Engineered TRNA expression cassette
Engineered tRNA expression cassettes with optimized transcription initiation and naturally occurring flanking sequences improve suppressor tRNA production and readthrough efficiency, addressing challenges in treating genetically based rare diseases and enhancing protein production.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/078245
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-06-24
- Filing Date
- 2025-02-20
- Publication Date
- 2025-08-28
AI Technical Summary
Current methods for treating genetically based rare diseases caused by nonsense mutations, such as nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) and gene therapy, face challenges in efficiently producing full-length functional proteins due to potential off-target effects and single target specificity, while existing tRNA expression cassettes face conflicts in transcription initiation leading to insufficient tRNA production or fragments.
Development of engineered tRNA expression cassettes with naturally occurring flanking sequences and optimized transcription initiation, lacking RNA polymerase III promoters, to enhance suppressor tRNA production and readthrough efficiency, using constructs like AAV vectors to introduce suppressor tRNAs into cells.
Enhances suppressor tRNA expression and readthrough efficiency, reducing off-target effects and improving protein production in cells with premature stop codons, effectively treating diseases like cystic fibrosis and muscular dystrophy.
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Abstract
Description
ENGINEERED TRNA EXPRESSION CASSETTECROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit of PCT International Application No. PCT / CN2024 / 077959, filed February 21, 2024, and PCT International Application No. PCT / CN2024 / 100922, filed on June 24, 2024, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. REFERENCE TO AN ELECTRONIC SEQUENCE LISTING
[0002] The contents of the electronic sequence listing (302442000241SEQLIST. xml; Size: 269, 493 bytes; and Date of Creation: February 5, 2025) is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.FIELD
[0003] The present disclosure relates to engineered expression cassettes for expressing a transfer RNA (tRNA) , plasmids and vectors comprising such engineered expression cassette, pharmaceutical compositions comprising such expression cassettes, and methods of restoring translation and / or disease treatment involving using such engineered expression cassette to produce engineered tRNA molecules.BACKGROUND
[0004] Rare diseases, also known as orphan diseases, are defined strictly according to their prevalence. In the United States, a disease is considered to be “rare” when it affects less than one person out of 1500; in Europe, less than one person out of 2000. To date, 6172 unique rare diseases have been described. 71.9%of these originated from genetic mutations, with the remainder being induced by viral or bacterial infections, allergies, or environmental effect (Nguengang Wakap, S., et al. (2020) Estimating cumulative point prevalence of rare diseases: analysis of the Orphanet database. Eur J Hum Genet. Feb; 28 (2) : 165-173. doi: 10.1038 / s41431-019-0508-0. Epub 2019 Sep 16. PMID: 31527858; PMCID: PMC6974615) . About 263-446 million people are estimated to suffer from rare diseases globally at any point in time (Nguengang Wakap, S., et al. (2020) Estimating cumulative point prevalence of rare diseases: analysis of the Orphanet database. Eur J Hum Genet. Feb; 28 (2) : 165-173. doi: 10.1038 / s41431-019-0508-0. Epub 2019 Sep 16. PMID: 31527858; PMCID: PMC6974615) . Unfortunately, 75%of rare disease patients are children, 30%of whom have life expectancies of less than 5 years (Benhabiles, H., et al. (2016) . Pathologies Susceptible to be Targeted for Nonsense Mutation Therapies. 10.1016 / B978-0-12-804468-1.00002-6) .Due to the low prevalence of each rare disease, the market has not been able to support the resources needed to study pathogenesis of these diseases or discover new drugs or treatments.
[0005] Genetically based rare diseases can be caused by insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides (such as a frameshift mutation) and / or point mutations (such as nonsense or missense mutations) in a gene, leading to absent or nonfunctional gene products (Benhabiles, H., et al. (2016) . Pathologies Susceptible to be Targeted for Nonsense Mutation Therapies. 10.1016 / B978-0-12-804468-1.00002-6) . Nonsense mutations are well-studied point mutations that result in a premature termination codon (PTC) in the messenger RNA (mRNA) , which leads to decreased mRNA stability and truncated protein products (Khajavi, M., et al. (2006) Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay modulates clinical outcome of genetic disease. Eur J Hum Genet. Oct; 14 (10) : 1074-81. doi: 10.1038 / sj. ejhg. 5201649. Epub 2006 Jun 7. PMID: 16757948) . So far, 410, 743 gene mutations have been found responsible for various human inherited diseases, of which about 11% (45, 689) are nonsense mutations (data from the Human Gene Mutation Database https: / / www. hgmd. cf. ac. uk / ac / index. php, accessed July 4, 2023) . These nonsense mutations are present in various genes and occur with different frequencies depending on the resulting PTC, including 41.8% (19, 101) TAG, 36.5% (16, 680) TGA, and 21.7% (9, 908) TAA.
[0006] Human inherited diseases caused by nonsense mutations are mainly associated with truncated or missing protein products and rapid degradation of PTC-containing mRNA. Degradation and elimination of PTC-containing mRNAs is triggered by the evolutionarily conserved RNA surveillance mechanism known as nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) (Chang, Y.F., et al. (2007) The nonsense-mediated decay RNA surveillance pathway. Annu Rev Biochem. 76: 51-74. doi: 10.1146 / annurev. biochem. 76.050106.093909. PMID: 17352659) . The NMD pathway relies on the ribosome for scanning of stop codons, as well as the presence of exon-junction complexes (EJCs) , which are deposited approximately 20-24 nt upstream of exon-exon junctions. When a ribosome pauses at a stop codon and an EJC is present more than 50 nt downstream of it, the SURF complex is recruited to the mRNA. The SURF complex consists of a protein kinase (SMG1) , an RNA helicase (UPF1) , as well as the peptide release factors eRF1 and eRF3. Phosphorylation of UPF1 further leads to recruitment of SMG5, SMG6 and SMG7, which provide a link to the mRNA decay pathway mediated by exonucleases and endonucleases (Nickless, A, et al. (2017) Control of gene expression through the nonsense-mediated RNA decay pathway. Cell Biosci. May 19; 7: 26. doi: 10.1186 / s13578-017-0153-7. PMID: 28533900; PMCID: PMC5437625) .
[0007] In the past two decades, clinical studies of PTC therapeutics have focused on enhancing PTC readthrough by incorporation of an amino acid to restore the production and function of faulty protein (Spelier, S., et al. (2023) Readthrough compounds for nonsense mutations: bridging the translational gap. Trends Mol Med. Apr; 29 (4) : 297-314. doi: 10.1016 / j. molmed. 2023.01.004. Epub 2023 Feb 22. PMID: 36828712) . The dominant strategy in the field has been to apply small molecules to promote PTC readthrough based on their role in inhibiting ribosome proofreading (e.g., aminoglycosides, Ataluren) , the NMD pathway (e.g., amlexanox) , and inducing mRNA-tRNA mispairing (e.g., pseudouridylation) (Spelier, S., et al. (2023) Readthrough compounds for nonsense mutations: bridging the translational gap. Trends Mol Med. Apr; 29 (4) : 297-314. doi: 10.1016 / j. molmed. 2023.01.004. Epub 2023 Feb 22. PMID: 36828712) . Although many small molecules have had positive outcomes in clinical trials to treat diseases caused by PTCs, the uncertainty of which amino acid is incorporated increases the risk of yielding an inappropriate protein product and / or producing off-target effects. Another approach is to implement a gene therapy strategy to ensure the production of the correct protein, for instance, CRISPR-based gene editing of a faulty gene or delivery of transgene (Porter, J. J., et al. (2021) Therapeutic promise of engineered nonsense suppressor tRNAs. Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA. Jul; 12 (4) : e1641. doi: 10.1002 / wrna. 1641. Epub 2021 Feb 10. PMID: 33567469; PMCID: PMC8244042) . However, the application of this approach is limited by the single target specificity and the risk of off-target effects.
[0008] Following the development of in vivo delivery systems and genome-wide, transcriptome-wide, and proteome-wide analysis technologies, suppressor tRNAs have drawn attention for their potential to treat diseases caused by PTCs (Wang, J., et al. (2022) AAV-delivered suppressor tRNA overcomes a nonsense mutation in mice. Nature. Apr; 604 (7905) : 343-348. doi: 10.1038 / s41586-022-04533-3. Epub 2022 Mar 23. PMID: 35322228; PMCID: PMC9446716) . Suppressor tRNAs are derived from naturally occurring tRNAs, with alterations of the anticodon to target a PTC (e.g., TAA / UAA, TAG / UAG, TGA / UGA) , and they carry a desired amino acid to restore full-length functional protein products for mRNAs containing PTCs. In comparison with other PTC rescue strategies, suppressor tRNAs provide the potential to target various PTC induced genetic diseases with a single component and minor side effects (Wang, J., et al. (2022) AAV-delivered suppressor tRNA overcomes a nonsense mutation in mice. Nature. Apr; 604 (7905) : 343-348. doi: 10.1038 / s41586-022-04533-3. Epub 2022 Mar 23. PMID: 35322228; PMCID: PMC9446716) . Due to the potential competition mechanism between suppressor tRNAs and peptide release factors eRF1 / eRF3 in recognition of the stop codons, the quantity and quality of suppressor tRNAs are crucial factors in efficient readthrough of the PTCs. Therefore, facilitating reliably robust expression of suppressor tRNAs, especially the more potent suppressor tRNAs, is currently a major challenge to overcome. There is thus a need for improved expression cassettes for tRNAs.
[0009] In eukaryotes, tRNA transcription relies on recognition of two highly conserved sequences that lie wholly within tRNAs genes, namely, the A and B box, which sit in the D and T arm regions after proper folding of the mature tRNAs. The A and B box are bound by transcription factor TFIIIC, which helps assembly of transcription factor TFIIIB at about 26 base pairs upstream of transcription start site (TSS) . After release of TFIIIC, TFIIIB positions RNA polymerase III at the TSS for transcription initiation (Schramm, Laura, and Nouria Hernandez. (2002) “Recruitment of RNA polymerase III to its target promoters. ” Genes &development vol. 16, 20: 2593-620. PMID: 12381659) . This kind of promoter is known as the type II RNA polymerase III promoter and is mainly present in tRNA genes. However, the U6 promoter, which is a type III RNA polymerase III promoter, is commonly used to drive expression of shRNAs, suppressor tRNAs, and other small RNAs. The U6 promoter originated from the upstream flanking sequence of U6 snRNA, contains a DSE (distal sequence element) at about 215-240 base pairs upstream of the TSS, a PSE (proximal sequence element) at about 48-65 base pairs upstream of the TSS, and a TATA box at about 23-30 base pairs upstream of the TSS. For transcription initiation, the DSE is recognized by transcription factors Oct1 and STAF, then SNAPc (SNRNA Activating Protein complex) assembles on PSE and further positions TFIIIB on the TATA box, leading to the precise binding of RNA polymerase III at the TSS (Schramm, Laura, and Nouria Hernandez. (2002) “Recruitment of RNA polymerase III to its target promoters. ” Genes &development vol. 16, 20: 2593-620. PMID: 12381659) .
[0010] Interestingly, the termination of native tRNA transcription and of U6 snRNA transcription share a feature involving a stretch of four or more thymidines in the 3’ flanking sequence of the tRNA gene and of the U6 gene and near the 3’ end of the tRNA gene and of the U6 gene. However, owing to the different preinitiation step of the two types of RNA polymerase III promoter (i.e., Type I and Type II; see, e.g., Shen, Chang-Hui. (2019) Chapter 3 –Gene Expression: Transcription of the Genetic Code, Diagnostic Molecular Biology, Academic Press, pp. 59-86) , operably linking a U6 promoter to a tRNA gene may result in an irreconcilable conflict in assembly of transcription factors or positioning of RNA polymerase III. This potential antagonism could lead to an insufficient production of the tRNA, or an accumulation of tRNA fragments. Thus, there is a need for a completely new tRNA expression cassette to optimize transcription initiation of the tRNA gene.
[0011] All publications, comprising patent documents, scientific articles and databases, referred to in this application are incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes to the same extent as if each individual publication were individually incorporated by reference.SUMMARY
[0012] One aspect of the present application provides DNA constructs. In some embodiments of this aspect, the DNA construct comprises: a 5’ flanking sequence, a nucleic acid encoding an engineered transfer RNA (tRNA) , a 3’ flanking sequence, wherein the 5’ flanking is at least about 30 nucleotides long, and wherein the 5’ flanking sequence lacks a functional RNA polymerase III promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the engineered tRNA. In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence further lacks a functional RNA Polymerase II promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the engineered tRNA. In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence lacks any functional promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the engineered tRNA. In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence 5’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA, or a variant thereof.
[0013] In some embodiments, the 3’ flanking sequence comprises a terminator comprising a poly (T) sequence. In some embodiments, the 3’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence 3’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA, or a variant thereof. In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence 5’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA or a variant thereof, and the 3’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence 3’ to the same nucleic acid encoding the naturally occurring tRNA or a variant thereof.
[0014] In some embodiments, the naturally occurring tRNA from which the 5’ flanking sequence and / or from which the 3’ flanking sequence is derived is selected from the group consisting of tRNA-Arg-TCT-1-1, tRNA-Ala-AGC-2-1, tRNA-Ala-TGC-3-1, tRNA-Asn-GTT-1-1, tRNA-Asp-GTC-2-9, tRNA-Glu-CTC-1-1, tRNA-Glu-TTC-2-2, tRNA-Gly-CCC-2-1, tRNA-Gly-GCC-2-6, tRNA-Leu-AAG-2-4, tRNA-Leu-CAG-1-7, tRNA-Lys-CTT-2-1, tRNA-Pro-AGG-2-6, tRNA-Pro-AGG-2-7, tRNA-Pro-AGG-2-8, tRNA-Pro-TGG-2-1, tRNA-Pro-TGG-3-1, tRNA-Ser-AGA-2-3, tRNA-Ser-AGA-2-6, tRNA-Thr-TGT-3-1, tRNA-Tyr-GTA-5-5, tRNA-Val-AAC-1-4, tRNA-Val-CAC-1-6, tRNA-Arg-CCG-2-1, tRNA-Gln-TTG-1-1, tRNA-Leu-TAA-1-1, tRNA-Trp-CCA-2-1, tRNA-Tyr-GTA-1-1, tRNA-Tyr-GTA-2-1, tRNA-Glu-CTC-1-3, tRNA-Arg-TCT-3-1, tRNA-Ile-TAT-2-1, tRNA-Thr-CGT-4-1, tRNA-Thr-CGT-2-1, tRNA-Asn-GTT-2-4, tRNA-Asp-GTC-2-2, tRNA-Leu-CAG-1-2, tRNA-Gly-TCC-4-1, tRNA-Gly-TCC-2-2, tRNA-Cys-GCA-1-1, tRNA-Cys-GCA-9-2, tRNA-Gln-TTG-3-3, tRNA-Cys-GCA-10-1, tRNA-Arg-TCT-4-1, tRNA-Cys-GCA-9-1, tRNA-Cys-GCA-21-1, tRNA-His-GTG-1-6, tRNA-Cys-GCA-23-1, and tRNA-Cys-GCA-15-1. In some embodiments, the naturally occurring tRNA from which the 5’ flanking sequence and / or from which the 3’ flanking sequence is derived is selected from the group consisting of tRNA-Arg-TCT-1-1, tRNA-Ala-TGC-3-1, tRNA-Gly-CCC-2-1, tRNA-Leu-AAG-2-4, tRNA-Leu-CAG-1-7, tRNA-Pro-TGG-2-1, tRNA-Arg-CCG-2-1, tRNA-Gln-TTG-1-1, tRNA-Leu-TAA-1-1, tRNA-Trp-CCA-2-1, tRNA-Tyr-GTA-1-1, tRNA-Tyr-GTA-2-1, tRNA-Arg-TCT-3-1, tRNA-Ile-TAT-2-1, tRNA-Thr-CGT-2-1, tRNA-Asn-GTT-2-4, tRNA-Cys-GCA-1-1, tRNA-Cys-GCA-9-2, tRNA-Gln-TTG-3-3, tRNA-Arg-TCT-4-1, tRNA-Cys-GCA-9-1, tRNA-Cys-GCA-21-1, tRNA-His-GTG-1-6, tRNA-Cys-GCA-23-1, and tRNA-Cys-GCA-15-1. In some embodiments, the naturally occurring tRNA from which the 5’ flanking sequence and / or from which the 3’ flanking sequence is derived is selected from the group consisting of tRNA-Glu-CTC-2-1, tRNA-Ser-TGA-2-1, and tRNA-Val-TAC-2-1. In some embodiments, the naturally occurring tRNA is selected from the group consisting of tRNA-Arg-TCT-1-1, tRNA-Ala-AGC-2-1, tRNA-Ala-TGC-3-1, tRNA-Asn-GTT-1-1, tRNA-Asp-GTC-2-9, tRNA-Glu-CTC-1-1, tRNA-Glu-TTC-2-2, tRNA-Gly-CCC-2-1, tRNA-Gly-GCC-2-6, tRNA-Leu-AAG-2-4, tRNA-Leu-CAG-1-7, tRNA-Lys-CTT-2-1, tRNA-Pro-AGG-2-6, tRNA-Pro-AGG-2-7, tRNA-Pro-AGG-2-8, tRNA-Pro-TGG-2-1, tRNA-Pro-TGG-3-1, tRNA-Ser-AGA-2-3, tRNA-Ser-AGA-2-6, tRNA-Thr-TGT-3-1, tRNA-Tyr-GTA-5-5, tRNA-Val-AAC-1-4, tRNA-Val-CAC-1-6, tRNA-Arg-CCG-2-1, tRNA-Gln-TTG-1-1, tRNA-Leu-TAA-1-1, tRNA-Trp-CCA-2-1, tRNA-Tyr-GTA-1-1, tRNA-Tyr-GTA-2-1, tRNA-Glu-CTC-1-3, tRNA-Arg-TCT-3-1, tRNA-Ile-TAT-2-1, tRNA-Thr-CGT-4-1, tRNA-Thr-CGT-2-1, tRNA-Asn-GTT-2-4, tRNA-Asp-GTC-2-2, tRNA-Leu-CAG-1-2, tRNA-Gly-TCC-4-1, tRNA-Gly-TCC-2-2, tRNA-Cys-GCA-1-1, tRNA-Cys-GCA-9-2, tRNA-Gln-TTG-3-3, tRNA-Cys-GCA-10-1, tRNA-Arg-TCT-4-1, tRNA-Cys-GCA-9-1, tRNA-Cys-GCA-21-1, tRNA-His-GTG-1-6, tRNA-Cys-GCA-23-1, and tRNA-Cys-GCA-15-1.
