Polyolefin elastomer with improved processability and cure time
Rheology-modified polyolefin elastomers with high vinyl content and long chain branching address the challenges of fast extrusion and curing, improving processability and curing efficiency while maintaining mechanical stability.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/075199
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-01-26
- Filing Date
- 2025-01-26
- Publication Date
- 2025-07-31
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Figure PCTCN2025075199-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2025075199-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2025075199-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
POLYOLEFIN ELASTOMER WITH IMPROVED PROCESSABILITY AND CURE TIMETECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to polyolefin elastomers and methods for making the same and, more particularly, to rheology-modified polyolefin elastomers and methods for making the same.BACKGROUND
[0002] Polyolefin elastomers with shear thinning rheology and efficient peroxide cure response (high degree of cure and short cure time) are desirable for applications such as photovoltaic (PV) encapsulant films, footwear foams, and wire and cable compounds, and must satisfy a number of other requirements. For example, in order to prevent movement of electrical components and wiring within a photovoltaic module, polymeric encapsulating materials should not flow significantly at temperatures up to 85 ℃. One way to accomplish this is to use a semicrystalline polymer with a melting point above this temperature. However, other encapsulating material requirements, such as high optical clarity and low modulus, are typically achieved with low-crystallinity polymers. To balance these requirements, typically a low-crystallinity polymer, such as an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) or a polyolefin elastomer (POE) , such as an ENGAGETM Polyolefin Elastomer, is used in conjunction with a peroxide-based reactive curing formulation. The low crystallinity polymer provides high clarity and low modulus, while the curing formulation facilitates a crosslinking reaction, which causes the polymer to form a network, providing mechanical stability at high temperatures. This crosslinking reaction takes place during module lamination, typically conducted at 150 ℃.
[0003] If a peroxide curing formulation is used, the film extrusion process generally should be conducted at a low temperature in order to prevent the peroxide from decomposing and initiating the crosslinking reaction in the extruder. Heat generated during extrusion is related to the rate of extrusion and the polymer viscosity; high viscosity and high extrusion rates generate more heat. Therefore, to extrude a “peroxide-curing” encapsulant film, a low viscosity resin is extruded at low rates. However, low extrusion rates are economically disadvantageous, and low viscosity is typically achieved via the use of a low molecular weight resin. Low molecular weight resins may not be cross-linked efficiently, and may require a higher loading of peroxide in the curing formulation or longer times in the module lamination process, in order to reach the necessary level of crosslinking. The excessive amount of peroxide or coagent additives mixed with POE can lead to migration to the surface due to low compatibility of the additives with POE materials, leading to slippery film surface, which is considered as a major shortcoming of the POE based encapsulant compared to EVA based or EVA-POE-EVA multilayer based film designs.
[0004] Accordingly, there is a continual need for polyolefin elastomers, which enable encapsulant materials to be extruded faster and cured faster with less curing additive to reach the same curing degree.SUMMARY
[0005] Embodiments of the present disclosure meet this need via rheological modifications of polyolefin elastomers having high vinyl level on the polymer chain-end, a low oligomer level, and a high level of long chain branching (LCB) . LCB enhances polymer chain entanglements provided that side chains are sufficiently longer than some critical molecular weight, which at low shear rates, might be expected to result in higher viscosities than polymers without LCB. However, LCB also reduces hydrodynamic volume such that polymers having long chain branching are more prone to be disentangled than polymers of similar molecular weight but without long chain branching. While these two factors oppose each other in influencing polymer rheological properties, LCB polymers are expected to have better shear thinning properties and provide an effective way to improve processability of polyolefin elastomers.
[0006] Peroxide post-modification is one of the approaches to introduce long chain branch to linear ethylene copolymers. For conventional polyolefin elastomers, peroxide post-modification can increase shear thinning to some extent, but generally slows the peroxide curing rate. However, for the chain end unsaturation polyolefin elastomers described herein having high vinyl level on the polymer chain-end and a low oligomer level, rheological modifications via peroxide post-treatment results in improved shear thinning properties while also leading to an improved peroxide curing performance. The rheology-modified polyolefin elastomers of the present disclosure achieve balance of peroxide curing, processability, and the possibility of using lower curative additive levels to reach the required peroxide curing response.
[0007] According to one or more embodiments, a process for preparing a rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer comprises forming a first composition comprising a polyolefin elastomer and from 0.01 wt%to 0.3 wt%of an organic peroxide, based on a combined weight of the polyolefin elastomer and the organic peroxide, and decomposing at least 75 wt%of the organic peroxide in the first composition, wherein the polyolefin elastomer has a density from 0.860 to 0.900 g / cc, greater than or equal to 0.2 vinyls per 1000 carbons, and a melt index (I2) of 0.5 to 50 dg / min.
[0008] In some embodiments, the polyolefin elastomer is prepared by solution polymerizing ethylene, and optionally an α-olefin comonomer, in the presence of a procatalyst having the following Structure (I) :
[0009] wherein: M is Zr or Hf, the metal being in a formal oxidation state of +2, +3, or +4; n is 0, 1, or 2; when n is 1, X is a monodentate ligand or a bidentate ligand; when n is 2, each X is an independently chosen monodentate ligand; the procatalyst is overall charge-neutral; at least one of R1 and R16 is selected from the group consisting of Structure (II) , Structure (III) , and Structure (IV) :
[0010] In Structure (II) , Structure (III) , and Structure (IV) , R31–35, R41–48, and R51–59 are independently chosen from –H, C1–C40 hydrocarbyl, C1–C40 heterohydrocarbyl, -Si (RC) 3, -Ge (RC) 3, -P (RP) 2, -N (RN) 2, -ORC, -SRC, -NO2, -CN, -CF3, RCS (O) -, RCS (O) 2-, (RC) 2C=N-, RCC (O) O-, RCOC (O) -, RCC (O) N (RN) -, (RC) 2NC (O) -, or halogen, wherein RC is independently selected from C1–C40 hydrocarbyl; R3 and R14 are independently C1–C40 hydrocarbyl or hydrogen; R6 and R11 are independently C1–C40 hydrocarbyl or hydrogen; R2, R4, R5, R7, R8, R9, R10, R12, R13, and R15 are independently selected from the group consisting of a C1–C40 hydrocarbyl, C1–C40 heterohydrocarbyl, -Si (RC) 3, halogen atom, hydrogen atom, and combinations thereof; R17 and R18 are independently C1–C3 hydrocarbylene; and R19 and R20 are independently C1–C40 hydrocarbyl or hydrogen.
[0011] In some embodiments, the polyolefin elastomer is prepared using Al-based chain transfer agent (CTA) beta-hydride elimination technology.
[0012] Further embodiments are directed to a cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulation comprising a rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer described herein and from 0.1 wt%to 2 wt%of a second organic peroxide, based on a combined weight of the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer and the second organic peroxide.
[0013] Additional features and advantages will be set forth in the detailed description, which follows, and in part will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from that description or recognized by practicing the embodiments described herein, including the detailed description which follows and the claims.
[0014] It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description describe various embodiments and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the claimed subject matter.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0015] Specific embodiments of the present application will now be described. The disclosure may be embodied in different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth in this disclosure. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the subject matter to those skilled in the art.DEFINITIONS
[0016] Unless stated to the contrary, implicit from the context, or customary in the art, all parts and percentages are based on weight, and all test methods are current as of the filing date of this disclosure.
[0017] The term “polymer” as used herein, refers to a polymeric compound prepared by polymerizing monomers, whether of the same or a different type. The generic term polymer includes the term homopolymer (employed to refer to polymers prepared from only one type of monomer, with the understanding that trace amounts of impurities can be incorporated into the polymer structure) , and the term interpolymer as defined hereinafter. Trace amounts of impurities, such as catalyst residues, can be incorporated into and / or within the polymer. Typically, a polymer is stabilized with very low amounts ( “ppm” amounts) of one or more stabilizers.
[0018] The term “interpolymer” as used herein, refers to a polymer prepared by the polymerization of at least two different types of monomers. The term interpolymer thus includes the term copolymer (employed to refer to polymers prepared from two different types of monomers) and polymers prepared from more than two different types of monomers.
[0019] The term “polyolefin” as used herein, refers to a polymer that comprises, in polymerized form, 50 wt. %or a majority weight percent of an olefin, such as ethylene or propylene (based on the weight of the polymer) , and optionally may comprise one or more comonomers.
[0020] The terms “ethylene-based polymer” or “polyethylene” as used herein, refers to a polymer that comprises, in polymerized form, 50 wt. %or a majority weight percent of ethylene (based on the weight of the polymer) , and optionally may comprise one or more comonomers.
[0021] The term, “ethylene / alpha-olefin copolymer” as used herein, refers to a copolymer that comprises, in polymerized form, 50 wt. %or a majority weight percent of ethylene (based on the weight of the copolymer) , and an alpha-olefin, as the only two monomer types. Preferably, the ethylene / alpha-olefin copolymer is a random copolymer (i.e., comprises a random distribution of its monomeric constituents) .
[0022] As used herein, “unimodal” refers to a molecular weight distribution (MWD) indicated by a Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) curve that exhibits a single peak, which is defined by a single positive inflection point where derivative values of the GPC curve for the MWD go from positive to negative as the log (molecular weight) increases within a range from 2 to 8, further 3 to 7. Preferably, the resin has Mw / Mn less than about 3.5, further less than 2.8. More preferably, resin composition is the result of a single reactor, single catalyst polymerization process.
[0023] As used herein, the term “rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer” refers a polyolefin elastomer that has undergone reaction that increases the degree of long chain branching. For example, a rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer may be formed by reaction compounding a polyolefin elastomer with a peroxide, e.g., by melt blending, such that the peroxide acts as a rheology modifying agent by, for example, increasing the degree of long chain branching (LCB) in the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer to an extent that is greater than the degree of LCB in the base polyolefin elastomer prior to peroxide modification, but without inducing crosslinking such that the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer is still melt processable (i.e., it is not thermoset) . As discussed in more detail below, non-limiting examples of suitable melt blending processes include a batch mixing process and a continuous extrusion process. The base polyolefin elastomer may be an ethylene / alpha-olefin copolymer, as described in detail below.
[0024] The term “cross-linked composition” or “cross-linked polyolefin elastomer” as used herein, refers to a composition that has a network structure due to the formation of chemical bonds between polymer chains. The degree of formation of this network structure is indicated by an increase in the “MH-ML” differential, relative to the non-cross-linked composition. A cross-linked composition typically has a gel content ≥ 50 wt%, further ≥ 60 wt%, further ≥70 wt%, further ≥ 80 wt%, based on the weight of the cross-linked composition. See Gel Test below.
[0025] The term “long chain branch, ” as used herein, refers to a chain length greater than that resulting from the incorporation of the comonomer into the polymer backbone. Furthermore, the term “long chain branch” refers to a chain length of at least one carbon more than a short chain branch, and “short chain branch, ” as used herein, refers to a chain length of two carbons less than the number of carbons in the comonomer. For example, an ethylene / 1-octene interpolymer with short and long chain branching has backbones with long chain branches of at least seven (7) carbons in length, but these backbones also have short chain branches of only six (6) carbons in length.
[0026] The term “independently selected” followed by multiple options is used herein to indicate that the individual R groups appearing before the term, such as R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and RC can be identical or different, without dependency on the identity of any other group also appearing before the term.
[0027] The term “procatalyst” refers to a compound that has catalytic activity when combined with an activator. The term “activator” refers to a compound that chemically reacts with a procatalyst in a manner that converts the procatalyst to a catalytically active catalyst. As used herein, the term “activating co-catalyst” and “activator” are interchangeable terms.
[0028] When used to describe certain carbon atom-containing chemical groups, a parenthetical expression having the form “ (Cx–Cy) ” means that the unsubstituted form of the chemical group has from x carbon atoms to y carbon atoms, inclusive of x and y. For example, a (C1–C30) alkyl is an alkyl group having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms in its unsubstituted form. In some embodiments and general structures, certain chemical groups may be substituted by one or more substituents such as RS. An RS substituted version of a chemical group defined using the “ (Cx–Cy) ” parenthetical may contain more than y carbon atoms depending on the identity of any groups RS. For example, a “ (C1–C50) alkyl substituted with exactly one group RS, where RS is phenyl (-C6H5) ” may contain from 7 to 56 carbon atoms. Thus, in general when a chemical group defined using the “ (Cx–Cy) ” parenthetical is substituted by one or more carbon atom-containing substituents RS, the minimum and maximum total number of carbon atoms of the chemical group is determined by adding to both x and y the combined sum of the number of carbon atoms from all of the carbon atom-containing substituents RS.
[0029] The term “substitution” means that at least one hydrogen atom (–H) bonded to a carbon atom or heteroatom of a corresponding unsubstituted compound or functional group is replaced by a substituent (e.g., RS) . The term “persubstitution” means that every hydrogen atom (H) bonded to a carbon atom or heteroatom of a corresponding unsubstituted compound or functional group is replaced by a substituent (e.g., RS) . The term “polysubstitution” means that at least two, but fewer than all, hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms or heteroatoms of a corresponding unsubstituted compound or functional group are replaced by a substituent. The term “–H” means a hydrogen or hydrogen radical that is covalently bonded to another atom. When describing chemical structures of various compounds, “hydrogen” and “–H” are interchangeable, and unless clearly specified have identical meanings.
[0030] The term “ (C1–C40) hydrocarbyl” means a hydrocarbon radical of from 1 to 40 carbon atoms and the term “ (C1–C40) hydrocarbylene” means a hydrocarbon diradical of from 1 to 40 carbon atoms, in which each hydrocarbon radical and each hydrocarbon diradical is aromatic or non-aromatic, saturated or unsaturated, straight chain or branched chain, cyclic (having three carbons or more, and including mono-and poly-cyclic, fused and non-fused polycyclic, and bicyclic) or acyclic, and substituted by one or more RS or unsubstituted. Examples of (C1–C40) hydrocarbyl are unsubstituted or substituted (C1–C30) alkyl, (C3–C30) cycloalkyl, (C3–C20) cycloalkyl- (C1–C10) alkylene, (C6–C30) aryl, or (C6–C20) aryl- (C1-C10) alkylene (such as benzyl (-CH2-C6H5) ) . Examples of (C1-C40) hydrocarbylene include unsubstituted or substituted (C6-C40) arylene, (C3-C40) cycloalkylene, and (C1-C40) alkylene (e.g., (C1-C20) alkylene) . The diradicals may be on the same carbon atom (e.g., -CH2-) or on adjacent carbon atoms (i.e., 1, 2-diradicals) , or are spaced apart by one, two, or more than two intervening carbon atoms (e.g., 1, 3-diradicals, 1, 4-diradicals, etc. ) . Some diradicals include 1, 2-, 1, 3-, 1, 4-, or an α, ω-diradical, and others a 1, 2-diradical. The α, ω-diradical is a diradical that has maximum carbon backbone spacing between the radical carbons. Some examples of (C2-C20) alkylene α, ω-diradicals include ethan-1, 2-diyl (i.e. -CH2CH2-) , propan-1, 3-diyl (i.e. -CH2CH2CH2-) , 2-methylpropan-1, 3-diyl (i.e. -CH2CH (CH3) CH2-) . Some examples of (C6-C40) arylene α, ω-diradicals include phenyl-1, 4-diyl, napthalen-2, 6-diyl, or napthalen-3, 7-diyl.
[0031] The term “ (C1-C12) alkyl” means a saturated straight or branched hydrocarbon radical of from 1 to 12 carbon atoms that is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more RS. Other alkyl groups (e.g., (Cx-Cy) alkyl) are defined in an analogous manner as having from x to y carbon atoms and being either unsubstituted or substituted with one or more RS. Examples of unsubstituted (C1-C12) alkyl are unsubstituted (C1-C10) alkyl; unsubstituted (C1-C6) alkyl; unsubstituted (C1-C3) alkyl; methyl; ethyl; 1-propyl; 2-propyl; 1-butyl; 2-butyl; 2-methylpropyl; 1, 1-dimethylethyl; 1-pentyl; 1-hexyl; 1-heptyl; 1-nonyl; and 1-decyl. Examples of substituted (C1-C12) alkyl are substituted (C1-C6) alkyl (such as benzyl (-CH2-C6H5) ) , substituted (C1-C10) alkyl, trifluoromethyl, and [C10] alkyl. The term “ [C10] alkyl” means there is a maximum of 10 carbon atoms in the radical, including substituents, and is, for example, a (C2-C5) alkyl substituted by one RS, which is a (C1-C5) alkyl, respectively. Each (C1-C5) alkyl may be methyl, trifluoromethyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 1-methylethyl, or 1, 1-dimethylethyl.
[0032] The term “ (C3-C30) cycloalkyl” means a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon radical of from 3 to 30 carbon atoms that is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more RS. Other cycloalkyl groups (e.g., (Cx-Cy) cycloalkyl) are defined in an analogous manner as having from x to y carbon atoms and being either unsubstituted or substituted with one or more RS. Examples of unsubstituted (C3-C40) cycloalkyl are unsubstituted (C3-C20) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (C3-C10) cycloalkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, and cyclodecyl. Examples of substituted (C3-C30) cycloalkyl are substituted (C3-C20) cycloalkyl, substituted (C3-C10) cycloalkyl, cyclopentanon-2-yl, and 1-fluorocyclohexyl.
