Photovoltaic module and photovoltaic system

Abstract

The present application relates to the technical field of photovoltaics. Provided are a photovoltaic module and a photovoltaic system. The photovoltaic module comprises: a battery string array, the battery string array comprising a plurality of battery strings arranged in an array, each battery string comprising a plurality of battery cells (4) which are electrically connected, and the reflectivity of the battery cells being 2.4%-2.9%; a glass cover plate (1), located on a first side of the battery string array, a first surface (11) of the glass cover plate away from the battery string array being provided with a plurality of bumpy structures (12), and the flatness of a second surface (13) of the glass cover plate close to the battery string array being greater than the flatness of the first surface; and a back plate (7), located on a second side of the battery string array, the first side and the second side being opposite to each other. The present application significantly reduces mirror reflection, and achieves relatively dispersed reflected light spots, lower brightness, excellent anti-dazzle effect and good light trapping effect, and the photovoltaic module presents an almost color-aberration-free black appearance, thus being more attractive.

Description

Photovoltaic module and photovoltaic system

[0001] This application claims priority to the Chinese patent application filed with the China Patent Office on February 7, 2024, with application number 202420288989.X and invention name “A Photovoltaic Component and Photovoltaic System”, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference into this application. Technical Field

[0002] The present application relates to the field of photovoltaic technology, and in particular to a photovoltaic module and a photovoltaic system. Background Art

[0003] Solar cells convert sunlight into electricity, utilizing clean energy and therefore possessing broad application prospects. However, due to the low output voltage of a single solar cell and the susceptibility of unpackaged solar cells to environmental influences, a number of solar cells are typically connected in series or parallel to form photovoltaic modules to expand their application scenarios.

[0004] Photovoltaic modules typically include solar cells, as well as cover plates and back plates located on opposite sides of the cells. However, existing photovoltaic modules suffer from severe glare and uneven color.

[0005] Application Contents

[0006] The present application provides a photovoltaic module and a photovoltaic system, aiming to solve the problems of severe glare and uneven color in existing photovoltaic modules.

[0007] In a first aspect of the present application, a photovoltaic module is provided, comprising:

[0008] The photovoltaic laminate comprises:

[0009] A battery string array; the battery string array comprises: a plurality of battery strings arranged in an array; the battery string comprises: a plurality of electrically connected battery cells; the reflectivity of the battery cells is 2.4% to 2.9%;

[0010] a glass cover plate located on a first side of the battery string array; the glass cover plate having a first surface away from the battery string array and having a plurality of concave and convex structures; and a second surface of the glass cover plate close to the battery string array having a flatness less than that of the first surface;

[0011] and a back plate located on a second side of the battery string array; the first side and the second side are opposite to each other.

[0012] In the present application, the first surface of the glass cover away from the battery string array has a plurality of concave-convex structures. The first surface of the glass cover away from the battery string array is the surface of the glass cover mainly facing the light. The above-mentioned concave-convex structure surface can form a velvet reflection or diffuse reflection effect, which greatly reduces the mirror reflection, and the reflected light spot is relatively dispersed, and the brightness is relatively small, and the anti-glare effect is excellent. At the same time, the surfaces of the concave-convex structure reflect each other, which will increase the transmitted light, reduce the reflection, and enhance the light trapping effect, so that the appearance of the photovoltaic module is almost black with no color difference, which is more beautiful. In addition, the reflectivity of the battery cell is 2.4 to 2.9, and the reflectivity of the battery cell is low, which further enhances the anti-glare effect, and the appearance of the battery cell is almost black with no color difference; the combination of the glass cover and the battery cell further enhances the anti-glare effect of the photovoltaic module, and the color is more uniform and beautiful.

[0013] Optionally, the plurality of concave-convex structures have wave crests distributed in an array or irregularly.

[0014] Optionally, the aspect ratio of the concave-convex structure is 0.6 to 1.8, the height direction of the concave-convex structure is parallel to the thickness direction of the photovoltaic laminate, and the width direction of the concave-convex structure is perpendicular to the thickness direction of the photovoltaic laminate.

[0015] Optionally, the height of the concave-convex structure is 1.5 μm to 2.5 μm, and the width is 1.5 μm to 2.5 μm.

[0016] Optionally, the glass cover is patterned glass;

[0017] The second surface of the glass cover plate close to the battery string array is a smooth surface.

[0018] Optionally, the reflectivity of the cell is 0.23% to 24%.

[0019] Optionally, the cell includes: a silicon substrate, a surface of the silicon substrate having a velvet structure, the velvet structure including: a plurality of pyramid-like structures; the pyramid-like structures including a cone surface and a cone top; the cone surface of the pyramid-like structure including: a first sub-cone surface away from the cone top, and a second sub-cone surface, the second sub-cone surface being the remaining portion of the cone surface of the pyramid-like structure excluding the first sub-cone surface;

[0020] In the pyramid-like structure, the surface morphology of the first sub-cone surface is different from that of the second sub-cone surface;

[0021] Alternatively, the pyramid-like surface has a branched texture, and the number of the branched textures in the second sub-cone surface is greater than the number of the branched textures in the first sub-cone surface;

[0022] Alternatively, the pyramid-like structure includes: a cone top, a cone surface and at least two side edges; the side edges include: a lower section away from the cone top, and a first section, and the bending degree of the lower section is smaller than the bending degree of the first section.

[0023] Optionally, the undulation of the first sub-conical surface is smaller than the undulation of the second sub-conical surface;

[0024] Alternatively, the roughness of the first sub-conical surface is smaller than the roughness of the second sub-conical surface.

[0025] Optionally, the cell further comprises: a passivation anti-reflection layer located on the silicon substrate; the passivation anti-reflection layer comprises: a first portion located on the first sub-conical surface, and a second portion located on the second sub-conical surface; in the passivation anti-reflection layer, a thickness of the first portion along the same direction close to the cone top is greater than a thickness of the second portion;

[0026] And / or, the thickness of the passivation anti-reflection layer is 60 nm to 70 nm.

[0027] Optionally, the cell is a back-contact cell, and the cell string array further comprises: a plurality of bus bars respectively located at the first end, the second end, and the middle; the first end and the second end are opposite to each other in the extension direction of the cell string, and the middle is located between the first end and the second end;

[0028] A black insulating gasket is bonded to the side of the busbar close to the glass cover, and the black insulating gasket completely covers the surface of the busbar close to the glass cover. The busbar and the adjacent battery cells are fixed by black tape.

[0029] Alternatively, a black shield is provided on the second surface of the glass cover plate close to the battery string array, at a position corresponding to the bus bar; along the thickness direction of the photovoltaic laminate, the projection of the black shield covers the projection of the bus bar; the black shield includes: at least one of: black glaze, black film and black tape.

[0030] Optionally, the cell is a back contact cell, and the cell string array further comprises: a conductive interconnection member located between adjacent cell sheets;

[0031] A black tape is adhered to a side of the conductive interconnection between the adjacent battery cells close to the glass cover plate, and the black tape completely covers the surface of the conductive interconnection between the adjacent battery cells close to the glass cover plate;

[0032] Alternatively, a black shield is provided on the second surface of the glass cover plate close to the battery string array, at a position corresponding to the conductive interconnection; along the thickness direction of the photovoltaic laminate, the projection of the black shield covers the projection of the conductive interconnection; the black shield includes: at least one of: black glaze, black film and black tape.

[0033] Optionally, the material of the black tape is selected from: polyethylene terephthalate or polyimide;

[0034] And / or, the black glaze is selected from at least one of titanium oxide, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, calcium oxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide and barium oxide.

[0035] Optionally, the backplane is a composite backplane, and the color of the surface of the composite backplane close to the battery string array is black;

[0036] Alternatively, the backplane is made of glass, and black shielding is provided on the surface of the backplane close to the battery string array at positions corresponding to the string gaps and the cell gaps; the black shielding includes: at least one of black glaze, black film and black tape.

[0037] Optionally, the photovoltaic assembly further comprises: a plurality of black frames located around the photovoltaic laminate, wherein the A surface of the black frames is provided with a first wave pattern,

[0038] And / or, each corner of the photovoltaic module is provided with an arc-shaped chamfer;

[0039] And / or, the photovoltaic assembly further includes: a junction box located on a side of the back plate away from the battery string array, the junction box being provided with a black cable tie.

[0040] Optionally, a black sealant is provided between the photovoltaic laminate and the black frame;

[0041] and / or, the black cable tie is a black detachable cable tie;

[0042] And / or, a second wave pattern matching the first wave pattern is provided on a pressing block matched with the black frame; or, at least one of the four frames around the photovoltaic laminate is: a frame without an A-side dust-prevention frame;

[0043] And / or, a laser nameplate is provided on the B side and / or the C side of the black frame;

[0044] And / or, each of the battery strings is formed by 9 battery cells connected in series, and the battery string array is a 6×2 battery string array;

[0045] And / or, the photovoltaic module has a width of 1127 mm to 1138 mm and a length of 1716 mm to 2400 mm.

[0046] Optionally, the back panel is made of glass, and a through hole is provided on the back panel. The black shield is provided on the surface of the back panel close to the battery string array and around the through hole. The black shield around the through hole is spaced apart from the through hole by 0 to 2.3 mm, and the shape of the black shield around the through hole is close to the through hole and consistent with the shape of the through hole.

[0047] In a second aspect of the present application, a photovoltaic system is provided, comprising: a plurality of photovoltaic modules as described above arranged in an array.

[0048] The above-mentioned photovoltaic modules and photovoltaic systems have the same or similar beneficial effects, and will not be described again here to avoid repetition.

