Methods, architectures, apparatuses and systems for wireless sensing

Abstract

Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products for sensing services in a network are described. A wireless transmit-receive unit may be a candidate, as a sensing entity, for participating in a sensing service in a network. The WTRU may transmit, to the network, capability information for participating, using its resources, in the sensing service. The network may select, based on capability information received from candidate sensing entities, sensing entities that are to participate in the sensing service, and may transmit, to the candidate sensing entities, an estimation of a reward / compensation for the use of the sensing entities' resources in the sensing service. The candidate sensing entities may transmit, in reply, an acceptance or a refusal to participate in the sensing service.

Description

METHODS, ARCHITECTURES, APPARATUSES AND SYSTEMS FOR WIRELESS SENSINGCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 627,927 filed 01 -February-2024, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.FIELD

[0002] The present disclosure is generally directed to the fields of communications, software and encoding, including, for example, to methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems related to wireless sensing.BACKGROUND

[0003] Wireless sensing is a technology enabler to acquire information about characteristics of the environment and / or objects within the environment. Wireless sensing uses radio waves to determine a distance (range), an angle, or an instantaneous linear velocity of objects. The wireless sensing service relies on analyzing the transmissions, reflections, and scattering of wireless sensing signals. Example applications for wireless sensing are: object and intruder detection for smart home, on a highway, for railways, for factory, for predefined secure areas around critical infrastructure; collision avoidance and trajectory tracking of UAVs, vehicles, AGVs; automotive maneuvering and navigation; public safety search and rescue; rainfall monitoring and flooding; health and sports monitoring.SUMMARY

[0004] There are disclosed embodiments of methods, as described in the following and as claimed in the appended claims.

[0005] There are disclosed embodiments of a WTRU, as described in the following and as claimed in the appended claims.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0006] A more detailed understanding may be had from the detailed description below, given by way of example in conjunction with drawings appended hereto. Figures in such drawings, like the detailed description, are examples. As such, the Figures (FIGs.) and the detailed description are not to be considered limiting, and other equally effective examples are possible and likely. Furthermore, like reference numerals ("ref.") in the FIGs. indicate like elements, and wherein:

[0007] FIG. 1 A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system;

[0008] FIG. IB is a system diagram illustrating an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1 A;

[0009] FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A;

[0010] FIG. ID is a system diagram illustrating a further example RAN and a further example CN that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1 A;

[0011] FIG. 2 is a reference model of a 5G / NextGen network;

[0012] FIG. 3 is a pedestrian / animal intrusion detection;

[0013] FIG. 4 illustrates intruder detection in the surroundings of a smart home;

[0014] FIG. 5 is base station and WTRU sensing of objects;

[0015] FIG. 6 is a sequence chart of an embodiment of a method of WTRU compensation for providing sensing services;

[0016] FIG. 7 is a sequence chart of an embodiment of a method of WTRU compensation for providing sensing services;

[0017] FIG. 8 is a sequence chart of a method for WTRU compensation for providing sensing services according to an embodiment; and

[0018] FIG. 9 is a flow chart of a method according to an embodiment.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0019] In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments and / or examples disclosed herein. However, it will be understood that such embodiments and examples may be practiced without some or all of the specific details set forth herein. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components and circuits have not been described in detail, so as not to obscure the following description. Further, embodiments and examples not specifically described herein may be practiced in lieu of, or in combination with, the embodiments and other examples described, disclosed or otherwise provided explicitly, implicitly and / or inherently (collectively "provided") herein. Although various embodiments are described and / or claimed herein in which an apparatus, system, device, etc. and / or any element thereof carries out an operation, process, algorithm, function, etc. and / or any portion thereof, it is to be understood that any embodiments described and / or claimed herein assume that any apparatus, system, device, etc. and / or any element thereof is configured to carry out any operation, process, algorithm, function, etc. and / or any portion thereof.

[0020] Abbreviations and Acronyms

[0021] ABMF Account and Balance Management Function

[0022] AMF Access and Mobility management Function

[0023] AS Application Server

[0024] CCS Convergent Charging System

[0025] CDR Call Detail Record

[0026] D2D Device-to-Device

[0027] DDNMF Direct Discovery Name Management Function

[0028] ISANF Integrated Sensing Assistance NF

[0029] NEF Network Exposure Function

[0030] NF Network Function

[0031] N3IWF Non-3GPP Interworking Function

[0032] PCF Policy Control Function

[0033] RF Rating Function

[0034] SNF Sensing NF

[0035] SOMF Sensing Operation Management Function

[0036] UDM Unified Data Management

[0037] UDR Unified Data Repository

[0038] 5GC 5G Core

[0039] 5GS 5G System

[0040] Example Communications System

[0041] The methods, apparatuses and systems provided herein are well-suited for communications involving both wired and wireless networks. An overview of various types of wireless devices and infrastructure is provided with respect to FIGs. 1A-1D, where various elements of the network may utilize, perform, be arranged in accordance with and / or be adapted and / or configured for the methods, apparatuses and systems provided herein.

[0042] FIG. 1A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communications system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wireless users. The communications system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communications systems 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), singlecarrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tail (ZT) unique-word (UW) discreet Fourier transform (DFT) spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block- filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.

[0043] As shown in FIG. 1A, the communications system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a radio access network (RAN) 104 / 113, a core network (CN) 106 / 115, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112, though it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, any of which may be referred to as a "station" and / or a "STA", may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include (or be) a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi- Fi device, an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts), a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0044] The communications systems 100 may also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, e.g., to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110, and / or the networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be any of a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B (NB), an eNode-B (eNB), a Home Node-B (HNB), a Home eNode-B (HeNB), a gNode-B (gNB), a NR Node-B (NR NB), a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0045] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc. The base station 114a and / or the base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage for a wireless service to a specific geographical area that may be relatively fixed or thatmay change over time. The cell may further be divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in an embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each or any sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and / or receive signals in desired spatial directions.

[0046] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0047] More specifically, as noted above, the communications system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104 / 113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0048] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or LTE- Advanced (LTE-A) and / or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro).

[0049] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR Radio Access, which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).

[0050] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for instance using dual connectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., an eNB and a gNB).

[0051] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 IX, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.

[0052] The base station 114b in FIG. 1 A may be a wireless router, Home Node-B, Home eNode- B, or access point, for example, and may utilize any suitable RAT for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a roadway, and the like. In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish any of a small cell, picocell or femtocell. As shown in FIG. 1 A, the base station 114b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Thus, the base station 114b may not be required to access the Internet 110 via the CN 106 / 115.

[0053] The RAN 104 / 113 may be in communication with the CN 106 / 115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and / or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have varying quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as differing throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and the like. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although not shown in FIG. 1 A, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 / 113 and / or the CN 106 / 115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104 / 113, which may be utilizing an NR radio technology, the CN 106 / 115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) employing any of a GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or Wi-Fi radio technology.