[0033] The term “ (C1-C40) alkylene” means a saturated straight chain or branched chain diradical (i.e., the radicals are not on ring atoms) of from 1 to 40 carbon atoms that is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more RS. Other alkylenee groups (e.g., (Cx-Cy) alkylene) are defined in an analogous manner as having from x to y carbon atoms and being either unsubstituted or substituted with one or more RS. Examples of unsubstituted (C1-C40) alkylene are unsubstituted (C1-C20) alkylene, including unsubstituted -CH2CH2-, - (CH2) 3-, - (CH2) 4-, - (CH2) 5-, - (CH2) 6-, - (CH2) 7-, - (CH2) 8-, -CH2C*HCH3, and - (CH2) 4C* (H) (CH3) , in which “C*” denotes a carbon atom from which a hydrogen atom is removed to form a secondary or tertiary alkyl radical. Examples of substituted (C1-C40) alkylene are substituted (C1-C20) alkylene, -CF2-, -C (O) -, and - (CH2) 14C (CH3) 2 (CH2) 5- (i.e., a 6, 6-dimethyl substituted normal-1, 20-eicosylene) . Since as mentioned previously two RS may be taken together to form a (C1-C18) alkylene, examples of substituted (C1-C40) alkylene also include l, 2-bis (methylene) cyclopentane, 1, 2-bis (methylene) cyclohexane, 2, 3-bis (methylene) -7, 7-dimethyl-bicyclo [2.2.1] heptane, and 2, 3-bis (methylene) bicyclo [2.2.2] octane.
[0034] The term “ (C6-C30) aryl” means an unsubstituted or substituted (by one or more RS) mono-, bi-or tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon radical of from 6 to 30 carbon atoms, of which at least from 6 to 14 of the carbon atoms are aromatic ring carbon atoms. Other aryl groups (e.g., (Cx-Cy) aryl) are defined in an analogous manner as having from x to y carbon atoms and being either unsubstituted or substituted with one or more RS. A monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon radical includes one aromatic ring; a bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbon radical has two rings; and a tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon radical has three rings. When the bicyclic or tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon radical is present, at least one of the rings of the radical is aromatic. The other ring or rings of the aromatic radical may be independently fused or non-fused and aromatic or non-aromatic. Examples of unsubstituted (C6-C30) aryl include: unsubstituted (C6-C20) aryl, unsubstituted (C6-C18) aryl; 2- (C1-C5) alkyl-phenyl; phenyl; fluorenyl; tetrahydrofluorenyl; indacenyl; hexahydroindacenyl; indenyl; dihydroindenyl; naphthyl; tetrahydronaphthyl; and phenanthrene. Examples of substituted (C6-C40) aryl include: substituted (C1-C20) aryl; substituted (C6-C18) aryl; 2, 4-bis ( [C20] alkyl) -phenyl; polyfluorophenyl; pentafluorophenyl; and fluoren-9-one-l-yl.
[0035] The term “ (C3-C40) cycloalkylene” means a cyclic diradical (i.e., the radicals are on ring atoms) of from 3 to 40 carbon atoms that is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more RS. Other cycloalkylene groups (e.g., (Cx-Cy) cycloalkylene) are defined in an analogous manner as having from x to y carbon atoms and being either unsubstituted or substituted with one or more RS.
[0036] The term “heteroatom” refers to an atom other than hydrogen or carbon. Examples of groups containing one or more than one heteroatom include O, S, S (O) , S (O) 2, Si (RC) 2, P (RP) , N (RN) , -N=C (RC) 2, -Ge (RC) 2-, or -Si (RC) -, where each RC and each RP is unsubstituted (C1-C18) hydrocarbyl or -H, and where each RN is unsubstituted (C1-C18) hydrocarbyl. The term “heterohydrocarbon” refers to a molecule or molecular framework in which one or more carbon atoms of a hydrocarbon are replaced with a heteroatom.
[0037] The term “ (C1-C40) heterohydrocarbyl” means a heterohydrocarbon radical of from 1 to 40 carbon atoms, and the term “ (C1-C40) heterohydrocarbylene” means a heterohydrocarbon diradical of from 1 to 40 carbon atoms. The heterohydrocarbon of the (C1-C40) heterohydrocarbyl or the (C1-C40) heterohydrocarbylene has one or more heteroatoms. The radical of the heterohydrocarbyl may be on a carbon atom or a heteroatom. The two radicals of the heterohydrocarbylene may be on a single carbon atom or on a single heteroatom. Additionally, one of the two radicals of the diradical may be on a carbon atom and the other radical may be on a different carbon atom; one of the two radicals may be on a carbon atom and the other on a heteroatom; or one of the two radicals may be on a heteroatom and the other radical on a different heteroatom. Each (C1-C40) heterohydrocarbyl and (C1-C40) heterohydrocarbylene may be unsubstituted or substituted (by one or more RS) , aromatic or non-aromatic, saturated or unsaturated, straight chain or branched chain, cyclic (including mono-and poly-cyclic, fused and non-fused polycyclic) , or acyclic. Other heterohydrocarbyl groups (e.g., (Cx-Cy) heterohydrocarbyl) are defined in an analogous manner as having from x to y carbon atoms and being either unsubstituted or substituted with one or more RS.
[0038] The (C1-C40) heterohydrocarbyl may be unsubstituted or substituted. Non-limiting examples of the (C1-C40) heterohydrocarbyl include (C1-C40) heteroalkyl, (C1-C40) hydrocarbyl-O-, (C1-C40) hydrocarbyl-S-, (C1-C40) hydrocarbyl-S (O) -, (C1-C40) hydrocarbyl-S (O) 2-, (C1-C40) hydrocarbyl-Si (RC) 2-, (Cl-C40) hydrocarbyl-N (RN) -, (Cl-C40) hydrocarbyl-P (RP) -, (C2-C40) heterocycloalkyl, (C2-C20) heterocycloalkyl-(C1-C10) alkylene, (C3-C20) cycloalkyl- (C1-C10) heteroalkylene, (C2-C20) heterocycloalkyl-(C1-C10) heteroalkylene, (C1-C30) heteroaryl, (C1-C20) heteroaryl- (C1-C10) alkylene, (C6-C20) aryl- (C1-C10) heteroalkylene, or (C1-C20) heteroaryl- (C1-C10) heteroalkylene.
[0039] The term “ (C3-C30) heteroaryl” means an unsubstituted or substituted (by one or more RS) mono-, bi-, or tricyclic heteroaromatic hydrocarbon radical of from 3 to 50 total carbon atoms and from 1 to 10 heteroatoms. A monocyclic heteroaromatic hydrocarbon radical includes one heteroaromatic ring; a bicyclic heteroaromatic hydrocarbon radical has two rings; and a tricyclic heteroaromatic hydrocarbon radical has three rings. When the bicyclic or tricyclic heteroaromatic hydrocarbon radical is present, at least one of the rings in the radical is heteroaromatic. The other ring or rings of the heteroaromatic radical may be independently fused or non-fused and aromatic or non-aromatic. Other heteroaryl groups (e.g., (Cx-Cy) heteroaryl generally, such as (C4-C12) heteroaryl) are defined in an analogous manner as having from x to y carbon atoms (such as 4 to 12 carbon atoms) and being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more than one RS. The monocyclic heteroaromatic hydrocarbon radical is a 5-membered ring or a 6-membered ring. The 5-membered ring has 5 minus h carbon atoms, wherein h is the number of heteroatoms and may be 1, 2, or 3; and each heteroatom may be O, S, N, or P. Examples of 5-membered ring heteroaromatic hydrocarbon radicals include pyrrol-1-yl; pyrrol-2-yl; furan-3-yl; thiophen-2-yl; pyrazol-1-yl; isoxazol-2-yl; isothiazol-5-yl; imidazol-2-yl; oxazol-4-yl; thiazol-2-yl; 1, 2, 4-triazol-1-yl; 1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-yl; 1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl; tetrazol-1-yl; tetrazol-2-yl; and tetrazol-5-yl. The 6-membered ring has 6 minus h carbon atoms, wherein h is the number of heteroatoms and may be 1 or 2 and the heteroatoms may be N or P. Examples of 6-membered ring heteroaromatic hydrocarbon radicals include pyridine-2-yl; pyrimidin-2-yl; and pyrazin-2-yl. The bicyclic heteroaromatic hydrocarbon radical can be a fused 5, 6-or 6, 6-ring system. Examples of the fused 5, 6-ring system bicyclic heteroaromatic hydrocarbon radical are indol-1-yl; and benzimidazole-1-yl. Examples of the fused 6, 6-ring system bicyclic heteroaromatic hydrocarbon radical are quinolin-2-yl; and isoquinolin-1-yl. The tricyclic heteroaromatic hydrocarbon radical can be a fused 5, 6, 5-; 5, 6, 6-; 6, 5, 6-; or 6, 6, 6-ring system. An example of the fused 5, 6, 5-ring system is 1, 7-dihydropyrrolo [3, 2-f] indol-1-yl. An example of the fused 5, 6, 6-ring system is 1H-benzo [f] indol-1-yl. An example of the fused 6, 5, 6-ring system is 9H-carbazol-9-yl. An example of the fused 6, 6, 6-ring system is acrydin-9-yl.
[0040] The term “ (C1-C40) heteroalkyl” means a saturated straight or branched chain radicals containing one to fifty carbon atoms, or fewer carbon atoms and one or more of the heteroatoms. The term “ (C1-C40) heteroalkylene” means a saturated straight or branched chain diradicals containing from 1 to 40 carbon atoms and one or more than one heteroatoms. The heteroatoms of the heteroalkyls or the heteroalkylenes may include Si (RC) 3, Ge (RC) 3, Si (RC) 2, Ge (RC) 2, P (RP) 2, P (RP) , N (RN) 2, N (RN) , N, O, ORC, S, SRC, S (O) , and S (O) 2, wherein each of the heteroalkyl and heteroalkylene groups are unsubstituted or are substituted by one or more RS.
[0041] Examples of unsubstituted (C2-C40) heterocycloalkyl include unsubstituted (C2-C20) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (C2-C10) heterocycloalkyl, aziridin-l-yl, oxetan-2-yl, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, pyrrolidin-l-yl, tetrahydrothiophen-S, S-dioxide-2-yl, morpholin-4-yl, 1, 4-dioxan-2-yl, hexahydroazepin-4-yl, 3-oxa-cyclooctyl, 5-thio-cyclononyl, and 2-aza-cyclodecyl.
[0042] The term “halogen atom” or “halogen” means the radical of a fluorine atom (F) , chlorine atom (Cl) , bromine atom (Br) , or iodine atom (I) . The term “halide” means the anionic form of the halogen atom: fluoride (F-) , chloride (Cl-) , bromide (Br-) , or iodide (I-) .
[0043] The term “saturated” means lacking carbon–carbon double bonds, carbon–carbon triple bonds, and (in heteroatom-containing groups) carbon–nitrogen, carbon–phosphorous, and carbon–silicon double bonds. Where a saturated chemical group is substituted by one or more substituents RS, one or more double and / or triple bonds optionally may or may not be present in substituents RS. The term “unsaturated” means containing one or more carbon–carbon double bonds, carbon–carbon triple bonds, or (in heteroatom-containing groups) one or more carbon–nitrogen, carbon–phosphorous, or carbon–silicon double bonds, not including double bonds that may be present in substituents RS, if any, or in (hetero) aromatic rings, if any.
[0044] The terms “comprising” , “including” , “having” , and their derivatives, are not intended to exclude the presence of any additional component, step or procedure, whether the same is specifically disclosed. In order to avoid any doubt, all compositions claimed through use of the term “comprising” may include any additional additive, adjuvant, or compound, whether polymeric or otherwise, unless stated to the contrary. In contrast, the term, “consisting essentially of” excludes from the scope of any succeeding recitation any other component, step or procedure, excepting those that are not essential to operability. The term “consisting of” excludes any component, step or procedure, not specifically delineated or listed.EMBODIMENTS
[0045] Process for Producing Polyolefin Elastomer
[0046] The polyolefin elastomers described herein and their desirable properties of high vinyl content, long chain branching, and chain-end unsaturation are attributed in part to the process of producing the polyolefin elastomer. In one or more embodiments, the polyolefin elastomer is prepared by solution polymerizing ethylene, and optionally an α-olefin comonomer, in the presence of a procatalyst having the following Structure (I) : wherein: M is Zr or Hf, the metal being in a formal oxidation state of +2, +3, or +4; n is 0, 1, or 2; when n is 1, X is a monodentate ligand or a bidentate ligand; when n is 2, each X is an independently chosen monodentate ligand; the procatalyst is overall charge-neutral; at least one of R1 and R16 is selected from the group consisting of Structure (II) , Structure (III) , and Structure (IV) :
[0047] In Structure (II) , Structure (III) , and Structure (IV) , R31–35, R41–48, and R51–59 are independently chosen from –H, C1–C40 hydrocarbyl, C1–C40 heterohydrocarbyl, -Si (RC) 3, -Ge (RC) 3, -P (RP) 2, -N (RN) 2, -ORC, -SRC, -NO2, -CN, -CF3, RCS (O) -, RCS (O) 2-, (RC) 2C=N-, RCC (O) O-, RCOC (O) -, RCC (O) N (RN) -, (RC) 2NC (O) -, or halogen, wherein RC is independently selected from C1–C40 hydrocarbyl; R3 and R14 are independently C1–C40 hydrocarbyl or hydrogen; R6 and R11 are independently C1–C40 hydrocarbyl or hydrogen; R2, R4, R5, R7, R8, R9, R10, R12, R13, and R15 are independently selected from the group consisting of a C1–C40 hydrocarbyl, C1–C40 heterohydrocarbyl, -Si (RC) 3, halogen atom, hydrogen atom, and combinations thereof; R17 and R18 are independently C1–C3 hydrocarbylene; and R19 and R20 are independently C1–C40 hydrocarbyl or hydrogen.
[0048] In some embodiments, R1 and R16 are each Structure (III) : wherein R41–48 are independently chosen from –H or C1–C6 alkyl.
[0049] In some embodiments, M is Zr.
[0050] In some embodiments, R3 and R14 are independently C1–C12 alkyl.
[0051] In some embodiments, R6 and R11 are independently C1–C12 alkyl.
[0052] In some embodiments, R3, R6, R11, and R14 are independently C6–C11 alkyl.
[0053] In some embodiments, R17 and R18 are -CH2-.
[0054] In some embodiments, R19 and R20 are independently C2–C10 alkyl.
[0055] In some embodiments, R2, R4, R5, R7, R8, R9, R10, R12, R13, and R15 are hydrogen atoms.
[0056] Moreover, the polymerizing may also occur in the presence of a cocatalyst, of which various compositions are considered suitable. In one embodiment, the cocatalyst comprises an alumoxane. In specific embodiments, the cocatalyst is a modified methylalumoxane (MMAO) .
[0057] Polyolefin elastomers of the present disclosure may also be prepared using Al-based chain transfer agent (CTA) beta-hydride elimination technology. For example, in embodiments, polyolefin elastomers of the present disclosure may be prepared as an unsaturated polyolefin of the formula A1L1, by the following process: 1) combining starting materials comprising (a1) a monomer component, (b1) a chain transfer agent component, and (c1) a catalyst component comprising a procatalyst to form a solution and polymerizing from greater than 10 mol%to less than or equal to 99 mol%of the (a1) monomer component in the solution; 2) heating the solution; and 3) recovering a product comprising the polyolefin elastomer comprising the unsaturated polyolefin of the formula A1L1, wherein: the (b1) chain transfer agent component comprises an aluminum alkyl of the formula Al (d) 3, and d at each occurrence independently is a C1 to C10 alkyl group; L1 is a polyolefin; A1 is selected from the group consisting of a vinyl group, a vinylidene group of the formula CH2=C (Y1) –, a vinylene group of the formula Y1CH=CH–, a mixture of a vinyl group and a vinylene group of the formula Y1CH=CH–, a mixture of a vinyl group and a vinylidene group of the formula CH2=C (Y1) –, a mixture of a vinylidene group of the formula CH2=C (Y1) –and a vinylene group of the formula Y1CH=CH–, and a mixture of a vinyl group, a vinylidene group of the formula CH2=C (Y1) –, and a vinylene group of the formula Y1CH=CH–; and Y1 at each occurrence independently is a C1 to C30 hydrocarbyl group. Additional details regarding Al-based chain transfer agent (CTA) beta-hydride elimination technology, and polyolefin elastomers produced therefrom, may be found in PCT Publications WO2020140067A1, WO2020140058A1, and WO2011102989A1, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[0058] In embodiments, the procatalyst used in the above-described process for producing polyolefin elastomers using Al-based chain transfer agent (CTA) beta-hydride elimination technology may have the following structure (V) :
[0059] In embodiments, the chain transfer agent used in the above-described process for producing polyolefin elastomers using Al-based chain transfer agent (CTA) beta-hydride elimination technology may comprise triethylaluminum.