[0015] In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence is at least about 300 nucleotides long, or at least about 1000 nucleotides long. In some embodiments, the 3’ flanking sequence is at least about 30 nucleotides long, at least about 300 nucleotides long, or at least about 1000 nucleotides long. In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence has GC content of at least about 30%, preferably at least about 50%. In some embodiments, the 3’ flanking sequence has GC content of at least about 15%, preferably at least about 30%. In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence is at least about 33 nucleotides long, at least about 50 nucleotides long, at least about 1445 nucleotides long, or at least about 1455 nucleotides long. In some embodiments, the 3’ flanking sequence is at least about 33 nucleotides long, at least about 50 nucleotides long, at least about 1445 nucleotides long, or at least about 1455 nucleotides long. In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 90%identical to a 5’ flanking sequence present in any of SEQ ID NOs: 5-27 and 41-64. In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 90%identical to a 5’ flanking sequence present in any of SEQ ID NOs: 5-64 and 84-118. In some embodiments, the 3’ flanking sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 90%identical to a 3’ flanking sequence present in any of SEQ ID NOs: 5-27 and 41-64. In some embodiments, the 3’ flanking sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 90%identical to a 3’ flanking sequence present in any of SEQ ID NOs: 5-64 and 84-118.
[0016] In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence 5’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA. In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence, wherein the naturally occurring flanking sequence is present at a genomic locus immediately 5’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA. In some embodiments, the 3’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence 3’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA. In some embodiments, the 3’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence, wherein the naturally occurring flanking sequence is present at a genomic locus immediately 3’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA. In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence comprises a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence 5’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA. In some embodiments, the 3’ flanking sequence comprises a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence 3’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA. In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence comprises a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence, wherein the naturally occurring flanking sequence is present at a genomic locus immediately 5’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA. In some embodiments, the 3’ flanking sequence comprises a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence, wherein the naturally occurring flanking sequence is present at a genomic locus immediately 3’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA. In some embodiments, the variant of the naturally occurring sequence comprises one or more mutations that reduce the immunogenicity of the flanking sequence. In some embodiments, the variant of the naturally occurring sequence comprises one or more mutations that reduce the immunogenicity and / or CpG dinucleotide count of the flanking sequence. In some embodiments, the one or more mutations that reduce the immunogenicity of the flanking sequence comprises a mutation at a CpG site. In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence and / or the 3’ flanking sequence has a CpG dinucleotide count of about 15 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 10 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 7 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 5 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 3 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, or 0 CpG dinucleotides. In some embodiments, the engineered tRNA encoded in the DNA construct is a suppressor tRNA. In some embodiments, the suppressor tRNA comprises a tri-nucleotide anticodon. In some embodiments, the anticodon is 5’ -UCA-3’ and recognizes a UGA / TGA stop codon. In some embodiments, the anticodon is 5’ -CUA-3’ and recognizes a UAG / TAG stop codon. In some embodiments, the suppressor tRNA has a nucleotide sequence that is at least about 85%identical to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NOs: 74-79. In some embodiments, the suppressor tRNA has a nucleotide sequence that is at least about 85%identical to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-2 and 74-79. In some embodiments, the suppressor tRNA contains no more than about 12 nucleotide substitutions relative to SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NOs: 74-79. In some embodiments, the suppressor tRNA contains no more than about 12 nucleotide substitutions relative to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-2 and 74-79. In some embodiments, the suppressor tRNA has a nucleotide sequence that is identical to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NOs: 74-79. In some embodiments, the suppressor tRNA has a nucleotide sequence that is identical to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-2 and 74-79.
[0017] In some embodiments, the DNA construct, when introduced into a cell, results in a higher or comparable expression level of the engineered tRNA compared to a DNA construct comprising a 5’ flanking sequence containing an RNA polymerase III promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the engineered tRNA. In some embodiments, the suppressor tRNA produced by the construct shows enhanced or similar readthrough efficiency compared to the same suppressor tRNA produced by a control construct comprising a 5’ flanking sequence containing an RNA polymerase III promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the suppressor tRNA. In some embodiments, the DNA construct is a viral vector. In some embodiments, the viral vector is an adenoviral vector, an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector, or a lentiviral vector. In some embodiments, the vector is an AAV 2 / 5 vector, an AAV 2 / 6 vector, an AAV 2 / 7 vector, an AAV 2 / 8 vector, or an AAV 2 / 9 vector. In some embodiments, the vector is an AAV 2 / 2 vector, an AAV 2 / 5 vector, an AAV 2 / 6 vector, an AAV 2 / 7 vector, an AAV 2 / 8 vector, or an AAV 2 / 9 vector. In some embodiments, the vector is an AAV 2 / 2 vector, an AAV 2 / 5 vector, an AAV 2 / 6 vector, an AAV 2 / 7 vector, an AAV 2 / 8 vector, or an AAV 2 / 9 vector, or a recombinant AAV (rAAV) vector. In some embodiments, the DNA construct is a plasmid.
[0018] In some embodiments, the DNA construct further comprises one or more nucleic acids encoding a small RNA, wherein the one or more nucleic acids encoding the small RNA are between the 5’ and 3’ flanking sequences. In some embodiments, each of the one or more nucleic acids encoding a small RNA is flanked by a first nucleic acid encoding a tRNA and a second nucleic acid encoding a tRNA.
[0019] Another aspect of the present application provides a method of increasing expression of a small RNA, comprising expressing the small RNA from the DNA construct of any one of the preceding embodiments.
[0020] Another aspect of the present application provides a host cell. In some embodiments, the host cell comprises the DNA construct of any of the preceding embodiments.
[0021] Another aspect of the present application provides a pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises the DNA construct of any of the preceding embodiments, further including a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0022] Another aspect of the present application provides a method of synthesizing an engineered tRNA. In some embodiments, the method of synthesizing an engineered tRNA comprises causing the DNA construct in the host cell of any preceding embodiment to undergo transcription.
[0023] Another aspect of the present application provides a method of restoring translation of a coding nucleic acid of interest. In some embodiments, the method of restoring translation of a coding nucleic acid of interest containing a premature stop codon in a cell comprises introducing to the cell the DNA construct of any preceding embodiment, wherein the suppressor tRNA produced by the DNA construct recognizes and reads through the premature stop codon, thereby restoring translation of the coding nucleic acid of interest containing the premature stop codon. In some embodiments, the method’s suppressor tRNA restores at least 5%of production of a full-length protein encoded by the coding nucleic acid of interest containing a premature stop codon relative to a corresponding nucleic acid not containing the premature stop codon.
[0024] Another aspect of the present application provides a method of treating a disease associated with a premature stop codon in an individual. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to the individual an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition including the DNA construct of any preceding embodiment. In some embodiments, the disease associated with the premature stop codon is cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, Alport syndrome, Rett syndrome, Hunter syndrome, Hurler syndrome, Stargardt disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, β-thalassemia, or Liddle’s syndrome. In some embodiments, the individual is human. In some embodiments, the individual is a human or a mouse.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0025] The drawings illustrate certain features and advantages of this disclosure. These embodiments are not intended to limit the scope of the appended claims in any manner.
[0026] FIGS 1A-1C show the structure and initial relative luminescence results for an exemplary engineered suppressor tRNA that may be expressed by the DNA constructs provided herein, designated “R3-147” . FIG. 1A shows schematic of the secondary structure of an exemplary engineered suppressor tRNA that may be expressed by the DNA constructs provided herein and that were used in the experiments described in Example 1. tRNA R3-147 (corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1) was engineered from intron-spliced (i.e., with intron sequences removed) human tRNA Arg-TCT-1-1 (HGNC: 34695) . The diagram displays the relative positions of adenine (A) , guanine (G) , cytosine (C) , and uracil (U) , with dots indicating base pairing and numbers denoting the Sprinzl positions within the sequence. For engineered tRNA, the T-arm is shown to the right, the D-arm is shown to the left, the anticodon arm is shown at the bottom (with the tri-nucleotide anticodon comprising the three bases at the bottom of schematic and underlined) , and the acceptor arm is shown at top. tRNA R3-147 has the same sequence as intron-spliced human tRNA Arg-TCT-1-1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) except that R3-147 has a UCA anticodon instead of the UCU anticodon present in human tRNA Arg-TCT-1-1.
[0027] FIG. 1B shows schematic of NanoLuc luciferase construct used to screen engineered suppressor tRNA R3-147 on PTC suppression efficiency. The NanoLuc luciferase assay was carried out on cell lines stably expressing the construct and involved in rescue of production and activity of full-length luciferase by suppressor tRNA. The rectangle labeled “NanoLuc” depicts a modified Luciferase protein coding gene (Promega, Madison, Wisconsin, USA) containing a TGA stop codon (labeled “PTC (TGA) ” ) after base pair position 195. The rectangles with hatched shading on the left and right ends of the luciferase depict a GS (Glycine and Serine) linker, and the rectangles shaded with circles or plus signs represent 3x Myc or 3x FLAG tags on the N-and C-termini, respectively, of the luciferase, for protein pull-down assays and further mass spectrometric analyses. The vertical line within luciferase depicts the position at which translation would be terminated due to a PTC in the mRNA (not pictured) if the suppressor tRNA being screened did not effectively suppress the PTC.
[0028] FIG. 1C shows result of NanoLuc luciferase assay that transfected the DNA construct comprising the suppressor tRNA expression cassette U6-147 (expressing suppressor tRNA R3-147 from a U6 promoter) into NanoLuc reporter cell line Luc_V2_R3, as described in Example 1. The DNA construct comprising expression cassette U6-Scr (expressing scramble sequence from a U6 promoter) was used as a negative control. The tested U6 expression cassettes are indicated on the x-axes. The measured luciferase activity in relative luminescence unit (RLU) is indicated on the y-axes. Error bars indicate the standard deviation of biological triplicates.
[0029] FIGS. 2A-2B show an exemplary DNA construct schematic (FIG. 2A) and NanoLuc luciferase assay results (FIG. 2B) for exemplary expression cassettes for engineered suppressor tRNA R3-147. FIG. 2A shows a schematic of the “147-F” series of tRNA expression cassettes generated as described in Example 1 (expression cassettes 147-F1 to 147-F23, as shown in Table 3) . All expression cassettes of this series included the engineered suppressor tRNA gene R3-147 ( “sup-tRNA R3-147” ) flanked by a 351 bp 5’ flanking sequence (labeled “upstream” ) and a 351 bp 3’ flanking sequence (labeled “downstream” ) , which were both derived from naturally occurring sequences surrounding a naturally occurring tRNA gene (see Table 1 and Table 2) . FIG. 2B shows the results of NanoLuc luciferase assays that used the plasmids of the 147-F series’ expression cassettes transfected into NanoLuc reporter cell line Luc_V2_R3. The tested 147-F expression cassettes are listed along the x-axis. The fold change of relative luminescence units measured in cell line transfected with 147-F series’ expression cassettes in comparison to cell line transfected with expression cassette U6-147 is indicated on the y-axis. The horizontal dotted line indicates a fold-change of 1. Error bars indicate the standard deviation of biological triplicates.
[0030] FIGS. 3A-3B show an exemplary DNA construct schematic (FIG. 3A) and NanoLuc luciferase assay results (FIG. 3B) for exemplary long-flanked expression cassettes for engineered suppressor tRNA R3-147, each compared to the corresponding 147-F series (shown in FIG. 2) . FIG. 3A shows schematics of both the 147-F series (top panel) described in FIG. 2A and the long-flanked (LF) suppressor tRNAs “147-LF” series of tRNA expression cassettes (bottom panel) generated as described in Example 1. Both constructs included the engineered suppressor tRNA gene R3-147 ( “sup-tRNA R3-147” ) ; the 147-F series included a 351 bp 5’ flanking sequence (labeled “upstream” ) and a 351 bp 3’ flanking sequence (labeled “downstream” ) derived from naturally occurring sequences surrounding a naturally occurring tRNA gene, and the 147-LF series included a 1115 bp 5’ flanking sequence (labeled “upstream” ) and a 1000 bp 3’ flanking sequence (labeled “downstream” ) derived from the naturally occurring tRNAs used in 147-F1, 147-F3, 147-F10, 147-F11 and 147-F16. FIG. 3B shows the results of NanoLuc luciferase assays that used reporter cell line Luc_V2_R3 transfected with long-flanked suppressor tRNA expression cassettes listed along the x-axis. The 147-F series counterparts of the measured 147-LF series are plotted next to each LF construct along the x-axis. The fold change of relative luminescence units measured in cell lines transfected with 147-F series expression cassettes and their 147-LF counterpart expression cassettes in comparison to a cell line transfected with expression cassette 147-F1 is indicated on the y-axis. Error bars indicate the standard deviation of biological triplicates. The horizontal dotted line represents a fold change of 1. The vertical dotted lines divide the bar plot into pairs of 147-LF series constructs and each construct’s 147-F series counterpart. U6-Scr represents a negative control.
[0031] FIGS. 4A-4B show an exemplary DNA construct schematic (FIG. 4A) and NanoLuc luciferase assay results (FIG. 4B) for exemplary expression cassettes. FIG. 4A shows schematics of the precursor tRNA expression cassette 147-M28 and generated series of modified expression cassettes. The flanked suppressor tRNA expression cassette 147-M28 (Table 3) , used as a precursor, comprised the engineered suppressor tRNA gene R3-147, and a 350 bp 5’ flanking sequence (labeled “upstream” ) and a 350 bp 3’ flanking sequence (labeled “downstream” ) derived from naturally occurring sequences surrounding the naturally occurring tRNA Arg-TCT-1-1 gene (HGNC: 34695) . The black box represents the engineered suppressor tRNA R3-147. Generated expression cassettes, named 147-M29 to 147-M40, are illustrated in successive rows from top to bottom. The grey boxes to either side of tRNA gene R3-147 in 147-M29 to 147-M40 expression cassettes represent the 5’ flanking sequence (labelled “upstream” ) and 3’ flanking sequence (labelled “downstream” ) . Each flanking sequence’s respective length is listed adjacent to each representative grey box. Beginning with the flanking sequences of 147-M28, and for each successive expression cassette, 50bp nucleotides were trimmed from either the 5’ or the 3’ end of the flanking sequences.FIG. 4B shows the results of NanoLuc luciferase assays that used reporter cell line Luc_V2_R3, transfected with either modified suppressor tRNA expression cassettes or precursor 147-M28, listed along the x-axis. The fold change of relative luminescence units measured in cell line transfected with 147-M28 and its derived expression cassettes in comparison to cell line transfected with the expression cassette U6-147 is indicated on the y-axis. Error bars indicate the standard deviation of biological triplicates. The horizontal dotted line represents a fold change of 1. The vertical dotted lines divide the bar plot into groups of modified expression cassettes with trimmed upstream flanking sequences or trimmed downstream flanking sequences. U6-Scr represents a negative control.
[0032] FIGS. 5A-5D show next generation sequencing results of suppressor tRNA R3-147 expression (FIG. 5A) and endogenous tRNAome homeostasis (FIGS. 5B-5D) . FIG. 5A shows the detected total reads of suppressor tRNA R3-147 (left panel) and the naturally occurring tRNA Arg-TCT-1-1 from which it originated (right panel) , with the Sprinzl position from the 5’ to 3’ end of the tRNA plotted along the x-axes, and normalized total read counts plotted along the y-axes. The reporter cell line Luc_V2_R3 transfected with suppressor tRNA expression cassettes U6-147, 147-LF1, and U6-Scr are indicated by the solid grey line, the black line, and the light grey dotted line, respectively. FIGS. 5B-5D compare the expression level of tRNAs between cell lines transfected with U6-Scr (plotted along all x-axes) and either U6-147 (plotted along left panels’ y-axes) or 147-LF1 (plotted along right panels’ y-axes) . Total normalized read counts are indicated in each axis in each of FIGS. 5B-5D in log10 format. The calculated Pearson correlation for each correlation is included in the top left of each panel for each of FIGS. 5B-5D. FIG. 5B illustrates analysis of all cytoplasmic tRNAs; FIG. 5C illustrates analysis of all cytoplasmic tRNAs on isodecoder level; and FIG. 5D illustrates analysis of all cytoplasmic tRNAs on isoacceptor level.
