be summarized / configured / represented for example as follows:
[0072] Example 1-3:
[0073] Similar to Example 1-1 and 1-2, the measurement report can also be compressed from / in the Doppler dimension. Specifically, a UE or BS can report a reference CIR matrix and some effective paths in effective Doppler frequency shifts (or effective paths in Doppler dimension) . In some embodiments, the reference CIR matrix comprises complete delay and spatial (antenna) information in one time unit, e.g., OFDM symbol. The information for effective paths can comprise at least one of:
[0074] ■ the Doppler frequency shift or phase difference information with the reference CIR matrix;
[0075] ■ the amplitude information or received signal reference power (RSRP) ;
[0076] ■ the delay information or delay dimension indices or relative time of arrival (RTOA) .
[0077] FIG. 10 is an illustration of UE or BS compressing CIR matrices in Doppler dimension. For example, as shown in FIG. 10, the original CIR matrices can be reduced / compressed to a reference CIR matrix corresponding to Doppler index 0, one effective paths corresponding to Doppler index 1, and two effective paths corresponding to Doppler index 2. In this method, the total data size that the UE or BS may report can be Wherein NeD represents the number of effective Doppler indices, represents the number of effective paths in effective Doppler indices i. The measurement IE for indicating this can be summarized / configured for example as follows:
[0078] In some embodients, the AI-CIR-EffectivePathList comprises the effective paths in each effective Doppler frequency shift.
[0079] Example 2:
[0080] Different from positioning and communication, in ISAC, passive sensing targets may move continuously, which can cause intense changes in the reflection signal channel. In this scenario, the performance of the AI sensing model can degrade or even fail. Therefore, the transmission and reception node may be reconfigured in order to better sense targets. For example, at time t0 the sensing target may be located in area A and the transmission node may be BS1, and the reception node may be UE1. At time t1, the sensing target may be located in area B and the transmission node may be BS2, and the reception node may be UE2.
[0081] Due to this practical issue, if the UE or BS can report some area or location related information (e.g., Rx-Tx, Rx, Tx, etc. ) to the SF along with the measurement results, the SF can adjust the AI sensing model in order to fit (or adapt to) the current sensing area.
[0082] Example 2-1:
[0083] A sensing target’s mobility mainly changes the geographic location, hence one method can be UE or BS report the direct or relative coordinates to the SF. In this method, the UE or BS can send the geographical coordinates such as longitude and latitude, or an ID of the sensing area, to SF. In some embodiments, the area ID indicates an area from a number of candidate areas (each of which may be assigned an ordered number) in the whole SF serving area, and each area ID corresponds to a unique geographical region.
[0084] In some embodiments, one or both of the LongitudeandLatitude and AreaID can be reported.
[0085] Example 2-2:
[0086] Besides reporting the direct or relative coordinates, there can be another method for BS or UE to report area related information to SF. Specifically, the area related information can be described according to sensing mode information (e.g., one of the 6 sensing modes) , cell information and / or resource information. In some embodiments, the sensing mode information can provide / indicate the relationship between sensing RS transmission node and reception node, e.g., whether BS A is performing transmission and UE A is performing reception, or BS A is performing transmission and BS B is performing reception. The cell information indicates the serving cell of the UE or BS, and the resource information indicates the direction of the transmitting beam in the sensing session. FIGs. 11, 12 and 13 can be illustrations of different modes, serving cells and beams caused by sensing target mobility respectively. FIG. 11 illustrates an example change in sensing mode. FIG. 12 illustrates an example change in serving cell. FIG. 13 illustrates an example change in resource (e.g., of sensing reference signals) .
[0087] Therefore, the sensing RS reception node can report area related information according to three aspects. Specifically, a UE or BS can report the transmission node ID, reception node ID, serving cell ID and / or sensing RS resource and resource set ID to the SF. The specific IE for reporting can be represented / configured for example as follow:
[0088] In some embodiments, the TransmittingandReceivingNodeList can comprise the transmitting and receiving nodes ID in the sensing area. For example, the transmitting and receiving node list can be expressed as {Ti, , Ri} , Ti represents the ID of transmitting node and Ri represents the ID of receiving node. The TransmittingandReceivingCellList comprises the physical cell ID and / or global cell ID of the transmitting the receiving node. The sensing RS resource set ID and / or sensing RS resource ID can indicate the resource location of sensing RS.