[0060] Various polymerization conditions are considered suitable. For example, the polymerizing may occur in one reactor or multiple reactors. Various reactors are considered suitable, for example, loop reactors or continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) . In some embodiments, the above-described catalyst activates the solution polymerization process in a single reactor. The solution polymerization process may occur at a temperature above 120 ℃, above 150 ℃, above 170 ℃, or above 180 ℃. Moreover, the solution polymerization process may occur at a pressure above 30 bar (3 MPa) , or above 40 bar (4 MPa) . Various hydrocarbon solvents are considered suitable for the solution polymerization. In one embodiment, the solvent is an isoparaffinic solvent.
[0061] The polyolefin elastomer produced by the solution polymerization process may be an ethylene / alpha-olefin copolymer, for example, an ethylene / alpha-olefin random copolymer. The alpha-olefin comonomers include the C4–C12 comonomers described above. The produced ethylene-based polymer may be the polyolefin elastomer as defined above, specifically, a polyolefin elastomer comprising: a density from 0.860 to 0.900 g / cc; a melt index (I2) of 0.5 to 50 dg / min, wherein I2 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 2.16 kg) ; and greater than or equal to 0.2 vinyls per 1000 carbons. In some embodiments, the polyolefin elastomer may have an I10 / I2 greater than or equal to 8.5, wherein I10 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 10 kg) , a percentage of vinyls in the total unsaturation is greater than or equal to 50%, and an oligomer level less than 5000 ppm.
[0062] Polyolefin Elastomer
[0063] Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer prepared by forming a first composition comprising a polyolefin elastomer and from 0.01 wt%to 0.3 wt%of an organic peroxide, based on a combined weight of the polyolefin elastomer and the organic peroxide, and decomposing at least 75 wt%of the organic peroxide in the first composition, wherein the polyolefin elastomer has a density from 0.860 to 0.900 g / cc, greater than or equal to 0.2 vinyls per 1000 carbons, and a melt index (I2) of 0.5 to 50 dg / min.
[0064] The polyolefin elastomer may comprise an ethylene-based polymer comprising the polymerized reaction product of ethylene and a C4-C12 alpha-olefin comonomer. In some embodiments, the ethylene-based polymer is an ethylene / alpha-olefin random copolymer. In some embodiments, the ethylene-based polymer is a unimodal ethylene / alpha-olefin random copolymer. The C4-C12 alpha-olefin comonomer may include various alpha-olefin comonomers, for example, 1-butene, 1-hexene, and 1-octene. In one embodiment, the alpha-olefin comonomer comprises 1-octene.
[0065] The polyolefin elastomer used for forming the first composition of the processes described herein may have a density of from 0.860 to 0.900 g / cc, from 0.860 to 0.880 g / cc, or from 0.865 to 0.875 g / cc.
[0066] The polyolefin elastomer used for forming the first composition of the processes described herein may have a melt index (I2) of from 0.5 to 50 dg / min, wherein I2 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 2.16 kg) , and in further embodiments, may include an melt index (I2) from 0.5 to 45 dg / min, from 0.5 to 40 dg / min, from 0.5 to 35 dg / min, from 0.5 to 32 dg / min, or from 0.5 to 30 dg / min. In some embodiments, the polyolefin elastomer may have a melt index (I2) greater than or equal to 0.5 and less than 12 dg / min, greater than or equal to 1.0 and less than 12 dg / min, greater than or equal to 2.0 and less than 12 dg / min, greater than or equal to 3.0 and less than 12 dg / min, or greater than or equal to 4.0 and less than 12 dg / min. In some embodiments, the polyolefin elastomer may have a melt index (I2) greater than or equal to 12 and less than or equal to 50 dg / min, greater than or equal to 12 and less than or equal to 45 dg / min, greater than or equal to 12 and less than or equal to 40 dg / min, greater than or equal to 12 and less than or equal to 35 dg / min, or greater than or equal to 12 and less than or equal to 30 dg / min.
[0067] In some embodiments, the melt index (I2) of the polyolefin elastomer may have ranges extending from a lower limit of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0, 11.0, or 12.0 dg / min to an upper limit of 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0, 11.0, 12.0, 13.0, 14.0, 15.0, 16.0, 17.0 18.0, 20.0, 25.0, 30.0, 35.0, 40.0, 45.0, or 50 dg / min, such as, for example from 1.0 to 25 dg / min, from 2.0 to 20 dg / min, or from 3 to 18 dg / min.
[0068] The polyolefin elastomer may have an I10 / I2 greater than or equal to 8, wherein I10 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 10 kg) , and in further embodiments, may include an I10 / I2 of 8 to 20, from 8 to 15, from 8 to 12, or from 8 to 11, or from 9 to 11, or from 9.5 to 11. Without being limited to theory, this I10 / I2 range correlates to increased long chain branching which aids in the processability of the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomers made from such a base polyolefin elastomer.
[0069] The polyolefin elastomer may have a high vinyl unsaturation as demonstrated by having greater than or equal to 0.2 vinyls per 1000 carbons, and in further embodiments may include 0.2 to 1 vinyls per 1000 carbons, from 0.2 to 0.8 vinyls per 1000 carbons, or from 0.2 to 0.6 vinyls per 1000 carbons.
[0070] The polyolefin elastomer may include greater than 0.2 unsaturations per 1000 carbons, or greater than 0.3 unsaturations per 1000 carbons, and in further embodiments may include from 0.35 to 2 unsaturations per 1000 carbons, from 0.35 to 1 unsaturations per 1000 carbons, or from 0.40 to 0.80 unsaturations per 1000 carbons.
[0071] Moreover, the percentage of vinyls in the total unsaturation of the polyolefin elastomer may be at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, or at least 70%.
[0072] Additionally, the polyolefin elastomer may have an oligomer level less than 5000 ppm, and in further embodiments may have an oligomer level less than 4500 ppm, less than 4000 ppm, less than 3500 ppm, less than 3000 ppm, or less than 2500 ppm, less than 2000 ppm, less than 1500 ppm, less than 1000 ppm, less than 500 ppm, less than 250 ppm, or less than 200 ppm. Without being bound by theory, the present polyolefin elastomer may have a high vinyl level on the chain-end and low oligomer level due to selection of catalyst and process conditions. In polymers with high vinyl level and high oligomer level, there can be a high level of oligomers (low Mw components) with vinyl chain ends, which result in low cross-linking efficiency.
[0073] Further, the polyolefin elastomers may have a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 20 to 30 kg / mol, or from 22 to 28 kg / mol, wherein Mn is measured in accordance with conventional Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) . The polyolefin elastomers may have a Mw / Mn of 2.0 to 3.0, from 2.4 to 3.0, or from 2.5 to 2.6, wherein Mw (weight average molecular weight) is measured in accordance with conventional GPC.
[0074] Moreover, the polyolefin elastomer may have a rheology ratio (V0.1 / V100) greater than 3 wherein V0.1 is the complex viscosity measured at 190 ℃ at an angular frequency of 0.1 radians / second, and V100 is the complex viscosity measured at 190 ℃ at an angular frequency of 100 radians / second. In further embodiments, the rheology ratio may be greater than 1.5, greater than 2 or greater than 4. Moreover, the rheology of the polyolefin elastomer may be characterized by the following equation: (V0.1 / V100) *I20.5, which further accounts for the effect of melt index. When applying this equation, the polyolefin elastomer may have a value of greater than 7.5 (dg / min) 0.5, greater than 8 (dg / min) 0.5, greater than 10 (dg / min) 0.5, greater than 14 (dg / min) 0.5, greater than 16 (dg / min) 0.5, greater than 18 (dg / min) 0.5, or greater than 20 (dg / min) 0.5.
[0075] Process for Preparing Rheology-Modified Polyolefin Elastomer
[0076] Embodiments of the present disclosure are also directed to a process for preparing a rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer, the process comprising forming a first composition comprising a polyolefin elastomer and from 0.01 wt%to 0.3 wt%of an organic peroxide, based on a combined weight of the polyolefin elastomer and the organic peroxide, and decomposing at least 75 wt%of the organic peroxide in the first composition, wherein the polyolefin elastomer has a density from 0.860 to 0.900 g / cc, greater than or equal to 0.2 vinyls per 1000 carbons, and a melt index (I2) of 0.5 to 50 dg / min.
[0077] In embodiments, at least 75 wt%, at least 80 wt%, at least 85 wt%, at least 90 wt%, at least 91 wt%, at least 92 wt%, at least 93 wt%, at least 94 wt%, at least 95 wt%, at least 96 wt%, at least 97 wt%, at least 98 wt%, or at least 99 wt%of the organic peroxide in the first composition may be decomposed in the processes described herein for preparing a rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer.
[0078] Various organic peroxides may be used for the rheology modification processes described herein. Useful organic peroxides for rheology modification include, but are not limited to, peroxycarbonates, such as, for example, tert-amylperoxy-2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TAEC) ; and peroxyketals, such as, for example, 1, 1-di (tert-amylperoxy) cyclohexane. Examples of organic peroxides may include: t-butylperoxyisopropyl carbonate; tert-butylperoxy-2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TBEC) ; tert-amylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TAEC) ; 3, 6, 9-triethyl-3, 6, 9-trimethyl-1, 4, 7-triperoxonane (e.g., available from Nouryon as 301) ; tert-butylperoxyacetate; t-butylperoxybenzoate; dicumyl peroxide; 2, 5-dimethyl-2, 5-di (tert-butylperoxy) hexane; di-tert-butyl peroxide; 2, 5-dimethyl-2, 5-di- (tert-butyl-peroxy) hexyne-3; 1, 1-di- (t-butylperoxy) -3, 3, 5-trimethyl-cyclohexane; 1, 1-di- (tert-butylperoxy) cyclohexane; methyl ethyl ketone peroxide; 2, 5-dimethyl-hexyl-2, 5-diperoxybenzoate; tert-butyl hydroperoxide; p-menthane hydroperoxide; benzoyl peroxide; p-chlorobenzoyl peroxide; tert-butylperoxyisobutyrate; hydroxyheptyl peroxide; and dicyclohexanone peroxide.
[0079] In some embodiments, the organic peroxide used for rheology modification comprises one or more of tert-butylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TBEC) , tert-amylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TAEC) , 1, 1-di (tert-butylperoxy) cyclohexane (CH80) , 1, 1-di (tert-amylperoxy) cyclohexane, 3, 6, 9-triethyl-3, 6, 9-trimethyl-1, 4, 7-triperoxonane, and 1, 1-di- (t-butylperoxy) -3, 3, 5-trimethyl-cyclohexane.
[0080] In some embodiments, the first composition comprises from 0.01 wt%to 0.3 wt%of the organic peroxide, based on the combined weight of the polyolefin elastomer and the organic peroxide. In one or more embodiments, the first composition comprises from 0.01 wt%to 0.3 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.01 wt%to 0.25 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.01 wt%to 0.2 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.01 wt%to 0.18 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.01 wt%to 0.16 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.01 wt%to 0.14 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.01 wt%to 0.12 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.01 wt%to 0.1 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.02 wt%to 0.3 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.02 wt%to 0.25 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.02 wt%to 0.2 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.02 wt%to 0.18 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.02 wt%to 0.16 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.02 wt%to 0.14 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.02 wt%to 0.12 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.02 wt%to 0.1 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.03 wt%to 0.3 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.03 wt%to 0.25 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.03 wt%to 0.2 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.03 wt%to 0.18 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.03 wt%to 0.16 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.03 wt%to 0.14 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.03 wt%to 0.12 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.03 wt%to 0.1 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.04 wt%to 0.3 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.04 wt%to 0.25 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.04 wt%to 0.2 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.04 wt%to 0.18 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.04 wt%to 0.16 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.04 wt%to 0.14 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.04 wt%to 0.12 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.04 wt%to 0.1 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.05 wt%to 0.3 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.05 wt%to 0.25 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.05 wt%to 0.2 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.05 wt%to 0.18 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.05 wt%to 0.16 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.05 wt%to 0.14 wt%of the organic peroxide, from 0.05 wt%to 0.12 wt%of the organic peroxide, or from 0.05 wt%to 0.1 wt%of the organic peroxide, based on the combined weight of the polyolefin elastomer and the organic peroxide.
[0081] In one or more embodiments, forming the first composition comprises soaking the organic peroxide into pellets comprising the polyolefin elastomer, thereby forming peroxide-soaked polyolefin elastomer pellets. The soaking may be performed at a soaking temperature greater than or equal to 40 ℃ and less than or equal to 120 ℃, greater than or equal to 40 ℃ and less than or equal to 100 ℃, greater than or equal to 40 ℃ and less than or equal to 80 ℃, greater than or equal to 40 ℃ and less than or equal to 75 ℃, greater than or equal to 40 ℃ and less than or equal to 70 ℃, greater than or equal to 40 ℃ and less than or equal to 65 ℃, greater than or equal to 40 ℃ and less than or equal to 60 ℃, greater than or equal to 45 ℃ and less than or equal to 60 ℃, or greater than or equal to 45 ℃ and less than or equal to 55 ℃. The soaking may be performed for a soaking duration of greater than or equal to 0.5 hours, for example, greater than or equal to 0.5 hours and less than or equal to 12 hours, greater than or equal to 0.5 hours and less than or equal to 10 hours, greater than or equal to 0.5 hours and less than or equal to 8 hours, greater than or equal to 1 hour and less than or equal to 8 hours, greater than or equal to 2 hours and less than or equal to 8 hours, greater than or equal to 3 hours and less than or equal to 8 hours, greater than or equal to 4 hours and less than or equal to 8 hours, greater than or equal to 5 hours and less than or equal to 8 hours, or greater than or equal to 5 hours and less than or equal to 7 hours. In some embodiments, the soaking may be performed at a soaking temperature of greater than or equal to 40 ℃ and less than or equal to 80 ℃ for a soaking duration of greater than or equal to 0.5 hours.
[0082] In embodiments wherein forming the first composition comprises soaking the organic peroxide into pellets, decomposing at least 75 wt%of the organic peroxide in the first composition may comprise melt blending the peroxide-soaked polyolefin elastomer pellets. The melt blending of the peroxide-soaked polyolefin elastomer pellets may be used to initiate peroxide decomposition, which may be furthered using other processes such as by directly applying heat to the melt blended peroxide-soaked polyolefin elastomer pellets. In other embodiments, the melt blending may be the sole means for introducing heat for decomposing the peroxide. In some embodiments, melt blending the peroxide-soaked polyolefin elastomer pellets is performed at a melt blending temperature that is equal to an x-hour half-life temperature of the organic peroxide, and for a melt blending duration that is greater than or equal to 2x hours, so as to decompose at least 75 wt%of the organic peroxide in the first composition.
[0083] In one or more embodiments, forming the first composition may comprise adding, in any order, the polyolefin elastomer and the organic peroxide to a continuous or batch mixer, wherein decomposing at least 75 wt%of the organic peroxide in the first composition comprises melt blending the polyolefin elastomer and the organic peroxide. In some embodiments, the melt blending the polyolefin elastomer and the organic peroxide is performed at a melt blending temperature that is equal to an x-hour half-life temperature of the organic peroxide and for a melt blending duration that is greater than or equal to 2x hours.
[0084] The peroxide-soaked polyolefin elastomer pellets or the polyolefin elastomer and the organic peroxide of the first composition may be added to a batch or continuous mixer for melt blending to form a melt-blended composition. The components can be added in any order, or by first preparing one or more masterbatches for blending with the other components. The melt blending may be conducted at a temperature above the highest melting temperature of the polymers in the first composition. The melt-blended composition may then then delivered to an extruder or an injection-molding machine or passed through a die for shaping into the desired article, or converted to pellets, tape, strip, or film or some other form for storage or to prepare the material for feeding to a next shaping or processing step.
[0085] Examples of compounding equipment suitable for the processes described herein include internal batch mixers, such as a HAAKETM, BANBURYTM, or BOLLINGTM internal mixer. Alternatively, continuous single, or twin screw, mixers can be used, such as, for example, a FARRELLTM continuous mixer, a WERNERTM, or PFLEIDERERTM twin screw mixer, or a BUSSTM kneading continuous extruder.
[0086] Optionally, a free radical coagent may be used in the processes described herein for preparing rheology-modified polyolefin elastomers, e.g., during the compounding step as discussed in more detail below. The free radical coagent is a monomer or low molecular weight polymer having two or more functional groups with high response to free radicals. Typically, these functional groups are either methacrylate, allyl, or vinyl. The free radical coagent enhances the rheology modification of the peroxide.
