Device proximity determination
By transmitting configurations to emulate A-IoT device signals and analyzing measurement reports, the method addresses the challenge of A-IoT device proximity detection, ensuring accurate identification of activator and reader devices for effective A-IoT detection.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/077204
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-02-14
- Publication Date
- 2025-08-21
AI Technical Summary
Existing communication networks face challenges in determining proximity between ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) devices, as these devices have limited capabilities and cannot independently initiate or process discovery signals, making it difficult to select activator and reader devices for successful A-IoT detection.
A first device transmits configurations to a second device and multiple third devices to emulate signals from a fourth A-IoT device, receives measurement reports, and determines device pairs based on these reports, enabling proximity detection without direct A-IoT device involvement and allowing for varied proximity ranges.
This method facilitates successful A-IoT proximity detection by selecting appropriate activator and reader devices, ensuring A-IoT devices within activation and reading ranges are correctly identified, even when A-IoT devices have limited capabilities.
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Figure CN2024077204_21082025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
DEVICE PROXIMITY DETERMINATIONFIELD
[0001] Example embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to the field of communications, and in particular, to devices, methods, apparatuses and a computer readable storage medium for device proximity determination.BACKGROUND
[0002] A communication network can be seen as a facility that enables communications between two or more communication devices, or provides communication devices access to a data network. A mobile or wireless communication network is one example of a communication network. A communication device may be provided with a service by an application server.
[0003] Such communication networks operate in according with standards such as those provided by 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) or ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) . Examples of standards are the so-called 5G (5th Generation) standards provided by 3GPP.SUMMARY
[0004] In general, example embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution for device proximity determination, especially for proximity determination for ambient Internet of things (A-IoT) devices.
[0005] In a first aspect, there is provided a first device. The first device comprises at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first device at least to: transmit, to a second device, a first configuration for transmitting at least one signal emulating at least one transmission from a fourth device; transmit, to a plurality of third devices, a second configuration for receiving the at least one signal; receive, from at least one third device among the plurality of third devices, at least one measurement report based on the second configuration; and determine, based on the at least one measurement report, a device pair comprising the second device and a third device among the plurality of third devices.
[0006] In a second aspect, there is provided a second device. The second device comprises at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second device at least to: receive, from a first device, a first configuration for transmitting at least one signal emulating at least one transmission from a fourth device; and transmit, based on the first configuration, the at least one signal to a third device.
[0007] In a third aspect, there is provided a third device. The third device comprises at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the third device at least to: receive, from a first device, a second configuration for receiving at least one signal emulating at least one transmission from a fourth device; receive, based on the second configuration, the at least one signal from a second device; and transmit, based on the received at least one signal, a measurement report to the first device.
[0008] In a fourth aspect, there is provided a method. The method comprises transmitting, to a second device, a first configuration for transmitting at least one signal emulating at least one transmission from a fourth device; transmitting, to a plurality of third devices, a second configuration for receiving the at least one signal; receiving, from at least one third device among the plurality of third devices, at least one measurement report based on the second configuration; and determining, based on the at least one measurement report, a device pair comprising the second device and a third device among the plurality of third devices.
[0009] In a fifth aspect, there is provided a method. The method comprises receiving, from a first device, a first configuration for transmitting at least one signal emulating at least one transmission from a fourth device; and transmitting, based on the first configuration, the at least one signal to a third device.
[0010] In a sixth aspect, there is provided a method. The method comprises receiving, from a first device, a second configuration for receiving at least one signal emulating at least one transmission from a fourth device; receiving, based on the second configuration, the at least one signal from a second device; and transmitting, based on the received at least one signal, a measurement report to the first device.
[0011] In a seventh aspect, there is provided an apparatus. The apparatus comprises means for transmitting, to a second device, a first configuration for transmitting at least one signal emulating at least one transmission from a fourth device; means for transmitting, to a plurality of third devices, a second configuration for receiving the at least one signal; means for receiving, from at least one third device among the plurality of third devices, at least one measurement report based on the second configuration; and means for determining, based on the at least one measurement report, a device pair comprising the second device and a third device among the plurality of third devices.
[0012] In an eighth aspect, there is provided an apparatus. The apparatus comprises means for receiving, from a first device, a first configuration for transmitting at least one signal emulating at least one transmission from a fourth device; and means for transmitting, based on the first configuration, the at least one signal to a third device.
[0013] In a ninth aspect, there is provided an apparatus. The apparatus comprises means for receiving, from a first device, a second configuration for receiving at least one signal emulating at least one transmission from a fourth device; means for receiving, based on the second configuration, the at least one signal from a second device; and means for transmitting, based on the received at least one signal, a measurement report to the first device.
[0014] In a tenth aspect, there is provided a non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions for causing an apparatus to perform at least the method according to any one of the fourth aspect to sixth aspect.
[0015] In an eleventh aspect, there is provided a computer program comprising instructions, which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus at least to perform at least the method according to according to any one of the fourth aspect to sixth aspect.
[0016] In a twelfth aspect, there is provided a first device. The first device comprises first transmitting circuitry configured to transmit, to a second device, a first configuration for transmitting at least one signal emulating at least one transmission from a fourth device; second transmitting circuitry configured to transmit, to a plurality of third devices, a second configuration for receiving the at least one signal; receiving circuitry configured to receive, from at least one third device among the plurality of third devices, at least one measurement report based on the second configuration; and determining circuitry configured to determine, based on the at least one measurement report, a device pair comprising the second device and a third device among the plurality of third devices.
[0017] In a thirteenth aspect, there is provided a second device. The second device comprises receiving circuitry configured to receive, from a first device, a first configuration for transmitting at least one signal emulating at least one transmission from a fourth device; and transmitting circuitry configured to transmit, based on the first configuration, the at least one signal to a third device.
[0018] In a fourteenth aspect, there is provided a third device. The third device comprises first receiving circuitry configured to receive, from a first device, a second configuration for receiving at least one signal emulating at least one transmission from a fourth device; second receiving circuitry configured to receive, based on the second configuration, the at least one signal from a second device; and transmitting circuitry configured to transmit, based on the received at least one signal, a measurement report to the first device.