[0089] In some cases, e.g., for a BS that is performing transmission and reception itself, there may be no need to report cell information to the SF. In this situation, the BS can only report the sensing mode information and resource information.
[0090] Example 2-3:
[0091] The area related information can be reported periodically or triggered by events. Specifically, when the reception node e.g., UE or BS, can report area related information along with measurement results, the reception node can report at fixed intervals or be triggered by a specific event for reporting.
[0092] ■ If the area related information can be configured to be reported periodically, the SF can transfer / provide a reporting cycle configuration to the UE or BS comprised in the assistance data or information. The reporting cycle can be configured as an interval time unit. For example, the SF can configure the reception node to report area related information at fixed intervals of OFDM symbols, slots, milliseconds or seconds. Moreover, the SF can also configure the reception node to report area related information after a specific number of times that measurement results are reported. For example, as shown in FIG. 14, the area related information can be reported after every third measurement result is reported. FIG. 14 illustrates an example implementation of reporting area related information periodically.
[0093] ■ If the area related information can be configured to be reported by event triggering, the SF can transfer / send
[0094] an indicator to the reception node. For example, if the sensing target can be at an edge position of the existing sensing area, where the performance of the sensing model can degrade. When the performance of the sensing model decreases by more than a certain threshold, such as correct detection probability going below 80%or a positioning error going over 5 meters, SF can transfer an indicator to the reception node in order to request the reception node to report some area related information.
[0095] Example 3:
[0096] In Example 2, UE or BS can report some area related information to SF in order to ensure / support the satisfactory performance of a sensing model. However, in some cases, it may not be enough for UE or BS to report a current time’s area related information. For example, in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) detection scenarios, it can detect UAVs at a current moment and can predict the position of UAVs at a next moment. In this scenario, there could be a prediction model deployed on the sensing RS reception side or sensing results calculation side and it can be essential for UE or BS to transfer the prediction information of sensing targets.
[0097] Example 3-1:
[0098] FIG. 15 is an illustration of the sensing model deployed on the sensing RS reception node (e.g., UE or BS) . For example, as shown in FIG. 15, there can be two models in the AI ISAC system, wherein the sensing results calculation model can be deployed on the SF / network side and the sensing model can be deployed on the UE side. When UE receives the reflection signal, it can report current sensing measurements and can report predicted measurements for a next / future time step using the prediction model. After receiving current time measurements, the SF can input the measurements of current time into the sensing results calculation model and can feedback the estimation results to UE in order to monitor the performance of prediction model.
[0099] The predicted measurements can be CIR matrices or sensing intermediate variables. For example, the reported measurements could be relative time of arrival (RTOA) , reference signal received power (RSRP) , Doppler and other intermediate variables of the next / future time step.
[0100] Moreover, the sensing RS reception node can report a timestamp corresponding to the prediction time when reporting the predicted measurements. The prediction time stamp could be reported directly or relatively. For example, the time difference between the predicted time and the current time can be reported as the timestamp, e.g., the difference of system frame number, SFN, slot number within a frame, symbol index with current time.
[0101] The PredictedMeasurements can be a value or a list representing the measurement data at next moment. The content in predicted-meas-list can be { (Meas0, P0) , (Meas1, P1) , ..., (MeasN, PN) } . Wherein Measi represents the predicted measurements in next time step e.g., CIR matrix or intermediate variables and Pi represents the probability of predicting this measurements in the next time step. The PredictedTimeStamp can be a normal time stamp or time difference between the predicted time and the current time.
[0102] Example 3-2:
[0103] FIG. 16 is an illustration of a prediction model deployed on the network side. For example, as shown in FIG. 16, UE can report current time measurement results, e.g., CIR matrices to SF, and the prediction model can predict targets’ trajectories or states, e.g., position and velocity at next time step directly.
[0104] In this condition, SF can send the prediction estimation results to UE as assistance data (e.g., the solid line in FIG. 17) . FIG. 17 illustrates an example implementation of SF sending the prediction results as assistance data to UE or BS. After receiving the prediction results, UE can adjust its way of receiving reflection sensing RS, e.g., adjusting the access cell to better receive reflection sensing RS. Moreover, the SF can also send the prediction estimation results to BS as assistance information (the dotted line in FIG. 17) . After receiving the prediction results, the BS can adjust the transmitting beam in order to better sense the targets.