[0054] The CN 106 / 115 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may includecircuit-switched telephone networks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) and / or the internet protocol (IP) in the TCP / IP internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired and / or wireless communications networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 114 or a different RAT.

[0055] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links). For example, the WTRU 102c shown in FIG. 1A may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0056] FIG. IB is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. As shown in FIG. IB, the WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other elements / peripherals 138, among others. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0057] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. The processor 118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122. While FIG. IB depicts the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separate components, it will be appreciated that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together, e.g., in an electronic package or chip.

[0058] The transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station 114a) over the air interface 116. For example, inan embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In an embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an emitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In an embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0059] Although the transmit / receive element 122 is depicted in FIG. IB as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. For example, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in an embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0060] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit / receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11, for example.

[0061] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to, and may receive user input data from, the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory 130 and / or the removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include random-access memory (RAM), readonly memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0062] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and may be configured to distribute and / or control the power to the other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

[0063] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or in lieu of, the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information over the air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and / or determine its location based on the timing of the signals being received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by way of any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0064] The processor 118 may further be coupled to other elements / peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules / units that provide additional features, functionality and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the elements / peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (e.g., for photographs and / or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker, and the like. The elements / peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors, the sensors may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and / or a humidity sensor.

[0065] The WTRU 102 may include a full duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for both the uplink (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full duplex radio may include an interference management unit to reduce and or substantially eliminate self-interference via either hardware (e.g., a choke) or signal processing via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In an embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for either the uplink (e.g., for transmission) or the downlink (e.g., for reception)).

[0066] FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[0067] The RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In an embodiment, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the eNode-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a.

[0068] Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the uplink (UL) and / or downlink (DL), and the like. As shown in FIG. 1C, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another over an X2 interface.

[0069] The CN 106 shown in FIG. 1C may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 106, it will be appreciated that any one of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0070] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c in the RAN 104 via an SI interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0071] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via the SI interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to / from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring user planes during inter-eNode-B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.

[0072] The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0073] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditionalland-line communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks that are owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0074] Although the WTRU is described in FIGs. 1A-1D as a wireless terminal, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments that such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) wired communication interfaces with the communication network.

[0075] In representative embodiments, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0076] A WLAN in infrastructure basic service set (BSS) mode may have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have an access or an interface to a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic into and / or out of the BSS. Traffic to STAs that originates from outside the BSS may arrive through the AP and may be delivered to the STAs. Traffic originating from STAs to destinations outside the BSS may be sent to the AP to be delivered to respective destinations. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent through the AP, for example, where the source STA may send traffic to the AP and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA. The traffic between STAs within a BSS may be considered and / or referred to as peer-to-peer traffic. The peer-to-peer traffic may be sent between (e.g., directly between) the source and destination STAs with a direct link setup (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use an 802. l ie DLS or an 802.1 Iz tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an Independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and the STAs (e.g., all of the STAs) within or using the IBSS may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS mode of communication may sometimes be referred to herein as an "ad-hoc" mode of communication.

[0077] When using the 802.1 lac infrastructure mode of operation or a similar mode of operations, the AP may transmit a beacon on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a dynamically set width via signaling. The primary channel may be the operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA / CA) may be implemented, for example in in 802.11 systems. For CSMA / CA, the STAs (e.g., every STA), including the AP, may sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed / detected and / or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA may back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS.

[0078] High throughput (HT) STAs may use a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, for example, via a combination of the primary 20 MHz channel with an adjacent or nonadj acent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0079] Very high throughput (VHT) STAs may support 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and / or 160 MHz wide channels. The 40 MHz, and / or 80 MHz, channels may be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel may be formed by combining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels, or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels, which may be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, the data, after channel encoding, may be passed through a segment parser that may divide the data into two streams. Inverse fast fourier transform (IFFT) processing, and time domain processing, may be done on each stream separately. The streams may be mapped on to the two 80 MHz channels, and the data may be transmitted by a transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the above-described operation for the 80+80 configuration may be reversed, and the combined data may be sent to a medium access control (MAC) layer, entity, etc.

[0080] Sub 1 GHz modes of operation are supported by 802.1 laf and 802.11 ah. The channel operating bandwidths, and carriers, are reduced in 802.1 laf and 802.1 lah relative to those used in802.1 In, and 802.1 lac. 802.1 laf supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV white space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.1 lah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment,802.1 lah may support meter type control / machine-type communications (MTC), such as MTC devices in a macro coverage area. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, for example, limited capabilities including support for (e.g., only support for) certain and / or limited bandwidths. The MTC devices may include a battery with a battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).

[0081] WLAN systems, which may support multiple channels, and channel bandwidths, such as802.1 In, 802.1 lac, 802.1 laf, and 802.1 lah, include a channel which may be designated as the primary channel. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the largest common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and / or limited by a STA, from among all STAs in operating in a BSS, which supports the smallest bandwidth operating mode. In the example of 802.1 lah, the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide for STAs (e.g., MTC type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1 MHz mode, even if the AP, and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and / or network allocation vector (NAV) settings may depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, forexample, due to a STA (which supports only a 1 MHz operating mode), transmitting to the AP, the entire available frequency bands may be considered busy even though a majority of the frequency bands remains idle and may be available.

[0082] In the United States, the available frequency bands, which may be used by 802.1 lah, are from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In Korea, the available frequency bands are from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands are from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.1 lah is 6 MHz to 26 MHz depending on the country code.

[0083] FIG. ID is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 113 may employ an NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115.

[0084] The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a, 180b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. Thus, the gNB 180a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and / or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0085] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with a scalable numerology. For example, OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframe or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., including a varying number of OFDM symbols and / or lasting varying lengths of absolute time).

[0086] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and / or a non- standalone configuration. In the standaloneconfiguration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c). In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may utilize one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as a mobility anchor point. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non- standalone configuration WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with / connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating with / connecting to another RAN such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In the non- standalone configuration, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may serve as a mobility anchor for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and / or throughput for servicing WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0087] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and / or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards user plane functions (UPFs) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards access and mobility management functions (AMFs) 182a, 182b, and the like. As shown in FIG. ID, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may communicate with one another over an Xn interface.

[0088] The CN 115 shown in FIG. ID may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one session management function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and at least one Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 115, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0089] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N2 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, support for network slicing (e.g., handling of different protocol data unit (PDU) sessions with different requirements), selecting a particular SMF 183a, 183b, management of the registration area, termination of NAS signaling, mobility management, and the like. Network slicing may be used by the AMF 182a, 182b, e.g., to customize CN support for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the types of services being utilized WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access,services for MTC access, and / or the like. The AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies such as WiFi.

