User equipment handling
By enabling UEs to transmit power headroom reports based on triggering conditions, the method addresses inefficiencies in existing power control mechanisms, reducing inter-cell interference and enhancing QoS for mixed terrestrial and aerial UE networks.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/074977
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-01-31
- Publication Date
- 2025-08-07
AI Technical Summary
Existing power control mechanisms for user equipment (UEs) in communications networks are inefficient when handling a mix of terrestrial and aerial UEs, leading to increased interference and degradation of quality of service (QoS) due to inter-cell interference (ICI) caused by aerial UEs.
A UE initiates transmission of a power headroom report (PHR) to a network node when certain triggering conditions are met, such as altitude or interference status, providing information indicative of its airborne and interference status to enable informed power control decisions.
This approach reduces inter-cell interference by allowing network nodes to configure appropriate power control parameters for UEs, thereby improving QoS for both terrestrial and aerial UEs.
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Figure CN2024074977_07082025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
USER EQUIPMENT HANDLINGTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The disclosure relates to methods for handling a user equipment (UE) , and UEs, network nodes, a system, a computer program and a computer program product.BACKGROUND
[0002] The general power control for uplink transmission physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) can be determine using by Equation 1 below (see third generation partnership project (3GPP) technical specification (TS) 38.213 V17.4.0 section 7.1.1) . Equation 1 can be used to determine the transmit power ( “P (PUSCH) ” ) associated with transmission from, for example, a user equipment (UE) to a receiving base station (BS) in a network. P (PUSCH) = min {Pcmax, P0 + α·PL + 10·log10 ( (2^μ) ·MRB) + ΔTF + δ}
[0003] Equation 1
[0004] In Equation 1 above, “Pcmax” is the UE’s maximum output power, “P0” is the target receive power at which the BS would like to receive the signals transmitted by the UE, “α” is a fractional pathloss compensation factor, and “PL” is an estimate of uplink pathloss. The expression “10·log10 ( (2^μ) ·MRB) ” considers the bandwidth of the transmission in the transmit power calculation, the term “ΔTF” accounts for modulation and channel coding rates, and the term “δ” is a power adjustment introduced by closed-loop power control.
[0005] The parameters P0 and α represent open-loop power control parameters. The value of P0 is commonly determined considering a target signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) , which in turn considers noise and interference power at the receiver (e.g. the receiving BS) . The value of P0 can be calculated as the sum of a nominal value of P0 (e.g. “P0_nominal” ) which is, for example, common to each UE in a cell of the network, and a UE specific term (e.g. “P0_UE” ) . The target receive power can then be calculated as P0 = P0_nominal + P0_UE. In Equation 1 above, full pathloss compensation can be represented by setting α = 1, which aims to fully compensate for uplink pathloss such that the received power matches the target received power, P0. Fractional pathloss compensation is used when α<1, which is useful to reduce the interference generated, for example, by cell-edge users towards neighboring cells, by penalizing UEs with large pathloss.
[0006] The transmit power, P (PUSCH) , is impacted by scheduling decisions taken in the network. Examples of such scheduling decisions include decisions involving resource allocation, and modulation and coding schemes, which are taken in a time frame much shorter than open-loop power control related decisions. To enable a BS to make scheduling decisions, feedback can be provided by the UE to the network (e.g. the BS) . The feedback can signal the power available for uplink (UL) transmissions, which the network (e.g. the BS) can use to make decisions on, for example, UL resource allocation. As such, UE feedback can be used to provide support for power-aware packet scheduling, and to provide support for UE transmission power control decisions.
[0007] The world is witnessing a widespread and increasing use of drones, or more technically Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) , in many segments of the economy and in our daily life. There are numerous use cases of UAVs in industry, such as goods transportation and delivery, surveillance, media production, etc.
[0008] Traditionally, UAVs can only be flown by a controller within a visual line of sight (VLoS) . However, realizing the great potential of connecting drones beyond visual line of sight (BVLoS) (e.g. via a cellular network) , the third generation partnership project (3GPP) has specified multiple features in long term evolution (LTE) Release (Rel-) 15, aimed at improving the efficiency and robustness of (e.g. terrestrial) LTE networks for providing aerial connectivity services, particularly for low altitude UAVs. These features target both command-and-control traffic associated with the flight of UAVs and data (also known as “payload” ) traffic from the UAV to the (e.g. cellular) network.
[0009] The features introduced by 3GPP target special needs associated with serving UAVs (or aerial UEs) in the network. Such special needs include the need for flying mode detection, interference detection, and interference mitigation. Some of the special needs identified for UAVs are linked. For example flying mode detection is related to interference detection, as the interference conditions for flying aerial UEs are different from a terrestrial UE (e.g. a UE in terrestrial mode) . Specifically, as UAVs are likely to fly above rooftops, where Line of Sight (LoS) conditions dominate, UAVs tend to detect strong signals from multiple neighboring cells of the network. As such, UAVs face an increase in interference conditions associated with downlink (DL) traffic. Moreover, such scenarios can result in UAV UL traffic causing an increase in interference being experienced by neighboring network nodes (e.g. BSs) located in neighboring cells of the network.
[0010] Therefore, in communications networks, such as cellular networks that serve both terrestrial UEs (TUEs) and aerial UEs (AUEs) , AUEs (e.g. in a cell) tend to cause significant interference to neighboring BSs. That is, in some networks, the AUEs can cause inter-cell interference (ICI) . The interference level, its variation in time, and the specific set of victim BSs depend on a number of factors, such as the propagation environment (e.g. LoS or non LoS (NLoS) ) , the antenna system configured at an AUE, the quality of channel state information (CSI) at the AUE, altitude and velocity of the AUE, etc. This potentially large (e.g. inter cell) interference level can cause severe instantaneous and highly time varying UL SINR degradation at victim BSs. Furthermore, the degradation can also depend on the level of interference, the number of aggressor terrestrial UEs and aerial UEs, the quality of CSI, the antenna system and receiver algorithm used at the victim BSs, the level of resource utilization and expected quality of service (QoS) in neighboring cells, etc.
[0011] As described above, aerial UEs can create strong ICI in (e.g. the uplink of) a network. Therefore, controlling ICI is useful for fulfilling QoS requirements of both types of users (aerial and terrestrial) in a dual-use network and for different applications (e.g., command-and-control (C2) and mobile broadband (MBB) services) . One tool the network can use for controlling the ICI is to control the transmit power of the UEs. However, existing power control mechanisms were primarily designed for terrestrial UEs, and are therefore not efficient when utilised in a system in which there is a mix of terrestrial UEs and aerial UEs.
[0012] Thus, existing techniques for handling aerial UEs in a communications network have several issues which result in an increase in interference to numerous entities in the communications network and, as a result, can degrade services provided in the communications network.SUMMARY
[0013] As mentioned above, there exist certain challenges associated with handling UEs in a communications network.
[0014] In particular, in the presence of aerial UEs in a communications network, the level and time variation of the interference caused to surrounding BSs of the network can result in severe degradation to quality of service (QoS) in the network. The degradation to the QoS disadvantageously affects the QoS provided to both terrestrial UEs and aerial UEs.
[0015] It is therefore an object of the disclosure to obviate or eliminate at least some of the above-described disadvantages associated with existing techniques. In particular, it is an object of the disclosure to enable a network to make more informed decisions for interference management. Another object is to enable a reduction or elimination of disadvantageous effects of ICI in the network.
[0016] Therefore, according to an aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a first method for handling a user equipment (UE) . The first method is performed by a first UE connected to a communications network. The first UE is served by a first network node of the communications network. The first method comprises initiating transmission of a power headroom report (PHR) towards the first network node if a first status of the first UE meets one or more triggering conditions. The first status comprises one or more of an airborne status of the first UE and an interference status of the first UE. The PHR comprises information indicative of the first status.
[0017] In some examples, the one or more triggering conditions may comprise the altitude of the first UE meeting an altitude criterion, and initiating transmission of the PHR may comprise initiating transmission of a measurement report message towards the first network node. The measurement report message can comprise the PHR.
[0018] In some examples, the first method may comprise obtaining the one or more triggering conditions. Obtaining the one or more triggering conditions may comprise obtaining the one or more triggering conditions from a memory of the first UE. Alternatively, or in addition, obtaining the one or more triggering conditions may comprise receiving, from the first network node, information indicative of the one or more triggering conditions.
[0019] In some examples, the information indicative of the one or more triggering conditions may be received in response to the first UE transitioning to a radio resource control (RRC) connected mode.
[0020] In some examples, the first method may comprise determining that the first status meets the one or more triggering conditions. Determining that the first status meets the one or more triggering conditions may comprise receiving a message from the first network node. The message received from the first network node may comprise information indicative that the first status meets the one or more triggering conditions.
[0021] In some examples, the first method may comprise receiving, from the first network node, information indicative of one or more power control parameters to be configured for the first UE. The one or more power control parameters may be determined based on the PHR. The one or more power control parameters can comprise, for example, a target received power at the first network node, a transmit power control command, and / or a number of allocated resource blocks.
[0022] In some examples the first method may comprise receiving, from the first network node, information indicative of one or more flight parameters to be configured for the first UE. The one or more flight parameters may be determined based on the PHR. The one or more flight parameters can comprise, for example, a trajectory of the first UE, an altitude of the first UE, and / or a speed of the first UE.
[0023] According to another aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a second method for handling a UE. The second method is performed by a first network node of a communications network. The first network node serves a first UE connected to the communications network. The method comprises receiving, from the first UE, a PHR if a first status of the first UE meets one or more triggering conditions. The PHR comprises information indicative of the first status. The first status comprises one or more of an airborne status of the first UE and an interference status of the first UE. The second method also comprises determining, based on the PHR, a level of interference associated with the first UE.
[0024] In some examples, the one or more triggering conditions may comprise an altitude of the first UE meeting an altitude criterion, a line of sight (LoS) condition to one or more non-serving network nodes of the communications network, a value of reference signal received power (RSRP) detected from the one or more non-serving network nodes meeting a first RSRP criterion, a value of RSRP detected from the first network node meeting a second RSRP criterion, the first UE entering a location, and / or a transmit signal of the first UE being associated with one or more sidelobes having a power level meeting a first power criterion. In some examples in which the one or more triggering conditions comprises the altitude of the first UE meeting the altitude criterion, receiving the PHR may comprise receiving a measurement report message from the first UE. The measurement report message may comprise the PHR.
[0025] In some examples, the second method may comprise initiating transmission, towards one or more other network nodes of the communications network, of information indicative of the level of interference. In some cases, the second method may comprise initiating transmission, towards the one or more other network nodes of the communications network, of the information indicative of the first status.
[0026] In some examples, the second method may comprise determining, based on the PHR, one or more power control parameters to be configured for the first UE. The one or more power control parameters can comprise any one or more of the power control parameters referred to herein. In some of these examples, the second method may comprise initiating transmission of information indicative of the one or more power control parameters towards the first UE.
[0027] In some examples, the second method may comprise determining, based on the PHR, one or more flight parameters to be configured for the first UE. The one or more flight parameters can comprise any one or more of the flight parameters referred to herein. In some of these examples, the second method may comprise initiating transmission of information indicative of the one or more flight parameters towards the first UE.
[0028] In some examples, the first UE may be an aerial UE. In some of these examples, the second method may comprise determining, based on the PHR, that the first UE is an aerial UE.
[0029] In some examples, the second method may comprise initiating transmission of information indicative of the one or more triggering conditions towards the first UE. Transmission of the information indicative of the one or more triggering conditions may be initiated in response to the first UE transitioning to an RRC connected mode.