[0105] Similar to Example 2-3, the reception node reporting prediction results can also be configured according to a periodicity or event triggering. If the reception node needs to report prediction results periodically, the SF can transfer a reporting cycle such as a few OFDM symbols, slots, milliseconds, seconds or any other time units. If the reception node is to report prediction results by event triggering, the SF can transfer / send an indicator / trigger to the reception node.
[0106] Example 4:
[0107] In some AI / ML ISAC scenarios, due to small effective radar cross section (RCS) area of targets, the power of a reflection / reflected signal for UE or BS to receive can be so weak that it can be hard to detect. Moreover, the sensing accuracy may not be enough for a single transmission and reception node. Therefore, one method can be that reception nodes can combine multiple sensing RS transmission nodes to generate a unite measurement report.
[0108] FIG. 18 is an illustration of combining multiple transmission and reception nodes for sensing targets. For example, as shown in FIG. 18, the sensing RS reception node (e.g., BS) can receive the sensing RS signals transmitted by multiple transmission nodes (e.g., UE A, UE B and UE C) . In this scenario, the sensing RS node can integrate the measurement (s) corresponding to each transmission node and can report these to SF altogether.
[0109] However, because the channel of each transmission node to each reception node can be different, the quality of measurements can also be varying. For example, for BS B in FIG. 18, the measurements corresponding to UE A may have much lower SNR (signal to noise ratio) than the measurements corresponding to UE C. Hence, it may not be appropriate for BS B to merge measurements from UE A and UE C and report them to SF all together. In Example 2, the sensing RS reception node can report the area related information to the SF, wherein one reporting solution may be to report the transmission node ID to the SF.
[0110] FIG. 19 is an illustration of a RS reception node grouping measurements according to the areas where the transmission node can be located in, and reporting them to SF together. One solution can be that the sensing RS reception node can group measurements from adjacent areas and report to the SF. For example, as shown in FIG. 19, the sensing measurements can be divided into two groups, wherein the measurements from UE A and UE B should be divided into one group for BS A, and the measurements from UE B and UE C should be divided into one group for BS B.
[0111] In this scenario, the information that the sensing RS reception node can report can be a group / list of measurements. Each element in the group / list can be a measurement result corresponding to a transmission node. Moreover, the measurement results could be some complete CIR matrices or some compressed measurement results in Example 1. When a RS reception node is to combine measurements from different transmission nodes, it may report the transmission nodes ID list to the SF e.g. { (T1, T2, .., Ti) , Rj} . In some embodiments, Ti represents transmission node ID and Rj represents reception node ID.
[0112] Example 5:
[0113] This Example can be a combination of features from Example 1 to 4. Specifically, in the beginning of a sensing session, the SF can transfer the assistance data or information to the transmission and reception nodes, e.g., UE or BS. The assistance data or information can comprise information for example as follows:
[0114] ■ the indicator of compression method, e.g., spatial dimension compression, delay dimension compression and Doppler dimension compression for reception node;
[0115] ■ the prediction estimation results, e.g., target location and velocity related information at a current time;
[0116] ■ group reporting configuration, e.g., the ID list of transmitting nodes to be combined;
[0117] ■ the periodicity or triggering indicator for area related information reporting;
[0118] ■ the periodicity or triggering indicator for reporting prediction measurement results.
[0119] After receiving assistance data or information, the sensing RS transmission node can transmit sensing RS (es) and the reception node can receive the reflected signal (s) from target (s) . The reception node can determine whether to compress the measurement results, i.e., CIR matrices based on its capability or an indicator from SF. If it may be necessary to compress the measurements, the reception node can compress the measurements from antenna, delay and / or Doppler dimension (s) .
[0120] ■ If the measurements can be compressed from the spatial / antenna dimension as mentioned in Example 1-1, the reporting information can comprise several reference CIRs and additional lists, e.g, , { (reference CIR1, additional list1) , (reference CIR2, additional list2) , .., (reference CIRi, additional listi) } . In some embodiments, a reference CIRi and additional listi can come from CIR matrix i. Each additional list can comprise the phase and amplitude and phase difference with respect to the reference CIR.
[0121] ■ If the measurements can be compressed from the delay dimension as mentioned in Example 1-2, the reporting information can comprise several reference CIRs and selection parts, e.g., { (reference CIR1, selection part (1, 1) , .., selection part (1, NAntenna) ) , .., (reference CIR2, selection part (2, 1) , .., selection part (2, NAntenna) ) } . In some embodiments, a reference CIRi and selection part (i, j) come from CIR matrix i. Each selection part can comprise the delay dimension indices, amplitude information and / or phase difference information with respect to the reference CIR.