[0033] FIGS. 6A-6C show the structure and initial relative luminescence results for an exemplary engineered suppressor tRNA that may be expressed by the DNA constructs provided herein, designated “R2-159” . FIG. 6A shows schematic of the secondary structure of an exemplary engineered suppressor tRNA that may be expressed by the DNA constructs provided herein and that were used in the experiments described in Example 2. tRNA R2-159 (corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 2) was engineered from intron-spliced human tRNA Tyr-GTA-1-1 (HGNC: 34835) . The diagram displays the relative positions of adenine (A) , guanine (G) , cytosine (C) , and uracil (U) , with dots indicating base pairing and numbers denoting the Sprinzl positions within the sequence. For engineered tRNA, the T-arm is shown to the right, the D-arm is shown to the left, the anticodon arm is shown at the bottom (with the tri-nucleotide anticodon comprising the three bases at the bottom of schematic and underlined) , and the acceptor arm is shown at top. tRNA R2-159 has the same sequence as intron-spliced human tRNA Tyr-GTA-1-1 (SEQ ID NO: 4) except that R2-159 has a CUA anticodon instead of the GUA anticodon present in human tRNA Tyr-GTA-1-1.
[0034] FIG. 6B shows schematic of NanoLuc luciferase construct used to screen engineered suppressor tRNAs R2-159 on PTC suppression efficiency. The NanoLuc luciferase assay was carried out on cell lines stably expressing the construct and involved in rescue of production and activity of full-length luciferase by suppressor tRNA. The rectangle labeled “NanoLuc” depicts a modified Luciferase protein coding gene (Promega, Madison, Wisconsin, USA) containing a TAG stop codon (labeled “PTC (TAG) ” ) after base pair position 195. The rectangles with hatched shading on the left and right ends of the luciferase depict a GS (Glycine and Serine) linker, and the rectangles shaded with circles or plus signs represent 3x Myc or 3x FLAG tags on the N-and C-termini, respectively, of the luciferase, for protein pull-down assays and further mass spectrometric analyses. The vertical line within luciferase depicts the position at which translation would be terminated due to a PTC in the mRNA (not pictured) if the suppressor tRNA being screened did not effectively suppress the PTC.
[0035] FIG. 6C shows result of NanoLuc luciferase assay that transfected the DNA construct comprising the suppressor tRNA expression cassette U6-159 (expressing suppressor tRNA R2-159 from a U6 promoter) into NanoLuc reporter cell line Luc_V2_R2, as described in Example 2.The DNA construct comprising expression cassette U6-Scr (expressing scramble sequence from a U6 promoter) was used as a negative control. The tested U6 expression cassettes are indicated on the x-axes. The measured luciferase activity in relative luminescence unit (RLU) is indicated on the y-axes. Error bars indicate the standard deviation of biological triplicates.
[0036] FIGS. 7A-7C show an exemplary DNA construct schematic (FIG. 7A) , schematics for a series of exemplary short-flanked expression cassettes for engineered suppressor tRNA R2-159, each cassette varying in flanking sequences (FIG. 7B) , and NanoLuc luciferase assay results (FIG. 7C) for exemplary short-flanked expression cassettes for engineered suppressor tRNA R2-159 (Table 6) , each compared to the corresponding 159-LF series (shown in FIG. 7A) FIG. 7A shows an exemplary DNA construct schematic for exemplary long-flanked expression cassettes for engineered suppressor tRNA R2-159 (Table 6) . The schematic shows the long-flanked (LF) suppressor tRNAs “159-LF” series of tRNA expression cassettes generated as described in Example 2 for engineered suppressor tRNA R2-159. The 159-LF series construct included the engineered suppressor tRNA gene R2-159 ( “sup-tRNA R2-159” ) , a 1115 bp 5’ flanking sequence (labeled “upstream” ) and a 1000 bp 3’ flanking sequence (labeled “downstream” ) derived from naturally occurring sequences surrounding a naturally occurring tRNA gene.
[0037] FIG. 7B shows schematics of five short-flanked (SF) suppressor tRNA expression cassettes, “159-SF29” , “159-SF30” , “159-SF32, “159-SF34” , and “159-SF35” , generated as described in Example 2 for engineered suppressor tRNA R2-159. Each construct included the engineered suppressor tRNA gene R2-159 ( “sup-tRNA R2-159” ) ; the construct 159-SF29 included a 295 bp 5’ flanking sequence (labeled “upstream” ) and a 107 bp 3’ flanking sequence (labeled “downstream” ) derived from the naturally occurring tRNAs used in 159-LF29; the construct 159-SF30 series included a 369 bp 5’ flanking sequence (labeled “upstream” ) and a 33 bp 3’ flanking sequence (labeled “downstream” ) derived from the naturally occurring tRNAs used in 159-LF30; the construct 159-SF32 series included a 355 bp 5’ flanking sequence (labeled “upstream” ) and a 47 bp 3’ flanking sequence (labeled “downstream” ) derived from the naturally occurring tRNAs used in 159-LF32; the construct 159-SF34 series included a 365 bp 5’ flanking sequence (labeled “upstream” ) and a 37 bp 3’ flanking sequence (labeled “downstream” ) derived from the naturally occurring tRNAs used in 159-LF34; the construct 159-SF35 series included a 363 bp 5’ flanking sequence (labeled “upstream” ) and a 39 bp 3’ flanking sequence (labeled “downstream” ) derived from the naturally occurring tRNAs used in 159-LF35.
[0038] FIG. 7C shows the results of NanoLuc luciferase assays that used reporter cell lines Luc_V2_R2 transfected with short-flanked suppressor tRNA expression cassettes listed along the x-axis. The 159-LF series counterparts of the measured 159-SF series are plotted next to each SF construct along the x-axis. The measured luciferase activity in relative luminescence units compared in fold-change to the luminescence of expression cassette U6-159 is indicated on the y-axis. Error bars indicate the standard deviation of biological triplicates. The horizontal dotted line represents a fold change of 1. The vertical dotted lines divide the bar plot into pairs of 159-SF series constructs and each construct’s 159-LF series counterpart. U6-Scr represents a negative control.
[0039] FIGS. 8A-8F illustrate secondary structure schematics for a series of additional exemplary engineered suppressor tRNAs, which can be expressed by the DNA constructs described herein. FIG. 8A illustrates the secondary structure schematic of the engineered suppressor tRNA 147R3M19 (SEQ ID NO: 74) , which can be expressed by the DNA constructs described herein and was used in some of the experiments detailed in the Examples. The diagram displays the relative positions of adenine (A) , guanine (G) , cytosine (C) , and uracil (U) , with dots indicating base pairing and numbers denoting the Sprinzl positions within the sequence. The tri-nucleotide anticodon, situated at the bottom of the schematic, is underlined. Modifications relative to the template suppressor tRNA R3-147 are enclosed in frames.
[0040] FIG. 8B illustrates the secondary structure schematic of the engineered suppressor tRNA 147R3M20 (SEQ ID NO: 75) , which can be expressed by the DNA constructs described herein and was used in some of the experiments detailed in the Examples. The diagram displays the relative positions of adenine (A) , guanine (G) , cytosine (C) , and uracil (U) , with dots indicating base pairing and numbers denoting the Sprinzl positions within the sequence. The tri-nucleotide anticodon, situated at the bottom of the schematic, is underlined. Modifications relative to the template suppressor tRNA R3-147 are enclosed in frames.
[0041] FIG. 8C illustrates the secondary structure schematic of the engineered suppressor tRNA 147R3M23 (SEQ ID NO: 76) , which can be expressed by the DNA constructs described herein and was used in some of the experiments detailed in the Examples. The diagram displays the relative positions of adenine (A) , guanine (G) , cytosine (C) , and uracil (U) , with dots indicating base pairing and numbers denoting the Sprinzl positions within the sequence. The tri-nucleotide anticodon, situated at the bottom of the schematic, is underlined. Modifications relative to the template suppressor tRNA R3-147 are enclosed in frames.
[0042] FIG. 8D illustrates the secondary structure schematic of the engineered suppressor tRNA 147R3M53 (SEQ ID NO: 77) , which can be expressed by the DNA constructs described herein and was used in some of the experiments detailed in the Examples. The diagram displays the relative positions of adenine (A) , guanine (G) , cytosine (C) , and uracil (U) , with dots indicating base pairing and numbers denoting the Sprinzl positions within the sequence. The tri-nucleotide anticodon, situated at the bottom of the schematic, is underlined. Modifications relative to the template suppressor tRNA R3-147 are enclosed in frames.
[0043] FIG. 8E illustrates the secondary structure schematic of the engineered suppressor tRNA 147R3M54 (SEQ ID NO: 78) , which can be expressed by the DNA constructs described herein and was used in some of the experiments detailed in the Examples. The diagram displays the relative positions of adenine (A) , guanine (G) , cytosine (C) , and uracil (U) , with dots indicating base pairing and numbers denoting the Sprinzl positions within the sequence. The tri-nucleotide anticodon, situated at the bottom of the schematic, is underlined. Modifications relative to the template suppressor tRNA R3-147 are enclosed in frames.
[0044] FIG. 8F illustrates the secondary structure schematic of the engineered suppressor tRNA 147R3M64 (SEQ ID NO: 79) , which can be expressed by the DNA constructs described herein and was used in some of the experiments detailed in the Examples. The diagram displays the relative positions of adenine (A) , guanine (G) , cytosine (C) , and uracil (U) , with dots indicating base pairing and numbers denoting the Sprinzl positions within the sequence. The tri-nucleotide anticodon, situated at the bottom of the schematic, is underlined. Modifications relative to the template suppressor tRNA R3-147 are enclosed in frames.
[0045] FIG. 9 displays the results of NanoLuc luciferase assays performed using plasmids containing high GC content expression cassettes, which were transfected into the NanoLuc reporter cell line Luc_V2_R3. The x-axis lists the tested expression cassettes, while the y-axis represents the fold change in relative luminescence units compared to the U6-147M54 expression cassette. A horizontal dotted line marks a fold change of 1. Error bars represent the standard deviation from biological triplicates.
[0046] FIG. 10 displays the results of NanoLuc luciferase assays using plasmids with expression cassettes containing a reduced number of CpG dinucleotides, transfected into the NanoLuc reporter cell line Luc_V2_R3. The x-axis lists the tested expression cassettes, while the y-axis indicates the fold change in relative luminescence units compared to the U6-147M53 expression cassette. A horizontal dotted line marks a fold change of 1. Error bars represent the standard deviation from biological triplicates.
[0047] FIG. 11 displays the results of NanoLuc luciferase assays performed using plasmids containing shortened expression cassettes, which were transfected into the NanoLuc reporter cell line Luc_V2_R3. The x-axis lists the tested expression cassettes, while the y-axis represents the fold change in relative luminescence units compared to the U6-147M54 expression cassette. A horizontal dotted line marks a fold change of 1. Error bars represent the standard deviation from biological triplicates.
[0048] FIGS. 12A-12B show a schematic of the engineered tRNA expression cassette “SF1C” (FIG. 12A) and results of NanoLuc luciferase assays that used the SF1C cassette structure with a selection of the exemplary engineered suppressor tRNAs shown in FIGS. 8A-8F (FIG. 12B) . FIG. 12A presents a schematic representation of the engineered tRNA expression cassette, SF1C, where the engineered tRNA is flanked by a 300-bp upstream sequence and a 100-bp downstream sequence, both sourced from the natural genomic regions surrounding the human tRNA Arg-TCT-1-1 gene (HGNC: 34695) .
[0049] FIG. 12B shows the results of NanoLuc luciferase assays conducted using plasmids containing the SF1C cassette, which incorporates various engineered suppressor tRNAs. These plasmids were transfected into the NanoLuc reporter cell line, Luc_V2_R3. The x-axis lists the tested expression cassettes, while the y-axis shows the fold change in relative luminescence units compared to the corresponding U6 expression cassette. Error bars represent the standard deviation from biological triplicates.
[0050] FIG. 13 presents Western blot analyses of rescued full-length ABCA4 expression (upper band) and the loading control beta-actin expression (lower band) in HEK293T cells co-transfected with two plasmids: one encoding the human ABCA4 gene with PTCs and the other containing suppressor tRNA expression cassettes. PTC mutations were introduced into the ABCA4 gene, converting an arginine codon to a stop codon (TGA / UGA) at positions 681 ( “R681*” , upper panel) and 2030 ( “R2030*” , lower panel) within the resulting ABCA4 protein sequence. The suppressor tRNA expression cassettes express 147M20, 147M53, 147M54, and 147M64, embedded in the SF1C cassette, as well as R3-147 in the U6 expression cassette. Cells without plasmid transfection served as a blank control, while cells transfected with the ABCA4 WT gene expression plasmid were used as a positive control. Negative controls included cells transfected with the PTC-containing ABCA4 gene expression plasmid alone or co-transfected with a plasmid expressing U6-Scr. Cells co-transfected with the PTC-containing ABCA4 gene expression plasmid and a plasmid containing the U6-147 cassette served as a reference.
[0051] FIG. 14 presents Western blot analyses of rescued full-length MeCP2 expression (upper band) and the loading control beta-actin expression (lower band) in HEK293T cells co-transfected with two plasmids: one encoding the human MeCP2 gene with PTCs and the other containing suppressor tRNA expression cassettes. PTC mutations were introduced into the MeCP2 gene, converting an arginine codon to a stop codon (TGA / UGA) at positions 168 ( “R168*” , upper left panel) , 255 ( “R255*” , upper right panel) , 270 ( “R270*” , lower left panel) and 294 ( “R294*” , lower right panel) within the resulting MeCP2 protein sequence. A Myc tag was fused to the C-terminus of the MeCP2 gene in the plasmids for easier detection. The suppressor tRNA expression cassettes express 147 (R3-147) , 147M20, 147M53, and 147M64, all embedded in the SF1C cassette. Cells transfected with the MeCP2 WT gene expression plasmid served as a positive control, while cells co-transfected with the PTC-containing MeCP2 gene expression plasmid and a plasmid containing U6-Scr served as the negative control.
[0052] FIGS. 15A-15B illustrate the results of PTC readthrough assessments in X-linked Alport syndrome-associated PTC mutants of the COL4A5 gene, following treatment with lentivirus (denoted as “LV” in the bar plots) containing various suppressor tRNA expression cassettes. PTC mutations were introduced into the A549 cell line, leading to the conversion of an arginine codon into a stop codon TGA / UGA at positions 373 ( “R373*” , FIG. 15A, left panel) and 1563 ( “R1563*” , FIG. 15A, right panel) within the COL4A5 protein sequence. In FIG. 15A, RT-qPCR results show the relative COL4A5 mRNA levels in COL4A5 PTC cell lines treated with lentivirus containing different engineered suppressor tRNAs (R3-147, 147M20, 147M53, 147M54) embedded in the SF1C cassette (schematic shown in FIG. 12A) , as indicated on the x-axis. COL4A5 mRNA levels in each sample were normalized to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA and expressed as fold changes relative to the WT sample (A549 cells) on the y-axis. “Blank” represents a negative control in which PTC cells were not treated with lentivirus. Error bars indicate the standard deviation from biological triplicates. FIG. 15B shows the integrated density of the COL4A5 signal, normalized to cell count, from immunofluorescence analysis, demonstrating the restoration of full-length COL4A5 protein in the COL4A5 R373*PTC cell line treated with lentivirus containing different engineered suppressor tRNAs embedded in the SF1C cassette, as indicated on the x-axis. “Blank” refers to a negative control where PTC cells were untreated with lentivirus. Additionally, cells treated with only the secondary antibody served as a control to confirm that the observed signal was not due to non-specific binding of the secondary antibody to the COL4A5 protein.
[0053] FIG. 16 presents the results of PTC readthrough assessments in Stargardt disease-associated PTC mutants of the ABCA4 gene after treatment with lentivirus (LV, as indicated in the bar plots) containing various suppressor tRNA expression cassettes. PTC mutations were introduced into the ARPE-19 cell line, converting an arginine codon into a stop codon (TGA / UGA) at positions 681 ( "R681*" , left panel) and 2030 ( "R2030*" , right panel) within the ABCA4 protein sequence. The RT-qPCR results display the relative ABCA4 mRNA levels in ABCA4 PTC cell lines treated with lentivirus carrying different engineered suppressor tRNAs (147M20, 147M53) embedded in the SF1C cassette (schematic shown in FIG. 12A) , as indicated on the x-axis. ABCA4 mRNA levels in each sample were normalized to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA and expressed as fold changes relative to the WT sample (ARPE-19 cells) on the y-axis. "Blank" represents a negative control in which PTC cells were not treated with lentivirus. ABCA4 PTC cell lines treated with lentivirus containing the U6-Scr expression cassette (LV-Scr-U6) served as an additional negative control. Error bars indicate the standard deviation from biological triplicates.
[0054] FIG. 17 presents the results of PTC readthrough assessments in a Rett syndrome-associated PTC mutant of the MeCP2 gene after treatment with lentivirus (LV, as indicated in the bar plots) containing various suppressor tRNA expression cassettes. A PTC mutation was introduced into the HCT-116 cell line, converting an arginine codon into a stop codon (TGA / UGA) at position 294 ( "R294*" ) within the MeCP2 protein sequence. Western blot analyses show rescued full-length MeCP2 expression (upper band) and the loading control GAPDH expression (lower band) in the MeCP2 PTC cell line treated with lentivirus carrying different engineered suppressor tRNAs (R3-147, 147M19, 147M20, 147M23, 147M53, 147M54, and 147M64) embedded in the SF1C cassette (schematic shown in FIG. 12A) . WT cells that were not treated with lentivirus served as a positive control, while MeCP2 PTC cell lines treated with lentivirus containing the U6-Scr expression cassette (LV-Scr-U6) served as a negative control.