[0030] In some examples, the second method may comprise determining that the first status meets the one or more triggering conditions. In some of these examples, the second method may comprise initiating transmission of a message towards the first UE. The message may comprise information indicative that the first status meets the one or more triggering conditions.
[0031] In some examples, the information indicative of the first status may comprise a power headroom value. Alternatively, or in addition, the first status may comprise the interference status of the first UE, and the information indicative of the first status comprise one or more of: a quantity of one or more non-serving network nodes of the communications network towards which a LoS is detected by the first UE, a path loss estimate corresponding to each of the one or more non-serving network nodes towards which a LoS is detected by the first UE, a number of network cells of the communications network detected by the first UE, a quantity of one or more non-serving network nodes from which a detected value of RSRP meets a first criterion, and information indicative of an interference experienced by the first UE.
[0032] Alternatively, or in addition, the first status may comprise the airborne status of the first UE, and the information indicative of the first status may comprise one or more of: an altitude of the first UE, a speed of the first UE, a location of the first UE, a trajectory of the first UE, a battery status of the first UE, a remaining operational time of the first UE, and information indicative of a time period for which the PHR is valid.
[0033] The communications network referred to herein may comprise an aerial UE and a terrestrial UE. In some examples, the communications network can be a telecommunications network. The first network node may be comprised in a first cell of a plurality of cells of the communications network.
[0034] According to another aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a method performed by a system. The method performed by the system comprises the first method described earlier and the second method described earlier.
[0035] According to another aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a first user equipment comprising processing circuitry configured to operate in accordance with the first method described earlier. In some embodiments, the first user equipment may comprise at least one memory for storing instructions which, when executed by the processing circuitry, cause the first user equipment to operate in accordance with the first method described earlier.
[0036] According to another aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a first network node comprising processing circuitry configured to operate in accordance with the second method described earlier. In some embodiments, the first network node may comprise at least one memory for storing instructions which, when executed by the processing circuitry, cause the first network node to operate in accordance with the second method described earlier.
[0037] According to another aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a system. The system comprises at least one first user equipment, as described earlier, and at least one first network node, as described earlier.
[0038] According to another aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a computer program comprising instructions which, when executed by processing circuitry, cause the processing circuitry to perform the first method described earlier and / or the second method described earlier.
[0039] According to another aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a computer program product comprising a computer readable storage medium. The computer readable storage medium comprises instructions which are executable by processing circuitry to cause: a first user equipment to perform the first method described earlier, and / or a first network node to perform the second method described earlier.
[0040] Thus, in the manner described above, improved techniques for handling a UE are provided. The techniques involve (e.g. a set of) one or more triggering conditions for a first UE to transmit a PHR to a serving first network node (e.g. a BS) and the inclusion of information (e.g. elements) indicative of the status of the first UE that triggered the transmission in the PHR. As such, the first network node is conditionally provided with relevant information on potentially highly interfering UEs. The transmitted PHR can enable the first network node to configure certain (e.g. power control) parameters for (e.g. UAV) UEs which allow other (e.g. neighboring) victim network nodes (e.g. BSs) to mitigate or avoid inter-cell interference caused by the UEs.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0041] For a better understanding of the techniques, and to show how they may be put into effect, reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings, in which:
[0042] Figure 1 is a block diagram illustrating a first user equipment (UE) according to an embodiment;
[0043] Figure 2 is a block diagram illustrating a method performed by the first UE according to an embodiment;
[0044] Figure 3 is a block diagram illustrating a first network node according to an embodiment;
[0045] Figure 4 is a block diagram illustrating a method performed by the first network node according to an embodiment;
[0046] Figures 5 and 6 are block diagrams illustrating a method performed by the first UE according to some embodiments;
[0047] Figures 7-10 are block diagrams illustrating a method performed by the first network node according to some embodiments;
[0048] Figures 11 and 12 are schematic illustrations of a system according to some embodiments; and
[0049] Figure 13 is a block diagram illustrating a computer program product according to an embodiment.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0050] Generally, all terms used herein are to be interpreted according to their ordinary meaning in the relevant technical field, unless a different meaning is clearly given and / or is implied from the context in which it is used. All references to a / an / the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc. are to be interpreted openly as referring to at least one instance of the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc., unless explicitly stated otherwise. The steps of any methods disclosed herein do not have to be performed in the exact order disclosed, unless a step is explicitly described as following or preceding another step and / or where it is implicit that a step must follow or precede another step. Any feature of any of the embodiments disclosed herein may be applied to any other embodiment, wherever appropriate. Likewise, any advantage of any of the embodiments may apply to any other embodiments, and vice versa. Other objectives, features and advantages of the enclosed embodiments will be apparent from the following description.
[0051] Some of the embodiments contemplated herein will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. Other embodiments, however, are contained within the scope of the subject-matter disclosed herein, the disclosed subject-matter should not be construed as limited to only the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided by way of example to convey the scope of the subject-matter to those skilled in the art.
[0052] In some instances, detailed descriptions of well-known methods, entities, interfaces, circuits, and devices are omitted so as not obscure the description with unnecessary detail. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the functions described may be implemented in one or more entities using hardware circuitry (e.g., analogue and / or discrete logic gates interconnected to perform a specialized function, ASICs, PLAs, etc. ) and / or using software programs and data in conjunction with one or more digital microprocessors or general purpose computers. Entities that communicate using the air interface also have suitable radio communications circuitry. Moreover, where appropriate the technology can additionally be considered to be embodied entirely within any form of computer-readable memory, such as solid-state memory, magnetic disk, or optical disk containing an appropriate set of computer instructions that would cause a processor to carry out the techniques described herein.
[0053] As described earlier, there are described herein improved techniques for handling a UE. As used herein, a UE may refer to a device capable, configured, arranged and / or operable to communicate wirelessly with network nodes and / or other UEs. Examples of a UE include, but are not limited to, a smart phone, mobile phone, cell phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phone, wireless local loop phone, desktop computer, personal digital assistant (PDA) , wireless camera, gaming console or device, music storage device, playback appliance, wearable terminal device, wireless endpoint, mobile station, tablet, laptop, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , smart device, wireless customer-premise equipment (CPE) , vehicle, vehicle-mounted or vehicle embedded / integrated wireless device, etc. Other examples include any UE identified by the 3GPP, including a narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT) UE, a machine type communication (MTC) UE, and / or an enhanced MTC (eMTC) UE.
[0054] A UE may support device-to-device (D2D) communication, for example by implementing a 3GPP standard for sidelink communication, Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC) , vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) , vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) , or vehicle-to-everything (V2X) . In other examples, a UE may not necessarily have a user in the sense of a human user who owns and / or operates the relevant device. Instead, a UE may represent a device that is intended for sale to, or operation by, a human user but which may not, or which may not initially, be associated with a specific human user (e.g., a UAV) . Alternatively, a UE may represent a device that is not intended for sale to, or operation by, an end user but which may be associated with or operated for the benefit of a user.
[0055] The techniques described herein involve a first UE connected to a communications network and / or a first network node of the communications network. The communications network referred to herein can be any type of communications network. For example, the communications network referred to herein may be a telecommunications network and / or a cellular network. In some embodiments, the communications network referred to herein can be a mobile network, such as a fifth generation (5G) mobile network or any other generation (e.g. 6G) mobile network. In some embodiments, the communications network referred to herein can be a core network (e.g. a 5G core (5GC) network) or a radio access network (RAN) . In some embodiments, the communications network referred to herein may comprise a core network and a RAN. In some embodiments, the communications network referred to herein can be a virtual network or an at least partially virtual network. Although some examples have been provided for the type of communications network referred to herein, it will be understood that the communications network referred to herein can be any other type of communications network.
[0056] As also described earlier, the first UE is served by the first network node. That is, the first network node (currently) serves the first UE. As such, the first network node can be defined herein as a “serving” network node for the first UE. The first network node may thus be (pre) configured to operate as a primary (e.g. main, master) connection / access point, in the communications network, for the first UE. That is, since the first UE is served by the first network node, the first network node is configured to operate as a primary (e.g. only) connection point for enabling the first UE to access the communications network (e.g. communicate with other entities and / or other nodes in the communications network) . The first UE may be configured to (e.g. primarily) transmit communications (e.g. messages) to, and / or receive communications from, the first network node as the node which serves the first UE, and vice-versa. As the serving node for the first UE, the first network node may be selected (e.g. from a plurality of network nodes) to be configured to communicate with the first UE. In contrast, a “non-serving” network node, as described herein in relation to the first UE, can be defined as a network node of the communications network which is not (pre) configured to serve the first UE. For example, a non-serving network node may not be configured to operate as a (e.g. primary) connection / access point for enabling the first UE to access the communications network. However, it will be understood that a non-serving network node, as mentioned herein, may still be configured to communicate with the first UE (e.g. via the incidental reception of communications transmitted from the first UE towards the first network node) . As such, a network node may not be a serving node for the first UE by virtue only of the network node being configured to receive communications from the first UE. In some examples, the first network node may serve the first UE if the first network node and the first UE are comprised in the same network cell of the communications network. By contrast, in some examples, a network node comprised in a different cell to that of the first UE may be a non-serving network node for the first UE. It is noted that a non-serving network node may become a serving network node, and vice-versa. For example, a serving network node may become a non-serving network node for the first UE based on the first UE’s location and / or configuration in the communications network (e.g. in response to the first UE moving from one area of the communications network to another) . As such, it will be understood that a serving network node can be defined herein as the network node that currently (e.g. at the point in time that the method described herein, in respect of the first UE and / or the first network node, is performed) serves the first UE.
[0057] As mentioned earlier, multiple features have been specified by 3GPP aimed at improving the efficiency and robustness of terrestrial (e.g. LTE) networks for providing aerial connectivity services. The features specified can include:
[0058] - Support for subscription-based identification.
[0059] - Altitude reporting when a UAV crosses an altitude threshold. Such a report can include height, (e.g. three dimensional (3D) ) location / position, horizontal and vertical speed.
[0060] - RSRP reporting per event of N cells’s ignal power above a threshold. Such a report can include RSRP, reference signal received quality (RSRQ) , and (e.g. 3D) location / position.
[0061] - UE-specific uplink (UL) power control.
[0062] - Flight path information provided from UE to evolved Node B (eNB) . The flight path information can include a network polling and a list of waypoints (e.g. 3D location) , together with a time stamp if available.
[0063] These features were introduced to target special needs associated with a network serving a UAV, such as interference detection. For interference detection, which may also serve as an input to flying mode detection, an enhancement to existing event triggering of RSRP, RSRQ, and reference signal SINR (RS-SINR) reports was introduced in LTE Rel-15. The UE may be configured to trigger an event, such as A3, A4, or A5 in fifth generation (5G) new radio (NR) , which all consider neighbor cell measurements. For such event triggers, a measurement report can be triggered when the measured RSRPs (and / or RSRQs, and / or RS-SINRs) of multiple cells are above a threshold.
[0064] As described earlier, the techniques described herein involve the transmission and / or receipt of a power headroom report (PHR) . A PHR can comprise information (e.g. a value) indicative of a measurement in the difference between nominal UE maximum transmit power and estimated power for uplink transmission. As such, a PHR can be usefully utilised to provide support for power aware packet scheduling, and to provide support for UE transmission power control decisions (e.g. taken by the first network node) . Power headroom reporting can be controlled via radio resource (RRC) signalling. For example, in some existing techniques, RRC signaling can be used to control power headroom reporting via configuration of the following parameters: phr-PeriodicTimer; phr-ProhibitTimer; phr-Tx-PowerFactorChange; phr-Type2OtherCell; phr-ModeOtherCG; multiplePHR; mpe-Reporting-FR2; mpe-ProhibitTimer; mpe-Threshold; numberOfN; mpe-ResourcePool; and / or twoPHRMode.