[0122] ■ If the measurements can be compressed from the Doppler dimension as mentioned in Example 1-3, the reporting information can comprise a reference CIR matrix and / or several effective paths, e.g., {reference CIR matrix, effective paths in effective Doppler shift 1, effective paths in effective Doppler shift 2, .., effective paths in Doppler shift i} . Each effective path can comprise one or more delay dimension indices, amplitude information and / or Doppler frequency shift information with respect to the reference CIR matrix.
[0123] Besides compressing and reporting measurements (e.g., CIR matrices) the reception node can report some area related information to the sensing results calculation node (e.g., SF) . There are two ways to report area related information: direct reporting and relative reporting.
[0124] When the area related information can be reported directly, the reception node can report coordinates such as longitudes and latitudes or other geographical information of the transmission and reception nodes, or the ID of the sensing area, to SF.
[0125] If the area related information can be reported relatively, the reception node can report one or more of the transmission and reception nodes ID, physical and global cell ID, resource and resource set ID to the sensing RS reception node. It may be not necessary to report all three aspects in the area related information. Whether to report the full three aspects in the area related information may depend on the capability of reception node or the SF configuration. For example, the sensing RS reception node can report {transmission and reception nodes ID} , or {transmission and reception nodes ID and cell ID} , or {transmission and reception nodes ID and resource and resource set ID} .
[0126] If it may be necessary to combine multiple transmission and reception nodes together for sensing, the reception node can report the group ID of transmission nodes, e.g., { (T1, T2, .., Ti) , Rj} . In some embodiments, Ti represents transmission node ID and Rj represents reception node ID. The group information can be determined by the reception node itself or configured by the SF. If the group information can be configured by the SF, the group list information may be comprised in assistance data or information and transferred to the reception node.
[0127] The reception node can also report some sensing related prediction information to SF. Wherein the sensing related information can be CIR matrices or intermediate variables, e.g., time of arrival (TOA) , time difference of arrival (TDOA) , Rx-Tx timing difference, relative time of arrival (RTOA) , reference signal received power (RSRP) , angle of arrival (AOA) , Doppler frequency shift and other intermediate variables of the next / future time step. The SF can also transfer / send some sensing prediction results as assistance data or information to the transmission or reception node. The sensing prediction results can comprise the location, velocity and / or trajectory of the target at a next / future time step. It should be noted that various features described in various implementations / examples are contemplated to be combinable in any order or way.
[0128] It should be understood that one or more features from the above / following implementation examples are not exclusive to the specific implementation examples, but can be combined in any manner (e.g., in any priority and / or order, concurrently or otherwise) .
[0129] FIG. 20 illustrates a flow diagram of an example method for measurement report compression. The method 2000 may be implemented using any one or more of the components and devices detailed herein in conjunction with FIGs. 1–19. In overview, the method 2000 may be performed by a sensing receiver device (e.g., a UE, BS) , a wireless communication device (e.g., a first wireless device, a second wireless device) , a wireless communication node (e.g., BS, gNB) and / or a network node (e.g., core network, LMF, (Sensing Function) (SF) ) , in some embodiments. The first wireless device can be a sensing RS reception node. The second wireless device can be a sensing RS transmission node. The wireless communication node can be a sensing function. Additional, fewer, or different operations may be performed in the method 2000 depending on the embodiment. At least one aspect of the operations is directed to a system, method, apparatus, or a computer-readable medium.
[0130] With regards to (2005) , and in some embodiments, a method can include receiving, by a first wireless device from a second wireless device, a plurality of signals each associated with a respective one of a plurality of time units. the method can include analyzing, by the first wireless device, the received signals to determine signal quality indicators for each of the plurality of time units. Such indicators can include signal strength, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) , and bit error rate (BER) , enabling the device to assess the quality and reliability of the communication link over time. The method can include selecting, by the first wireless device, an optimal time unit or units for communication based on the analysis of signal quality indicators. This selection process can be aimed at enhancing the efficacy of data transmission by prioritizing time units with superior signal characteristics, thereby mitigating the effects of interference or signal fading. The first wireless device can process the received signals to extract sensing-related information from each of the plurality of time units. The sensing-related information can include changes in signal characteristics that indicate the presence, size, movement, or other attributes of a target within the environment. By analyzing variations in signal properties such as amplitude, phase shift, or time delay, the device can deduce insights about the physical surroundings and the dynamic objects within it. The first wireless device can utilize advanced signal processing techniques such as Doppler analysis or micro-Doppler signatures to identify and track the velocity and trajectory of moving targets. This capability can be useful for applications requiring real-time monitoring and response, such as autonomous driving, security surveillance, and dynamic environmental mapping.