[0055] FIGS. 18A-18E illustrate the construct schematic of recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) and the results of NanoLuc luciferase assays in the Luc-V2-R3 cell line transduced with AAV carrying suppressor tRNA expression cassettes. FIG. 18A presents the schematic of the ssAAV-2xSF1C (single-stranded AAV) vector, which contains, from left to right (5’ to 3’ direction) : an AAV2 inverted terminal repeat (ITR) , two identical copies of an SF1C cassette (including a 300-bp upstream flanking sequence, an engineered tRNA, and a 100-bp downstream flanking sequence, as shown in FIG. 12A) , the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) enhancer, the chicken β-actin promoter, the reporter gene mCherry, a poly (A) signal, and another AAV2 ITR. FIGS. 18B-18C present NanoLuc luciferase assay results (left panel) and transduction efficiency (right panel, determined by measuring the proportion of mCherry-expressing cells) for Luc-V2-R3 cells transduced with AAV carrying the suppressor tRNA expression cassette within the ssAAV-2xSF1C vector (FIG. 18A) . Various MOI (multiplicity of infection) gradients of AAV were tested, increasing from right to left on the x-axes. The y-axis of the left panel bar plot represents relative luminescence units, while the y-axis of the right panel bar plot represents the percentage of mCherry-positive cells. The strand type and serotype of the AAV are indicated at the bottom of the bar plots, including ssAAV2 / 2 (FIG. 18B) and ssAAV2 / 9 (FIG. 18C) . The suppressor tRNA expression cassette used in the assay carries suppressor tRNA 147M20 (FIGS. 18B-18C) . Error bars represent the standard deviation of biological triplicates. In FIG. 18B, the x-axis labels indicate: 'ssAAV2 / 2 147M20 SF1C', representing cells transduced with the ssAAV-2xSF1C construct (FIG. 18A) expressing suppressor tRNA 147M20. 'ssAAV2 / 2 mCherry', representing cells transduced with a construct lacking the SF1C cassettes, serving as a negative control. A blank is also included in FIG. 18B by treating the cells with water ('H2O') .
[0056] FIG. 18D depicts the schematic of the scAAV-1xSF1C (self-complementary AAV) vector, which consists of the following elements from left to right (5’ to 3’ direction) : an AAV2 ΔITR (a partially deleted ITR sequence) , a single SF1C cassette (comprising a 300-bp upstream flanking sequence, an engineered tRNA, and a 100-bp downstream flanking sequence, as shown in FIG. 12A) , the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) enhancer, the chicken β-actin promoter, the reporter gene mCherry, a poly (A) signal, and a standard AAV2 ITR. FIG. 18E presents NanoLuc luciferase assay results (left panel) and transduction efficiency (right panel, determined by measuring the proportion of mCherry-expressing cells) for Luc-V2-R3 cells transduced with AAV carrying the suppressor tRNA expression cassette in the scAAV-1xSF1C vector (FIG. 18D) . Various MOI (multiplicity of infection) gradients of AAV were tested, as indicated on the x-axes. The y-axis of the left panel bar plot represents relative luminescence units, while the y-axis of the right panel bar plot represents the percentage of mCherry-positive cells. The strand type and serotype of the AAV are specified at the bottom of the bar plot. The suppressor tRNA expression cassette used in the assay contains suppressor tRNA 147M53. Error bars indicate the standard deviation of biological triplicates.
[0057] FIG. 19 presents RT-qPCR results (left panel) and transduction efficiency (right panel, determined by measuring the proportion of mCherry-expressing cells) for ARPE-19 cells carrying the ABCA4 PTC R2030*mutation, transduced with AAV ssAAV2 / 2-147M20-SF1C, which contains the ssAAV-2xSF1C vector (FIG. 18A) expressing suppressor tRNA 147M20. The different AAVs used to transduce the ABCA4 PTC cell lines are indicated on the x-axes. In the left panel, ABCA4 mRNA levels in each sample were normalized to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA and expressed as fold changes relative to the WT sample (ARPE-19 cells) on the y-axis. The right panel displays the percentage of mCherry-positive cells on the y-axis. ABCA4 PTC cell lines transduced with AAV ssAAV2 / 2-ctrl, which lacks the 147M20-SF1C cassette, served as a negative control. Error bars represent the standard deviation of biological triplicates.
[0058] FIGS. 20A-20C illustrate significant changes in IDS activity and GAG content in the serum, urine, and various tissues of male mice with X-linked Hunter syndrome, injected with scAAV2 / 9-147M53-SF1C, which contains the scAAV-1XSF1C construct, as detailed in FIG. 18D. These mice carry an X-linked IDS PTC mutation at position 174 (lysine to stop codon TGA / UGA) (“K174*” ) within the IDS protein sequence. FIG. 20A presents changes in IDS activity in the serum of PTC mice at 2 weeks (left panel) and 4 weeks (right panel) post-injection. The x-axes indicate the different AAV constructs used for injection, while the y-axis represents IDS activity levels, normalized as a percentage relative to WT mice. IDS PTC mice injected with AAV scAAV2 / 9-ctrl, in which the U6-Scr expression cassette replaces the 147M53-SF1C cassette, served as a negative control, while WT mice (IDS-WT mouse) were used as s positive control. Error bars represent the standard deviation of biological replicates. FIG. 20B shows changes in GAG content in the urine of PTC mice at 2 weeks (left panel) and 4 weeks (right panel) post-injection. The x-axes indicate the different AAV constructs used for injection, while the y-axis represents the GAG content, normalized to creatinine levels and expressed as micrograms of GAG per milligram of creatinine (GAG mg / CR mg) . IDS PTC mice injected with AAV scAAV2 / 9-ctrl served as a negative control, while WT mice (IDS-WT mouse) were used as a positive control. Error bars represent the standard deviation of biological replicates. FIG. 20C displays changes in IDS activity (upper panel) and GAG content (lower panel) in various tissues of PTC mice 4 weeks post-injection. The x-axes indicate the different AAV constructs used for injection. In the upper panel, IDS activity levels are normalized as a percentage relative to WT mice and displayed on the y-axis. In the lower panel, tissue GAG content is normalized to protein content and expressed as micrograms of GAG per milligram of protein (GAG μg / protein mg) on the y-axis. IDS PTC mice injected with AAV scAAV2 / 9-ctrl served as a negative control, while WT mice (IDS-WT mouse) were used as a positive control. Error bars represent the standard deviation of biological replicates.
[0059] FIGS. 21A-21C illustrate the recovery of full-length ABCA4 protein in mice with Stargardt disease following injection with various AAV serotypes containing the scAAV-1XSF1C construct, as detailed in FIG. 18D. These mice carry an ABCA4 PTC mutation at position 681, where an arginine codon is replaced by a stop codon (TGA / UGA) ( “R681” ) within the ABCA4 protein sequence. FIG. 21A presents Western blot analyses of full-length ABCA4 protein restoration in the eye cup of ABCA4 PTC mice at 8 weeks post-injection with scAAV8-147M53-SF1C. The rescued full-length ABCA4 protein appears as the upper gel band, while the loading control, beta-actin, is shown in the lower gel band. "OD" (oculus dexter) refers to the right eye, and "OS" (oculus sinister) refers to the left eye. The line above OS / OD indicates whether the eyes belong to the same mouse. Eye samples from one mouse in each injection group were analyzed. ABCA4 PTC mice injected with AAV scAAV8-ctrl served as a negative control, while WT mice (ABCA4-WT) injected with AAV scAAV8-ctrl were used as a positive control. FIG. 21B presents Western blot analyses of full-length ABCA4 protein restoration in the eye cup of ABCA4 PTC mice at 4 weeks post-injection with scAAV2.7m8-147M53-SF1C at doses of 1.1E9 VG / eye and 3.3E9 VG / eye. The upper panel shows the rescued full-length ABCA4 protein as the upper gel band, with beta-actin as the loading control in the lower gel band. "OD" (oculus dexter) refers to the right eye, and "OS" (oculus sinister) refers to the left eye. The line beneath OS / OD indicates whether the eyes belong to the same mouse. Eye samples from two mice in each dose group injected with scAAV2.7m8-147M53-SF1C were analyzed. ABCA4 PTC mice injected with AAV scAAV2.7m8-ctrl served as a negative control, while WT mice (ABCA4-WT) were used as a positive control. The lower panel of FIG. 21B presents a quantitative analysis of the Western blot results shown in the upper panel. The x-axes denote the different AAVs used for injection, while the y-axis displays the relative expression of full-length ABCA4 protein normalized to beta-actin, expressed as a fraction of the WT level. Error bars indicate the standard deviation of biological replicates. FIG. 21C illustrates immunofluorescence results demonstrating the detection of full-length ABCA4 protein in ABCA4 PTC mice 4 weeks post-injection with scAAV2.7m8-147M53-SF1C at a dose of 5E9 VG / eye. The rescued full-length ABCA4 protein is observed in the outer segments (OS) , highlighted by white dashed circles and arrows in the lower panel. The retinal layers are labeled as follows: RPE (retinal pigment epithelium) , OS (outer segments) , ONL (outer nuclear layer) , OPL (outer plexiform layer) , and INL (inner nuclear layer) . ABCA4 PTC mice injected with scAAV2.7m8-ctrl served as a negative control (middle panel) , while WT mice (ABCA4-WT) were used as a positive control (upper panel) , where the full-length ABCA4 protein signal is also marked by a white dashed circle and an arrow.
[0060] FIGS. 22A-22D illustrate the restoration of full-length MeCP2 protein in male mice with X-linked Rett syndrome following injection with AAV2 / 9 carrying the scAAV-1XSF1C construct, as detailed in FIG. 18D. These mice harbor X-linked MeCP2 PTC mutations at position 255 (arginine to stop codon, TGA / UGA) ( “R255* / Y” ) and position 294 (arginine to stop codon, TGA / UGA) ( “R294* / Y” ) within the MeCP2 protein sequence. FIG. 22A displays Western blot analyses demonstrating the restoration of full-length MeCP2 protein in the hippocampus (left panel) , cortex (middle panel) , and spinal cord (right panel) of MeCP2 PTC R255* / Y mice, 4 weeks post-injection with scAAV2 / 9-147M53-SF1C at a dose of 6.6E10 VG / mouse. The type of AAV used for injection is indicated by lines above the gel bands. The rescued full-length MeCP2 protein appears as the upper gel band, while beta-actin serves as a loading control in the lower gel band. WT mice (MeCP2-WT) were used as a positive control. Each lane represents an individual mouse analyzed in this assay. FIG. 22B presents Western blot analyses of full-length MeCP2 protein restoration in the hippocampus (upper panel) and cortex (lower panel) of MeCP2 PTC R294* / Y mice, 4 weeks post-injection with scAAV2 / 9-147M53-SF1C at doses of 2E11, 6.7E10, and 2E10 VG / mouse, as well as scAAV2 / 9-147M64-SF1C (6.7E10 VG / mouse) . The doses and types of AAV used for injection are indicated by lines above the gel bands. The rescued full-length MeCP2 protein is represented by the upper gel band, with beta-actin as the loading control in the lower gel band. One-tenth of the protein extract from WT mice (MeCP2-WT) was loaded onto the gel and used as a positive control. Each lane represents an individual mouse analyzed in this assay. FIG. 22C illustrates immunofluorescence staining results, highlighting the presence of full-length MeCP2 protein in MeCP2 PTC R294* / Y mice 4 weeks post-injection with scAAV2 / 9-147M53-SF1C at a dose of 2E10 VG / mouse. The rescued full-length MeCP2 protein is observed in the cortex and hippocampus, indicated by a white dashed circle and an arrow in the lower panel. MeCP2 PTC R294* / Y mice injected with scAAV2 / 9-ctrl at a dose of 2E11 VG / mouse served as a negative control (middle panel) , while WT mice (MeCP2-WT) injected with scAAV2 / 9-ctrl at the same dose were used as a positive control (upper panel) , where the full-length MeCP2 protein signal is detected throughout the brain. FIG. 22D presents Western blot analyses of full-length MeCP2 protein restoration in the hippocampus (upper left panel) , cortex (upper right panel) , bulbus oblongata (lower left panel) , and midbrain (lower right panel) of MeCP2 PTC R294* / Y mice, 4 weeks post-injection with scAAV2 / 9-147M64-SF1C at a dose of 2E10 VG / mouse. The rescued full-length MeCP2 protein appears as the upper gel band, with beta-actin serving as the loading control in the lower gel band. WT mice (MeCP2-WT) were used as a positive control. Each lane represents an individual mouse analyzed in this assay.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0061] The present application provides DNA constructs comprising novel expression cassettes for transfer RNAs (tRNAs) . Traditional tRNA expression cassettes drive tRNA expression via an RNA polymerase III promotor sequence located 5’ of a nucleic acid encoding a tRNA. In contrast, the DNA constructs provided herein lack at least 5’ promotors operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a tRNA. Rather, the tRNA-coding sequences in the DNA constructs provided herein are flanked by naturally occurring flanking sequences found in a genome 5’ or 3’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA, by variants of said naturally occurring flanking sequences, or by a thereof.
[0062] Thus, the present application in one aspect provides a DNA construct comprising: a 5’ flanking sequence, a nucleic acid encoding an engineered tRNA, and a 3’ flanking sequence, wherein the 5’ flanking is at least about 30 nucleotides long, and wherein the 5’ flanking sequence lacks a functional RNA polymerase III promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the engineered tRNA, optionally wherein the 5’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence or a variant thereof, and wherein the 3’ flanking sequence optionally comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence or a variant thereof. In another aspect, there are provided vectors and cells comprising the DNA constructs described herein, as well as methods of using the same.
[0063] Surprisingly, the lack of 5’ promotor and presence of the flanking sequences in the DNA constructs provided herein result in increased expression of the encoded tRNA compared to expression of the same tRNA from a DNA construct comprising a 5’ flanking sequence containing an RNA polymerase III promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the tRNA. The findings that removing promotor sequences from the 5’ flanking sequence of a tRNA, and further, that inserting naturally occurring flanking sequences or variants thereof can significantly improve the expression of a tRNA is remarkable and unexpected. I. DEFINITIONS
[0064] Unless defined otherwise, all terms of art, notations and other technical and scientific terms or terminology used herein are intended to have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the claimed subject matter pertains. In some embodiments, terms with commonly understood meanings are defined herein for clarity and / or for ready reference, and the inclusion of such definitions herein should not necessarily be construed to represent a substantial difference over what is generally understood in the art.
[0065] Throughout this disclosure, various aspects of the claimed subject matter are presented in a range format. It should be understood that the description in range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the claimed subject matter. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible sub-ranges as well as individual numerical values within that range. For example, where a range of values is provided, it is understood that each intervening value, between the upper and lower limit of that range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range is encompassed within the claimed subject matter. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included in the smaller ranges, and are also encompassed within the claimed subject matter, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included in the claimed subject matter. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range.
[0066] As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a” , “an” , and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a nucleic acid encoding an engineered transfer RNA (tRNA) ” optionally includes a combination of two or more such nucleic acids, two or more such tRNAs, and the like. Any reference to “or” herein is intended to encompass “and / or” unless otherwise stated.
[0067] The term “transfer ribonucleic acid” , “transfer RNA” , or “tRNA” as used herein refers to a nucleic acid molecule that helps translate mRNA to protein. The terms “anti codon” , “anticodon” and “anti-codon” are synonymous used interchangeably herein. Each tRNA can “carry” or be “charged with” an amino acid corresponding to the mRNA codon that is recognized by the tRNA’s anticodon. “Charging” or “carrying” can be mediated by aminoacyl tRNA synthetase.
[0068] The term “flanking sequence” as used herein (including, for example, 5’ flanking sequences and 3’ flanking sequences) refers to a DNA sequence found in a continuous DNA sequence immediately flanking (i.e., immediately adjacent to) at least one end (i.e., the 5’ end or the 3’ end) of a reference DNA sequence (such as, for example, a sequence encoding a tRNA) in the continuous DNA sequence. For example, a 5’ flanking sequence is found immediately 5’ of a reference sequence, while a 3’ flanking sequence is found immediately 3’ of a reference sequence. A flanking sequence may be naturally occurring or engineered (including, e.g., variants of naturally occurring flanking sequences) , and may be present in a genome (such as, for example, the human genome) and / or in a DNA construct.
[0069] The term “naturally occurring flanking sequence” (also referred to herein as a “native flanking sequence” ) as used herein refers to a genomic DNA sequence that is found in a native, continuous DNA sequence immediately flanking (i.e., immediately adjacent to) at least one end (i.e., the 5’ end or the 3’ end) of a native sequence encoding a naturally occurring tRNA in the continuous DNA sequence as present in a naturally occurring genome, wherein the native sequence encoding a naturally occurring tRNA is considered to start with and include the nucleotide corresponding to the 5’ end of the mature tRNA (rather than the 5’ end of the sequence encoding the pre-tRNA sequence) , and wherein the native sequence encoding a naturally occurring tRNA is considered to end with and include the nucleotide corresponding to the 3’ end of the mature RNA without the CCA tail (rather than the 3’ end of the sequence encoding the pre-tRNA sequence) . Accordingly, a naturally occurring 5’ flanking sequence is considered to be the adjacent upstream nucleotides of a naturally occurring tRNA-encoding sequence, and a naturally occurring 3’ flanking sequence is considered to be the adjacent downstream nucleotides of a naturally occurring tRNA-encoding sequence.
[0070] The terms “premature stop codon” , “premature termination codon” , and “PTC” are used synonymously herein to refer to a stop codon that, when present, results in an unintended truncation of a polypeptide relative to a wild-type counterpart.