[0065] A PHR can be configured for periodic reporting or for event-triggered reporting. In the case of event-triggered reporting, power headroom reporting can be triggered, for example, by any of the following events:
[0066] - Change in path loss of a reference signal is larger than a configured threshold
[0067] - Expiration of a phr-PeriodicTimer
[0068] - Configuration or reconfiguration of power headroom reporting by upper layers
[0069] - Activation of secondary cell (SCell)
[0070] In existing techniques, to avoid excessive PHR triggering, and to reduce UL signaling, the phr-ProhibitTimer can contain a minimum time that should elapse between consecutive PHRs.
[0071] However, existing techniques for power headroom reporting have issues in that the manner in which reporting is handled can lead to an inefficient use of (e.g. network) resources. The improved techniques described herein reduce the need for network nodes to request information from one or more UEs connected to the communications network. Moreover, as the improved techniques involve improved techniques for conditionally triggering the transmission of a PHR, only UEs of interest (e.g. meeting one or more (pre) configured) criteria) transmit a PHR. In this way, serving network nodes are still provided with useful information about the UEs being served while reducing the network resource usage.
[0072] Figure 1 illustrates a first UE 10 connected to a communications network 900 (see Figure 11) in accordance with an embodiment. The first UE 10 is for handling a UE. In some embodiments, the first UE 10 referred to herein can refer to equipment capable, configured, arranged and / or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with the first network node referred to herein, and / or with other nodes or equipment to enable and / or to perform the functionality described herein. In some embodiments, the first UE 10 referred to herein can, for example, be a physical node (e.g. a physical machine or server) . The first UE 10 is served by the first network node as described herein. In some examples the first UE 10 referred to herein may be, and / or may be comprised in, an aerial UE. An aerial UE may be a UE that is configured to operate in the air. For example, the first UE 10 may be, and / or may be comprised in, a flying UE, an unmanned / uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) , e.g. in the form of a drone. In some examples, the first UE 10 may be an aerial UE by virtue of the first UE 10 being comprised in another aerial entity. Thus, an aerial UE, as referred to herein, may comprise any UE that is mounted on, attached to, integrated in, and / or carried by crewed or uncrewed aerial vehicles. Aerial vehicle can include, for example, drones, UAVs, air taxis, helicopters, commercial aircraft, and other types of aircraft.
[0073] As illustrated in Figure 1, the first UE 10 comprises processing circuitry (or logic) 12. The processing circuitry 12 controls the operation of the first UE 10 and can implement the method described herein in respect of the first UE 10. The processing circuitry 12 can be configured or programmed to control the first UE 10 in the manner described herein. The processing circuitry 12 can comprise one or more hardware components, such as one or more processors, one or more processing units, one or more multi-core processors and / or one or more modules. In particular implementations, each of the one or more hardware components can be configured to perform, or is for performing, individual or multiple steps of the method described herein in respect of the first UE 10. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 12 can be configured to run software to perform the method described herein in respect of the first UE 10. The software may be containerised according to some embodiments. Thus, in some embodiments, the processing circuitry 12 may be configured to run a container to perform the method described herein in respect of the first UE 10.
[0074] Briefly, the processing circuitry 12 of the first UE 10 is configured to initiate transmission of a power headroom report (PHR) towards a first network node if a first status of the first UE meets one or more triggering conditions. The first status comprises one or more of an airborne status of the first UE and an interference status of the first UE. The PHR comprises information indicative of the first status.
[0075] As illustrated in Figure 1, in some embodiments, the first UE 10 may optionally comprise a memory 14. The memory 14 of the first UE 10 can comprise a volatile memory or a non-volatile memory. In some embodiments, the memory 14 of the first UE 10 may comprise a non-transitory media. Examples of the memory 14 of the first UE 10 include, but are not limited to, a random access memory (RAM) , a read only memory (ROM) , a mass storage media such as a hard disk, a removable storage media such as a compact disk (CD) or a digital versatile disk (DVD) , and / or any other memory.
[0076] The processing circuitry 12 of the first UE 10 can be communicatively coupled (e.g. connected) to the memory 14 of the first UE 10. In some embodiments, the memory 14 of the first UE 10 may be for storing program code or instructions which, when executed by the processing circuitry 12 of the first UE 10, cause the first UE 10 to operate in the manner described herein in respect of the first UE 10. For example, in some embodiments, the memory 14 of the first UE 10 may be configured to store program code or instructions that can be executed by the processing circuitry 12 of the first UE 10 to cause the first UE 10 to operate in accordance with the method described herein in respect of the first UE 10. Alternatively or in addition, the memory 14 of the first UE 10 can be configured to store any information, data, messages, requests, responses, indications, notifications, signals, or similar, that are described herein. The processing circuitry 12 of the first UE 10 may be configured to control the memory 14 of the first UE 10 to store any of the information, data, messages, requests, responses, indications, notifications, signals, or similar, that are described herein.
[0077] In some embodiments, as illustrated in Figure 1, the first UE 10 may optionally comprise a communications interface 16. The communications interface 16 of the first UE 10 can be communicatively coupled (e.g. connected) to the processing circuitry 12 of the first UE 10 and / or the memory 14 of the first UE 10. The communications interface 16 of the first UE 10 may be operable to allow the processing circuitry 12 of the first UE 10 to communicate with the memory 14 of the first UE 10 and / or vice versa. Similarly, the communications interface 16 of the first UE 10 may be operable to allow the processing circuitry 12 of the first UE 10 to communicate with any one or more nodes (e.g. the first network node) referred to herein and / or any other node. The communications interface 16 of the first UE 10 can be configured to transmit and / or receive any of the information, data, messages, requests, responses, indications, notifications, signals, or similar, that are described herein. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 12 of the first UE 10 may be configured to control the communications interface 16 of the first UE 10 to transmit and / or receive any of the information, data, messages, requests, responses, indications, notifications, signals, or similar, that are described herein.
[0078] Although the first UE 10 is illustrated in Figure 1 as comprising a single memory 14, it will be appreciated that the first UE 10 may comprise at least one memory (i.e. a single memory or a plurality of memories) 14 that operate in the manner described herein. Similarly, although the first UE 10 is illustrated in Figure 1 as comprising a single communications interface 16, it will be appreciated that the first UE 10 may comprise at least one communications interface (i.e. a single communications interface or a plurality of communications interfaces) 16 that operate in the manner described herein. It will also be appreciated that Figure 1 only shows the components required to illustrate an embodiment of the first UE 10 and, in practical implementations, the first UE 10 may comprise additional or alternative components to those shown.
[0079] Figure 2 illustrates a method performed by a first UE 10 of a communications network in accordance with an embodiment. The method is for handling a UE. The first UE 10 described earlier with reference to Figure 1 can be configured to operate in accordance with the method of Figure 2. The method can be performed by or under the control of the processing circuitry 12 of the first UE 10 according to some embodiments.
[0080] With reference to Figure 2, at block 102, transmission of a PHR is initiated towards a first network node if a first status of the first UE 10 meets one or more triggering conditions. More specifically, the first UE 10 (e.g. the processing circuitry 12 of the first UE 10) initiates transmission of the PHR towards the first network node (e.g. via the communications interface 16 of the first UE 10) . Herein, the term “initiate” can mean, for example, cause or establish. Thus, the first UE 10 (e.g. the processing circuitry 12 of the first UE 10) can be configured to itself transmit the PHR (e.g. via the communications interface 16 of the first UE 10) or can be configured to cause another entity to transmit the PHR. The first status comprises one or more of an airborne status of the first UE and an interference status of the first UE. The PHR comprises information indicative of the first status.
[0081] Thus, the transmission of the PHR by the first UE 10 can depend on whether the first status of the UE 10 meets the one or more triggering conditions. For example, the transmission of the PHR may be initiated in response to the first status meeting the one or more triggering conditions. The one or more triggering conditions can be defined as conditions which, when met, trigger the transmission initiation of the PHR from the first UE 10 towards the first network node. The one or more triggering conditions can be (pre) configured in the communications network (e.g. by the first network node referred to herein, and / or by another node of the communications network) . The first status of the first UE 10 can be defined herein as a (e.g. current) state of the first UE 10. For example, the first status of the first UE 10 may comprise an (e.g. operational) configuration of the first UE 10, and / or a configuration (e.g. of another entity) that is at least partly caused by the first UE 10. As mentioned above, the first status comprises one or more of an airborne status of the first UE 10 and an interference status of the first UE 10. The information comprised in the information indicative of the first status can be referred to herein as information element (s) .
[0082] The airborne status of the first UE 10 can comprise a status indicative of an aerial configuration of the first UE 10. For example, in examples in which the first status comprises the airborne status of the first UE 10, the information indicative of the first status may comprise one or more of an altitude of the first UE 10, a speed of the first UE 10, a location of the first UE 10, a trajectory of the first UE 10, a battery status of the first UE 10, a remaining operational time of the first UE 10, and information indicative of a time period for which the PHR is valid.
[0083] The altitude of the first UE 10 can be defined herein as a measurement of distance, in the vertical direction, between a reference datum and the first UE 10. The altitude of the first UE 10 may be a height of the first UE 10 above sea level and / or a height of the first UE 10 above ground level. For example, the altitude of the first UE 10 may be measured using mean sea level (MSL) , local ground level, and / or above ground level (AGL) . In some examples, by including the altitude of the first UE 10 in the information indicative of the first status, the network (e.g. the first network node referred to herein) may be able to determine that the first UE 10 is an aerial UE. As such, the network (e.g. the first network node referred to herein) , may be able to configure (e.g. set) different power control parameters for the first UE 10 in comparison to power control parameters for a terrestrial UE. A terrestrial UE may be defined herein as a UE that is configured to operate on the ground. A terrestrial UE may be a UE that is not an aerial UE. The communications network referred to herein may be, for example, a dual-use network. A dual-use network can be defined herein as a network that comprises (e.g. serves) at least one aerial UE and at least one terrestrial UE.
[0084] The location of the first UE 10 may comprise a multi-dimensional (e.g. two dimensional (2D) and / or 3D) location of the first UE 10, and / or co-ordinates indicative of the location of the first UE. For example, the location of the first UE 10 may be a geographical location, such as a location relative to a map. The location of the first UE 10 may correspond to an area and / or region (e.g. relative to the surface of the Earth) in which the first UE 10 is located (e.g. a cell of the communications network referred to herein) .
[0085] The trajectory of the first UE 10 can be described herein as the path that the first UE 10 follows though space as a function of time. The trajectory of the first UE 10 may be a historic, current, and / or (e.g. planned) future trajectory of the first UE 10. In examples in which the first UE 10 is an aerial UE, the trajectory of the first UE 10 may be a flight path of the first UE 10.
[0086] The battery status of the first UE 10 may comprise a (e.g. remaining) capacity of a power source (e.g. a battery) of the first UE 10. As such, the battery status of the first UE 10 can be indicative of the (e.g. remaining) amount of charge stored in the power source of the first UE 10. For example, the battery status of the first UE 10 may comprise a percentage value indicative of a charge level of the power source of the first UE 10. The battery status of the first UE 10 may indicate the battery status of the first UE 10 at the point in time at which the transmission of the PHR is initiated. The battery status of the first UE 10 may be an estimated battery status (e.g. by the first UE 10)
[0087] The remaining operational time of the first UE 10 may comprise an amount of time for which the first UE 10 is able to operate. The remaining operation time of the first UE 10 may be referred to herein as “distance to empty” . The remaining operational time of the first UE 10 may be indicative of the amount of time to elapse before the first UE 10 can no longer operate (e.g. fully) . The remaining operational time of the first UE 10 may indicative the remaining operational time at the point in time in which the transmission of the PHR is initiated.