[0090] The SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to an AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via an N11 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to a UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via an N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b and configure the routing of traffic through the UPF 184a, 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP address, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notifications, and the like. A PDU session type may be IP -based, non-IP based, Ethernet-based, and the like.

[0091] The UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, e.g., to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multihomed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, and the like.

[0092] The CN 115 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 115 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks that are owned and / or operated by other service providers. In an embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to a local Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b through the UPF 184a, 184b via the N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b.

[0093] In view of FIGs. 1 A-1D, and the corresponding description of FIGs. 1 A-1D, one or more, or all, of the functions described herein with regard to any of: WTRUs 102a-d, base stations 114a- b, eNode-Bs 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNBs 180a-c, AMFs 182a-b, UPFs 184a- b, SMFs 183a-b, DNs 185a-b, and / or any other element(s) / device(s) described herein, may be performed by one or more emulation elements / devices (not shown). The emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all, of the functions described herein. For example, the emulation devices may be used to test other devices and / or to simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0094] The emulation devices may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a lab environment and / or in an operator network environment. For example, the one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The emulation device may be directly coupled to another device for purposes of testing and / or may performing testing using over-the-air wireless communications.

[0095] The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, including all, functions while not being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, the emulation devices may be utilized in a testing scenario in a testing laboratory and / or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and / or wireless communication network in order to implement testing of one or more components. The one or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communications via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) may be used by the emulation devices to transmit and / or receive data.

[0096] FIG. 2 is a reference model of a 5G / NextGen network. RAN here refers to a radio access network based on the 5G RAT or Evolved E-UTRA that connects to the NextGen core network.

[0097] The Access Control and Mobility Management Function (AMF) includes the following functionalities: Registration management, Connection management, Reachability management, Mobility Management, etc.

[0098] The Session Management Function (SMF) includes the following functionalities: session management (including session establishment, modify and release), UE / WTRU IP address allocation, selection, and control of UP function, etc.

[0099] The User plane function (UPF) includes the following functionalities: packet routing & forwarding, packet inspection, traffic usage reporting, etc.

[0100] Integrated Sensing

[0101] A feasibility study in 3GPP SAI handles the subject of integrated sensing and focuses on use cases and potential requirements for enhancement of the 5G system to provide sensing services / operations addressing different target verticals / applications (e.g., autonomous / assisted driving, V2X, UAVs, 3D map, smart city, smart home, factories, healthcare, maritime sector).

[0102] Wireless sensing technologies aim at acquiring information about a remote object or environment and its characteristics without physically contacting it. The perception data of theobject and its surrounding can be utilized for analysis, so that meaningful information about the object or environment and its characteristics can be obtained.

[0103] For integrated sensing, sensing measurement data is collected. The sensing measurement data is data collected about radio / wireless signals that are impacted (e.g., reflected, refracted, diffracted) by an object or environment of interest for sensing purposes, and sensing results are derived from processing the sensing measurement data. An area defined for sensing is called sensing service area location, which is an area location in which, whether with or without obstacle, the 5G system can provide a sensing service with a certain quality.

[0104] One of the use cases for integrated sensing relates to object detection, for example pedestrian / animal intrusion detection on a highway, or intruder detection in surroundings of a smart home.

[0105] In the example scenarios illustrated in FIGs. 3 and 4, a base station or WTRU can detect the intrusion in the sensing area of a base station by itself or through collaboration between the WTRU and the base station. The sensing measurement is transferred to the network and further processed into the sensing result.

[0106] As illustrated in the example of FIG. 5, another use case for integrated sensing is transparent sensing in which sensing data is captured by the WTRU and communicated so that 5GS is aware of the sensing information.

[0107] In this scenario, a user terminal (WTRU) may acquire sense signals from many 3GPP and non-3GPP devices. The 5GC may determine various available sensing services by processing collected sensing data.

[0108] Assistance for Member WTRU Selection

[0109] 3GPP has defined procedures whereby the 5GC can provide assistance for Member WTRU selection to an AF.

[0110] The AF provides an initial list of target WTRUs and one or more filtering criteria to a NEF collects information from other NFs to derive a list of candidate WTRUs from the target list and according to the filtering criteria.[OHl] Some examples of filtering criteria include WTRU(s) location, e.g., to indicate that the candidate WTRU(s) should be in a certain location to be eligible to be selected as (a) member WTRU(s).

[0112] Sensing Service Incentivization

[0113] One of the motivations for a WTRU to volunteer to participate in a sensing operation utilizing its own resources such as bandwidth, battery power, and air time to the benefit of initiating entities that cannot act by their own, is financial compensation. The actual compensation amountcan be one of the factors that influence the WTRU decision to participate in the sensing service using its resources, and the compensation amount can impact the user consent decision.

[0114] While the UDM can contain subscription information to the sensing service, the actual compensation depends on many dynamic attributes such as time of the day, location, resource available and used, and the complexity of the sensing service involved.

[0115] The sensing initiating WTRU needs to know the rating (the estimated amount of credit / compensation, compensation information) for the intended sensing service using network and sensing entity resources before it actually starts the sensing request.

[0116] Today, the 3 GPP system does not enable the rating and compensation calculation for sensing entities account for sensing mode / accuracy and resources consumed and within a specific target sensing service area, that satisfy the requirements of a sensing task. Sensing mode indicates in which mode a sensor can act in sensing operation, such as a transmitter or / and receiver. There are several kinds of modes such as Monostatic UE / BS based sensing (UE or BS acting as both transmitter and receiver), Bistatic sensing with different sensing entity acting as transmitter and receiver, etc. The rating and compensation calculation need to account for the sensing entities involved, sensing complexity, sensing mechanism used, network and sensor resource utilized, location and time when the sensing operation is performed. Accuracy may refer to, for example, the size of an object that can be recognized.

[0117] It is then interesting to conceive ways to: convey the compensation information to the end user for each involvement of sensing service, e.g., to obtain user consent (of the WTRU's user); evaluate the compensation using inputs such as resources to be used, complexity, sensing capabilities, sensing accuracy, giving the WTRU situation at the time, location, and remaining battery power, etc.; and / or convey a dynamic rating to a WTRU that intends to initiate the sensing service / operation to utilize network sensing resources and services from other entities before it decides to actually start the service.

[0118] Sensing Service Network Exposure

[0119] Currently, the 3GPP system does not provide means for a 3rd party (e.g., AF) to discover a 5G radio sensing service that may be enabled using one or more WTRUs. Different AFs may wish to invoke different types of sensing services depending on the desired use cases (e.g., intrusion detection, environment monitoring, drone tracking). Different WTRUs may be equipped with different sensing capabilities that may be adapted for some use cases (e.g., with adequate Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)) but not for others. It is then interesting to conceive ways to enable a trusted 3rd party to discover a 5G wireless sensing service offered by one or more UEs to support a particular application sensing service.