[0087] Suitable free radical coagents for this application would include diallyl terephthalate, triallyl cyanurate (TAC) , triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) , 1, 2 polybutadiene, divinyl benzene, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, allyl methacrylate, N N′-m-phenylene bismaleimide, 1, 3, 5, 7-tetravinyl-1, 3, 5, 7-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (vinyl D4) , methyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, methyl methylacrylate, 4-acryloyloxy-2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxy (acrylate TEMPO) , 4-Allyoxy-2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxy (Allyl TEMPO) , Bis (2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy-4-yl) sebacate (Bis TEMPO) , styrene, α-methyl styrene, α-methyl styrene dimer (AMSD) , 1, 1-diphenylethylene (DPE) , N, N, N′, N′, N″, N″-hexaallyl-1, 3, 5-triazine-2, 4, 6-triamine, toluene bismaleimide-p-quinone dioxime, nitrobenzene, and diphenylguanidine.
[0088] The free radical coagent is suitably present in an amount that is within the range of from about 100 to about 10,000 parts per million by weight. The range is desirably from about 500 to about 5,000 parts, preferably from 1,000 to 3,000 parts per million by weight.
[0089] The peroxide and free radical coagent can be added by any conventional means. Illustrative procedures include imbibing it onto polymer pellets prior to compounding, adding it to polymer pellets as the pellets enter a compounding apparatus such as at the throat of an extruder, adding it to a polymer melt in a compounding apparatus such as a HAAKETM, BANBURYTM, or BOLLINGTM internal mixer, a FARRELLTM continuous mixer, a BUSSTM kneading continuous extruder, or injecting it into an extruder, at 100%active ingredients (i.e., neat) or optionally as a dispersion or solution in an oil, such as a processing oil, at a point where the extruder contents are molten.
[0090] Optionally, a second polyolefin elastomer may be used in the processes described herein for preparing a rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer. For example, a second polyolefin elastomer of different density, melt index, I10 / I2, vinyl content, unsaturation content, and / or vinyl percentage may be melt blended together with the polyolefin elastomer, peroxide, and optional free radical coagent.
[0091] The extent of peroxide decomposition in the processes described herein for preparing a rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer may be determined based on the decomposition kinetics of the peroxide used for rheology modification, the peroxide decomposition temperature (s) (e.g., melt blending temperature (s) ) , and the peroxide decomposition duration (s) (e.g., melt blending duration (s) ) at said peroxide decomposition temperature (s) . For example, in embodiments wherein tert-amylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TAEC) is used as the organic peroxide for rheology modification, which has a 0.1-hour half-life temperature of 134 ℃, melt blending the first composition comprising the TAEC at a melt blending temperature of at least 134 ℃ for a melt duration of at least 0.1 hour would cause at least 50 wt%of the TAEC to decompose. Melt blending for an additional 0.1 hour would cause at least 50 wt%of the TAEC remaining at the end of the first hour to decompose, such that at least 75 wt%of the original amount of TAEC has decomposed. In this example the x-hour half-life temperature is the 0.1-hour half-life temperature, and thus a 2x melt blending duration would be at least 0.2 hours.
[0092] However, in the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomers described herein, the extent of peroxide decomposition may be determined with or without reference to processing conditions, such as, for example, by measuring the amount of residual peroxide in the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer using capillary gas chromatography. This method uses gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization detection (FID) and may be performed using an AGILENT 6890 Plus GC with an AGILENT 7683 Series Injector. AGILENT EZChrom software may be used to collect and analyze data. Residual peroxide was extracted using methylene chloride. Once the residual peroxide is measured, extent of peroxide decomposition (wt%) may be calculated as 100 × [ (Initial Peroxide (g) -Residual Peroxide (g) ) / (Initial Peroxide (g) ) ] . It should be understood that the measured extent of peroxide decomposition may differ from the extent of peroxide decomposition determined based on the compounding conditions and decomposition kinetics of the peroxide used for rheology modification (e.g., due to variations in temperature in the compounding process and different peroxide decomposition kinetics for the peroxide blended into a polymer (s) , relative to those peroxide decomposition kinetics measured and reported for a particular peroxide) , and that should such a difference exists, references herein to peroxide decomposition extent refer to the lower of those determined by these two methods.
[0093] Rheology-Modified Polyolefin Elastomer
[0094] As described above, the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomers of the present disclosure may be formed by forming a first composition comprising a polyolefin elastomer and from 0.01 wt%to 0.3 wt%of an organic peroxide, based on a combined weight of the polyolefin elastomer and the organic peroxide, and decomposing at least 75 wt%of the organic peroxide in the first composition, wherein the polyolefin elastomer has a density from 0.860 to 0.900 g / cc, greater than or equal to 0.2 vinyls per 1000 carbons, and a melt index (I2) of 0.5 to 50 dg / min.
[0095] In embodiments, the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomers of the present disclosure may have a melt flow ratio (I10 / I2) greater than or equal to 8, such as, for example, greater than or equal to 8.5, greater than or equal to 9, greater than or equal to 9.5, greater than or equal to 10, greater than or equal to 10.5, greater than or equal to 11, greater than or equal to 11.5, greater than or equal to 12, greater than or equal to 12.5, greater than or equal to 13, greater than or equal to 13.5, greater than or equal to 14, greater than or equal to 14.5, greater than or equal to 15, greater than or equal to 15.5, or greater than or equal to 16. In some embodiments, the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomers described herein may have a melt flow ratio (I10 / I2) greater than or equal to 8 and less than or equal to 25, greater than or equal to 8.5 and less than or equal to 25, greater than or equal to 9 and less than or equal to 25, greater than or equal to 9.5 and less than or equal to 25, greater than or equal to 10 and less than or equal to 25, greater than or equal to 10.5 and less than or equal to 25, greater than or equal to 11 and less than or equal to 25, greater than or equal to 11.5 and less than or equal to 25, greater than or equal to 12 and less than or equal to 25, greater than or equal to 12.5 and less than or equal to 25, greater than or equal to 13 and less than or equal to 25, greater than or equal to 13.5 and less than or equal to 25, greater than or equal to 14 and less than or equal to 25, greater than or equal to 14.5 and less than or equal to 25, greater than or equal to 15 and less than or equal to 25, greater than or equal to 15.5 and less than or equal to 25, or greater than or equal to 16 and less than or equal to 25. In some embodiments, the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomers described herein may have a melt flow ratio (I10 / I2) greater than or equal to 8, for example, greater than or equal to 12.5, greater than or equal to 8 and less than or equal to 22, greater than or equal to 8.5 and less than or equal to 22, greater than or equal to 9 and less than or equal to 22, greater than or equal to 9.5 and less than or equal to 22, greater than or equal to 10 and less than or equal to 22, greater than or equal to 10.5 and less than or equal to 22, greater than or equal to 11 and less than or equal to 22, greater than or equal to 11.5 and less than or equal to 22, greater than or equal to 12 and less than or equal to 22, greater than or equal to 12.5 and less than or equal to 22, greater than or equal to 13 and less than or equal to 22, greater than or equal to 13.5 and less than or equal to 22, greater than or equal to 14 and less than or equal to 22, greater than or equal to 14.5 and less than or equal to 22, greater than or equal to 15 and less than or equal to 22, greater than or equal to 15.5 and less than or equal to 22, or greater than or equal to 16 and less than or equal to 22.
[0096] In embodiments, the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomers of the present disclosure may have a rheology ratio (V0.1 / V100) measured at 120 ℃ greater than or equal to 2.24 and less than or equal to 100, greater than or equal to 2.24 and less than or equal to 80, greater than or equal to 2.24 and less than or equal to 75, greater than or equal to 2.24 and less than or equal to 70, greater than or equal to 2.24 and less than or equal to 60, greater than or equal to 2.24 and less than or equal to 50, greater than or equal to 2.24 and less than or equal to 40, greater than or equal to 2.24 and less than or equal to 30, greater than or equal to 2.24 and less than or equal to 20, greater than or equal to 2.24 and less than or equal to 18, greater than or equal to 2.24 and less than or equal to 16, greater than or equal to 2.24 and less than or equal to 14, greater than or equal to 2.24 and less than or equal to 12, greater than or equal to 2.24 and less than or equal to 11, greater than or equal to 4 and less than or equal to 20, greater than or equal to 4 and less than or equal to 12, greater than or equal to 4 and less than or equal to 11, greater than or equal to 4.5 and less than or equal to 20, greater than or equal to 4.5 and less than or equal to 12, greater than or equal to 4.5 and less than or equal to 11, greater than or equal to 2.24 and less than or equal to 5, or greater than or equal to 2.24 and less than or equal to 3.
[0097] In embodiments, the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomers of the present disclosure may have a rheology ratio (V0.1 / V100) measured at 120 ℃ greater than or equal to 12 and less than or equal to 100, greater than or equal to 12 and less than or equal to 80, greater than or equal to 12 and less than or equal to 75, greater than or equal to 12 and less than or equal to 50, greater than or equal to 12 and less than or equal to 40, greater than or equal to 20 and less than or equal to 40, greater than or equal to 15 and less than or equal to 100, greater than or equal to 15 and less than or equal to 80, greater than or equal to 15 and less than or equal to 75, greater than or equal to 20 and less than or equal to 100, greater than or equal to 20 and less than or equal to 80, greater than or equal to 20 and less than or equal to 75, greater than or equal to 24 and less than or equal to 100, greater than or equal to 24 and less than or equal to 80, greater than or equal to 24 and less than or equal to 75, greater than or equal to 30 and less than or equal to 100, greater than or equal to 30 and less than or equal to 80, greater than or equal to 30 and less than or equal to 75, greater than or equal to 40 and less than or equal to 100, greater than or equal to 40 and less than or equal to 80, greater than or equal to 40 and less than or equal to 75, greater than or equal to 50 and less than or equal to 100, greater than or equal to 50 and less than or equal to 80, or greater than or equal to 50 and less than or equal to 75.
[0098] In some embodiments of the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomers described herein, the polyolefin elastomer used to prepare the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer is prepared by solution polymerizing ethylene, and optionally an α-olefin comonomer, in the presence of a procatalyst having the Structure (I) , such that the resulting polyolefin elastomer has a melt index (I2) greater than or equal to 0.5 dg / min and less than 12 dg / min, and wherein the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer has a rheology ratio (V0.1 / V100) measured at 120 ℃ of greater than or equal to 30 and less than or equal to 100, such as, for example, greater than or equal to 50 and less than or equal to 80.
[0099] In some embodiments of the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomers described herein, the polyolefin elastomer used to prepare the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer is prepared by solution polymerizing ethylene, and optionally an α-olefin comonomer, in the presence of a procatalyst having the Structure (I) , such that the resulting polyolefin elastomer has a melt index (I2) greater than or equal to 12 dg / min and less than or equal 50 dg / min, and the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer has a rheology ratio (V0.1 / V100) measured at 120 ℃ greater than or equal to 12 and less than or equal to 50, such as, for example, greater than or equal to 20 and less than or equal to 40.
[0100] In some embodiments of the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomers described herein, the polyolefin elastomer used to prepare the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer is prepared as an unsaturated polyolefin of the formula A1L1 using an Al-based chain transfer agent (CTA) beta-hydride elimination technique as described above, such that the resulting polyolefin elastomer has a melt index (I2) greater than or equal to 0.5 dg / min and less than 12 dg / min, and wherein the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer has a rheology ratio (V0.1 / V100) measured at 120 ℃ greater than or equal to 4 and less than or equal to 20, such as, for example, greater than or equal to 4.5 and less than or equal to 12.
[0101] In some embodiments of the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomers described herein, the polyolefin elastomer used to prepare the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer is prepared as an unsaturated polyolefin of the formula A1L1 using an Al-based chain transfer agent (CTA) beta-hydride elimination technique as described above, such that the resulting polyolefin elastomer has a melt index (I2) greater than or equal to 12 dg / min and less than or equal to 50 dg / min, and wherein the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer has a rheology ratio (V0.1 / V100) measured at 120 ℃ greater than or equal to 2.24 and less than or equal to 5, such as, for example, greater than or equal to 2.24 and less than or equal to 3.
[0102] Method for Preparing Cross-Linkable Polyolefin Elastomer Formulation
[0103] The present disclosure is also directed to cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulations, which comprise a rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer and a curing package. The curing package may comprise an organic peroxide. In another embodiment, the curing package may also comprise crosslinking coagent. In yet another embodiment, the curing package may also comprise silane coupling agent.
[0104] In embodiments, a method for preparing a cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulation comprises forming a second composition comprising: (i) a rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer prepared using a process described herein; and (ii) from 0.1 wt%to 2 wt%of a second organic peroxide, based on a combined weight of the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer and the second organic peroxide. In embodiments, forming the second composition may comprise soaking additives into the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer, thereby forming peroxide-soaked rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer, wherein the additives comprise the second organic peroxide, optionally, a crosslinking coagent, and optionally, a silane coupling agent.
[0105] In one or more embodiments, soaking the additives into the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer may be performed at a soaking temperature greater than or equal to 40 ℃ and less than or equal to 120 ℃, greater than or equal to 40 ℃ and less than or equal to 100 ℃, greater than or equal to 40 ℃ and less than or equal to 80 ℃, greater than or equal to 40 ℃ and less than or equal to 75 ℃, greater than or equal to 40 ℃ and less than or equal to 70 ℃, greater than or equal to 40 ℃ and less than or equal to 65 ℃, greater than or equal to 40 ℃ and less than or equal to 60 ℃, greater than or equal to 45 ℃ and less than or equal to 60 ℃, or greater than or equal to 45 ℃ and less than or equal to 55 ℃. In some embodiments, soaking the additives into the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer may be performed for a soaking duration of greater than or equal to 0.5 hours, for example, greater than or equal to 0.5 hours and less than or equal to 12 hours, greater than or equal to 0.5 hours and less than or equal to 10 hours, greater than or equal to 0.5 hours and less than or equal to 8 hours, greater than or equal to 1 hour and less than or equal to 8 hours, greater than or equal to 2 hours and less than or equal to 8 hours, greater than or equal to 3 hours and less than or equal to 8 hours, greater than or equal to 4 hours and less than or equal to 8 hours, greater than or equal to 5 hours and less than or equal to 8 hours, or greater than or equal to 5 hours and less than or equal to 7 hours. In some embodiments, soaking the additives into the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer may be performed at a soaking temperature of greater than or equal to 40 ℃ and less than or equal to 80 ℃ for a soaking duration of greater than or equal to 0.5 hours.
[0106] Various organic peroxides are considered suitable as the second organic peroxide of the curing package. Useful peroxides for the curing package include, but are not limited to, peroxycarbonates, such as, for example, tert-amylperoxy-2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TAEC) ; and peroxyketals, such as, for example, 1, 1-di (tert-amylperoxy) cyclohexane. Examples of organic peroxides may include: t-butylperoxyisopropyl carbonate; tert-butylperoxy-2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TBEC) ; tert-Amylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TAEC) ; 3, 6, 9-triethyl-3, 6, 9-trimethyl-1, 4, 7-triperoxonane; tert-butylperoxyacetate; t-butylperoxybenzoate; dicumyl peroxide; 2, 5-dimethyl-2, 5-di (tert-butylperoxy) hexane; di-tert-butyl peroxide; 2, 5-dimethyl-2, 5-di- (tert-butyl-peroxy) hexyne-3; 1, 1-di- (t-butylperoxy) -3, 3, 5-trimethyl-cyclohexane; 1, 1-di- (tert-butylperoxy) cyclohexane; methyl ethyl ketone peroxide; 2, 5-dimethyl-hexyl-2, 5-diperoxybenzoate; tert-butyl hydroperoxide; p-menthane hydroperoxide; benzoyl peroxide; p-chlorobenzoyl peroxide; tert-butylperoxyisobutyrate; hydroxyheptyl peroxide; and dicyclohexanone peroxide. In some embodiments, the organic peroxide used for the curing package comprises one or more of tert-butylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TBEC) , tert-amylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TAEC) , 1, 1-di (tert-butylperoxy) cyclohexane (CH80) , 1, 1-di (tert-amylperoxy) cyclohexane, 3, 6, 9-triethyl-3, 6, 9-trimethyl-1, 4, 7-triperoxonane, and 1, 1-di- (t-butylperoxy) -3, 3, 5-trimethyl-cyclohexane. In one embodiment, the organic peroxide comprises at least one of TBEC or TAEC.
[0107] Similarly, various silane coupling agents are considered suitable. For example, the silane coupling agents may include one or more alkoxysilane coupling agents, such as vinyltrimethoxy-silane (VTMS) , 3- (trimethoxysilyl) -propyl-methacrylate (VMMS) , tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) or combinations thereof. In one or more embodiments, the silane coupling agent comprises VTMS, VMMS, or combinations thereof.
[0108] Various crosslinking coagents are also contemplated. These may include crosslinking coagents, such as triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) , triallyl phosphate (TAP) , α-methyl styrene dimer (AMSD) , triallyl cyanurate (TAC) , triallyl trimellitate (TATM) , 1, 3, 5, 7-tetravinyl-1, 3, 5, 7-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (vinyl D4) , 1, 1-diphenylethylene (DPE) , N, N, N′, N′, N″, N″-hexaallyl-1, 3, 5-triazine-2, 4, 6-triamine, triallyl trimellitate, trimethylolpropane triacylate (TMPTA) , trimethylolpropane trimethylacrylate (TMPTMA) , 1, 6-hexanediol diacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate, tris (2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate triacrylate, trivinyl cyclohexane (TVCH) , or combinations thereof.