[0088] The information indicative of a time period for which the PHR is valid can comprise an amount of time for which the information comprised in the PHR (e.g. the information indicative of the first status) is valid. For example, the PHR, and / or the information comprised in the PHR, may become invalid (e.g. unreliable) after the time period for which the PHR is valid has elapsed. The time period for which the PHR is valid can run from the point in time at which the transmission of the PHR is initiated. As such, the time period for which the PHR is valid can provide an indication of a timeframe for the validity of the PHR (e.g. to the first network node referred to herein) . Such a time period is useful, for example, for aerial UEs flying at high speed which are thus subject to fast-changing radio channel conditions.
[0089] As described herein, the first status of the first UE 10 comprises one or more of the airborne status of the first UE 10 and the interference status of the first UE 10. The interference status of the first UE 10 can comprise a status indicative of an interference state associated with the first UE 10. For example, the interference status of the first UE 10 may comprise a status indicative of an interference experienced (e.g. detected) by the first UE 10, and / or an interference caused (e.g. to other network nodes in the communications network) at least in part by the first UE 10. In examples in which the first status comprise the interference status of the first UE 10, the information indicative of the first status may comprise one or more of: a quantity of one or more non-serving network nodes of the communications network towards which a LoS is detected by the first UE 10, a path loss estimate corresponding to each of the one or more non-serving network nodes towards which a LoS is detected by the first UE 10, a number of network cells of the communications network detected by the first UE 10, a quantity of one or more non-serving network nodes from which a detected value of RSRP meets a first criterion, and information indicative of an interference experienced by the first UE 10.
[0090] The quantity of one or more non-serving network nodes of the communications network towards which a LoS is detected by the first UE 10 may be comprised in the information indicative of the first status. Therefore, the information indicative of the first status may comprise information indicative of the number (e.g. one or more) non-serving network nodes (e.g. BSs) to which a LoS is detected by the first UE 10. The information indicative of the number of non-serving network nodes to which a LoS is detected may also comprise information indicative of the (e.g. number of) cells comprising the non-serving network nodes. As such, the first information indicative of the first status may comprise information indicative of one or more network cells of the communications network towards which a Los is detected by the first UE 10.
[0091] The first UE 10 (e.g. the processing circuitry 12 of the first UE 10) may determine (e.g. detect) a LoS to one or more non-serving network nodes. The number of the detected one or more non serving network nodes may then be included in the information indicative of the first status. In some examples, determining a LoS to one or more non-serving network nodes may comprise determining (e.g. estimating) the Rician K-factor of links to one or more cells (e.g. comprising the one or more non-serving network nodes) of the communications network. For example, the first UE may use a downlink (DL) reference signal (e.g. a cell-specific reference signal) to determine (e.g. estimate) the Rician K-factor of a link to a (e.g. neighboring) cell of the communications network. The first UE 10 may use existing Rician K-factor determination (e.g. estimation) schemes. For example, the Rician K-factor determination may comprise determining (e.g. estimating) an in-phase and quadrature component of a received reference signal. It will be understood that it is known to the skilled person how to compute a ratio of a power level of a LoS component relative to a diffuse multipath component (e.g. which may be defined herein as the Rician K-factor) . Herein, a “neighboring cell” can be defined as a cell of the communications network that does not comprise the first network node as defined herein. For example, a neighboring cell may be a cell of the communications network that is adjacent (e.g. geographically) to the cell of the communications network comprising the first network node (i.e. that serves the first UE 10) and / or the first UE 10.
[0092] In some examples, the information indicative of the first status may comprise a path loss estimate corresponding to each of the one or more non-serving network nodes towards which a LoS is detected by the first UE 10. As such, in some examples, the information indicative of the first status may comprise both the quantity of the one or more non-serving network nodes of the communications network towards which a LoS is detected, and an estimation of the path loss corresponding to each of the one or more non-serving network nodes.
[0093] In some examples, the information indicative of the first status may comprise information indicative of one or more cells of the communications network detected by the first UE. For example, the information indicative of the first status can comprise a quantity of the one or more cells of the communications network detected by the first UE 10.
[0094] In some examples, the information indicative of the first status may comprise a quantity of one or more non-serving network nodes from which a detected value of RSRP meets a first criterion. The first criterion may comprise a (e.g. (pre) configured) threshold value of RSRP. The first UE 10 (e.g. the processing circuitry 12 of the first UE 10) may detect (e.g. measure) a value of RSRP received from the one or more non-serving network nodes. As such, the first UE 10 may determine whether the detected value of RSRP meets the first criterion. Alternatively, or in addition, the first UE 10 may determine (e.g. measure) a value of RSRP from one or more cells (e.g. comprising the one or more non-serving network nodes) of the communications network meets the first criterion. The first criterion may be met if the first UE 10 detects that a first number of cells, with a detected RSRP greater or equal to a (pre) configured threshold value of RSRP, is greater or equal to a (pre) configured threshold number of cells. As such, in some examples, the first UE 10 may detect high RSRP from one or more non-serving network nodes, and include information indicative of the detection in the information indicative of the first status.
[0095] As mentioned herein, in some examples, the information indicative of the first status may comprise information indicative of an interference experienced by the first UE 10. The information indicative of the interference experienced by the first UE 10 may comprise a determination (e.g. measurement) of the interference perceived by the first UE 10.
[0096] Therefore, in the manner described above, the content of the PHR can be extended to include information related to the first status of the first UE 10 (e.g. airborne status and / or the interference status of the first UE 10) . In a particular example, the information indicative of the first status (as comprised in the PHR) can comprise information indicative of the altitude of the first UE and / or the number of neighboring non-serving network nodes that the first UE 10 can detect.
[0097] As described herein, transmission of the PHR is initiated towards the first network node if the first status of the first UE meets one or more triggering conditions. In some examples, the one or more triggering conditions may comprise an altitude of the first UE 10, as defined herein, meeting an altitude criterion. Meeting the altitude criterion may comprise the altitude (e.g. height) of the first UE 10 being equal to or exceeding an altitude threshold (e.g. value) . The altitude of the first UE 10 can affect the manner in which the first UE 10 handles communications. Specifically, (e.g. aerial) UEs flying at high altitude may need to transmit at a high power to compensate for pathloss. In a particular example, if the altitude of the first UE 10 meets the altitude criterion, the information indicative of the first status may comprise information indicative of the altitude of the first UE 10. In this example, the altitude of the first UE 10 meeting the first criterion may be indicated by the information indicative of the first status comprising a PHR value which is close to zero, or negative. In some examples, meeting the altitude criterion may comprise the first UE 10 crossing (e.g. from below) a first altitude threshold, and / or crossing (e.g. from above) a second altitude threshold. The first altitude threshold and / or the second altitude threshold can be configured such that the zone (region) between them represents an altitude (e.g. range) at which a likelihood of interference (e.g. a LoS link between the first UE 10 and multiple non-serving network nodes) is high.
[0098] As mentioned herein, the one or more triggering conditions may comprise a LoS condition to one or more non-serving network nodes of the communications network, as defined herein. The LoS condition may comprise a LoS link to the one or more non-serving network nodes being determined (e.g. by the first UE 10 and / or the first network node referred to herein) . In some examples, the LoS condition may be met if a number of the one or more non-serving network nodes towards which a LoS is detected is greater than or equal to a threshold value of non-serving network nodes.
[0099] The one or more triggering conditions may, for example, comprise a value of reference signal received power (RSRP) detected (e.g. by the first UE 10) from the one or more non-serving network nodes meeting a first RSRP criterion. The first RSRP criterion may be met of the value of RSRP detected from the one or more non-serving network nodes is greater than or equal to a (e.g. (pre) configured) first RSRP threshold value. Alternatively, or in addition, in some examples, the one or more triggering conditions may comprise a value of RSRP detected (e.g. by the first UE 10) from the first network node meeting a second RSRP criterion. The second RSRP criterion may be met if the value of RSRP detected from the first network node is less than or equal to a (e.g. (pre) configured) second RSRP threshold value. The second RSRP threshold value may be lower than the first RSRP threshold value. As such, one or more triggering conditions can comprise the first UE 10 experiencing a (e.g. relatively) low RSRP (e.g. and / or signal to noise ratio (SNR) ) from the first network node (e.g. serving BS) .
[0100] As mentioned herein, the one or more triggering conditions may comprise the first UE 10 entering a location, as defined herein. For example, the first UE 10 entering a location may comprise the first UE 10 entering a geographical location (e.g. (pre) configured by the communications network) . The first UE 10 entering a location may comprise the first UE 10 entering and / or leaving a (e.g. predefined) 3D zone (region) . The first UE 10 and / or the first network node may determine whether the first UE 10 has entered the location based on a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) measurement.
[0101] As also mentioned herein, the one or more triggering conditions may comprise a transmit signal of the first UE 10 being associated with one or more sidelobes having a power level meeting a first power criterion. The first UE 10 and / or the first network node referred to herein, may determine the power level of the one or more sidelobes. The first power criterion may be met if the one or more sidelobes have a power level that is greater to or equal to a power threshold value. For example, the first criterion may be met if the one or more sidelobes have a power level that is (e.g. relatively) high. High power sidelobes may be caused by limited antenna resources and / or transmit beamforming capabilities at the first UE 10. Alternatively, or in addition, high power sidelobes can be caused as a result of poor channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT) . Poor CSIT, with respect to the first network node (e.g. intended (serving) BS) , may imply that the first UE 10 cannot form a narrow beam and / or transmit energy is leaking into unwanted directions.
[0102] Any of the one or more triggering conditions described herein can be used independently, or can be combined. For example, multiple triggering conditions, of the one or more triggering conditions described herein, can be combined to form a set of triggering conditions (e.g. which make up an actual triggering condition) . In a particular example, the one or more triggering conditions comprise the first UE 10 (e.g. UAV) detecting a LoS condition to the one or more non-serving BSs and the first UE 10 having an altitude that is below the altitude threshold, as defined herein. In some examples, the one or more triggering conditions comprise the trajectory and velocity of the first UE 10 fulfilling predetermined criteria that relate to an increased likelihood to cause interference to neighboring cells of the communications network.
[0103] As mentioned above, in some examples, the first UE 10 may be an aerial UE as defined herein. In cases in which the first UE 10 is an aerial UE, the first UE 10 may (e.g. only) execute the methods described herein in respect of the first UE 10 if the first UE 10 has an aerial subscription (e.g. in the communications network) , and / or the first UE 10 supports (e.g. is configured with) aerial UE features (e.g. the aerial UE (or UAV) features specified in 3GPP Rel-15 LTE or 3GPP Rel-18 new radio (NR) ) .
[0104] Figure 3 illustrates a first network node 20 of a communications network in accordance with an embodiment. The first network node 20 is for handling a UE. In some embodiments, the first network node 20 referred to herein can refer to equipment capable, configured, arranged and / or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with the first UE 10 referred to herein, and / or with other nodes or equipment to enable and / or to perform the functionality described herein. In some embodiments, the first network node 20 referred to herein can, for example, be a physical node (e.g. a physical machine or server) . The first network node 20 is configured to serve the first UE 10 as defined herein. The first network node may be referred to herein as a serving network node, and / or a serving BS.