[0131] With regards to (2010) , the method can include obtaining, by the first wireless device, a plurality of measurements of the plurality of signals. The obtained measurements can be used to extract signal characteristics, such as amplitude, phase, and frequency. The method can include comparing the extracted signal characteristics against predefined thresholds or patterns. This comparison can be utilized to identify anomalies, signal degradation, or potential interference sources, allowing for timely corrective actions to maintain or improve communication quality.
[0132] With regards to (2015) , the method can include performing, by the first wireless device, compression on the plurality of measurements, to obtain a compressed output in a channel impulse response (CIR) related format. The compression process can include applying algorithms (e.g., machine learning algorithms) such as filtering, discrete wavelet transform (DWT) or principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce the data volume of the measurements while preserving essential information. Compressed output can facilitate efficient storage and transmission of the channel impulse response (CIR) related data, optimizing bandwidth usage and enhancing system performance. By analyzing the CIR-related format data, a device can quickly infer the multipath characteristics, signal attenuation, and propagation delays, enabling determination of characteristics of target object (s) , and / or dynamic adjustments to transmission strategies for improved communication reliability.
[0133] The method can include sending, by the first wireless device to a wireless communication node, the compressed output to determine at least one of: a location or velocity (e.g., of a target object) for a current time, or a location or velocity for an upcoming time. The compressed output can be input to an artificial intelligence (AI) model to determine the location or velocity for the current time or the upcoming / future time. The method can include receiving, by the first wireless device from the wireless communication node, assistance information. The assistance information can include at least one of an indication of a compression method; predicted location and velocity results of sensing targets; a list of identifiers (IDs) of transmitting nodes for group reporting; a periodicity or triggering indicator for reporting area or location related information; and / or a periodicity or triggering indicator for reporting predicted measurements. The predicted location and velocity results of sensing targets can include at least one of a plurality of predicted locations and velocities of sensing targets for the upcoming time, or a plurality of probabilities each corresponding to a respective one of the predicted locations and velocities. The plurality of measurements can include a plurality of CIR matrices each with a delay dimension and a spatial dimension; the delay dimension corresponds to a number of time samples in a time unit; and / or the spatial dimension corresponds to a number of antennas of the first wireless device.
[0134] Upon sending the compressed output to the wireless communication node, the first wireless device can receive from the wireless communication node assistance information that enhances its operational efficiency. The assistance information can guide the first wireless device in selecting the most effective compression method for future transmissions. The assistance information received by the first wireless device can include a list of identifiers for transmitting nodes that are part of a group reporting mechanism that can facilitate coordinated data sharing and processing among multiple devices. The method can include periodicity or triggering indicators for reporting to enable the first wireless device to optimize its data transmission schedule. The inclusion of periodicity or triggering indicators can reduce network congestion and improve the timeliness of critical information sharing.
[0135] In some implementations, performing compression can include at least one of performing, by the first wireless device, compression on the plurality of measurements in the spatial dimension; generating, by the first wireless device, the compressed output by representing each of the CIR matrices using: (i) a reference CIR of a reference antenna, and (ii) difference information of one or more remaining antennas; and / or generating, by the first wireless device, the difference information to include a difference in at least one of: phase, amplitude or reference signal received power (RSRP) , between the reference antenna and the one or more remaining antennas. Performing compression can include performing, by the first wireless device, compression on the plurality of measurements in the delay dimension. Performing compression can include generating, by the first wireless device, the compressed output by representing each of the CIR matrices using: (i) a reference CIR of a reference antenna, and / or (ii) at least one selection part each corresponding to some respective time delay paths measured by a respective remaining antenna. Performing compression can include generating, by the first wireless device, each of the at least one selection part to include at least one of: delay dimension information, amplitude information and / or phase difference information, with respect to the reference CIR. Performing compression comprises at least one of: performing, by the first wireless device, compression on the plurality of measurements in a Doppler dimension; generating, by the first wireless device, the compressed output by representing the CIR matrices using: (i) a reference CIR matrix, and (ii) information of at least one effective path in effective Doppler frequency shift; and / or generating, by the first wireless device, the information of the at least one effective path to include at least one of: delay dimension information, amplitude information or Doppler shift or phase difference, with respect to the reference CIR matrix.