[0109] Additional examples of organic peroxides, silane coupling agents, and crosslinking coagents are provided in PCT Publication WO2023272545A1, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[0110] As stated above, the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer of the present disclosure may allow for lower amounts of the curing package to be utilized in the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulations, or cross-linkable polyolefin elastomers produced therefrom. For example, the curing package may be present in amounts of 0.2 to 3.0 wt. %in the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulation, or in other embodiments from 1.0 to 2.0 wt.%, or from 1.5 to 2.0 wt. %of the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulation. Moreover, the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulation comprises 85 to 99.5 wt. %rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer, from 90 to 99.5 wt. %rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer, from 98 to 99 wt. %rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer.
[0111] The organic peroxide may be present in amounts of 0.1 to 2.0 wt. %in the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulation, or in other embodiments from 0.2 to 1.0 wt. %, or from 0.5 to 1.0 wt. %of the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulation. The silane coupling agent may be present in amounts of 0.05 to 1.0 wt. %in the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulation, or in other embodiments from 0.1 to 0.5 wt. %, or from 0.1 to 0.3 wt. %of the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulation. The crosslinking coagent may be present in amounts of 0.1 to 2.0 wt. %in the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulation, or in other embodiments from 0.2 to 1.0 wt. %, or from 0.5 to 1.0 wt. %of the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulation.
[0112] Additional additives or filler, which may be added during polymerization, pelletization, curing and the like, may include: UV absorbers and / or stabilizers, for example, hindered amine light stabilizers such as TINUVIN 770; TiO2, additional polyolefins, one or more anti-oxidants; processing aids, such as fluoropolymers, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) , ultra-high molecular weight PDMS; ion scavengers, anti-potential induced degradation (PID) agents; other siloxanes; fumed silica, nano-Al2O3, nano-clay, and one or more other fillers. In one embodiment, an additive is present in an amount ≥ 0.20 wt%, or ≥ 0.40 wt%, or ≥ 0.60 wt%, or ≥ 0.80 wt%, and / or ≤ 5.0 wt%, or ≤ 4.0 wt%, or ≤ 3.0 wt%, or ≤ 2.0 wt%, or ≤ 1.5 wt%, or ≤ 1.0 wt%, based on the weight of the composition.
[0113] Cross-Linkable Polyolefin Elastomer Formulation
[0114] As described above, the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulations of the present disclosure, prepared using the rheological modification processes described herein on the chain end unsaturation polyolefin elastomers described herein, generally achieve improved peroxide curing performance relative to cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulations based on polyolefin elastomers with less chain end unsaturation, and cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulations with chain end unsaturation but without rheological modification as described herein. Accordingly, the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulations of the present disclosure provide for improved shear thinning rheology and efficient peroxide cure response (high degree of cure and short cure time) , both of which are desirable for applications such as photovoltaic (PV) encapsulant films, footwear foams, and wire and cable compounds.
[0115] In one or more embodiments, the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulation has a cure time (T90) of less than or equal to 17.0 minutes, less than or equal to 16.8 minutes, less than or equal to 16.6 minutes, less than or equal to 16.4 minutes, less than or equal to 16.2 minutes, less than or equal to 16.0 minutes, less than or equal to 15.8 minutes, less than or equal to 15.6 minutes, less than or equal to 15.4 minutes, less than or equal to 15.2 minutes, less than or equal to 15.0 minutes, 14.8 minutes, less than or equal to 14.6 minutes, less than or equal to 14.4 minutes, less than or equal to 14.2 minutes, less than or equal to 13.0 minutes, less than or equal to 13.8 minutes, less than or equal to 13.6 minutes, less than or equal to 13.4 minutes, less than or equal to 13.2 minutes, less than or equal to 13.0 minutes, less than or equal to 12.8 minutes, less than or equal to 12.7 minutes, less than or equal to 12.6 minutes, less than or equal to 12.4 minutes, less than or equal to 12.2 minutes, less than or equal to 12.0 minutes, less than or equal to 11.8 minutes, less than or equal to 11.6 minutes, less than or equal to 11.4 minutes, less than or equal to 11.2 minutes, less than or equal to 11.0 minutes, less than or equal to 10.8 minutes, less than or equal to 10.6 minutes, less than or equal to 10.4 minutes, less than or equal to 10.2 minutes, less than or equal to 10.0 minutes, less than or equal to 9.8 minutes, less than or equal to 9.6 minutes, less than or equal to 9.4 minutes, less than or equal to 9.2 minutes, less than or equal to 9.0 minutes, less than or equal to 8.8 minutes, less than or equal to 8.6 minutes, less than or equal to 8.5 minutes, less than or equal to 8.4 minutes, less than or equal to 8.2 minutes, less than or equal to 8.0 minutes, less than or equal to 7.8 minutes, less than or equal to 7.7 minutes, less than or equal to 7.6 minutes, less than or equal to 7.4 minutes, or even less than or equal to 7.2 minutes, where T90 is measured according to ASTM D5289 (150 ℃) , and where T90 is defined as the time required to reach 90%of the maximum torque (MH) measured during the testing interval.
[0116] In some embodiments of the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulations described herein, the polyolefin elastomer used to prepare the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer is prepared by solution polymerizing ethylene, and optionally an α-olefin comonomer, in the presence of a procatalyst having the Structure (I) , such that the resulting polyolefin elastomer has a melt index (I2) greater than or equal to 0.5 dg / min and less than 12 dg / min, the organic peroxide used for rheological modification has a 1-hour half-life temperature of at most 140 ℃, and the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulation has a cure time (T90) of less than or equal to 7.7 minutes, where T90 is measured according to ASTM D5289 (150 ℃) . In such embodiments, the second organic peroxide may be tert-amylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TAEC) .
[0117] In some embodiments of the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulations described herein, the polyolefin elastomer used to prepare the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer is prepared by solution polymerizing ethylene, and optionally an α-olefin comonomer, in the presence of a procatalyst having the Structure (I) , such that the resulting polyolefin elastomer has a melt index (I2) greater than or equal to 12 dg / min and less than or equal to 50 dg / min, and the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulation has a cure time (T90) of less than or equal to 8.5 minutes, where T90 is measured according to ASTM D5289 (150 ℃) . In such embodiments, the second organic peroxide may be tert-amylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TAEC) .
[0118] In some embodiments of the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulations described herein, the polyolefin elastomer used to prepare the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer is prepared by solution polymerizing ethylene, and optionally an α-olefin comonomer, in the presence of a procatalyst having the Structure (I) , such that the resulting polyolefin elastomer has a melt index (I2) greater than or equal to 0.5 dg / min and less than 12 dg / min, the organic peroxide used for rheological modification has a 1-hour half-life temperature of at most 140 ℃, and the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulation has a cure time (T90) of less than or equal to 11.8 minutes, where T90 is measured according to ASTM D5289 (150 ℃) . In such embodiments, the second organic peroxide may be tert-butylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TBEC) .
[0119] In some embodiments of the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulations described herein, the polyolefin elastomer used to prepare the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer is prepared by solution polymerizing ethylene, and optionally an α-olefin comonomer, in the presence of a procatalyst having the Structure (I) , such that the resulting polyolefin elastomer has a melt index (I2) greater than or equal to 12 dg / min and less than or equal to 50 dg / min, and the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulation has a cure time (T90) of less than or equal to 12.7 minutes, where T90 is measured according to ASTM D5289 (150 ℃) . In such embodiments, the second organic peroxide may be tert-butylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TBEC) .
[0120] In some embodiments of the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulations described herein, the polyolefin elastomer used to prepare the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer is prepared as an unsaturated polyolefin of the formula A1L1 using an Al-based chain transfer agent (CTA) beta-hydride elimination technique as described above, such that the resulting polyolefin elastomer has a melt index (I2) greater than or equal to 0.5 dg / min and less than 12 dg / min, and the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulation has a cure time (T90) of less than or equal to 8.2 minutes, where T90 is measured according to ASTM D5289 (150 ℃) . In such embodiments, the second organic peroxide may be tert-amylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TAEC) .
[0121] In some embodiments of the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulations described herein, the polyolefin elastomer used to prepare the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer is prepared as an unsaturated polyolefin of the formula A1L1 using an Al-based chain transfer agent (CTA) beta-hydride elimination technique as described above, such that the resulting polyolefin elastomer has a melt index (I2) greater than or equal to 12 dg / min and less than or equal to 50 dg / min, and the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulation has a cure time (T90) of less than or equal to 11.2 minutes, where T90 is measured according to ASTM D5289 (150 ℃) . In such embodiments, the second organic peroxide may be tert-amylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TAEC) .
[0122] In some embodiments of the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulations described herein, the polyolefin elastomer used to prepare the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer is prepared as an unsaturated polyolefin of the formula A1L1 using an Al-based chain transfer agent (CTA) beta-hydride elimination technique as described above, such that the resulting polyolefin elastomer has a melt index (I2) greater than or equal to 0.5 dg / min and less than 12 dg / min, and the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulation has a cure time (T90) of less than or equal to 12.6 minutes, where T90 is measured according to ASTM D5289 (150 ℃) . In such embodiments, the second organic peroxide may be tert-butylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TBEC) .
[0123] In some embodiments of the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulations described herein, the polyolefin elastomer used to prepare the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer is prepared as an unsaturated polyolefin of the formula A1L1 using an Al-based chain transfer agent (CTA) beta-hydride elimination technique as described above, such that the resulting polyolefin elastomer has a melt index (I2) greater than or equal to 12 dg / min and less than or equal to 50 dg / min, and the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulation has a cure time (T90) of less than or equal to 16.8 minutes, where T90 is measured according to ASTM D5289 (150 ℃) . In such embodiments, the second organic peroxide may be tert-butylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TBEC) .
[0124] Cross-Linked Polyolefin Elastomer and Articles
[0125] The cross-linked polyolefin elastomer may be produced from the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulation via curing processes known to those skilled in the art. In some embodiments, the curing may be initiated by heat, irradiation, electron beam radiation, or ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
[0126] The cross-linked polyolefin elastomer may be incorporated in various articles. These may be included in films, for example, in multilayer films. Multilayer films may comprise layers of the same or different compositions. For example, the polymer used in each layer may differ or the level of curative components in the composition of each layer may differ. The multilayer films may comprise two or more layers, for example 2 to 5 layers. An exemplary multilayer film is an EVA-POE-EVA three layer film where the polyolefin elastomer of this invention is used in the middle POE layer. Additionally as noted above, the article may be an encapsulant for a photovoltaic module.TEST METHODS
[0127] Density
[0128] Density is measured in accordance with ASTM D792, and expressed in grams / cm3 (g / cc or g / cm3) .
[0129] Melt Index (I2) and (I10)
[0130] The Melt Index (I2) is measured in accordance with ASTM D-1238, (190 ℃ / 2.16 kg) . The Melt Index (I10) is measured in accordance with ASTM D-1238, (190 ℃ / 10 kg) .
[0131] Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC)
[0132] The chromatographic system consisted of a PolymerChar GPC-IR (Valencia, Spain) high temperature GPC chromatograph equipped with an internal IR5 infra-red detector (IR5) . The autosampler oven compartment was set at 160° Celsius and the column and detector compartment were set at 150° Celsius. The columns used were 4 Agilent “Mixed A” 30cm 20-micron linear mixed-bed columns. The chromatographic solvent used was 1, 2, 4 trichlorobenzene and contained 200 ppm of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) . The solvent source was nitrogen sparged. The injection volume used was 200 microliters and the flow rate was 1.0 milliliters / minute.
[0133] Calibration of the GPC column set was performed with 21 narrow molecular weight distribution polystyrene standards with molecular weights ranging from 580 to 8, 400,000 and were arranged in 6 “cocktail” mixtures with at least a decade of separation between individual molecular weights. The standards were purchased from Agilent Technologies. The polystyrene standards were prepared at 0.025 grams in 50 milliliters of solvent for molecular weights equal to or greater than 1,000,000, and 0.05 grams in 50 milliliters of solvent for molecular weights less than 1,000,000. The polystyrene standards were pre-dissolved at 80 ℃ with gentle agitation for 30 minutes then cooled and the room temperature solution is transferred cooled into the autosampler dissolution oven at 160 ℃ for 30 minutes. The polystyrene standard peak molecular weights were converted to polyethylene molecular weights using Equation 1 (as described in Williams and Ward, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Let., 6, 621 (1968) ) .: Mpolyethylene=A× (Mpolystyrene) B (EQ1) where M is the molecular weight, A has a value of 0.4163 and B is equal to 1.0.
[0134] A fifth order polynomial was used to fit the respective polyethylene-equivalent calibration points.
[0135] The total plate count of the GPC column set was performed with decane which was introduced into blank sample via a micropump controlled with the PolymerChar GPC-IR system. The plate count for the chromatographic system should be greater than 18,000 for the 4 Agilent “Mixed A” 30cm 20-micron linear mixed-bed columns.
[0136] Samples were prepared in a semi-automatic manner with the PolymerChar “Instrument Control” Software, wherein the samples were weight-targeted at 2 mg / ml, and the solvent (contained 200ppm BHT) was added to a pre nitrogen-sparged septa-capped vial, via the PolymerChar high temperature autosampler. The samples were dissolved for 2 hours at 160° Celsius under “low speed” shaking.
[0137] The calculations of Mn (GPC) , Mw (GPC) , and Mz (GPC) were based on GPC results using the internal IR5 detector (measurement channel) of the PolymerChar GPC-IR chromatograph according to Equations 2-4, using PolymerChar GPCOneTM software, the baseline-subtracted IR chromatogram at each equally-spaced data collection point (i) , and the polyethylene equivalent molecular weight obtained from the narrow standard calibration curve for the point (i) from Equation 1.
[0138]
[0139]
[0140]
[0141] In order to monitor the deviations over time, a flowrate marker (decane) was introduced into each sample via a micropump controlled with the PolymerChar GPC-IR system. This flowrate marker (FM) was used to linearly correct the pump flowrate (Flowrate (nominal) ) for each sample by RV alignment of the respective decane peak within the sample (RV (FM Sample) ) to that of the decane peak within the narrow standards calibration (RV (FM Calibrated) ) . Any changes in the time of the decane marker peak are then assumed to be related to a linear-shift in flowrate (Flowrate (effective) ) for the entire run. After calibrating the system based on a flow marker peak, the effective flowrate (with respect to the narrow standards calibration) is calculated as Equation 5. Processing of the flow marker peak was done via the PolymerChar GPC OneTM Software. Acceptable flowrate correction is such that the effective flowrate should be within + / -0.5%of the nominal flowrate.
[0142] Flowrate (effective) = Flowrate (nominal) * (RV (FM Calibrated) / RV (FM Sample) ) (EQ5)
[0143] Moving Die Rheometer (MDR) Curing Testing
[0144] Cure characteristics were measured using an Alpha Technologies Moving Die Rheometer (MDR) 2000 E, according to ASTM D5289, with a 0.5° arc. For each composition, the MDR was loaded with approximately 5 g of the formulated materials. For PV encapsulant film formulations, the MDR was run for 30 minutes, at 150℃. The “time vs torque” profile was generated over the given interval in all cases. The key parameter used to understand the curing degree of the formulation is the MH-ML (dNm) : the higher MH-ML value correlated to a more cross-linked polymer network. Here, MH (dNm) referred to the maximum torque exerted by the MDR during the testing interval; and ML (dNm) referred to the minimum torque exerted by the MDR during the testing interval. T90 is defined as the time required to reach 90%of the maximum torque (MH) measured during the testing interval.
[0145] Oligomer measurements.
[0146] About 5 grams of sample was weighed and transferred to a glass bottle. A pipette was used to deliver 20 mL of methylene chloride to the glass bottle. The bottle was capped with a Teflon lined lid and the contents were shaken for 24 hours at room temperature. After extraction an aliquot of dichloromethane (DCM) was removed and placed into a gas chromatography (GC) autosampler vial. The sample extract, DCM blank, and certified reference standard (Ultra Scientific, C10 to C44, even number of hydrocarbons, 200 parts per million (ppm) of n-decane, n-tetradecane, and n-tricosane and all other components were 100 ppm in hexane) were analyzed by GC with a split / splitless inlet and flame ionization detector. The peak area for all peaks eluting between methylene chloride and C44H90 was determined using a chromatographic data system. The peak areas for additives, such as Irgafos 168, oxidized I-168 and Irganox 1076 were excluded using the settings in the chromatographic data system. The parts per million of oligomers was calculated from the total peak area of the oligomer peaks in the sample and the peak area of the 100 ppm n-eicosane (C20H42) peak in the calibration standard using an external standard calibration procedure.