[0120] Sensing Network Functions

[0121] To enable integrated sensing, new network functions are defined here according to embodiments. These new network functions are collectively called “sensing NF” such as Integrated Sensing Assistance NF (so called ISANF) and Sensing Operation Management Function (so called SOMF). ISANF and SOMF are logical entities and may be collocated, e.g., ISANF may be collocated with NEF, ISANF and SOMF while both are collocated with NEF, SOMF may collocate with AMF, or SOMF may collocate with RAN.

[0122] ISANF - may oversee interactions with the Application Function (AF) for sensing services. ISANF may understand service requests from Application Function and may derive corresponding requested sensing mechanisms. Based on the sensing mechanisms, it may forward the requests to the relevant NFs within 5GC, which serves the region of interest or requested entities such as WTRUs. When the Application Function is a 3rd party application which is not a trusted entity of 5GS, the Application Function and the ISANF may communicate through the NEF (Network Exposure Function).

[0123] SOMF - is a handling coordination function for sensing operations among BS and WTRUs. Based on information received from the AMF for example about a requested sensing region, lists of BS-es and WTRUs, and the requested sensing mechanism with a QoS requirement, the SOMF may derive coordination information for sensing operation. For example, SOMF may decide the role of a sensing operation such as sender(s) of sensing signal(s), receiver(s) of sensing signal(s), entity to collect the sensing measurement data, entity to calculate sensing result. For example, SOMF may decide a sensing period, the waveform of sensing signal and ask BS(s) or sender(s) resource assignment for sending sensing signal at the sensing period.

[0124] WTRU Compensation for Providing Sensing Services

[0125] Sensing entities that volunteer to participate a sensing service initiated by other entities using their own resources are motivated by sensing service credit and compensation. According to embodiments, when one sensing entity is discovered and listed as candidate sensing entity in a sensing service, the credit and compensation is estimated using the requested sensing capabilities, mode, and resources used. According to embodiments, the estimated credit and compensation is sent to the WTRU to see if it is willing to participate the sensing service. According to embodiments, if the WTRU agrees, the credit and compensation will be issued to the WTRU after the sensing service is performed.

[0126] FIG. 6 is an embodiment of a method for providing WTRU with information and compensation for providing sensing services, and shows interactions between network entities and parameters / messages to fulfil the task.

[0127] Step 601 : Candidate sensing entities (WTRUs) register their sensing capabilities for a sensing service, e.g., by transmitting information for registering the WTRU’s resources in a sensing service. When a WTRU registers for the sensing service, it may receive credit / compensation for the registered service either from the sensing NF or 3rd party AF (see further in this document).

[0128] The WTRUs may provide price indicators with capability registration. Alternatively, the network may regulate a price range, while the WTRUs / sensing entities may decide the price at a given time, based on various parameters (e.g., demand).

[0129] Step 602: The sensing service is triggered at AF / NF / AS.

[0130] Step 603-604: The AF / NF / AS requests for sensing services or available sensing entities from Sensing NF. This request may include a discovery criteria / sensing requirements (e.g., location, preferred distance to the sensing target, sensing area, sensing mode, starting time and duration, and authorization token). When the sensing NF receives the request, it may validate the authorization token.

[0131] Alternatively, according to an embodiment, the credit / compensation can be inserted into the discovery criteria by the sensing NF. This can be one of the options if the sensing NF knows all the parameters to estimate the credit / compensation for each of a set of candidate WTRUs.

[0132] Steps 605: The sensing NF discovers sensing entities that meet the requested sensing requirements such as mode, presence / location, capabilities, etc.

[0133] Step 606-609: The sensing NF sends sensing requests to the PCF to check the policy rules for the WTRU and other sensing entities. The PCF will in turn retrieve the subscriber profile from the UDM / UDR.

[0134] Step 610-612: The sensing NF sends the request to the CCS / RF / ABMF along with retrieved policies and subscriber profile to get the rating and service compensations for the candidate WTRUs whose resources or services may be needed for the requested sensing service in step 603. The CCS checks the policy and compensation rules, derives the credit / monetary compensation for requested sensing services for WTRUs with requested resources / capabilities. Once the compensation / monetary reward is calculated for the sensing service, the information is sent to the sensing NF in the step 612. Depending on the configuration, if the compensation is preconfigured in the UDR such as with a fixed amount of compensation, the step 610-612 may be optionally performed by retrieving the subscription from UDM / UDR without going through CCS.

[0135] Step 613: the sensing NF sends the sensing request to the WTRU along with the compensation / monetary reward information to be considered by the WTRU. Also, the sensingrequirements and mode are included for the WTRU authorization. The request may be combined with a user consent / authorization request.

[0136] Step 614-615: If the WTRU accepts the compensation / monetary reward and the WTRU authorizes requested the sensing mode / requirement, and restricted level of sensing granularity (accuracy), the WTRU responds with the authorized level of sensing granularity and sensing mode to the sensing NF. The step 613-615 may be optional according to embodiments if the WTRU already receives credit when registering or the credit value is above the threshold configured in the UDM in step 601.

[0137] Step 616: The selected sensing entities perform configurations for the sensing process and establish connections that are required to perform the sensing activities, before performing the sensing service. After the completion of the sensing service, the compensation charging data is collected from all entities that engages in the providing the sensing service e.g., WTRU, sensing NF, AF, RAN, AMF / SMF / UPF / PCF / UDM. The compensation charging data includes resource used, sensing mode, operations performed, start / end time, message / results sent / received, etc. The Call Detail Record (CDR) is generated, and service compensation / credit are calculated for the sensing entities that agreed to participate to the sensing service using their resources and sensing capabilities.

[0138] Step 617: The service credits and compensations are issued to the participating sensing entities.

[0139] According to an embodiment, the WTRU receives, prior to the transmitting information for registering, information about the sensing service, such as information about the kind and amount of WTRU’ s resources that would be used for the sensing service, level of sensing accuracy and sensing mode required for the sensing service, level of complexity (or expected CPU load) that would be expected for the WTRU for executing the sensing service, level of QoS required for the radio link with the network for executing the sensing service, duration and scheduled time for executing the sensing service.

[0140] This way, the WTRU has information to decide whether it has sufficient resources to participate in the sensing service, and the WTRU may, based on the received information, decide / determine to transmit a request to participate in the sensing service (above step 1) or not, and if it wants to participate, what / which resources it wants to make available for the sensing service (e.g., while the sensing service would need resources from 8PM to 2AM on a given date, the WTRU would register with resources for 10PM to 11PM only; while the sensing service would request availability of 100% of a given resource, the WTRU would register with 80% only; while the sensing service would request 2Gbyte of memory resource, the WTRU would register with1Gbyte only). The kind of resources and amount of resources that the WTRU proposes for participating in the sensing service may then be transmitted to the network, and the network may use this information to select sensing entities (WTRUs) among the candidate sensing entities, for participation in the sensing service.