[0049] The above description is only an overview of the technical solution of the present application. In order to more clearly understand the technical means of the present application, it can be implemented in accordance with the contents of the specification. In order to make the above and other purposes, features and advantages of the present application more obvious and easy to understand, the specific implementation methods of the present application are listed below. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0050] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present application or the technical solutions in the prior art, a brief introduction will be given below to the drawings required for use in the embodiments or the description of the prior art. Obviously, the drawings described below are some embodiments of the present application. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without any creative work.

[0051] FIG1 is a schematic diagram showing light reflection of a conventional glass cover plate;

[0052] FIG2 is a schematic diagram showing the optical path of light on a glass cover plate in an embodiment of the present application;

[0053] FIG3 shows a schematic diagram of a partial structure of a solar cell or cell in an embodiment of the present application;

[0054] FIG4 shows a scanning electron microscope image of the first silicon substrate in an embodiment of the present application;

[0055] FIG5 shows a scanning electron microscope image of the second silicon substrate in an embodiment of the present application;

[0056] FIG6 shows a schematic diagram of a backlight side of a photovoltaic laminate according to an embodiment of the present application;

[0057] FIG7 shows a partially enlarged schematic diagram of a backlight side of a photovoltaic laminate according to an embodiment of the present application;

[0058] FIG8 is a schematic diagram showing a second surface of a glass cover plate in an embodiment of the present application;

[0059] FIG9 shows a schematic diagram of a frame in an embodiment of the present application;

[0060] FIG10 is a schematic diagram showing another frame in an embodiment of the present application;

[0061] FIG11 shows a schematic diagram of the backlight side of a photovoltaic module in an embodiment of the present application;

[0062] FIG12 shows a schematic side view of a photovoltaic module in an embodiment of the present application;

[0063] FIG13 shows a partial schematic diagram of a backplane close to the surface of a battery string array in an embodiment of the present application;

[0064] FIG14 shows a comparison of the reflectivity of the cell in the embodiment of the present application and the cell in the prior art.

[0065] Description of reference numerals:

[0066] 1-Glass cover, 11-First surface, 12-Concave-convex structure, 13-Second surface, 121-Crest, 2-Silicon substrate, 21-Top of cone, 22-Branched texture, 23-Near-annular texture, 24-Bottom contour line, 25-Integrated pyramid-like structures, 3-Passivation anti-reflection layer, 4-Solar cell, 41-Short frame, 411-Side A of short frame, 42-Long frame, 421-Side A of long frame, 5-Junction box, 6-Black cable tie, 422-Laser nameplate, 7-Backplane, 71-Through hole, 8-Black shield, 9-Black insulating gasket, 10-Conductive interconnect, 14-Black tape, 15-Bus bar. Specific embodiments

[0067] To make the purpose, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of this application more clear, the technical solutions in the embodiments of this application will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the drawings in the embodiments of this application. Obviously, the described embodiments are part of the embodiments of this application, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments in this application, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making creative efforts are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0068] The glare referred to in this application refers to the phenomenon in which strong specular reflections form on the surface of an object under strong light, causing interference to the human visual system. Referring to Figure 1 , the main reason for the severe glare in existing photovoltaic modules is that the first surface 11 of the glass cover plate 1, which is away from the cell string array, is less flat and relatively smooth. Under illumination, it exhibits strong specular reflections, resulting in a concentrated and bright reflected light spot. To address the above technical issues, in this application, referring to Figure 2 , the first surface 11 of the glass cover plate 1, which is away from the cell string array, is provided with a plurality of concave-convex structures 12. Figure 2 only illustrates the concave-convex structures; the actual concave-convex structures 12 on the glass cover plate 1 can be irregular, and the structures of the concave-convex structures 12 can be the same or different. The first surface 11 of the glass cover plate 1, which is away from the cell string array, is the surface of the glass cover plate 1 that primarily faces the light. The concave-convex structures 12 can create a velvety or diffuse reflection effect, significantly reducing specular reflections. The reflected light spots are more dispersed, the brightness is lower, and the anti-glare effect is excellent. At the same time, the interreflective surfaces of the concave-convex structures 12 increase transmitted light, reduce reflection, and enhance light trapping, making the photovoltaic module appear a nearly colorless black, more aesthetically pleasing. Furthermore, the cell's reflectivity is 2.4 to 2.9, a relatively suitable value, further enhancing the anti-glare effect and creating a nearly colorless black appearance. The combination of the glass cover and the cell further enhances the photovoltaic module's anti-glare effect, resulting in a more uniform and aesthetically pleasing color. The longer arrows in Figures 1 and 2 are schematic representations of light.

[0069] The present application provides a photovoltaic module, comprising: a photovoltaic laminate. The photovoltaic laminate comprises: a cell string array. The cell string array comprises: a plurality of cell strings arranged in an array. The number and arrangement of the cell strings in the cell string array are not specifically limited. Referring to Figure 6, the cell string comprises: a plurality of electrically connected cell sheets 4. The number and arrangement of the cell sheets in the cell string are not specifically limited. Referring to Figure 14, the reflectivity of the cell sheet is 2.4% to 2.9%, and the reflectivity of the cell sheet can be measured using a reflectivity tester. The reflectivity of the cell sheet refers to the reflectivity of the surface of the cell sheet close to the glass cover plate, and the reflectivity is a weighted average, which is not specifically limited.

[0070] For example, the reflectivity of the cell may be 2.4%, or 2.42%, or 2.45%, or 2.49%, or 2.5%, or 2.53%, or 2.55%, or 2.58%, or 2.6%, or 2.62%, or 2.65%, or 2.69%, or 2.7%, or 2.73%, or 2.8%, or 2.82%, or 2.9%.

[0071] The photovoltaic laminate may also include a glass cover plate 1 positioned on a first side of the cell string array. Referring to Figure 2 , a first surface 11 of the glass cover plate 1, facing away from the cell string array, has a plurality of concave-convex structures 12. A second surface 13 of the glass cover plate 1, located closer to the cell string array, has a flatness less than that of the first surface 11. The first and second surfaces 11 and 13 are opposite each other. The difference between the unevenness and absolute levelness of either the first or second surface represents the flatness; a smaller value indicates a flatter surface. The first surface 11 of the glass cover plate 1, facing away from the cell string array, is the surface of the glass cover plate 1 primarily facing light. The concave-convex structures 12 can create a velvety or diffuse reflective effect, significantly reducing specular reflection. The reflected light spots are more dispersed, the brightness is lower, and the anti-glare effect is excellent. Furthermore, the interreflection of the concave-convex structures 12 increases transmitted light, reduces reflection, and enhances light trapping, resulting in a nearly colorless black appearance for a more aesthetically pleasing photovoltaic module. In addition, the reflectivity of the cell is 2.4% to 2.9%. The low reflectivity of the cell further enhances the anti-glare effect, and the appearance of the cell is black with almost no color difference; the combination of the glass cover and the cell further enhances the anti-glare effect of the photovoltaic module, and the color is more uniform and more beautiful.

[0072] It should be noted that the difference between the flatness of the first surface and the flatness of the second surface is not specifically limited. The flatness of the first surface and the flatness of the second surface can be measured using an instrument such as a flatness tester, and the specific measuring instrument or measurement method is not specifically limited.

[0073] The photovoltaic laminate may further include a backsheet located on a second side of the cell string array. The first side and the second side are opposite to each other, and the first side refers to the side where the cell string array mainly receives light when the photovoltaic laminate is operating normally.

[0074] Optionally, several concave-convex structures 12 have crests 121 distributed in an array, or, referring to FIG2 , several concave-convex structures 12 have crests distributed irregularly. The crest 121 is the highest point in the concave-convex structure 12. In the case where the highest part of the concave-convex structure 12 is a plane formed by a plurality of points of equal height, the crest 121 here can be the geometric center of the plane. That is, several concave-convex structures 12 are regularly arranged or irregularly distributed, and the concave-convex structures 12 and the crests 121 can utilize reflected light from each other, that is, utilize more secondary reflected light, further increase transmitted light, reduce reflection, and achieve better light trapping and anti-glare effects, so that the appearance of the photovoltaic module is black with almost no color difference, which is more beautiful.

[0075] Optionally, the aspect ratio of the concave-convex structure 12 is 0.6 to 1.8, with the height h1 of the concave-convex structure 12 being parallel to the thickness of the photovoltaic laminate, and the width d1 of the concave-convex structure 12 being perpendicular to the thickness of the photovoltaic laminate. A suitable aspect ratio of the concave-convex structure 12 provides a more velvety or diffuse reflection, further reducing specular reflection and providing enhanced anti-glare and light-trapping effects. This results in a more aesthetically pleasing black appearance for the photovoltaic module. Furthermore, a suitable aspect ratio of the concave-convex structure 12 prevents dust from accumulating on the first surface 11 of the glass cover plate 1.

[0076] For example, the aspect ratio of the concavo-convex structure 12 is 0.8 to 1.5. For another example, the aspect ratio of the concavo-convex structure 12 can be 0.6, or 0.63, or 0.7, or 0.76, or 0.83, or 0.91, or 0.97, or 1.0, or 1.03, or 1.07, or 1.1, or 1.15, or 1.2, or 1.3, or 1.34, or 1.4, or 1.5, or 1.53, or 1.6, or 1.67, or 1.77, or 1.8.

[0077] Optionally, the height h1 of the concave-convex structure 12 is 1.5 μm to 2.5 μm, and the width d1 of the concave-convex structure 12 is 1.5 μm to 2.5 μm. The appropriate height and width of the concave-convex structure 12 provide a better velvet-like reflective or diffuse reflective effect, further reducing specular reflection, and providing enhanced anti-glare and light-trapping effects. This results in a more aesthetically pleasing black appearance for the photovoltaic module, with virtually no color difference. Furthermore, the appropriate height and width of the concave-convex structure 12 prevent dust from accumulating on the first surface 11 of the glass cover plate 1.