[0136] The first wireless device can send, to the wireless communication node, area or location related information. The area or location related information can include at least one of: at least one of a longitude, a latitude or a location coordinate of a sensing area or the first wireless device; and / or an indication or identifier (ID) of the sensing area. The area or location related information can include at least one of: an identifier (ID) of the first wireless device; an ID of the second wireless device; an ID of a cell; an indication of a resource set corresponding to all or a portion of the plurality of signals; and / or an ID of a resource corresponding to all or a portion of the plurality of signals.
[0137] The first wireless device can receive, from the wireless communication node, a configuration for scheduled reporting of the area or location related information, the configuration comprising a periodicity or a time interval for the scheduled reporting. The first wireless device can receive, from the wireless communication node, an indication to report the area or location related information, corresponding or responsive to an event. The event can correspond to performance degradation of the AI model, or completion of a defined number of measurement reports. The first wireless device can send, to the wireless communication node, predicted measurements about a sensing target, wherein the predicted measurements comprise at least one of at least one CIR matrix; at least one measurement data or intermediate variables, comprising at least one of a relative time of arrival (RTOA) , a reference signal received power (RSRP) , a Doppler frequency shift, of an upcoming time; and / or a timestamp or indication of the upcoming time. The first wireless device can receive, from the wireless communication node, a configuration for scheduled reporting of the area or location related information, the configuration comprising a periodicity or a time interval for the scheduled reporting. The first wireless device can receive, from the wireless communication node, an indication to report the area or location related information, corresponding or responsive to an event. The event can correspond to performance degradation of the AI model, or completion of a defined number of measurement reports. The first wireless device can send, to the wireless communication node, predicted measurements about a sensing target, wherein the predicted measurements comprise at least one of at least one CIR matrix; at least one measurement data or intermediate variables, comprising at least one of a relative time of arrival (RTOA) , a reference signal received power (RSRP) , a Doppler frequency shift, of an upcoming time; and / or a timestamp or indication of the upcoming time. The method can facilitate an efficient and adaptive reporting mechanism where the first wireless device receives a specific configuration for the periodicity or time intervals at which it should report area or location information. The structured approach can allow for consistent monitoring and updating of location-based data, optimizing network resources and enhancing the precision of location services. The scheduling can adapt to network demands / conditions and device capabilities, ensuring that reporting aligns with the network's operational priorities and the device's power constraints.
[0138] In some implementations, the predicted measurements can include at least one of: a plurality of predicted measurements for the upcoming time, or a plurality of probabilities each corresponding to a respective one of the predicted measurements. The indication of the upcoming time can include at least one of: a time difference between the upcoming time and a current time, a difference of in system frame number (SFN) of the upcoming time relative to the current time, a slot number of the upcoming time within a frame relative to the current time, or a symbol index of the upcoming time relative to the current time. The first wireless device or the wireless communication node can determine by a group of second wireless devices according to proximity or location. The first wireless device can perform one or more measurements associated with the group of second wireless devices. The first wireless device can generate a joint measurement report for the group, according to the one or more measurements. The method can include joint measurement report, for a combined measurement of the one or more measurements associated with the group of second wireless devices, the combined measurement is associated with at least one of an identifier (ID) of the first wireless device; and / or an ID of each of the second wireless device.
[0139] With regards to (2020) , a second wireless device can send to a first wireless device, a plurality of signals each associated with a respective one of a plurality of time units. The method can include causing the first wireless device to obtain a plurality of measurements of the plurality of signals, and to perform compression on the plurality of measurements, to obtain a compressed output in a channel impulse response (CIR) related format. The method can facilitate efficient data management and analysis. The compression step can reduce the amount of data that needs to be stored or transmitted while retaining critical information about the channel's characteristics. This efficiency can be useful for applications requiring rapid processing and minimal latency, such as real-time location tracking or high-speed data communications.
[0140] While various embodiments of the present solution have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not by way of limitation. Likewise, the various diagrams may depict an example architectural or configuration, which are provided to enable persons of ordinary skill in the art to understand example features and functions of the present solution. Such persons would understand, however, that the solution is not restricted to the illustrated example architectures or configurations, but can be implemented using a variety of alternative architectures and configurations. Additionally, as would be understood by persons of ordinary skill in the art, one or more features of one embodiment can be combined with one or more features of another embodiment described herein. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present disclosure should not be limited by any of the above-described illustrative embodiments.
