Foamable compositions comprising polyolefin elastomers (POE)
Foamable compositions with high long-chain branching and narrow molecular weight distribution address processing challenges of conventional polyolefin elastomers, achieving improved processability and enhanced foam properties with reduced curing agent use.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/075183
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-01-26
- Filing Date
- 2025-01-26
- Publication Date
- 2025-07-31
AI Technical Summary
Conventional polyolefin elastomers have lower levels of long-chain branching, leading to processing difficulties such as melt fracture, overheating, poor foam microstructures, and reduced cross-linking efficiency, necessitating complex and costly dual-catalyst systems that compromise material properties.
Development of foamable compositions comprising polyolefin elastomers with high levels of long-chain branching, high shear-thinning behavior, and narrow molecular weight distribution, utilizing a polyolefin elastomer, an organic peroxide, and a cell nucleating agent to enhance processability and cross-linking efficiency.
The proposed solution results in improved processability, enhanced peroxide curing, and superior foam microstructures with reduced curing agent requirements, while maintaining desirable physical properties like tensile and tear strength.
Smart Images

Figure PCTCN2025075183-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2025075183-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2025075183-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
FOAMABLE COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING POLYOLEFIN ELASTOMERS (POE)TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to polyolefin elastomers, and more specifically relate to foamable compositions comprising polyolefin elastomers.BACKGROUND
[0002] Polyolefin elastomers are used in a variety of applications due to advantages such as high toughness, softness, inertness to UV and thermal degradation, and / or acceptable response to peroxide and other crosslinking systems. However, conventional polyolefin elastomers generally have lower levels of long-chain branching in the polymers, and thus the materials are more difficult to process. For example, extrusion at a high rate and / or fabrication processes using high shear-rate flow of polymer melt (e.g. injection molding) can lead to melt fracture related surface defects, overheating of the polymers leading to the premature crosslinking of the formulation, reduced melt strength leading to poor shape retention of the materials after extrusion, and / or poor foam microstructures due to less stable air bubbles trapped in the polymer melt. Also, low shear thinning rheology limits production rates in post synthesis processing and extrusion equipment, particularly in packaging and film applications. Industrially, polyolefin producers may require advanced and more complex catalyst / process (e.g. dual-catalyst and / or dual reactor systems) to make polyolefin plastomers and elastomers with broad molecular weight distribution to achieve the favored rheological features for improved polymer processing. Such advanced and more complex catalyst / process adds process complexity and increased operational and capital costs. Other disadvantages of making a broad polymer composition with dual-catalyst or dual-reactor processes in elastomer applications are that as the molecular weight / compositional distribution of the polymers broaden, the materials or the foamed parts fabricated from the materials tend to have worse physical properties (e.g. low tensile strength and / or tear strength) , and particularly materials tend to have poor peroxide crosslinking response due to the presence of low Mw species in the composition. Foamable compositions and foam articles formed therefrom may include polyolefin elastomers. However, when used with conventional polyolefin elastomers, as discussed herein, may result in low processability, reduced cross-linking, poor foam microstructures, and / or a need for greater amounts of curing agent.
[0003] Accordingly, there is a continual need for foamable compositions with improved polyolefin elastomers having higher levels of long-chain branching, higher shear thinning rheology, and narrow molecular weight distribution.SUMMARY
[0004] Embodiments of the present disclosure meet this need via foamable compositions comprising polyolefin elastomers having a high level of long chain branching (LCB) , high shear-thinning, and a low polydispersity index. This resulted in foamable compositions including polyolefin elastomers having a desired processability (e.g., I10 / I2 is greater than or equal to 12) , improved peroxide curing (e.g., a high difference between a maximum torque (MH) and a minimum torque (ML) and / or sufficient cross-linking using a reduced amount of curing agent.
[0005] In accordance with one embodiment, a foamable composition comprises a polyolefin elastomer, an organic peroxide, and a cell nucleating agent, where the polyolefin elastomer comprises the polymerized reaction product of ethylene monomer and at least one C4-C12 alpha-olefin comonomer, the polyolefin elastomer having: a density from 0.870 to 0.910 g / cc; a melt index (I2) of 0.5 to 5.0 dg / min, wherein I2 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 2.16 Kg) ; an I10 / I2 greater than or equal to 12, wherein I10 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 10 Kg) ; greater than or equal to 0.2 vinyls per 1000 carbons; a polydispersity index of less than or equal to 3.5; and a molecular number normalized total chain-end of greater than or equal to 2.7.
[0006] Additional features and advantages will be set forth in the detailed description, which follows, and in part will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from that description or recognized by practicing the embodiments described herein, including the detailed description which follows and the claims.
[0007] It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description describe various embodiments and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the claimed subject matter.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0008] Specific embodiments of the present application will now be described. The disclosure may be embodied in different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth in this disclosure. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the subject matter to those skilled in the art.
[0009] DEFINITIONS
[0010] Unless stated to the contrary, implicit from the context, or customary in the art, all parts and percentages are based on weight, and all test methods are current as of the filing date of this disclosure.
[0011] The term "polymer" as used herein, refers to a polymeric compound prepared by polymerizing monomers, whether of the same or a different type. The generic term polymer includes the term homopolymer (employed to refer to polymers prepared from only one type of monomer, with the understanding that trace amounts of impurities can be incorporated into the polymer structure) , and the term interpolymer as defined hereinafter. Trace amounts of impurities, such as catalyst residues, can be incorporated into and / or within the polymer. Typically, a polymer is stabilized with very low amounts ( “ppm” amounts) of one or more stabilizers.
[0012] The term "interpolymer" as used herein, refers to a polymer prepared by the polymerization of at least two different types of monomers. The term interpolymer thus includes the term copolymer (employed to refer to polymers prepared from two different types of monomers) and polymers prepared from more than two different types of monomers.
[0013] The term “polyolefin” as used herein, refers to a polymer that comprises, in polymerized form, 50 wt. %or a majority weight percent of an olefin, such as ethylene or propylene (based on the weight of the polymer) , and optionally may comprise one or more c omonomers.
[0014] The terms "ethylene-based polymer" or “polyethylene” as used herein, refers to a polymer that comprises, in polymerized form, 50 wt. %or a majority weight percent of ethylene (based on the weight of the polymer) , and optionally may comprise one or more c omonomers.
[0015] The term, "ethylene / alpha-olefin copolymer" as used herein, refers to a copolymer that comprises, in polymerized form, 50 wt. %or a majority weight percent of ethylene (based on the weight of the copolymer) , and an alpha-olefin, as the only two monomer types. Preferably, the ethylene / alpha-olefin copolymer is a random copolymer (i.e., comprises a random distribution of its monomeric constituents) .
[0016] As used herein, “unimodal” refers to a molecular weight distribution (MWD) indicated by a Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) curve that exhibits a single peak, which is defined by a single positive inflection point where derivative values of the GPC curve for the MWD go from positive to negative as the log (molecular weight) increases within a range from 2 to 8, further 3 to 7. In embodiments, the polyolefin elastomer is the result of a single reactor, single catalyst polymerization process.
[0017] The terms "comprising" , "including" , "having” , and their derivatives, are not intended to exclude the presence of any additional component, step or procedure, whether the same is specifically disclosed. In order to avoid any doubt, all compositions claimed through use of the term "comprising" may include any additional additive, adjuvant, or compound, whether polymeric or otherwise, unless stated to the contrary. In contrast, the term, "consisting essentially of” excludes from the scope of any succeeding recitation any other component, step or procedure, excepting those that are not essential to operability. The term "consisting of” excludes any component, step or procedure, not specifically delineated or listed.
[0018] EMBODIMENTS
[0019] Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to foamable composition comprising a polyolefin elastomer, an organic peroxide, and a cell nucleating agent.
[0020] Polyolefin Elastomer
[0021] In embodiments, the polyolefin elastomer comprises the polymerized reaction product of ethylene monomer and at least one C4-C12 alpha-olefin comonomer. The polyolefin elastomer comprises: a density from 0.870 to 0.910 g / cc; a melt index (I2) of 0.5 to 5.0 dg / min, wherein I2 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 2.16 Kg) ; an I10 / I2 greater than or equal to 12, wherein I10 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 10 Kg) ; greater than or equal to 0.2 vinyls per 1000 carbons; a polydispersity index of less than or equal to 3.5; and a molecular number normalized total chain-end of greater than or equal to 2.7.
[0022] As stated above, the polyolefin elastomer may comprise an ethylene-based polymer comprising the polymerized reaction product of ethylene and a C4-C12 alpha-olefin comonomer. In one embodiment, the ethylene-based polymer is an ethylene / alpha-olefin random copolymer. In another embodiments, the ethylene-based polymer is a unimodal ethylene / alpha-olefin random copolymer. The C4-C12 alpha-olefin comonomer may include various alpha-olefin comonomers, for example, 1-butene, 1-hexene, and 1-octene. In one embodiment, the alpha-olefin comonomer comprises 1-octene.
[0023] The polyolefin elastomer may include a density of 0.870 to 0.910 g / cc, from 0.875 to 0.90 g / cc, from 0.880 to 0.890 g / cc, or from any combination of one or more of these ranges.
[0024] The polyolefin elastomer may include a melt index (I2) of 0.5 to 5.0 dg / min wherein I2 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 2.16 Kg) , and in further embodiments, may include an I2 from 1.0 to 4.0 dg / min, from 1.5 to 3.5 dg / min, from 2.0 to 3.0 dg / min, or from any combination of one or more of these ranges. In other embodiments, the I2 may have ranges extending from a lower limit of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, or 4.0 dg / min to an upper limit of 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, or 5.0 dg / min.
