Alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomers and articles made therefrom
Alkoxysilane grafting on polyolefin elastomers with high vinyl and low oligomer content addresses the viscosity and creep resistance issues in photovoltaic encapsulants, enabling faster extrusion and stronger bond formation in photovoltaic modules.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/075191
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-01-26
- Filing Date
- 2025-01-26
- Publication Date
- 2025-07-31
AI Technical Summary
Existing silane-grafted polyolefin elastomers used in photovoltaic encapsulants face challenges with high shear viscosity, leading to film defects and low extrusion rates due to low long-chain branching, while achieving desired creep resistance and bond strength is difficult with commercially available low molecular weight resins.
Alkoxysilane grafting onto polyolefin elastomers with high vinyl content, low oligomer levels, and high long-chain branching, resulting in alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomers with improved processability and desired creep resistance and bond strength.
The alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomers exhibit enhanced processability, allowing faster extrusion rates while maintaining desired creep resistance and bond strength, suitable for forming articles with improved durability in photovoltaic modules.
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Figure PCTCN2025075191-APPB-I200017 
Figure PCTCN2025075191-APPB-I200018 
Figure PCTCN2025075191-APPB-I200020
Abstract
Description
ALKOXYSILANE GRAFTED POLYOLEFIN ELASTOMERS AND ARTICLES MADE THEREFROMTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomers and specifically relate to alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomers having a desired processability to form articles having a desired creep resistance and / or bond strength.BACKGROUND
[0002] Materials designed for photovoltaic encapsulants must satisfy many requirements. In order to prevent movement of electrical components and wiring, within a photovoltaic module, polymeric encapsulating materials must not flow significantly at temperatures up to 85 ℃. One way to accomplish this is to use a semicrystalline polymer with a melting point above this temperature to allow the encapsulant film achieve minimum creep deformation at the operating temperature of the solar module. At the same time, other encapsulating material requirements, such as high optical clarity, low modulus, manageable film making process, and good adhesion to glass are needed to be achieved by the resin design of the encapsulant polymer compositions. A resin design for the encapsulant materials is based on silane-grafted polyolefin elastomers. Here, the base polymer is typically a low-crystallinity polyolefin elastomer, such as an ENGAGETM Polyolefin Elastomer. A silane grafting process (i.e. reactive extrusion of the polyolefin elastomer with a relatively small amount of silane and peroxide) is then used to further generate the silane grafted polyolefin elastomer resin, which can be later fabricated into encapsulant film via typical film fabrication process, such as cast film process. During the final encapsulation process, the film will be heated above the melting temperature of the film to allow the reaction between the grafted silane functionality to the glass and solar cell substrate to achieve great adhesion and bonding needed for the durability of the solar module.
[0003] Typical film fabrication process of silane grafted polyolefin elastomer is limited by the viscosity of the resin at high shear rate, and the shear-thinning rheology of the materials. Typically, silane grafted polyolefin elastomer from commercially available polyolefin elastomer base resin, due to the low level of long-chain branching the silane grafted resin, has relatively high high-shear-rate viscosity that can lead to film surface defects and / or excessive shear-heating at high extrusion rate. Low extrusion rates are economically disadvantageous. With current commercially available polyolefin elastomer base resins, low viscosity silane grafted polyolefin elastomer is typically achieved via the use of a low molecular weight polyolefin elastomer base resin. However, silane grafted low molecular weight polyolefin elastomers typically led to encapsulant film with poor creep resistance.
[0004] Accordingly, there is a need for polyolefin elastomer base resins, which enable the silane grafted polyolefin based encapsulant materials to be extruded faster while achieving a desired creep resistance and / or bond strength in a solar module.SUMMARY
[0005] The embodiments of the present disclosure meet this need by grafting alkoxysilanes onto polyolefin elastomers having high vinyl level on the polymer chain-end, a low oligomer level, and a high level of long chain branching (LCB) . This resulted in alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomers having desired processability (e.g., satisfies the relationship I10 / I2 >14.2 × I2-0.17) to form articles having a desired creep resistance (e.g., creep ≤ (1.5 × 10-6) ×(V100) -2) and / or bond strength (e.g., bond strength greater than or equal to 650 N and the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer comprises a I10 / I2 greater than or equal to 10) .
[0006] In one embodiment, an alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer comprises a polyolefin elastomer comprising the polymerized reaction product of ethylene monomer and at least one C4-C12 alpha-olefin comonomer and 0.5 wt%to 2.5 wt%of an alkoxysilane, based on a total weight of the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer. The polyolefin elastomer comprises: a density from 0.860 to 0.900 g / cc; a melt index (I2) of 0.5 to 30 dg / min, wherein I2 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 2.16 kg) ; an I10 / I2 greater than or equal to 8, wherein I10 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 10 kg) ; greater than or equal to 0.2 vinyls per 1000 carbons; a percentage of vinyls in a total unsaturation greater than or equal to 50%; and an oligomer level less than 5000 ppm.
[0007] Additional features and advantages will be set forth in the detailed description, which follows, and in part will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from that description or recognized by practicing the embodiments described herein, including the detailed description which follows and the claims.
[0008] It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description describe various embodiments and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the claimed subject matter.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0009] The following detailed description of specific embodiments of the present disclosure can be best understood when read in conjunction with the following drawings, where like structure is indicated with like reference numerals and in which:
[0010] FIG. 1 is a plot of I10 / I2 (y-axis; I2 measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 2.16 kg) ; I10 measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 10 kg) ) versus melt index I2 of comparative and example alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomers (x-axis; in decigrams per minute (dg / min) ; I10 measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 10 kg) ) , according to one or more embodiments described herein;
[0011] FIG. 2 is a plot creep of laminates (y-axis; in millimeters (mm) ) versus V100 of comparative and example alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomers used to form films included in the laminates (x-axis; in pascal-seconds (Pa·s) ) , according to one or more embodiments described herein; and
[0012] FIG. 3 is a plot of bond strength of laminates versus I10 / I2 of comparative and example alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomers used to form films included in the laminates (x-axis; I2 measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 2.16 kg) ; I10 measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 10 kg) ) , according to one or more embodiments described herein.
[0013] Reference will now be made in detail to various embodiments, some embodiments of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0014] Specific embodiments of the present application will now be described. The disclosure may be embodied in different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth in this disclosure. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the subject matter to those skilled in the art.
[0015] DEFINITIONS
[0016] Unless stated to the contrary, implicit from the context, or customary in the art, all test methods are current as of the filing date of this disclosure.
[0017] Ranges may be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and / or to “about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another embodiment includes from the one particular value and / or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent “about, ” it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint.
[0018] The term "polymer" as used herein, refers to a polymeric compound prepared by polymerizing monomers, whether of the same or a different type. The generic term polymer includes the term homopolymer (employed to refer to polymers prepared from only one type of monomer, with the understanding that trace amounts of impurities can be incorporated into the polymer structure) , and the term interpolymer as defined hereinafter. Trace amounts of impurities, such as catalyst residues, can be incorporated into and / or within the polymer. Typically, a polymer is stabilized with very low amounts ( “ppm” amounts) of one or more stabilizers.
[0019] The term "interpolymer" as used herein, refers to a polymer prepared by the polymerization of at least two different types of monomers. The term interpolymer thus includes the term copolymer (employed to refer to polymers prepared from two different types of monomers) and polymers prepared from more than two different types of monomers.
[0020] The term “polyolefin” as used herein, refers to a polymer that comprises, in polymerized form, 50 wt%or a majority weight percent of an olefin, such as ethylene or propylene (based on the weight of the polymer) , and optionally may comprise one or more comonomers.
[0021] The terms "ethylene-based polymer" or “polyethylene” as used herein, refers to a polymer that comprises, in polymerized form, 50 wt%or a majority weight percent of ethylene (based on the weight of the polymer) , and optionally may comprise one or more comonomers.
[0022] The term, "ethylene / alpha-olefin copolymer" as used herein, refers to a copolymer that comprises, in polymerized form, 50 wt%or a majority weight percent of ethylene (based on the weight of the copolymer) , and an alpha-olefin, as the only two monomer types. Preferably, the ethylene / alpha-olefin copolymer is a random copolymer (i.e., comprises a random distribution of its monomeric constituents) .