[0105] As illustrated in Figure 3, the first network node 20 comprises processing circuitry (or logic) 22. The processing circuitry 22 controls the operation of the first network node 20 and can implement the method described herein in respect of the first network node 20. The processing circuitry 22 can be configured or programmed to control the first network node 20 in the manner described herein. The processing circuitry 22 can comprise one or more hardware components, such as one or more processors, one or more processing units, one or more multi-core processors and / or one or more modules. In particular implementations, each of the one or more hardware components can be configured to cause the first network node 20 to perform, or is for performing, individual or multiple steps of the method described herein in respect of the first network node 20. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 22 can be configured to run software to perform the method described herein in respect of the first network node 20. The software may be containerised according to some embodiments. Thus, in some embodiments, the processing circuitry 22 may be configured to run a container to cause the first network node 20 to perform the method described herein in respect of the first network node 20.
[0106] Briefly, the processing circuitry 22 of the first network node 20 is configured to receive, from the first UE 10, a PHR if a first status of the first UE 10 meets one or more triggering conditions. The PHR comprises information indicative of the first status. The first status comprises one or more of an airborne status of the first UE 10 and an interference status of the first UE 10. The processing circuitry 22 of the first network node 20 is also configured to determine, based on the PHR, a level of interference associated with the first UE 10.
[0107] As illustrated in Figure 3, in some embodiments, the first network node 20 may optionally comprise a memory 24. The memory 24 of the first network node 20 can comprise a volatile memory or a non-volatile memory. In some embodiments, the memory 24 of the first network node 20 may comprise a non-transitory media. Examples of the memory 24 of the first network node 20 include, but are not limited to, a random access memory (RAM) , a read only memory (ROM) , a mass storage media such as a hard disk, a removable storage media such as a compact disk (CD) or a digital versatile disk (DVD) , and / or any other memory.
[0108] The processing circuitry 22 of the first network node 20 can be communicatively coupled (e.g. connected) to the memory 24 of the first network node 20. In some embodiments, the memory 24 of the first network node 20 may be for storing program code or instructions which, when executed by the processing circuitry 22 of the first network node 20, cause the first network node 20 to operate in the manner described herein in respect of the first network node 20. For example, in some embodiments, the memory 24 of the first network node 20 may be configured to store program code or instructions that can be executed by the processing circuitry 22 of the first network node 20 to cause the first network node 20 to operate in accordance with the method described herein in respect of the first network node 20. Alternatively or in addition, the memory 24 of the first network node 20 can be configured to store any information, data, messages, requests, responses, indications, notifications, signals, or similar, that are described herein. The processing circuitry 22 of the first network node 20 may be configured to control the memory 24 of the first network node 20 to store any of the information, data, messages, requests, responses, indications, notifications, signals, or similar, that are described herein.
[0109] In some embodiments, as illustrated in Figure 3, the first network node 20 may optionally comprise a communications interface 26. The communications interface 26 of the first network node 20 can be communicatively coupled (e.g. connected) to the processing circuitry 22 of the first network node 20 and / or the memory 24 of the first network node 20. The communications interface 26 of the first network node 20 may be operable to allow the processing circuitry 22 of the first network node 20 to communicate with the memory 24 of the first network node 20 and / or vice versa. Similarly, the communications interface 26 of the first network node 20 may be operable to allow the processing circuitry 22 of the first network node 20 to communicate with any one or more nodes (e.g. the first UE 10) referred to herein and / or any other node. The communications interface 26 of the first network node 20 can be configured to transmit and / or receive any of the information, data, messages, requests, responses, indications, notifications, signals, or similar, that are described herein. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 22 of the first network node 20 may be configured to control the communications interface 26 of the first network node 20 to transmit and / or receive any of the information, data, messages, requests, responses, indications, notifications, signals, or similar, that are described herein.
[0110] Although the first network node 20 is illustrated in Figure 3 as comprising a single memory 24, it will be appreciated that the first network node 20 may comprise at least one memory (i.e. a single memory or a plurality of memories) 24 that operate in the manner described herein. Similarly, although the first network node 20 is illustrated in Figure 3 as comprising a single communications interface 26, it will be appreciated that the first network node 20 may comprise at least one communications interface (i.e. a single communications interface or a plurality of communications interfaces) 26 that operate in the manner described herein. It will also be appreciated that Figure 3 only shows the components required to illustrate an embodiment of the first network node 20 and, in practical implementations, the first network node 20 may comprise additional or alternative components to those shown.
[0111] Figure 4 illustrates a method performed by a first network node 20 of a communications network in accordance with an embodiment. The method is for handling a UE. The first network node 20 described earlier with reference to Figure 3 can be configured to operate in accordance with the method of Figure 4. The method can be performed under the control of the processing circuitry 22 of the first network node 20 according to some embodiments.
[0112] With reference to Figure 4, at block 202, a PHR is received from the first UE 10 if a first status of the first UE 10, as defined herein, meets one or more triggering conditions, as defined herein. More specifically, the first network node 20 (e.g. the processing circuitry 22 of the first network node 20) is configured to receive the PHR (e.g. via the communications interface 26 of the first network node 20) . The PHR comprises information indicative of the first status. The first status comprises one or more of an airborne status of the first UE 10 and an interference status of the first UE 10.
[0113] Thus, the reception of the PHR by the first network node 20 can depend on whether the first status of the UE 10 meets the one or more triggering conditions. For example, the reception of the PHR may occur in response to the first status meeting the one or more triggering conditions.
[0114] As illustrated with reference to block 204 of Figure 4, the method also comprises determining, based on the PHR, a level of interference associated with the first UE 10. More specifically, the first network node 20 (e.g. the processing circuitry 22 of the first network node 20) is configured to determine the level of interference. For example, the level of interference associated with the first UE 10 can be determined based on the information indicative of the first status, as comprised in the PHR. The level of interference associated with the first UE 10 can comprise a level of interference caused by the first UE 10 (e.g. in the communications network) , and / or a level of interference detected (e.g. perceived and or detected) by the first UE 10 (e.g. from other entities in the communications network) . As such, determining the level of interference associated with the first UE 10 may comprise using the received PHR (e.g. the information indicative of the first status) to determine if the first UE 10 is a strong interferer. Alternatively, or in addition, determining the level of interference associated with the first UE 10 may comprise using the received PHR to identify whether the first UE 10 is perceiving strong interference from other entities (e.g. neighboring cells) of the communications network. In some examples, determining the level of interference associated with the first UE 10 may comprise determining if the first UE 10 is transmitting a maximum (e.g. allowed) transmit power for the first UE 10.
[0115] As mentioned herein, the first network node 20 serves the first UE 10. However, it will be understood that the first network node 20 may serve any number (e.g. one or more) of first UEs, and that the method described herein in respect of the first UE 10 can also be applied to any number of first UEs. For example, the first network node 20 may be configured to determine, using a PHR report from each of a plurality of first UEs, a level of interference associated with each of the plurality of first UEs. In an example, the first network node 20 may be configured to determine, using a PHR report from each of a plurality of first UEs, a proportion of the plurality of first UE’s that are transmitting at their maximum (e.g. allowed) transmit power.
[0116] Thus, in the manner described herein, it is possible to provide the communications network with additional, and more useful, information in a PHR upon particular triggering conditions being met. In this way, and as described in more detail with reference to Figures 5 t o13 below, the communications network is able to make differentiating power control decisions (e.g. between aerial users and terrestrial users) . This is particularly useful in a communications network comprising both terrestrial UEs and aerial UEs (i.e. a dual-use network) , since aerial UEs are more likely to be strong inter-cell interferers than terrestrial UEs (e.g. due to LoS links) . For example, if the network (e.g. the first network node 20) determines that a PHR is from an aerial UE (e.g. the first UE 10) , the network can apply a smaller increase in transmit power of that UE than for a terrestrial UE to balance between meeting SNR requirement and limiting induced ICI. As such, ICI is reduced while enabling UEs to maintain a good SNR at their respective serving network nodes (e.g. BSs) . Thus, the techniques described herein support the communications network in sending appropriate transmit power control commands and setting effective power control configurations, especially when the communications network comprises one or more aerial UEs. Overall, the techniques described herein help to maintain QoS for all users and / or entities in the communications network.
[0117] There is also provided a system (or communications network) comprising the first UE 10 described herein and the first network node 20 described herein. A method performed by the system comprises the method described herein in respect of the first UE 10 and the method described herein in respect of the first network node 20.
[0118] Figure 5 is a flow chart illustrating process steps in a further example of a method performed by the first UE 10. The steps of the method of Figure 5 illustrate example ways in which the steps of the method, as described with reference to Figure 2, may be implemented and supplemented in order to achieve the above discussed and additional functionality.
[0119] With reference to Figure 5, at block 302, the method may comprise obtaining the one or more triggering conditions as defined herein. More specifically, the first UE 10 (e.g. the processing circuitry 12 of the first UE 10) may obtain the one or more triggering conditions. As illustrated by block 306 of Figure 5, obtaining the one or more triggering conditions may comprise obtaining the one or more triggering conditions from the memory 14 of the first UE 10. As such, the one or more triggering conditions can be (pre) configured at the first UE 10, for example, prior to the operation (e.g. flight) of the first UE 10. Alternatively, or in addition, as illustrated by block 304 of Figure 5, obtaining the one or more triggering conditions may comprise receiving, from the first network node 20 referred to herein, information indicative of the one or more triggering conditions (e.g. via the communications interface 16 of the first UE 10) . In these examples, the first UE may periodically receive (e.g. updated versions of) the one or more triggering conditions.
[0120] In some examples, the information indicative of the one or more triggering conditions may be received in response to the first UE transitioning to a radio resource control (RRC) connected mode. In some examples, first network node 20 may transmit (e.g. broadcast) the one or more triggering conditions for all UEs comprised in a network cell associated with the first network node. The first network node 20 may use a broadcast control channel (BCCH) to transmit the one or more triggering conditions. As such, the first UE 10 may receive the one or more triggering conditions via the BCCH.
[0121] Figure 6 is a flow chart illustrating process steps in a further example of a method performed by the first UE 10. The steps of the method of Figure 6 illustrate example ways in which the steps of the method, as described with reference to Figure 2 and / or Figure 5, may be implemented and supplemented in order to achieve the above discussed and additional functionality.
[0122] With reference to Figure 6, at block 402, the method may comprise receiving a message from the first network node 20. The message can comprise information indicative that the first status meets the one or more triggering conditions, as defined herein. As illustrated by block 404 of Figure 6, in some examples the method may comprise determining that the first status meets the one or more triggering conditions (e.g. based on the received message) . As such, determining that the first status meets the one or more triggering conditions can comprise receiving the message from the first network node 20.
[0123] The method step illustrated by block 406 of Figure 6 can be as described with reference to block 102 of Figure 2.
[0124] As illustrated by block 408 of Figure 6, in some examples, the method may comprise receiving, from the first network node 20, information indicative of one or more power control parameters to be configured for the first UE 10. More specifically, the first UE 10 (e.g. the processing circuitry 12 of the first UE 10) may be configured to receive the one or more power control parameters (e.g. via the communications interface 16 of the first UE 10) . The one or more power control parameters may be determined (e.g. by the first network node 20 referred to herein) based on the PHR. The one or more power control parameters can comprise a target received power at the first network node 20, a transmit power control command, and / or a number of allocated resource blocks.
[0125] As illustrated by block 410 of Figure 6, in some examples the method may comprise receiving, from the first network node 20, information indicative of one or more flight parameters to be configured for the first UE 10. More specifically, the first UE 10 (e.g. the processing circuitry 12 of the first UE 10) may be configured to receive the one or more flight parameters (e.g. via the communications interface 16 of the first UE 10) . The one or more flight parameters may be determined (e.g. by the first network node 20 referred to herein) based on the PHR. The one or more flight parameters can comprise a trajectory of the first UE 10, an altitude of the first UE 10, and / or, a speed of the first UE 10.