[0141] It is also understood that any reference to an element herein using a designation such as “first, ” “second, ” and so forth does not generally limit the quantity or order of those elements. Rather, these designations can be used herein as a convenient means of distinguishing between two or more elements or instances of an element. Thus, a reference to first and second elements does not mean that only two elements can be employed, or that the first element must precede the second element in some manner.
[0142] Additionally, a person having ordinary skill in the art would understand that information and signals can be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits and symbols, for example, which may be referenced in the above description can be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.
[0143] A person of ordinary skill in the art would further appreciate that any of the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, processors, means, circuits, methods and functions described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein can be implemented by electronic hardware (e.g., a digital implementation, an analog implementation, or a combination of the two) , firmware, various forms of program or design code incorporating instructions (which can be referred to herein, for convenience, as “software” or a “software module” ) , or any combination of these techniques. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware, firmware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware, firmware or software, or a combination of these techniques, depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans can implement the described functionality in various ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions do not cause a departure from the scope of the present disclosure.
[0144] Furthermore, a person of ordinary skill in the art would understand that various illustrative logical blocks, modules, devices, components and circuits described herein can be implemented within or performed by an integrated circuit (IC) that can include a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, or any combination thereof. The logical blocks, modules, and circuits can further include antennas and / or transceivers to communicate with various components within the network or within the device. A general purpose processor can be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor can be any conventional processor, controller, or state machine. A processor can also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other suitable configuration to perform the functions described herein.
[0145] If implemented in software, the functions can be stored as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Thus, the steps of a method or algorithm disclosed herein can be implemented as software stored on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that can be enabled to transfer a computer program or code from one place to another. A storage media can be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer.
[0146] In this document, the term “module” as used herein, refers to software, firmware, hardware, and any combination of these elements for performing the associated functions described herein. Additionally, for purpose of discussion, the various modules are described as discrete modules; however, as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art, two or more modules may be combined to form a single module that performs the associated functions according to embodiments of the present solution.
[0147] Additionally, memory or other storage, as well as communication components, may be employed in embodiments of the present solution. It will be appreciated that, for clarity purposes, the above description has described embodiments of the present solution with reference to different functional units and processors. However, it will be apparent that any suitable distribution of functionality between different functional units, processing logic elements or domains may be used without detracting from the present solution. For example, functionality illustrated to be performed by separate processing logic elements, or controllers, may be performed by the same processing logic element, or controller. Hence, references to specific functional units are only references to a suitable means for providing the described functionality, rather than indicative of a strict logical or physical structure or organization.
[0148] Various modifications to the embodiments described in this disclosure will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein can be applied to other embodiments without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the novel features and principles disclosed herein, as recited in the claims below.
Claims
1.A method comprising:receiving, by a first wireless device from a second wireless device, a plurality of signals each associated with a respective one of a plurality of time units;obtaining, by the first wireless device, a plurality of measurements of the plurality of signals; andperforming, by the first wireless device, compression on the plurality of measurements, to obtain a compressed output in a channel impulse response (CIR) related format.2.The method of claim 1, comprising:sending, by the first wireless device to a wireless communication node, the compressed output to determine at least one of: a location or velocity for a current time, or a location or velocity for an upcoming time,wherein the compressed output is input to an artificial intelligence (AI) model to determine the location or velocity for the current time or the upcoming time.3.The method of claim 1, comprising:receiving, by the first wireless device from the wireless communication node, assistance information, wherein the assistance information comprises at least one of:an indication of a compression method;predicted location and velocity results of sensing targets;a list of identifiers (IDs) of transmitting nodes for group reporting;a periodicity or triggering indicator for reporting area or location related information; ora periodicity or triggering indicator for reporting predicted measurements.4.The method of claim 3, wherein the predicted location and velocity results of sensing targets comprise at least one of:a plurality of predicted locations and velocities of sensing targets for the upcoming time, or a plurality of probabilities each corresponding to a respective one of the predicted locations and