[0023] The terms "comprising" , "including" , "having” , and their derivatives, are not intended to exclude the presence of any additional component, step or procedure, whether the same is specifically disclosed. In order to avoid any doubt, all compositions claimed through use of the term "comprising" may include any additional additive, adjuvant, or compound, whether polymeric or otherwise, unless stated to the contrary. In contrast, the term, "consisting essentially of” excludes from the scope of any succeeding recitation any other component, step or procedure, excepting those that are not essential to operability. The term "consisting of” excludes any component, step or procedure, not specifically delineated or listed.
[0024] EMBODIMENTS
[0025] Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed an alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer comprising a polyolefin elastomer and an alkoxysilane.
[0026] Polyolefin Elastomer
[0027] The polyolefin elastomer of the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer comprises the polymerized reaction product of ethylene monomer and at least one C4-C12 alpha-olefin comonomer. The polyolefin elastomer comprises: a density from 0.860 to 0.900 g / cc; a melt index (I2) of 0.5 to 30 dg / min, wherein I2 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 2.16 kg) ; an I10 / I2 greater than or equal to 8, wherein I10 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 10 kg) ; greater than or equal to 0.2 vinyls per 1000 carbons; a percentage of vinyls in the total unsaturation greater than or equal to 50%; and an oligomer level less than 5000 ppm. Properties of the polyolefin elastomer provided herein refer to the properties of the polyolefin elastomer prior to grafting.
[0028] As stated above, the polyolefin elastomer may comprise an ethylene-based polymer comprising the polymerized reaction product of ethylene and a C4-C12 alpha-olefin comonomer. In one embodiment, the ethylene-based polymer may be an ethylene / alpha-olefin random copolymer. The C4-C12 alpha-olefin comonomer may include various alpha-olefin comonomers, for example, 1-butene, 1-hexene, and 1-octene. In one embodiment, the alpha-olefin comonomer may comprise 1-octene.
[0029] In embodiments, the polyolefin elastomer may comprise a density from 0.860 to 0.900 g / cc. In embodiments, the density of the polyolefin elastomer may have ranges extending from a lower limit of 0.860 of 0.865 g / cc to an upper limit of 0.875, 0.880, 0.890, or 0.900 g / cc.
[0030] In embodiments, the polyolefin elastomer may comprise a melt index (I2) of 0.5 to 30 dg / min, wherein I2 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 2.16 Kg) , and in further embodiments, may comprise an I2 from 1.0 to 25 dg / min, from 2.0 to 20 dg / min, or from 3 to 18 dg / min. In other embodiments, the I2 of the polyolefin elastomer may have ranges extending from a lower limit of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0, 11.0, or 12.0 dg / min to an upper limit of 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0, 11.0, 12.0, 13.0, 14.0, 15.0, 16.0, 17.0 18.0, 20.0, 25.0, or 30.0 dg / min.
[0031] In embodiments, the polyolefin elastomer may comprise an I10 / I2 greater than or equal to 8, wherein I10 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 10 kg) . Without being limited to theory, an I10 / I2 greater than or equal to 8 correlates to increased long chain branching, which aids in the processability of the resulting alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer. In one embodiment, the I10 / I2 of the polyolefin elastomer may be from 10 to 20. In some embodiments, the I10 / I2 of the polyolefin elastomer may have ranges extending from a lower limit of 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, or 10 to an upper limit of 20, 15, 12, or 11.
[0032] In embodiments, the polyolefin elastomer may have a high vinyl unsaturation as demonstrated by having greater than or equal to 0.2 vinyls per 1000 carbons, and in further embodiments, may comprise from 0.2 to 1 vinyls per 1000 carbons, from 0.2 to 0.8 vinyls per 1000 carbons, from 0.2 to 0.6 vinyls per 1000 carbons, from 0.3 to 1 vinyls per 1000 carbons, from 0.3 to 0.8 vinyls per 1000 carbons, or from 0.3 to 0.6 vinyls per 1000 carbons.
[0033] In some embodiments, the polyolefin elastomer may comprise greater than 0.2 unsaturations per 1000 carbons, or greater than 0.3 unsaturations per 1000 carbons, and in further embodiments may include from 0.35 to 2 unsaturations per 1000 carbons, from 0.35 to 1 unsaturations per 1000 carbons, or from 0.40 to 0.80 unsaturations per 1000 carbons.
[0034] In embodiments, the percentage of vinyls in the total unsaturation of the polyolefin elastomer may be greater than or equal to 50%, greater than or equal to 55%, greater than or equal to 60%, greater than or equal to 65%, or greater than or equal to 70%.
[0035] In some embodiments, the polyolefin elastomer may have an oligomer level less than 5000 ppm, and in further embodiments may have an oligomer level less than 4500 ppm, less than 4000 ppm, less than 3500 ppm, less than 3000 ppm, or less than 2500 ppm, less than 2000 ppm, less than 1500 ppm, less than 1000 ppm, less than 500 ppm, less than 250 ppm, or less than 200 ppm. Without being bound by theory, the present polyolefin elastomer has a high vinyl level on the chain-end and low oligomer level due to selection of catalyst and process conditions. In polymers with high vinyl level and high oligomer level, there may be a high level of oligomers (low Mw components) with vinyl chain ends, which result in low alkoxysilane grafting efficiency.
[0036] In embodiments, the polyolefin elastomer may have a number average molecular weight (Mn) from 20 to 35 kg / mol, or from 22 to 30 kg / mol, wherein Mn is measured in accordance with conventional Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) . In some embodiments, the polyolefin elastomer may have a Mw / Mn from 2.0 to 3.0, from 2.4 to 3.0, or from 2.5 to 2.6, wherein Mw (weight average molecular weight) is measured in accordance with conventional GPC.
[0037] In embodiments, the polyolefin elastomer may comprise a V0.1 (i.e., complex viscosity measured at 0.1 rad / s) from 500 to 150,000 Pa·s, from 500 to 100,000 Pa·s, from 500 to 50,000 Pa·s, from 500 to 100,000 Pa·s, from 500 to 50,000 Pa·s, from 500 to 10,000 Pa·s, from 500 to 5,000 Pa·s, from 500 to 2, 500 Pa·s, from 500 to 1,000 Pa·s, from 750 to 150,000 Pa·s, from 750 to 100,000 Pa·s, from 750 to 50,000 Pa·s, from 750 to 100,000 Pa·s, from 750 to 50,000 Pa·s, from 750 to 10,000 Pa·s, from 750 to 5,000 Pa·s, from 750 to 2, 500 Pa·s, or from 750 to 1,000 Pa·s.
[0038] In embodiments, the polyolefin elastomer may comprise a V100 (i.e., complex viscosity measured at 100 rad / s) from 100 to 1,000 Pa·s, from 100 to 750 Pa·s, from 100 to 500 Pa·s, from 250 to 1,000 Pa·s, from 250 to 750 Pa·s, or from 250 to 500 Pa·s.
[0039] In embodiments, the polyolefin elastomer may have a rheology ratio (V0.1 / V100) greater than or equal to 1, greater than or equal to 2, greater than or equal to 3, greater than or equal to 4, or even greater than or equal to 5.
[0040] In embodiments, the polyolefin elastomer may comprise a polyolefin elastomer comprising a density from 0.860 to 0.900 g / cc, a melt index (I2) of 0.5 to 30 dg / min, an I10 / I2 greater than or equal to 8, greater than or equal to 0.2 vinyls per 1000 carbons, a percentage of vinyls in a total unsaturation greater than or equal to 50%, and an oligomer level less than 5000 ppm. In embodiments, the polyolefin elastomer may comprise at least two polyolefin elastomers, each polyolefin elastomer comprising a density from 0.860 to 0.900 g / cc, a melt index (I2) of 0.5 to 30 dg / min, an I10 / I2 greater than or equal to 8, greater than or equal to 0.2 vinyls per 1000 carbons, a percentage of vinyls in a total unsaturation greater than or equal to 50%, and an oligomer level less than 5000 ppm.