[0078] For example, the height h1 of the concave-convex structure 12 can be: 1.5 μm, or 1.53 μm, or 1.67 μm, or 1.69 μm, or 1.73 μm, or 1.77 μm, or 1.81 μm, or 1.93 μm, or 1.99 μm, or 2 μm, or 2.03 μm, or 2.07 μm, or 2.1 μm, or 2.15 μm, or 2.2 μm, or 2.31 μm, or 2.34 μm, or 2.4 μm, or 2.5 μm.

[0079] For example, the width d1 of the concavo-convex structure 12 may be 1.5 μm, 1.6 μm, 1.67 μm, 1.69 μm, 1.73 μm, 1.77 μm, 1.8 μm, 1.93 μm, 1.99 μm, 2 μm, 2.03 μm, 2.07 μm, 2.1 μm, 2.15 μm, 2.2 μm, 2.31 μm, 2.34 μm, 2.4 μm, or 2.5 μm.

[0080] Optionally, the glass cover plate 1 is patterned glass. One surface of the patterned glass can be smooth, while the other, opposing surface can have a concave-convex structure. The surface of the patterned glass with the patterned pattern is the aforementioned first surface. The uneven first surface produces diffuse reflection when light passes through it, which not only provides excellent light trapping and anti-glare effects but also is easy to obtain. If the second surface 13 of the glass cover plate 1, which is adjacent to the battery string array, is smooth, the glass cover plate 1 closely matches the shape of common patterned glass and is easy to obtain.

[0081] Optionally, the reflectivity of the cell is in the range of 0.23% to 24%. This reflectivity range is the range of the reflectivity of the side of the cell facing the glass cover 1. The lower the reflectivity of the cell, the better the light trapping effect, so that the appearance of the photovoltaic module is almost black with no color difference, which is more beautiful. Referring to Figure 14, the horizontal axis in the figure is the wavelength of the light irradiated on the cell, in nm, and the vertical axis is the reflectivity. The lower curve in Figure 14 is used to characterize the reflectivity corresponding to the cell of the present application, and the upper curve with black dots is used to characterize the reflectivity corresponding to the cell in the prior art. It can be concluded that in most of the wavelength ranges that can be used by the cell of the present application, the reflectivity of the front of the cell in the embodiment is lower.

[0082] For example, the reflectivity of the cell may be 0.23%, 0.24%, or 0.25%, or 0.27%, or 0.29%, or 0.28%, or 0.3%, or 0.32%, or 0.33%, or 0.34%, or 0.37%, or 0.41%, or 0.45%, or 0.46%, or 0.5%, or 0.54%, or 0.58%, or 0.63%, or 0.67%, or 1.03%, or 1.58%, or 3.26%, or 4.29%, or 5.84%, or 12.12%, or 14.26%, or 19.25%, or 23.81%, or 24%.

[0083] Optionally, referring to FIG3 , the cell includes a silicon substrate 2, the surface of which has a velvet structure, the velvet structure including a plurality of pyramid-like structures. The silicon substrate 2 may be doped or intrinsic, and this is not specifically limited. The silicon substrate may be a single crystal silicon substrate, etc., and this is not specifically limited. The pyramid-like structure includes a cone surface and a cone top 21. The cone top 21 is the highest point in the pyramid-like structure. In the case where the highest part of the pyramid-like structure is a plane formed by multiple points of equal height, the cone top here can be the geometric center of the plane. In the pyramid-like structure, the cone surface of the pyramid-like structure is the set of all side surfaces of the pyramid-like structure, that is, all surfaces of the pyramid-like structure except the bottom surface and the cone top. The cone surface of the pyramid-like structure connects the cone top and the bottom contour line, and the bottom contour line is the bottommost contour line of the pyramid-like structure. The cone surface of the pyramid-like structure includes a first sub-cone surface away from the cone top, and a second sub-cone surface, and the second sub-cone surface is the remaining part of the cone surface of the pyramid-like structure except the first sub-cone surface. That is, the first sub-cone surface is the portion of the cone surface farthest from the apex 21, that is, the portion of the cone surface close to the silicon substrate, and the second sub-cone surface is the portion of the cone surface other than the first sub-cone surface. In Figure 3, the dotted lines L1 to L6 do not actually exist in the cell; they are merely markings used to distinguish the first sub-cone surface from the second sub-cone surface. For example, in Figure 3, for the leftmost pyramid-like structure, the portion of the cone surface to the right of the dotted line L1, to the left of the apex of the leftmost pyramid-like structure, and to the left of the dotted line L2, to the right of the apex of the leftmost pyramid-like structure, is the second sub-cone surface, and the portion to the left of L1 and to the right of L2 is the first sub-cone surface. For the middle pyramid-like structure, the portion of the cone surface to the right of the dotted line L3, to the left of the apex of the middle pyramid-like structure, and to the left of the dotted line L4, to the right of the apex of the middle pyramid-like structure, is the second sub-cone surface, and the portion to the left of L3 and to the right of L4 is the first sub-cone surface. For the rightmost pyramid-like structure, in the cone surface, the part located on the right side of the dotted line L5, on the left side of the cone top of the rightmost pyramid-like structure, and on the left side of the dotted line L6, on the right side of the cone top of the rightmost pyramid-like structure is the second sub-cone surface, and the part located on the left side of L5 and on the right side of L6 is the first sub-cone surface.

[0084] The surface morphology of the sub-cone surface may include: the undulation of the sub-cone surface, or the roughness of the sub-cone surface, etc. The undulation mainly refers to the degree of undulation caused by the relatively large high and low structures on the surface, and the roughness refers to the degree of unevenness caused by the micro-protrusions / micro-depressions on the surface. Referring to Figure 3, in the cone surface of the pyramid-like structure, the surface morphology of the first sub-cone surface is different from that of the second sub-cone surface. That is, the undulation, or roughness, etc. of the first sub-cone surface is different from the undulation, or roughness, etc. of the second sub-cone surface. In one case, the number of protrusions and / or depressions of the second sub-cone surface may be greater than the number of protrusions and / or depressions of the first sub-cone surface; in another case, the degree of protrusions and / or depressions of the second sub-cone surface may be greater than the degree of protrusions and / or depressions of the first sub-cone surface; in another case, the arrangement of protrusions and / or depressions of the second sub-cone surface may be greater than the arrangement of protrusions and / or depressions of the first sub-cone surface. More messy; in another case, the height of the protrusion and / or the depth of the depression of the second sub-cone surface may be greater than the height of the protrusion and / or the depth of the depression of the first sub-cone surface; and further, the cone shape of the pyramid-like structure is more irregular, so that the velvet structure has a larger specific surface area, lower reflectivity, and better light trapping effect, which can increase the short-circuit current and ultimately improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the battery cell, and the appearance of the battery cell is uniform black, which is more beautiful, thereby making the appearance of the photovoltaic module appear black with almost no color difference, which is more beautiful.

[0085] Figure 4 is a scanning electron microscope image obtained by scanning from the front side of the velvet structure. Figure 5 is a scanning electron microscope image obtained by scanning from the top of the pyramid-like structure of the velvet structure to the bottom contour line.

[0086] Optionally, referring to FIG. 4 , the pyramid-like surface has a branching texture 22. The branching texture 22 resembles a branch, i.e., a forked pattern on a main trunk. In the pyramid-like surface, the number of branching textures 22 on the second sub-surface is greater than the number of branching textures 22 on the first sub-surface of the pyramid-like surface, which faces away from the apex. There is a corresponding relationship between the branched texture 22 and the protrusions or depressions on the cone surface of the pyramid-like structure. The branched texture 22 is usually located at the intersection of the protrusions and depressions on the cone surface of the pyramid-like structure. That is, the more branched textures 22 there are, the more protrusions and depressions there are on the cone surface of the pyramid-like structure. Therefore, the more textures there are, the larger the specific surface area of ​​the velvet structure. The more irregular the distribution of the branched texture, the larger the specific surface area of ​​the velvet structure, the lower the reflectivity, the better the light trapping effect, which can increase the short-circuit current and ultimately improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the cell. The appearance of the cell is uniform black, which is more beautiful. In turn, the appearance of the photovoltaic module is black with almost no color difference, which is more beautiful. For example, in Figure 4, in the cone surface of the pyramid-like structure on the far right, there is basically no branched texture in the first sub-cone surface away from the top of the cone, and there are more branched textures 22 in the second sub-cone surface.

[0087] Optionally, the pyramid-like structure includes: a cone top 11, a cone surface, and at least two side edges. The side edges of the pyramid-like structure are the common edges of adjacent side surfaces in the pyramid-like structure. The side edges include: a lower segment away from the cone top 11, and a first segment. Here, the bending degree of the lower segment is less than the bending degree of the first segment. The bending degree of a sub-segment refers to the degree of bending of the sub-segment. The shape of each side edge is irregular, so that the velvet structure has a larger specific surface area, lower reflectivity, and better light trapping effect, which can increase the short-circuit current and ultimately improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the battery cell. The appearance of the battery cell is uniform black and more beautiful. For example, in Figure 3, among the left side edges of the leftmost pyramid-like structure: the bending degree of the lower segment located to the left of L1 is less than the bending degree of the first segment located to the right of L1. Among the right side edges of the leftmost pyramid-like structure: the bending degree of the lower segment located to the right of L2 is less than the bending degree of the first segment located to the left of L2.