[0019] It is to be understood that the summary section is not intended to identify key or essential features of embodiments of the present disclosure, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Other features of the present disclosure will become easily comprehensible through the following description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0020] Some example embodiments will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
[0021] FIG. 1A illustrates an example of a network environment in which example embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented;
[0022] FIG. 1B illustrates a scenario related to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0023] FIG. 2 illustrates a flow chart of method according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0024] FIG. 3 illustrates a detailed example of interactions between devices in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0025] FIG. 4 illustrates a flowchart of a method performed by an apparatus in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0026] FIG. 5 illustrates a flowchart of a method performed by an apparatus in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0027] FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart of a method performed by an apparatus in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0028] FIG. 7 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a device that is suitable for implementing some example embodiments of the present disclosure; and
[0029] FIG. 8 illustrates a block diagram of an example of a computer readable medium in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0030] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar elements.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0031] Principles of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some example embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. The disclosure described herein can be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0032] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0033] References in the present disclosure to “one embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” and the like indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
[0034] It shall be understood that although the terms “first” and “second” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of example embodiments. As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.
[0035] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof. As used herein, “at least one of the following: <a list of two or more elements>” and “at least one of <a list of two or more elements>” and similar wording, where the list of two or more elements are joined by “and” or “or” , mean at least any one of the elements, or at least any two or more of the elements, or at least all the elements.
[0036] As used in this application, the term “circuitry” may refer to one or more or all of the following:
[0037] (a) hardware-only circuits (such as in analog and / or digital circuits) and
[0038] (b) combinations of hardware circuits and software, such as (as applicable) :
[0039] (i) a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuit (s) with software (e.g., firmware) ; and
[0040] (ii) any portions of hardware processor (s) with software (including digital signal processor (s) ) , software, and memory (ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a mobile phone or server, to perform various functions) and
[0041] (c) hardware circuit (s) and or processor (s) , such as a microprocessor (s) or a portion of a microprocessor (s) , that requires software (for example, firmware) for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation.
[0042] This definition of circuitry applies to all uses of this term in this application, including in any claims. As a further example, as used in this application, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (or multiple processors) or portion of a hardware circuit or processor and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware. The term circuitry also covers, for example and if applicable to the particular claim element, a baseband integrated circuit or processor integrated circuit for a mobile device or a similar integrated circuit in server, a cellular network device, or other computing or network device.
[0043] As used herein, the term “cellular network” refers to a network operating in accordance with any suitable radio access technology defined by standards, such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , new radio Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) , Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) and so on. Furthermore, the communications between a terminal device and a network device of a cellular network may be performed according to any suitable communication protocols, including, but not limited to, the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the future fifth generation (5G) communication protocols, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied in various cellular networks. Given the rapid development in communications, there will of course also be future type communication technologies and systems with which the present disclosure may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the present disclosure to only the aforementioned system.
[0044] As used herein, the term “network device” refers to any device in a cellular network via which a terminal device accesses a data network and receives services exposed by other network devices of the cellular network. In some examples, a network device may comprise or implement a network function of a 5th generation communication system (5GS) (e.g., a core network) of a cellular network. In some examples, the network devices may be located at the RAN of the 5GS. The network device may be part of a satellite, a base station (BS) or an access point (AP) , for example, a node B (NodeB or NB) , an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a NR NB (also referred to as a gNB) , a Remote Radio Unit (RRU) , a radio header (RH) , a remote radio head (RRH) , a relay, a low power node such as a femto, a pico node, and so forth, depending on the applied terminology and technology. A gNB may include a centralized unit CU and one or more distributed DUs. Femto and Pico nodes are small base stations with a small coverage area.
[0045] The term “terminal device” refers to a device of a communication system of a cellular network, such as a 5th generation communication system (5GS) that may be capable of wireless (e.g., radio) communication with a NR-RAN of the 5GS) . By way of example rather than limitation, a terminal device may also be referred to as a wireless communication device, user equipment (UE) , a Subscriber Station (SS) , a Portable Subscriber Station, a Mobile Station (MS) , or an Access Terminal (AT) . Examples of a terminal device include, but not limited to, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phones, wireless local loop phones, a tablet, a wearable terminal device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , portable computers, desktop computer, image capture terminal devices such as digital cameras, gaming terminal devices, music storage and playback appliances, vehicle-mounted wireless terminal devices, wireless endpoints, mobile stations, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , USB dongles, smart devices, wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE) , an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD) , a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (for example, remote surgery) , an industrial device and applications (for example, a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts) , a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. In the following description, the terms “terminal device” , “communication device” , “terminal” , “user equipment” and “UE” may be used interchangeably.
[0046] In a RAN-agreed ambient Internet of things (A-IoT) topologies, an A-IoT device may be triggered to transmit by an activation NR radio which may be either the gNB or an assistance node (e.g., an NR UE) , and may be read by a reader NR radio which may be either the gNB or an assistance node e.g., an NR UE similarly.
[0047] In a scenario where the assistance nodes for activation and / or reading are NR UEs (and thus mobile, with unknown location) , selecting the UE devices near the A-IoT device is paramount to ensuring a successful A-IoT detection. In other words, the activator or reader (s) tuples must be selected in such a way to ensure that the A-IoT device activated by activator A can be heard by reader R. This is not a straightforward task because the A-IoT devices have extremely limited capabilities (most often act as waveform reflectors) and thus they cannot independently initiate discovery sessions e.g., broadcast a discovery signal, nor they can process and identify discovery signals initiated by random NR UEs. There is therefore a need for an A-IoT proximity detection framework where the A-IoT device involvement is limited or ideally removed altogether.
[0048] In view of the above, example embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution for device proximity determination. In the example embodiments of the present disclosure, a first device may transmit, to a second device, a first configuration for transmitting at least one signal emulating at least one transmission from a fourth device. The first device may further transmit, to a plurality of third devices, a second configuration for receiving the at least one signal. The first device may receive, from at least one third device among the plurality of third devices, at least one measurement report based on the second configuration. The first device may then determine, based on the at least one measurement report, a device pair comprising the second device and a third device among the plurality of third devices. In this way, a third device (such as, a reader) proximity detection can be implemented without involvement of a fourth device (such as, an A-IoT device) , and different proximity ranges can be emulated.
[0049] FIG. 1A illustrates an example of a network environment 100a in which example embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented. The environment 100a may be a part of a communication network and comprise a plurality of devices, such as a first device 110, a second device 120, a third device 130, and a fourth device 140. As an example, the first device 110 may be implemented as an access node, a Location Management Function (LMF) , a base station (BS) , or a network device. The second device 120 may be implemented as an activator associated with an A-IoT device. The third device 130 may be implemented as a reader associated with the A-IoT device, and the fourth device 140 may be implemented as the A-IoT device or a user equipment (UE) . The second device 120, the third device 130 and the fourth device 140 may transmit various data to the first device 110 via network environment 100a.
[0050] To transmit data and / or control information, the first device 110 may perform communications with the second device 120, the third device 130, and the fourth device 140. A link from the first device 110 to the second device 120, the third device 130, and the fourth device 140 is referred to as a downlink (DL) , while a link from the second device 120, the third device 130, and the fourth device 140 to the first device 110 is referred to as an uplink (UL) .