[0041] In embodiments, the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer may comprise 40 wt%to 99.5 wt%of a polyolefin elastomer, based on a total weight of the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer. In embodiments, the amount of polyolefin elastomer in the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer may be, based on a total weight of the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer, from 40 wt%to 99.5 wt%, from 40 wt%to 99.4 wt%, from 40 wt%to 99.3 wt%, from 40 wt%to 99.2 wt%, from 50 wt%to 99.5 wt%, from 50 wt%to 99.4 wt%, from 50 wt%to 99.3 wt%, from 50 wt%to 99.2 wt%, from 60 wt%to 99.5 wt%, from 60 wt%to 99.4 wt%, from 60 wt%to 99.3 wt%, from 60 wt%to 99.2 wt%, from 70 wt%to 99.5 wt%, from 70 wt%to 99.4 wt%, from 70 wt%to 99.3 wt%, from 70 wt%to 99.2 wt%, from 80 wt%to 99.5 wt%, from 80 wt%to 99.4 wt%, from 80 wt%to 99.3 wt%, from 80 wt%to 99.2 wt%, from 90 wt%to 99.5 wt%, from 90 wt%to 99.4 wt%, from 90 wt%to 99.3 wt%, from 90 wt%to 99.2 wt%, from 95 wt%to 99.5 wt%, from 95 wt%to 99.4 wt%, from 95 wt%to 99.3 wt%, from 95 wt%to 99.2 wt%, from 97 wt%to 99.5 wt%, from 97 wt%to 99.4 wt%, from 97 wt%to 99.3 wt%, from 97 wt%to 99.2 wt%, from 97.5 wt%to 99.5 wt%, from 97.5 wt%to 99.4 wt%, from 97.5 wt%to 99.3 wt%, from 97.5 wt%to 99.2 wt%.
[0042] In embodiments, the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer may comprise at least one secondary polyolefin elastomer in addition to the polyolefin elastomer. The at least one secondary polyolefin elastomer may comprise the same or different properties as the polyolefin elastomer. For example, in embodiments, the at least one secondary polyolefin elastomer may comprise at least one of a density from 0.860 to 0.900 g / cc, a melt index (I2) of 0.5 to 30 dg / min, an I10 / I2 greater than or equal to 8, greater than or equal to 0.2 vinyls per 1000 carbons, a percentage of vinyls in a total unsaturation greater than or equal to 50%, and an oligomer level less than 5000 ppm.
[0043] In embodiments, the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer may comprise 97.5 wt%to 99.5 wt%of a total polyolefin elastomer content (i.e., polyolefin elastomer (wt%) +secondary polyolefin elastomer (wt%) ) , based on a total weight of the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer. In embodiments, the amount of the total polyolefin elastomer content in the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer may be, based on a total weight of the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer, from 97.5 wt%to 99.5 wt%, from 97.5 wt%to 99.4 wt%, from 97.5 wt%to 99.3 wt%, from 97.5 wt%to 99.2 wt%, from 97.7 wt%to 99.5 wt%, from 97.7 wt%to 99.4 wt%, from 97.7 wt%to 99.3 wt%, from 97.7 wt%to 99.2 wt%, from 97.9 wt%to 99.5 wt%, from 97.9 wt%to 99.4 wt%, from 97.9 wt%to 99.3 wt%, from 97.9 wt%to 99.2 wt%, from 98.1 wt%to 99.5 wt%, from 98.1 wt%to 99.4 wt%, from 98.1 wt%to 99.3 wt%, from 98.1 wt%to 99.2 wt%, from 98.3 wt%to 99.5 wt%, from 98.3 wt%to 99.4 wt%, from 98.3 wt%to 99.3 wt%, from 98.3 wt%to 99.2 wt%, from 98.5 wt%to 99.5 wt%, from 98.5 wt%to 99.4 wt%, from 98.5 wt%to 99.3 wt%, or from 98.5 wt%to 99.2 wt%.
[0044] Alkoxysilane
[0045] Grafting alkoxysilane onto the polyolefin elastomer helps to achieve a material that may be used to form an article having a desired bond strength.
[0046] Suitable alkoxysilanes for alkoxysilane grafting include alkoxysilanes having an ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbyl group and a hydrolyzable group, particularly the alkoxysilanes of the type which are taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,824,718, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0047] As used herein, the term “alkoxysilane” as grafted or in a graftable compound, refers to bonded alkoxysilane groups represented by the following formula (I) : -CH2-CHR1- (R2) m-Si (R3) 3-n (OR4) n (I) and, the term “graftable alkoxysilane compound” and referring to “alkoxysilane” compounds before grafting refers to alkoxysilane compounds that can be described by the following formula: CH2═CR1- (R2) m-Si (R3) 3-n (OR4) n (II) where, in either formula (I) or (II) : R1 is H or CH3; R2 is alkyl, aryl, or hydrocarbyl containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms and may also include other functional groups, such as esters, amides, and ethers, among others; m is 0 or 1; R3 is alkyl, aryl, or hydrocarbyl containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; R4 is alkyl or carboxyalkyl containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; and n is 1, 2, or 3.
[0048] Suitable alkoxysilane compounds for grafting include unsaturated alkoxysilanes where the ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbyl groups in the general formula above, may be a vinyl, allyl, isopropenyl, butenyl, cyclohexenyl, or (meth) acryloxyalkyl (refers to acryloxyalkyl and / or methacryloxyalkyl) group, the hydrolyzable group, denoted as OR4 in the general formula, may be a hydrocarbyloxy, hydrocarbonyloxy, or hydrocarbylamino group such as methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, formyloxy, acetoxy, proprionyloxy, and alkyl-or arylamino groups and the saturated hydrocarbyl group, denoted as R3 in the general formula, if present may be methyl or ethyl. These alkoxysilanes and their method of preparation are more fully described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,266,627, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0049] In embodiments, the alkoxysilane may comprise vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMOS) , vinyltriethoxysilane (VTEOS) , allyltrimethoxysilane, allyltriethoxysilane, 3-acryloylpropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-acryloylpropyltriethoxysilane, 3-methacryloylpropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-methacryloylpropyltriethoxysilane, or combinations thereof.
[0050] In some embodiments, the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer may comprise 0.5 wt%to 2.5 wt%of an alkoxysilane, based on a total weight of the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer. In other embodiments, the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer may comprise from 0.6 wt%to 2.0 wt%of the alkoxysilane, based on a total weight of the alkoxysilane grated polyolefin elastomer. In embodiments, the amount of alkoxysilane in the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer may be, based on a total weight of the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer, from 0.5 wt%to 2.5 wt%, from 0.5 wt%to 2.3 wt%, from 0.5 wt%to 2.1 wt%, from 0.5 wt%to 1.9 wt%, from 0.5 wt%to 1.7 wt%, from 0.5 wt%to 1.5 wt%, from 0.6 wt%to 2.5 wt%, from 0.6 wt%to 2.3 wt%, from 0.6 wt%to 2.1 wt%, from 0.6 wt%to 1.9 wt%, from 0.6 wt%to 1.7 wt%, from 0.6 wt%to 1.5 wt%, from 0.7 wt%to 2.5 wt%, from 0.7 wt%to 2.3 wt%, from 0.7 wt%to 2.1 wt%, from 0.7 wt%to 1.9 wt%, from 0.7 wt%to 1.7 wt%, from 0.7 wt%to 1.5 wt%, from 0.8 wt%to 2.5 wt%, from 0.8 wt%to 2.3 wt%, from 0.8 wt%to 2.1 wt%, from 0.8 wt%to 1.9 wt%, from 0.8 wt%to 1.7 wt%, from 0.8 wt%to 1.5 wt%. “G-VTMS, ” as used herein, refers to the amount of alkoxysilane grafted onto the polyolefin elastomer. In some embodiments, a fraction of alkoxysilane in the composition may not be grafted to the polymer. For example, less than 50%, or less than 40%, or less than 30%, or less than 20%, or less than 10%of the alkoxysilane in the alkoxysilane-grafted polyolefin may not be covalently bonded to the polymer elastomer. While not wishing to be bound by theory, in some embodiments, there may be a relatively more uniform distribution of alkoxysilane across the polymer backbone, resulting in desired bond strength even at relatively lower amounts of alkoxysilane.
[0051] Alkoxysilane Grafted Polyolefin Elastomer
[0052] As described herein, the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomers have a desired processability (e.g., satisfies the relationship I10 / I2 > 14.2 × I2-0.17) such that the materials may be extruded relatively fast. While not wishing to be bound by theory, a relatively greater I10 / I2 is indicative of greater shear thinning at a given melt index I2, which results in better processability (e.g., higher extrusion rates during film extrusion) .
[0053] In embodiments, the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer may comprise a melt index (I2) , wherein I2 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 2.16 kg) , having ranges extending from a lower limit of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0, 11.0, or 12.0 dg / min to an upper limit of 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0, 11.0, 12.0, 13.0, 14.0, 15.0, 16.0, 17.0 18.0, 20.0, 25.0, or 30.0 dg / min.