[0025] The polyolefin elastomer may include an I10 / I2 greater than or equal to 12, wherein I10 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 10 Kg) , and in further embodiments, may include an I10 / I2 of 12 to 20, from 12.5 to 18, from 13 to 16, from 13.5 to 15, or from any combination of one or more of these ranges. Without being limited to theory, it is believed that the I10 / I2 range correlates to increased long chain branching which aids in the processability of the POE resin.
[0026] The polyolefin elastomer may have a high vinyl unsaturation as demonstrated by having greater than or equal to 0.2 vinyls per 1000 carbons. In embodiments, the polyolefin elastomer may have from 0.2 to 1 vinyls per 1000 carbons, from 0.2 to 0.8 vinyls per 1000 carbons, from 0.2 to 0.6 vinyls per 1000 carbons, from 0.2 to 0.4 vinyls per 1000 carbons, or from any combination of one or more of these ranges.
[0027] The polyolefin elastomer may include greater than or equal to 0.2 unsaturations per 1000 carbons, or greater than 0.3 unsaturations per 1000 carbons, and in further embodiments may include from 0.25 to 2 unsaturations per 1000 carbons, from 0.30 to 1 unsaturations per 1000 carbons, from 0.35 to 0.75 unsaturations per 1000 carbons, or from any combination of one or more of these ranges.
[0028] The percentage of vinyls in the total unsaturation of the polyolefin elastomer may be at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, or at least 70%.
[0029] The polyolefin elastomer may have an oligomer level less than 5000 ppm. For example, in embodiments, the polyolefin elastomer may have an oligomer level less than 5000 ppm, less than 4500 ppm, less than 4000 ppm, less than 3500 ppm, less than 3000 ppm, or less than 2500 ppm, less than 2000 ppm, less than 1500 ppm, less than 1000 ppm, less than 500 ppm, less than 250 ppm, or less than 200 ppm. Without being bound by theory, the present polyolefin elastomer have a high vinyl level on the chain-end and low oligomer level due to selection of catalyst and process conditions. In polymers with high vinyl level and high oligomer level, there can be a high level of oligomers (low Mw components) with vinyl chain ends, which result in low cross-linking efficiency.
[0030] The polyolefin elastomer may have a number average molecular weight (Mn) of from 20 to 60 kg / mol, wherein Mn is measured in accordance with conventional Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) . For example, in embodiments, the polyolefin elastomers may have a number average molecular weight (Mn) of from 20 to 60 kg / mol, from 20 to 40 kg / mol, from 25 to 38 kg / mol, from 30 to 35 kg / mol, or from any combination of one or more of these ranges.
[0031] The polyolefin elastomer may have a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of from 60 to 120 kg / mol, wherein Mw is measured in accordance with conventional GPC. For example, in embodiments, the polyolefin elastomers may have a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of from 60 to 120 kg / mol, from 70 to 100 kg / mol, from 75 to 90 kg / mol, or from any combination of one or more of these ranges.
[0032] The polyolefin elastomer may have a polydispersity index (Mw / Mn) of less than or equal to 3.5, less than or equal to 3.25, less than or equal to 3.0, or less than or equal to 2.75. In embodiments, the polyolefin elastomers may have a polydispersity index (Mw / Mn) of from l.0 to 3.5, from l. 5 to 3.25, from 2.0 to 3.0, from 2.25 to 2.75, or from any combination of one or more of these ranges. Without intending to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that a reduced polydispersity index of polyolefin elastomers may result in improved physical properties of foams produced therefrom, such as improved tensile and tear strength. Such improved tensile and / or tear strength can result in foams having improved durability. Further, it is believed that a reduced polydispersity index of polyolefin elastomers may result in improved peroxide crosslinking. Such improved peroxide crosslinking may allow for using a reduced amount of peroxide in the system and / or reduction in processing time needed, thereby improving throughput of the fabrication of the foam.
[0033] The polyolefin elastomers may have a molecular number normalized total chain-end of greater than or equal to 2.7. For example, in embodiments, polyolefin elastomers may have a molecular number normalized total chain-end of greater than or equal to 2.7, greater than or equal to 2.8, greater than or equal to 2.9, greater than or equal to 3.0, greater than or equal to 3.1, or greater than or equal to 3.2, less than or equal to 10.0, less than or equal to 8, less than or equal to 6, less than or equal to 5, or less than or equal to 4, or from any combination of one or more of these ranges. As used herein, “molecular number normalized total chain-end” of the polyolefin elastomer is calculated using the following equation: Mn normalized total chain-end = Total chain-ends (per 1000 carbons) *Mn (kg / mol) / [14 (kg / mol) (per 1000 carbons) ] . The calculation of the total chain-ends is further described in the test methods disclosed herein. Without intending to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that a higher molecular number normalized total chain-end in the polyolefin elastomer indicates a higher degree of long chain branching.
[0034] In particular embodiments, the polydispersity index of the polyolefin elastomer may be less than or equal to 3.0 and the molecular number normalized total chain-end of the polyolefin elastomer may be greater than or equal to 3.0.
[0035] The polyolefin elastomer may have a rheology ratio (V0.1 / V100) of greater than 3, wherein V0.1 is the viscosity at 190 ℃ at an angular frequency of 0.1 radians / second, V100 is the viscosity at 190 ℃ at an angular frequency of 100 radians / second. In further embodiments, the rheology ratio may be greater than 1.5, greater than 2 or greater than 4. Moreover, the rheology of the polyolefin elastomer may be characterized by the following equation: (V0.1 / V100) *I20.5, which further accounts for the effect of melt index. When applying this equation, the polyolefin elastomer may have a value of greater than 7.5 (dg / min) 0.5, greater than 8 (dg / min) 0.5, greater than 10 (dg / min) 0.5, greater than 14 (dg / min) 0.5, greater than 16 (dg / min) 0.5, greater than 18 (dg / min) 0.5, or greater than 20 (dg / min) 0.5.
[0036] In embodiments, the polyolefin elastomer may be present in the foamable composition in an amount from 70.0 wt. %to 99.5 wt. %, from 75.0 wt. %to 98.0 wt. %, from 79.9 wt. %to 97.0 wt. %, from 80.0 wt. %to 95.0 wt. %, from 85.0 wt. %to 92.0 wt. %, from 85.0 wt. %to 99.5 wt. %, or from any combination of one or more of these ranges, based on the total weight of the foamable composition.
[0037] Organic Peroxide
[0038] As described herein, the foamable composition may include one or more organic peroxides.
[0039] Various organic peroxides are considered suitable. Useful peroxides include, but are not limited to, peroxycarbonates, such as, for example, tert-amylperoxy-2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TAEC) ; and peroxyketals, such as, for example, 1, 1-di (tert-amylperoxy) cyclohexane. Examples of organic peroxides may include t-butylperoxyisopropyl carbonate; t-butylperoxy-2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TBEC) ; tert-Amylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TAEC) ; t-butylperoxyacetate; t-butylperoxybenzoate; dicumyl peroxide (DCP) ; 2, 5-dimethyl-2, 5-di (t-butylperoxy) hexane; di-t-butyl peroxide; 2, 5-dimethyl-2, 5-di- (t-butyl-peroxy) hexyne-3; 1, 1-di- (t-butylperoxy) -3, 3, 5-trimethyl-cyclohexane; 1, 1-di- (t-butylperoxy) -cyclohexane; methyl ethyl ketone peroxide; 2, 5-dimethyl-hexyl-2, 5-diperoxybenzoate; t-butyl hydroperoxide; p-menthane hydroperoxide; benzoyl peroxide; p-chlorobenzoyl peroxide; t-butylperoxyisobutyrate; hydroxyheptyl peroxide; and dicyclohexanone peroxide; bis (tert-butyldioxyisopropyl) benzene (BIPB) ; 1, 1-di (tert-butylperoxy) cyclohexane; 2, 5-Bis (tert-butylperoxy) -2, 5-dimethylhexane; or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the organic peroxide comprises at least one of TBEC, and TAEC. In embodiments, the organic peroxide comprises bis (tert-butyldioxyisopropyl) benzene (BIPB) , dicumyl peroxide, tert-Butylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TBEC) , tert-amylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TAEC) , 1, 1-di (tert-butylperoxy) cyclohexane, 1, 1-di- (t-butylperoxy) -3, 3, 5-trimethyl-cyclohexane, 2, 5-Bis (tert-butylperoxy) -2, 5-dimethylhexane, or combinations thereof.
[0040] In embodiments, the organic peroxide may be present in the foamable composition in an amount from 0.05 wt. %to 2 wt. %, from 0.06 wt. %to 1.5 wt. %, from 0.07 wt. %to 1.0 wt. %, from 0.08 wt. %to 0.9 wt. %, from 0.09 wt. %to 0.8 wt. %, from 0.1 wt. %to 0.7 wt. %, from 0.11 wt. %to 0.6 wt. %, from 0.12 wt. %to 0.5 wt. %, from 0.13 wt. %to 0.5 wt. %, from 0.14 wt. %to 0.5 wt. %, from 0.15 wt. %to 0.5 wt. %, or from any combination of one or more of these ranges, based on the total weight of the foamable composition.
[0041] In some embodiments, a weight ratio of the polyolefin elastomer to the organic peroxide may be from 1000: 5 to 1000: 1.
[0042] Various silane coupling agents are considered suitable. For example, the silane coupling agents may include one or more alkoxysilane coupling agents, such as vinyltrimethoxy-silane (VTMS) , 3- (trimethoxysilyl) -propyl-methacrylate (VMMS) , tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) or combinations thereof. In one or more embodiments, the silane coupling agent comprises VTMS, VMMS, or combinations thereof.