[0071] The term “engineered tRNA” as used herein can refer to transfer RNAs having at least one difference in the sequence of the engineered tRNA relative to a comparable wild type tRNA, such as, for example, relative to human tRNA Arg-TCT-1-1. The terms “suppressor tRNA” , “sup-tRNA” , “engineered suppressor tRNA” , “engineered sup-tRNA” , “tRNA suppressor” or “engineered tRNA suppressor” as used herein refer to an engineered tRNA capable of suppressing premature stop codon halt in translation of an mRNA.
[0072] The term “effective amount” as used herein can refer to a quantity sufficient to achieve a desired effect.
[0073] The term “restoring” as used herein in relation to expression of a protein can refer to the ability to establish expression of the full-length version of the protein from an mRNA comprising a PTC, where previous protein expression was truncated due to the PTC.
[0074] The term “mutation” as used herein can refer to an alteration to a nucleic acid sequence and / or a polypeptide sequence relative to a reference sequence.
[0075] The terms “disease” , “condition” , “disease state” or “disease phenotype” as used herein refer to one or more characteristics of a mammalian cell that results from a stop codon within the coding region of a gene inside the cell (e.g., that results from a nonsense mutation / PTC) .
[0076] The term “transduction of cells” as used herein refers to the process of transferring nucleic acid into a cell using a DNA or RNA virus rather than by transfection. An RNA virus (i.e., a lentivirus) for transferring a nucleic acid into a cell is referred to herein as a transducing chimeric lentivirus. Exogenous genetic material contained within a lentivirus is reverse-transcribed and incorporated into the genome of the transduced cell. An DNA virus (i.e., an adeno-associated virus) for transferring a nucleic acid into a cell is referred to herein as a transducing recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) . Exogenous genetic material contained within a rAAV mainly exist and express extra-chromosomally within the cell. A “transduced gene” is a gene that has been introduced into the cell via virus and expressing extra / intra-chromosomally.
[0077] The term “expression cassette” as used herein refers to a nucleic acid sequence capable of directing expression of a particular nucleotide sequence in an appropriate host cell, and includes, for example, a DNA construct on which an RNA polymerase can load and from which transcribe, for example, a pre-mRNA, a pre-rRNA, or a pre-tRNA (such as, for instance, a pre-tRNA that is capable of being processed into a tRNA) .
[0078] The term “operably linked” as used herein refers to the association of nucleic acid sequences on single nucleic acid fragment such that the function of one of the sequences is affected by another. For example, a regulatory DNA sequence is considered “operably linked to” or “associated with” a DNA sequence that codes for an RNA or a polypeptide when the two sequences are situated such that the regulatory DNA sequence affects expression of the coding DNA sequence (i.e., that the coding sequence or functional RNA is under the transcriptional control of the promoter) .
[0079] Use of ordinal terms such as “first” , “second” , “third” , etc., in the claims to modify a claim element does not by itself connote any priority, precedence, or order of one claim element over another or the temporal order in which acts of a method are performed, but are used merely as labels to distinguish one claim element having a certain name from another element having a same name (but for use of the ordinal term) to distinguish the claim elements. Similarly, use of a) , b) , etc., or i) , ii) , etc. does not by itself connote any priority, precedence, or order of steps in the claims. Similarly, the use of these terms in the specification does not by itself connote any required priority, precedence, or order.
[0080] The term “about” as used herein refers to the usual error range for the respective value readily known to the skilled person in this technical field. Reference to “about” a value or parameter herein comprises (and describes) embodiments that are directed to that value or parameter per se.
[0081] As used herein, the term “nucleic acid” generally refers to a polymer comprising one or more nucleic acid subunits or nucleotides. Thus, a nucleic acid may include a single deoxyribonucleotide, ribonucleotide, or variant thereof, or a string of deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, and / or variants and / or combinations thereof. A nucleic acid may include one or more subunits selected from adenine (A) , cytosine (C) , guanine (G) , thymine (T) and uridine (U) , or variants thereof. A nucleotide can include A, C, G, T or U, or variants thereof. A nucleotide can include any subunit that can be incorporated into a growing nucleic acid strand. Such subunit can be an A, C, G, T, or U, or any other subunit that is specific to one or more complementary A, C, G, T or U, or complementary to a purine (e.g., A or G, or variant thereof) or a pyrimidine (e.g., C, T or U, or variant thereof) . A subunit can enable individual nucleic acid bases or groups of bases (e.g., AA, TA, AT, GC, CG, CT, TC, GT, TG, AC, CA, or uridine-counterparts thereof) to be resolved. In some examples, a nucleic acid is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) , a mixture of deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides, or derivatives thereof. A nucleic acid may be single-stranded, double-stranded, or a DNA / RNA hybrid.
[0082] The terms “polynucleotide” , “nucleic acid molecule” , “nucleic acid sequence” or “nucleotide sequence” as used herein generally refer to polymeric forms of nucleotides of any length, either ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides (or a combination thereof) , with a given sequence of nucleotides, of which it may be desired to know the presence or amount. Thus, this term comprises, but is not limited to, single-, double-, or multi-stranded DNA or RNA, genomic DNA, cDNA, DNA-RNA hybrids, or a polymer comprising purine and pyrimidine bases or other natural, chemically or biochemically modified, non-natural, or derivatized nucleotide bases. The backbone of the polynucleotide can comprise sugars and phosphate groups (as may typically be found in RNA or DNA) or modified or substituted sugar or phosphate groups. The nucleotide sequence can comprise RNA and / or DNA, or a sequence derived from RNA and / or DNA. Examples of nucleotide sequences are sequences corresponding to natural or synthetic RNA or DNA including genomic DNA, tRNA and mRNA.
[0083] The term “sequencing, ” as used herein, generally refers to methods and technologies for determining the sequence of nucleotide bases in one or more polynucleotides. The polynucleotides can be, for example, nucleic acid molecules such as DNA or RNA, including variants or derivatives thereof (e.g., chemically modified DNA) . Sequencing can be performed by various systems currently available, such as, without limitation, a sequencing system by Sanger sequencing, Pacific Biosciences Oxford or Life Technologies (Ion ) . Alternatively or in addition, sequencing may be performed using nucleic acid amplification, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (e.g., digital PCR, quantitative PCR, or real time PCR) , or isothermal amplification. Such systems may provide a plurality of raw genetic data corresponding to the genetic information of a subject (e.g., human) , as generated by the systems from a sample provided by the subject.
[0084] As used herein, the terms “treatment” or “treating” are used in reference to a pharmaceutical or other intervention regimen for obtaining beneficial or desired results in the recipient, including but not limited to one or more therapeutic benefits and / or prophylactic benefits. A “therapeutic benefit” in this sense can refer to eradication or amelioration of symptoms or of an underlying disorder being treated. A “prophylactic effect” in this sense includes delaying, preventing, or eliminating the appearance of a disease or condition, delaying or eliminating the onset of symptoms of a disease or condition, slowing, halting, or reversing the progression of a disease or condition, or any combination thereof, even though a diagnosis of this disease may not have been made. II. EXPRESSION CASSETTES
[0085] The expression cassettes described herein comprise a DNA construct comprising: a 5’ flanking sequence, a nucleic acid encoding a tRNA of interest (such as, for example an engineered tRNA) , and a 3’ flanking sequence. In some embodiments, the DNA construct is single-stranded. In some embodiments, the DNA construct is double-stranded. In some embodiments, the DNA construct is a plasmid. In some embodiments, the DNA construct is a viral vector. The DNA construct can further comprise, for example, coding sequences for more than one RNA in tandem, such as more than one tRNA and / or other types of RNA. The flanking sequence in the DNA construct can comprise vector sequences, variants of vector sequences, naturally occurring flanking sequences from naturally occurring tRNAs, and / or variants of said naturally occurring flanking sequences. A. Flanking sequences
[0086] The DNA constructs described herein comprise a 5’ flanking sequence, which is immediately upstream of the tRNA-encoding sequence. The DNA constructs further comprise a 3’ flanking sequence, which is immediately downstream of the tRNA-encoding sequence. In some embodiments, one or both of the flanking sequences in a DNA construct described herein comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence (such as, for example, a native sequence flanking a wild type tRNA in a naturally occurring genome, such as those described above in Table 1 and Table 2) or a variant of such a naturally occurring flanking sequence.
[0087] In some embodiments, the flanking sequences lack a promoter operably linked to the tRNA-encoding sequence. Exemplary promoters may include the DNA sequences recognized by RNA polymerase I, II and III for transcription initiation, such as, for example, the U6 promoter.
[0088] In some embodiments, a machine learning algorithm is used to select all or part of the nucleotide sequence of a 5’ flanking sequence and / or a 3’ flanking sequence. Naturally occurring flanking sequences
[0089] Transcription of a tRNA produces a pre-tRNA comprising the sequence of the tRNA (e.g., an annotated tRNA sequence) and an extension of a few nucleotides on its 5’ and 3’ ends, which are trimmed during tRNA maturation. In some embodiments, a pre-tRNA comprises an intron that is spliced out during tRNA maturation. A sequence encoding a tRNA described herein comprises a DNA sequence annotated as a tRNA, and, in some instances, one intron, without nucleotide extensions on its 5’ and 3’ ends. In a natural genomic context, a genomic sequence encoding a naturally occurring tRNA (e.g., a native human tRNA or another wild type tRNA) is flanked by naturally occurring flanking sequences (e.g., human native genomic flanking sequences) on its 5’ a nd 3’ ends. Specifically, a genomic sequence encoding a native tRNA is flanked on its 5’ end by a naturally occurring 5’ flanking sequence (also described herein as a “5’ native flanking sequence” , “native 5’ flanking sequence” , “naturally occurring flanking sequence 5’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA” , and the like) and on its 3’ end by a naturally occurring 3’ flanking sequence (also described herein as a “3’ native flanking sequence” , “native 3’ flanking sequence” , “a naturally occurring flanking sequence 3’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA” , and the like) .
[0090] A naturally occurring 5’ flanking sequence is a native genomic sequence located immediately upstream of a native genomic tRNA-encoding sequence in a wild-type genome, such that if the first nucleotide, from 5’ to 3’ , of an native annotated genomic tRNA-encoding sequence is numbered to be position 0, and the second nucleotide, from 5’ to 3’ , of the native annotated genomic tRNA-encoding sequence is numbered to be position +1, then the last nucleotide of its 5’ flanking sequence is position -1. For example, for a tRNA encoded in a wild-type genome, a native genome sequence of any length with a 3’ end immediately adjacent to the 5’ end of the tRNA-encoding sequence and a 5’ end between about 1 base to at least about, for example, 5000 bases immediately upstream thereof, could be considered a naturally occurring 5’ flanking sequence of the tRNA.
[0091] Similarly, a naturally occurring 3’ flanking sequence is a native genomic sequence located immediately downstream of a native genomic tRNA-encoding sequence in a wild-type genome, such that if the last nucleotide, from 5’ to 3’ , of an native annotated genomic tRNA-encoding sequence is numbered to be position 0 and the second to the last nucleotide, from 5’ to 3’ , of the annotated native genomic tRNA-encoding sequence is numbered to be position -1, then the first nucleotide of its 3’ flanking sequence is position +1. For example, for a tRNA encoded in a wild-type genome, a native genome sequence of any length with a 5’ end immediately adjacent to the 3’ end of the tRNA-encoding sequence and a 3’ end between about 1 base to at least about, for example, 5000 bases immediately downstream thereof, could be considered a naturally occurring 3’ flanking sequence of the tRNA. In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence or a variant thereof, wherein the naturally occurring flanking sequence is present at a genomic locus immediately 5’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA. In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence, wherein the naturally occurring flanking sequence is present at a genomic locus immediately 5’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA. In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence comprises a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence, wherein the naturally occurring flanking sequence is present at a genomic locus immediately 5’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA. In some embodiments, the 3’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence or a variant thereof, wherein the naturally occurring flanking sequence is present at a genomic locus immediately 3’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA. In some embodiments, the 3’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence, wherein the naturally occurring flanking sequence is present at a genomic locus immediately 3’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA. In some embodiments, the 3’ flanking sequence comprises a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence, wherein the naturally occurring flanking sequence is present at a genomic locus immediately 3’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA.
[0092] Thus, in some embodiments, a 5’ flanking sequence in a DNA construct of the present disclosure comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence 5’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA, or a variant thereof. In other words, the 5’ flanking sequence may comprise a naturally occurring flanking sequence or a variant thereof, wherein in its native context, the naturally occurring flanking sequence is present at a genomic locus immediately 5’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA. Similarly, in some embodiments, a 3’ flanking sequence in a DNA construct of the present disclosure comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence 3’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA, or a variant thereof. In other words, the 3’ flanking sequence may comprise a naturally occurring flanking sequence or a variant thereof, wherein in its native context, the naturally occurring flanking sequence is present at a genomic locus immediately 3’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA. In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence comprises a first naturally occurring flanking sequence (or variant thereof) , wherein the first naturally occurring flanking sequence, in its source genome, is located immediately 5’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA; and the 3’ flanking sequence comprises a second naturally occurring flanking (or variant thereof) , wherein the second naturally occurring flanking sequence, in its source genome, is located sequence 3’ to the nucleic acid encoding the naturally occurring tRNA.
[0093] Naturally occurring flanking sequences may be found, for example, in a genome at loci immediately upstream (i.e., 5’ ) and / or immediately downstream (i.e., 3’ ) of any genomic nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA. Such naturally occurring tRNAs, once expressed, may be capable of being charged with a naturally occurring amino acid, such as, for example, an amino acid selected from the group consisting of: arginine, alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine.
[0094] Naturally occurring flanking sequences may be found in any natural genome encoding at least one tRNA. For example, a naturally occurring flanking sequence may be found in the human genome at loci immediately upstream (i.e., 5’ ) and / or immediately downstream (i.e., 3’ ) of, for example, a naturally occurring tRNA selected from the group consisting of: tRNA-Arg-TCT-1-1, tRNA-Ala-AGC-2-1, tRNA-Ala-TGC-3-1, tRNA-Asn-GTT-1-1, tRNA-Asp-GTC-2-9, tRNA-Glu-CTC-1-1, tRNA-Glu-TTC-2-2, tRNA-Gly-CCC-2-1, tRNA-Gly-GCC-2-6, tRNA-Leu-AAG-2-4, tRNA-Leu-CAG-1-7, tRNA-Lys-CTT-2-1, tRNA-Pro-AGG-2-6, tRNA-Pro-AGG-2-7, tRNA-Pro-AGG-2-8, tRNA-Pro-TGG-2-1, tRNA-Pro-TGG-3-1, tRNA-Ser-AGA-2-3, tRNA-Ser-AGA-2-6, tRNA-Thr-TGT-3-1, tRNA-Tyr-GTA-5-5, tRNA-Val-AAC-1-4, tRNA-Val-CAC-1-6, tRNA-Arg-CCG-2-1, tRNA-Gln-TTG-1-1, tRNA-Leu-TAA-1-1, tRNA-Trp-CCA-2-1, tRNA-Tyr-GTA-1-1, tRNA-Tyr-GTA-2-1, tRNA-Glu-CTC-1-3, tRNA-Arg-TCT-3-1, tRNA-Ile-TAT-2-1, tRNA-Thr-CGT-4-1, tRNA-Thr-CGT-2-1, tRNA-Asn-GTT-2-4, tRNA-Asp-GTC-2-2, tRNA-Leu-CAG-1-2, tRNA-Gly-TCC-4-1, tRNA-Gly-TCC-2-2, tRNA-Cys-GCA-1-1, tRNA-Cys-GCA-9-2, tRNA-Gln-TTG-3-3, tRNA-Cys-GCA-10-1, tRNA-Arg-TCT-4-1, tRNA-Cys-GCA-9-1, tRNA-Cys-GCA-21-1, tRNA-His-GTG-1-6, tRNA-Cys-GCA-23-1, and tRNA-Cys-GCA-15-1. Exemplary naturally occurring 5’ flanking sequences and truncations thereof from the human genome include those shown in Table 1. Exemplary naturally occurring 3’ flanking sequences and truncations thereof from the human genome include those shown in Table 2. Table 1: Exemplary 5’ flanking sequences Table 2: Exemplary 3’ flanking sequences B.5’ Flanking sequences
[0095] The expression cassettes described herein comprise a DNA construct comprising a 5’ flanking sequence on the 5’ end of the nucleic acid encoding the tRNA of interest. The 5’ flanking sequence is immediately upstream of the tRNA-encoding sequence, such that if the first nucleotide, from 5’ to 3’ , of the tRNA-encoding sequence is numbered to be position 0 and the second nucleotide, from 5’ to 3’ , of the tRNA-encoding sequence is numbered to be position +1, then the last nucleotide of the 5’ flanking sequence is position -1.
[0096] In the DNA constructs described herein, the 5’ flanking sequence lacks a promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the tRNA-for example, in some embodiments, expression of the encoded tRNA is not driven by any external promoter, known or unknown, located 5’ of the DNA sequence encoding the tRNA in the DNA construct. In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence lacks any functional promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the tRNA. In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence lacks a known functional promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the tRNA. In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence lacks a variant of a known functional promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the tRNA.
[0097] In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence lacks a known prokaryotic promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the tRNA (e.g., lacks a known bacterial or archaeal RNA polymerase promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the tRNA) . In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence lacks a known eukaryotic promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the tRNA (e.g., lacks a known eukaryotic RNA polymerase I, II, III, IV, or V promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the tRNA) . In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence lacks a known viral promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the tRNA.