[0088] Optionally, referring to Figures 3 and 4, the undulation of the first sub-cone surface is less than the undulation of the second sub-cone surface; or, the roughness of the first sub-cone surface is less than the roughness of the second sub-cone surface. The undulation and roughness here can refer to the corresponding descriptions above. The cone shape of the pyramid-like structure is more irregular, which makes the velvet structure have a larger specific surface area, lower reflectivity, and better light trapping effect, which can increase the short-circuit current and ultimately improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the cell. The appearance of the cell is a uniform black, which is more beautiful, and thus the appearance of the photovoltaic module is a black with almost no color difference, which is more beautiful. As shown in Figure 3, for the leftmost pyramid-like structure, the undulation of the first sub-cone surface located on the left side of the dotted line L1 and on the right side of the dotted line L2 in the cone surface is smaller than the undulation of the second sub-cone surface located on the right side of the dotted line L1, on the left side of the cone top of the leftmost pyramid-like structure, and on the left side of the dotted line L2, on the right side of the cone top of the leftmost pyramid-like structure, or the roughness of the first sub-cone surface located on the left side of the dotted line L1 and on the right side of the dotted line L2 is smaller than the roughness of the second sub-cone surface located on the right side of the dotted line L1, on the left side of the cone top of the leftmost pyramid-like structure, and on the left side of the dotted line L2, on the right side of the cone top of the leftmost pyramid-like structure. For the middle pyramid-like structure, the undulation of the first sub-cone surface located on the left side of the dotted line L3 and on the right side of the dotted line L4 in the cone surface is smaller than the undulation of the second sub-cone surface located on the right side of the dotted line L3, on the left side of the cone top of the middle pyramid-like structure, and on the left side of the dotted line L4, on the right side of the cone top of the middle pyramid-like structure, or the roughness of the first sub-cone surface located on the left side of the dotted line L3 and on the right side of the dotted line L4 is smaller than the roughness of the second sub-cone surface located on the right side of the dotted line L3, on the left side of the cone top of the middle pyramid-like structure, and on the left side of the dotted line L4, on the right side of the cone top of the middle pyramid-like structure. For the rightmost pyramid-like structure, the undulation of the first sub-cone surface located on the left side of the dotted line L5 and on the right side of the dotted line L6 in the cone surface is smaller than the undulation of the second sub-cone surface located on the right side of the dotted line L5, on the left side of the cone apex of the rightmost pyramid-like structure, and on the left side of the dotted line L6, on the right side of the cone apex of the rightmost pyramid-like structure, or the roughness of the first sub-cone surface located on the left side of the dotted line L5 and on the right side of the dotted line L6 is smaller than the roughness of the second sub-cone surface located on the right side of the dotted line L5, on the left side of the cone apex of the rightmost pyramid-like structure, and on the left side of the dotted line L6, on the right side of the cone apex of the rightmost pyramid-like structure.

[0089] Optionally, referring to Figure 3 , the cell further includes a passivation anti-reflection layer 3 on the silicon substrate 2. The passivation anti-reflection layer 3 can perform both passivation and anti-reflection functions. The material for the passivation anti-reflection layer 3 can be silicon oxide and / or silicon oxynitride, with no specific limitation on the specific material of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3. The passivation anti-reflection layer 3 can be prepared using methods such as PECVD (Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition), with no specific limitation on the specific preparation method of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3. The passivation anti-reflection layer 3 includes a first portion located on the first sub-conical surface and a second portion located on the second sub-conical surface. In the passivation anti-reflection layer 3, the thickness of the first portion along the same direction near the cone apex 21 is greater than the thickness of the second portion. That is, the thickness of the first portion is relative to the thickness of the second portion, and the first and second portions are confined to the same direction near the cone apex 21. Throughout this document, the first and second portions extending in the same direction near the pyramidal apex 21 can be understood as the first and second portions arranged sequentially from the base or bottom contour of the pyramid-like structure toward the pyramidal apex 21. The thickness direction is perpendicular to the tangent line at the corresponding position on the outer surface of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3. Specifically, in the silicon substrate 2, the part adjacent to the pyramid-like structure is more complicated and usually has more gaps. The position where adjacent pyramid-like structures are adjacent is also more complicated and usually has more gaps. Therefore, these positions require a thicker passivation anti-reflection layer to achieve a better passivation effect. Therefore, the first sub-cone surface adjacent to these positions also requires a thicker passivation anti-reflection layer to achieve a better passivation effect. The gaps at the top of the cone are usually less, and only a thinner passivation anti-reflection layer is required to achieve a better passivation effect. The second sub-cone surface adjacent to the top of the cone also requires a relatively thin passivation anti-reflection layer to achieve a better passivation effect. Therefore, in the present application, the thickness of the first part along the same direction close to the top of the cone is greater than the thickness of the second part. On the one hand, it can ensure that each position has an excellent passivation effect, and the present application sets the thickness of the passivation anti-reflection layer according to the passivation requirements, which can reduce waste. At the same time, in this application, after light enters the passivation anti-reflection layer of different thicknesses, the light path will change more times, which can increase the optical distance. Combined with the suede structure of this application, it can further increase the absorption of light, better trapping the light, further increase the short-circuit current, and further improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the cell. The appearance of the cell is uniform black, which is more beautiful. In summary, this application not only ensures the excellent passivation effect of all parts of the cell, but also greatly improves the anti-reflection effect, while also reducing waste.

[0090] As shown in Figure 3 , for the leftmost pyramid-like structure, the portion of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3 between dashed lines L1 and L2, excluding the apex 21, is the second portion. The portion to the left of L1 and to the right of L2 is the first portion. For the first and second portions along the same direction L7 near the apex 21, the thickness of the first portion is greater than the thickness of the second portion. For the first and second portions along the same direction L8 near the apex 21, the thickness of the first portion is greater than the thickness of the second portion. For the middle pyramid-like structure, the portion of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3 between dashed lines L3 and L4, excluding the apex 21, is the second portion. The portion to the left of L3 and to the right of L4 is the first portion. For the first and second portions along the same direction L9 near the apex, the thickness of the first portion is greater than the thickness of the second portion. For the first and second portions along the same direction L10 near the apex, the thickness of the first portion is greater than the thickness of the second portion. For the pyramid-like structure on the far right, in the passivation anti-reflection layer 3, the part located between the dotted line L5 and the dotted line L6 except the top of the cone is the second part, and the part located on the left side of L5 and on the right side of L6 is the first part. For the first part and the second part along the same direction L11 close to the top of the cone, the thickness of the first part is greater than the thickness of the second part. For the first part and the second part along the same direction L12 close to the top of the cone, the thickness of the first part is greater than the thickness of the second part.

[0091] It should be noted that the thickness of a certain part of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3 can be measured by an instrument such as a transmission electron microscope. The thickness of a certain part can be the average thickness of the part measured directly, or the thickness of a certain part can be the average thickness measured at multiple points selected in the part, etc. The selection is based on the measurability of the actual measurement target and is not specifically limited to this.

[0092] Optionally, referring to Figure 3, the thickness of the first part of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3 is greater than the thickness of the part of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3 located at the top of the cone 21. Specifically, in the silicon substrate 2, the part adjacent to the pyramid-like structure is more complicated and usually has more gaps. The position where the adjacent pyramid-like structures are adjacent is also more complicated and usually has more gaps. Therefore, these positions require a thicker passivation anti-reflection layer to achieve better passivation effect. Therefore, the first sub-cone surface adjacent to these positions also requires a thicker passivation anti-reflection layer to achieve better passivation effect. The gaps at the top of the cone are usually less, and only a thinner passivation anti-reflection layer is required to achieve a better passivation effect. Therefore, in the present application, the thickness of the first part of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3 is greater than the thickness of the part of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3 located at the top of the cone 21. On the one hand, it can ensure that each position has an excellent passivation effect, and the present application sets the thickness of the passivation anti-reflection layer according to the passivation requirements, which can reduce waste. At the same time, in the present application, after the light enters the passivation anti-reflection layer of different thicknesses, the optical path of the light will change more times, which can increase the optical distance. Combined with the velvet structure of the present application, the absorption of light can be further increased, the light trapping effect is better, the short-circuit current can be further increased, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the battery cell can be further improved. The appearance of the battery cell is uniform black, which is more beautiful.

[0093] For example, as shown in FIG3 , for the leftmost pyramid-like structure, the thickness of the first portion of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3 located to the left of the dotted line L1 and to the right of the dotted line L2 is greater than the thickness of the apex 21 of the leftmost pyramid-like structure in the passivation anti-reflection layer 3. For the middle pyramid-like structure, the thickness of the first portion of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3 located to the left of the dotted line L3 and to the right of the dotted line L4 is greater than the thickness of the apex 21 of the middle pyramid-like structure in the passivation anti-reflection layer 3. For the rightmost pyramid-like structure, the thickness of the first portion of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3 located to the left of the dotted line L5 and to the right of the dotted line L6 is greater than the thickness of the apex 21 of the rightmost pyramid-like structure in the passivation anti-reflection layer 3.