[0126] The first UE may (re) configure its power control parameters and / or flight parameters based on the information indicative of the one or more power control parameters and / or the information indicative of the one or more flight parameters, respectively. In this way, the operation of the first UE 10 can be controlled, by the first network node referred to herein, based on (e.g. information comprised in) the transmitted PHR.
[0127] Figure 7 is a flow chart illustrating process steps in a further example of a method performed by the first network node 20. The steps of the method of Figure 7 illustrate example ways in which the steps of the method, as described with reference to Figure 4, may be implemented and supplemented in order to achieve the above discussed and additional functionality.
[0128] With reference to Figure 7, at block 502, the method may comprise initiating transmission of information indicative of the one or more triggering conditions towards the first UE 10. More specifically, the first network node 20 (e.g. the processing circuitry 22 of the first network node 20) may be configured to initiate transmission of the information (e.g. via the communications interface 26 of the first network node 20) . Transmission of the information indicative of the one or more triggering conditions may be initiated in response to the first UE 10 transitioning to an RRC connected mode.
[0129] As illustrated by block 504 of Figure 7, in some examples the method may comprise determining that the first status meets the one or more triggering conditions. More specifically, the first network node 20 (e.g. the processing circuitry 22 of the first network node 20) may be configured to determine that the first status meets the one or more triggering conditions. As illustrated by block 506 of Figure 7, in some of these examples, the method may comprise initiating transmission of a message towards the first UE 10. The message may comprise information indicative that the first status meets the one or more triggering conditions. More specifically, the first network node 20 (e.g. the processing circuitry 22 of the first network node 20) can be configured to initiate transmission of the message towards the first UE 10 (e.g. via the communications interface 26 of the first network node 20) .
[0130] The method step illustrated by block 508 of Figure 7 can be as described with reference to block 202 of Figure 4.
[0131] As illustrated by block 510 of Figure 7, receiving the PHR may comprise receiving a measurement report message from the first UE 10, as described herein. The measurement report message can comprise the PHR. In some of these examples, the one or more triggering conditions may comprise the altitude of the first UE 10 meeting the altitude criterion, as described herein. As illustrated by block 512 of Figure 7, the first UE 10 may be an aerial UE, and the method may comprise determining, based on the PHR, that the first UE 10 is an aerial UE.
[0132] Figure 8 is a flow chart illustrating process steps in a further example of a method performed by the first network node 20. The steps of the method of Figure 8 illustrate example ways in which the steps of the method, as described with reference to Figure 4 and / or Figure 7, may be implemented and supplemented in order to achieve the above discussed and additional functionality.
[0133] The method step illustrated by block 602 of Figure 8 can be as described with reference to block 204 of Figure 4.
[0134] As illustrated by block 604 of Figure 8, in some examples, transmission of information indicative of the level of interference may be initiated towards one or more other network nodes (e.g. BSs) of the communications network. The first network node 20 (e.g. the processing circuitry 22 of the first network node 20) may perform this transmission (e.g. via the communications interface 26 of the first network node 20) . The one or more other network nodes may be comprised in the same, and / or different, network cell to that of the first network node 20. In this way, the first network node 20 may signal (e.g. report) to the one or more other network nodes that strong interference from the first UE 10 may be generated in the one or more network cells corresponding to the one or more other network nodes. As such, the one or more other network nodes, and / or the corresponding one or more other (e.g. neighboring) cells of the communications network, may take appropriate action to mitigate interference coming from the first UE 10 and / or the network cell comprising the first UE 10.
[0135] In a particular example, if the first network node 20 determines (e.g. from the received PHR) that an altitude of the first UE 10 is greater than or equal to a first altitude threshold, and the power headroom is below a power headroom threshold (e.g. value) , the first network node may determine that the first UE 10 is a strong interfering aerial UE (e.g. with high altitude and high transmit power) . This determination can be comprised in the information indicative of the level of interference of the first UE 10 as transmitted to (e.g. shared with) the one or more other network nodes of the communications network.
[0136] As illustrated by block 606 of Figure 8, transmission of the information indicative of the first status may be initiated towards the one or more other network nodes of the communications network. The first network node 20 (e.g. the processing circuitry 22 of the first network node 20) may perform this transmission (e.g. via the communications interface 26 of the first network node 20) . The information indicative of the first status may be transmitted together with the information indicative of the level of interference associated with the first UE 10. As such, the first network node 20 may transmit (e.g. forward) PHR reports, and / or information indicative of the status of the first UE 10, to the other one or more network nodes and / or one or more other (e.g. neighboring) cells of the communications network. Thus, the other one or more network nodes and / or one or more other (e.g. neighboring) cells of the communications network are provided with information to better mitigate interference from (e.g. aerial) UEs.
[0137] Initiating transmission of the information indicative of the level of interference of the first UE 10, and / or the information indicative of the first status, may comprise initiating transmission of said information towards a central (e.g. processing) node of the communications network. In this way, the communications network may be able to coordinate actions relate to mitigating interference created by (e.g. aerial) UEs. For example, the information can be forwarded to a central node that is configured to obtain (e.g. collect) information from multiple first network nodes. The central node may be configured to use the information to determine (e.g. via a machine learning algorithm) optimized open loop power control parameters (OPLC) , and / or closed loop power control (CLPC) parameters, for network nodes and / or cells of the communications network.
[0138] Figure 9 is a flow chart illustrating process steps in a further example of a method performed by the first network node 20. The steps of the method of Figure 9 illustrate example ways in which the steps of the method, as described with reference to Figure 4, Figure 7, and / or Figure 8, may be implemented and supplemented in order to achieve the above discussed and additional functionality.
[0139] The method step illustrated by block 702 of Figure 9 can be as described with reference to block 202 of Figure 4.
[0140] As illustrated by block 704 of Figure 9, in some examples the method may comprise determining, based on the PHR, one or more power control parameters to be configured for the first UE 10. More specifically, the first network node 20 (e.g. the processing circuitry 22 of the first network node 20) may perform this determination. For example, the first network node 20 may use the PHR received from the first UE 10 (e.g. of a plurality of first UEs) to determine whether the first UE 10 is transmitting at its maximum allowed transmit power. The first network node 20 may adjust the configuration of an open-loop power control parameter, and / or the configuration of transmit power control (TPC) commands used in closed-loop power control, based on the determination. The one or more power control parameters can comprise any one or more of the power control parameters referred to herein.
[0141] The first network node 20 may (e.g. itself) configure the one or more power control parameters for the first UE 10. Alternatively, or in addition, as illustrated by block 706 of Figure 9, the first network node 20 may initiate transmission of information indicative of the one or more power control parameters towards the first UE 10. As such, in some examples, the first UE 10 may configure the one or more power control parameters based on the received information indicative of the one or more power control parameters. Thus, the information comprised in the PHR enables the (e.g. first network node 20 of the) communications network to properly set open loop power control parameter and / or closed loop power control parameters for UEs (e.g. the first UE 10) .
[0142] In some examples, determining the one or more power control parameters may comprise determining (e.g. setting) a lower target received power at the first network node 20 (e.g. the value P0 as referred to in Equation 1 above) for the first UE 10 and / or a group of first UEs (e.g. relative to one or more other UEs connected to the communications network) . This may be useful in scenarios in which the first UE 10 is an aerial UE. Aerial UEs (e.g. flying at high altitude) may need to transmit at a high power to compensate for pathloss. This can be reported in the PHR (e.g. with a value which is either close to zero or negative) . The first network node 20 can use a PHR with negative values (and / or or values below a threshold) to determine by how much the value of target received power needs to be adjusted. For example, target received power can be adjusted to have no more than a (pre) configured percentage of aerial UEs in a network cell with PHR values below a given threshold.
[0143] In some examples, determining the one or more power control parameters may comprise determining (e.g. setting) a (e.g. small) increase in transmit power (e.g. within the power headroom) for the first UE 10 if the first UE 10 is likely a strong interferer. The increase in transmit power can be determined (e.g. set) based on the transmit power of other UEs (e.g. aerial UEs and / or terrestrial UEs) in the communications network. In some examples, the first network node 20 may set determine (e.g. set) the increase in transmit power using a TPC command (e.g. transmitted towards the first UE 10)
[0144] In some examples, determining the one or more power control parameters may comprise determining a number of resource blocks (RBs) to be allocated to the first UE 10. For example, if the first network node 20 determines that the power headroom of the first UE 10 is low, the first network node may restrict the number of RBs to be allocated to the first UE 10. In some of these cases, the first network node 20 may determine (e.g. allow and / or recommend) that that the first UE 10 increase its altitude (e.g. fly higher) .
[0145] Figure 10 is a flow chart illustrating process steps in a further example of a method performed by the first network node 20. The steps of the method of Figure 10 illustrate example ways in which the steps of the method, as described with reference to Figure 4, Figure 7, Figure 8, and / or Figure 9, may be implemented and supplemented in order to achieve the above discussed and additional functionality.
[0146] The method step illustrated by block 802 of Figure 10 can be as described with reference to block 202 of Figure 4.
[0147] As illustrated by block 804 of Figure 10, in some examples the method may comprise determining, based on the PHR, one or more flight parameters to be configured for the first UE 10. The one or more flight parameters can comprise any one or more of the flight parameters referred to herein. In some of these examples, as illustrated by block 806 of Figure 10, the method may comprise initiating transmission of information indicative of the one or more flight parameters towards the first UE 10. As such, the first UE 10 can receive the information indicative of the one or more flight parameters from the first network node 20. In these examples, the first UE 10 may (re) configure (e.g. itself) with the one or more flight parameters based on the received information indicative of the one or more flight parameters. The information indicative of the one or more flight parameters to be configured for the first UE 10 (e.g. first UE 10 trajectory and / or altitude) can be transmitted towards the first UE 10 via (e.g. certain) RAN signaling. In some examples, information indicative the one or more flight parameters can be transmitted towards the first UE 10 indirectly by the first network node 20 transmitting an update request (e.g. comprising the information indicative of the one or more flight parameters) to an unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) traffic management (UTM) entity, and / or a controller of the first UE 10. The UTM entity and / or the first UE 10 controller can decide whether to perform (re) configuration accordingly.
[0148] Thus, the first network node 20 can perform trajectory and / or altitude control, based on the content of the PHR, in scenarios in which the first UE 10 is an aerial UE. For example, if the network detects that the first UE 10 reported a power headroom lower than a certain threshold, and / or the first UE 10 is identified as a strong interfering source, the network can determine that the first UE 10 decrease its altitude (e.g. to within an allowed margin) , and / or that the first UE 10 alter (change) its trajectory to avoid some network area with high system load. Thus, the first network node can suggest and / or control the one or more flight parameters of the first UE 10 based on the PHR.
[0149] In some examples, a network node of the communications network may detect a high interference in the uplink, coming from one or more UEs in neighboring cells. In such a scenario, the network node may signal this to neighboring cells asking to reduce the target received power (e.g. P0 value) (and thereby the SNR target) for the served aerial UEs in the neighboring cells. As such, the first network node 20 may receive a message, from another network node of the communications network, indicating that the first UE 10 is causing (e.g. high) interference towards the other network node. In response, the first network node 20 may determine (e.g. adjust) the one or more power control parameters (e.g. target received power) , as defined herein, based on the received PHR. As such, the method described herein can help other (e.g. neighboring) network nodes (e.g. BSs) to proactively mitigate the negative impact of received interference power from non-served UEs (e.g. over LoS links) . It beneficial to base the determination on the received PHR. In particular, if the PHR is not considered when computing the one or more power control parameters, for example a P0 adjustment, the first network node 20 may make a P0 adjustment that is smaller than what is needed to reduce the transmit power of UEs transmitting at the maximum allowed power (e.g. the first UE 10) , resulting in those UEs maintaining a negative PHR value after the P0 adjustment, and thus continuing to transmit at a maximum allowed power.