[0141] Sensing WTRU Registers Sensing Services and Receives Credit and Compensation Estimation

[0142] According to an embodiment, a candidate sensing entity (e.g., here a WTRU; the term ‘sensing entity’ used here is a generic term that may refer to, for example, a WTRU, an ISANF, a SOMF) may receive a credit and compensation estimation when it registers with a sensing management entity with the WTRU’s sensing capability, sensing mode, and sensing resources. The credit and compensation parameters can be received in an authorization token. The sensing service authorization token can be presented during a sensing entity discovery process.

[0143] FIG. 7 shows a flow chart of a method for providing a sensing entity with (information related to) WTRU compensation for providing sensing services.

[0144] Step 701 : A candidate sensing entity (a WTRU) registers its sensing capabilities, mode, time span, location in a sensing capability registration, to indicate that it is a candidate for participating in sensing services using its resources and capabilities.

[0145] The sensing NF can interact with the CCS / RF / ABMF, PCF and AF in order to obtain credit / compensation information during the registration of the WTRU and to provide, in a step 702, the information to the candidate sensing entity (the WTRU) in a response to the WTRU’s sensing capability registration.

[0146] Step 702: The candidate sensing entity (the WTRU) receives, from the sensing NF, in reply to the WTRU’s sensing capability registration, authorization tokens and an estimation of credits / compensations for the capabilities it has indicated to be able to provide for the sensing services.

[0147] Step 703 : A sensing service is triggered at the AF / NF / AS.

[0148] Step 704: The AF / NF / AS requests for sensing services or available candidate sensing entities from the sensing NF. This request may include a discovery criteria / sensing requirements (e.g., location, preferred distance to the sensing target, sensing area, sensing mode, starting time and duration, and authorization token). When the sensing NF receives such a request, it first authorizes the request by validating the authorization token.

[0149] Step 705: The sensing NF authorizes the request via authorization token in the service requests.

[0150] Step 706: The sensing NF discovers sensing entities that meet the requested sensing requirements such as mode, presence / location, capabilities, etc. The sensing credit / compensation is with associated with specific sensing requirements and mode. It may be included in the authorization token. One WTRU may have multiple tokens / credit associated with different sensing modes. Therefore, the WTRU presents the token along with credit / compensation to participate intended sensing operation. The candidate sensing entity (i.e., the WTRU) presents the authorization token received in step 2 and the sensing credit / compensation. The WTRU is selected based on a match of sensing capabilities and sensing parameters such as location and time span, along with the estimation of the credit / compensation for the candidate sensing entities.The sensing NF selects the WTRUs that participate in the sensing operation, based on a match between the sensing capabilities and sensing parameters, if everything is same, the sensing NF may select a candidate WTRU with less credit / compensation to save the cost. The selection decision can thus depend on many factors.

[0151] The authorization token contains a list of the sensing capabilities, and associated list of credit / compensation estimations. The token valid time is controlled by the lifetime of the token. If the token is expired, then the sensing entity needs to register with the sensing NF again and receive a new token, or refresh the token.

[0152] Step 707: the sensing NF sends the sensing request to the WTRU along with the compensation / monetary reward information to be considered by the WTRU. Also, the sensing requirements and mode are included for the WTRU authorization. The request may be combined with a user consent / authorization request.

[0153] Steps 708-709: If the WTRU accepts the estimated compensation / monetary reward and the WTRU authorizes the requested sensing mode / requirement, and restricted level of sensing granularity, the WTRU responds with the authorized level of granularity and sensing mode to the sensing NF.

[0154] Step 710: The selected sensing entities perform configurations for the sensing process and establish connections required to perform the sensing activities, before performing the sensing service. After the completion of the sensing service / operation, the charging compensation data is collected from all entities that contributed in providing the sensing service e.g., WTRU, sensing NF, AF, RAN, AMF / SMF / UPF / PCF / UDM. The charging compensation data includes resource used, sensing mode, operations performed, start / end time, message / results sent / received, etc. The service data is generated, and service compensations / credits are calculated for the sensing entities that agreed to participate the sensing service using their resources and sensing capabilities.

[0155] Step 711 : The service credits and compensations are issued to the participating entities.

[0156] WTRU Compensation for 5G / 6G Services

[0157] The WTRU compensation mechanism according to described embodiments can be applicable to other 5G / 6G services: the 5G / 6G CCS system calculate the credit and compensation based on the resources used by the participating WTRU, such as battery power, processing power, bandwidth, complexity, time, location, etc.; the user may subscribe to the sensing service / operation by accepting a fixed amount of credit / compensation and configured in the user profile data in the UDM; the compensation can also be calculated dynamically based on parameters and policies. If the amount of credit / compensation is above a threshold, the credit / compensation will be automatically accepted; if the credit / compensation calculated for the sensing service / operation is below the threshold, the user will be consulted for acceptance; and after the sensing service / operation has finished, the credit / compensation for the WTRU will be calculated based on the actual resources used and will be issued to the WTRU.

[0158] Sensing WTRU Selection based on Sensing Selection Criteria by Third Party AF / AS

[0159] According to an embodiment, a sensing entity (e.g., a WTRU) may coordinate with the Application Function (3rd party) from which it obtains rating / credits based on its participation as a sensing WTRU, and these points could be accumulated per sensing service.

[0160] According to a further embodiment, the Application function is aware of cooperation / charging plan sharing between different service providers, hence devices that belong to those service providers may be available for each other. According to an embodiment, this is differentiated by certain tokens issues on the application layer and shared when discovering the other devices (the sensing WTRUs). In this way they (the WTRUs that have obtained the authorization token and credits from the AF) will already know whether they can volunteer as sensing WTRU or not.

[0161] In this scenario, the 5GS assists in the identification and selection of eligible WTRUs for the specific sensing operations required by an AF.

[0162] Possible pre-conditions may include a) a WTRU wishes to participate in sensing operations e.g., based on application layer logic, pre-configuration; b) The WTRU has registered its specific sensing capabilities e.g., standard sensing service types / sensing class. The sensing capabilities may include any of the following sensing related information such as: sensing range / power, sensitivity, accuracy, resolution, sensing category (e.g., object tracking / detection, motion detection, environment monitoring).

[0163] According to an embodiment, the Assistance for Member WTRU selection procedure at NEF is enhanced to enable the AF (e.g., intrusion detection service provider) to select WTRUs suitable / eligible specifically for sensing operations:

[0164] a) The NEF receives a Member WTRU selection assistance subscription request from the AF. The request includes sensing filtering criteria such as: the WTRU(s) desired sensing capabilities such as sensing category, sensitivity resolution, accuracy, required min / max relative distance to the sensing target (e.g., physical object location), sensing area, whether the WTRU is in motion or static.