[0094] Referring to Figure 3, the part between the dotted line L2 and the dotted line L3 is the position where the leftmost pyramid-like structure and the middle pyramid-like structure are adjacent to each other, and the part between the dotted line L4 and the dotted line L5 is the position where the rightmost pyramid-like structure and the middle pyramid-like structure are adjacent to each other. Optionally, referring to Figure 3, the thickness of the portion of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3 located at the position adjacent to the adjacent pyramid-like structures is greater than the thickness of the portion of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3 located at the cone top 21. Specifically, in the silicon substrate 2, the position where the adjacent pyramid-like structures are adjacent is more complicated and usually has more gaps. Therefore, these positions require a thicker passivation anti-reflection layer to achieve a better passivation effect, while the gaps at the cone top are usually fewer, and only a thinner passivation anti-reflection layer is required to achieve a better passivation effect. Therefore, in the present application, the thickness of the portion of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3 located at the position adjacent to the adjacent pyramid-like structures is greater than the thickness of the portion of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3 located at the cone top 21. On the one hand, it can ensure that each position has an excellent passivation effect, and the present application sets the thickness of the passivation anti-reflection layer according to the passivation requirements, which can reduce waste. At the same time, in the present application, after light enters the passivation anti-reflection layer of different thicknesses, the light's optical path undergoes more changes, which can increase the optical path. Combined with the velvet structure of the present application, this can further increase light absorption, resulting in a better light trapping effect, further increasing the short-circuit current, and further improving the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of the cell. Furthermore, the cell has a uniform black appearance, which is more aesthetically pleasing. For example, in FIG3 , the thickness of the portion of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3 between the dotted lines L2 and L3 is greater than the thickness of the pyramid-like structure apex 21 located on the leftmost side of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3, and is also greater than the thickness of the pyramid-like structure apex 21 located in the middle of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3. In FIG3 , the thickness of the portion of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3 between the dotted lines L4 and L5 is greater than the thickness of the pyramid-like structure apex located on the rightmost side of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3, and is also greater than the thickness of the pyramid-like structure apex located in the middle of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3.

[0095] Optionally, referring to Figure 3, the thickness of the portion of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3 located at the position adjacent to the adjacent pyramid-like structures is greater than the thickness of the second portion of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3. Specifically, in the silicon substrate 2, the position where the adjacent pyramid-like structures are adjacent is relatively complicated and usually has more gaps. Therefore, these positions require a thicker passivation anti-reflection layer to achieve a better passivation effect, while the gaps at the top of the cone are usually fewer, and only a thinner passivation anti-reflection layer is required to achieve a better passivation effect. A relatively thin passivation anti-reflection layer is also required on the second sub-cone surface adjacent to the top of the cone to achieve a better passivation effect. Therefore, in the present application, the thickness of the portion of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3 located at the position adjacent to the adjacent pyramid-like structures is greater than the thickness of the second portion of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3. On the one hand, it can ensure that each position has an excellent passivation effect, and the present application sets the thickness of the passivation anti-reflection layer according to the passivation requirements, which can reduce waste. At the same time, in the present application, after the light enters the passivation anti-reflection layer of different thicknesses, the optical path of the light will change more times, which can increase the optical distance. Combined with the velvet structure of the present application, the absorption of light can be further increased, the light trapping effect is better, the short-circuit current can be further increased, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the battery cell can be further improved. The appearance of the battery cell is uniform black, which is more beautiful.

[0096] For example, in Figure 3 , the thickness of the portion of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3 between the dotted lines L2 and L3 is greater than the thickness of the second portion of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3 between the dotted lines L1 and L2, excluding the cone apex, and is also greater than the thickness of the second portion of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3 between the dotted lines L3 and L4, excluding the cone apex. In Figure 3 , the thickness of the portion of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3 between the dotted lines L4 and L5 is greater than the thickness of the second portion of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3 between the dotted lines L5 and L6, excluding the cone apex, and is also greater than the thickness of the second portion of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3 between the dotted lines L3 and L4, excluding the cone apex.

[0097] Optionally, in the passivation anti-reflection layer 3, the thickness non-uniformity between the first part and the second part is greater than 4%, and the thickness non-uniformity is: the absolute value of the difference between the first thickness at the first position in the first part and the second thickness at the second position in the second part along the same direction close to the top of the cone, divided by the sum of the first thickness and the second thickness, where the first position in the first part is any position in the first part, and the second position in the second part is any position in the second part. That is to say, here the first part and the second part are limited to being in the same direction near the top of the cone 21. In the passivation anti-reflection layer 3, the thickness unevenness between the first part and the second part is greater than 4%. Specifically, in the silicon substrate 2, the adjacent positions of the adjacent pyramid-like structures are more complicated and usually have more gaps. Therefore, these positions require a thicker passivation anti-reflection layer to achieve a better passivation effect, while the gaps at the top of the cone are usually less, and only a thinner passivation anti-reflection layer is required to achieve a better passivation effect. The second sub-cone surface adjacent to the top of the cone also requires a relatively thin passivation anti-reflection layer to achieve a better passivation effect. Therefore, in the present application, the thickness unevenness between the first part and the second part of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3 is greater than 4%. On the one hand, it can ensure that each position has an excellent passivation effect, and the present application sets the thickness of the passivation anti-reflection layer according to the passivation requirements, which can reduce waste. At the same time, in the present application, after the light enters the passivation anti-reflection layer of different thicknesses, the optical path of the light will change more times, which can increase the optical distance. Combined with the velvet structure of the present application, the absorption of light can be further increased, the light trapping effect is better, the short-circuit current can be further increased, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the battery cell can be further improved. The appearance of the battery cell is uniform black, which is more beautiful.

[0098] For example, in the passivation anti-reflection layer 3, the thickness unevenness of the first part and the second part along the same direction close to the top of the cone can be: 4.001%, or 4.03%, or 4.09%, or 4.2%, or 4.31%, or 4.5%, or 4.9%, or 5%, or 5.2%, or 6%, or 7.23%, or 8%, or 9.2%, or 10.3%, or 11.2%, or 13.46%, or 15%, or 18%, or 20%, or 22%, or 25%.

[0099] Optionally, the cell may further include an aluminum oxide layer (not shown) located between the silicon substrate 2 and the passivation anti-reflection layer 3. The thickness fluctuation of the aluminum oxide layer is less than the thickness fluctuation of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3. Thickness fluctuation here refers to the degree of thickness variation. Specifically, the thickness fluctuation of the aluminum oxide layer can be the absolute value of the difference between the thickness of the aluminum oxide layer at the fifth position and the thickness of the aluminum oxide layer at the sixth position. Specifically, the thickness fluctuation of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3 can be the absolute value of the difference between the thickness of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3 at the seventh position and the thickness of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3 at the eighth position. In the thickness direction of the silicon substrate, the projections of the fifth and seventh positions overlap, and the projections of the sixth and eighth positions overlap. The fifth and sixth positions are any two different positions in the aluminum oxide layer. Specifically, the aluminum oxide layer is typically deposited using atomic layer deposition, which has little effect on surface morphology. The thickness of the aluminum oxide layer is relatively uniform, and the aluminum oxide layer provides excellent passivation performance.

[0100] It should be noted that the thickness of the aluminum oxide layer may be 3 nm (nanometers) to 7 nm. The thickness of the aluminum oxide layer may also be measured by a transmission electron microscope, etc., and is not specifically limited thereto. For example, the thickness fluctuation of the aluminum oxide layer can be 0.0001nm-3nm, for example, it can be 0.001nm, 0.005nm, 0.008nm, 0.01nm, 0.02nm, 0.03nm, 0.04nm, 0.05nm, 0.06nm, 0.07nm, 0.08nm, 0.1nm, 0.2nm, 0.3nm, 0.4nm, 0.5nm, 0.6nm, 0.7nm, 0.8nm, 1nm, 2nm, 2.3nm, 3nm, and the thickness fluctuation of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3 can be 3.5nm-50nm, for example, it can be 3.5nm, 4nm, 4.8nm, 6nm, 7nm, 8nm, 9nm, 10nm, 12nm, 12.5nm, 13nm. 14nm, 15nm, 16nm, 17nm, 18nm, 20nm, 25nm, 30nm, 36nm, 40nm, 45nm, 50nm.

[0101] Optionally, the thickness of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3 is 60nm to 70nm. The thickness of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3 is relatively suitable. On the one hand, it can ensure that each position has an excellent passivation effect. In addition, the thickness of the passivation anti-reflection layer is set according to the passivation requirements, which can reduce waste. At the same time, in the present application, after the light enters the passivation anti-reflection layer of different thicknesses, the optical path of the light will change more times, which can increase the optical path. Combined with the suede structure of the present application, it can further increase the absorption of light, the light trapping effect is better, the short-circuit current can be further increased, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the cell can be further improved. The appearance of the cell is uniform black, which is more beautiful.

[0102] The thickness of the passivation anti-reflection layer 3 here can be the thickness of the front passivation anti-reflection layer located on the light-facing side of the silicon substrate 2, and / or the thickness of the back passivation anti-reflection layer located on the backlight side of the silicon substrate 2. For example, the thickness of the front passivation anti-reflection layer can be: 60 nm, or 60.3 nm, or 60.9 nm, or 61.4 nm, or 61.94 nm, or 62.6 nm, or 63.9 nm, or 64.92 nm, or 65.7 nm, or 66.9 nm, or 67.5 nm, or 68.34 nm, or 70 nm.

[0103] Optionally, referring to FIG5 , the pyramid-like structure has a cluster of nested annular-like textures 23 in the top 21 and the second sub-cone surface of the pyramid-like structure. The annular-like textures 23 herein may be open-shaped, annular-like lines, and / or closed-shaped, annular-like lines. For example, in FIG5 , in the cluster of nested annular-like textures 23 marked 23 in the middle, both open-shaped lines and closed-shaped lines exist. In the cluster of nested annular-like textures 23, the number of annular-like textures 23 is not specifically limited, and the annular-like textures 23 are nested with each other. There is basically no ring-like texture in the first sub-cone surface of the pyramid-like structure. There is a corresponding relationship between the above-mentioned ring-like texture 23 and the protrusions or depressions on the cone surface of the pyramid-like structure. The ring-like texture 23 is usually located at the junction of the protrusions and depressions on the cone surface of the pyramid-like structure, that is, the more ring-like textures 23 there are, the more protrusions and depressions there are on the cone surface of the pyramid-like structure. Therefore, the more textures there are, the larger the specific surface area of ​​the velvet structure can be increased. The more irregular the distribution position of the above-mentioned ring-like texture is, the velvet structure can have a larger specific surface area, lower reflectivity, better light trapping effect, which can increase the short-circuit current and ultimately improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the battery cell. The appearance of the battery cell is uniform black and more beautiful.