[0043] Various crosslinking coagents are also contemplated. These may include crosslinking coagents, such as triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) , triallyl phosphate (TAP) . triallyl cyanurate (TAC) , triallyl trimellitate (TATM) , 1, 3, 5, 7-Tetravinyl-1, 3, 5, 7-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (vinyl D4) . N, N, N′, N′, N″, N″-hexaallyl-1, 3, 5-triazine-2, 4, 6-triamine, triallyl trimellitate, trimethylolpropane triacylate (TMPTA) , trimethylolpropane trimethylacrylate (TMPTMA) , 1, 6-hexanediol diacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate, tris (2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate triacrylate, trivinyl cyclohexane (TVCH) , or combinations thereof.
[0044] Additional examples of organic peroxides, silane coupling agents, and crosslinking coagents are provided in PCT Publication WO2023272545A1, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[0045] Cell Nucleating Agent
[0046] A cell nucleating agent or combination of such agents may be employed according to one or more embodiments for advantages, such as regulating cell formation and morphology. A cell nucleating agent, or cell size control agent, may be any conventional or useful cell nucleating agent (s) . The amount of cell nucleating agent used depends upon the desired cell size, the selected blowing agent blend, and the desired foam density. The cell nucleating agent is generally added in amounts from about 0.01 to about 20 wt. %of the foamable composition.
[0047] Some contemplated cell nucleating agents include inorganic materials (in small particulate form) , such as clay, talc, silica, and diatomaceous earth. Other contemplated cell nucleating agents include organic cell nucleating agents that decompose or react at the heating temperature within an extruder to evolve gases, such as carbon dioxide, water, and / or nitrogen. One example of an organic cell nucleating agent is a combination of an alkali metal salt of a polycarboxylic acid with a carbonate or bicarbonate. Some examples of alkali metal salts of a polycarboxylic acid include, but are not limited to, the monosodium salt of 2, 3-dihydroxy-butanedioic acid (commonly referred to as sodium hydrogen tartrate) , the monopotassium salt of butanedioic acid (commonly referred to as potassium hydrogen succinate) , the trisodium and tripotassium salts of 2-hydroxy-1, 2, 3-propanetricarboxylic acid (commonly referred to as sodium and potassium citrate, respectively) , and the disodium salt of ethanedioic acid (commonly referred to as sodium oxalate) , or polycarboxylic acid such as 2-hydroxy-1, 2, 3-propanetricarboxylic acid. Some examples of a carbonate or a bicarbonate include, but are not limited to, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, and calcium carbonate.
[0048] It is contemplated that mixtures of different cell nucleating agents may be included in the foamable compositions according to embodiments disclosed and described herein. Some more desirable cell nucleating agents include talc, crystalline silica, and a stoichiometric mixture of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate (the stoichiometric mixture having a 1 to 100 percent concentration where the carrier is a suitable polymer such as polyethylene) . Talc, or other cell nucleating agents, may be added in a carrier or in a powder form.
[0049] Cell nucleating agents are, according to embodiments, added as a proportion of the foamable composition. As an example, if 2 wt. %of cell nucleating agent is present, the foamable composition may, for example, comprise 97.6 wt. %polyolefin elastomer, 0.4 wt. %organic peroxide, and 2 wt. %cell nucleating agents.
[0050] In embodiments, the cell nucleating agent is present in amounts from 0.1 wt. %to 20 wt. %, such as from 0.5 wt. %to 20 wt. %, from 1.0 wt. %to 20 wt. %, from 5 wt. %to 20 wt. %, from 10 wt. %to 20 wt. %, from 0.1 wt. %to 15 wt. %, such as from 0.5 wt. %to 15 wt. %, from 1.0 wt. %to 15 wt. %, from 5 wt. %to 15 wt. %, from 10 wt. %to 15 wt. %, or from any combination of one or more of these ranges, based on the total weight of the foamable composition.
[0051] In embodiments, the cell nucleating agent comprises talc, calcium carbonate, a chemical blowing agent, or combinations thereof.
[0052] In embodiments, a chemical blowing agent is used and generates one or more physical blowing agents, by thermal decomposition in the process. Chemical blowing agents include (but are not limited to) azodicarbonamide, azodiisobutyro-nitrile, barium azodicarboxylate, N, N′-dimethyl-N, N′-dinitrosoterephthalamide, and benzenesulfonhydrazide, 4, 4-oxybenzene sulfonyl semicarbazide, and p-toluene sulfonyl semicarbazide, trihydrazino triazine and mixtures such as those of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate. Examples of chemical blowing agents are the various products sold under the tradename SafoamTM (products of Reedy International; Reedy Chemical Foam) .
[0053] In particular embodiments, the chemical blowing agent comprises azodicarbonamide.
[0054] In embodiments, the foamable composition may comprise one or more permeability modifiers or stability control agents, and / or other additives, which are described in more detail below.
[0055] Permeability Modifier or Stability Control Agents
[0056] Gas permeation agents or stability control agents may be employed in embodiments to assist in preventing or inhibiting collapsing of the foam. The stability control agents suitable for use in embodiments may include the partial esters of long-chain fatty acids with polyols described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,644,230, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, saturated higher alkyl amines, saturated higher fatty acid amides, complete esters of higher fatty acids such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,214,054, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, and combinations thereof described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,750,584, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0057] The partial esters of fatty acids that may be desired as a stability control agent include the members of the generic class known as surface active agents or surfactants. One exemplary class of surfactants includes a partial ester of a fatty acid having 12 to 18 carbon atoms and a polyol having three to six hydroxyl groups. In embodiments, the partial esters of a long chain fatty acid with a polyol component of the stability control agent are glycerol monostearate, glycerol distearate or mixtures thereof. It is contemplated that other gas permeation agents or stability control agents may be employed in the present invention to assist in preventing or inhibiting collapsing of the foam.
[0058] In embodiments, the permeability modifiers or stability control agents are present in amounts up to 2.0 wt. %, such as from 0.2 wt. %to 2.0 wt. %, from 0.5 wt. %to 2.0 wt. %, from 1.0 wt. %to 2.0 wt. %, from 0.1 wt. %to 1.5 wt. %, from 0.5 wt. %to 1.5 wt. %, from 1.0 wt. %to 1.5 wt. %, from 0.1 wt. %to 1.0 wt. %, from 0.5 wt. %to 1.0 wt. %, or from 0.1 wt. %to 0.5 wt. %. In other embodiments, the foamable composition does not include permeability modifiers or stability control agents.
[0059] Additives
[0060] Additional additives or filler, which may be added during polymerization, pelletization, curing and the like, may include fillers, colorants, antistatic agents, conductive additives, light and heat stabilizers, anti-oxidants, acid scavengers, flame retardants, processing aids, extrusion aids, and foaming additives may be used in making the foam article. These optional ingredients may include, but are not limited to, calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide powder, polymer particles, hollow glass spheres, polymeric fibers such as polyolefin based staple monofilaments and the like. In one embodiment, an additive is present in an amount ≥ 0.20 wt%, or ≥ 0.40 wt%, or ≥ 0.60 wt%, or ≥ 0.80 wt%, and / or ≤ 5.0 wt%, or ≤4.0 wt%, or ≤ 3.0 wt%, or ≤ 2.0 wt%, or ≤ 1.5 wt%, or ≤ 1.0 wt%, based on the weight of the foamable composition.
[0061] For example, additives may include a wetting agent, fire retardants, surfactants, anti-static agents, anti-block agents, wax-based dispersions, pigments, neutralizing agents, thickeners, compatibilizers, brighteners, rheology modifiers, biocides, fungicides, reinforcing fibers, and other additives known to those skilled in the art. It should be understood that embodiments of foam articles disclosed and described herein do not include additives, including additives in other embodiments may be advantageous for product stability during and after the manufacturing process.
[0062] Suitable additives include fillers, such as organic or inorganic particles, including clays, talc, titanium dioxide, zeolites, powdered metals, organic or inorganic fibers, including carbon fibers, silicon nitride fibers, steel wire or mesh, and nylon or polyester cording, nano-sized particles, clays, and so forth; tackifiers, oil extenders, including paraffinic or napthelenic oils; and other natural and synthetic polymers, including other polymers according to embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0063] The foams described above may contain processing oils, plasticizers, and processing aids. Rubber processing oils having a certain ASTM designation and paraffinic, napthenic or aromatic process oils are all suitable for use. Generally from 0 to 150 parts, more preferably 0 to 100 parts, and most preferably from 0 to 50 parts of processing oils, plasticizers, and / or processing aids per 100 parts of total polymer are employed. Higher amounts of oil may tend to improve the processing of the resulting product at the expense of some physical properties. Additional processing aids include conventional waxes, fatty acid salts, such as calcium stearate or zinc stearate, (poly) alcohols including glycols, (poly) alcohol ethers, including glycol ethers, (poly) esters, including (poly) glycol esters, and metal salt-, especially Group 1 or 2 metal or zinc-, salt derivatives thereof.
[0064] Compositions according to embodiments disclosed herein may also contain anti-ozonants or anti-oxidants that are known to a rubber chemist of ordinary skill. The anti-ozonants may be physical protectants such as waxy materials that come to the surface and protect the part from oxygen or ozone or they may be chemical protectors that react with oxygen or ozone. Suitable chemical protectors include styrenated phenols, butylated octylated phenol, butylated di (dimethylbenzyl) phenol, p-phenylenediamines, butylated reaction products of p-cresol and dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) , polyphenolic anitioxidants, hydroquinone derivatives, quinoline, diphenylene antioxidants, thioester antioxidants, and blends thereof. Some representative trade names of such products are WINGSTAYTM S antioxidant, POLYSTAYTM 100 antioxidant, POLYSTAYTM 100 AZ antioxidant, POLYSTAYTM 200 antioxidant, WINGSTAYTM L antioxidant, WINGSTAYTM LHLS antioxidant, WINGSTAYTM K antioxidant, WINGSTAYTM 29 antioxidant, WINGSTAYTMSN-1 antioxidant, and IRGANOXTM antioxidants. In some applications, the anti-oxidants and anti-ozonants used will be non-staining and non-migratory.