[0051] Although the first device 110 and the second device 120, the third device 130, and the fourth device 140 are described in the communication environment 100a of FIG. 1A, embodiments of the present disclosure may equally apply to any other suitable communication devices in communication with one another. That is, embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited to the exemplary scenarios of FIG. 1A. In this regard, it is noted that although the first device 110 is schematically depicted as a base station and the second device 120, the third device 130, and the fourth device 140 are schematically depicted as mobile devices in FIG. 1A, it is understood that these depictions are exemplary in nature without suggesting any limitation. In other embodiments, the first device 110 and the second device 120, the third device 130, and the fourth device 140 may be any other communication devices, for example, any other wireless communication devices.
[0052] It is to be understood that the particular number of various communication devices and the particular number of various communication links as shown in FIG. 1A is for illustration purpose only without suggesting any limitations. The communication environment 100a may include any suitable number of communication devices and any suitable number of communication links for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. In addition, it should be appreciated that there may be various wireless as well as wireline communications (if needed) among all of the communication devices.
[0053] FIG. 1B illustrates a scenario 100b related to some embodiments of the present disclosure. In the scenario 100b, an activator 120b and a reader 130b may be selected in the coverage 110b of the A-IoT device 140b, so that the A-IoT device 140 may be activated by activator 120b and heard by the reader 130b. When the reader 150b is out of the coverage 110b of the A-IoT device 140b, the reader 150b may not hear the A-IoT device 140b.
[0054] FIG. 2 illustrates a flowchart of method according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 200 will be described with reference to FIG. 1A. It would be appreciated that although the process flow 200 has been described referring to FIG. 1A, this process flow 200 may be likewise applied to other similar communication scenarios.
[0055] In the process flow 200, the first device 110 may transmit (205) a first configuration 202 for transmitting a signal 206 emulating transmission from a fourth device 140 to a second device 120. The second device 120 may receive (210) the first configuration 202 for transmitting the signal 206 emulating the transmission from a fourth device 140 from a first device 110.
[0056] According to some embodiments of this disclosure, the first configuration 202 may include, but not limited to, a carrier of a reference signal associated with the fourth device 140, a bandwidth of the reference signal, physical resource block (PRB) for the reference signal, code domain resources of the reference signal (such as, sequence identifiers) , start time for the transmission of the reference signal, stop time for the transmission of the reference signal, duration of the transmission of the reference signal, a first random time offset relative to a start of a time unit for emulating lack of synchronization of the fourth device 140, and / or a second random time offset for emulating different distances between the third device 130 and the fourth device 140.
[0057] In further some embodiments, the first device 110 may transmit (215) a second configuration 204 for receiving the signal 206 to a plurality of third devices 130. The third device 130 may receive (220) the second configuration 204 for receiving the signal 206 emulating the transmission from the fourth device 140.
[0058] According to some embodiments of this disclosure, the second configuration 204 may include, but not limited to, a carrier of a reference signal associated with the fourth device, a bandwidth of the reference signal, physical resource block (PRB) for the reference signal, code domain resources of the reference signal, start time for monitoring the reference signal, stop time for monitoring the reference signal, duration of the monitoring of the reference signal, a measurement request for performing measurement on the reference signal, measurement type of the measurement, time domain resources for performing measurement on the reference signal and / or frequency domain resources for performing measurement on the reference signal.
[0059] In some further example embodiments, the first configuration 202 may indicate to perform a plurality of repeated transmissions of the signal. The second configuration 204 may indicate multiple time windows for monitoring the signal. The multiple time windows may have same start time, variable window sizes, and different end times. In some embodiments, the first configuration may be transmitted to the second device 120 which is an active A-IoT device, and the signal may comprise a discovery reference signal.
[0060] In some other examples, the first configuration or the second configuration may be transmitted via, including but not limited to, a radio resource control (RRC) information element (IE) , a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) , a long term evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP) assistance data IE, and / or a new radio (NR) positioning protocol A (NRPPa) assistance data IE.
[0061] In some examples, the second device 120 may transmit (225) the signal 206 to a third device 130 based on the first configuration 202. In some embodiments, the second device 120 may receive a third configuration for transmitting an activation signal to the fourth device 140 from the first device 110. The second device 120 may transmit the activation signal to the fourth device 140 based on the third configuration. In some further examples, the second device 120 may transmit the signal 206 by transmitting a reference signal with a first transmit power. The first transmit power may be lower than a second transmit power of an uplink transmission.
[0062] In some embodiments, an offset of the first transmit power relative to the second transmit power may be determined based on capability of the fourth device. The capability may include, but not limited to, receiving sensitivity of the fourth device, reflection sensitivity of the fourth device, and / or whether the fourth device has a power amplifier.
[0063] In some embodiments, the third device 130 may then receive (230) the signal 206 from the second device 120 based on the second configuration 204. In some further embodiments, the third device 130 may transmit (235) a measurement report 208 to the first device 110 based on the received signal 206. In some further embodiments, the third device 130 may receive a fourth configuration for receiving transmission from fourth device 140 from the first device 110, and the third device 130 may receive the transmission from the fourth device 140 based on the fourth configuration.
[0064] In some examples, the third device 130 may perform measurements on the at least one signal, and the measurements may include, but not limited to, a reference signal received power (RSRP) measurement, a reference signal received quality (RSRQ) measurement, a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) measurement, a timing measurement, and / or a distance measurement. In some other examples, the third device 130 may determine a device pair including the third device 130 and the second device 120 via a handshake procedure with the second device 120.
[0065] The first device 110 may then receive (240) the measurement report 208 from a third device among the plurality of third devices 130 based on the second configuration 204. The first device 110 may then determine (245) a device pair comprising the second device 120 and a third device among the plurality of third devices 130 based on the measurement report 208. It is noted that, in the context of this disclosure, the device pair may also comprise the second device 120 and the plurality of third devices 130.
[0066] In some embodiments, the second device may determine device pair including the second device 120 and the third device 130 via a handshake procedure with the third device 130. In some examples, an identifier of target fourth device 140 may be exchanged during the handshake procedure.
[0067] In some further example embodiments, the first device 110 may transmit a third configuration for transmitting an activation signal to a fourth device 140 to the second device 120 in the determined device pair. In some other examples, the first device 110 may transmit a fourth configuration for receiving a transmission from the fourth device 140 to the third device 130 in the determined device pair.