[0098] In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence lacks a sequence known to function as an RNA polymerase III promoter sequence (i.e., lacks a sequence known to function as a eukaryotic RNA polymerase III promoter sequence) when operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the tRNA of interest. In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence lacks a functional RNA polymerase III promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the tRNA (i.e., lacks a functional eukaryotic RNA polymerase III promoter sequence, such as, for example, a U6, H1, or 7SK promoter) . For example, in some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence lacks a sequence capable of recruiting RNA polymerase III independently (i.e., lacks a sequence capable of independently recruiting eukaryotic RNA polymerase III) , or a variant or fragment thereof.
[0099] In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence lacks a functional RNA polymerase II promoter (i.e., lacks a functional eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoter) operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the tRNA, such as, for example, an EF1a, PGK, UbiC promoter. In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence lacks a sequence capable of recruiting RNA polymerase II independently (i.e., lacks a sequence capable of independently recruiting eukaryotic RNA polymerase II) , or a variant or fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence lacks a functional RNA polymerase I promoter (i.e., lacks a functional eukaryotic RNA polymerase I promoter) operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the tRNA.
[0100] The length of a 5’ flanking sequence in a DNA construct described herein may vary. For example, a 5’ flanking sequence in a DNA construct described herein may comprise a length between at least the 5 nucleotides immediately upstream, and up to about the 5000 nucleotides immediately upstream, of the tRNA-encoding sequence, or may comprise a stretch of nucleotides of a different length beginning immediately upstream of the tRNA-encoding sequence. In some embodiments, a 5’ flanking sequence is at least about 5 bp long, about 10 bp long, about 20 bp long, about 30 bp long, about 40 bp long, about 50 bp long, about 60 bp long, about 70 bp long, about 80 bp long, about 90 bp long, about 100 bp long, about 110 bp long, about 120 bp long, about 130 bp long, about 140 bp long, about 150 bp long, about 160 bp long, about 170 bp long, about 180 bp long, about 190 bp long, about 200 bp long, about 210 bp long, about 220 bp long, about 230 bp long, about 240 bp long, about 250 bp long, about 260 bp long, about 270 bp long, about 280 bp long, about 290 bp long, about 300 bp long, about 310 bp long, about 320 bp long, about 330 bp long, about 340 bp long, about 350 bp long, about 360 bp long, about 370 bp long, about 380 bp long, about 390 bp long, about 400 bp long, about 410 bp long, about 420 bp long, about 430 bp long, about 440 bp long, about 450 bp long, about 460 bp long, about 470 bp long, about 480 bp long, about 490 bp long, about 500 bp long, about 510 bp long, about 520 bp long, about 530 bp long, about 540 bp long, about 550 bp long, about 560 bp long, about 570 bp long, about 580 bp long, about 590 bp long, about 600 bp long, about 610 bp long, about 620 bp long, about 630 bp long, about 640 bp long, about 650 bp long, about 660 bp long, about 670 bp long, about 680 bp long, about 690 bp long, about 700 bp long, about 710 bp long, about 720 bp long, about 730 bp long, about 740 bp long, about 750 bp long, about 760 bp long, about 770 bp long, about 780 bp long, about 790 bp long, about 800 bp long, about 810 bp long, about 820 bp long, about 830 bp long, about 840 bp long, about 850 bp long, about 860 bp long, about 870 bp long, about 880 bp long, about 890 bp long, about 900 bp long, about 910 bp long, about 920 bp long, about 930 bp long, about 940 bp long, about 950 bp long, about 960 bp long, about 970 bp long, about 980 bp long, about 990 bp long, about 1000 bp long, about 1010 bp long, about 1020 bp long, about 1030 bp long, about 1040 bp long, about 1050 bp long, about 1060 bp long, about 1070 bp long, about 1080 bp long, about 1090 bp long, about 1100 bp long, about 1110 bp long, about 1120 bp long, about 1130 bp long, about 1140 bp long, about 1150 bp long, about 1160 bp long, about 1170 bp long, about 1180 bp long, about 1190 bp long, about 1200 bp long, about 1210 bp long, about 1220 bp long, about 1230 bp long, about 1240 bp long, about 1250 bp long, about 1260 bp long, about 1270 bp long, about 1280 bp long, about 1290 bp long, about 1300 bp long, about 1300-5000 bp long, or longer than about 5000 bp long. In some embodiments, a 5’ flanking sequence is at least about 1-15 bp long, about 15-30 bp long, about 30-35 bp long, about 35-40 bp long, about 40-50 bp long, about 50 bp long, about 50-100 bp long, about 100-110 bp long, about 110-150 bp long, about 150-200 bp long, about 200-250 bp long, about 250-300 bp long, about 300-350 bp long, about 350-360 bp long, about 360-400 bp long , about 400-500 bp long, about 500-1000 bp long, about 1000-1020 bp long, or about 1020-5000 bp long. In some embodiments, a 5’ flanking sequence is at least about 990-1110 bp long, at least about 1110-1130 bp long, at least about 1130-1150 bp long, at least about 1150-1170 bp long, at least about 1170-1190 bp long, at least about 1190-1210 bp long, at least about 1210-1230 bp long, at least about 1230-1250 bp long, at least about 1250-1270 bp long, at least about 1270-1290 bp long, at least about 1290-1310 bp long, at least about 1310-1330 bp long, at least about 1330-1350 bp long, at least about 1350-1370 bp long, at least about 1370-1390 bp long, at least about 1390-1410 bp long, at least about 1410-1430 bp long, at least about 1430-1450 bp long, at least about 1450-1470 bp long, at least about 1470-1490 bp long, or at least about 1490-1510 bp long. In some embodiments, a 5’ flanking sequence is 50 bp long, 100 bp long, 150 bp long, 200 bp long, 250 bp long, 295 bp long, 300 bp long, 350 bp long, 351 bp long, 355 bp long, 363 bp long, 365 bp long, 369 bp long, or 1115 bp long. In some embodiments, a 5’ flanking sequence is 351 bp long. In some embodiments, a 5’ flanking sequence is 1000 bp long. In some embodiments, a 5’ flanking sequence is 1115 bp long. In some embodiments, a 5’ flanking sequence in a DNA construct described herein is 219 bp long, 306 bp long, 315 bp long, 316 bp long, 320 bp long, 322 bp long, 332 bp long, 339 bp long, 340 bp long, 353 bp long, 358 bp long, 360 bp long, 670 bp long, 780 bp long, 840 bp long, 885 bp long, 930 bp long, 960 bp long, 1110 bp long, 1260 bp long, 1290 bp long, or 1452 bp long. In some embodiments, a 5’ flanking sequence in a DNA construct described herein is 33 bp long, 37 bp long, 39 bp long, 42 bp long, 47 bp long, 50 bp long, 54 bp long, 57 bp long, 60 bp long, 61 bp long, 62 bp long, 68 bp long, 78 bp long, 80 bp long, 85 bp long, 94 bp long, 100 bp long, 107 bp long, 150 bp long, 158 bp long, 660 bp long, 663 bp long, 825 bp long, 855 bp long, 1005 bp long, 1075 bp long, 1155 bp long, 1185 bp long, 1230 bp long, 1275 bp long, or 1335 bp long. In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence is at least about 33 nucleotides long, at least about 50 nucleotides long, at least about 1445 nucleotides long, or at least about 1455 nucleotides long.
[0101] The guanine-cytosine content (GC content) of a 5’ flanking sequence in a DNA construct described herein may vary. For example, the GC content of a 5’ flanking sequence in a DNA construct described herein may vary from about 10%to about 80%. In some embodiments, the GC content of a 5’ flanking sequence is at least about 0-10%, at least about 80%-90%, or at least about 90%-100%. In some embodiments, the GC content of a 5’ flanking sequence is at least about 10%-20%, at least about 20%-30%, at least about 30%-40%, at least about 40%-50%, at least about 50%-60%, at least about 60%-70%, or at least about 70%-80%. In some embodiments, the GC content of a 5’ flanking sequence is 30%-35%, 35%-40%, 40%-45%, 45%-50%, 50%-55%, 55%-60%, 60%-65%, 65%-70%, 70%-75%, or 75%-80%. In some embodiments, the GC content of a 5’ flanking sequence is about 0-10%, about 80%-90%, or about 90%-100%. In some embodiments, the GC content of a 5’ flanking sequence is about 10%-20%, about 20%-30%, about 30%-40%, about 40%-50%, about 50%-60%, about 60%-70%, or about 70%-80%. In some embodiments, the GC content of a 5’ flanking sequence is no more than about 0-10%, no more than about 80%-90%, or no more than about 90%-100%. In some embodiments, the GC content of a 5’ flanking sequence is no more than about 10%-20%, no more than about 20%-30%, no more than about 30%-40%, no more than about 40%-50%, no more than about 50%-60%, no more than about 60%-70%, or no more than about 70%-80%. In some embodiments, the GC content of a 5’ flanking sequence is about 31%, about 36%, about 38%, about 40%, about 42%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%, about 57%, about 58%, about 60%, about 62%, about 63%, about 65%, about 66%, about 67%, about 68%, about 69%, about 70%, about 71%, about 73%, about 75%, about 76%, about 77%, about 80%, about 81%, or about 86%. In some embodiments, the GC content of a 5’ flanking sequence is at least about 20%. In some embodiments, the GC content of a 5’ flanking sequence is at least about 30%. In some embodiments, the GC content of a 5’ flanking sequence is at least about 50%.
[0102] In some embodiments, the GC content of a 5’ flanking sequence is described as “high” or “low” . Various methods may be used to determine the %GC content and / or relative GC content (i.e., “high” or “low” ) of a sequence are known in the art and may be used to assess the 5’ flanking sequences of the constructs and methods provided herein. For example, a GC content of a nucleic acid sequence (e.g., a 5’ flanking sequence) may be described as “high” or “low” relative to the average GC content in a reference. Various references may be used, including, for example, a reference genome, such as the source genome of the 5’ flanking sequence, or a portion thereof. In some embodiments, the GC content of a 5’ flanking sequence is “high” or “low” relative to the average GC content in the human genome. In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence of the constructs or methods provided herein comprises a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA, wherein the variant comprises one or more mutations that increase or decrease the GC content of the variant compared to the naturally occurring flanking sequence.
[0103] The CpG dinucleotide count of a 5’ flanking sequence in a DNA construct described herein may vary. For example, the CpG dinucleotide count of a 5’ flanking sequence in a DNA construct described herein may vary from about 1 to about 50. In some embodiments, the CpG dinucleotide count of a 5’ flanking sequence is at most about 0-10, at most about 40-50, or at most about 2-7. In some embodiments, the CpG dinucleotide count of a 5’ flanking sequence is at most about 0-2, at most about 2-4, at most about 4-6, at most about 6-8, at most about 8-10, at most about 10-12, at most about 12-14, or at most about 14-16. In some embodiments, the CpG dinucleotide count of a 5’ flanking sequence is 10-15, 15-20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45, 45-50, 50-55, 55-60, 60-65, 65-70, 70-75, or 75-80. In some embodiments, the CpG dinucleotide counts of a 5’ flanking sequence is about 0-10, about 80-90, about 90-100, about 100-110, about 110-120, about 120-130, about 130-140, or about 140-150. In some embodiments, flanking sequences with low CpG dinucleotide counts are selected for a DNA construct. In some embodiments, flanking sequences with high CpG dinucleotide counts are selected for a DNA construct. In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence has a CpG dinucleotide count of about 15 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 10 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 7 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 5 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 3 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, or 0 CpG dinucleotides. In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence and / or the 3’ flanking sequence has a CpG dinucleotide count of about 15 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 10 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 7 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 5 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 3 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, or 0 CpG dinucleotides.
[0104] In some embodiments, the CpG dinucleotide count of a 5’ flanking sequence is described as “high” or “low” . Various methods may be used to determine the CpG dinucleotide count (i.e., “high” or “low” ) of a sequence are known in the art and may be used to assess the 5’ flanking sequences of the constructs and methods provided herein. For example, a CpG dinucleotide count of a nucleic acid sequence (e.g., a 5’ flanking sequence) may be described as “high” or “low” relative to the average CpG dinucleotide count in a reference. Various references may be used, including, for example, a reference genome, such as the source genome of the 5’ flanking sequence, or a portion thereof. In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence of the constructs or methods provided herein comprises a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA, wherein the variant comprises one or more mutations that increase or decrease the CpG dinucleotide count of the variant compared to the naturally occurring flanking sequence.
[0105] In some embodiments, a 5’ flanking sequence is operably linked to non-promoter regulatory sequences, such as, e.g., one or more terminator sequences. Non-promotor regulatory sequences, if present, can be operably linked to the tRNA-encoding sequence in sense or antisense orientation.
[0106] In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence in a DNA construct described herein may comprise a naturally occurring flanking sequence of a naturally occurring tRNA-encoding sequence (such as, for example, a native sequence flanking a wild-type tRNA in a naturally occurring genome, such as those described above in Table 1 and Table 2) or a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence of a naturally occurring tRNA-encoding sequence. 5’ flanking sequences comprising naturally occurring flanking sequences
[0107] In some embodiments, a 5’ flanking sequence in a DNA construct described herein has a sequence of a naturally occurring flanking sequence found immediately upstream of a naturally occurring tRNA-encoding sequence. In some embodiments, a 5’ flanking sequence in a DNA construct described herein comprises about 1-15 bp, about 15-30 bp, about 30-35 bp, about 35-40 bp, about 40-50 bp, about 50 bp, about 50-100 bp, about 100-110 bp, about 110-150 bp, about 150-200 bp, about 200-250 bp, about 250-300 bp, about 300-350 bp, about 350-360 bp, about 360-400 bp, about 400-500 bp, about 500-1000 bp, about 1000-1020 bp, or 1020-5000 bp, or more than about 5000 bp of a naturally occurring flanking sequence found immediately upstream of a naturally occurring tRNA-encoding sequence. In some embodiments, a 5’ flanking sequence in a DNA construct described herein comprises 50 bp long, 100 bp long, 150 bp long, 200 bp long, 250 bp long, 295 bp long, 300 bp long, 350 bp long, 351 bp long, 355 bp long, 363 bp long, 365 bp long, 369 bp long, or 1115 bp long of a naturally occurring flanking sequence found immediately upstream of a naturally occurring tRNA-encoding sequence. In some embodiments, a 5’ flanking sequence in a DNA construct described herein comprises a 351 bp-long stretch of a naturally occurring flanking sequence found immediately upstream of a naturally occurring tRNA-encoding sequence. In some embodiments, a 5’ flanking sequence in a DNA construct described herein comprises 1000 bp of a naturally occurring flanking sequence found immediately upstream of a naturally occurring tRNA encoding sequence. In some embodiments, a 5’ flanking sequence in a DNA construct described herein comprises a 1115 bp-long stretch of a naturally occurring flanking sequence found immediately upstream of a naturally occurring tRNA-encoding sequence. In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence or a variant thereof, wherein the naturally occurring flanking sequence is present at a genomic locus immediately 5’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA. In some embodiments, a 5’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence comprising a sequence found upstream of the engineered suppressor tRNA in, for example, any of SEQ ID NOs: 5-64 and 84-118. In some embodiments, a 5’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence comprising a sequence found upstream of the engineered suppressor tRNA in any of SEQ ID NOs: 5, 7, 12, 14, 15, 20, 28, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 85, 86, 88, 89, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112. In some embodiments, a 5’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence comprising a sequence found upstream of the engineered suppressor tRNA in any of SEQ ID NOs: 5, 7, 12, 14, 15, 20, 28, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 113, and is in a DNA construct encoding an R3-147 tRNA. In some embodiments, a 5’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence comprising a sequence found upstream of the engineered suppressor tRNA in any of SEQ ID NOs: 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, and is in a DNA construct encoding an R2-159 tRNA. In some embodiments, a 5’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence comprising a sequence found upstream of the engineered suppressor tRNA in any of SEQ ID NOs: 85, 86, 88, 89, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, and is in a DNA construct encoding an R3-147M54 (also referred to as 147M54) tRNA. In some embodiments, a 5’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence comprising a sequence found upstream of the engineered suppressor tRNA in any of SEQ ID NOs: 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 117, and is in a DNA construct encoding an R3-147M53 (also referred to as 147M53) tRNA. In some embodiments, a 5’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence comprising a sequence found upstream of the engineered suppressor tRNA in SEQ ID NO: 115, and is in a DNA construct encoding an R3-147M20 (also referred to as 147M20) tRNA. In some embodiments, a 5’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence comprising a sequence found upstream of the engineered suppressor tRNA in SEQ ID NO: 114, and is in a DNA construct encoding an R3-147M19 (also referred to as 147M19) tRNA. In some embodiments, a 5’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence comprising a sequence found upstream of the engineered suppressor tRNA in SEQ ID NO: 118, and is in a DNA construct encoding an R3-147M64 (also referred to as 147M64) tRNA. In some embodiments, a 5’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence comprising a sequence found upstream of the engineered suppressor tRNA in SEQ ID NO: 116, and is in a DNA construct encoding an R3-147M23 (also referred to as 147M23) tRNA. In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence comprises a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence, wherein the naturally occurring flanking sequence is present at a genomic locus immediately 5’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA.