[0065] For providing additional stability against UV radiation, hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) and UV absorbers may be also used. Suitable examples include TINUVINTM 123, TINUVINTM 144, TINUVINTM 622, TINUVINTM 765, TINUVINTM 770, and TINUVINTM 780, available from Ciba Specialty Chemicals, and CHEMISORBTM T944, available from Cytex Plastics, Houston Tex., USA. A Lewis acid may be additionally included with a HALS compound in order to achieve superior surface quality, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,051,681. Other embodiments may include a heat stabilizer, such as IRGANOXTM PS 802 FL, for example.
[0066] For some compositions, additional mixing processes may be employed to pre-disperse the heat stabilizers, anti-oxidants, anti-ozonants, carbon black, UV absorbers, and / or light stabilizers to form a masterbatch, and subsequently to form polymer blends therefrom.
[0067] In some embodiments, additives may also include processing aids such as stearates and stearic acids, perfumes, algae inhibitors, anti-microbiological and anti-fungus agents, flame retardants and halogen-free flame retardants, as well as slip and anti-block additives. Other embodiments may include PDMS to decrease the abrasion resistance of the polymer. Adhesion of the polymer may also be improved through the use of adhesion promoters or functionalization or coupling of the polymer with organosilane, polychloroprene (neoprene) , or other grafting agents.
[0068] In particular embodiments, the foamable composition may comprise zinc oxide, zinc stearate, steric acid, or combinations thereof. Without intending to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the zinc oxide, zinc stearate, steric acid, or combinations thereof may serve as an activator for the chemical blowing agent, thereby reducing the decomposition temperature of the chemical blowing agent.
[0069] The sum of these additives may be present in an amounts from 0 wt. %to 10 wt. %of the foamable composition, such as from 1 wt. %to 10 wt. %, from 2 wt. %to 10 wt. %, from 3 wt. %to 10 wt. %, from 4 wt. %to 10 wt. %, from 5 wt. %to 10 wt. %, from 6 wt. %to 10 wt. %, from 7 wt. %to 10 wt. %, from 8 wt. %to 10 wt. %, from 9 wt. %to 10 wt. %, from 0 wt. %to 9 wt. %, from 1 wt. %to 9 wt. %, from 2 wt. %to 9 wt. %, from 3 wt. %to 9 wt. %, from 4 wt. %to 9 wt. %, from 5 wt. %to 9 wt. %, from 6 wt. %to 9 wt. %, from 7 wt. %to 9 wt. %, from 8 wt. %to 9 wt. %, from 0 wt. %to 8 wt. %, from 1 wt. %to 8 wt. %, from 2 wt. %to 8 wt. %, from 3 wt. %to 8 wt. %, from 4 wt. %to 8 wt. %, from 5 wt. %to 8 wt. %, from 6 wt. %to 8 wt. %, from 7 wt. %to 8 wt. %, from 0 wt. %to 7 wt. %, from 1 wt. %to 7 wt. %, from 2 wt. %to 7 wt. %, from 3 wt. %to 7 wt. %, from 4 wt. %to 7 wt. %, from 5 wt. %to 7 wt. %, from 6 wt. %to 7 wt. %, from 0 wt. %to 6 wt. %, from 1 wt. %to 6 wt. %, from 2 wt. %to 6 wt. %, from 3 wt. %to 6 wt. %, from 4 wt. %to 6 wt. %, from 5 wt. %to 6 wt. %, from 0 wt. %to 5 wt. %, from 1 wt. %to 5 wt. %, from 2 wt. %to 5 wt. %, from 3 wt. %to 5 wt. %, from 4 wt. %to 5 wt. %, from 0 wt. %to 4 wt. %, from 1 wt. %to 4 wt. %, from 2 wt. %to 4 wt. %, from 3 wt. %to 4 wt. %, from 0 wt. %to 3 wt. %, from 1 wt. %to 3 wt. %, from 2 wt. %to 3 wt. %, from 0 wt. %to 2 wt. %, from 1 wt. %to 2 wt. %, or from 0 wt. %to 1 wt. %based on the total weight of the foamable composition.
[0070] As used herein, the materials of the foamable composition excluding the polyolefin elastomer and the cell nucleating agent (i.e. the organic peroxide, silane coupling agent, and / or crosslinking coagent) may collectively be referred to as a curing package. The polyolefin elastomer of the present disclosure may allow for lower amounts of the curing package to be utilized in the foamable composition. For example, the curing package may be present in amounts of 0.2 to 3.0 wt. %in the foamable composition, or in other embodiments from 1.0 to 2.0 wt. %, or from 1.5 to 2.0 wt. %of the foamable composition.
[0071] Foam Article
[0072] In embodiments, a method of making a foam article may comprise mixing the foamable composition described herein and forming a foam article from the foamable composition. The foam article may be produced from the foamable composition via curing processes known to those skilled in the art. In some embodiments, the curing may be initiated by heat, irradiation, electron beam radiation, or ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
[0073] In one or more embodiments, a density of the foam article is less than or equal to 0.20 grams per cubic centimeter (g / cc) , such as less than 0.18 g / cc, less than 0.16 g / cc, less than 0.14 g / cc, less than 0.12 g / cc, or less than 0.10 g / cc. According to one or more embodiments, the density of the ethylene-based foam is from 0.01 g / cc to 0.20 g / cc, such as from 0.02 g / cc to 0.20 g / cc, from 0.04 g / cc to 0.20 g / cc, from 0.06 g / cc to 0.20 g / cc, from 0.08 g / cc to 0.20 g / cc, from 0.10 g / cc to 0.20 g / cc, from 0.12 g / cc to 0.20 g / cc, from 0.14 g / cc to 0.20 g / cc, from 0.16 g / cc to 0.20 g / cc, from 0.18 g / cc to 0.20 g / cc, from 0.01 g / cc to 0.18 g / cc, from 0.02 g / cc to 0.18 g / cc, from 0.04 g / cc to 0.18 g / cc, from 0.06 g / cc to 0.18 g / cc, from 0.08 g / cc to 0.18 g / cc, from 0.10 g / cc to 0.18 g / cc, from 0.12 g / cc to 0.18 g / cc, from 0.14 g / cc to 0.18 g / cc, from 0.16 g / cc to 0.18 g / cc, from 0.01 g / cc to 0.16 g / cc, from 0.02 g / cc to 0.16 g / cc, from 0.04 g / cc to 0.16 g / cc, from 0.06 g / cc to 0.16 g / cc, from 0.08 g / cc to 0.16 g / cc, from 0.10 g / cc to 0.16 g / cc, from 0.12 g / cc to 0.16 g / cc, from 0.14 g / cc to 0.16 g / cc, from 0.01 g / cc to 0.14 g / cc, from 0.02 g / cc to 0.14 g / cc, from 0.04 g / cc to 0.14 g / cc, from 0.06 g / cc to 0.14 g / cc, from 0.08 g / cc to 0.14 g / cc, from 0.10 g / cc to 0.14 g / cc, from 0.12 g / cc to 0.14 g / cc, from 0.01 g / cc to 0.12 g / cc, from 0.02 g / cc to 0.12 g / cc, from 0.04 g / cc to 0.12 g / cc, from 0.06 g / cc to 0.12 g / cc, from 0.08 g / cc to 0.12 g / cc, from 0.10 g / cc to 0.12 g / cc, from 0.01 g / cc to 0.10 g / cc, from 0.02 g / cc to 0.10 g / cc, from 0.04 g / cc to 0.10 g / cc, from 0.06 g / cc to 0.10 g / cc, from 0.08 g / cc to 0.10 g / cc, from 0.01 g / cc to 0.08 g / cc, from 0.02 g / cc to 0.08 g / cc, from 0.04 g / cc to 0.08 g / cc, from 0.06 g / cc to 0.08 g / cc, from 0.01 g / cc to 0.06 g / cc, from 0.02 g / cc to 0.06 g / cc, from 0.04 g / cc to 0.06 g / cc, or from 0.01 g / cc to 0.04 g / cc.
[0074] In one or more embodiments, the foam article may have a static compression set from 40%to 90%, as measured according to ASTM D395. For example, in embodiments, the foam article has a static compression set from 40%to 90%, from 45%to 85%, from 50%to 80%, from 55%to 80%, from 55%to 75%, from 55%to 70%, from 55%to 65%, or from any combination of one or more of these ranges, as measured according to ASTM D395
[0075] In one or more embodiments, the foam article may have a shrinkage from 0.1%to 4%. The shrinkage is calculated according to the Test Method described herein. For example, in embodiments, the foam article has a shrinkage from 0.1%to 3.5%, from 0.1%to 3.0%, from 0.1%to 2.5%, from 1.0%to 3.5%, from 1.0%to 3.0%, from 1.0%to 2.5%, or from any combination of one or more of these ranges.
[0076] In one or more embodiments, the foam article may have a hardness from 20 Asker C to 50 Asker C. The hardness is calculated according to the Test Method described herein. For example, in embodiments, the foam article has a hardness from 20 Asker C to 50 Asker C, from 25 Asker C to 50 Asker C, from 25 Asker C to 45 Asker C, from 30 Asker C to 40 Asker C, or from any combination of one or more of these ranges.
[0077] In one or more embodiments, the foam article may have a rebound resilience from 45%to 60%. The rebound resilience is calculated according to the Test Method described herein. For example, in embodiments, the foam article has a rebound resilience from 40%to 70%, or from 45%to 60%.