[0150] As mentioned herein, in 3GPP Rel-15, enhancements to LTE standards, to better support open loop power control (OLPC) for aerial UEs, was adopted by 3GPP. As such, the range of the parameter P0, namely the UE-specific adjustment to target received power, was extended to a larger range than the range previously used for UEs. Specifically, while the range of P0 was in a range -8 decibels (dB) to 7 dB, the range for P0 for UE was extended to a range from -16 dB to 15 dB. This enhancement allows a more flexible control of the transmit power of a (e.g. aerial) UE, hence an improved interference control in the network. In new radio (NR) standards, the above-mentioned enhancement was carried over from LTE. This means that NR inherently supports UE-specific target received power adjustment, P0, with the range -16 dB to 15 dB for all types of UEs.
[0151] Therefore, the first network node 20 (e.g. serving BS) can be configured to perform actions, such as setting power control parameters (e.g. P0) , and / or transmitting information (e.g. over a Xn or X2 interface) to other (e.g. neighbor) network nodes (e.g. BSs) , that aim to reduce the caused interference to victim network nodes (e.g. BSs) and help surrounding network nodes to mitigate the effect of interference (e.g. by avoiding certain resource blocks for scheduling) .
[0152] Figure 11 is a schematic illustration of a system (or communications network) 900 according to an embodiment. The system 900 illustrated in Figure 11 comprises an unmanned aircraft system (UAS) 902. The UAS 902 comprises a first UE (e.g. a “UAV” ) 10 and a controller (e.g. “UAC controller” ) 904. The controller 904 may be used by an operator (e.g. with unique credentials and / or identities) to operate the first UE 10. In the example illustrated in Figure 11, the first UE 10 is an unmanned / uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) . The system 900 also comprises a first RAN 908, a first CN 910, a second RAN 912, a second CN 914, and a UTM entity 916. Although not explicitly illustrated in Figure 11, it will be understood that any one or more of the first RAN 908, the first CN 910, the second RAN 912, the second CN 914, and the UTM entity 916 may comprise the first network node 20 referred to herein. For example, the UTM entity 916 may be, and / or may comprise, the first network node 20 referred to herein. As the system 900 illustrated in Figure 11 comprises the UTM entity 916, the system 900 can be said to utilise (e.g. be under) UTM.
[0153] It is useful to keep airspace safe and accessible. The system 900 illustrated in Figure 11 can be used (e.g. in different parts of the world) to manage traffic associated with the UAS 902. According to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) , UTM can be used as a collaborative, automated, and federated airspace management approach that enables safe, efficient, and equitable small UAS operations at scale. The concept of UTM is being adopted and implemented by many countries and regions in the world, such as in the US, Europe, Japan, Australia, etc.
[0154] UTM provides many flight-related functions for UAVs and UAV operators (see 3GPP TS 36.300 section 23.17.5) . The flight-related functions can include for example:
[0155] · Remote identification: enabling UAV identification.
[0156] · Operation planning: flight planning considering various aspects e.g., UAV performance, weather condition.
[0157] · Operator messaging: message exchange between operators for e.g., position and status information.
[0158] · Federal aviation administration (FAA) messaging: providing on-demand, periodic, or event-triggered communications with FAA systems to meet regulatory requirements.
[0159] · Mapping: information about airspace restrictions, obstacles, and sensitive regions.
[0160] · Conflict advisory: real-time alerting for collision avoidance.
[0161] Communications networks (e.g. mobile networks) can enable reliable connectivity between UAVs and their respective controllers. Meanwhile, the UTM entity 916 can connect to UAVs and UAV controllers through the core network and / or the radio access network. An exemplary illustration of connectivity between the UTM entity 916 and the first UE 10 is illustrated by the arrows shown in Figure 11.
[0162] Figure 12 is a schematic illustration of a system (or communications network) according to an embodiment. The system illustrated in Figure 12 comprises a first UE 10, a first network node 20, and one or more other network nodes 1002, 1004 of the communications network. The first UE 10 of Figure 12 can be configured to operate as described herein with reference to the first UE 10. The first network node 20 of Figure 12 can be configured to operate as described herein with reference to the first network node 20. In the examples illustrated in Figure 12, the first UE 10 is a UAV. However, it will be understood that this is merely an example of an aerial UE, and that the first UE 10, as described with reference to Figure 12, may be any type of aerial UE. In the example system illustrated in Figure 12, the one or more other network node 1002, 1004 are non-serving nodes, as defined herein, with respect to the first UE 10.
[0163] As mentioned herein, the first UE 10 initiates transmission of a PHR towards the first network node 20 if a first status of the first UE 10 meets one or more triggering conditions. As described herein, the one or more triggering conditions may comprise an altitude of the first UE 10 meeting an altitude criterion. The altitude criterion may comprise the altitude of the first UE crossing (e.g. from below or above) an altitude threshold. For example, meeting the altitude criterion may comprise the altitude (e.g. height) of the first UE 10 being equal to or exceeding an altitude threshold (e.g. value) . The altitude criterion may comprise any number of (e.g. one or more) altitude thresholds. As illustrated, the one or more altitude thresholds may comprise an altitude value of 100m and / or 200m. Thus, in the example as illustrated by Figure 12, the first UE 10 may be configured to initiate transmission of a PHR if the altitude of the UE is greater, less than, or equal to an altitude of 100m and / or 200m.
[0164] As mentioned herein, certain features were introduced in 3GPP LTE Rel-15 to assist with the special needs associated with serving aerial UEs in a network, such as flying mode detection. Flying mode detection can comprise event triggered height and location reporting. A configurable event within RRM with height threshold was introduced for Rel-15 Aerial UEs. Specifically, when a UE is configured with the configurable event (referred to as event H1 or H2 in 3GPP TS 36.331) , a measurement report may be triggered (e.g. for transmission) when the UE’s altitude crosses a threshold altitude associated with the event. The measurement report can enable the network to identify at what altitude the UE (e.g. currently) operates. When the network has such knowledge, it may adapt UE configurations, in an effort to ensure that interference is kept to a minimum.
[0165] In addition to flying mode detection, the exact height information is considered useful as the network may choose to reconfigure, for example, measurement reporting configurations for the UE when it crosses a height threshold. For example, as illustrated by arrow 1010 of Figure 12, when the first UE 10 is below a height of 100m (as indicated by the line 1006 of Figure 12) , the aerial UE may be RRC configured with measurement reporting configurations and event triggered height and / or location reporting corresponding to a height threshold of 200m (as indicated by the line 1006 of Figure 12) . As illustrated by arrow 1012 of Figure 12, if the first UE 10 crosses (e.g. exceeds) the height threshold of 200m, transmission of a measurement report message can be triggered from the first UE 10 to the first network node 20. As illustrated by arrow 1014 of Figure 12, after receiving the measurement report from the first UE 10, the first network node 20 may reconfigure the aerial UE with new measurement reporting configurations.
[0166] In some examples, initiating transmission of the PHR, as defined herein, may comprise including the PHR in the measurement report message. That is, the contents of the measurement report message from a UE can be extended to include the PHR (e.g. the UE’s power headroom value) . Thus, initiating transmission of the PHR may comprise initiating transmission of the measurement report message towards the first network node 20. As such, in these examples, the one or more triggering conditions, as described herein, may comprise an altitude of the first UE 10 meeting an altitude criterion, as also described herein. The transmission of the measurement report message, comprising the PHR, can thus, for example, be triggered when the altitude (e.g. height) of the first UE 10 exceeds a certain height threshold (e.g., the existing H1 and / or H2 events mentioned above)
[0167] In this way, the communications network (e.g. the first network node 20) is able to receive information about an aerial UE’s power headroom when, for example, the aerial UE’s height is high enough for the aerial UE to generate strong ICI. In some examples, the communications network (e.g. the first network node 20) can apply a suitable power control configuration for the aerial UE. For example, if the communications network has created a power control group of strong aerial UE interferers, then an aerial UE that has met an altitude criterion (e.g. triggered an H1 and / or H2 event) can be added to and / or removed from that group according to the circumstances.
[0168] In some examples in which the altitude criterion is associated with the H1 and / or H2 event, the PHR may only be included in the measurement report message if the altitude (e.g. height) threshold corresponding to the H1 and / or H2 event is above a certain (pre-) configured value. In this way, the PHR is provided to the network (e.g. the first network node 20) by aerial UEs above an altitude threshold, since those aerial UEs are more likely to be power saturated.
[0169] In 3GPP Rel-18, the 5G New Radio (NR) is being enhanced to support aerial UEs (e.g. UAVs) . One of the main objectives is the enhancements to UE measurement reports to support interference detection and mitigation, like the work done in 3GPP Rel-15. As a result, height-dependent measurement report triggering (e.g. the H1 and H2 events) , as well as measurement reports triggered when multiple cells fulfilling a condition, are being standardized in NR Rel-18.
[0170] Figure 13 illustrates a computer program product 1102 according to an embodiment. More specifically, there is provided a computer program product 1102 comprising a computer readable storage medium 1104. The computer readable storage medium 1104 comprises instructions (e.g. computer program 1106) which are executable by processing circuitry (such as the processing circuitry 12 of the first UE 10 described herein and / or the processing circuitry 22 of the first network node 20 described herein) to cause the first UE 10 to perform the method described herein in respect of the first UE 10, and / or to cause the first network node 20 to perform the method described herein in respect of the first network node 20. There is provided a computer program product 1102 comprising a carrier 1104 containing instructions (e.g. computer program 1106) for causing the first UE 10 (e.g. the processing circuitry 12 of the first UE 10 described herein) and / or the first network node 20 (e.g. the processing circuitry 22 of the second network node 20 described herein) to perform at least part of the method described herein. In some embodiments, the carrier 1104 can be any one of an electronic signal, an optical signal, an electromagnetic signal, an electrical signal, a radio signal, a microwave signal, or a computer-readable storage medium.
[0171] There is also provided a computer program 1106 comprising instructions which, when executed by processing circuitry (such as the processing circuitry 12 of the first UE 10 described herein and / or the processing circuitry 22 of the first network node 20 described herein) , cause the processing circuitry to perform at least part of the method described herein.
[0172] In some embodiments, the first UE functionality and / or first network node functionality described herein can be performed by hardware. Thus, in some embodiments, the first UE 10 and / or first network node 20 described herein can be a hardware entity. In some embodiments, at least part or all of the first UE functionality and / or first network node functionality described herein may be performed in a network enabled cloud. Thus, the method described herein can be realised as a cloud implementation according to some embodiments. The first UE functionality and / or first network node functionality described herein may all be at the same location or at least some of the first UE functionality and / or first network node may be distributed, e.g. the first UE functionality and / or first network node functionality may be performed by one or more different entities.
[0173] It will be understood that at least some or all of the method steps described herein can be automated in some embodiments. That is, in some embodiments, at least some or all of the method steps described herein can be performed automatically. The method described herein can be a computer-implemented method.