velocities.5.The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of:the plurality of measurements comprises a plurality of CIR matrices each with a delay dimension and a spatial dimension;the delay dimension corresponds to a number of time samples in a time unit; andthe spatial dimension corresponds to a number of antennas of the first wireless device.6.The method of claim 5, wherein performing compression comprises at least one of:performing, by the first wireless device, compression on the plurality of measurements in the spatial dimension;generating, by the first wireless device, the compressed output by representing each of the CIR matrices using: (i) a reference CIR of a reference antenna, and (ii) difference information of one or more remaining antennas; orgenerating, by the first wireless device, the difference information to include a difference in at least one of: phase, amplitude or reference signal received power (RSRP) , between the reference antenna and the one or more remaining antennas.7.The method of claim 5, wherein performing compression comprises at least one of:performing, by the first wireless device, compression on the plurality of measurements in the delay dimension;generating, by the first wireless device, the compressed output by representing each of the CIR matrices using: (i) a reference CIR of a reference antenna, and (ii) at least one selection part each corresponding to some respective time delay paths measured by a respective remaining antenna; orgenerating, by the first wireless device, each of the at least one selection part to include at least one of: delay dimension information, amplitude information or phase difference, with respect to the reference CIR.8.The method of claim 5, wherein performing compression comprises at least one of:performing, by the first wireless device, compression on the plurality of measurements in a Doppler dimension;generating, by the first wireless device, the compressed output by representing the CIR matrices using: (i) a reference CIR matrix, and (ii) information of at least one effective path in effective Doppler frequency shift; orgenerating, by the first wireless device, the information of the at least one effective path to include at least one of: delay dimension information, amplitude information or Doppler shift or phase difference, with respect to the reference CIR matrix.9.The method of claim 1 or 2, comprising:sending, by the first wireless device to the wireless communication node, area or location related information.10.The method of claim 9, wherein the area or location related information comprises at least one of:at least one of a longitude, a latitude or a location coordinate of a sensing area or the first wireless device; oran indication or identifier (ID) of the sensing area.11.The method of claim 9, wherein the area or location related information comprises at least one of:an identifier (ID) of the first wireless device;an ID of the second wireless device;an ID of a cell;an indication of a resource set corresponding to all or a portion of the plurality of signals; oran ID of a resource corresponding to all or a portion of the plurality of signals.12.The method of claim 2 or 9, comprising at least one of:receiving, by the first wireless device from the wireless communication node, a configuration for scheduled reporting of the area or location related information, the configuration comprising a periodicity or a time interval for the scheduled reporting.13.The method of claim 2, 3 or 9, comprising at least one of:receiving, by the first wireless device from the wireless communication node, an indication to report the area or location related information, corresponding or responsive to an event.14.The method of claim 13, wherein the event corresponds to performance degradation of the AI model, or completion of a defined number of measurement reports.15.The method of claim 1, comprising:sending, by the first wireless device to the wireless communication node, predicted measurements about a sensing target,wherein the predicted measurements comprises at least one of:at least one CIR matrix;at least one measurement data or intermediate variables, comprising at least one of: a relative time of arrival (RTOA) , a reference signal received power (RSRP) , a Doppler frequency shift, of an upcoming time; ora timestamp or indication of the upcoming time.16.The method of claim 15, wherein the predicted measurements comprise at least one of: a plurality of predicted measurements for the upcoming time, or a plurality of probabilities each corresponding to a respective one of the predicted measurements.17.The method of claim 15, wherein the indication of the upcoming time comprises at least one of: a time difference between the upcoming time and a current time, a difference of in system frame number (SFN) of the upcoming time relative to the current time, a slot number of the upcoming time within a frame relative to the current time, or a symbol index of the upcoming time relative to the current time.18.The method of claim 1, comprising at least one of:determining, by first wireless device or the wireless communication node, a group of second wireless devices according to proximity or location;performing, by the first wireless device, one or more measurements associated with the group of second wireless devices; orgenerating, by the first wireless device, a joint measurement report for the group, according to the one or more measurements.19.The method of claim 18, wherein in joint measurement report, for a combined measurement of the one or more measurements associated with the group of second wireless devices, the combined measurement is associated with at least one of:an identifier (ID) of the first wireless device; oran ID of each of the second wireless device.20.A method comprising:sending, by a second wireless device to a first wireless device, a plurality of signals each associated with a respective one of a plurality of time units; andcausing the first wireless device to obtain a plurality of measurements of the plurality of signals, and to perform compression on the plurality of measurements, to obtain a compressed output in a channel impulse response (CIR) related format.21.A non-transitory computer readable medium storing instructions, which when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform the method of any one of claims 1-20.22.An apparatus comprising:at least one processor configured to implement the method of any one of claims 1-21.
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