[0165] b) The NEF queries different NFs (e.g., AMF, a sensing Control Function) to determine a list of candidates sensing UEs based on the above criteria. The NEF provides the AF with the list of candidate WTRUs each along with sensing capability information and applicable contextual / environment information (e.g., relative distance to sensing target).

[0166] c) With the obtained list of WTRUs, the AF may then trigger sensing operations on the selected WTRUs to receive and process sensing related information from these WTRUs.

[0167] FIG. 8 shows a sequence chart of a method of WTRU compensation with third party AF / AS according to an embodiment.

[0168] Step 801 : A sensing entity (WTRU) registers its sensing capabilities, mode, time span for which the WTRU can provide sensing service, location that it can participate in the sensing services using its resources and capabilities, and negotiates with the AF / AS the incentive credit / financial compensation for registered sensing capabilities.

[0169] Step 802: The sensing service is triggered at AF / NF / AS.

[0170] Step 803: The AF subscribes the member selection assistance functionality by sending Nnef UEMemberSelectionAssistance subscribe request including a list of target WTRU(s), one or more UE member filtering criteria, and optionally, time window(s). The filtering criteria also includes the sensing capability, sensing requirements, sensing mode, preferred distance to the sensing target, sensing area, time window(s), and incentive.

[0171] Step 804: The NEF verifies the authorization of the AF Request and identifies which information needs to be collected and executes the corresponding service operation based on the WTRU member filtering criteria provided by the AF, e.g. events, analytics and / or notifications.

[0172] Step 805 : The NEF interacts with different 5GC network functions to collect the required information. The set of interactions between NEF and among 5GC NFs are dependent on the WTRU member filtering criteria provided by the AF. For example, the NEF may interact with the network sensing control function and / or AMF to retrieve the list of registered / active WTRUs based on the list of target WTRUs. The user consent will be performed based on the user configuration and subscription to confirm the received service incentive with the required sensing capability and sensing mode.

[0173] Step 806: Based on the collected information from other 5GC NFs, the NEF consolidates all the information collected from other 5GC NFs to derive the list(s) of candidate WTRU(s) which fulfill the WTRU member filtering criteria in the AF request. For example, the NEF checks for each of the WTRU(s) collected that the WTRU provides the desired sensing capabilities (e.g., appropriate sensing class, sensitivity / power), availability (e.g., based on time span) and position (e.g., appropriate relevant position to sensing target). The NEF select the WTRU(s) satisfying the AF request to construct the list of candidate WTRU(s).

[0174] Step 807: The NEF sends a Nnef_UEMemberSelectionAssistance_Notify request to the AF including the list(s) of candidate WTRU(s) and possibly additional contextual information (e.g., relative distance to sensing target).

[0175] Step 808: The AF / AS decides on the final list of WTRU(s) and starts the sensing services with requested resources / capabilities.

[0176] Step 809: The selected sensing entities perform configurations, and establish connections for performing the sensing service, and then performs the sensing service.

[0177] FIG. 9 is an embodiment of a method 900 for performing a sensing service, the method being implemented by a WTRU, for example. The method may comprise:

[0178] a) transmitting (901) information for registering one or more of the one or more resources of the WTRU ("the WTRU’s resources") in a sensing service;

[0179] b) receiving (902), in response to the transmitting, a request to participate in the sensing service, the request comprising information related to an estimation of a compensation for using the WTRU’s resources in the sensing service;

[0180] c) transmitting (903) a response to the request based on at least the estimation of the compensation; and

[0181] d) on condition of accepting the request, performing (904) the sensing service using the WTRU’s resources.

[0182] According to an embodiment, the request to participate in the sensing service is received based on a selection of the WTRU among WTRUs that have transmitted a request to participate in the sensing service, wherein the selection is based on selection criteria applied to the information for registering the WTRU’s resources in the sensing service.

[0183] According to an embodiment, the information for registering the WTRU’s resources in the sensing service comprises one or more of the following:

[0184] a) one or more sensing capabilities of the WTRU for the sensing service;

[0185] b) one or more sensing modes supported by the WTRU for the sensing service;

[0186] c) one or more parameters of the WTRU; and

[0187] d) one or more resources of the WTRU available for the sensing service.

[0188] According to an embodiment, the resources comprise one or more of:

[0189] a) a wireless network bandwidth available to the WTRU (may be specified separately for UL and DL); and

[0190] b) a WTRU battery power.

[0191] According to an embodiment, the parameters of the WTRU comprise one or more of:

[0192] a) remaining WTRU battery power;

[0193] b) a current network bandwidth (as experienced by the WTRU); and

[0194] c) a (e.g., WTRU) geographical location.

[0195] According to an embodiment, the sensing capabilities comprise one or more of:

[0196] a) a sensing range (e.g., 20 cm, 50 cm, Im, 10m);

[0197] b) a sensing power (e.g., measured in Watt or Watt / m2);

[0198] c) a sensing accuracy (e.g., 1 micrometer, 1 cm, Im); and

[0199] d) a sensing category.

[0200] According to an embodiment, the sensing category is one or more of:

[0201] a) object tracking;

[0202] b) object detection;

[0203] c) motion tracking;

[0204] d) motion detection; and

[0205] e) environment monitoring.

[0206] There is also described and disclosed an embodiment of a WTRU, the WTRU comprising at least one processor configured to:

[0207] a) transmit information for registering the WTRU’s resources in a sensing service;

[0208] b) receive, in response to the transmitting, a request to participate in the sensing service, the request comprising information related to an estimation of a compensation for using the WTRU’s resources in the sensing service;

[0209] c) transmit a response to the request based on at least the estimation of the compensation; and

[0210] d) on condition of accepting the request, perform the sensing service using the WTRU’s resources.

[0211] According to an embodiment, the request to participate in the sensing service is received based on a selection of the WTRU among WTRUs that have transmitted a request to participate in the sensing service, wherein the selection is based on selection criteria applied to the information for registering the WTRU’s resources in the sensing service.

[0212] According to an embodiment, the information for registering the WTRU’s resources in the sensing service comprises one or more of the following:

[0213] a) one or more sensing capabilities of the WTRU for the sensing service;

[0214] b) one or more sensing modes supported by the WTRU for the sensing service;

[0215] c) one or more parameters of the WTRU; and

[0216] d) one or more of the WTRU's resources that available for the sensing service.

[0217] According to an embodiment, the resources comprise one or more of:

[0218] a) a wireless network bandwidth; and

[0219] b) a (e.g., WTRU) battery power.

[0220] According to an embodiment, the parameters of the WTRU comprise one or more of:

[0221] a) a WTRU remaining battery power;

[0222] b) a current network bandwidth experienced by the WTRU (may be specified per UL and DL separately); and

[0223] c) a (e.g., WTRU) geographical location.