[0068] According to the method described in this disclosure, an A-IoT proximity determination protocol is established. One or more activator NR radios may be paired with one or more reader NR radios via the protocol, so that the set of A-IoT devices in the activation range of the selected activators may coincide with the set of A-IoT devices in the reading range of the paired reader (s) .
[0069] FIG. 3 illustrates a detailed example of interactions 300 between devices in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. It is noted that FIG. 3 can be deemed as a further example of the process flow 200. For example, the network device 310 may be example devices of the first device 110, the activator 320 may be the example devices of the second device 120, and the reader 330 may be the example devices of the third device 130. It is to be understood that these devices are described only for the purpose of illustration without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. This process will be described in detail as follows.
[0070] It is also noted that according to some embodiments of this disclosure, different proximity determination methods are proposed for different the A-IoT device types, i.e., backscatter A-IoT devices and active A-IoT devices. In some example embodiments, for the backscatter A-IoT devices, the proximity determination may be determined by elements, including but not limited to, enabling an NR radio selected as candidate activator to emulate the A-IoT device behaviour, enabling an NR radio selected as candidate reader to read the emulated A-IoT device, and pairing the two types of candidate radios depending on the outcome of the above reading.
[0071] In some example embodiments, for the active A-IoT devices, the proximity determination may be determined based on the direct involvement of the active A-IoT device. The active A-IoT device may be triggered by the activator to transmit a discovery reference signal using time repetitions. The reader 330 may measure the reply in a progressive manner, i.e. increasing the observation window until the maximum number of repetitions has been captured.
[0072] Specifically, at 302, the network device 310 may configure the activator radio 320 to emulate the A-IoT device by sending the full A-IoT transmission parameterization. For example, the network device 310 may configure the activator radio 320 to emulate the A-IoT device by sending A-IoT reference signal, including carrier of the reference signal, bandwidth of the reference signal, physical resource block (PRB) for the reference signal, code domain resources for the reference signal (such as, sequence ID) , start time Tstart for the transmission of the reference signal, and duration of the signal Tstop.
[0073] In some embodiments, the network device 310 may also configure the activator radio 320 with a fixed random time offset with respect to frame, slot, or symbol start to emulate the lack of synchronization of the real A-IoT device. In some further examples, the activator radio 320 may be configured with a second random time offset to emulate different distances between the emulated A-IoT device and the reader 330. This offset may be variable, so that different ranges are emulated. For example, to emulate the target A-IoT range of up to 200 m, an offset of about 700 ns may be introduced.
[0074] In some embodiments, the configuration may be transmitted to the activator 320 via a radio resource control (RRC) information element (IE) or a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) . Alternatively, or additionally, the network device 310 may be a LMF and the activator 320 may be a UE or Transmission Reception Point (TRP) , and the configuration may be transmitted to the activator 320 via a long term evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP) assistance data IE, or a new radio (NR) positioning protocol A (NRPPa) assistance data IE
[0075] In some further examples, the candidate activator 320 may transmit a pre-configured reference signal with a lower transmit power (compared with normal UL transmission) . In some embodiments, the transmit power offset may be determined based on the capability of A-IoT device, e.g., receiving or reflection sensitivity of the A-IoT device, whether the A-IoT device has a power amplifier or not, etc. The candidate activator 320 may transmit the reference signal with different power level to emulate A-IoT devices with different capabilities. In some further embodiments, the activator 320 may be configured with a repetition scheme e.g., performing K = 2 / 4 / 6 consecutive transmissions. In some other example, the active A-IoT device may perform the repeated transmission, instead of the activator 320.
[0076] At 304, the network device 310 may send the emulated A-IoT configuration to the reader 330 together with the measurement request, such as RSRP, RSSI, time of arrival time, etc. As an example, the “read” operation performed by the reader 330 may be receiving and measuring a pre-configured reference signal transmitted by the emulated A-IoT device. The measurement may be RSRP / RSRQ / RSSI or timing / distance measurement.
[0077] In some further examples, when the activator 320 is configured with a repetition scheme, the reader 330 may be configured to perform a progressive detection of the signal. For example, the network device 310 may configure a sliding window or a time window with start time at Tstart, and a variable window size W that increases until ending time Tstop. For example, the reader 330 may be configured to measure RSRP per reading period, such as Tstart + W, Tstart + 2W, …Tstart +NW.
[0078] For each reading period k, the reader 330 may be configured to report a measurement like RSRP, RSSI, etc. The windowed measurements are then reported to the network device 310 which configures both the pairing and the activation signal duration. For example, if the reader 330 reported an RSRP exceeding a minimum threshold for reading period 2, corresponding to a duration of 2 windows, then the activation signal duration may be configured at least as long as 2 windows.
[0079] At 306, the activator 320 may emulate the A-IoT device by transmitting the emulated signal configured at 302 to the reader 330. At 308, the reader 330 may acquire and measure the signal as configured at 304. At 312, the reader 330 may send the measurement report to the network device 310.
[0080] At 314, the network device 310 may finalize the pairing between the activator 320 and the reader 330 depending on the quality of the measurement report or the outcome of the above reading. In some embodiments, pairing may be done by the network device 310 itself, upon the reception of the measurement report, or autonomously by the two radios, via a handshake procedure during which the targeted A-IoT device IDs are also exchanged.
[0081] FIG. 4 illustrates a flowchart of a method 400 performed by an apparatus in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 400 will be described from the perspective of the first device 110 with reference to FIG. 1A.
[0082] At block 402, the first device may transmit, to a second device, a first configuration for transmitting at least one signal emulating at least one transmission from a fourth device. At block 404, the first device may transmit, to a plurality of third devices, a second configuration for receiving the at least one signal. At block 406, the first device may receive, from at least one third device among the plurality of third devices, at least one measurement report based on the second configuration. At block 408, the first device may determine, based on the at least one measurement report, a device pair comprising the second device and a third device among the plurality of third devices.
[0083] In some embodiments, the first device may transmit, to the second device in the determined device pair, a third configuration for transmitting an activation signal to at least one fourth device. In some embodiments, the first device may transmit, to the third device in the determined device pair, a fourth configuration for receiving at least one transmission from the at least one fourth device.
[0084] In some further embodiments, the first configuration may comprises at least one of the following: a carrier of a reference signal associated with the fourth device; a bandwidth of the reference signal; at least one physical resource block (PRB) for the reference signal; code domain resources of the reference signal; start time for the transmission of the reference signal; stop time for the transmission of the reference signal; duration of the transmission of the reference signal; a first random time offset relative to a start of a time unit for emulating lack of synchronization of the fourth device; or a second random time offset for emulating different distances between the third device and the fourth device.