[0147] 1H NMR Study
[0148] The samples were prepared by adding approx. 130 mg of sample to 3.25g of 50 / 50 by weight Tetrachlorethane-d2 / Perchloroethylene with 0.001 M Cr (AcAc) 3, and 100 ppm antioxidant (Irganox168) , in a NORELL 1001-7, 10 mm, NMR tube. The samples were purged by bubbling N2 through the solvent, via a pipette inserted into the tube, for approximately five minutes to prevent oxidation. The tube was next capped, sealed with TEFLON tape, and then soaked at room temperature overnight to facilitate sample dissolution. The samples were kept in a N2 purge box during storage, before, and after preparation, to minimize exposure to O2. The samples were heated, and vortexed at 110℃, to ensure homogeneity.
[0149] 1H NMR was performed on a Bruker AVANCE 400 or 600 MHz spectrometer, equipped with a Bruker high-temperature CryoProbe and a sample temperature of 120℃. Two experiments were run to obtain spectra, a control spectrum to quantitate the total polymer protons, and a double presaturation experiment, which suppresses the intense peaks associated to the polymer chains, and enables high sensitivity spectra for quantitation of the end-groups. The control was run with ZG pulse, TD 16384, NS 16, DS 4, SWH 10,000 Hz, AQ 1.64s, D1 14s. The double pre-saturation experiment was run with a modified pulse sequence, lc1prf2. zz, TD 16384, NS 64 scans, DS 4, SWH 10,000 Hz, AQ 1.64s, D1 1s, D13 13s. Unsaturation measurements were made according to the method described as below. Area under the resonance from the polymer chains (i.e., CH, CH2, and CH3 in the polymers) was measured from the spectrum acquired during first experiment (the control spectrum) , described above. Area under the four key types of unsaturation (i.e., vinyl, vinylene, trisubstituted, and vinylidene) was measured from spectrum acquired during the second (presaturation) experiment described above. Both spectra were normalized to the area under resonance from the solvent. Moles of respective unsaturation were calculated by dividing the area under the unsaturation resonance by the number of protons contributing to that resonance. Moles of carbons in the polymers were calculated by dividing the area under the peaks for polymer chains (i.e., CH, CH2, and CH3 in the polymers) by two. The amount of total unsaturation was then expressed as a relative ratio of moles of total unsaturation to the moles of carbons in the polymers, with expression of the number of unsaturation per 1000 Carbon.
[0150] Dynamic mechanical spectroscopy (DMS) .
[0151] The rheology of the elastomers is analyzed by DMS using an Advanced Rheometric Expansion System (ARES) equipped with 25 mm stainless steel parallel plates. Unless specified otherwise, constant temperature dynamic frequency sweeps in the range of 0.1 to 100 rad / sare performed under nitrogen at 120 ℃ or 190 ℃. Samples approximately 25.4 mm in diameter are cut from compression molded parts. The sample is placed on the lower plate and allowed to melt for 5 min. The plates are then closed to a gap of 2.0 mm and the sample trimmed to 25 mm in diameter. The samples are allowed to equilibrate at 120 ℃ or 190 ℃ for the elastomers for 5 min before starting the test. The complex viscosity is measured at a constant strain amplitude of 5%for testing at 120 ℃ or 10%for testing at 190 ℃. The complex viscosity measured at 0.1 rad / sis reported as V0.1 and the complex viscosity measured at 100 rad / sis reported as V100. The testing temperature (i.e., 120 ℃ or 190 ℃) corresponding to a specified V0.1, V100, or V0.1 / V100 ratio will be specified herein when these properties are referenced.EXAMPLES
[0152] Polyolefin Elastomers
[0153] The polyolefin elastomers utilized in the examples are provided in Tables 1A and 1B below. Table 1A *ENGAGETM PV 8660 and ENGAGETM PV 8669 are polyolefin elastomers available from The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI. Table 1B
[0154] Preparation of Polyolefin Elastomers
[0155] The polyolefin elastomers of Tables 1A and 1B were prepared in a well-mixed, hydraulically full polymerization reactor that was operated at steady state conditions. All raw materials (ethylene monomer and 1-octene comonomer) and the process solvent (anarrow boiling range high-purity isoparaffinic solvent, Isopar-E supplied by the ExxonMobil Chemical Company) were purified with molecular sieves before introduction into the reaction environment. Hydrogen was supplied pressurized as a high purity grade and is not further purified. Ethylene flowrate and reactor volume were selected to obtain the residence times specified in Table 2A. The catalysts, cocatalysts, chain transfer agent used are listed in Table 3. The solvent, comonomer, hydrogen, catalysts, cocatalysts, and chain transfer agents (for POE K and POE J made using beta-hydride elimination techniques described above) were fed to the reactor according to the process conditions outlined in Tables 2A and 2B. The catalyst flow was adjusted to achieve the desired ethylene conversion. The reactor temperature was measured at or near the exit of the reactor. For POE J and POE K, the reactor effluent was heated to 240 ℃ by passing through a post reactor heater (PRH) where beta-H elimination of polymeryl-Al takes place. A small amount of water or isopropyl alcohol is added along with any stabilizers or other additives after the PRH before devolatilization. Then, the reactor effluent enters a devolatization system where the polymer is removed from the non-polymer stream. The interpolymer was isolated and pelletized. Table 2A: Process Conditions Table 2B: Process Conditions (Cont’ d) Table 3: Catalysts, Cocatalysts, and Chain Transfer Agents
[0156] The BPP-Acatalyst was prepared according to the following 3-step process:
[0157] Step 1: Synthesis of bottom fragment 3
[0158] This reaction was carried out in a nitrogen filled glove box. A slurry of 1 (5.52 g, 19.3 mmol) , 2 (WO2022015369 A1) (1.65 g, 7.74 mmol) , and K3PO4 (5.75 g, 27.1 mmol) in DMF (7 mL) was warmed to 75 ℃ and held at this temperature for 5 h with stirring. After this time the temperature was decreased to 70 ℃ and held at this temperature for 11 h with stirring. The mixture was removed from the glove box after cooling to room temperature. Et2O (10 mL) was added to the reaction vial and the mixture was filtered through a 1: 1 (40 grams) basic alumina / SiO2 gel plug. The plug was further extracted with Et2O (3 x 30 mL) . The combined Et2O extracts were transferred to a separatory funnel and washed with 4N NaOH (10 mL) , H2O (10 mL) , brine (10 mL) , 4N NaOH (10 mL) , H2O (10 mL) , and brine (10 mL) . The Et2O layer was then dried over Na2SO4 and filtered into a 250 mL RB flask to remove the Na2SO4. The Et2O was removed on a rotovap to provide 3 (5.25 g, 7.39 mmol, yield: 96 %) as a colorless oil, which was used without further purification. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.49 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.24 (dd, J = 8.6, 2.4 Hz, 2H) , 6.96 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H) , 3.94 (s, 4H) , 1.69 (s, 4H) , 1.40 –1.36 (m, 2H) , 1.32 (s, 12H) , 1.21 (app d, J = 7.4 Hz, 12H) , 0.74 (s, 18H) .
[0159] Synthesis of 5 (Compound 4 prepared as described in WO2018170138)
[0160] Degassed THF (5 mL) and degassed water (2 mL) were added to a 40 mL vial charged with 4 (0.948 g, 1.63 mmol) , 3 (0.330 g, 0.464 mmol) , PdCl (crotyl) Amphos (0.00861 g, 0.0186 mmol) , and NaOH (0.0929 g, 2.32 mmol) . The reaction was warmed to 50 ℃ and maintained at this temperature for 16 h. After this time, the reaction was cooled to room temperature. Et2O (20 mL) and sat. aq. NH4Cl (10 mL) were added to the reaction mixture. The solution was shaken, then after the layers settled, the organic phase was removed using a pipette, and transferred to a 4 ounce jar containing Na2SO4. The aq. phase was further extracted with Et2O (20 mL) . The combined Et2O extracts were filtered into a roundbottom flask to remove the Na2SO4 then concentrated to dryness. THF (10 mL) and MeOH (10 mL) were added to the isolated material followed by concentrated HCl (5 drops from a glass pipet) . The solution was heated to 85 ℃ (external temperature) , stirred for 18 hours then the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The yellow oil was rotovapped from isopropyl alcohol (IPA) (10 mL) , the oil was taken up in IPA (15 mL) , then placed into a rotovap bath and warmed to 55 ℃ while rotating. The solution was then taken out of the bath and rotated at room temperature, and a solid eventually precipitated. After being at room temperature for 1 hour, the solid was then collected by filtration. The solid was washed with IPA (2 x 3 mL) . IPA / MeOH (1: 1, 15 mL) was added to the solid (about 420 mg) in a 100 mL RB flask, then the flask was placed into a rotovap bath and warmed to 75 ℃ while rotating. The suspension (not fully soluble) was then taken out of the bath and rotated at room temperature. After being at room temperature for 1 hour, the solid was then collected by filtration. The solid was washed with IPA (2 x 3 mL) . MeOH / Et2O (5: 1, 18 mL) was added to the solid (about 360 mg) in a 100 mL RB flask, then the flask was placed into a rotovap bath and warmed to 45 ℃ while rotating. The suspension (not fully soluble) was then taken out of the bath and kept at room temperature. After being at room temperature overnight, the solid was then collected by filtration. The solid was washed with MeOH (2 x 3 mL) to provide 5 (0.290 g, 0.211 mmol, yield: 45 %) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.23 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 4H) , 7.39 –7.26 (m, 10H) , 7.22 –7.15 (m, 4H) , 7.12 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 4H) , 6.66 (s, 2H) , 5.76 (br s, J = 21.5 Hz, 2H) , 5.53 (s, 2H) , 3.42 (br s, 4H) , 1.65 (s, 4H) , 1.59 –1.51 (m, 4H) , 1.32 –1.06 (m, 51H) , 0.85 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 6H) , 0.79 –0.65 (m, 32H) .
[0161] Step 3: synthesis of BPP-A
[0162] MeMgBr (3 M in diethyl ether, 0.283 mL, 0.849 mmol) was added to a room temperature suspension of tetrachlorozirconium (0.0475 g, 0.204 mmol) and 5 (0.275 g, 0.200 mmol) in Et2O (10 mL) and toluene (2 mL) . The mixture was stirred for 4 h then additional MeMgBr (50 uL) was added, then the reaction was stirred overnight at room temperature. After this time the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Pentane (10 mL) was added to the dark residue, then this was passed through a CELITE pad. The residue and pad were extracted with additional pentane (10 mL) . The combined pentane extracts were concentrated to dryness to provide BPP A (0.255 g, 0.171 mmol, yield: 85 %) : 1H NMR (400 MHz, Benzene-d6) δ 8.37 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H) , 8.10 (dd, J = 7.2, 1.7 Hz, 2H) , 7.66 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H) , 7.59 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 2H) , 7.55 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 2H) , 7.52 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 2H) , 7.51 –7.44 (m, 2H) , 7.43 –7.34 (m, 4H) , 7.12 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.6 Hz, 3H) , 7.05 (dd, J = 5.5, 3.3 Hz, 2H) , 5.17 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H) , 4.24 (d, J = 14.0 Hz, 2H) , 3.24 (d, J = 14.0 Hz, 2H) , 1.88 (d, J = 14.6 Hz, 2H) , 1.60 (d, J = 14.6 Hz, 3H) , 1.45 –1.21 (m, 50H) , 1.19 (s, 6H) , 0.80 (s, 18H) , 0.57 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 12H) , 0.37 (p, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H) , -0.88 (s, 6H) .
[0163] Without being limited by theory, BPP-Awas found to result in high vinyl level on the chain-end in combination with low oligomer content in the polymers.
[0164] Preparation of Rheology-Modified Polyolefin Elastomers
[0165] Table 4 below shows the organic peroxides used in the examples as well as decomposition kinetics in terms of the 0.1-hour, 1-hour, and 10-hour half-life temperatures.
[0166] The rheology-modified polyolefin elastomers of Table 5 were prepared by reactive compounding using a Twin-Screw Extruder DSE-20 with a screw diameter of 20mm, screw flight depth of 3.75mm, screw length of 800mm and co-rotating. Firstly, peroxide was soaked into pellets in a fluoride HDPE bottle in an oven at 50 ℃ for 6 hours. Then these peroxide-soaked polyolefin elastomer pellets were fed into twin-screw extruder for reactive extrusion at 100 revolutions per minute (rpm) at 210 ℃ for examples where the modifying peroxide was Trigonox 301, and at 160 ℃ for examples where the modifying peroxide was TAEC or TBEC. The rheology-modified polyolefin elastomers were characterized in terms of their I2 and I10 melt indexes and their complex viscosities V0.1 and V100, measured at 120 ℃, the results of which are shown in Table 5. The polyolefin elastomers used to prepare IE-1 through IE-6 (LCB-11, LCB-12, LCB-15, LCB-16, LCB-19, and LCB-20) were prepared by solution polymerizing ethylene and 1-octene comonomer in the presence of a procatalyst having a structure according to Structure (I) , specifically, BPP-A.
[0167] The rheology-modified polyolefin elastomers of Table 6 were prepared by reactive compounding using a Internal Mixer 50EHT equipped with roller rotors. Firstly, polyolefin elastomer was fed into the bowel of mixer and melted by mixing at 20 rpm for 5 minutes, at 200 ℃ for examples where the modifying peroxide was Trigonox 301, and at 140 ℃ for examples where the modifying peroxide was CH80. Then peroxide was fed and mixing was continued at 50 rpm for 10 minutes, at the same temperature. The polyolefin elastomers used to prepare IE-7 through IE-14 (LCB-1 through LCB-8) were prepared by solution polymerizing ethylene and 1-octene comonomer in the presence of a Cat 14 procatalyst. Table 4: Peroxide Decomposition Kinetics
[0168] As can be seen from Table 5 above, IE-1 and IE-2, Trigonox-modified chain end unsaturation polyolefin elastomers POE A (I2 = 5.1 dg / min) and POE B (I2 = 12.8 dg / min) , respectively, have higher melt flow ratios (I10 / I2) and rheology ratios (V0.1 / V100) measured at 120 ℃ than that of CE-2 and CE-1, Trigonox-modified conventional polyolefin elastomers PV8669 (I2 = 4.9 dg / min) and PV8660 (I2 = 13.3 dg / min) , respectively. Similarly, IE-3 and IE-4, TAEC-modified chain end unsaturation polyolefin elastomers POE A and POE B, respectively, have higher melt flow ratios (I10 / I2) and rheology ratios (V0.1 / V100) measured at 120 ℃ than that of CE-4 and CE-3, TAEC-modified conventional polyolefin elastomers POE H (PV8669) and POE I (PV8660) , respectively. Similarly, IE-5 and IE-6, TBEC-modified chain end unsaturation polyolefin elastomers POE A and POE B, respectively, have higher melt flow ratios (I10 / I2) and rheology ratios (V0.1 / V100) measured at 120 ℃ than that of CE-6 and CE-5, TBEC-modified conventional polyolefin elastomers POE H (PV8669) and POE I (PV8660) , respectively. Table 6: Composition (wt%) and rheology properties of peroxide-modified polyolefin elastomers made using beta-hydride elimination technique and a batch compounding process
[0169] As can be seen above from Table 6 above, IE-7 and IE-9, Trigonox-modified chain end unsaturation polyolefin elastomers of POE J (I2 = 10.6 dg / min) , and IE-11 and IE-13, CH80-modified chain end unsaturation polyolefin elastomers of POE J, have higher rheology ratios (V0.1 / V100) measured at 120 ℃ than that of CE-7, chain end unsaturation polyolefin elastomer POE J that was not subject to rheological modification. Similarly, IE-8 and IE-10, Trigonox-modified chain end unsaturation polyolefin elastomers of POE K (I2 = 30.1 dg / min) , and IE-12 and IE-14, CH80-modified chain end unsaturation polyolefin elastomers of POE K, have higher rheology ratios (V0.1 / V100) measured at 120 ℃ than that of CE-8, chain end unsaturation polyolefin elastomer POE J that was not subject to rheological modification.
[0170] Preparation of Cross-Linkable Polyolefin Elastomers
[0171] The cross-linkable polyolefin formulations of Table 7A were prepared by soaking polymer pellets produced from POE H (PV8669) , POE I (PV8660) , POE A, POE B, and the rheology-modified examples from Table 5 (LCB-9 through LCB-20) , with TAEC in a fluoride HDPE bottle for 6 hours at 50 ℃ to form cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer pellets. The cross-linkable polyolefin formulations of Table 7B were prepared by soaking polymer pellets produced from POE H (PV8669) , POE I (PV8660) , POE A, POE B, and the rheology-modified examples from Table 5 (LCB-9 through LCB-20) , with TBEC in a fluoride HDPE bottle for 6 hours at 50 ℃ to form cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer pellets. Table 8 includes select examples from Table 7A along with two additional comparative examples of cross-linkable polyolefin formulations, corresponding to a conventional polyolefin elastomer POE H (PV8669) and chain end unsaturation polyolefin elastomers POE B, respectively, with increased peroxide loadings of 1.1 wt%. The cross-linkable polyolefin formulations of Table 9 were prepared by compression molding at 120 ℃ and 10 megapascals (MPa) for 5 minutes to prepare 1 mm thick plaques which were then cut into 3 mm by 3 mm samples and soaked in the organic peroxide (s) for 6 hours at 50 ℃. Cure characteristics for the cross-linkable polyolefin formulations of Tables 7A, 7B, 8 and 9 were measured using a moving die rheometer in accordance with ASTM D5289.