[0224] According to an embodiment, the sensing capabilities comprise one or more of:

[0225] a) a sensing range;

[0226] b) a sensing power;

[0227] c) a sensing accuracy; and

[0228] d) a sensing category.

[0229] According to an embodiment, the sensing category is one or more of:

[0230] a) object tracking;

[0231] b) object detection;

[0232] c) motion tracking;

[0233] d) motion detection; and

[0234] e) environment monitoring.

[0235] Although features and elements are provided above in particular combinations, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that each feature or element can be used alone or in any combination with the other features and elements. The present disclosure is not to be limited in terms of the particular embodiments described in this application, which are intended as illustrations of various aspects. Many modifications and variations may be made without departing from its spirit and scope, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. No element, act, or instruction used in the description of the present application should be construed as critical or essential to the invention unless explicitly provided as such. Functionally equivalent methods and apparatuses within the scope of the disclosure, in addition to those enumerated herein, will beapparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing descriptions. Such modifications and variations are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. The present disclosure is to be limited only by the terms of the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. It is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to particular methods or systems.

[0236] The foregoing embodiments are discussed, for simplicity, with regard to the terminology and structure of wireless communication capable devices, (e.g., radio wave emitters and receivers). However, the embodiments discussed are not limited to these systems but may be applied to other systems that use other forms of electromagnetic waves or non-electromagnetic waves such as acoustic waves.

[0237] It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the term "video" or the term "imagery" may mean any of a snapshot, single image and / or multiple images displayed over a time basis. As another example, when referred to herein, the terms "user equipment" and its abbreviation "UE", the term "remote" and / or the terms "head mounted display" or its abbreviation "HMD" may mean or include (i) a wireless transmit and / or receive unit (WTRU); (ii) any of a number of embodiments of a WTRU; (iii) a wireless-capable and / or wired-capable (e.g., tetherable) device configured with, inter alia, some or all structures and functionality of a WTRU; (iii) a wireless-capable and / or wired-capable device configured with less than all structures and functionality of a WTRU; or (iv) the like. Details of an example WTRU, which may be representative of any WTRU recited herein, are provided herein with respect to FIGs. 1 A-1D. As another example, various disclosed embodiments herein supra and infra are described as utilizing a head mounted display. Those skilled in the art will recognize that a device other than the head mounted display may be utilized and some or all of the disclosure and various disclosed embodiments can be modified accordingly without undue experimentation. Examples of such other device may include a drone or other device configured to stream information for providing the adapted reality experience.

[0238] In addition, the methods provided herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (transmitted over wired or wireless connections) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer- readable storage media include, but are not limited to, a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and optical mediasuch as CD-ROM disks, and digital versatile disks (DVDs). A processor in association with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

[0239] Variations of the method, apparatus and system provided above are possible without departing from the scope of the invention. In view of the wide variety of embodiments that can be applied, it should be understood that the illustrated embodiments are examples only, and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the following claims. For instance, the embodiments provided herein include handheld devices, which may include or be utilized with any appropriate voltage source, such as a battery and the like, providing any appropriate voltage.

[0240] Moreover, in the embodiments provided above, processing platforms, computing systems, controllers, and other devices that include processors are noted. These devices may include at least one Central Processing Unit ("CPU") and memory. In accordance with the practices of persons skilled in the art of computer programming, reference to acts and symbolic representations of operations or instructions may be performed by the various CPUs and memories. Such acts and operations or instructions may be referred to as being "executed," "computer executed" or "CPU executed."

[0241] One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the acts and symbolically represented operations or instructions include the manipulation of electrical signals by the CPU. An electrical system represents data bits that can cause a resulting transformation or reduction of the electrical signals and the maintenance of data bits at memory locations in a memory system to thereby reconfigure or otherwise alter the CPU's operation, as well as other processing of signals. The memory locations where data bits are maintained are physical locations that have particular electrical, magnetic, optical, or organic properties corresponding to or representative of the data bits. It should be understood that the embodiments are not limited to the above-mentioned platforms or CPUs and that other platforms and CPUs may support the provided methods.

[0242] The data bits may also be maintained on a computer readable medium including magnetic disks, optical disks, and any other volatile (e.g., Random Access Memory (RAM)) or non-volatile (e.g., Read-Only Memory (ROM)) mass storage system readable by the CPU. The computer readable medium may include cooperating or interconnected computer readable medium, which exist exclusively on the processing system or are distributed among multiple interconnected processing systems that may be local or remote to the processing system. It should be understood that the embodiments are not limited to the above-mentioned memories and that other platforms and memories may support the provided methods.

[0243] In an illustrative embodiment, any of the operations, processes, etc. described herein may be implemented as computer-readable instructions stored on a computer-readable medium. The computer-readable instructions may be executed by a processor of a mobile unit, a network element, and / or any other computing device.

[0244] There is little distinction left between hardware and software implementations of aspects of systems. The use of hardware or software is generally (but not always, in that in certain contexts the choice between hardware and software may become significant) a design choice representing cost versus efficiency tradeoffs. There may be various vehicles by which processes and / or systems and / or other technologies described herein may be effected (e.g., hardware, software, and / or firmware), and the preferred vehicle may vary with the context in which the processes and / or systems and / or other technologies are deployed. For example, if an implementer determines that speed and accuracy are paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly hardware and / or firmware vehicle. If flexibility is paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly software implementation. Alternatively, the implementer may opt for some combination of hardware, software, and / or firmware.

[0245] The foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments of the devices and / or processes via the use of block diagrams, flowcharts, and / or examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, flowcharts, and / or examples include one or more functions and / or operations, it will be understood by those within the art that each function and / or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples may be implemented, individually and / or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. In an embodiment, several portions of the subject matter described herein may be implemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), and / or other integrated formats. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that some aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein, in whole or in part, may be equivalently implemented in integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and / or writing the code for the software and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of skill in the art in light of this disclosure. In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the mechanisms of the subject matter described herein may be distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative embodiment of the subject matter described herein applies regardless of the particular type of signal bearing medium used to actually carry out thedistribution. Examples of a signal bearing medium include, but are not limited to, the following: a recordable type medium such as a floppy disk, a hard disk drive, a CD, a DVD, a digital tape, a computer memory, etc., and a transmission type medium such as a digital and / or an analog communication medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communications link, a wireless communication link, etc.).