[0085] In some example embodiments, the second configuration may comprise at least one of the following: a carrier of a reference signal associated with the fourth device; a bandwidth of the reference signal; at least one physical resource block (PRB) for the reference signal; code domain resources of the reference signal; start time for monitoring the reference signal; stop time for monitoring the reference signal; duration of the monitoring of the reference signal; a measurement request for performing at least one measurement on the reference signal; at least one measurement type of the at least one measurement; time domain resources for performing at least one measurement on the reference signal; or frequency domain resources for performing at least one measurement on the reference signal.
[0086] In some example embodiments, the first configuration may indicate to perform a plurality of repeated transmissions of the at least one signal; and the second configuration may indicate multiple time windows for monitoring the at least one signal, and the multiple time windows have same start time, variable window sizes, and different end times. In some example embodiments, the first configuration may be transmitted to the second device which is an active A-IoT device, and the at least one signal may comprise a discovery reference signal.
[0087] In some embodiments, the first configuration or the second configuration may be transmitted via at least one of the following: a radio resource control (RRC) information element (IE) ; a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) ; a long term evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP) assistance data IE; or a new radio (NR) positioning protocol A (NRPPa) assistance data IE. In some embodiments, the first device may be a network device; the second device may be an activator associated with an A-IoT device; the third device may be a reader associated with the A-IoT device; or the fourth device may be the IoT device.
[0088] FIG. 5 illustrates a flowchart of a method 500 performed by an apparatus in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 500 will be described from the perspective of the second device 120 with reference to FIG. 1A.
[0089] At block 502, the second device may receive, from a first device, a first configuration for transmitting at least one signal emulating at least one transmission from a fourth device. At block 504, the second device may transmit, based on the first configuration, the at least one signal to a third device.
[0090] In some embodiments, the second device may receive, from the first device, a third configuration for transmitting an activation signal to at least one fourth device. In some embodiments, the second device may transmit, based on the third configuration, the activation signal to the at least one fourth device.
[0091] In some example embodiments, the first configuration may comprise at least one of the following: a carrier of a reference signal associated with the fourth device; a bandwidth of the reference signal; at least one physical resource block (PRB) for the reference signal; code domain resources of the reference signal; start time for the transmission of the reference signal; stop time for the transmission of the reference signal; duration of the transmission of the reference signal; a first random time offset relative to a start of a time unit for emulating lack of synchronization of the fourth device; or a second random time offset for emulating different distances between the third device and the fourth device.
[0092] In some other example embodiments, the first configuration may indicate to perform a plurality of repeated transmissions of the at least one signal. In some examples, the second device may be an active A-IoT device, and the at least one signal may comprise a discovery reference signal. In some embodiments, the first configuration may be received via at least one of the following: a radio resource control (RRC) information element (IE) ; a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) ; a long term evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP) assistance data IE; or a new radio (NR) positioning protocol A (NRPPa) assistance data IE.
[0093] In some further example embodiments, the second device may transmit the at least one signal by transmitting a reference signal with a first transmit power, and the first transmit power is lower than a second transmit power of an uplink transmission. In some examples, an offset of the first transmit power relative to the second transmit power may be determined based on capability of the fourth device, and the capability may include at least one of the following: receiving sensitivity of the fourth device; reflection sensitivity of the fourth device; or whether the fourth device has a power amplifier.
[0094] In some further example embodiments, the second device may transmit the at least one signal by transmitting a reference signal with different transmit power levels to emulate fourth devices with different capabilities. In some further example embodiments, the second device may determine a device pair including the second device and the third device via a handshake procedure with the third device.
[0095] In some embodiments, at least one identifier of at least one target fourth device may be exchanged during the handshake procedure. In some embodiments, the first device may be a network device; the second device may be an activator associated with an A-IoT device; the third device may be a reader associated with the A-IoT device; or the fourth device may be the A-IoT device.
[0096] FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart of a method 600 performed by an apparatus in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 600 will be described from the perspective of the third device 130 with reference to FIG. 1A.
[0097] At block 602, the third device may receive, from a first device, a second configuration for receiving at least one signal emulating at least one transmission from a fourth device. At block 604, the third device may receive, based on the second configuration, the at least one signal from a second device. At block 606, the third device may transmit, based on the received at least one signal, a measurement report to the first device. In some embodiments, the third device may receive, from the first device, a fourth configuration for receiving at least one transmission from at least one fourth device. In some embodiments, the third device may receive, based on the fourth configuration, the at least one transmission from the at least one fourth device.
[0098] In some further embodiments, the second configuration may comprises at least one of the following: a carrier of a reference signal associated with the fourth device; a bandwidth of the reference signal; at least one physical resource block (PRB) for the reference signal; code domain resources of the reference signal; start time for monitoring the reference signal; stop time for monitoring the reference signal; duration of the monitoring of the reference signal; a measurement request for perform at least one measurement on the reference signal; at least one measurement type of the at least one measurement; time domain resources for performing at least one measurement on the reference signal; or frequency domain resources for performing at least one measurement on the reference signal.
[0099] In some further embodiments, the second configuration may be received via at least one of the following: a radio resource control (RRC) information element (IE) ; a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) ; a long term evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP) assistance data IE; or a new radio (NR) positioning protocol A (NRPPa) assistance data IE.
[0100] In some further embodiments, the second configuration may indicate multiple time windows for monitoring the at least one signal, the multiple time windows have same start time, variable window sizes, and different end times. In some further embodiments, the third device may perform at least one of the following measurements on the at least one signal: a reference signal received power (RSRP) measurement; a reference signal received quality (RSRQ) measurement; a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) measurement; a timing measurement; or a distance measurement.
[0101] In some other embodiments, the third device may determine a device pair including the third device and the second device via a handshake procedure with the second device. In some other embodiments, at least one identifier of at least one target fourth device may be exchanged during the handshake procedure. In some example embodiments, the first device may be a network device; the second device may be an activator associated with an A-IoT device; the third device may be a reader associated with the A-IoT device; or the fourth device may be the A-IoT device.
[0102] In some embodiments, an apparatus capable of performing any of the method 400 may be part of a first device 110 and may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 400. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0103] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for transmitting, to a second device, a first configuration for transmitting at least one signal emulating at least one transmission from a fourth device; means for transmit, to a plurality of third devices, a second configuration for receiving the at least one signal; means for receiving, from at least one third device among the plurality of third devices, at least one measurement report based on the second configuration; and means for determining, based on the at least one measurement report, a device pair comprising the second device and a third device among the plurality of third devices.
[0104] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for transmitting, to the second device in the determined device pair, a third configuration for transmitting an activation signal to at least one fourth device; and means for transmitting, to the third device in the determined device pair, a fourth configuration for receiving at least one transmission from the at least one fourth device.