[0054] In embodiments, the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer may comprise an I10 / I2 greater than or equal to 8, wherein I10 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 10 kg) , to ensure processability of the alkoxysilane grafter polyolefin elastomer. In some embodiments, the I10 / I2 of the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer may have ranges extending from a lower limit of 8, 10, or 12 to an upper limit of 25, 20, or 15.
[0055] In embodiments, the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer may comprise a V0.1 greater than or equal to 1000 Pa·s, greater than or equal to 3000 Pa·s, or even greater than or equal to 5000 Pa·s to ensure the resulting article achieves a desired creep resistance.
[0056] In embodiments, the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer may comprise a V100 less than or equal to 1000 Pa·s to ensure the materials may be extruded relatively fast. In some embodiments, the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer may comprise a V100 less than or equal to 1000 Pa·s, less than or equal to 900 Pa·s, less than or equal to 700 Pa·s, or even less than or equal to less than or equal to 500 Pa·s.
[0057] Article
[0058] The alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer formulation described herein may be incorporated into various articles. These may be included in films, for example, in multilayer films. Multilayer films may comprise layers of the same or different compositions. For example, the polymer used in each layer may differ or the level of components in the composition of each layer may differ. The multilayer films may comprise two or more layers, for example 2 to 5 layers. An exemplary multilayer film could have the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer described herein as the outer layers in a multilayer film. Additionally, as noted above, the article may be an encapsulant for a photovoltaic module.
[0059] The alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomers described herein may be used to form articles having a desired creep resistance and / or bond strength.
[0060] In embodiments, an article formed from an alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer described herein may comprise a creep less than or equal to (1.5 × 10-6) × (V100) -2. By satisfying the relationship, the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer has a desirable viscosity for faster extrusion while the resulting article has a desired creep resistance.
[0061] In embodiments, an article formed from an alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer described herein may comprise a creep less than or equal to 14 mm, less than or equal to 12 mm, less than or equal to 10 mm, less than or equal to 8 mm, less than or equal to 6 mm, or even less than or equal to 4 mm.
[0062] In embodiments, an article from an alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer described herein may comprise a bond strength greater than or equal to 650 N and the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer used to form the article may comprise a I10 / I2 greater than or equal to 10. In embodiments, an article from an alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer described herein may comprise a bond strength greater than or equal to 650 N, greater than or equal to 700 N, or even greater than or equal to 750 N and the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer used to form the article may comprise a I10 / I2 greater than or equal to 10, greater than or equal to 12, or even greater than or equal to 15. While not wishing to be bound by theory, a relatively greater I10 / I2 is indicative of greater shear thinning at a given melt index I2, which results in better processability (e.g., higher extrusion rates during film extrusion) . The relatively greater bond strength is indicative of greater adhesion to glass after lamination, which may be desirable to ensure durability of photovoltaic modules.
[0063] In embodiments, an article formed from an alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer described herein may comprise a bond strength greater than or equal to 250 N, greater than or equal to 350 N, greater than or equal to 450 N, greater than or equal to 550 N, greater than or equal to 650 N, or even greater than or equal to 750 N.
[0064] In embodiments, an article formed from an alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer described herein may comprise a transmittance, greater than or equal to 70%, greater than or equal to 75%, greater than or equal to 80%, greater than or equal to 85%, or even greater than or equal to 90%.
[0065] Grafting Process
[0066] Grafting of the alkoxysilane to the polyolefin elastomer may be done by any known suitable methods, such as reactive extrusion or other conventional method.
[0067] Graft initiation and promoting techniques are also generally well known and include by the known free radical graft initiators such as, for example, peroxides and azo compounds, or by ionizing radiation, etc. Organic free radical graft may be used, such as any one of the peroxide graft initiators, for example, dicumyl peroxide, di-tert-butyl peroxide, t-butyl perbenzoate, benzoyl peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide, t-butyl peroctoate, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, 2, 5-dimethyl-2, 5-di (t-butyl peroxy) hexane, lauryl peroxide, and tert-butyl peracetate, or combination sthereof. A suitable azo compound is azobisisobutyl nitrile. While any conventional method can be used to graft the alkoxysilane groups to the thermoplastic ethylene polymer, one method is blending the two with the graft initiator in the first stage of a reactor extruder, such as a Buss kneader. The grafting conditions can vary, but the melt temperatures may be from 140 and 260 ℃, such as from 170 and 230℃, depending upon the residence time and the half-life of the initiator. The organic peroxide used to initiate grafting may be decomposed during grafting. Because the organic peroxide is decomposed during grafting (i.e., no longer present in effective amounts) , the temperature at which extrusion of the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomers may occur is not limited by the properties of the organic peroxide.
[0068] In embodiments, the grafting of the alkoxysilane to the polyolefin elastomer occurs in a polyolefin elastomer formulation comprising the organic peroxide. In other words, the alkoxysilane, the polyolefin elastomer, and the organic peroxide collectively form the polyolefin elastomer formulation.
[0069] The amount of the graftable alkoxysilane compound needed to be employed in the grafting reaction may depend upon the efficiency of the grafting reaction and the desired level of grafted alkoxysilane to be provided by the grafting reaction. In embodiments, the polyolefin elastomer formulation may comprise, based on a total weight of the polyolefin elastomer formulation, 0.1 wt%to 3 wt%of the alkoxysilane. In embodiments, the amount of the alkoxysilane in the polyolefin elastomer may be, based on a total weight of the polyolefin elastomer, from 0.1 wt%to 3 wt%, from 0.1 wt%to 2.5 wt%, from 0.1 wt%to 2 wt%, from 0.5 wt%to 3 wt%, from 0.5 wt%to 2.5 wt%, from 0.5 wt%to 2 wt%, from 1 wt%to 3 wt%, from 1 wt%to 2.5 wt%, or from 1 wt%to 2 wt%.
[0070] In embodiments, the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomers may be grafted with relatively less peroxide. In embodiments, the polyolefin elastomer formulation may comprise, based on a total weight of the polyolefin elastomer formulation, 0.02 wt%to 0.20 wt%of the organic peroxide. In embodiments, the amount of the organic peroxide in the polyolefin elastomer formulation may be, based on a total weight of the polyolefin elastomer formulation, from 0.02 wt%to 0.20 wt%, from 0.02 wt%to 0.15 wt%, from 0.02 wt%to 0.10 wt%, from 0.05 wt%to 0.20 wt%, from 0.05 wt%to 0.15 wt%, or from 0.05 wt%to 0.10 wt%.
[0071] Process for Producing Polyolefin Elastomer
[0072] The present polyolefin elastomers and their desirable properties of high vinyl content, long chain branching, and chain-end unsaturation are attributed in part to the process of producing the polyolefin elastomer. In one or more embodiments, the process for preparing an ethylene-based polymer comprises solution polymerizing ethylene and the at least one C4-C12 alpha-olefin comonomer in the presence of a procatalyst having the following Structure (I) : Structure (I) wherein: M is Zr or Hf, the metal being in a formal oxidation state of +2, +3, or +4; n is 0, 1, or 2; when n is 1, X is a monodentate ligand or a bidentate ligand; when n is 2, each X is an independently chosen monodentate ligand; the procatalyst is overall charge-neutral; at least one of R1 and R16 are selected from structure (II) , structure (III) , and structure (IV) : wherein R31–35, R41–48, and R51–59 are independently chosen from –H, (C1-C40) hydrocarbyl, (C1- C40) heterohydrocarbyl, -Si (RC) 3, -Ge (RC) 3, -P (RP) 2, -N (RN) 2, -ORC, -SRC, -NO2, -CN, -CF3, RCS (O) -, RCS (O) 2-, (RC) 2C=N-, RCC (O) O-, RCOC (O) -, RCC (O) N (RN) -, (RC) 2NC (O) -, or halogen, wherein RC is independently selected from (C1-C40) hydrocarbyl; R3 and R14 are independently C1-C40 hydrocarbyl or hydrogen; R6 and R11 are independently C1-C40 hydrocarbyl or hydrogen; R2, R4, R5, R7, R8, R9, R10, R12, R13 and R15 are independently selected from the group consisting of a C1-C40 hydrocarbyl, C1-C40 heterohydrocarbyl, -Si (RC) 3, halogen atom, hydrogen atom, and combinations thereof; R17 and R18 are independently C1-C3 hydrocarbylene; and R19 and R20 are independently C1-C40 hydrocarbyl or hydrogen.