[0174] Therefore, as described herein, there is provided an advantageous technique for handling a UE. The techniques described herein reduce the need for a communications network to request information from all UEs in the communications network. Furthermore, due to the specific triggering conditions for triggering transmission initiation of a PHR, only (e.g. aerial) UEs of interest need to transmit their PHR. Moreover, the techniques described herein support the communications network in configuring and / or transmitting appropriate transmit power control commands and setting effective power control configurations for systems comprising aerial UEs. That is, the techniques provide for the improved configuration of power control parameters in (e.g. terrestrial) networks serving aerial UEs. The techniques are particularly advantageous in situations where aerial UEs cause increased interference to neighbor network nodes (e.g. BSs) due to LoS links, as they increase the likelihood that the aerial UEs (e.g. UAVs) are able to maintain a good SNR at their serving BS while at the same time mitigating interference in the communications network. Overall, the techniques described herein allow for the maintenance of desirable QoS for all users of the communications network.
[0175] It should be noted that the above-mentioned embodiments illustrate rather than limit the idea, and that those skilled in the art will be able to design many alternative embodiments without departing from the scope of the appended claims. The word “comprising” does not exclude the presence of elements or steps other than those listed in a claim, “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality, and a single processor or other unit may fulfil the functions of several units recited in the claims. Any reference signs in the claims shall not be construed so as to limit their scope.
Claims
1.A method for handling a user equipment, UE, wherein the method is performed by a first UE (10) connected to a communications network (900) , and wherein the first UE (10) is served by a first network node (20) of the communications network (900) , the method comprising:initiating (102, 406) transmission of a power headroom report, PHR, towards the first network node (20) if a first status of the first UE (10) meets one or more triggering conditions, wherein the first status comprises one or more of an airborne status of the first UE (10) and an interference status of the first UE (10) , and wherein the PHR comprises information indicative of the first status.2.The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the one or more triggering conditions comprise:an altitude of the first UE (10) meeting an altitude criterion;a line of sight, LoS, condition to one or more non-serving network nodes (1002, 1004) of the communications network (900) ;a value of reference signal received power, RSRP, detected from the one or more non-serving network nodes (1002, 1004) meeting a first RSRP criterion;a value of RSRP detected from the first network node (20) meeting a second RSRP criterion;the first UE (10) entering a location; and / ora transmit signal of the first UE (10) being associated with one or more sidelobes having a power level meeting a first power criterion.3.The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the one or more triggering conditions comprise the altitude of the first UE (10) meeting the altitude criterion, and wherein initiating (102, 406) transmission of the PHR comprises:initiating transmission of a measurement report message towards the first network node (20) , wherein the measurement report message comprises the PHR.4.The method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, the method comprising:obtaining (302) the one or more triggering conditions.5.The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein obtaining the one or more triggering conditions comprises:obtaining (306) the one or more triggering conditions from a memory (14) of the first UE (10) .6.The method as claimed in claim 4 or 5, wherein obtaining the one or more triggering conditions comprises:receiving (304) , from the first network node (20) , information indicative of the one or more triggering conditions.7.The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the information indicative of the one or more triggering conditions is received in response to the first UE (10) transitioning to a radio resource control, RRC, connected mode.8.The method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the information indicative of the first status comprises a power headroom value.9.The method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first status comprises the interference status of the first UE (10) , and wherein the information indicative of the first status comprises one or more of:a quantity of one or more non-serving network nodes (1002, 1004) of the communications network (900) towards which a LoS is detected by the first UE (10) ;a path loss estimate corresponding to each of the one or more non-serving network nodes (1002, 1004) towards which a LoS is detected by the first UE (10) ;a number of network cells of the communications network (900) detected by the first UE (10) ;a quantity of one or more non-serving network nodes (1002, 1004) from which a detected value of RSRP meets a first criterion; andinformation indicative of an interference experienced by the first UE (10) .10.The method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first status comprises the airborne status of the first UE (10) , and wherein the information indicative of the first status comprises one or more of:an altitude of the first UE (10) ;a speed of the first UE (10) ;a location of the first UE (10) ;a trajectory of the first UE (10) ;a battery status of the first UE (10) ;a remaining operational time of the first UE (10) ; andinformation indicative of a time period for which the PHR is valid.11.The method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, the method comprising:determining (404) that the first status meets the one or more triggering conditions.12.The method as claimed in claim 11, wherein determining that the first status meets the one or more triggering conditions comprises:receiving (402) a message from the first network node (20) , wherein the message comprises information indicative that the first status meets the one or more triggering conditions.13.The method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, the method comprising:receiving (408) , from the first network node (20) , information indicative of one or more power control parameters to be configured for the first UE (10) , wherein the one or more power control parameters are determined based on the PHR.14.The method as claimed in claim 13, wherein the one or more power control parameters comprise:a target received power at the first network node (20) ;a transmit power control command; and / ora number of allocated resource blocks.15.The method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, the method comprising:receiving (410) , from the first network node (20) , information indicative of one or more flight parameters to be configured for the first UE (10) , wherein the one or more flight parameters are determined based on the PHR.16.The method as claimed in claim 15, wherein the one or more flight parameters comprise:a trajectory of the first UE (10) ;an altitude of the first UE (10) ; and / ora speed of the first UE (10) .17.The method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first UE (10) is an aerial UE.18.The method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the communications network (900) comprises an aerial UE and a terrestrial UE.19.The method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the communications network (900) is a telecommunications network.20.The method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first network node (20) is comprised in a first cell of a plurality of cells of the communications network (900) .21.A method for handling a user equipment, UE, wherein the method is performed by a first network node (20) of a communications network (900) , and wherein the first network node (20) serves a first UE (10) connected to the communications network (900) , the method comprising:receiving (202, 508, 702, 802) , from the first UE (10) , a power headroom report, PHR, if a first status of the first UE (10) meets one or more triggering conditions, wherein the PHR comprises information indicative of the first status, and wherein the first status comprises one or more of an airborne status of the first UE (10) and an interference status of the first UE (10) ; anddetermining (204, 602) , based on the PHR, a level of interference associated with the first UE (10) .22.The method as claimed in claim 21, wherein the one or more triggering conditions comprise:an altitude of the first UE (10) meeting an altitude criterion;a line of sight, LoS, condition to one or more non-serving network nodes (1002, 1004) of the communications network (900) ;a value of reference signal received power, RSRP, detected from the one or more non-serving network nodes (1002, 1004) meeting a first RSRP criterion;a value of RSRP detected from the first network node (20) meeting a second RSRP criterion;the first UE (10) entering a location; and / ora transmit signal of the first UE (10) being associated with one or more sidelobes having a power level meeting a first power criterion.23.The method as claimed in claim 22, wherein the one or more triggering conditions comprise the altitude of the first UE (10) meeting the altitude criterion, and wherein receiving (202, 508, 702, 802) the PHR comprises:receiving (510) a measurement report message from the first UE (10) , wherein the measurement report message comprises the PHR.24.The method as claimed in any one of claims 21 to 23, the method comprising:initiating (604) transmission, towards one or more other network nodes (1002, 1004) of the communications network (900) , of information indicative of the level of interference.25.The method as claimed in claim 24, the method comprising:initiating (606) transmission, towards the one or more other network nodes (1002, 1004) of the communications network (900) , of the information indicative of the first status.26.The method as claimed in any one of claims 21 to 25, wherein the method comprises:determining (704) , based on the PHR, one or more power control parameters to be configured for the first UE (10) .27.The method as claimed in claim 26, wherein the one or more power control parameters comprise:a target received power at the first network node (20) ;a transmit power control command; and / ora number of allocated resource blocks.28.The method as claimed in claim 26 or 27, the method comprising:initiating (706) transmission of information indicative of the one or more power control parameters towards the first UE (10) .29.The method as claimed in any one of claims 21 to 28, the method comprising:determining (804) , based on the PHR, one or more flight parameters to be configured for the first UE (10) .30.The method as claimed in claim 29, wherein the one or more flight parameters comprise:a trajectory of the first UE (10) ;an altitude of the first UE (10) ; and / ora speed of the first UE (10) .31.The method as claimed in claim 29 or 30, the method comprising:initiating (806) transmission of information indicative of the one or more flight parameters towards the first UE (10) .32.The method as claimed in any one of claims 21 to 30, wherein the first UE (10) is an aerial UE.33.The method as claimed in claim 32, the method comprising:determining (512) , based on the PHR, that the first UE (10) is an aerial UE.34.The method as claimed in any one of claims 21 to 33, the method comprising:initiating (502) transmission of information indicative of the one or more triggering conditions towards the first UE (10) .35.The method as claimed in claim 34, wherein transmission of the information indicative of the one or more triggering conditions is initiated in response to the first UE (10) transitioning to a radio resource control, RRC, connected mode.36.The method as claimed in any one of claims 21 to 35, the method comprising:determining (504) that the first status meets the one or more triggering conditions.37.The method as claimed in claim 36, the method comprising:initiating (506) transmission of a message towards the first UE (10) , wherein the message comprises information indicative that the first status meets the one or more triggering conditions.38.The method as claimed in any one of claims 21 to 37, wherein the information indicative of the first status comprises a power headroom value.39.The method as claimed in any one of claims 21 to 38, wherein the first status comprises the interference status of the first UE (10) , and wherein the information indicative of the first status comprises one or more of:a quantity of one or more non-serving network nodes (1002, 1004) of the communications network (900) towards which a LoS is detected by the first UE (10) ;a path loss estimate corresponding to each of the one or more non-serving network nodes (1002, 1004) towards which a LoS is detected by the first UE (10) ;a number of network cells of the communications network (900) detected by the first UE (10) ;a quantity of one or more non-serving network nodes (1002, 1004) from which a detected value of RSRP meets a first criterion; andinformation indicative of an interference experienced by the first UE (10) .40.The method as claimed in any one of claims 21 to 39, wherein the first status comprises the airborne status of the first UE (10) , and wherein the information indicative of the first status comprises one or more of:an altitude of the first UE (10) ;a speed of the first UE (10) ;a location of the first UE (10) ;a trajectory of the first UE (10) ;a battery status of the first UE (10) ;a remaining operational time of the first UE (10) ; andinformation indicative of a time period for which the PHR is valid.41.The method as claimed in any one of claims 21 to 40, wherein the communications network (900) comprises an aerial UE and a terrestrial UE.42.The method as claimed in any one of claims 21 to 41, wherein the communications network (900) is a telecommunications network.43.The method as claimed in any one of claims 21 to 42, wherein the first network node (20) is comprised in a first cell of a plurality of cells of the communications network (900) .44.A method performed by a system (900) , the method comprising:the method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 20; and / orthe method as claimed in any one of claims 21 to 43.45.A first user equipment (10) comprising:processing circuitry (12) configured to operate in accordance with any one of claims 1 to 20.46.A first user equipment (10) as claimed in claim 45, wherein the first user equipment (10) comprises:at least one memory (14) for storing instructions which, when executed by the processing circuitry (12) , cause the first user equipment (10) to operate in accordance with any one of claims 1 to 20.47.A first network node (20) comprising:processing circuitry (22) configured to operate in accordance with any one of claims 21 to 43.48.A first network node (20) as claimed in claim 47, wherein the first network node (20) comprises:at least one memory (24) for storing instructions which, when executed by the processing circuitry (22) , cause the first network node (20) to operate in accordance with any one of claims 21 to 43.49.A system (900) comprising:at least one first user equipment (10) as claimed in 45 or 46; andat least one first network node (20) as claimed in claim 47 or 48.50.A computer program (1106) comprising instructions which, when executed by processing circuitry, cause the processing circuitry to perform the method according to any one of claims 1 to 20 and / or any one of claims 21 to 43.51.A computer program product (1102) comprising a computer readable storage medium (1104) , wherein the computer readable storage medium (1104) comprises instructions which are executable by processing circuitry to cause:a first user equipment (10) to perform the method according to any one of claims 1 to 20; and / ora first network node (20) to perform the method according to any one of claims 21 to 43.
Citation Information
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