[0105] In some embodiments, the first configuration may comprise at least one of the following: a carrier of a reference signal associated with the fourth device; a bandwidth of the reference signal; at least one physical resource block (PRB) for the reference signal; code domain resources of the reference signal; start time for the transmission of the reference signal; stop time for the transmission of the reference signal; duration of the transmission of the reference signal; a first random time offset relative to a start of a time unit for emulating lack of synchronization of the fourth device; or a second random time offset for emulating different distances between the third device and the fourth device.
[0106] In some embodiments, the second configuration may comprise at least one of the following: a carrier of a reference signal associated with the fourth device; a bandwidth of the reference signal; at least one physical resource block (PRB) for the reference signal; code domain resources of the reference signal; start time for monitoring the reference signal; stop time for monitoring the reference signal; duration of the monitoring of the reference signal; a measurement request for performing at least one measurement on the reference signal; at least one measurement type of the at least one measurement; time domain resources for performing at least one measurement on the reference signal; or frequency domain resources for performing at least one measurement on the reference signal.
[0107] In some embodiments, the first configuration may indicate to perform a plurality of repeated transmissions of the at least one signal; and the second configuration may indicate multiple time windows for monitoring the at least one signal, wherein the multiple time windows have same start time, variable window sizes, and different end times.
[0108] In some embodiments, the first configuration may be transmitted to the second device which is an active A-IoT device, and the at least one signal may comprise a discovery reference signal. In some further embodiments, the first configuration or the second configuration may be transmitted via at least one of the following: a radio resource control (RRC) information element (IE) ; a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) ; a long term evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP) assistance data IE; or a new radio (NR) positioning protocol A (NRPPa) assistance data IE.
[0109] In some further embodiments, the first device may be a network device; the second device may be an activator associated with an A-IoT device; the third device may be a reader associated with the A-IoT device; or the fourth device may be the A-IoT device.
[0110] In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises means for performing other steps in some embodiments of the method 400. In some embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the performance of the apparatus.
[0111] In some embodiments, an apparatus capable of performing any of the method 500 may be part of a second device 120 and may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 500. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0112] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for receiving, from a first device, a first configuration for transmitting at least one signal emulating at least one transmission from a fourth device; and means for transmitting, based on the first configuration, the at least one signal to a third device.
[0113] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for receiving, from the first device, a third configuration for transmitting an activation signal to at least one fourth device; and means for transmitting, based on the third configuration, the activation signal to the at least one fourth device.
[0114] In some embodiments, the first configuration may comprises at least one of the following: a carrier of a reference signal associated with the fourth device; a bandwidth of the reference signal; at least one physical resource block (PRB) for the reference signal; code domain resources of the reference signal; start time for the transmission of the reference signal; stop time for the transmission of the reference signal; duration of the transmission of the reference signal; a first random time offset relative to a start of a time unit for emulating lack of synchronization of the fourth device; or a second random time offset for emulating different distances between the third device and the fourth device.
[0115] In some embodiments, the first configuration indicates to perform a plurality of repeated transmissions of the at least one signal. In some embodiments, the second device is an active A-IoT device, and the at least one signal comprises a discovery reference signal. In some embodiments, the first configuration may be received via at least one of the following: a radio resource control (RRC) information element (IE) ; a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) ; a long term evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP) assistance data IE;or a new radio (NR) positioning protocol A (NRPPa) assistance data IE.
[0116] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for transmitting the at least one signal comprises means for transmitting a reference signal with a first transmit power, wherein the first transmit power is lower than a second transmit power of an uplink transmission. In some embodiments, an offset of the first transmit power relative to the second transmit power is determined based on capability of the fourth device, and the capability includes at least one of the following: receiving sensitivity of the fourth device; reflection sensitivity of the fourth device; or whether the fourth device has a power amplifier.
[0117] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for transmitting the at least one signal comprises means for transmitting a reference signal with different transmit power levels to emulate fourth devices with different capabilities. In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for determining a device pair including the second device and the third device via a handshake procedure with the third device.
[0118] In some embodiments, at least one identifier of at least one target fourth device is exchanged during the handshake procedure. In some embodiments, the first device may be a network device; the second device may be an activator associated with an A-IoT device; the third device may be a reader associated with the A-IoT device; or the fourth device may be the A-IoT device.
[0119] In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises means for performing other steps in some embodiments of the method 500. In some embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the performance of the apparatus.
[0120] In some embodiments, an apparatus capable of performing any of the method 600 may be part of a third device 130 and may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 600. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0121] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for receiving, from a first device, a second configuration for receiving at least one signal emulating at least one transmission from a fourth device; means for receiving, based on the second configuration, the at least one signal from a second device; and means for transmitting, based on the received at least one signal, a measurement report to the first device.
[0122] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for receiving, from the first device, a fourth configuration for receiving at least one transmission from at least one fourth device; and means for receiving, based on the fourth configuration, the at least one transmission from the at least one fourth device.
[0123] In some embodiments, the second configuration comprises at least one of the following: a carrier of a reference signal associated with the fourth device; a bandwidth of the reference signal; at least one physical resource block (PRB) for the reference signal; code domain resources of the reference signal; start time for monitoring the reference signal; stop time for monitoring the reference signal; duration of the monitoring of the reference signal; a measurement request for perform at least one measurement on the reference signal; at least one measurement type of the at least one measurement; time domain resources for performing at least one measurement on the reference signal; or frequency domain resources for performing at least one measurement on the reference signal.
[0124] In some embodiments, the second configuration may be received via at least one of the following: a radio resource control (RRC) information element (IE) ; a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) ; a long term evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP) assistance data IE; or a new radio (NR) positioning protocol A (NRPPa) assistance data IE. In some embodiments, the second configuration may indicate multiple time windows for monitoring the at least one signal, the multiple time windows have same start time, variable window sizes, and different end times.
[0125] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for performing at least one of the following measurements on the at least one signal: a reference signal received power (RSRP) measurement; a reference signal received quality (RSRQ) measurement; a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) measurement; a timing measurement; or a distance measurement.
[0126] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for determining a device pair including the third device and the second device via a handshake procedure with the second device. In some embodiments, the at least one identifier of at least one target fourth device may be exchanged during the handshake procedure. In some embodiments, the first device may be a network device; the second device may be an activator associated with an A-IoT device; the third device may be a reader associated with the A-IoT device; or the fourth device is the A-IoT device.
[0127] In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises means for performing other steps in some embodiments of the method 600. In some embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the performance of the apparatus.