[0108] In some embodiments, the DNA construct described herein comprises a 5’ flanking sequence that naturally occurs 3’ or 5’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA selected from the group consisting of tRNA-Arg-TCT-1-1, tRNA-Ala-AGC-2-1, tRNA-Ala-TGC-3-1, tRNA-Asn-GTT-1-1, tRNA-Asp-GTC-2-9, tRNA-Glu-CTC-1-1, tRNA-Glu-TTC-2-2, tRNA-Gly-CCC-2-1, tRNA-Gly-GCC-2-6, tRNA-Leu-AAG-2-4, tRNA-Leu-CAG-1-7, tRNA-Lys-CTT-2-1, tRNA-Pro-AGG-2-6, tRNA-Pro-AGG-2-7, tRNA-Pro-AGG-2-8, tRNA-Pro-TGG-2-1, tRNA-Pro-TGG-3-1, tRNA-Ser-AGA-2-3, tRNA-Ser-AGA-2-6, tRNA-Thr-TGT-3-1, tRNA-Tyr-GTA-5-5, tRNA-Val-AAC-1-4, tRNA-Val-CAC-1-6, tRNA-Arg-CCG-2-1, tRNA-Gln-TTG-1-1, tRNA-Leu-TAA-1-1, tRNA-Trp-CCA-2-1, tRNA-Tyr-GTA-1-1, tRNA-Tyr-GTA-2-1, tRNA-Glu-CTC-1-3, tRNA-Arg-TCT-3-1, tRNA-Ile-TAT-2-1, tRNA-Thr-CGT-4-1, tRNA-Thr-CGT-2-1, tRNA-Asn-GTT-2-4, tRNA-Asp-GTC-2-2, tRNA-Leu-CAG-1-2, tRNA-Gly-TCC-4-1, tRNA-Gly-TCC-2-2, tRNA-Cys-GCA-1-1, tRNA-Cys-GCA-9-2, tRNA-Gln-TTG-3-3, tRNA-Cys-GCA-10-1, tRNA-Arg-TCT-4-1, tRNA-Cys-GCA-9-1, tRNA-Cys-GCA-21-1, tRNA-His-GTG-1-6, tRNA-Cys-GCA-23-1, and tRNA-Cys-GCA-15-1.
[0109] In some embodiments, a naturally occurring flanking sequence in the 5’ flanking sequence of the DNA construct originates from a naturally occurring tRNA that is capable of being charged with a different amino acid than the tRNA expressed in the DNA construct. In some embodiments, a naturally occurring flanking sequence in the 5’ flanking sequence of the DNA construct originates from a naturally occurring tRNA that recognizes a different codon than the tRNA expressed in the DNA construct. 5’flanking sequences comprising variants of naturally occurring flanking sequences
[0110] In some embodiments, a 5’ flanking sequence in a DNA construct provided herein has a sequence comprising a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence, such as, for example, a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence found 5’ of a naturally occurring tRNA-encoding sequence. A variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence may comprise, for example, one or more nucleotides inversions (of any length) , deletions (of any length) , insertions (of any length) , duplications (of any length) and / or point mutations compared to the naturally occurring flanking sequence.
[0111] In some embodiments, a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence is a truncated form of the naturally occurring flanking sequence. In some embodiments, a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence is an elongated form of a naturally occurring flanking sequence. In some embodiments, a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence comprises an altered guanine-cytosine content (GC content) compared to a naturally occurring flanking sequence. In some embodiments, a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence comprises an increased GC content compared to a naturally occurring flanking sequence. In some embodiments, a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence comprises a decreased GC content compared to a naturally occurring flanking sequence.
[0112] In some embodiments, a 5’ flanking sequence in a DNA construct described herein has a sequence comprising a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence found immediately upstream of a naturally occurring tRNA-encoding sequence. In some embodiments, a 5’flanking sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 50%-60%, at least about 60%-70%, at least about 70%-80%, at least about 80%-90%, at least about 90%-100%, or at least 100%identical to a nucleic acid sequence found upstream of the engineered suppressor tRNA in any of SEQ ID NOs: 5-64. In some embodiments, a 5’ flanking sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 90%identical to a nucleic acid sequence found upstream of the engineered suppressor tRNA in any of SEQ ID NOs: 5-64. In some embodiments, a 5’ flanking sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 50%-60%, at least about 60%-70%, at least about 70%-80%, at least about 80%-90%, at least about 90%-100%, or 100%identical to a nucleic acid sequence found upstream of the engineered suppressor tRNA in any of SEQ ID NOs: 5-64 and 84-118. In some embodiments, a 5’ flanking sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 90%identical to a nucleic acid sequence found upstream of the engineered suppressor tRNA in any of SEQ ID NOs: 5-64 and 84-118.
[0113] A 5’ flanking sequence comprising a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence may comprise altered immunogenicity (e.g., increased immunogenicity or decreased immunogenicity) compared to a naturally occurring flanking sequence. Immunogenicity may be decreased by, for example, mutating a CpG site such that it is no longer a CpG site, for example, by deleting the CpG site, replacing the C and / or the G nucleotide with a different nucleotide (through, e.g., one or more point mutations) . Thus, in some embodiments, reduced immunogenicity comprises a reduction in the CpG dinucleotide count of a sequence compared to the CpG count in a comparator sequence (e.g., in a corresponding naturally occurring or unmodified original sequence) . In some embodiments, a 5’ flanking sequence comprises a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence comprising one or more mutations in one or more CpG sites within the naturally occurring flanking sequence. In some embodiments, a 5’ flanking sequence comprises a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence comprising 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10 CpG sites compared to the corresponding naturally occurring flanking sequence. In some embodiments, the variant of the naturally occurring sequence comprises one or more mutations that reduce the immunogenicity and / or CpG dinucleotide count of the flanking sequence. In some embodiments, the one or more mutations that reduce the immunogenicity of the flanking sequence comprises a mutation at a CpG site. In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence has a CpG dinucleotide count of about 15 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 10 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 7 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 5 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 3 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, or 0 CpG dinucleotides. In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence and / or the 3’ flanking sequence has a CpG dinucleotide count of about 15 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 10 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 7 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 5 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 3 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, or 0 CpG dinucleotides.
[0114] In some embodiments, a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence in the 5’flanking sequence of the DNA construct originates from a naturally occurring tRNA that is capable of being charged with a different amino acid than the tRNA expressed in the DNA construct. In some embodiments, a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence in the 5’ flanking sequence of the DNA construct originates from a naturally occurring tRNA that recognizes a different codon than the tRNA expressed in the DNA construct. C.3’ Flanking sequences
[0115] The expression cassettes described herein comprise a DNA construct comprising a 3’ flanking sequence on the 3’ end of the nucleic acid encoding the tRNA of interest. The 3’ flanking sequence is immediately downstream of the tRNA-encoding sequence, such that if the last nucleotide, from 5’ to 3’ , of the tRNA-encoding sequence is numbered to be position 0 and the second to the last nucleotide, from 5’ to 3’ , of the tRNA-encoding sequence is numbered to be position -1, then the first nucleotide of the 3’ flanking sequence is position +1.
[0116] In the DNA constructs described herein, the 3’ flanking sequence lacks a promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the tRNA-for example, in some embodiments, expression of the encoded tRNA is not driven by any external promoter, known or unknown, located 3’ of the DNA sequence encoding the tRNA in the DNA construct. In some embodiments, the 3’ flanking sequence lacks any functional promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the tRNA. In some embodiments, the 3’ flanking sequence lacks a known functional promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the tRNA. In some embodiments, the 3’ flanking sequence lacks a variant of a known functional promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the tRNA.
[0117] In some embodiments, the 3’ flanking sequence lacks a known prokaryotic promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the tRNA. In some embodiments, the 3’ flanking sequence lacks a known eukaryotic promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the tRNA. In some embodiments, the 3’ flanking sequence lacks a known viral promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the tRNA.
[0118] In some embodiments, the 3’ flanking sequence lacks a sequence known to function as an RNA polymerase III promoter sequence (i.e., lacks a sequence known to function as a eukaryotic RNA polymerase III promoter sequence) when operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the tRNA of interest. In some embodiments, the 3’ flanking sequence lacks a functional RNA polymerase III promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the tRNA (i.e., lacks a functional eukaryotic RNA polymerase III promoter sequence, such as, for example, a U6, H1, or 7SK promoter) . For example, in some embodiments, the 3’ flanking sequence lacks a sequence capable of recruiting RNA polymerase III independently (i.e., lacks a sequence capable of independently recruiting eukaryotic RNA polymerase III) , or a variant or fragment thereof.
[0119] In some embodiments, the 3’ flanking sequence lacks a functional RNA polymerase II promoter (i.e., a functional eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoter) operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the tRNA, such as, for example, an EF1a, PGK, UbiC promoter. In some embodiments, the 3’ flanking sequence lacks a sequence capable of recruiting RNA polymerase II independently (i.e., lacks a sequence capable of independently recruiting eukaryotic RNA polymerase II) , or a variant or fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the 3’ flanking sequence lacks a functional RNA polymerase I promoter (i.e., lacks a functional eukaryotic RNA polymerase I promoter) operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the tRNA.
[0120] In some embodiments, the 3’ flanking sequence comprises a poly (T) sequence, such as, for example, a poly (T) tail termination signal. In some embodiments, the poly (T) sequence comprises at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, or at least 30 sequential T nucleotides. In some embodiments, the poly (T) sequence comprises about 3-5, about 5-10, about 10-15, about 15-20, about 20-25, about 25-30, about 30-35, about 35-40, or more than about 40 sequential T nucleotides. In some embodiments, the poly (T) sequence comprises about 12 to about 17 sequential T nucleotides. In some embodiments, the poly (T) sequence comprises 3 sequential T nucleotides. In some embodiments, the poly (T) sequence comprises 4 sequential T nucleotides. In some embodiments, the poly (T) sequence comprises 5 sequential T nucleotides. In some embodiments, the poly (T) sequence comprises 6 sequential T nucleotides. In some embodiments, the poly (T) sequence comprises 7 sequential T nucleotides. In some embodiments, the poly (T) sequence comprises 8 sequential T nucleotides. In some embodiments, the poly (T) sequence comprises 9 sequential T nucleotides. In some embodiments, the poly (T) sequence comprises 10 sequential T nucleotides. In some embodiments, the poly (T) sequence comprises 11 sequential T nucleotides. In some embodiments, the poly (T) sequence comprises 12 sequential T nucleotides. In some embodiments, the poly (T) sequence comprises 13 sequential T nucleotides. In some embodiments, the poly (T) sequence comprises 14 sequential T nucleotides. In some embodiments, the poly (T) sequence comprises 15 sequential T nucleotides. In some embodiments, the poly (T) sequence comprises 16 sequential T nucleotides. In some embodiments, the poly (T) sequence comprises 17 sequential T nucleotides.
[0121] The length of a 3’ flanking sequence in a DNA construct described herein may vary. For example, a 3’ flanking sequence in a DNA construct described herein may comprise a length between at least 5 nucleotides and up to about 5000 nucleotides downstream of the tRNA-encoding sequence, or may comprise a stretch of nucleotides of a different length beginning immediately downstream of the tRNA-encoding sequence. In some embodiments, a 3’ flanking sequence is at least about 5 bp long, about 10 bp long, about 20 bp long, about 30 bp long, about 40 bp long, about 50 bp long, about 60 bp long, about 70 bp long, about 80 bp long, about 90 bp long, about 100 bp long, about 110 bp long, about 120 bp long, about 130 bp long, about 140 bp long, about 150 bp long, about 160 bp long, about 170 bp long, about 180 bp long, about 190 bp long, about 200 bp long, about 210 bp long, about 220 bp long, about 230 bp long, about 240 bp long, about 250 bp long, about 260 bp long, about 270 bp long, about 280 bp long, about 290 bp long, about 300 bp long, about 310 bp long, about 320 bp long, about 330 bp long, about 340 bp long, about 350 bp long, about 360 bp long, about 370 bp long, about 380 bp long, about 390 bp long, about 400 bp long, about 410 bp long, about 420 bp long, about 430 bp long, about 440 bp long, about 450 bp long, about 460 bp long, about 470 bp long, about 480 bp long, about 490 bp long, about 500 bp long, about 510 bp long, about 520 bp long, about 530 bp long, about 540 bp long, about 550 bp long, about 560 bp long, about 570 bp long, about 580 bp long, about 590 bp long, about 600 bp long, about 610 bp long, about 620 bp long, about 630 bp long, about 640 bp long, about 650 bp long, about 660 bp long, about 670 bp long, about 680 bp long, about 690 bp long, about 700 bp long, about 710 bp long, about 720 bp long, about 730 bp long, about 740 bp long, about 750 bp long, about 760 bp long, about 770 bp long, about 780 bp long, about 790 bp long, about 800 bp long, about 810 bp long, about 820 bp long, about 830 bp long, about 840 bp long, about 850 bp long, about 860 bp long, about 870 bp long, about 880 bp long, about 890 bp long, about 900 bp long, about 910 bp long, about 920 bp long, about 930 bp long, about 940 bp long, about 950 bp long, about 960 bp long, about 970 bp long, about 980 bp long, about 990 bp long, about 1000 bp long, about 1010 bp long, about 1020 bp long, about 1030 bp long, about 1040 bp long, about 1050 bp long, about 1060 bp long, about 1070 bp long, about 1080 bp long, about 1090 bp long, about 1100 bp long, about 1110 bp long, about 1120 bp long, about 1130 bp long, about 1140 bp long, about 1150 bp long, about 1160 bp long, about 1170 bp long, about 1180 bp long, about 1190 bp long, about 1200 bp long, about 1210 bp long, about 1220 bp long, about 1230 bp long, about 1240 bp long, about 1250 bp long, about 1260 bp long, about 1270 bp long, about 1280 bp long, about 1290 bp long, about 1300 bp long, about 1300-5000 bp long, or longer than about 5000 bp long. In some embodiments, a 3’ flanking sequence is at least about 990-1110 bp long, at least about 1110-1130 bp long, at least about 1130-1150 bp long, at least about 1150-1170 bp long, at least about 1170-1190 bp long, at least about 1190-1210 bp long, at least about 1210-1230 bp long, at least about 1230-1250 bp long, at least about 1250-1270 bp long, at least about 1270-1290 bp long, at least about 1290-1310 bp long, at least about 1310-1330 bp long, at least about 1330-1350 bp long, at least about 1350-1370 bp long, at least about 1370-1390 bp long, at least about 1390-1410 bp long, or at least about 1410-1430 bp long, at least about 1430-1450 bp long, at least about 1450-1470 bp long, at least about 1470-1490 bp long, or at least about 1490-1510 bp long. In some embodiments, a 3’ flanking sequence is at least about 1-15 bp long, about 15-30 bp long, about 30-35 bp long, about 35-40 bp long, about 40-50 bp long, about 50 bp long, about 50-100 bp long, about 100-110 bp long, about 110-150 bp long, about 150-200 bp long, about 200-250 bp long, about 250-300 bp long, about 300-350 bp long, about 350-360 bp long, about 360-400 bp long, about 400-500 bp long, about 500-1000 bp long, about 1000-1020 bp long, or about 1020-5000 bp long. In some embodiments, a 3’ flanking sequence is 33 bp long, 37 bp long, 39 bp long, 47 bp long, 50 bp long, 100 bp long, 107 bp long, 150 bp long, 200 bp long, 250 bp long, 300 bp long, 350 bp long, 351 bp long, or 1000 bp long. In some embodiments, a 3’ flanking sequence is 351 bp long. In some embodiments, a 3’ flanking sequence is 1000 bp long. In some embodiments, a 3’ flanking sequence is 1115 bp long. In some embodiments, a 3’ flanking sequence in a DNA construct described herein is 219 bp long, 306 bp long, 315 bp long, 316 bp long, 320 bp long, 322 bp long, 332 bp long, 339 bp long, 340 bp long, 353 bp long, 358 bp long, 360 bp long, 670 bp long, 780 bp long, 840 bp long, 885 bp long, 930 bp long, 960 bp long, 1110 bp long, 1260 bp long, 1290 bp long, or 1452 bp long. In some embodiments, a 3’ flanking sequence in a DNA construct described herein is 42 bp long, 54 bp long, 57 bp long, 60 bp long, 61 bp long, 62 bp long, 68 bp long, 78 bp long, 80 bp long, 85 bp long, 94 bp long, 158 bp long, 660 bp long, 663 bp long, 825 bp long, 855 bp long, 1005 bp long, 1075 bp long, 1155 bp long, 1185 bp long, 1230 bp long, 1275 bp long, or 1335 bp long. In some embodiments, the 3’ flanking sequence is at least about 33 nucleotides long, at least about 50 nucleotides long, at least about 1445 nucleotides long, or at least about 1455 nucleotides long.