[0078] The foam article may have a maximum torque (MH) and a minimum torque (ML) , as measured using a Moving Die Rheometer (MDR) at 180 ℃ for 15 minutes. Methods of determining the MH and ML of the foam are further described in the test methods described herein. In embodiments, a difference between the maximum torque (MH) and the minimum torque (ML) of the cross-linked polyolefin elastomer may be greater than or equal to 1.0 decinewton-meters (dN*m) , as measured using a Moving Die Rheometer (MDR) at 180 ℃ for 15 minutes. In embodiments, the difference between the maximum torque (MH) and the minimum torque (ML) of the foam article may be greater than or equal to 1.0 dN*m, greater than or equal to 1.25 dN*m, greater than or equal to 1.5 dN*m, greater than or equal to 1.75 dN*m, greater than or equal to 2.0 dN*m, greater than or equal to 2.5 dN*m, greater than or equal to 3.0 dN*m, greater than or equal to 3.5 dN*m, greater than or equal to 4.0 dN*m, less than or equal to 20.0 dN*m, less than or equal to 15.0 dN*m, less than or equal to 10.0 dN*m, less than or equal to 9.0 dN*m, less than or equal to 8.0 dN*m, less than or equal to 7.0 dN*m, less than or equal to 6.0 dN*m, less than or equal to 5.0 dN*m, or from any combination of one or more of these ranges. Without intending to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the difference of the MH and ML (i.e MH-ML) may demonstrate the degree of curing of the formulation. It is believed that a higher MH-ML value correlates to a more cross-linked polymer network.
[0079] Process for Producing Polyolefin Elastomer
[0080] The present polyolefin elastomers and their desirable properties of high vinyl content, long chain branching, and chain-end unsaturation are attributed in part to the process of producing the polyolefin elastomer. In one or more embodiments, the process for preparing the polyolefin elastomer described herein comprises solution polymerizing ethylene, and a C4-C12 alpha-olefin comonomer in the presence of a procatalyst having the following Structure (I) : Structure (I)
[0081] wherein: M is Zr or Hf, the metal being in a formal oxidation state of +2, +3, or +4; n is 0, 1, or 2; when n is 1, X is a monodentate ligand or a bidentate ligand; when n is 2, each X is an independently chosen monodentate ligand; the procatalyst is overall charge-neutral;
[0082] at least one of R1 and R16 are selected from structure (II) , structure (III) , and structure (IV) : wherein R31–35, R41–48, and R51–59 are independently chosen from –H, (C1-C40) hydrocarbyl, (C1- C40) heterohydrocarbyl, -Si (RC) 3, -Ge (RC) 3, -P (RP) 2, -N (RN) 2, -ORC, -SRC, -NO2, -CN, -CF3, RCS (O) -, RCS (O) 2-, (RC) 2C=N-, RCC (O) O-, RCOC (O) -, RCC (O) N (RN) -, (RC) 2NC (O) -, or halogen, wherein RC is independently selected from (C1-C40) hydrocarbyl;
[0083] R3 and R14 are independently C1-C40 hydrocarbyl or hydrogen;
[0084] R6 and R11 are independently C1-C40 hydrocarbyl or hydrogen;
[0085] R2, R4, R5, R7, R8, R9, R10, R12, R13 and R15 are independently selected from the group consisting of a C1-C40 hydrocarbyl, C1-C40 heterohydrocarbyl, -Si (RC) 3, halogen atom, hydrogen atom, and combinations thereof;
[0086] R17 and R18 are independently C1-C3 hydrocarbylene; and
[0087] R19 and R20 are independently C1-C40 hydrocarbyl or hydrogen.
[0088] Further embodiments are provided below.
[0089] In one embodiment, M is Zr.
[0090] R1 and R16 are each structure (III) : wherein R41–48 are independently chosen from –H or C1-C6 alkyl. In yet another embodiment, R41–48 are–H.
[0091] In embodiments, R3 and R14 may be C1-C12 alkyl, C6-C12 alkyl, or C8-C12 alkyl. Moreover R6 and R11 may each C1-C12 alkyl, C6-C12 alkyl, or C6-C10 alkyl. In further embodiments, R3, R6, R11, and R14 are each C6-C11 alkyl.
[0092] Moreover, R17 and R18 may each be -CH2-. R19 and R20 may independently be C2-C10 alkyl, C2-C6 alkyl, from C2-C4 alkyl, or C3 alkyl.
[0093] In another embodiment, R2, R4, R5, R7, R8, R9, R10, R12, R13 and R15 are hydrogen atoms. In yet another embodiment, the procatalyst is free of halogens.
[0094] Various polymerization conditions are considered suitable. For example, the polymerizing may occur in one reactor or multiple reactors. Various reactors are considered suitable, for example, loop reactors or continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) . In one embodiment, the above described catalyst activates the solution polymerization process in a single reactor. The solution polymerization process may occur at a temperature above 150 ℃, above 170 ℃, or above 180 ℃. Moreover, the solution polymerization process may occur at a pressure above 30 bar (3 MPa) , or above 40 bar (4 MPa) . Various hydrocarbon solvents are considered suitable for the solution polymerization. In one embodiment, the solvent is an isoparaffinic solvent.
[0095] Moreover, the polymerizing may also occur in the presence of a cocatalyst, of which various compositions are considered suitable. In one embodiment, the cocatalyst comprises an alumoxane. In specific embodiments, the cocatalyst is a methylalumoxane (MMAO) .
[0096] The polyolefin elastomer produced by the solution polymerization process is an ethylene / alpha-olefin copolymer, for example, an ethylene / alpha-olefin random copolymer. The alpha-olefin comonomers include the C4-C12 comonomers described above. The produced polyolefin elastomer may be the polyolefin elastomer as defined above, specifically, a polyolefin elastomer comprising: a density from 0.870 to 0.910 g / cc; a melt index (I2) of 0.5 to 5.0 dg / min, wherein I2 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 2.16 Kg) ; an I10 / I2 greater than or equal to 12, wherein I10 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 10 Kg) ; greater than or equal to 0.2 vinyls per 1000 carbons; a polydispersity index of less than or equal to 3.5; and a molecular number normalized total chain-end of greater than or equal to 2.7.
[0097] TEST METHODS
[0098] Density
[0099] Density is measured in accordance with ASTM D792, and expressed in grams / cm3 (g / cc or g / cm3) .
[0100] Melt Index (I2) and (I10)
[0101] The Melt Index (I2) is measured in accordance with ASTM D-1238, (190 ℃ / 2.16 kg) . The Melt Index (I10) is measured in accordance with ASTM D-1238, (190 ℃ / 10 kg) .
[0102] Melt Strength
[0103] Melt strength measurements for the resins were respectively conducted on a Gottfert Rheotens (Goettfert Inc. Rock Hill, S. C. ) , attached to Gottfert Rheotester 2000 capillary rheometer. The respected melted samples (approximately 20g) were fed with a Goettfert Rheotester 2000 capillary rheometer, equipped with a flat entrance angle (180 degrees) of length of 30 mm, diameter of 2.0 mm, and an aspect ratio (length / diameter) of 15. After equilibrating the respective samples at 190 ℃ for 10 min, the piston was run at a constant piston speed of 0.265 mm / s; the standard test temperature was 190℃. The respective samples were drawn uniaxially to a set of accelerating nips located 100 mm below the die, with an acceleration of 2.4 mm / s2. The tensile force was recorded as a function of the take -up speed of the nip rolls . Melt strength was reported as the plateau force (cN) before the strand broke. The following conditions were used in the melt strength measurements: plunger speed = 0.265 mm / s; wheel acceleration = 2.4 mm / s2; capillary diameter = 2.0 mm; capillary length = 30 mm; and barrel diameter = 12 mm.
[0104] Dynamic Mechanical Spectroscopy (DMS)
[0105] The rheology of the elastomers was analyzed by DMS using an Advanced Rheometric Expansion System (ARES) equipped with 25 mm stainless steel parallel plates. Constant temperature dynamic frequency sweeps in the range of 0.1 to 500 rad / s were performed under nitrogen at 190 ℃. Samples approximately 25.4 mm in diameter were cut from compression molded parts. The sample was placed on the lower plate and allowed to melt for 5 min. The plates were then closed to a gap of 2.0 mm and the sample trimmed to 25 mm in diameter. The samples were allowed to equilibrate at 190 ℃ for the elastomers for 5 min before starting the test. The complex viscosity was measured at a constant strain amplitude of 10%. The complex viscosity measured at 0.1 rad / s is reported as V0.1 and the complex viscosity measured at 100 rad / s is reported as V100.
[0106] Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC)
[0107] The chromatographic system consisted of a PolymerChar GPC-IR (Valencia, Spain) high temperature GPC chromatograph, equipped with an internal IR5 infra-red detector (IR5) . The autosampler oven compartment was set at 160° Celsius, and the column compartment was set at 150° Celsius. The columns were four AGILENT “Mixed A” 30cm 20-micron linear mixed-bed columns. The chromatographic solvent was 1, 2, 4-trichloro-benzene, which contained 200 ppm of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) . The solvent source was nitrogen sparged. The injection volume used was 200 microliters, and the flow rate was 1.0 milliliters / minute.
[0108] Calibration of the GPC column set was performed with 21 narrow molecular weight distribution polystyrene standards, with molecular weights ranging from 580 to 8,400,000, and which were arranged in six “cocktail” mixtures, with at least a decade of separation between individual molecular weights. The standards were purchased from Agilent Technologies. The polystyrene standards were prepared at 0.025 grams in 50 milliliters of solvent, for molecular weights equal to or greater than 1,000,000, and at 0.05 grams in 50 milliliters of solvent, for molecular weights less than 1,000,000. The polystyrene standards were dissolved at 80 degrees Celsius, with gentle agitation, for 30 minutes. The polystyrene standard peak molecular weights were converted to polyethylene molecular weights using Equation 1 (as described in Williams and Ward, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Let., 6, 621 (1968) ) : Mpolyethylene=A× (Mpolystyrene)B (EQ1) where M is the molecular weight, A has a value of 0.4315 and B is equal to 1.0.