[0172] As can be seen above from Tables 7A–9, cross-linkable polyolefin formulations prepared from the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomers of the present disclosure show shorter cure time (T90) than cross-linkable polyolefin formulations prepared from rheology-modified commercial polyolefin elastomers as well as chain end unsaturation polyolefin elastomers that were not subject to rheological modification. For example, it can be seen from Table 8 that CE-29 and CE-30 corresponding to a conventional polyolefin elastomer POE H (PV8669) and chain end unsaturation polyolefin elastomer POE B, respectively, with increased TAEC loadings of 1.1 wt%, have longer cure times than IE-18 corresponding to TAEC-modified chain end unsaturation polyolefin elastomer POE B with 1.0 wt%TAEC loading. This comparison shows that for similar melt index base resins, the rheology modification processes described herein lead to improved curing performance relative to cross-linkable polyolefin formulations prepared from rheology-modified commercial polyolefin elastomers as well as chain end unsaturation polyolefin elastomers that were not subject to rheological modification.
[0173] According to a first aspect of the present disclosure, a process for preparing a rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer comprises forming a first composition comprising a polyolefin elastomer and from 0.01 wt%to 0.3 wt%of an organic peroxide, based on a combined weight of the polyolefin elastomer and the organic peroxide, and decomposing at least 75 wt%of the organic peroxide in the first composition, wherein the polyolefin elastomer has a density from 0.860 to 0.900 g / cc, greater than or equal to 0.2 vinyls per 1000 carbons, and a melt index (I2) of 0.5 to 50 dg / min.
[0174] A second aspect includes the first aspect, wherein the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer has an I10 / I2 greater than or equal to 8.5, wherein I10 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 10 kg) .
[0175] A third aspect includes the first aspect, wherein the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer has an I10 / I2 greater than or equal to 12.5, wherein I10 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 10 kg) .
[0176] A fourth aspect includes any one of the first through third aspects, wherein the polyolefin elastomer has greater than or equal to 0.3 unsaturations per 1000 carbons.
[0177] A fifth aspect includes any one of the first through fourth aspects, wherein the polyolefin elastomer has a percentage of vinyls in the total unsaturation of greater than or equal to 50%.
[0178] A sixth aspect includes any one of the first through fifth aspects, wherein the polyolefin elastomer has an oligomer level less than 5000 ppm.
[0179] A seventh aspect includes any one of the first through sixth aspects, wherein the first composition comprises from 0.03 wt%to 0.2 wt%of an organic peroxide, based on the combined weight of the polyolefin elastomer and the organic peroxide.
[0180] An eighth aspect includes any one of the first through seventh aspects, wherein the organic peroxide comprises one or more of tert-butylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TBEC) , tert-amylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TAEC) , 1, 1-di (tert-butylperoxy) cyclohexane, 1, 1-di (tert-amylperoxy) cyclohexane, 3, 6, 9-triethyl-3, 6, 9-trimethyl-1, 4, 7-triperoxonane, and 1, 1-di- (t-butylperoxy) -3, 3, 5-trimethyl-cyclohexane.
[0181] A ninth aspect includes any one of the first through eighth aspects, wherein the melt index (I2) of the polyolefin elastomer is from 0.5 to 35 dg / min.
[0182] A tenth aspect includes any one of the first through ninth aspects, wherein forming the first composition comprises soaking the organic peroxide into pellets comprising the polyolefin elastomer, thereby forming peroxide-soaked polyolefin elastomer pellets.
[0183] An eleventh aspect includes the tenth aspect, wherein the soaking is performed at a soaking temperature less than or equal to 80 ℃ for a soaking duration of greater than or equal to 0.5 hours.
[0184] A twelfth aspect includes either one of the tenth or eleventh aspects, wherein decomposing at least 75 wt%of the organic peroxide in the first composition comprises melt blending the peroxide-soaked polyolefin elastomer pellets.
[0185] A thirteenth aspect includes the twelfth aspect, wherein the melt blending the peroxide-soaked polyolefin elastomer pellets is performed: at a melt blending temperature that is equal to an x-hour half-life temperature of the organic peroxide; and for a melt blending duration that is greater than or equal to 2x hours.
[0186] A fourteenth aspect includes either one of the twelfth or thirteenth aspects, wherein the melt blending is performed using a continuous or batch mixer.
[0187] A fifteenth aspect includes any one of the first through ninth aspects, wherein forming the first composition comprises adding the polyolefin elastomer and the organic peroxide to a continuous or batch mixer, and wherein decomposing at least 75 wt%of the organic peroxide in the first composition comprises melt blending the polyolefin elastomer and the organic peroxide.
[0188] A sixteenth aspect includes any one of the first through ninth aspects or the fifteenth aspect, wherein the melt blending the polyolefin elastomer and the organic peroxide is performed: at a melt blending temperature that is equal to an x-hour half-life temperature of the organic peroxide; and for a melt blending duration that is greater than or equal to 2x hours.
[0189] A seventeenth aspect includes any one of the first through sixteenth aspects, wherein the polyolefin elastomer is prepared by solution polymerizing ethylene, and optionally an α-olefin comonomer, in the presence of a procatalyst having the following Structure (I) : wherein: M is Zr or Hf, the metal being in a formal oxidation state of +2, +3, or +4; n is 0, 1, or 2; when n is 1, X is a monodentate ligand or a bidentate ligand; when n is 2, each X is an independently chosen monodentate ligand; the procatalyst is overall charge-neutral; at least one of R1 and R16 is selected from the group consisting of Structure (II) , Structure (III) , and Structure (IV) : wherein R31–35, R41–48, and R51–59 are independently chosen from –H, C1–C40 hydrocarbyl, C1–C40 heterohydrocarbyl, -Si (RC) 3, -Ge (RC) 3, -P (RP) 2, -N (RN) 2, -ORC, -SRC, -NO2, -CN, -CF3, RCS (O) -, RCS (O) 2-, (RC) 2C=N-, RCC (O) O-, RCOC (O) -, RCC (O) N (RN) -, (RC) 2NC (O) -, or halogen, wherein RC is independently selected from C1–C40 hydrocarbyl; R3 and R14 are independently C1–C40 hydrocarbyl or hydrogen; R6 and R11 are independently C1–C40 hydrocarbyl or hydrogen; R2, R4, R5, R7, R8, R9, R10, R12, R13, and R15 are independently selected from the group consisting of a C1–C40 hydrocarbyl, C1–C40 heterohydrocarbyl, -Si (RC) 3, halogen atom, hydrogen atom, and combinations thereof; R17 and R18 are independently C1–C3 hydrocarbylene; and R19 and R20 are independently C1–C40 hydrocarbyl or hydrogen.
[0190] An eighteenth aspect includes the seventeenth aspect, wherein R1 and R16 are each Structure (III) : wherein R41–48 are independently chosen from –H or C1–C6 alkyl.
[0191] A nineteenth aspect includes either one of the seventeenth or eighteenth aspects, wherein R3 and R14 are independently C1–C12 alkyl.
[0192] A twentieth aspect includes any one of the seventeenth through nineteenth aspects, wherein R6 and R11 are independently C1–C12 alkyl.
[0193] A twenty-first aspect includes any one of the seventeenth through twentieth aspects, wherein R3, R6, R11, and R14 are independently C6–C11 alkyl.
[0194] A twenty-second aspect includes any one of the seventeenth through twenty-first aspects, wherein R17 and R18 are -CH2-.
[0195] A twenty-third aspect includes any one of the seventeenth through twenty-second aspects, wherein R19 and R20 are independently C2–C10 alkyl.
[0196] A twenty-fourth aspect includes any one of the seventeenth through twenty-third aspects, wherein R2, R4, R5, R7, R8, R9, R10, R12, R13, and R15 are hydrogen atoms.
[0197] A twenty-fifth aspect includes any one of the seventeenth through twenty-fourth aspects, wherein the procatalyst is free of halogens.
[0198] A twenty-sixth aspect includes any one of the seventeenth through twenty-fifth aspects, wherein the polymerizing occurs in one reactor at a temperature above 150 ℃.
[0199] A twenty-seventh aspect includes any one of the seventeenth through twenty-sixth aspects, wherein the polymerizing occurs in the presence of a cocatalyst comprising an alumoxane.
[0200] A twenty-eighth aspect includes any one of the seventeenth through twenty-seventh aspects, wherein M is Zr.
[0201] A twenty-ninth aspect includes any one of the first through twenty-eighth aspects, wherein the polyolefin elastomer is an ethylene / alpha-olefin copolymer.
[0202] A thirtieth aspect includes any one of the seventeenth through twenty-ninth aspects, wherein: the melt index (I2) of the polyolefin elastomer is greater than or equal to 0.5 dg / min and less than 12 dg / min; the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer has a rheology ratio (V0.1 / V100) greater than or equal to 30 and less than or equal to 100, where: V0.1 is the complex viscosity of the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer at 120 ℃ measured at 0.1 radians / second; and V100 is the complex viscosity of the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer at 120 ℃ measured at 100 radians / second.
[0203] A thirty-first aspect includes the thirtieth aspect, wherein the rheology ratio (V0.1 / V100) of the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer is greater than or equal to 50 and less than or equal to 80.
[0204] A thirty-second aspect includes any one of the seventeenth through twenty-ninth aspects, wherein: the melt index (I2) of the polyolefin elastomer is greater than or equal to 12 dg / min and less than or equal to 50 dg / min; the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer has a rheology ratio (V0.1 / V100) greater than or equal to 12 and less than or equal to 50, where: V0.1 is the complex viscosity of the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer at 120 ℃ measured at 0.1 radians / second; and V100 is the complex viscosity of the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer at 120 ℃ measured at 100 radians / second.
[0205] A thirty-third aspect includes the thirty-second aspect, wherein the rheology ratio (V0.1 / V100) of the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer is greater than or equal to 20 and less than or equal to 40.
[0206] A thirty-fourth aspect includes any one of the seventeenth through twenty-ninth, thirtieth, or thirty-first aspects, wherein: the melt index (I2) of the polyolefin elastomer is greater than or equal to 0.5 dg / min and less than 12 dg / min; and the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer has an I10 / I2 of greater than or equal to 14 and less than or equal to 25, wherein I10 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 10 kg) .
[0207] A thirty-fifth aspect includes the thirty-fourth aspect, wherein the I10 / I2 of the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer is greater than or equal to 16 and less than or equal to 22.
[0208] A thirty-sixth aspect includes any one of the seventeenth through twenty-ninth, thirty-second, or thirty-third aspects, wherein: the melt index (I2) of the polyolefin elastomer is greater than or equal to 12 dg / min and less than or equal to 50 dg / min; the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer has an I10 / I2 of greater than or equal to 10.0 and less than or equal to 25, wherein I10 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 10 kg) .
[0209] A thirty-seventh aspect includes the thirty-sixth aspect, wherein the I10 / I2 of the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer is greater than or equal to 12.5 and less than or equal to 22.
[0210] A thirty-eighth aspect includes any one of the first through sixteenth aspects, wherein the polyolefin elastomer is prepared as an unsaturated polyolefin of the formula A1L1, the process comprising: 1) combining starting materials comprising (a1) a monomer component, (b1) a chain transfer agent component, and (c1) a catalyst component comprising a procatalyst to form a solution and polymerizing from greater than 10 mol%to less than or equal to 99 mol%of the (a1) monomer component in the solution; 2) heating the solution; and 3) recovering a product comprising the polyolefin component comprising the unsaturated polyolefin of the formula A1L1, wherein: the (b1) chain transfer agent component comprises an aluminum alkyl of the formula Al (d) 3, and d at each occurrence independently is a C1 to C10 alkyl group; L1 is a polyolefin; A1 is selected from the group consisting of a vinyl group, a vinylidene group of the formula CH2=C (Y1) –, a vinylene group of the formula Y1CH=CH–, a mixture of a vinyl group and a vinylene group of the formula Y1CH=CH–, a mixture of a vinyl group and a vinylidene group of the formula CH2=C (Y1) –, a mixture of a vinylidene group of the formula CH2=C (Y1) –and a vinylene group of the formula Y1CH=CH–, and a mixture of a vinyl group, a vinylidene group of the formula CH2=C (Y1) –, and a vinylene group of the formula Y1CH=CH–; and Y1 at each occurrence independently is a C1 to C30 hydrocarbyl group.
[0211] A thirty-ninth aspect includes the thirty-eighth aspect, wherein the procatalyst has the following Structure (V) :
[0212] A fortieth aspect includes either one of the thirty-eighth or thirty-ninth aspects, wherein the chain transfer agent comprises triethylaluminum.
[0213] A forty-first aspect includes any one of the thirty-eighth through fortieth aspects, wherein the polyolefin elastomer is an ethylene / alpha-olefin copolymer.
[0214] A forty-second aspect includes any one of the thirty-eighth through forty-first aspects, wherein: the melt index (I2) of the polyolefin elastomer is greater than or equal to 0.5 dg / min and less than 12 dg / min; the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer has a rheology ratio (V0.1 / V100) greater than or equal to 4 and less than or equal to 20, where: V0.1 is the complex viscosity of the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer at 120 ℃ measured at 0.1 radians / second; and V100 is the complex viscosity of the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer at 120 ℃ measured at 100 radians / second.
[0215] A forty-third aspect includes the forty-second aspect, wherein the rheology ratio (V0.1 / V100) of the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer is greater than or equal to 4.5 and less than or equal to 12.
[0216] A forty-fourth aspect includes any one of the thirty-eighth through forty-first aspects, wherein: the melt index (I2) of the polyolefin elastomer is greater than or equal to 12 dg / min and less than or equal to 50 dg / min; the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer has a rheology ratio (V0.1 / V100) greater than or equal to 2.24 and less than or equal to 5, where: V0.1 is the complex viscosity of the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer at 120 ℃ measured at 0.1 radians / second; and V100 is the complex viscosity of the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer at 120 ℃ measured at 100 radians / second.
[0217] A forty-fifth aspect includes the forty-fourth aspect, wherein the rheology ratio (V0.1 / V100) of the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer is greater than or equal to 2.24 and less than or equal to 3.0.
[0218] A forty-sixth aspect includes any one of the first through twenty-ninth aspects, wherein the melt index (I2) of the polyolefin elastomer is greater than or equal to 0.5 dg / min and less than 12 dg / min.
[0219] A forty-seventh aspect includes any one of the first through twenty-ninth aspects, wherein the melt index (I2) of the polyolefin elastomer is greater than or equal to 12 dg / min and less than or equal to 50 dg / min.
[0220] A forty-eighth aspect of the present disclosure includes a rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer prepared using the process of any one of the first through forty-seventh aspects.
[0221] According to a forty-ninth aspect of the present disclosure, a rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer comprises the reaction product of a polyolefin elastomer and an organic peroxide, wherein: the polyolefin elastomer has: a density from 0.860 to 0.900 g / cc; a melt index (I2) of 0.5 to 50 dg / min, wherein I2 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 2.16 kg) ; and greater than or equal to 0.2 vinyls per 1000 carbons; and the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer has an I10 / I2 greater than or equal 12.5, wherein I2 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 2.16 kg) and I10 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 10 kg) .
[0222] According to a fiftieth aspect of the present disclosure, a method for preparing a cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulation comprises: forming a second composition comprising: a rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer prepared using the process of any one of the first through forty-seventh aspects; and from 0.1 wt%to 2 wt%of a second organic peroxide, based on a combined weight of the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer and the second organic peroxide.
[0223] A fifty-first aspect includes the fiftieth aspect, wherein the second organic peroxide comprises one or more of tert-butylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TBEC) , tert-amylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TAEC) , 1, 1-di (tert-butylperoxy) cyclohexane, 1, 1-di(tert-amylperoxy) cyclohexane, 3, 6, 9-triethyl-3, 6, 9-trimethyl-1, 4, 7-triperoxonane, and 1, 1-di- (t-butylperoxy) -3, 3, 5-trimethyl-cyclohexane.
[0224] A fifty-second aspect includes either one of the fiftieth or fifty-first aspects, wherein the second composition further comprises a crosslinking coagent.
[0225] A fifty-third aspect includes the fifty-second aspect, wherein the crosslinking coagent comprises one or more of triallyl cyanurate (TAC) , triallyl phosphate (TAP) , triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) , 1, 3, 5, 7-Tetravinyl-1, 3, 5, 7-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (vinyl D4) . N, N, N′, N′, N″, N″-hexaallyl-1, 3, 5-triazine-2, 4, 6-triamine, triallyl trimellitate, trimethylolpropane triacylate (TMPTA) , and trimethylolpropane trimethylacrylate (TMPTMA) .