[0073] In one embodiment, M is Zr.
[0074] In some embodiments, R1 and R16 are each structure (III) : wherein R41–48 are independently chosen from –H or C1-C6 alkyl. In yet another embodiment, R41–48 are–H.
[0075] In embodiments, R3 and R14 may be C1-C12 alkyl, C6-C12 alkyl, or C8-C12 alkyl. Moreover R6 and R11 may each C1-C12 alkyl, C6-C12 alkyl, or C6-C10 alkyl. In further embodiments, R3, R6, R11, and R14 are each C6-C11 alkyl.
[0076] Moreover, R17 and R18 may each be -CH2-. R19 and R20 may independently be C2-C10 alkyl, C2-C6 alkyl, from C2-C4 alkyl, or C3 alkyl.
[0077] In another embodiment, R2, R4, R5, R7, R8, R9, R10, R12, R13 and R15 are hydrogen atoms. In yet another embodiment, the procatalyst is free of halogens.
[0078] Various polymerization conditions are considered suitable. For example, the polymerizing may occur in one reactor or multiple reactors. Various reactors are considered suitable, for example, loop reactors or continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) . In one embodiment, the above described catalyst activates the solution polymerization process in a single reactor. The solution polymerization process may occur at a temperature above 150 ℃, above 170 ℃, or above 180 ℃. Moreover, the solution polymerization process may occur at a pressure above 30 bar (3 MPa) , or above 40 bar (4 MPa) . Various hydrocarbon solvents are considered suitable for the solution polymerization. In one embodiment, the solvent is an isoparaffinic solvent.
[0079] Moreover, the polymerizing may also occur in the presence of a cocatalyst, of which various compositions are considered suitable. In one embodiment, the cocatalyst comprises an alumoxane. In specific embodiments, the cocatalyst is a methylalumoxane (MMAO) .
[0080] The ethylene-based polymer produced by the solution polymerization process is an ethylene / alpha-olefin copolymer, for example, an ethylene / alpha-olefin random copolymer. The alpha-olefin comonomers include the C4-C12 comonomers described above. The produced ethylene-based polymer may be the polyolefin elastomer as defined above, specifically, a polyolefin elastomer comprising: a density from 0.860 to 0.900 g / cc; a melt index (I2) of 0.5 to 30 dg / min, wherein I2 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 2.16 Kg) ; an I10 / I2 greater than or equal to 8, wherein I10 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 10 Kg) ; greater than or equal to 0.2 vinyls per 1000 carbons; the percentage of vinyls in the total unsaturation is greater than or equal to 50%; and an oligomer level less than 5000 ppm.
[0081] TEST METHODS
[0082] Density
[0083] Density is measured in accordance with ASTM D792 and expressed in grams / cubic centimeter (g / cc) at 25 ℃.
[0084] Melt Index (I2) and (I10)
[0085] The Melt Index (I2) is measured in accordance with ASTM D-1238, (190 ℃ / 2.16 kg) . The Melt Index (I10) is measured in accordance with ASTM D-1238, (190 ℃ / 10 kg) .
[0086] Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC)
[0087] The chromatographic system consisted of a PolymerChar GPC-IR (Valencia, Spain) high temperature GPC chromatograph equipped with an internal IR5 infra-red detector (IR5) . The autosampler oven compartment was set at 160 ℃ and the column and detector compartment were set at 150 ℃. The columns used were 4 Agilent “Mixed A” 30 cm 20-micron linear mixed-bed columns. The chromatographic solvent used was 1, 2, 4 trichlorobenzene and contained 200 ppm of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) . The solvent source was nitrogen sparged. The injection volume used was 200 microliters and the flow rate was 1.0 milliliters / minute.
[0088] Calibration of the GPC column set was performed with 21 narrow molecular weight distribution polystyrene standards with molecular weights ranging from 580 to 8, 400,000 and were arranged in 6 “cocktail” mixtures with at least a decade of separation between individual molecular weights. The standards were purchased from Agilent Technologies. The polystyrene standards were prepared at 0.025 grams in 50 milliliters of solvent for molecular weights equal to or greater than 1,000,000, and 0.05 grams in 50 milliliters of solvent for molecular weights less than 1,000,000. The polystyrene standards were pre-dissolved at 80 ℃ with gentle agitation for 30 minutes then cooled and the room temperature solution is transferred cooled into the autosampler dissolution oven at 160 ℃ for 30 minutes. The polystyrene standard peak molecular weights were converted to polyethylene molecular weights using Equation 1 (as described in Williams and Ward, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Let., 6, 621 (1968) ) .: Mpolyethylene=A× (Mpolystyrene)B (EQ1) where M is the molecular weight, A has a value of 0.4163 and B is equal to 1.0.
[0089] A fifth order polynomial was used to fit the respective polyethylene-equivalent calibration points.
[0090] The total plate count of the GPC column set was performed with decane which was introduced into blank sample via a micropump controlled with the PolymerChar GPC-IR system. The plate count for the chromatographic system should be greater than 18,000 for the 4 Agilent “Mixed A” 30 cm 20-micron linear mixed-bed columns.
[0091] Samples were prepared in a semi-automatic manner with the PolymerChar “Instrument Control” Software, wherein the samples were weight-targeted at 2 mg / ml, and the solvent (contained 200 ppm BHT) was added to a pre nitrogen-sparged septa-capped vial, via the PolymerChar high temperature autosampler. The samples were dissolved for 2 hours at 160° Celsius under “low speed” shaking.
[0092] The calculations of Mn (GPC) , Mw (GPC) , and Mz (GPC) were based on GPC results using the internal IR5 detector (measurement channel) of the PolymerChar GPC-IR chromatograph according to Equations 2-4, using PolymerChar GPCOneTM software, the baseline-subtracted IR chromatogram at each equally-spaced data collection point (i) , and the polyethylene equivalent molecular weight obtained from the narrow standard calibration curve for the point (i) from Equation 1.
[0093] In order to monitor the deviations over time, a flowrate marker (decane) was introduced into each sample via a micropump controlled with the PolymerChar GPC-IR system. This flowrate marker (FM) was used to linearly correct the pump flowrate (Flowrate (nominal) ) for each sample by RV alignment of the respective decane peak within the sample (RV (FM Sample) ) to that of the decane peak within the narrow standards calibration (RV (FM Calibrated) ) . Any changes in the time of the decane marker peak are then assumed to be related to a linear-shift in flowrate (Flowrate (effective) ) for the entire run. After calibrating the system based on a flow marker peak, the effective flowrate (with respect to the narrow standards calibration) is calculated as Equation 5. Processing of the flow marker peak was done via the PolymerChar GPC OneTM Software. Acceptable flowrate correction is such that the effective flowrate should be within + / -0.5%of the nominal flowrate. Flowrate (effective) = Flowrate (nominal) * (RV (FM Calibrated) / RV (FM Sample) ) (EQ5)
[0094] Oligomer Measurements
[0095] About 5 grams of sample was weighed and transferred to a glass bottle. A pipette was used to deliver 20 mL of methylene chloride to the glass bottle. The bottle was capped with a Teflon lined lid and the contents were shaken for 24 hours at room temperature. After extraction an aliquot of dichloromethane (DCM) was removed and placed into a gas chromatography (GC) autosampler vial. The sample extract, DCM blank, and certified reference standard (Ultra Scientific, C10 to C44, even number of hydrocarbons, 200 parts per million (ppm) of n-decane, n-tetradecane, and n-tricosane and all other components were 100 ppm in hexane) were analyzed by GC with a split / splitless inlet and flame ionization detector. The peak area for all peaks eluting between methylene chloride and C44H90 was determined using a chromatographic data system. The peak areas for additives, such as Irgafos 168, oxidized I-168 and Irganox 1076 were excluded using the settings in the chromatographic data system. The parts per million of oligomers was calculated from the total peak area of the oligomer peaks in the sample and the peak area of the 100 ppm n-eicosane (C20H42) peak in the calibration standard using an external standard calibration procedure.