[0104] 5 , the annular-like texture 23 here may be a skirt-like texture, i.e., an irregularly stacked texture like a skirt-like texture visible under electron microscopy, and / or a rose-like texture, i.e., an irregularly stacked texture like a multi-layer rose petal stacked shape in a rose flower visible under electron microscopy. The annular-like texture 23 has a beautiful shape, lower reflectivity, and better light-trapping effect.

[0105] Optionally, referring to Figure 5, in a cluster of annular textures 23, along the height direction of the pyramid-like structure, the closer to the top of the cone 21, the smaller the outline of the annular texture 23, and the farther away from the top of the cone 21, the larger the outline of the annular texture 23. The distribution position of the above-mentioned annular textures 23 is irregular. At the same time, the annular texture 23 can increase the specific surface area, so that the velvet structure has a larger specific surface area, lower reflectivity, and better light trapping effect, which can increase the short-circuit current and ultimately improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the battery cell. The appearance of the battery cell is uniform black, which is more beautiful.

[0106] Optionally, referring to Figures 3 to 5, the portion of the pyramid-like structure away from the apex 21 is the lower portion of the pyramid-like structure, and the height of the lower portion is at least 1 / 10 of the height of the pyramid-like structure. In the cone surface of the pyramid-like structure, the first sub-cone surface away from the apex 21 is the area corresponding to the lower portion of the cone surface of the pyramid-like structure, and the second sub-cone surface is the area of ​​the cone surface of the pyramid-like structure that is closer to the apex 21 than the first sub-cone surface. Specifically, the division between the second sub-cone surface and the first sub-cone surface here is more accurate, which is not only conducive to the preparation of the velvet structure, but also has lower reflectivity and better light trapping effect, which can increase the short-circuit current and ultimately improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the battery cell. In addition, the appearance of the battery cell is uniformly black and more beautiful.

[0107] For example, the portion of the pyramid-like structure away from the apex 21 is the lower portion of the pyramid-like structure, and the height of the lower portion is 1 / 10, 2 / 15, 3 / 20, 1 / 9, 1 / 8, 1 / 7, 1 / 6, 1 / 5, or 1 / 4 of the height of the pyramid-like structure. In the conical surface of the pyramid-like structure, the first sub-conical surface away from the apex 21 is the area corresponding to the lower portion of the conical surface of the pyramid-like structure, and the second sub-conical surface is the area of ​​the conical surface of the pyramid-like structure that is closer to the apex 21 than the first sub-conical surface.

[0108] Optionally, referring to FIG5 , in a velvet structure, at least two pyramid-like structures are at least away from the lower portion of the cone apex 21 and are fused together. The cone apex of each fused pyramid-like structure 25 is separated. The shape of the velvet structure is flexible and diverse, and it is easy to prepare. The cone apex of each fused pyramid-like structure 25 is separated. The velvet structure has a larger specific surface area, lower reflectivity, and better light trapping effect, which can increase short-circuit current and ultimately improve the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of the cell. The appearance of the cell is uniform black, which is more beautiful. For example, in FIG5 , in the velvet structure, the two pyramid-like structures enclosed in the left bracket are at least away from the lower portion of the cone apex 21 and are fused together. The cone apex of each fused pyramid-like structure 25 is separated.

[0109] Optionally, referring to Figures 6 and 7, the cell 4 is a back-contact cell, and the cell string array further includes: a plurality of bus bars 15 located at the first end, the second end, and the middle. The bus bars 15 mainly serve as electrical connections between the cell strings, and their specific materials are not specifically limited. The first end and the second end are opposite in the extension direction of the cell string, and the middle is located between the first end and the second end. A black insulating gasket 9 is bonded to the side of the bus bar 15 close to the glass cover 1, and the black insulating gasket 9 completely covers the surface of the bus bar 15 close to the glass cover; or, referring to Figure 8, a black shield 8 is provided on the second surface 13 of the glass cover 1 close to the cell string array, at a position corresponding to the bus bar 15. Along the thickness direction of the photovoltaic laminate, the projection of the black shield covers the projection of the bus bar. The black shield includes: at least one of black glaze, black film, and black tape. Specifically, for back-contact cells, their metal electrodes are all set on the backlight side, and there is no metal electrode blocking the light-facing side. Therefore, the light-facing side of the light-contact cell is basically uniformly black, which is more beautiful in appearance. Looking from the light-facing side of the photovoltaic module or photovoltaic laminate, along the extension direction of the cell string, you can see the first end, the second end and several bus bars in the middle. The color of the bus bar is usually silver-white. The surface of the bus bar close to the glass cover 1 is the light-facing side of the bus bar. Therefore, a black insulating gasket is directly bonded to the side of the bus bar close to the glass cover 1. The black insulating gasket completely covers the surface of the bus bar close to the glass cover 1, or, the second surface 13 of the glass cover 1 close to the cell string array is provided at the position corresponding to the bus bar. There is a black obstruction. Along the thickness direction of the photovoltaic laminate, the projection of the black obstruction covers the projection of the busbar. The black insulating gasket or black obstruction here will completely cover the surface of the busbar close to the glass cover 1. Therefore, when viewed from the light-facing side of the photovoltaic module or photovoltaic laminate, only the black insulating gasket or black obstruction can be seen, and the silver-white busbar cannot be seen. When viewed from the light-facing side of the photovoltaic module or photovoltaic laminate, the photovoltaic module or photovoltaic laminate appears uniformly black, which is more beautiful in appearance and can also improve glare problems. At the same time, the metal electrodes of the back-contact cell are all arranged on the backlight side, and there is no metal electrode blocking the light-facing side, which maximizes the use of incident light, reduces optical loss, brings more effective power generation area, and has higher conversion efficiency. The color of the black obstruction 8 in Figure 8 is black.

[0110] It should be noted that the black insulating gasket here completely covers the surface of the busbar close to the glass cover 1, or along the thickness direction of the photovoltaic laminate. The projection of the black obstruction covers the projection of the busbar. It can be understood that when looking from the light-facing side of the photovoltaic module or photovoltaic laminate, only the black insulating gasket or the black obstruction can be seen, but the busbar cannot be seen.

[0111] The black insulating spacer herein has an insulating effect and does not adversely affect the electrical performance of the photovoltaic module or photovoltaic laminate. The black obstruction herein includes at least one of black glaze, black film, and black tape. These materials also have an insulating effect and do not adversely affect the electrical performance of the photovoltaic module or photovoltaic laminate. Furthermore, these materials have good aging resistance and are readily available.

[0112] Optionally, the busbar and its adjacent cells can be secured with black tape, which prevents the busbar from moving, facilitates accurate positioning, and securely secures the busbar. Furthermore, the black tape matches the overall color of the PV module, making the module more aesthetically pleasing.

[0113] Optionally, referring to Figures 6 and 7 , the cell 4 is a back-contact cell, and the cell string array further includes conductive interconnects 10 located between adjacent cell 4. The conductive interconnects primarily serve to electrically connect adjacent cell 4. For example, the conductive interconnects 10 may be solder ribbons, and their specific materials are not specifically limited. Black tape 14 is adhered to the side of the conductive interconnects between adjacent cell assemblies that faces the glass cover 1. This tape completely covers the surface of the conductive interconnects between adjacent cell assemblies that faces the glass cover 1. Alternatively, a black obstruction is provided on the second surface of the glass cover that faces the cell string array, corresponding to the conductive interconnects. The projection of the black obstruction covers the projection of the conductive interconnects along the thickness of the photovoltaic laminate. The black obstruction includes at least one of black glaze, black film, and black tape. Specifically, for back-contact cells, the metal electrodes are all located on the backlight side, leaving the light-facing side unobstructed by metal electrodes. Therefore, the light-facing side of the back-contact cell is essentially uniformly black, resulting in a more aesthetically pleasing appearance. Most of the conductive interconnects are located on the backlight side of the back contact cell. When viewed from the light-facing side of the photovoltaic module or photovoltaic laminate, only the conductive interconnects between adjacent cells can be seen. The color of the conductive interconnects is usually not black. The surface of the conductive interconnects between adjacent cells close to the glass cover 1 is the light-facing side of the conductive interconnects between adjacent cells. Therefore, black tape is directly bonded to the side of the conductive interconnects between adjacent cells close to the glass cover 1. The black tape completely covers the surface of the conductive interconnects between adjacent cells close to the glass cover 1, or the second surface 13 of the glass cover 1 close to the cell string array. Black obstructions are placed at locations corresponding to the conductive interconnects between adjacent cells. Along the thickness of the photovoltaic laminate, the projection of the black obstruction covers the projection of the conductive interconnects between adjacent cells. The black tape or black obstruction completely covers the surface of the conductive interconnects between adjacent cells near the glass cover 1. Therefore, when viewed from the light-facing side of the photovoltaic module or photovoltaic laminate, only the black tape or black obstruction is visible, while the conductive interconnects between adjacent cells are not visible. When viewed from the light-facing side of the photovoltaic module or photovoltaic laminate, the photovoltaic module or photovoltaic laminate appears uniformly black, creating a more aesthetically pleasing appearance. Furthermore, the metal electrodes of the back-contact cells are all located on the backlight side, leaving the light-facing side unobstructed by metal electrodes. This maximizes the use of incident light, reduces optical losses, increases the effective power generation area, and achieves higher conversion efficiency.