[0226] A fifty-fourth aspect includes any one of the fiftieth through fifty-third aspects, wherein the second composition further comprises a silane coupling agent.
[0227] A fifty-fifth aspect includes the fifty-fourth aspect, wherein the silane coupling agent comprises one or more of vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) , and 3- (trimethoxysilyl) propylmethacrylate and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) .
[0228] A fifty-sixth aspect includes any one of the fiftieth through fifty-fifth aspects, wherein forming the second composition comprises soaking additives into the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer, thereby forming peroxide-soaked rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer, wherein the additives comprise: the second organic peroxide; optionally, a crosslinking coagent; and optionally, a silane coupling agent.
[0229] A fifty-seventh aspect includes the fifty-sixth aspect, wherein soaking the additives into the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer is performed at a second soaking temperature less than or equal to 80 ℃ for a second soaking duration of greater than or equal to 0.5 hours.
[0230] A fifty-eighth aspect includes any one of the fiftieth through fifty-seventh aspects, wherein the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer is prepared using the process of any one of the seventeenth through twenty-ninth aspects, wherein: the melt index (I2) of the polyolefin elastomer is greater than or equal to 0.5 dg / min and less than 12 dg / min; the organic peroxide has a 1-hour half-life temperature of at most 140 ℃; and the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulation has a cure time (T90) of less than or equal to 7.7 minutes, where T90 is measured according to ASTM D5289 (150 ℃) , and where T90 is defined as the time required to reach 90%of the maximum torque (MH) measured during the testing interval.
[0231] A fifty-ninth aspect includes the fifty-eighth aspect, wherein the second organic peroxide is tert-amylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TAEC) .
[0232] A sixtieth aspect includes any one of the fiftieth through fifty-seventh aspects, wherein the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer is prepared using the process of any one of the seventeenth through twenty-ninth aspects, wherein: the melt index (I2) of the polyolefin elastomer is greater than or equal to 12 dg / min and less than or equal to 50 dg / min; and the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulation has a cure time (T90) of less than or equal to 8.5 minutes, where T90 is measured according to ASTM D5289 (150 ℃) , and where T90 is defined as the time required to reach 90%of the maximum torque (MH) measured during the testing interval.
[0233] A sixty-first aspect includes the sixtieth aspect, wherein the second organic peroxide is tert-amylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TAEC) .
[0234] A sixty-second aspect includes any one of the fiftieth through fifty-seventh aspects, wherein the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer is prepared using the process of any one of the seventeenth through twenty-ninth aspects, wherein: the melt index (I2) of the polyolefin elastomer is greater than or equal to 0.5 dg / min and less than 12 dg / min; the organic peroxide has a 1-hour half-life temperature of at most 140 ℃; and the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulation has a cure time (T90) of less than or equal to 11.8 minutes, where T90 is measured according to ASTM D5289 (150 ℃) , and where T90 is defined as the time required to reach 90%of the maximum torque (MH) measured during the testing interval.
[0235] A sixty-third aspect includes the sixty-second aspect, wherein the second organic peroxide is tert-butylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TBEC) .
[0236] A sixty-fourth aspect includes any one of the fiftieth through fifty-seventh aspects, wherein the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer is prepared using the process of any one of the seventeenth through twenty-ninth aspects, wherein: the melt index (I2) of the polyolefin elastomer is greater than or equal to 12 dg / min and less than or equal to 50 dg / min; and the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulation has a cure time (T90) of less than or equal to 12.7 minutes, where T90 is measured according to ASTM D5289 (150 ℃) , and where T90 is defined as the time required to reach 90%of the maximum torque (MH) measured during the testing interval.
[0237] A sixty-fifth aspect includes the sixty-fourth aspect, wherein the second organic peroxide is tert-butylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TBEC) .
[0238] A sixty-sixth aspect includes any one of the fiftieth through fifty-seventh aspects, wherein the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer is prepared using the process of any one of the thirty-eighth through forty-first aspects, wherein: the melt index (I2) of the polyolefin elastomer is greater than or equal to 0.5 dg / min and less than 12 dg / min; and the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulation has a cure time (T90) of less than or equal to 8.2 minutes, where T90 is measured according to ASTM D5289 (150 ℃) , and where T90 is defined as the time required to reach 90%of the maximum torque (MH) measured during the testing interval.
[0239] A sixty-seventh aspect includes the sixty-sixth aspect, wherein the second organic peroxide is tert-amylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TAEC) .
[0240] A sixty-eighth aspect includes any one of the fiftieth through fifty-seventh aspects, wherein the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer is prepared using the process of any one of the thirty-eighth through forty-first aspects, wherein: the melt index (I2) of the polyolefin elastomer is greater than or equal to 12 dg / min and less than or equal to 50 dg / min; and the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulation has a cure time (T90) of less than or equal to 11.2 minutes, where T90 is measured according to ASTM D5289 (150 ℃) , and where T90 is defined as the time required to reach 90%of the maximum torque (MH) measured during the testing interval.
[0241] A sixty-ninth aspect includes the sixty-eighth aspect, wherein the second organic peroxide is tert-amylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TAEC) .
[0242] A seventieth aspect includes any one of the fiftieth through fifty-seventh aspects, wherein the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer is prepared using the process of any one of the thirty-eighth through forty-first aspects, wherein: the melt index (I2) of the polyolefin elastomer is greater than or equal to 0.5 dg / min and less than 12 dg / min; and the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulation has a cure time (T90) of less than or equal to 12.6 minutes, where T90 is measured according to ASTM D5289 (150 ℃) , and where T90 is defined as the time required to reach 90%of the maximum torque (MH) measured during the testing interval.
[0243] A seventy-first aspect includes the seventieth aspect, wherein the second organic peroxide is tert-butylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TBEC) .
[0244] A seventy-second aspect includes any one of the fiftieth through fifty-seventh aspects, wherein the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer is prepared using the process of any one of the thirty-eighth through forty-first aspects, wherein: the melt index (I2) of the polyolefin elastomer is greater than or equal to 12 dg / min and less than or equal to 50 dg / min; and the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulation has a cure time (T90) of less than or equal to 16.8 minutes, where T90 is measured according to ASTM D5289 (150 ℃) , and where T90 is defined as the time required to reach 90%of the maximum torque (MH) measured during the testing interval.
[0245] A seventy-third aspect includes the seventy-second aspect, wherein the second organic peroxide is tert-butylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TBEC) .
[0246] A seventy-fourth aspect includes a cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulation prepared using the method of any one of the fiftieth through seventy-third aspects.
[0247] According to a seventy-fifth aspect of the present disclosure, a cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulation comprises a rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer and from 0.1 wt%to 2 wt%of a second organic peroxide, based on a combined weight of the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer and the second organic peroxide, wherein the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer is prepared by: forming a first composition comprising: a polyolefin elastomer having: a density from 0.860 to 0.900 g / cc; a melt index (I2) of 0.5 to 50 dg / min, wherein I2 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 2.16 kg) ; and greater than or equal to 0.2 vinyls per 1000 carbons; and from 0.01 wt%to 0.3 wt%of an organic peroxide, based on a combined weight of the polyolefin elastomer and the organic peroxide; and decomposing at least 75 wt%of the organic peroxide in the first composition.
[0248] A seventy-sixth aspect includes a cross-linked polyolefin elastomer prepared from the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulation of either one of the seventy-fourth or seventy-fifth aspects.
[0249] A seventy-seventh aspect includes the seventy-sixth aspect, wherein the cross-linked polyolefin elastomer is prepared by heat, irradiation, electron beam radiation, or ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
[0250] According to a seventy-eighth aspect of the present disclosure, an article comprises the cross-linked polyolefin elastomer of either one of the seventy-sixth or seventy-seventh aspects.
[0251] A seventy-ninth aspect includes the seventy-eighth aspect, wherein the article is a multilayer film.
[0252] An eightieth aspect includes the seventy-eighth aspect, wherein the article is an encapsulant for a photovoltaic module.
[0253] Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment, ” “certain embodiments, ” “various embodiments, ” “one or more embodiments” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the disclosure. Thus, the appearances of the phrases such as “in embodiments, ” “in one or more embodiments, ” “in certain embodiments, ” “in various embodiments, ” “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment, or to only one embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.
[0254] While particular embodiments of the present disclosure have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this disclosure.
[0255] What is claimed is:
Claims
1.A process for preparing a rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer, the process comprising:forming a first composition comprising:a polyolefin elastomer having:a density from 0.860 to 0.900 g / cc;a melt index (I2) of 0.5 to 50 dg / min, wherein I2 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 2.16 kg) ; andgreater than or equal to 0.2 vinyls per 1000 carbons; andfrom 0.01 wt%to 0.3 wt%of an organic peroxide, based on a combined weight of the polyolefin elastomer and the organic peroxide; anddecomposing at least 75 wt%of the organic peroxide in the first composition.2.The process of claim 1, wherein the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer has an I10 / I2 greater than or equal to 8.5, wherein I10 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 10 kg) .3.The process of claim 1, wherein the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer has an I10 / I2 greater than or equal to 12.5, wherein I10 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 10 kg) .4.The process of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the polyolefin elastomer has greater than or equal to 0.3 unsaturations per 1000 carbons.5.The process of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the polyolefin elastomer has a percentage of vinyls in the total unsaturation of greater than or equal to 50%.6.The process of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the polyolefin elastomer has an oligomer level less than 5000 ppm.7.The process of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the first composition comprises from 0.03 wt%to 0.2 wt%of an organic peroxide, based on the combined weight of the polyolefin elastomer and the organic peroxide.8.The process of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the organic peroxide comprises one or more of tert-butylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TBEC) , tert-amylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TAEC) , 1, 1-di (tert-butylperoxy) cyclohexane, 1, 1-di (tert-amylperoxy) cyclohexane, 3, 6, 9-triethyl-3, 6, 9-trimethyl-1, 4, 7-triperoxonane, and 1, 1-di- (t-butylperoxy) -3, 3, 5-trimethyl-cyclohexane.9.The process of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the melt index (I2) of the polyolefin elastomer is from 0.5 to 35 dg / min.10.The process of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein forming the first composition comprises soaking the organic peroxide into pellets comprising the polyolefin elastomer, thereby forming peroxide-soaked polyolefin elastomer pellets.11.The process of claim 10, wherein the soaking is performed at a soaking temperature less than or equal to 80 ℃ for a soaking duration of greater than or equal to 0.5 hours.12.The process of either one of claims 10 or 11, wherein decomposing at least 75 wt%of the organic peroxide in the first composition comprises melt blending the peroxide-soaked polyolefin elastomer pellets.13.The process of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein forming the first composition comprises adding the polyolefin elastomer and the organic peroxide to a continuous or batch mixer, and wherein decomposing at least 75 wt%of the organic peroxide in the first composition comprises melt blending the polyolefin elastomer and the organic peroxide.14.The process of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the polyolefin elastomer is prepared by solution polymerizing ethylene, and optionally an α-olefin comonomer, in the presence of a procatalyst having the following Structure (I) : wherein:M is Zr or Hf, the metal being in a formal oxidation state of +2, +3, or +4;n is 0, 1, or 2;when n is 1, X is a monodentate ligand or a bidentate ligand;when n is 2, each X is an independently chosen monodentate ligand;the procatalyst is overall charge-neutral;at least one of R1 and R16 is selected from the group consisting of Structure (II) , Structure (III) , and Structure (IV) :wherein:R31–35, R41–48, and R51–59 are independently chosen from –H, C1–C40 hydrocarbyl, C1–C40 heterohydrocarbyl, -Si (RC) 3, -Ge (RC) 3, -P (RP) 2, -N (RN) 2, -ORC, -SRC, -NO2, -CN, -CF3, RCS (O) -, RCS (O) 2-, (RC) 2C=N-, RCC (O) O-, RCOC (O) -, RCC (O) N (RN) -, (RC) 2NC (O) -, or halogen, wherein RC is independently selected from C1-C40 hydrocarbyl;R3 and R14 are independently C1–C40 hydrocarbyl or hydrogen;R6 and R11 are independently C1–C40 hydrocarbyl or hydrogen;R2, R4, R5, R7, R8, R9, R10, R12, R13, and R15 are independently selected from the group consisting of a C1–C40 hydrocarbyl, C1–C40 heterohydrocarbyl, -Si (RC) 3, halogen atom, hydrogen atom, and combinations thereof;R17 and R18 are independently C1–C3 hydrocarbylene; andR19 and R20 are independently C1–C40 hydrocarbyl or hydrogen.15.The process of any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the polyolefin elastomer is an ethylene / alpha-olefin copolymer.16.The process of either one of claims 14 or 15, wherein:the melt index (I2) of the polyolefin elastomer is greater than or equal to 0.5 dg / min and less than 12 dg / min;the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer has a rheology ratio (V0.1 / V100) greater than or equal to 30 and less than or equal to 100, where:V0.1 is the complex viscosity of the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer at 120 ℃ measured at 0.1 radians / second; andV100 is the complex viscosity of the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer at 120 ℃ measured at 100 radians / second.17.The process of either one of claims 14 or 15, wherein:the melt index (I2) of the polyolefin elastomer is greater than or equal to 12 dg / min and less than or equal to 50 dg / min;the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer has a rheology ratio (V0.1 / V100) greater than or equal to 12 and less than or equal to 50, where:V0.1 is the complex viscosity of the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer at 120 ℃ measured at 0.1 radians / second; andV100 is the complex viscosity of the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer at 120 ℃ measured at 100 radians / second.18.The process of any one of claims 14 to 16, wherein:the melt index (I2) of the polyolefin elastomer is greater than or equal to 0.5 dg / min and less than 12 dg / min; andthe rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer has an I10 / I2 of greater than or equal to 14 and less than or equal to 25, wherein I10 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 10 kg) .19.The process of any one of claims 14, 15, or 17, wherein:the melt index (I2) of the polyolefin elastomer is greater than or equal to 12 dg / min and less than or equal to 50 dg / min;the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer has an I10 / I2 of greater than or equal to 10.0 and less than or equal to 25, wherein I10 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 10 kg) .20.The process of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the polyolefin elastomer is prepared as an unsaturated polyolefin of the formula A1L1, the process comprising:1) combining starting materials comprising (a1) a monomer component, (b1) a chain transfer agent component, and (c1) a catalyst component comprising a procatalyst to form a solution and polymerizing from greater than 10 mol%to less than or equal to 99 mol%of the (a1) monomer component in the solution;2) heating the solution; and3) recovering a product comprising the polyolefin component comprising the unsaturated polyolefin of the formula A1L1,wherein:the (b1) chain transfer agent component comprises an aluminum alkyl of the formula Al (d) 3, andd at each occurrence independently is a C1 to C10 alkyl group;L1 is a polyolefin;A1 is selected from the group consisting of a vinyl group, a vinylidene group of the formula CH2=C (Y1) –, a vinylene group of the formula Y1CH=CH–, a mixture of a vinyl group and a vinylene group of the formula Y1CH=CH–, a mixture of a vinyl group and a vinylidene group of the formula CH2=C (Y1) –, a mixture of a vinylidene group of the formula CH2=C (Y1) –and a vinylene group of the formula Y1CH=CH–, and a mixture of a vinyl group, a vinylidene group of the formula CH2=C (Y1) –, and a vinylene group of the formula Y1CH=CH–; andY1 at each occurrence independently is a C1 to C30 hydrocarbyl group.21.A rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer prepared using the process of any one of claims 1 to 20.22.A rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer comprising the reaction product of a polyolefin elastomer and an organic peroxide, wherein:the polyolefin elastomer has:a density from 0.860 to 0.900 g / cc;a melt index (I2) of 0.5 to 50 dg / min, wherein I2 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 2.16 kg) ; andgreater than or equal to 0.2 vinyls per 1000 carbons; andthe rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer has an I10 / I2 greater than or equal 12.5, wherein I2 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 2.16 kg) and I10 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 10 kg) .23.A method for preparing a cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulation, the method comprising:forming a second composition comprising:a rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer prepared using the process of any one of claims 1 to 20; andfrom 0.1 wt%to 2 wt%of a second organic peroxide, based on a combined weight of the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer and the second organic peroxide.24.A cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulation comprising:a rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer prepared by:forming a first composition comprising:a polyolefin elastomer having:a density from 0.860 to 0.900 g / cc;a melt index (I2) of 0.5 to 50 dg / min, wherein I2 is measured according to ASTM D1238 (190 ℃, 2.16 kg) ; andgreater than or equal to 0.2 vinyls per 1000 carbons; andfrom 0.01 wt%to 0.3 wt%of an organic peroxide, based on a combined weight of the polyolefin elastomer and the organic peroxide; anddecomposing at least 75 wt%of the organic peroxide in the first composition; andfrom 0.1 wt%to 2 wt%of a second organic peroxide, based on a combined weight of the rheology-modified polyolefin elastomer and the second organic peroxide.25.A cross-linked polyolefin elastomer prepared from the cross-linkable polyolefin elastomer formulation of claim 24.
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