[0096] 1H NMR Study
[0097] The samples were prepared by adding approx. 130 mg of sample to 3.25g of 50 / 50 by weight Tetrachlorethane-d2 / Perchloroethylene with 0.001 M Cr (AcAc) 3, and 100 ppm antioxidant (Irganox168) , in a NORELL 1001-7, 10 mm, NMR tube. The samples were purged by bubbling N2 through the solvent, via a pipette inserted into the tube, for approximately five minutes to prevent oxidation. The tube was next capped, sealed with TEFLON tape, and then soaked at room temperature overnight to facilitate sample dissolution. The samples were kept in a N2 purge box during storage, before, and after preparation, to minimize exposure to O2. The samples were heated, and vortexed at 110℃, to ensure homogeneity.
[0098] 1H NMR was performed on a Bruker AVANCE 400 or 600 MHz spectrometer, equipped with a Bruker high-temperature CryoProbe and a sample temperature of 120℃. Two experiments were run to obtain spectra, a control spectrum to quantitate the total polymer protons, and a double presaturation experiment, which suppresses the intense peaks associated to the polymer chains, and enables high sensitivity spectra for quantitation of the end-groups. The control was run with ZG pulse, TD 16384, NS 16, DS 4, SWH 10,000 Hz, AQ 1.64s, D1 14s. The double pre-saturation experiment was run with a modified pulse sequence, lc1prf2. zz, TD 16384, NS 64 scans, DS 4, SWH 10,000 Hz, AQ 1.64s, D1 1s, D13 13s. Unsaturation measurements were made according to the method described as below. Area under the resonance from the polymer chains (i.e., CH, CH2, and CH3 in the polymers) was measured from the spectrum acquired during first experiment (the control spectrum) , described above. Area under the four key types of unsaturation (i.e., vinyl, vinylene, trisubstituted, and vinylidene) was measured from spectrum acquired during the second (presaturation) experiment described above. Both spectra were normalized to the area under resonance from the solvent. Moles of respective unsaturation were calculated by dividing the area under the unsaturation resonance by the number of protons contributing to that resonance. Moles of carbons in the polymers were calculated by dividing the area under the peaks for polymer chains (i.e., CH, CH2, and CH3 in the polymers) by two. The amount of total unsaturation was then expressed as a relative ratio of moles of total unsaturation to the moles of carbons in the polymers, with expression of the number of unsaturation per 1000 Carbon.
[0099] Silane Grafting Level
[0100] The grafting level was determined using Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) . The peak heights of VTMS were at wave number 1193 cm–1 (FTIRVTMS) , and the peak heights of the polymer reference are at 2019 cm–1 (FTIRref) . The ratio of peak heights was multiplied by the appropriate calibration constants (A and B) , and the products of the ratios and calibration constants were added together to equal the VTMS wt%using the formula below.
[0101] The calibration constants A and B were determined using neutron activation analysis. The actual calibration constant may differ slightly depending on the instrument and the polymers. The formula takes different sample thickness into account to normalize the data.
[0102] Sample preparation for FTIR analysis involved pressing 0.05–0.15 mm thick compression molded films in a heated press at 120–190 ℃ depending on the base resin. The polymer pellets were placed between two suitable protective films, such as matted Teflon, to protect them from the platens of the heating press. The platens were under pressure (~10 ton) for about one minute. The samples were allowed to cool to room temperature. The samples were then placed in an appropriate sample holder and scanned in the FTIR.
[0103] Bond Strength
[0104] Laminated samples were prepared using a Shunhong laminator. 150 mm x 100 mm glass pieces were cleaned using water and soap and dried. 150 mm x 100 mm pieces of backsheet and compression molded alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer film were cut. One layer of compression molded alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer film was sandwiched between glass (150 mm x 100 mm) and a backsheet. Lamination was conducted at 150 ℃ for 3 minutes with vacuum, followed by 7 minutes of pressure at one atmosphere.
[0105] The middle of the 150 mm x 100 mm laminated samples were cut into three specimens with 1” width by cutting through the backsheet and the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer film layer. A 180° peel test was performed on an INSTRON 5565 under controlled ambient conditions. The specimens were pulled at 2 inch / min speed and the force at maximum load was used to represent the bond strength. Three specimens were tested to obtain the average bond strength.
[0106] Dynamic Mechanical Spectroscopy (DMS)
[0107] The rheology of the elastomers was analyzed by DMS using an Advanced Rheometric Expansion System (ARES) equipped with 25 mm stainless steel parallel plates. Constant temperature dynamic frequency sweeps in the range of 0.1 to 100 rad / swere performed under nitrogen at 190 ℃. Samples approximately 25.4 mm in diameter were cut from compression molded parts. The sample was placed on the lower plate and allowed to melt for 5 min. The plates were then closed to a gap of 2.0 mm and the sample trimmed to 25 mm in diameter. The samples were allowed to equilibrate at 190 ℃ for the elastomers for 5 min before starting the test. The complex viscosity was measured at a constant strain amplitude of 10%. The complex viscosity measured at 0.1 rad / sis reported as V0.1 and the complex viscosity measured at 100 rad / sis reported as V100.
[0108] Creep Resistance
[0109] Films of the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer (1 mm thickness were prepared) were prepared via compression molding using LabTech Compression Molding Machine at 100 ℃, preheating for 3 min. and compression at 10 MPa for 2 min. The laminates, including film (125 mm x 100 mm x 1 mm) disposed between two glass plates (150 mm x 100 mm x 3.2 mm) , were prepared using Shunhong laminator at 150 ℃ for 3 minutes with vacuum, followed by 7 minutes of pressure at 1 atm. The two glass plates were offset such that 25 mm of one glass plate extended past the film on one end of the laminate and 25 mm of the other glass plate extended past the film on the other end of the laminate. The laminate was pre-heated in an oven at 110 ℃ for 15 min. followed by being hung by a clip in an oven at 110 ℃ for 1 h. The clip was used to grip one glass plate such that the other glass plate was free to move due to gravity. Then, the displacement of the glass plate was measured as an indicator for creep resistance.
[0110] Transmittance
[0111] Transmittance was measure by Perkin Elmer Lambda 950 equipped with integrating spheres on the thermoplastic film samples with a thickness of 0.5 mm, which were prepared at the following compression molding process: preheating at 150 ℃ for 5 min., followed by 3 min. at 150 ℃ under 10 MPa, and cooling to room temperature for 5 min. with 40 ℃ cooling water circulated.
[0112] EXAMPLES
[0113] The following examples illustrate features of the present disclosure but are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure. The following experiments analyzed the performance of embodiments of alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer described herein.
[0114] 101 (2, 5-dimethyl-2, 5-di (tert-butylperoxy) -hexane [CAS 78-63-7] ) is commercially available from Arkema.
[0115] Vinyltrimethoxysilane ( “VTMS” ) is commercially available from Thermo Fisher Scientific.
[0116] ENGAGETM PV 8669, ENGAGETM PV 8660, and ENGAGETM PV 8658, are polyolefin elastomers available from The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI.
[0117] Polyolefin Elastomers
[0118] The polyolefin elastomers utilized in the examples are provided in Table 1.
[0119] Table 1
[0120] Table 1 cont.
[0121] Preparation of Polyolefin Elastomers
[0122] The polyolefin elastomers of Table 1 were prepared in a well-mixed, hydraulically full polymerization reactor that was operated at steady state conditions. All raw materials (ethylene monomer, 1-octene comonomer, and 1-butene comonomer) and the process solvent (a narrow boiling range high-purity isoparaffinic solvent, Isopar-E supplied by the ExxonMobil Chemical Company) were purified with molecular sieves before introduction into the reaction environment. Hydrogen was supplied pressurized as a high purity grade and is not further purified. Ethylene flowrate and reactor volume were selected to obtain the residence times specified in Table 2. The catalysts and cocatalysts used are listed in Table 3. The solvent, comonomer, hydrogen, catalysts, and cocatalysts were fed to the reactor according to the process conditions outlined in Table 2. The catalyst flow was adjusted to achieve the desired ethylene conversion. The reactor temperature was measured at or near the exit of the reactor. The interpolymer was isolated and pelletized.