[0114] It should be noted that the black tape completely covers the surface of the conductive interconnects between adjacent cells near the glass cover 1, or along the thickness direction of the photovoltaic laminate. The projection of the black obstruction covering the projection of the conductive interconnects between adjacent cells can be understood as follows: from the light-facing side of the photovoltaic module or photovoltaic laminate, only the black tape or black obstruction is visible, and the conductive interconnects between adjacent cells cannot be seen. The black tape here also has an insulating effect and will not adversely affect the electrical performance of the photovoltaic module or photovoltaic laminate. The black obstruction here includes: at least one of black glaze, black film, and black tape. These materials also have an insulating effect and will not adversely affect the electrical performance of the photovoltaic module or photovoltaic laminate, and these materials are all easily available. The black tape 14 here also adheres the conductive interconnects 10 between adjacent cells 4 to the adjacent cells 4, slightly fusion after lamination, and the black tape 14 will not deviate, thus providing a shielding effect.

[0115] Optionally, the black tape can be made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polyimide (PI). And / or, the black glaze can be made of at least one of titanium oxide (TiO2), silicon oxide (SiO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), calcium oxide (CaO), zinc oxide (ZnO), magnesium oxide (MgO), and barium oxide (BaO). These materials have good insulation properties and are readily available.

[0116] Optionally, the backplane is a composite backplane, and the color of the surface of the composite backplane near the cell string array is black. Specifically, when the backplane is a composite backplane, when viewed from the light-facing side of the photovoltaic module or photovoltaic laminate, the surface of the composite backplane near the cell string array corresponding to the cell gaps and string gaps is black. When viewed from the light-facing side of the photovoltaic module or photovoltaic laminate, the surface of the composite backplane near the cell string array corresponding to the cell gaps and string gaps is also black. When viewed from the light-facing side of the photovoltaic module or photovoltaic laminate, the photovoltaic module or photovoltaic laminate is uniformly black, which is more beautiful in appearance. Alternatively, the backplane is glass, and a black obstruction is provided on the surface of the backplane near the cell string array at the positions corresponding to the string gaps and the cell gaps. The black obstruction includes at least one of black glaze, black film, and black tape. Specifically, when the backsheet is glass, when viewed from the light-facing side of the photovoltaic module or photovoltaic laminate, the glass surface near the cell string array corresponding to the inter-sheet gap and the inter-string gap is black. When viewed from the light-facing side of the photovoltaic module or photovoltaic laminate, the glass surface near the cell string array corresponding to the inter-sheet gap and the inter-string gap is also black. When viewed from the light-facing side of the photovoltaic module or photovoltaic laminate, the photovoltaic module or photovoltaic laminate is uniformly black, which is more aesthetically pleasing. The color of the surface of the composite backsheet facing away from the cell string array is not specifically limited. For example, the color of the surface of the composite backsheet facing away from the cell string array can be white, etc.

[0117] It should be noted that the black glaze, black film and black tape here can all refer to the aforementioned related records and have the same or similar beneficial effects. In order to avoid repetition, they will not be described here.

[0118] Optionally, the photovoltaic module further includes: a plurality of black frames surrounding the photovoltaic laminate. In this case, both the photovoltaic laminate and the frames are black. When viewed from the light-facing side of the photovoltaic module or the photovoltaic laminate, the photovoltaic module appears uniformly black, resulting in a more aesthetically pleasing appearance. The black frames herein may be black aluminum alloy frames, black steel frames, black composite frames, etc., and the materials thereof are not specifically limited. It should be noted that the number of black frames herein is not specifically limited. For example, the number of black frames surrounding the photovoltaic laminate may be four.

[0119] Optionally, referring to Figures 9 and 10, side A of the black frame is provided with a first wavy pattern. Starting from the top, the black frame is divided into side A, side B and side C in a counterclockwise direction. Specifically, the black frame may include a black short frame 41 and / or a black long frame 42, where side A of the black short frame 41 may be provided with a first wavy pattern and / or side A of the black long frame 42 may be provided with a first wavy pattern. Side A of the black frame will subsequently cooperate with the pressing block, and side A of the black frame is provided with a first wavy pattern, which can increase the friction between the pressing block and the pressing block, thereby making its assembly with the pressing block more firm and reliable.

[0120] Optionally, each corner of the photovoltaic module is provided with an arc-shaped chamfer. The arc-shaped chamfer is more circular, which can avoid stress concentration and prevent people from being cut.

[0121] Optionally, as shown in Figure 11 , the photovoltaic module may also include a junction box 5 located on the side of the backplane facing away from the cell array. This junction box 5 is equipped with black cable ties 6, which match the overall color of the photovoltaic module and enhance its aesthetics. The aforementioned busbars converge at this junction box 5. The black cable ties 6 primarily serve to secure the junction box 5 and the surrounding wiring.

[0122] Optionally, a black sealant is provided between the photovoltaic laminate and the black frame. The black sealant primarily fills the gap between the photovoltaic laminate and the black frame. The sealant is also black, which matches the overall color of the photovoltaic module, resulting in a uniform black appearance and a more aesthetically pleasing appearance.

[0123] Optionally, the black cable tie 6 is a black detachable cable tie. The snap-on cable tie is easy to disassemble, which can solve the problem of being difficult to disassemble during on-site installation and can be used repeatedly.

[0124] Optionally, a second wave pattern matching the aforementioned first wave pattern is provided on the pressing block that cooperates with the black frame. The first wave pattern and the second wave pattern cooperate to increase the friction between the black frame and the pressing block, thereby making its assembly with the pressing block firmer and more reliable.

[0125] Optionally, at least one of the four frames surrounding the photovoltaic laminate is a non-A-side anti-dust accumulation frame, which can reduce dust accumulation. The four frames surrounding the photovoltaic laminate may have several frames without A-side anti-dust accumulation frames, without limitation. For example, a short frame among the four frames may be a non-A-side anti-dust accumulation frame. After the photovoltaic module is installed, this non-A-side anti-dust accumulation frame is closer to the center of the earth, effectively preventing dust accumulation. Alternatively, all four frames may be non-A-side anti-dust accumulation frames, resulting in better consistency and a more aesthetically pleasing appearance.

[0126] Optionally, referring to FIG12 , a laser nameplate 422 is provided on side B and / or side C of the black frame. For details regarding side B and / or side C of the black frame, refer to the aforementioned description. Laser nameplate 422 may include identification information such as a border barcode. Side B and / or side C of the black frame are relatively hidden relative to side A. Providing laser nameplate 422 on side B and / or side C of the black frame enables spatial reuse.

[0127] Optionally, referring to Figure 6, each battery string is formed by 9 battery cells 4 connected in series, and the battery string array is a 6×2 battery string array, or in other words, the format of the photovoltaic module is a 54 format. The battery string array can effectively utilize the internal space of the photovoltaic module, and the electrical performance of the photovoltaic module is excellent.

[0128] Optionally, the photovoltaic module has a width d2 of 1127 mm to 1138 mm and a length d3 of 1716 mm to 2400 mm. The length of the photovoltaic module is perpendicular to the direction of extension of the battery string, and the width of the photovoltaic module is parallel to the direction of extension of the battery string. The photovoltaic module has a suitable size and excellent electrical performance.

[0129] For example, the width d2 of the photovoltaic module can be 1127 mm, or 1127.11 mm, or 1127.5 mm, or 1128 mm, or 1128.5 mm, or 1128.97 mm, or 1129 mm, or 1129.5 mm, or 1129.9 mm, or 1130 mm, or 1130.5 mm, or 1131 mm, or 1131.5 mm, or 1132 mm, or 1132.5 mm, or 1133 mm, or 1133.5 mm, or 1134 mm, or 1134.5 mm, or 1135 mm, or 1135.5 mm, or 1136 mm, or 1136.5 mm, or 1137 mm, or 1137.5 mm, or 1138 mm.

[0130] For another example, the length d3 of the photovoltaic module can be 1716mm, or 1718mm, or 1719mm, or 1720mm, or 1720.5mm, or 1725mm, or 1730mm, or 1735.5mm, or 1740mm, or 1745.5mm, or 1750mm, or 1760.5mm, or 1780mm, or 1781.5mm, or 1792mm, or 1796.5mm, or 1799mm, or 1800mm, or 1802mm, or 1803.5mm, or 1804mm, or 1820mm, or 1849mm, or 1890mm, or 1900mm, or 1924mm, Or 1948mm, or 1960mm, or 2002mm, or 2180mm, or 2300mm, or 2324mm, or 2400mm.

[0131] Optionally, referring to Figure 13 , the backsheet 7 is made of glass, and only a portion of the backsheet is shown here. A through hole 71 is provided on the backsheet 7, and a black shielding material 8 is provided on the surface of the backsheet 7 near the cell string array and around the through hole 71. The junction box 5, located on the side of the backsheet 7 facing away from the cell string array, has a slight color difference from the light-facing surface of the photovoltaic module. The black shielding material 8 serves to shield the exposed portion of the junction box 5, so that when viewed from the light-facing surface of the photovoltaic module or photovoltaic laminate, the photovoltaic module appears uniformly black, resulting in a more aesthetically pleasing appearance.