[0128] FIG. 7 illustrates simplified block diagram of a device 700 that is suitable for implementing some example embodiments of the present disclosure. The device 700 may be provided to implement a communication device, for example, the first device 110 and the second device 120 as shown in FIG. 1A. As shown, the device 700 includes one or more processors 710, one or more memories 720 coupled to the processor 710, and one or more communication modules 740 coupled to the processor 710.
[0129] The communication module 740 is for bidirectional communications. The communication module 740 has at least one antenna to facilitate communication. The communication interface may represent any interface that is necessary for communication with other network elements.
[0130] The processor 710 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network and may include one or more of the following: general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) and processors based on multicore processor architecture, as non-limiting examples. The device 700 may have multiple processors, such as an application specific integrated circuit chip that is slaved in time to a clock which synchronizes the main processor.
[0131] The memory 720 may include one or more non-volatile memories and one or more volatile memories. Examples of the non-volatile memories include, but are not limited to, a Read Only Memory (ROM) 724, an electrically programmable read only memory (EPROM) , a flash memory, a hard disk, a compact disc (CD) , a digital video disk (DVD) , and other magnetic storage and / or optical storage. Examples of the volatile memories include, but are not limited to, a random access memory (RAM) 722 and other volatile memories that will not last in the power-down duration.
[0132] A computer program 730 includes computer executable instructions that are executed by the associated processor 710. The program 730 may be stored in the ROM 724. The processor 710 may perform any suitable actions and processing by loading the program 730 into the RAM 722.
[0133] The embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented by means of the program 730 so that the device 700 may perform any process of the disclosure as discussed with reference to FIG. 2. The embodiments of the present disclosure may also be implemented by hardware or by a combination of software and hardware.
[0134] In some example embodiments, the program 730 may be tangibly contained in a computer readable medium which may be included in the device 700 (such as in the memory 720) or other storage devices that are accessible by the device 700. The device 700 may load the program 730 from the computer readable medium to the RAM 722 for execution. The computer readable medium may include any types of tangible non-volatile storage, such as ROM, EPROM, a flash memory, a hard disk, CD, DVD, and the like.
[0135] FIG. 8 illustrates a block diagram of an example of a computer readable medium 800 in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. The computer readable medium 800 has the program 730 stored thereon. It is noted that although the computer readable medium 800 is depicted in form of CD or DVD in FIG. 8, the computer readable medium 800 may be in any other form suitable for carry or hold the program 730.
[0136] Generally, various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuits, software, logic or any combination thereof. Some aspects may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device. While various aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated and described as block diagrams, flowcharts, or using some other pictorial representations, it is to be understood that the block, apparatus, system, technique or method described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.
[0137] The present disclosure also provides at least one computer program product tangibly stored on a non-transitory computer readable storage medium. The computer program product includes computer-executable instructions, such as those included in program modules, being executed in a device on a target real or virtual processor, to carry out the method 200 as described above with reference to FIG. 2. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, libraries, objects, classes, components, data structures, or the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The functionality of the program modules may be combined or split between program modules as desired in various embodiments. Machine-executable instructions for program modules may be executed within a local or distributed device. In a distributed device, program modules may be located in both local and remote storage media.
[0138] Program code for carrying out methods of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. These program codes may be provided to a processor or controller of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus, such that the program codes, when executed by the processor or controller, cause the functions / operations specified in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams to be implemented. The program code may execute entirely on a machine, partly on the machine, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the machine and partly on a remote machine or entirely on the remote machine or server.
[0139] In the context of the present disclosure, the computer program codes or related data may be carried by any suitable carrier to enable the device, apparatus or processor to perform various processes and operations as described above. Examples of the carrier include a signal, computer readable medium, and the like.
[0140] The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readable medium may include but not limited to an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples of the computer readable storage medium would include an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory) , an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. The term “non-transitory, ” as used herein, is a limitation of the medium itself (i.e., tangible, not a signal) as opposed to a limitation on data storage persistency (e.g., RAM vs. ROM) .
[0141] Further, while operations are depicted in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Likewise, while several specific implementation details are contained in the above discussions, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the present disclosure, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments. Certain features that are described in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination.
[0142] Although the present disclosure has been described in languages specific to structural features and / or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the present disclosure defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.
Claims
1.A first device comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first device at least to:transmit, to a second device, a first configuration for transmitting at least one signal emulating at least one transmission from a fourth device;transmit, to a plurality of third devices, a second configuration for receiving the at least one signal;receive, from at least one third device among the plurality of third devices, at least one measurement report based on the second configuration; anddetermine, based on the at least one measurement report, a device pair comprising the second device and a third device among the plurality of third devices.2.The first device of claim 1, wherein the first device is further caused to:transmit, to the second device in the determined device pair, a third configuration for transmitting an activation signal to at least one fourth device; andtransmit, to the third device in the determined device pair, a fourth configuration for receiving at least one transmission from the at least one fourth device.3.The first device of claim 1 or 2, wherein the first configuration comprises at least one of the following:a carrier of a reference signal associated with the fourth device;a bandwidth of the reference signal;at least one physical resource block (PRB) for the reference signal;code domain resources of the reference signal;start time for the transmission of the reference signal;stop time for the transmission of the reference signal;duration of the transmission of the reference signal;a first random time offset relative to a start of a time unit for emulating lack of synchronization of the fourth device; ora second random time offset for emulating different distances between the third device and the fourth device.4.The first device of any of claims 1-3, wherein the second configuration comprises at least one of the following:a carrier of a reference signal associated with the fourth device;a bandwidth of the reference signal;at least one physical resource block (PRB) for the reference signal;code domain resources of the reference signal;start time for monitoring the reference signal;stop time for monitoring the reference signal;duration of the monitoring of the reference signal;a measurement request for performing at least one measurement on the reference signal;at least one measurement type of the at least one measurement;time domain resources for performing at least one measurement on the reference signal; orfrequency domain resources for performing at least one measurement on the reference signal.5.The first device of any of claims 1-4, wherein:the first configuration indicates to perform a plurality of repeated transmissions of the at least one signal; andthe second configuration indicates multiple time windows for monitoring the at least one signal, wherein the multiple time windows have same start time, variable window sizes, and different end times.6.The first device of claim 5, wherein the first configuration is transmitted to the second device which is an active ambient Internet of things (A-IoT) device, and the at least one signal comprises a discovery reference signal.7.The first device of any of claims 1-6, wherein the first configuration or the second configuration is transmitted via at