[0123] Table 2
[0124] Table 3
[0125] The BPP-A catalyst was prepared according to the following 3-step process:
[0126] Step 1: Synthesis of bottom fragment 3
[0127] This reaction was carried out in a nitrogen filled glove box. A slurry of 1 (5.52 g, 19.3 mmol) , 2 (WO2022015369 A1) (1.65 g, 7.74 mmol) , and K3PO4 (5.75 g, 27.1 mmol) in DMF (7 mL) was warmed to 75 ℃ and held at this temperature for 5 h with stirring. After this time the temperature was decreased to 70 ℃ and held at this temperature for 11 h with stirring. The mixture was removed from the glove box after cooling to room temperature. Et2O (10 mL) was added to the reaction vial and the mixture was filtered through a 1: 1 (40 grams) basic alumina / SiO2 gel plug. The plug was further extracted with Et2O (3 x 30 mL) . The combined Et2O extracts were transferred to a separatory funnel and washed with 4N NaOH (10 mL) , H2O (10 mL) , brine (10 mL) , 4N NaOH (10 mL) , H2O (10 mL) , and brine (10 mL) . The Et2O layer was then dried over Na2SO4 and filtered into a 250 mL RB flask to remove the Na2SO4. The Et2O was removed on a rotovap to provide 3 (5.25 g, 7.39 mmol, yield: 96 %) as a colorless oil, which was used without further purification. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.49 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.24 (dd, J = 8.6, 2.4 Hz, 2H) , 6.96 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H) , 3.94 (s, 4H) , 1.69 (s, 4H) , 1.40 –1.36 (m, 2H) , 1.32 (s, 12H) , 1.21 (app d, J = 7.4 Hz, 12H) , 0.74 (s, 18H) .
[0128] Synthesis of 5 (Compound 4 prepared as described in WO2018170138)
[0129] Degassed THF (5 mL) and degassed water (2 mL) were added to a 40 mL vial charged with 4 (0.948 g, 1.63 mmol) , 3 (0.330 g, 0.464 mmol) , PdCl (crotyl) Amphos (0.00861 g, 0.0186 mmol) , and NaOH (0.0929 g, 2.32 mmol) . The reaction was warmed to 50 ℃ and maintained at this temperature for 16 h. After this time, the reaction was cooled to room temperature. Et2O (20 mL) and sat. aq. NH4Cl (10 mL) were added to the reaction mixture. The solution was shaken, then after the layers settled, the organic phase was removed using a pipette, and transferred to a 4 ounce jar containing Na2SO4. The aq. phase was further extracted with Et2O (20 mL) . The combined Et2O extracts were filtered into a roundbottom flask to remove the Na2SO4 then concentrated to dryness. THF (10 mL) and MeOH (10 mL) were added to the isolated material followed by concentrated HCl (5 drops from a glass pipet) . The solution was heated to 85 ℃ (external temperature) , stirred for 18 hours then the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The yellow oil was rotovapped from isopropyl alcohol (IPA) (10 mL) , the oil was taken up in IPA (15 mL) , then placed into a rotovap bath and warmed to 55 ℃ while rotating. The solution was then taken out of the bath and rotated at room temperature, and a solid eventually precipitated. After being at room temperature for 1 hour, the solid was then collected by filtration. The solid was washed with IPA (2 x 3 mL) . IPA / MeOH (1: 1, 15 mL) was added to the solid (about 420 mg) in a 100 mL RB flask, then the flask was placed into a rotovap bath and warmed to 75 ℃ while rotating. The suspension (not fully soluble) was then taken out of the bath and rotated at room temperature. After being at room temperature for 1 hour, the solid was then collected by filtration. The solid was washed with IPA (2 x 3 mL) . MeOH / Et2O (5: 1, 18 mL) was added to the solid (about 360 mg) in a 100 mL RB flask, then the flask was placed into a rotovap bath and warmed to 45 ℃ while rotating. The suspension (not fully soluble) was then taken out of the bath and kept at room temperature. After being at room temperature overnight, the solid was then collected by filtration. The solid was washed with MeOH (2 x 3 mL) to provide 5 (0.290 g, 0.211 mmol, yield: 45 %) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.23 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 4H) , 7.39 –7.26 (m, 10H) , 7.22 –7.15 (m, 4H) , 7.12 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 4H) , 6.66 (s, 2H) , 5.76 (br s, J = 21.5 Hz, 2H) , 5.53 (s, 2H) , 3.42 (br s, 4H) , 1.65 (s, 4H) , 1.59 –1.51 (m, 4H) , 1.32 –1.06 (m, 51H) , 0.85 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 6H) , 0.79 –0.65 (m, 32H) .
[0130] Step 3: synthesis of BPP-A
[0131] MeMgBr (3 M in diethyl ether, 0.283 mL, 0.849 mmol) was added to a room temperature suspension of tetrachlorozirconium (0.0475 g, 0.204 mmol) and 5 (0.275 g, 0.200 mmol) in Et2O (10 mL) and toluene (2 mL) . The mixture was stirred for 4 h then additional MeMgBr (50 uL) was added, then the reaction was stirred overnight at room temperature. After this time the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Pentane (10 mL) was added to the dark residue, then this was passed through a CELITE pad. The residue and pad were extracted with additional pentane (10 mL) . The combined pentane extracts were concentrated to dryness to provide BPP A (0.255 g, 0.171 mmol, yield: 85 %) : 1H NMR (400 MHz, Benzene-d6) δ 8.37 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H) , 8.10 (dd, J = 7.2, 1.7 Hz, 2H) , 7.66 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H) , 7.59 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 2H) , 7.55 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 2H) , 7.52 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 2H) , 7.51 –7.44 (m, 2H) , 7.43 –7.34 (m, 4H) , 7.12 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.6 Hz, 3H) , 7.05 (dd, J = 5.5, 3.3 Hz, 2H) , 5.17 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H) , 4.24 (d, J = 14.0 Hz, 2H) , 3.24 (d, J = 14.0 Hz, 2H) , 1.88 (d, J = 14.6 Hz, 2H) , 1.60 (d, J = 14.6 Hz, 3H) , 1.45 –1.21 (m, 50H) , 1.19 (s, 6H) , 0.80 (s, 18H) , 0.57 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 12H) , 0.37 (p, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H) , -0.88 (s, 6H) .
[0132] Without being limited by theory, BPP-Awas found to result in high vinyl level on the chain-end in combination with low oligomer content in the polymers.
[0133] Silane-grafting via Reactive Extrusion
[0134] The POE resins of Table 1 were formed into the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomers of Table 4 via a reactive extrusion process in which vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) was grafted to the polymer backbone in the presence of the peroxide Luperox 101 using the amounts listed in Table 4 (in weight percent (wt%) , based on a total weight of the polyolefin elastomer formulation) . The grafting reaction was performed in a 26 mm co-rotating twin screw extruder. The extruder was configured with 15 barrels (60 L / D) . The maximum screw speed was 1200 rpm, and the maximum motor output was 40 HP. The extruder was equipped with a K-Tron T-20 loss-in-weight feeder to feed the polymer pellets. The silane and peroxide were pre-blended at a 20: 1 ratio by weight and injected in Barrel 3 using an Eldex HPLC pump. Nitrogen at 8 standard cubic feet per hour was introduced at main feed throat to minimize oxidation. A vacuum of 15 inch Hg was pulled on Barrel 13 to remove residual silane. Barrel 1 was water cooled, Barrel 2–4 were maintained at 150 ℃, Barrel 6–10 were maintained at 220 ℃, Barrel 11–15 were maintained between 190–210 ℃. The run rate was 10 lbs / hr and the screw speed was 300 rpm. A two-hole die was used to produce strands which were cut into pellets using a strand cutter. The silane grafted samples were collected in aluminum bags and dried overnight under nitrogen to avoid exposure to moisture and stored for further processing and testing. A small portion of each sample (200 g) was dried using a vacuum oven to remove ungrafted VTMS for silane grafting level determination. The properties (i.e., I2, I10 / I2, V0.1, V100, G-VTMS) of the resulting alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomers, comparative grafted elastomers CA-CD and example grafted elastomers EA-EN, the properties (i.e., transmittance) of the films formed therefrom, and the properties (i.e., creep and bond strength) of the laminates including the films are also listed in Table 4.
[0135] Table 4
[0136] Table 4 cont.
[0137] Table 4 cont.
[0138] Table 4 cont.
[0139] Table 4 cont.
[0140] Referring now to FIG. 1, the I10 / I2 versus the melt index I2 of comparative grafted elastomers CA-CD and example grafted elastomers EA-EN is shown. As exemplified in FIG. 1, example grafted elastomers EA-EN had a relatively greater I10 / I2 at a given melt index I2 than comparative grafted elastomers CA-CD and satisfied the relationship I10 / I2 > 14.2 × I2-0.17, as illustrated by the dotted line in FIG. 1. While not wishing to be bound by theory, a relatively greater I10 / I2 is indicative of greater shear thinning at a given melt index I2, which results in better processability (e.g., higher extrusion rates during film extrusion) . Note that while this was a similar trend as the base polyolefin elastomer prior to grafting, this result was unexpected in view of the propensity of resins with high vinyl unsaturation to crosslink with peroxide. Although crosslinking may lead to higher resin viscosity, example grafted elastomers EA-EN retained desirable shear thinning even after grafting of an alkoxysilane in the presence of an organic peroxide. As exemplified by FIG. 1, the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomers described herein have a desired processability.