[0109] A fifth order polynomial was used to fit the respective polyethylene-equivalent calibration points. A small adjustment to A (from approximately 0.375 to 0.445) was made to correct for column resolution and band-broadening effects, such that linear homopolymer polyethylene standard is obtained at 120,000 Mw.
[0110] The total plate count of the GPC column set was performed with decane (prepared at 0.04 g in 50 milliliters of TCB, and dissolved for 20 minutes with gentle agitation. ) The plate count (Equation 2) and symmetry (Equation 3) were measured on a 200 microliter injection according to the following equations: where RV is the retention volume in milliliters, the peak width is in milliliters, the peak max is the maximum height of the peak, and 1 / 2 height is 1 / 2 height of the peak maximum; and where RV is the retention volume in milliliters, and the peak width is in milliliters, Peak max is the maximum position of the peak, one tenth height is 1 / 10 height of the peak maximum, and where rear peak refers to the peak tail at later retention volumes than the peak max, and where front peak refers to the peak front at earlier retention volumes than the peak max. The plate count for the chromatographic system should be greater than 18,000, and symmetry should be between 0.98 and 1.22.
[0111] Samples were prepared in a semi-automatic manner with the PolymerChar “Instrument Control” Software, wherein the samples were weight-targeted at 2 mg / ml, and the solvent (contained 200ppm BHT) was added to a pre nitrogen-sparged septa-capped vial, via the PolymerChar high temperature autosampler. The samples were dissolved for 2 hours at 160° Celsius under “low speed” shaking.
[0112] The calculations of Mn (GPC) , Mw (GPC) , and Mz (GPC) were based on GPC results using the internal IR5 detector (measurement channel) of the PolymerChar GPC-IR chromatograph according to Equations 4-6, using PolymerChar GPCOneTM software, the baseline-subtracted IR chromatogram at each equally-spaced data collection point (i) , and the polyethylene equivalent molecular weight obtained from the narrow standard calibration curve for the point (i) from Equation 1.
[0113]
[0114]
[0115]
[0116] In order to monitor the deviations over time, a flowrate marker (decane) was introduced into each sample via a micropump controlled with the PolymerChar GPC-IR system. This flowrate marker (FM) was used to linearly correct the pump flowrate (Flowrate (nominal) ) for each sample, by RV alignment of the respective decane peak within the sample (RV (FM Sample) ) , to that of the decane peak within the narrow standards calibration (RV (FM Calibrated) ) . Any changes in the time of the decane marker peak were then assumed to be related to a linear-shift in flowrate (Flowrate (effective) ) for the entire run. To facilitate the highest accuracy of a RV measurement of the flow marker peak, a least-squares fitting routine was used to fit the peak of the flow marker concentration chromatogram to a quadratic equation. The first derivative of the quadratic equation was then used to solve for the true peak position. After calibrating the system, based on a flow marker peak, the effective flowrate (with respect to the narrow standards calibration) was calculated using Equation 7: Flowrate (effective) = Flowrate (nominal) * (RV (FM Calibrated) / RV (FM Sample) ) (EQ7)
[0117] Gel Contents
[0118] Gel content was determined in accordance with ASTM D2765-01, Method A, in xylene. The cured sample, cut from a compression-molded plaque, was cut to required size using a razorblade. Each compression molded plaque was formed at 150℃, and 30,000 psi molding pressure, for thirty minutes, ambient atmosphere, and then quenched between chilled platens (15-20℃) for ten minutes.
[0119] The cured plaque prepared from compression molding process is cut into small pieces, 3mm*3mm. Then around 0.5g sample (Ws) is sealed in a metal mesh (mesh number is 120) and weight (Wt1) , the packed sample is put into a 250 ml glass bottle containing 100ml xylene for 24h. Then, transfer packed sample into 500 ml flask equipped with condenser and containing 350 ml xylene. After reflux for 5 h, the packed samples are removed from xylene and put into vacuum oven and heating at 120 ℃ for 2h under vacuum condition. Take out the sample and get the weight (Wt2) . The gel content is calculated by the equation, Gel content =(Wt2-Wt1) / Ws*100%.
[0120] Moving Die Rheometer (MDR) Curing Testing
[0121] Cure characteristics were measured using an Alpha Technologies Moving Die Rheometer (MDR) 2000 E, according to ASTM D5289, with a 0.5 ° arc. For each composition, the MDR was loaded with approximately 5 g of the formulated materials. For dicumyl peroxide (DCP) formulations, the MDR was run for 20 minutes, at 180℃. The “time vs torque” profile was generated over the given interval in all cases. The key parameter used to understand the curing degree of the formulation is the MH-ML (dNm) : the higher MH-ML value correlated to a more cross-linked polymer network. Here, MH (dNm) referred to the maximum torque exerted by the MDR during the testing interval; and ML (dNm) referred to the minimum torque exerted by the MDR during the testing interval. T90 is the time reaching 90%increase from ML to MH during the testing, i.e. time at reaching ML + (MH-ML) *90%.
[0122] NMR Measurements
[0123] Sample Preparation
[0124] 13C NMR samples were prepared by adding approximately 3g of 25: 75 mixture of tetrachloroethane-d2 and proteo tetrachloroethane containing 0.025 M Cr (AcAc) 3 to 0.2g sample in a Norell 1001-7 10mm NMR tube. Oxygen in the headspace was removed by manually purging the headspace in the tubes with nitrogen using a pasteur pipette for 30s. The samples were dissolved and homogenized by heating the tubes and their contents to ~135℃ using a heating block with minimal use of heat gun.
[0125] 1H NMR samples were prepared by adding approximately 3.25 g of stock solution (mixture of tetrachloroethane-d2 (TCE) and perchloroethylene (50: 50, w: w) with 0.001M Cr (AcAc) 3 and I-168 added to 50ppm) to 130 mg of polymer sample in 10 mm NMR tube. The solution in the tube was purged with N2 for 3 minutes to minimize the amount of oxygen available and thus minimize oxidation of the polymer during sample preparation. The samples were dissolved and homogenized with the help of a vortexer and a heat block at 110℃.
[0126] In case of both sample preparation procedures described above, each sample was visually inspected to ensure homogeneity. Samples were thoroughly mixed immediately prior to analysis and were not allowed to cool before insertion into the heated NMR probe. This is necessary to ensure the sample is homogeneous and representative of the whole.
[0127] Data Acquisition Parameters
[0128] 13C NMR data was acquired using a Bruker 600 MHz spectrometer equipped with a cryoprobe. The data were acquired using 640 transients per data file, a 6 sec pulse repetition delay with a sample temperature of 120℃. All measurements were made on non-spinning samples in locked mode. Samples were allowed to thermally equilibrate for 7 minutes prior to data acquisition. The 13C NMR chemical shifts were internally referenced to the EEE triad at 30 ppm.
[0129] 1H NMR data was acquired with a 10 mm cryoprobe at 120℃ on a Bruker 600 MHz spectrometer. Two experiments were run to get the unsaturation measurement; the control and the double presaturation experiment. The control was run with ZG pulse, TD 32768, NS 16, DS 4, SWH 8000 Hz, AQ 1.36s, D1 14s. The double presaturation experiment was run with a modified pulse sequence, lc1prf2. zz, TD 32768, NS 128, DS 4, SWH 8,000 Hz, AQ 1.36s, D1 2s, and a D13 of 12s.
[0130] Data Analysis
[0131] At least two types of terminal chain ends are measured herein: (1) Unsaturated chain ends due to the last unit being ethylene that can yield vinyl (the bottom left structure shown below in Scheme 1) or when the last unit is octene and its resulting in vinylidene (the bottom right structure in Scheme 1) . Vinylene and trisubstituted unsaturated chain end contribution although is minor compared to vinyl and vinylidene contributionthey were still incorporated in the calculation. (2) Saturated chain ends generated from C1, C2, C3, C4 and C6 branches generated by various sequences in which octene and ethylene can be polymerized. Scheme 1. Measurable chain end structures for poly (ethylene-co-1-octene)
[0132] Measurement of unsaturated chain ends from 1H NMR
[0133] Unsaturated chain end levels are measured from 1H NMR as previously described1 by Zhou, et al. The cis and trans vinylene region is defined as 5.6 to 5.25 ppm and the trisubstituted region is defined as 5.25 to 5.16 ppm. Spectra were referenced to the TCE solvent peak at 6.0 ppm. (see also: Busico et al., Macromolecules 2005, 38, 6988-6996. ) . Area under the resonance from polyethylene backbone (CH + CH2 + CH3) is measured from the spectrum acquired during first experiment described above. Area under the four key types of unsaturation is measured from spectrum acquired during the second (presaturation) experiment described above. Both spectra are normalized to the area under resonance from the solvent. Moles of respective unsaturation are calculated by dividing the area under the unsaturation resonance by the number of protons contributing to that resonance. Moles of backbone are calculated by dividing the area under backbone (CH + CH2 + CH3) by 2. Mole%contribution of each unsaturation is then expressed as a percentage of the relative ratio of moles of unsaturation per mole of backbone. Moles of CH2 are divided by 1000 and then used to calculate moles of respective unsaturation per 1000C.