least one of the following:a radio resource control (RRC) information element (IE) ;a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) ;a long term evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP) assistance data IE; ora new radio (NR) positioning protocol A (NRPPa) assistance data IE.8.The first device of any of claims 1-5 or claim 7, wherein at least one of the following:the first device is a network device;the second device is an activator associated with an A-IoT device;the third device is a reader associated with the A-IoT device; orthe fourth device is the A-IoT device.9.A second device comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second device at least to:receive, from a first device, a first configuration for transmitting at least one signal emulating at least one transmission from a fourth device; andtransmit, based on the first configuration, the at least one signal to a third device.10.The second device of claim 9, wherein the second device is further caused to:receive, from the first device, a third configuration for transmitting an activation signal to at least one fourth device; andtransmit, based on the third configuration, the activation signal to the at least one fourth device.11.The second device of claim 9 or 10, wherein the first configuration comprises at least one of the following:a carrier of a reference signal associated with the fourth device;a bandwidth of the reference signal;at least one physical resource block (PRB) for the reference signal;code domain resources of the reference signal;start time for the transmission of the reference signal;stop time for the transmission of the reference signal;duration of the transmission of the reference signal;a first random time offset relative to a start of a time unit for emulating lack of synchronization of the fourth device; ora second random time offset for emulating different distances between the third device and the fourth device.12.The second device of any of claims 9-11, wherein the first configuration indicates to perform a plurality of repeated transmissions of the at least one signal.13.The second device of claim 12, wherein the second device is an active ambient Internet of things (IoT) device, and the at least one signal comprises a discovery reference signal.14.The second device of any of claims 9-13, wherein the first configuration is received via at least one of the following:a radio resource control (RRC) information element (IE) ;a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) ;a long term evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP) assistance data IE; ora new radio (NR) positioning protocol A (NRPPa) assistance data IE.15.The second device of any of claims 9-14, wherein the second device is caused to transmit the at least one signal by:transmitting a reference signal with a first transmit power, wherein the first transmit power is lower than a second transmit power of an uplink transmission.16.The second device of claim 15, wherein an offset of the first transmit power relative to the second transmit power is determined based on capability of the fourth device, and the capability includes at least one of the following:receiving sensitivity of the fourth device;reflection sensitivity of the fourth device; orwhether the fourth device has a power amplifier.17.The second device of any of claims 9-16, wherein the second device is caused to transmit the at least one signal by:transmitting a reference signal with different transmit power levels to emulate fourth devices with different capabilities.18.The second device of any of claims 9-17, wherein the second device is further caused to:determine a device pair including the second device and the third device via a handshake procedure with the third device.19.The second device of claim 18, wherein at least one identifier of at least one target fourth device is exchanged during the handshake procedure.20.The second device of any of claims 9-12 or claims 14-19, wherein at least one of the following:the first device is a network device;the second device is an activator associated with an A-IoT device;the third device is a reader associated with the A-IoT device; orthe fourth device is the A-IoT device.21.A third device comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the third device at least to:receive, from a first device, a second configuration for receiving at least one signal emulating at least one transmission from a fourth device;receive, based on the second configuration, the at least one signal from a second device; andtransmit, based on the received at least one signal, a measurement report to the first device.22.The third device of claim 21, wherein the third device is further caused to:receive, from the first device, a fourth configuration for receiving at least one transmission from at least one fourth device; andreceive, based on the fourth configuration, the at least one transmission from the at least one fourth device.23.The third device of claim 21 or 22, wherein the second configuration comprises at least one of the following:a carrier of a reference signal associated with the fourth device;a bandwidth of the reference signal;at least one physical resource block (PRB) for the reference signal;code domain resources of the reference signal;start time for monitoring the reference signal;stop time for monitoring the reference signal;duration of the monitoring of the reference signal;a measurement request for perform at least one measurement on the reference signal;at least one measurement type of the at least one measurement;time domain resources for performing at least one measurement on the reference signal; orfrequency domain resources for performing at least one measurement on the reference signal.24.The third device of any of claims 21-23, wherein the second configuration is received via at least one of the following:a radio resource control (RRC) information element (IE) ;a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) ;a long term evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP) assistance data IE; ora new radio (NR) positioning protocol A (NRPPa) assistance data IE.25.The third device of any of claims 21-24, wherein the second configuration indicates multiple time windows for monitoring the at least one signal, the multiple time windows have same start time, variable window sizes, and different end times.26.The third device of any of claims 21-25, wherein the third device is further caused to perform at least one of the following measurements on the at least one signal:a reference signal received power (RSRP) measurementa reference signal received quality (RSRQ) measurementa received signal strength indicator (RSSI) measurement;a timing measurement; ora distance measurement.27.The third device of any of claims 21-26, wherein the third device is further caused to:determine a device pair including the third device and the second device via a handshake procedure with the second device.28.The third device of claim 27, wherein at least one identifier of at least one target fourth device is exchanged during the handshake procedure.29.The third device of any of claims 21-28, wherein at least one of the following:the first device is a network device;the second device is an activator associated with an A-IoT device;the third device is a reader associated with the A-IoT device; orthe fourth device is the A-IoT device.30.A method comprising:transmitting, to a second device, a first configuration for transmitting at least one signal emulating at least one transmission from a fourth device;transmitting, to a plurality of third devices, a second configuration for receiving the at least one signal;receiving, from at least one third device among the plurality of third devices, at least one measurement report based on the second configuration; anddetermining, based on the at least one measurement report, a device pair comprising the second device and a third device among the plurality of third devices.31.A method comprising:receiving, from a first device, a first configuration for transmitting at least one signal emulating at least one transmission from a fourth device; andtransmitting, based on the first configuration, the at least one signal to a third device.32.A method comprising:receiving, from a first device, a second configuration for receiving at least one signal emulating at least one transmission from a fourth device;receiving, based on the second configuration, the at least one signal from a second device; andtransmitting, based on the received at least one signal, a measurement report to the first device.33.An apparatus comprising:means for transmitting, to a second device, a first configuration for transmitting at least one signal emulating at least one transmission from a fourth device;means for transmitting, to a plurality of third devices, a second configuration for receiving the at least one signal;means for receiving, from at least one third device among the plurality of third devices, at least one measurement report based on the second configuration; andmeans for determining, based on the at least one measurement report, a device pair comprising the second device and a third device among the plurality of third devices.34.An apparatus comprising:means for receiving, from a first device, a first configuration for transmitting at least one signal emulating at least one transmission from a fourth device; andmeans for transmitting, based on the first configuration, the at least one signal to a third device.35.An apparatus comprising:means for receiving, from a first device, a second configuration for receiving at least one signal emulating at least one transmission from a fourth device;means for receiving, based on the second configuration, the at least one signal from a second device; andmeans for transmitting, based on the received at least one signal, a measurement report to the first device.36.A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions for causing an apparatus to perform at least the method of any of claims 30-32.
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