[0141] Referring now to FIG. 2, the creep of the laminates versus V100 of comparative grafted elastomers CA-CD and example grafted elastomers EA-EN used to form the films included in the laminates is shown. As shown, laminates including example grafted elastomers EA, EB, and ED-EN satisfied the following relationship: creep ≤ 1.5 x 10-6 *(V100) -2, as illustrated by the dotted line in FIG. 2. While not wishing to be bound by theory, example grafted elastomer EC did not satisfy the relationship due to the relatively high V100 value of example grafted elastomer EC. As exemplified by FIG. 2, articles including the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomers described herein have a desired creep resistance.
[0142] Referring now to FIG. 3, the bond strength of the laminates versus the I10 / I2 of comparative grafted elastomers CA-CD and example grafted elastomers EA-EN used to form the films included in the laminates is shown. As shown, laminates including example grafted elastomers EA-EH and EJ-EM comprised a bond strength greater than or equal to 650 N when the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomers comprises a I10 / I2 greater than or equal to 10, as illustrated by the dotted line in FIG. 3. While not wishing to be bound by theory, a relatively greater I10 / I2 is indicative of greater shear thinning at a given melt index I2, which results in better processability (e.g., higher extrusion rates during film extrusion) . The relatively greater bond strength is indicative of greater adhesion to glass after lamination, which may be desirable to ensure durability of photovoltaic modules. Example grafted elastomers EA-EH and EJ-EM may have had a more uniform distribution of alkoxysilane along the polymer backbone, resulting in desirable bond strength even at relatively lower amounts of G-VTMS (e.g., example grafted elastomers EK and EM) . Example EI had relatively low G-VTMS level and higher viscosity, which may result in insufficient wetting and bonding to the glass. Example EN was made from an ethylene-butene copolymer and may have lower tensile strength than the other examples made from ethylene-octene copolymers, which may result in lower observed bond strength. As exemplified by FIG. 3, articles including the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomers described herein have a desired bond strength.
[0143] While particular embodiments of the present disclosure have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this disclosure.
Claims
1.An alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer comprising:a polyolefin elastomer comprising the polymerized reaction product of ethylene monomer and at least one C4-C12 alpha-olefin comonomer, the polyolefin elastomer comprising, prior to grafting:a density from 0.860 to 0.900 g / cc;a melt index (I2) of 0.5 to 30 dg / min, wherein I2 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 2.16 kg) ;an I10 / I2 greater than or equal to 8, wherein I10 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 10 kg) ;greater than or equal to 0.2 vinyls per 1000 carbons;a percentage of vinyls in a total unsaturation greater than or equal to 50%; andan oligomer level less than 5000 ppm; and0.5 wt%to 2.5 wt%of an alkoxysilane, based on a total weight of the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer.2.The alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer of claim 1, wherein the alkoxysilane comprises vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMOS) , vinyltriethoxysilane (VTEOS) , allyltrimethoxysilane, allyltriethoxysilane, 3-acryloylpropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-acryloylpropyltriethoxysilane, 3-methacryloylpropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-methacryloylpropyltriethoxysilane, or combinations thereof.3.The alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer comprises from 0.6 wt%to 2.0 wt%of the alkoxysilane, based on a total weight of the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer.4.The alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the I10 / I2 of the polyolefin elastomer is from 10 to 20.5.The alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the polyolefin elastomer comprises greater than 0.3 unsaturations per 1000 carbons.6.The alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the polyolefin elastomer comprises from 0.3 to 1 vinyls per 1000 carbons.7.The alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer satisfies the relationship I10 / I2 > 14.2 × I2-0.17.8.The alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer comprises a V100 less than or equal to 1000 Pa·s.9.The alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer comprises at least one secondary polyolefin elastomer.10.An article comprising the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer of any one of claims 1-9.11.The article of claim 10, wherein the article comprises a creep less than or equal to (1.5 × 10-6) × (V100) -2, wherein the V100 is of the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer.12.The article of claim 10 or claim 11, wherein in the article comprises a bond strength greater than or equal to 650 N and the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer comprises a I10 / I2 greater than or equal to 10.13.The article of any one of claims 9-11, wherein the article is an encapsulant for a photovoltaic module.14.A grafting process for preparing the alkoxysilane grafted polyolefin elastomer of any one of claims 1-9, comprising:grafting the alkoxysilane to the polyolefin elastomer in a polyolefin elastomer formulation comprising an organic peroxide,wherein the polyolefin elastomer formulation comprises, based on a total weight of the polyolefin elastomer formulation:0.1 wt%and 3 wt%of the alkoxysilane; and0.02 wt%to 0.20 wt%of the organic peroxide.15.[Rectified under Rule 91, 23.04.2025]The grafting process of claim 14, wherein the organic peroxide comprises dicumyl peroxide; di-tert-butyl peroxide; t-butylperbenzoate; benzoyl peroxide; cumene hydroperoxide; t-butyl peroctoate; methyl ethyl ketone per oxide; 2, 5-dimethyl-2, 5-di (t-butyl peroxy) hexane; lauryl peroxide; tert-butyl peracetate; or combinations thereof.16.[Rectified under Rule 91, 23.04.2025]A process for preparing the polyolefin elastomer of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the process comprises solution polymerizing the ethylene monomer and the at least one C4-C12 alpha-olefin comonomer in the presence of a procatalyst having the following Structure (I) : wherein:M is Zr or Hf, the metal being in a formal oxidation state of +2, +3, or +4;n is 0, 1, or 2;when n is 1, X is a monodentate ligand or a bidentate ligand;when n is 2, each X is an independently chosen monodentate ligand;the procatalyst is overall charge-neutral;at least one of R1 and R16 are selected from structure (II) , structure (III) , and structure (IV) :wherein R31–35, R41–48, and R51–59 are independently chosen from –H, C1-C40 hydrocarbyl, C1-C40 heterohydrocarbyl, -Si (RC) 3, -Ge (RC) 3, -P (RP) 2, -N (RN) 2, -ORC, -SRC, -NO2, -CN, -CF3, RCS (O) -, RCS (O) 2-, (RC) 2C=N-, RCC (O) O-, RCOC (O) -, RCC (O) N (RN) -, (RC) 2NC (O) -, or halogen, wherein RC is independently selected from C1-C40 hydrocarbyl;R3 and R14 are independently C1-C40 hydrocarbyl or hydrogen;R6 and R11 are independently C1-C40 hydrocarbyl or hydrogen;R2, R4, R5, R7, R8, R9, R10, R12, R13 and R15 are independently selected from the group consisting of a C1-C40 hydrocarbyl, C1-C40 heterohydrocarbyl, -Si (RC) 3, halogen atom, hydrogen atom, and combinations thereof;R17 and R18 are independently C1-C3 hydrocarbylene; andR19 and R20 are independently C1-C40 hydrocarbyl or hydrogen.17.The process of claim 16, wherein R1 and R16 are each structure (III) : wherein R41–48 are independently chosen from –H or C1-C6 alkyl.18.The process of claim 16 or claim 17, wherein R3 and R14 are each C1-C12 alkyl.19.The process of any one of claims 16-18, wherein R6 and R11 are each C1-C12 alkyl.20.The process of any one of claims 16-19, wherein R3, R6, R11, and R14 are each C6-C11 alkyl.21.The process of any one of claims 16-20, wherein R17 and R18 are -CH2-.22.The process of any one of claims 16-21, wherein R19 and R20 are independently C2-C10 alkyl.23.The process of any one of claims 16-22, wherein R2, R4, R5, R7, R8, R9, R10, R12, R13 and R15 are hydrogen atoms.24.The process of any one of claims 16-23, wherein the procatalyst is free of halogens.25.The process of any one of claims 16-24, wherein the polymerizing occurs in one reactor at a temperature above 150 ℃.26.The process of any one of claims 16-25, wherein the polymerizing occurs in the presence of a cocatalyst comprising an alumoxane.27.The process of any one of claims 16-26, wherein M is Zr.
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