[0132] The shape and aperture d4 of the through hole 71 are not specifically limited. For example, the through hole 71 can be a circular through hole or an elliptical through hole, etc. The shape and aperture d4 of the through hole 71 are mainly for facilitating the insertion of the busbar. The black shielding 8 around the through hole 71 and the interval d5 between the through hole 71 can be 0 to 2.3 mm. The interval d5 between the black shielding 8 around the through hole 71 and the through hole 71 is 0, which means that the black shielding 8 is set to the edge of the through hole 71. The interval d5 between the black shielding 8 around the through hole 71 and the through hole 71 is 0 to 2.3 mm. The setting of d5 is relatively appropriate, which can not only completely cover the exposed part of the junction box 5, but also avoid waste. The black shielding 8 around the through hole 71 is close to the shape of the through hole 71, consistent with the shape of the through hole 71, and has better aesthetics. For example, in FIG13 , the through hole 71 is a circular hole with an aperture of d4 , and the shape of the black shielding object 8 near the through hole 71 is also circular with an aperture of d6 . The difference between d6 and d4 is d5 .

[0133] For example, the interval d5 between the black shield 8 around the through hole 71 and the through hole 71 can be 0, or 0.11 mm, or 0.27 mm, or 0.69 mm, or 0.73 mm, or 0.97 mm, or 1 mm, or 1.13 mm, or 1.29 mm, or 1.33 mm, or 1.47 mm, or 1.51 mm, or 1.65 mm, or 1.72 mm, or 1.83 mm, or 1.94 mm, or 2 mm, or 2.1 mm, or 2.2 mm, or 2.26 mm, or 2.3 mm.

[0134] The present application also provides a photovoltaic system comprising: a plurality of photovoltaic assemblies, such as any of the aforementioned, arranged in an array. The arrangement and location of the photovoltaic system are not specifically limited. The photovoltaic system has the same or similar beneficial effects as any of the aforementioned photovoltaic assemblies, and relevant aspects can be referenced in each other. To avoid repetition, these descriptions are omitted here.

[0135] The device embodiments described above are merely illustrative. The units described as separate components may or may not be physically separate, and the components shown as units may or may not be physical units, i.e., they may be located in one location or distributed across multiple network units. Some or all of the modules may be selected based on actual needs to achieve the objectives of the present embodiment. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will be able to understand and implement the present invention without inventive effort.

[0136] References herein to "one embodiment," "an embodiment," or "one or more embodiments" mean that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present application. Furthermore, please note that instances of the phrase "in one embodiment" do not necessarily all refer to the same embodiment.

[0137] In the description provided herein, a large number of specific details are described. However, it is understood that the embodiments of the present application can be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known methods, structures, and techniques are not shown in detail so as not to obscure the understanding of this description.

[0138] In the claims, any reference signs placed between brackets shall not be construed as limiting the claim. The word "comprising" does not exclude the presence of elements or steps not listed in the claim. The word "a" or "an" preceding an element does not exclude the presence of a plurality of such elements. The present application may be implemented by means of hardware comprising several different elements and by means of a suitably programmed computer. In a unit claim enumerating several means, several of these means may be embodied by one and the same item of hardware. The use of the words first, second, and third etc. does not indicate any order. These words may be interpreted as names.

[0139] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present application, rather than to limit them. Although the present application has been described in detail with reference to the aforementioned embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that they can still modify the technical solutions described in the aforementioned embodiments, or make equivalent replacements for some of the technical features therein. However, these modifications or replacements do not deviate the essence of the corresponding technical solutions from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application.

Claims

1. A photovoltaic module comprising: photovoltaic laminates; The photovoltaic laminate comprises: A battery string array; the battery string array comprises: a plurality of battery strings arranged in an array; the battery string comprises: a plurality of electrically connected battery cells; the reflectivity of the battery cells is 2.4% to 2.9%; a glass cover plate located on a first side of the battery string array; the glass cover plate having a first surface away from the battery string array and having a plurality of concave and convex structures; and a second surface of the glass cover plate close to the battery string array having a flatness less than that of the first surface; and a back plate located on a second side of the battery string array; the first side and the second side are opposite to each other.

2. The photovoltaic module according to claim 1, wherein: The plurality of concave-convex structures have wave crests distributed in an array or irregularly.

3. The photovoltaic module according to claim 1, wherein: The aspect ratio of the concave-convex structure is 0.6 to 1.8, the height direction of the concave-convex structure is parallel to the thickness direction of the photovoltaic laminate, and the width direction of the concave-convex structure is perpendicular to the thickness direction of the photovoltaic laminate.

4. The photovoltaic module according to claim 3, wherein: The height of the concave-convex structure is 1.5 μm to 2.5 μm, and the width is 1.5 μm to 2.5 μm.

5. The photovoltaic module according to claim 1, wherein: The glass cover plate is patterned glass; and the second surface of the glass cover plate close to the battery string array is a smooth surface. The photovoltaic module according to claim 1 , wherein: The reflectivity of the cell ranges from 0.23% to 24%.

7. The photovoltaic module according to claim 1, wherein: The cell comprises a silicon substrate, wherein the surface of the silicon substrate has a velvet structure, wherein the velvet structure comprises a plurality of pyramid-like structures; the pyramid-like structures comprise a cone surface and a cone top; the cone surface of the pyramid-like structure comprises a first sub-cone surface away from the cone top, and a second sub-cone surface, wherein the second sub-cone surface is the remaining portion of the cone surface of the pyramid-like structure except the first sub-cone surface; In the pyramid-like structure, the surface morphology of the first sub-cone surface is different from that of the second sub-cone surface; Alternatively, the pyramid-like surface has a branched texture, and the number of the branched textures in the second sub-cone surface is greater than the number of the branched textures in the first sub-cone surface; Alternatively, the pyramid-like structure includes: a cone top, a cone surface and at least two side edges; the side edges include: a lower section away from the cone top, and a first section, and the bending degree of the lower section is smaller than the bending degree of the first section.

8. The photovoltaic module according to claim 7, wherein: The undulation of the first sub-conical surface is smaller than the undulation of the second sub-conical surface; Alternatively, the roughness of the first sub-conical surface is smaller than the roughness of the second sub-conical surface.

9. The photovoltaic module according to claim 7 or 8, wherein: The cell further comprises: a passivation anti-reflection layer located on the silicon substrate; the passivation anti-reflection layer comprises: a first portion located on the first sub-conical surface, and a second portion located on the second sub-conical surface; in the passivation anti-reflection layer, the thickness of the first portion along the same direction close to the cone top is greater than the thickness of the second portion; And / or, the thickness of the passivation anti-reflection layer is 60 nm to 70 nm.

10. The photovoltaic module according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein: The battery cell is a back-contact battery cell, and the battery string array further includes: a plurality of bus bars located at a first end, a second end, and a middle portion thereof; the first end and the second end are opposite to each other in an extension direction of the battery string, and the middle portion is located between the first end and the second end; A black insulating gasket is bonded to the side of the busbar close to the glass cover, and the black insulating gasket completely covers the surface of the busbar close to the glass cover. The busbar and the adjacent battery cells are fixed by black tape. Alternatively, a black shield is provided on the second surface of the glass cover plate close to the battery string array, at a position corresponding to the bus bar; along the thickness direction of the photovoltaic laminate, the projection of the black shield covers the projection of the bus bar; the black shield includes: at least one of: black glaze, black film and black tape.

11. The photovoltaic module according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein: The cell is a back contact cell, and the cell string array further comprises: a conductive interconnection member located between adjacent cell sheets; A black tape is adhered to a side of the conductive interconnection between the adjacent battery cells close to the glass cover plate, and the black tape completely covers the surface of the conductive interconnection between the adjacent battery cells close to the glass cover plate; Alternatively, a black shield is provided on the second surface of the glass cover plate close to the battery string array, at a position corresponding to the conductive interconnection; along the thickness direction of the photovoltaic laminate, the projection of the black shield covers the projection of the conductive interconnection; the black shield includes: at least one of: black glaze, black film and black tape.

12. The photovoltaic module according to claim 10 or 11, wherein: The material of the black tape is selected from: polyethylene terephthalate or polyimide; And / or, the black glaze is selected from at least one of titanium oxide, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, calcium oxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide and barium oxide.

13. The photovoltaic module according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein: The backplane is a composite backplane, and the surface of the composite backplane close to the battery string array is black; Alternatively, the backplane is made of glass, and black shielding is provided on the surface of the backplane close to the battery string array at positions corresponding to the string gaps and the cell gaps; the black shielding includes: at least one of black glaze, black film and black tape.

14. The photovoltaic module according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein: The photovoltaic assembly further comprises: a plurality of black frames located around the photovoltaic laminate, wherein the A surface of the black frames is provided with a first wave pattern. And / or, each corner of the photovoltaic module is provided with an arc-shaped chamfer; And / or, the photovoltaic assembly further includes: a junction box located on a side of the back plate away from the battery string array, the junction box being provided with a black cable tie.

15. The photovoltaic module according to claim 14, wherein: A black sealant is provided between the photovoltaic laminate and the black frame; and / or, the black cable tie is a black detachable cable tie; And / or, a second wave pattern matching the first wave pattern is provided on a pressing block matched with the black frame; or, at least one of the four frames around the photovoltaic laminate is: a frame without an A-side dust-prevention frame; And / or, a laser nameplate is provided on the B side and / or the C side of the black frame; And / or, each of the battery strings is formed by 9 battery cells connected in series, and the battery string array is a 6×2 battery string array; And / or, the photovoltaic module has a width of 1127 mm to 1138 mm and a length of 1716 mm to 2400 mm.

16. The photovoltaic module according to claim 13, wherein: The back panel is made of glass and is provided with a through hole. The black shielding is provided on the surface of the back panel close to the battery string array and around the through hole. The interval between the black shielding around the through hole and the through hole is 0 to 2.3 mm. The shape of the black shielding around the through hole is close to the through hole and is consistent with the shape of the through hole.

17. A photovoltaic system, wherein: include: A plurality of photovoltaic modules according to any one of claims 1 to 16 arranged in an array.

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