[0246] Those skilled in the art will recognize that it is common within the art to describe devices and / or processes in the fashion set forth herein, and thereafter use engineering practices to integrate such described devices and / or processes into data processing systems. That is, at least a portion of the devices and / or processes described herein may be integrated into a data processing system via a reasonable amount of experimentation. Those having skill in the art will recognize that a typical data processing system may generally include one or more of a system unit housing, a video display device, a memory such as volatile and non-volatile memory, processors such as microprocessors and digital signal processors, computational entities such as operating systems, drivers, graphical user interfaces, and applications programs, one or more interaction devices, such as a touch pad or screen, and / or control systems including feedback loops and control motors (e.g., feedback for sensing position and / or velocity, control motors for moving and / or adjusting components and / or quantities). A typical data processing system may be implemented utilizing any suitable commercially available components, such as those typically found in data computing / communication and / or network computing / communication systems.

[0247] The herein described subject matter sometimes illustrates different components included within, or connected with, different other components. It is to be understood that such depicted architectures are merely examples, and that in fact many other architectures may be implemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively "associated" such that the desired functionality may be achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality may be seen as "associated with" each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components so associated may also be viewed as being "operably connected", or "operably coupled", to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated may also be viewed as being "operably couplable" to each other to achieve the desired functionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include but are not limited to physically mateable and / or physically interacting components and / or wirelessly interactable and / or wirelessly interacting components and / or logically interacting and / or logically interactable components.

[0248] With respect to the use of substantially any plural and / or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and / or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and / or application. The various singular / plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity.

[0249] It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as "open" terms (e.g., the term "including" should be interpreted as "including but not limited to," the term "having" should be interpreted as "having at least," the term "includes" should be interpreted as "includes but is not limited to," etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, where only one item is intended, the term "single" or similar language may be used. As an aid to understanding, the following appended claims and / or the descriptions herein may include usage of the introductory phrases "at least one" and "one or more" to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles "a" or "an" limits any particular claim including such introduced claim recitation to embodiments including only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases "one or more" or "at least one" and indefinite articles such as "a" or "an" (e.g., "a" and / or "an" should be interpreted to mean "at least one" or "one or more"). The same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of "two recitations," without other modifiers, means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, and C, etc." is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B, and C" would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and / or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, or C, etc." is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B, or C" would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and / or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and / or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in thedescription, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase "A or B" will be understood to include the possibilities of "A" or "B" or "A and B." Further, the terms "any of' followed by a listing of a plurality of items and / or a plurality of categories of items, as used herein, are intended to include "any of," "any combination of," "any multiple of," and / or "any combination of multiples of the items and / or the categories of items, individually or in conjunction with other items and / or other categories of items. Moreover, as used herein, the term "set" is intended to include any number of items, including zero. Additionally, as used herein, the term "number" is intended to include any number, including zero. And the term "multiple", as used herein, is intended to be synonymous with "a plurality".

[0250] In addition, where features or aspects of the disclosure are described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group.

[0251] As will be understood by one skilled in the art, for any and all purposes, such as in terms of providing a written description, all ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all possible subranges and combinations of subranges thereof. Any listed range can be easily recognized as sufficiently describing and enabling the same range being broken down into at least equal halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, tenths, etc. As a non-limiting example, each range discussed herein may be readily broken down into a lower third, middle third and upper third, etc. As will also be understood by one skilled in the art all language such as "up to," "at least," "greater than," "less than," and the like includes the number recited and refers to ranges which can be subsequently broken down into subranges as discussed above. Finally, as will be understood by one skilled in the art, a range includes each individual member. Thus, for example, a group having 1-3 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, or 3 cells. Similarly, a group having 1-5 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 cells, and so forth.

[0252] Moreover, the claims should not be read as limited to the provided order or elements unless stated to that effect. In addition, use of the terms "means for" in any claim is intended to invoke 35 U.S.C. §112, 6 or means-plus-function claim format, and any claim without the terms "means for" is not so intended.

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A method, implemented by a wireless transmit-receive unit (WTRU), the method comprising: transmitting information for registering one or more resources of the WTRU in a sensing service; receiving, in response to the transmitting, a request to participate in the sensing service, the request comprising information related to an estimation of a compensation for using the one or more resources of the WTRU in the sensing service; transmitting a response to the request based on at least the estimation of the compensation; and on condition of accepting the request, performing the sensing service using the one or more resources of the WTRU.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the request to participate in the sensing service is received based on a selection of the WTRU among WTRUs that have transmitted requests to participate in the sensing service, wherein the selection is based on selection criteria applied to the information for registering the one or more resources of the WTRU in the sensing service.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the information for registering the one or more resources of the WTRU in the sensing service comprises one or more of the following: one or more sensing capabilities of the WTRU for the sensing service; one or more sensing modes supported by the WTRU for the sensing service; one or more parameters of the WTRU; and one or more of the one or more resources of the WTRU that available for the sensing service.

4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the one or more of the one or more resources of the WTRU comprise one or more of: a wireless network bandwidth; and a WTRU battery power.

5. The method according to claim 3, wherein the one or more parameters of the WTRU comprise one or more of: remaining battery power; a current network bandwidth; and a geographical location.

6. The method according to claim 3, wherein the one or more sensing capabilities comprise one or more of: a sensing range; a sensing power; a sensing accuracy; and a sensing category.

7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the sensing category comprises one or more of: object tracking; object detection; motion tracking; motion detection; and environment monitoring.

8. A wireless transmit-receive unit (WTRU), comprising at least one processor configured to: transmit information for registering one or more resources of the WTRU in a sensing service; receive, in response to the transmitting, a request to participate in the sensing service, the request comprising information related to an estimation of a compensation for using the one or more resources of the WTRU in the sensing service; transmit a response to the request based on at least the estimation of the compensation; and on condition of accepting the request, perform the sensing service using the one or more resources of the WTRU.

9. The WTRU according to claim 8, wherein the request to participate in the sensing service is received based on a selection of the WTRU among WTRUs that have transmitted requests to participate in the sensing service, wherein the selection is based on selection criteria applied to the information for registering the one or more resources of the WTRU in the sensing service.

10. The WTRU of claim 8, wherein the information for registering the one or more resources of the WTRU in the sensing service comprises one or more of the following: one or more sensing capabilities of the WTRU for the sensing service; one or more sensing modes supported by the WTRU for the sensing service; one or more parameters of the WTRU; and one or more of the one or more resources of the WTRU that available for the sensing service.

11. The WTRU according to claim 10, wherein the one or more of the one or more resources of the WTRU comprise one or more of: a wireless network bandwidth; and a WTRU battery power.

12. The WTRU according to claim 10, wherein the one or more parameters of the WTRU comprise one or more of: remaining battery power; a current network bandwidth; and a geographical location.

13. The WTRU according to claim 10, wherein the one or more sensing capabilities comprise one or more of: a sensing range; a sensing power; a sensing accuracy; and a sensing category.

14. The WTRU according to claim 13, wherein the sensing category comprises one or more of: object tracking; object detection; motion tracking; motion detection; and environment monitoring.

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