[0134] Measurement of saturated chain ends from 13C NMR
[0135] The area for spectral region in 13C NMR from about 45 to 5ppm is integrated and set to 1000 carbons. Then saturated chain end levels are measured with careful integration and addition of areas under multiple resonances denoted in Scheme 1. Methyl branches are measured by its 1B1 peak at 20.2 ppm, its methine at 33.3 ppm, and its a CH2 on the main chain at 37.7 ppm. Ethyl branches can be quantified by its 1B2 peak at 11.4 ppm and its methine at 39.8 ppm. Butyl branches can be quantified by its 2B4 peak at 23.5 ppm. However, a hexyl branch from chain start is indistinguishable in 13C NMR spectra from incorporated octene and thus cannot be quantified using the measured peak integrals. Chain starts with more ethylene insertions before an octene insertion can be quantified using the 4s peak at 29.69 ppm (1s, 2s, and 3s peak are masked by 1B6, 2B6, and 3B6 peaks from incorporated octenes) . This peak is not baseline resolved from the main chain CH2, d+d+ peak at 30.1 ppm. Appropriate baseline correction is performed manually to obtain an accurate integral for the 4s peak for more consistent results as outlined next. First a regular baseline correction us performed on 13C NMR spectrum using “Multipoint Baseline Correction” option in MNova software, using “Automatic” button to pick baseline points and use “Cubic Spline” as the algorithm to fit these points. After the regular baseline correction, the region from 32 to 27 ppm is expanded and the valley between the 29.45 ppm and 29.55 ppm peaks is chosen (those are from the carbons close to the vinyl chain terminals) as a new baseline point. Then another point that is directly below the valley on the left side of the 29.7 ppm and about 1 / 20th of the 29.7 ppm peak height is chosen as next baseline point. Following this a point close to the valley at 30.45 ppm and another point close 30.2 ppm is chosen so that the left side of the 30.1 ppm peak is not below zero or artificially inflated in its area.
[0136] Calculations utilizing measurement of various chain ends and MW from GPC
[0137] Saturated polymer chain ends from (chains > C8) = Area under resonances from 4s (see above explanation for resolving chain starts from various octene insertions)
[0138] Total chain ends / 1000C = Saturated polymer chain ends / 1000C + Terminal unsaturated chain ends / 1000C.
[0139] Mn normalized total chain end = Total chain ends ( / 1000C) *Mn (kg / mol) / [14 (kg / mol / 1000C) ] .
[0140] Durometer Hardness
[0141] The hardness was an average of five readings measured across the surface of the sample. Asker C was used, unless stated otherwise.
[0142] Foam Density
[0143] Bun foams (prior to oven aging) were weighed to the nearest 0.1 g, and volume determined by measuring length, width, and thickness to the nearest 0.1 mm before and after removing the skin layer.
[0144] Oven Shrinkage
[0145] Foam samples were cut using the vertical band saw, measured width WI and length LI, placed in a pre-heated oven at 70 or 100 ℃, and removed after 40 minutes. Samples width WF and length LF were re-measured after 30 minutes of cooling at room temperature. The formula used to calculate the shrinkage of foam sample is Δ = (1- (WF+ LF) / (WI+LI) ) *100.
[0146] Falling Ball Rebound (Skin and Foam)
[0147] A steel ball of 5 / 8” diameter was dropped from a height of 500 mm onto the bun foam skin and foam layers (before and after aging) to determine the %-Rebound or Resilience. The %-Rebound is calculated as rebound height (mm) *100 / 500.
[0148] Mechanical Properties (Skin and Foam)
[0149] Bun foam skin and foam layers (with thickness of approximately 3 mm) were submitted for ASTM D638 mechanical property characterization (Tensile) at a strain rate of 500mm / minute.
[0150] Compression Set
[0151] Compression Set (C-Set) was measured per ASTM D395 method B under conditions of 50%compression at 50 ℃ for 6 hours. Two buttons were tested per foam sample and the average was reported.
[0152] Type C tear
[0153] ASTM D624 Type C was followed.
[0154] EXAMPLES
[0155] Commercial Polymers and Additives
[0156] 101 is commercially available from Arkema.
[0157] ENGAGETM 8003 and ENGAGETM 8401 are polyolefin elastomers available from The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI.
[0158] Polyolefin Elastomers
[0159] The polyolefin elastomers utilized in the examples and various properties of the polyolefin elastomers are provided in Table 1 below.
[0160] Table 1. Elastomer Properties
[0161] Preparation of Polyolefin Elastomers
[0162] The polyolefin elastomer POE-A of Table 1 was prepared in a well-mixed, hydraulically full polymerization reactor that was operated at steady state conditions. All raw materials (ethylene monomer and 1-octene comonomer) and the process solvent (a narrow boiling range high-purity isoparaffinic solvent, Isopar-E supplied by the ExxonMobil Chemical Company) were purified with molecular sieves before introduction into the reaction environment. Hydrogen was supplied pressurized as a high purity grade and is not further purified. Ethylene flowrate and reactor volume were selected to obtain the residence times specified in Table 2. The catalyst and cocatalyst used are listed in Table 3. The solvent, comonomer, hydrogen, catalyst, and cocatalyst were fed to the reactor according to the process conditions outlined in Tables 2. The catalyst flow was adjusted to achieve the desired ethylene conversion. The reactor temperature was measured at or near the exit of the reactor. The produced elastomers were isolated and pelletized.
[0163] Table 2: Process Conditions
[0164] Table 3: Catalysts and Cocatalysts
[0165] The BPP-A catalyst was prepared according to the following 3-step process:
[0166] Step 1: Synthesis of bottom fragment 3
[0167] This reaction was carried out in a nitrogen filled glove box. A slurry of 1 (5.52 g, 19.3 mmol) , 2 (WO2022015369 A1) (1.65 g, 7.74 mmol) , and K3PO4 (5.75 g, 27.1 mmol) in DMF (7 mL) was warmed to 75 ℃ and held at this temperature for 5 h with stirring. After this time the temperature was decreased to 70 ℃ and held at this temperature for 11 h with stirring. The mixture was removed from the glove box after cooling to room temperature. Et2O (10 mL) was added to the reaction vial and the mixture was filtered through a 1: 1 (40 grams) basic alumina / SiO2 gel plug. The plug was further extracted with Et2O (3 x 30 mL) . The combined Et2O extracts were transferred to a separatory funnel and washed with 4N NaOH (10 mL) , H2O (10 mL) , brine (10 mL) , 4N NaOH (10 mL) , H2O (10 mL) , and brine (10 mL) . The Et2O layer was then dried over Na2SO4 and filtered into a 250 mL RB flask to remove the Na2SO4. The Et2O was removed on a rotovap to provide 3 (5.25 g, 7.39 mmol, yield: 96 %) as a colorless oil, which was used without further purification. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.49 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.24 (dd, J = 8.6, 2.4 Hz, 2H) , 6.96 (d, J =8.7 Hz, 2H) , 3.94 (s, 4H) , 1.69 (s, 4H) , 1.40 –1.36 (m, 2H) , 1.32 (s, 12H) , 1.21 (app d, J =7.4 Hz, 12H) , 0.74 (s, 18H) .
[0168] Synthesis of 5 (Compound 4 prepared as described in WO2018170138)
[0169] Degassed THF (5 mL) and degassed water (2 mL) were added to a 40 mL vial charged with 4 (0.948 g, 1.63 mmol) , 3 (0.330 g, 0.464 mmol) , PdCl (crotyl) Amphos (0.00861 g, 0.0186 mmol) , and NaOH (0.0929 g, 2.32 mmol) . The reaction was warmed to 50 ℃ and maintained at this temperature for 16 h. After this time, the reaction was cooled to room temperature. Et2O (20 mL) and sat. aq. NH4Cl (10 mL) were added to the reaction mixture. The solution was shaken, then after the layers settled, the organic phase was removed using a pipette, and transferred to a 4 ounce jar containing Na2SO4. The aq. phase was further extracted with Et2O (20 mL) . The combined Et2O extracts were filtered into a roundbottom flask to remove the Na2SO4 then concentrated to dryness. THF (10 mL) and MeOH (10 mL) were added to the isolated material followed by concentrated HCl (5 drops from a glass pipet) . The solution was heated to 85 ℃ (external temperature) , stirred for 18 hours then the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The yellow oil was rotovapped from isopropyl alcohol (IPA) (10 mL) , the oil was taken up in IPA (15 mL) , then placed into a rotovap bath and warmed to 55 ℃ while rotating. The solution was then taken out of the bath and rotated at room temperature, and a solid eventually precipitated. After being at room temperature for 1 hour, the solid was then collected by filtration. The solid was washed with IPA (2 x 3 mL) . IPA / MeOH (1: 1, 15 mL) was added to the solid (about 420 mg) in a 100 mL RB flask, then the flask was placed into a rotovap bath and warmed to 75 ℃ while rotating. The suspension (not fully soluble) was then taken out of the bath and rotated at room temperature. After being at room temperature for 1 hour, the solid was then collected by filtration. The solid was washed with IPA (2 x 3 mL) . MeOH / Et2O (5: 1, 18 mL) was added to the solid (about 360 mg) in a 100 mL RB flask, then the flask was placed into a rotovap bath and warmed to 45 ℃ while rotating. The suspension (not fully soluble) was then taken out of the bath and kept at room temperature. After being at room temperature overnight, the solid was then collected by filtration. The solid was washed with MeOH (2 x 3 mL) to provide 5 (0.290 g, 0.211 mmol, yield: 45 %) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.23 (d, J =7.6 Hz, 4H) , 7.39 –7.26 (m, 10H) , 7.22 –7.15 (m, 4H) , 7.12 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 4H) , 6.66 (s, 2H) , 5.76 (br s, J = 21.5 Hz, 2H) , 5.53 (s, 2H) , 3.42 (br s, 4H) , 1.65 (s, 4H) , 1.59 –1.51 (m, 4H) , 1.32 –1.06 (m, 51H) , 0.85 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 6H) , 0.79 –0.65 (m, 32H) .
[0170] Step 3: synthesis of BPP-A
[0171] MeMgBr (3 M in diethyl ether, 0.283 mL, 0.849 mmol) was added to a room temperature suspension of tetrachlorozirconium (0.0475 g, 0.204 mmol) and 5 (0.275 g, 0.200 mmol) in Et2O (10 mL) and toluene (2 mL) . The mixture was stirred for 4 h then additional MeMgBr (50 uL) was added, then the reaction was stirred overnight at room temperature. After this time the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Pentane (10 mL) was added to the dark residue, then this was passed through a CELITE pad. The residue and pad were extracted with additional pentane (10 mL) . The combined pentane extracts were concentrated to dryness to provide BPP A (0.255 g, 0.171 mmol, yield: 85 %) : 1H NMR (400 MHz, Benzene-d6) δ 8.37 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H) , 8.10 (dd, J = 7.2, 1.7 Hz, 2H) , 7.66 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H) , 7.59 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 2H) , 7.55 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 2H) , 7.52 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 2H) , 7.51 –7.44 (m, 2H) , 7.43 –7.34 (m, 4H) , 7.12 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.6 Hz, 3H) , 7.05 (dd, J = 5.5, 3.3 Hz, 2H) , 5.17 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H) , 4.24 (d, J = 14.0 Hz, 2H) , 3.24 (d, J = 14.0 Hz, 2H) , 1.88 (d, J =14.6 Hz, 2H) , 1.60 (d, J = 14.6 Hz, 3H) , 1.45 –1.21 (m, 50H) , 1.19 (s, 6H) , 0.80 (s, 18H) , 0.57 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 12H) , 0.37 (p, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H) , -0.88 (s, 6H) .
[0172] Without being limited by theory, BPP-A was found to result in high vinyl level on the chain-end in combination with low oligomer content in the polymers.
[0173] The resin rheology characteristics shown in Table 1 suggest the single catalyst single reactor product (e.g. POE A) at low MI showed a significantly improved shear-thinning rheology, e.g. high I10 / I2 at relatively narrow polydispersity. The polyolefin elastomer of POE A has improved melt strength and high shear rate viscosity balance, which may improve its applications in extrusion processes over commercial POE. Further, the increased Mn normalized total chain-end of POE A suggests significantly higher long-chain branching level in the elastomer.
[0174] Formation of Foamable Compositions
[0175] The polyolefin elastomers of Table 1 (POE-A and POE-B) were formed into foamable compositions. The materials used to form the foamable compositions are included in Table 4.
[0176] Table 4. Materials used in the Foamable Compositions
[0177] Foamable compositions were formed according to the formulations provided in Table 5. Formulations A-B were prepared using the elastomers of POE A, and formulations C-D were prepared using POE B (comparative) , as shown in Table 5. The POE was added to a 1.5 liter Banbury mixer. Then, ZnO, ZnSt, Steric acid, and Talc 1250 were added after the POE had melted (around 5 minutes) . The blowing agent and peroxide were added last and mixed for another 3 to 5 minutes for a total mix time of 15 minutes.
[0178] Table 5. Foamable Composition Formulations
[0179] The foamable compositions of Table 5 were formed into foam articles. Roll milled blankets were cut into squares and placed inside a pre-heated bun foam mold. The preheating was conducted for 9 minutes at 130 ℃ and pressed at 10 tons for 4 minutes. The preheated mass was transferred to the foaming press and held for 10 minutes at 100 kg / cm2 and 180 ℃. Once the pressure was released, the bun foam was removed quickly from the tray and placed in a vent hood on several non-stick sheets. It was allowed to cool overnight and then cut into slices for testing.
[0180] The foam slabs were first cut into small plaques (6” x 6” inches) using a vertical band saw. Density, Hardness and Rebound of the foam plaques (foam with skin) were measured as described in the Test Methods herein. Thin slices (thickness of around 3 mm) with and without foam skin layers were then cut from the plaques by using a lab scale horizontal band saw. The slices were used to measure the tensile and tear properties. Generally, the remaining middle foam layer of the plaques was used to measure Density, Hardness and Rebound of the foam without skin. Various properties of the foam articles formed from Formulation A-D are reported in Table 6.
[0181] Table 6. Properties of Foam Articles Formed
[0182] As shown in Tables 5 and 6, when the formulations used the same amount of peroxide curing agent, the foam utilizing the polyolefin elastomer described herein (POE-A) resulted in a significant increase in the MH-ML (Formulation B) compared to the comparative POE-B (Formulation C) . That is, utilizing POE-A to form the foam resulted in improved cross-linking when using an equal amount of peroxide compared to POE-B. Further, Formulation A resulted in comparable hardness, rebound resilience, shrinkage, compression, among other properties even when using a substantially reduced amount of peroxide. This data suggests the capability of maintaining high MH-ML and other desirable properties, such as low shrinkage, high rebound resilience, and / or high static compression set, using a lower level of peroxide in formulations that include POE-A compared to the formulations using comparative POE B.
[0183] Formulations A-B, which utilize POE-A, demonstrate that the selection of a polyolefin elastomer having an I10 / I2 greater than or equal to 12, a polydispersity index of less than or equal to 3.5, and a molecular number normalized total chain-end of greater than or equal to 2.7 can be used with organic peroxides to produce foam articles having improved properties over comparative formulations while maintaining high processability.
[0184] While particular embodiments of the present disclosure have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this disclosure.
Claims
1.A foamable composition comprising:a polyolefin elastomer comprising a polymerized reaction product of ethylene monomer and at least one C4-C12 alpha-olefin comonomer, the polyolefin elastomer having:a density from 0.870 to 0.910 g / cc;a melt index (I2) of 0.5 to 5.0 dg / min, wherein I2 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 2.16 Kg) ;an I10 / I2 greater than or equal to 12, wherein I10 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 10 Kg) ;greater than or equal to 0.2 vinyls per 1000 carbons;a polydispersity index of less than or equal to 3.5; anda molecular number normalized total chain-end of greater than or equal to 2.7.an organic peroxide; anda cell nucleating agent.2.The foamable composition of claim 1, wherein the polyolefin elastomer has greater than 0.3 unsaturations per 1000 carbons.3.The foamable composition of any one of claims 1 to 2, wherein the I10 / I2 is from 12 to 20.4.The foamable composition of any preceding claim, wherein the polyolefin elastomer comprises 0.2 to 1 vinyls per 1000 carbons.5.The foamable composition of any preceding claim, wherein a percentage of vinyls in a total unsaturation of the polyolefin elastomer is greater than or equal to 50%.6.The foamable composition of any preceding claim, wherein the Mw / Mn of the polyolefin elastomer is of less than or equal to 3.0 and the molecular number normalized total chain-end of the polyolefin elastomer is greater than or equal to 2.5.7.The foamable composition of any preceding claim, wherein the organic peroxide comprises bis (tert-butyldioxyisopropyl) benzene (BIPB) , dicumyl peroxide, tert-Butylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TBEC) , tert-amylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TAEC) , 1, 1-di (tert-butylperoxy) cyclohexane, 1, 1-di- (t-butylperoxy) -3, 3, 5-trimethyl-cyclohexane, dicumyl peroxides (DCP) , 2, 5-Bis (tert-butylperoxy) -2, 5-dimethylhexane, or combinations thereof.8.The foamable composition of any preceding claim, wherein the cell nucleating agent comprises talc, calcium carbonate, a chemical blowing agent, or combinations thereof.9.The foamable composition of claim 8, wherein the chemical blowing agent comprises azodicarbonamide.10.The foamable composition of any preceding claim, wherein the foamable composition comprises zinc oxide, zinc stearate, steric acid, or combinations thereof.11.The foamable composition of any preceding claim, wherein the foamable composition comprises 79.9 to 99.5 wt. %of the polyolefin elastomer and from 0.1 to 2 wt. %of the organic peroxide.12.The foamable composition of any preceding claim, wherein a weight ratio of the polyolefin elastomer to the organic peroxide is from 1000: 5 to 1000: 1.13.The foamable composition of any preceding claim, wherein the foamable composition comprises 79.9 to 99.5 wt. %of the polyolefin elastomer, from 0.1 to 2 wt. %of the organic peroxide, and from 0.1 to 20 wt. %of the cell nucleating agent.14.The foamable composition of any preceding claim, wherein the foamable composition comprises the polyolefin elastomer, the organic peroxide, a chemical blowing agent, zinc oxide, zinc stearate, steric acid, talc, and titanium oxide.15.A foam article formed from the foamable composition of any one of claims 1 to 14.16.The foam article of claim 15, wherein the foam article is prepared by heat, irradiation, electron beam radiation, or ultraviolet (UV) radiation.17.The foam article of claim 15 or claim 16, wherein the foam article has at least one of the following:a static compression set from 40%to 90%, as measured according to ASTM D395;a shrinkage from 0.1%to 4%;a hardness from 20 Asker C to 50 Asker C; anda rebound resilience from 40%to 70%.18.The foam article of any one of claims 15 to 17, wherein the foam article has:a static compression set from 55%to 80%, as measured according to ASTM D395;a shrinkage from 0.1%to 4%;a hardness from 25 Asker C to 45 Asker C; anda rebound resilience from 45%to 60%.19.The foam article of any one of claims 15 to 18, wherein a difference between a maximum torque (MH) and a minimum torque (ML) of the foam article is greater than or equal to 1.0 decinewton-meters (dN*m) , as measured using a Moving Die Rheometer (MDR) at 180 ℃ for 15 minutes.20.A method of making a foam article comprising:mixing the foamable composition of any one of claims 1 to 14; andforming a foam article from the foamable composition.21.The method of claim 21, wherein the foam article comprises at least one of the following:a static compression set from 40%to 90%, as measured according to ASTM D395;a shrinkage from 0.1%to 4%;a hardness from 20 Asker C to 50 Asker C; anda rebound resilience from 40%to 70%.22.The method of claim 20 or claim 21, wherein the forming comprises treating the foamable composition by heat, irradiation, electron beam radiation, or ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
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