[0122] The guanine-cytosine content (GC content) of a 3’ flanking sequence in a DNA construct described herein may vary. For example, the GC content of a 3’ flanking sequence in a DNA construct described herein may vary from about 10%to about 80%. In some embodiments, the GC content of a 3’ flanking sequence is at least about 0-10%, at least about 80%-90%, or at least about 90%-100%. In some embodiments, the GC content of a 3’ flanking sequence is at least about 10%-20%, at least about 20%-30%, at least about 30%-40%, at least about 40%-50%, at least about 50%-60%, at least about 60%-70%, or at least about 70%-80%. In some embodiments, the GC content of a 3’ flanking sequence is 30%-35%, 35%-40%, 40%-45%, 45%-50%, 50%-55%, 55%-60%, 60%-65%, 65%-70%, 70%-75%, or 75%-80%. In some embodiments, the GC content of a 3’ flanking sequence is about 0-10%, about 80%-90%, or about 90%-100%. In some embodiments, the GC content of a 3’ flanking sequence is about 10%-20%, about 20%-30%, about 30%-40%, about 40%-50%, about 50%-60%, about 60%-70%, or about 70%-80%. In some embodiments, the GC content of a 3’ flanking sequence is no more than about 0-10%, no more than about 80%-90%, or no more than about 90%-100%. In some embodiments, the GC content of a 3’ flanking sequence is no more than about 10%-20%, no more than about 20%-30%, no more than about 30%-40%, no more than about 40%-50%, no more than about 50%-60%, no more than about 60%-70%, or no more than about 70%-80%. In some embodiments, the GC content of a 3’ flanking sequence is about 17%, about 19%, about 23%, about 31%, about 35%, about 36%, about 37%, about 38%, about 39%, about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%, about 57%, about 58%, about 59%, about 60%, about 62%, about 68%, about 69%, about 70%, about 72%, or about 75%. In some embodiments, the GC content of a 3’ flanking sequence is at least about 20%. In some embodiments, the GC content of a 3’ flanking sequence is at least about 30%. In some embodiments, the GC content of a 3’ flanking sequence is at least about 50%.
[0123] In some embodiments, the GC content of a 3’ flanking sequence is described as “high” or “low” . Various methods may be used to determine the %GC content and / or relative GC content (i.e., “high” or “low” ) of a sequence are known in the art and may be used to assess the 3’ flanking sequences of the constructs and methods provided herein. For example, a GC content of a nucleic acid sequence (e.g., a 3’ flanking sequence) may be described as “high” or “low” relative to the average GC content in a reference. Various references may be used, including, for example, a reference genome, such as the source genome of the 3’ flanking sequence, or a portion thereof. In some embodiments, the GC content of a 3’ flanking sequence is “high” or “low” relative to the average GC content in the human genome. In some embodiments, the 3’ flanking sequence of the constructs or methods provided herein comprises a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA, wherein the variant comprises one or more mutations that increase or decrease the GC content of the variant compared to the naturally occurring flanking sequence.
[0124] The CpG dinucleotide count of a 3’ flanking sequence in a DNA construct described herein may vary. For example, the CpG dinucleotide count of a 3’ flanking sequence in a DNA construct described herein may vary from about 1 to about 50. In some embodiments, the CpG dinucleotide count of a 3’ flanking sequence is at most about 0-10, at most about 40-50, or at most about 2-7. In some embodiments, the CpG dinucleotide count of a 3’ flanking sequence is at most about 0-2, about 2-4, at most about 4-6, at most about 6-8, about 8-10, about 10-12, about 12-14, or about 14-16. In some embodiments, the CpG dinucleotide count of a 3’ flanking sequence is 10-15, 15-20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45, 45-50, 50-55, 55-60, 60-65, 65-70, 70-75, or 75-80. In some embodiments, the CpG dinucleotide count of a 3’ flanking sequence is about 0-10, about 80-90, about 90-100, about 100-110, about 110-120, about 120-130, about 130-140, or about 140-150. In some embodiments, flanking sequences with low CpG dinucleotide counts are selected for a DNA construct. In some embodiments, flanking sequences with high CpG dinucleotide counts are selected for a DNA construct. In some embodiments, the 3’ flanking sequence has a CpG dinucleotide count of about 15 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 10 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 7 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 5 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 3 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, or 0 CpG dinucleotides. In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence and / or the 3’ flanking sequence has a CpG dinucleotide count of about 7 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 5 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 3 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, or 0 CpG dinucleotides.
[0125] In some embodiments, the CpG dinucleotide count of a 3’ flanking sequence is described as “high” or “low” . Various methods may be used to determine the CpG dinucleotide counts (i.e., “high” or “low” ) of a sequence are known in the art and may be used to assess the 3’ flanking sequences of the constructs and methods provided herein. For example, a CpG dinucleotide count of a nucleic acid sequence (e.g., a 3’ flanking sequence) may be described as “high” or “low” relative to the average CpG content in a reference. Various references may be used, including, for example, a reference genome, such as the source genome of the 3’ flanking sequence, or a portion thereof. In some embodiments, the 3’ flanking sequence of the constructs or methods provided herein comprises a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA, wherein the variant comprises one or more mutations that increase or decrease the CpG dinucleotide count of the variant compared to the naturally occurring flanking sequence.
[0126] In some embodiments, a 3’ flanking sequence is operably linked to one or more non-promoter regulatory sequences. Non-promotor regulatory sequences, if present, can be operably linked to tRNA-encoding sequences in sense or antisense orientation. In some embodiments, a 3’ flanking sequence is operably linked to one or more termination sequences. In some embodiments, a 3’flanking sequence comprises a terminator comprising a poly (T) sequence.
[0127] In some embodiments, 3’ flanking sequence comprises a termination sequence locating about 0-30 bp downstream of a tRNA-encoding sequence. In some embodiments, 3’ flanking sequence comprises more than one termination sequences locating about 0-100 bp downstream of a tRNA-encoding sequence. In some embodiments, one termination sequence comprises a stretch of at least 4 continuous nucleotide thymine (T) . In some embodiments, more than one termination sequences comprise more than one stretches of nucleotide thymine (T) , and each of the stretches comprises at least 4 continuous nucleotide thymine (T) . In some embodiments, more than one termination sequences comprise more than one stretches of nucleotide thymine (T) , and one of the stretches comprises at least 4 continuous nucleotide thymine (T) .
[0128] In some embodiments, the 3’ flanking sequence in a DNA construct described herein may comprise a naturally occurring flanking sequence of a naturally occurring tRNA-encoding sequence (such as, for example, a native sequence flanking a wild-type tRNA in a naturally occurring genome, such as those described above in Table 1 and Table 2) or a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence of a naturally occurring tRNA-encoding sequence. 3’ flanking sequences comprising naturally occurring flanking sequences
[0129] In some embodiments, a 3’ flanking sequence in a DNA construct described herein has a sequence of a naturally occurring flanking sequence found immediately downstream of a naturally occurring tRNA-encoding sequence. In some embodiments, a 3’ flanking sequence in a DNA construct described herein comprises about 1-15 bp, about 15-30 bp, about 30-35 bp, about 35-40 bp, about 40-50 bp, about 50 bp, about 50-100 bp, about 100-110 bp, about 110-150 bp, about 150-200 bp, about 200-250 bp, about 250-300 bp, about 300-350 bp, about 350-360 bp, about 360-400 bp, about 400-500 bp, about 500-1000 bp, about 1000-1020 bp, or 1020-5000 bp, or more than about 5000 bp of a naturally occurring flanking sequence found immediately downstream of a naturally occurring tRNA-encoding sequence. In some embodiments, a 3’ flanking sequence in a DNA construct described herein comprises 33 bp long, 37 bp long, 39 bp long, 47 bp long, 50 bp long, 100 bp long, 107 bp long, 150 bp long, 200 bp long, 250 bp long, 300 bp long, 350 bp long, 351 bp long, or 1000 bp long of a naturally occurring flanking sequence found immediately downstream of a naturally occurring tRNA-encoding sequence. In some embodiments, a 3’ flanking sequence in a DNA construct described herein comprises a 351 bp-long stretch of a naturally occurring flanking sequence found immediately downstream of a naturally occurring tRNA-encoding sequence. In some embodiments, a 3’ flanking sequence in a DNA construct described herein comprises a 1000 bp-long stretch of a naturally occurring flanking sequence found immediately downstream of a naturally occurring tRNA-encoding sequence. In some embodiments, a 3’ flanking sequence in a DNA construct described herein comprises 1115 bp of a naturally occurring flanking sequence found immediately downstream of a naturally occurring tRNA. In some embodiments, a 3’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence comprising a sequence found downstream of the engineered suppressor tRNA in any of SEQ ID NOs: 5-64 and 84-118. In some embodiments, the 3’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence or a variant thereof, wherein the naturally occurring flanking sequence is present at a genomic locus immediately 3’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA. In some embodiments, the 3’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence, wherein the naturally occurring flanking sequence is present at a genomic locus immediately 3’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA. In some embodiments, a 3’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence comprising a sequence found downstream of the engineered suppressor tRNA in any of SEQ ID NOs: 5, 7, 12, 14, 15, 20, 28, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 85, 86, 88, 89, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, and 112. In some embodiments, a 3’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence comprising a sequence found downstream of the engineered suppressor tRNA in any of SEQ ID NOs: 5, 7, 12, 14, 15, 20, 28, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, and 113, and is in a DNA construct encoding an R3-147 tRNA. In some embodiments, a 3’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence comprising a sequence found downstream of the engineered suppressor tRNA in any of SEQ ID NOs: 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, and is in a DNA construct encoding an R2-159 tRNA. In some embodiments, a 3’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence comprising a sequence found downstream of the engineered suppressor tRNA in any of SEQ ID NOs: 85, 86, 88, 89, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, and 101, and is in a DNA construct encoding an R3-147M54 (also referred to as 147M54) tRNA. In some embodiments, a 3’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence comprising a sequence found downstream of the engineered suppressor tRNA in any of SEQ ID NOs: 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, and 117, and is in a DNA construct encoding an R3-147M53 (also referred to as 147M53) tRNA. In some embodiments, a 3’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence comprising a sequence found downstream of the engineered suppressor tRNA in SEQ ID NO: 115, and is in a DNA construct encoding an R3-147M20 (also referred to as 147M20) tRNA. In some embodiments, a 3’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence comprising a sequence found downstream of the engineered suppressor tRNA in SEQ ID NO: 114, and is in a DNA construct encoding an R3-147M19 (also referred to as 147M19) tRNA. In some embodiments, a 3’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence comprising a sequence found downstream of the engineered suppressor tRNA in SEQ ID NO: 118, and is in a DNA construct encoding an R3-147M64 (also referred to as 147M64) tRNA. In some embodiments, a 3’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence comprising a sequence found downstream of the engineered suppressor tRNA in SEQ ID NO: 116, and is in a DNA construct encoding an R3-147M23 (also referred to as 147M23) tRNA.
[0130] In some embodiments, the DNA construct described herein comprises a 3’ flanking sequence that naturally occurs 3’ or 5’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA selected from the group consisting of tRNA-Arg-TCT-1-1, tRNA-Ala-AGC-2-1, tRNA-Ala-TGC-3-1, tRNA-Asn-GTT-1-1, tRNA-Asp-GTC-2-9, tRNA-Glu-CTC-1-1, tRNA-Glu-TTC-2-2, tRNA-Gly-CCC-2-1, tRNA-Gly-GCC-2-6, tRNA-Leu-AAG-2-4, tRNA-Leu-CAG-1-7, tRNA-Lys-CTT-2-1, tRNA-Pro-AGG-2-6, tRNA-Pro-AGG-2-7, tRNA-Pro-AGG-2-8, tRNA-Pro-TGG-2-1, tRNA-Pro-TGG-3-1, tRNA-Ser-AGA-2-3, tRNA-Ser-AGA-2-6, tRNA-Thr-TGT-3-1, tRNA-Tyr-GTA-5-5, tRNA-Val-AAC-1-4, tRNA-Val-CAC-1-6, tRNA-Arg-CCG-2-1, tRNA-Gln-TTG-1-1, tRNA-Leu-TAA-1-1, tRNA-Trp-CCA-2-1, tRNA-Tyr-GTA-1-1, tRNA-Tyr-GTA-2-1, tRNA-Glu-CTC-1-3, tRNA-Arg-TCT-3-1, tRNA-Ile-TAT-2-1, tRNA-Thr-CGT-4-1, tRNA-Thr-CGT-2-1, tRNA-Asn-GTT-2-4, tRNA-Asp-GTC-2-2, tRNA-Leu-CAG-1-2, tRNA-Gly-TCC-4-1, tRNA-Gly-TCC-2-2, tRNA-Cys-GCA-1-1, tRNA-Cys-GCA-9-2, tRNA-Gln-TTG-3-3, tRNA-Cys-GCA-10-1, tRNA-Arg-TCT-4-1, tRNA-Cys-GCA-9-1, tRNA-Cys-GCA-21-1, tRNA-His-GTG-1-6, tRNA-Cys-GCA-23-1, and tRNA-Cys-GCA-15-1.
[0131] In some embodiments, a naturally occurring flanking sequence in the 3’ flanking sequence of the DNA construct originates from a naturally occurring tRNA that is capable of being charged with a different amino acid than the tRNA expressed in the DNA construct. In some embodiments, a naturally occurring flanking sequence in the 3’ flanking sequence of the DNA construct originates from a naturally occurring tRNA that recognizes a different codon than the tRNA expressed in the DNA construct. 3’flanking sequences comprising variants of naturally occurring flanking sequences
[0132] In some embodiments, a 3’ flanking sequence in a DNA construct described herein has a sequence comprising a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence, such as, for example, a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence found 3’ of a naturally occurring tRNA-encoding sequence. A variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence may comprise, for example, one or more nucleotides inversions (of any length) , deletions (of any length) , insertions (of any length) , duplications (of any length) and / or point mutations compared to the naturally occurring flanking sequence.
[0133] In some embodiments, a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence is a truncated form of the naturally occurring flanking sequence. In some embodiments, a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence is an elongated form of a naturally occurring flanking sequence. In some embodiments, a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence comprises an altered guanine-cytosine content (GC content) compared to a naturally occurring flanking sequence. In some embodiments, a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence comprises an increased GC content compared to a naturally occurring flanking sequence. In some embodiments, a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence comprises a decreased GC content compared to a naturally occurring flanking sequence.
[0134] In some embodiments, a 3’ flanking sequence in a DNA construct described herein has a sequence comprising a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence found immediately downstream of a naturally occurring tRNA-encoding sequence. In some embodiments, a 3’ flanking sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 60%-70%, at least about 70%-80%, at least about 80%-90%, at least about 90%-100%, or 100%identical to a nucleic acid sequence found downstream of the engineered suppressor tRNA in any of SEQ ID NOs: 5-64. In some embodiments, a 3’ flanking sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 90%identical to a nucleic acid sequence found downstream of the engineered suppressor tRNA in any of SEQ ID NOs: 5-64. In some embodiments, a 3’ flanking sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 50%-60%, about 60%-70%, about 70%-80%, about 80%-90%, about 90%-100%, or 100%identical to a nucleic acid sequence found downstream of the engineered suppressor tRNA in any of SEQ ID NOs: 5-64 and 84-118. In some embodiments, a 3’ flanking sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 90%identical to a nucleic acid sequence found downstream of the engineered suppressor tRNA in any of SEQ ID NOs: 5-64 and 84-118.
[0135] A 3’ flanking sequence comprising a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence may comprise altered immunogenicity (e.g., increased immunogenicity or decreased immunogenicity) compared to a naturally occurring flanking sequence. Immunogenicity may be decreased by, for example, mutating a CpG site such that it is no longer a CpG site, for example, by deleting the CpG site, replacing the C and / or the G nucleotide with a different nucleotide (through, e.g., one or more point mutations) . Thus, in some embodiments, reduced immunogenicity comprises a reduction in the CpG dinucleotide count of a sequence compared to the CpG count in a comparator sequence (e.g., in a corresponding naturally occurring or unmodified original sequence) . In some embodiments, a 3’ flanking sequence comprises a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence comprising one or more mutations in one or more CpG sites within the naturally occurring flanking sequence. In some embodiments, a 3’ flanking sequence comprises a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence comprising 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10 CpG sites compared to the corresponding naturally occurring flanking sequence. In some embodiments, the variant of the naturally occurring sequence comprises one or more mutations that reduce the immunogenicity and / or CpG dinucleotide count of the flanking sequence. In some embodiments, the one or more mutations that reduce the immunogenicity of the flanking sequence comprises a mutation at a CpG site. In some embodiments, the 3’ flanking sequence has a CpG dinucleotide count of about 15 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 10 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 7 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 5 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 3 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, or 0 CpG dinucleotides. In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence and / or the 3’ flanking sequence has a CpG dinucleotide count of about 15 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 10 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 7 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 5 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 3 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, or 0 CpG dinucleotides.
[0136] In some embodiments, a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence in the 3’ flanking sequence of the DNA construct originates from a naturally occurring tRNA that is capable of being charged with a different amino acid than the tRNA expressed in the DNA construct. In some embodiments, a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence in the 3’ flanking sequence of the DNA construct originates from a naturally occurring tRNA that recognizes a different codon than the tRNA expressed in the DNA construct. D. Combinations of flanking sequences
[0137] Any of the 5’ and 3’ flanking sequences described above may be included in a DNA construct described herein in any combination. For example, in some embodiments, one or both of the 5’ and 3’ flanking sequences are heterologous to the tRNA-encoding sequence. In some embodiments, a DNA construct described herein encodes a naturally occurring tRNA and comprises a 5’ flanking sequence and a 3’ flanking sequence, wherein the combination of the 5’ and 3’ flanking sequences comprises any combination of the following: 1) a naturally occurring flanking sequence found 5’ of a nucleic acid encoding the naturally occurring tRNA; 2) a naturally occurring flanking sequence found 3’ of a nucleic acid encoding the naturally occurring tRNA; 3) a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence found 5’ of a nucleic acid encoding the naturally occurring tRNA; and 4) a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence found 3’ of a nucleic acid encoding the naturally occurring tRNA. In some embodiments, a DNA construct described herein encodes a variant of a naturally occurring tRNA and comprises a 5’ flanking sequence and a 3’ flanking sequence, wherein the combination of the 5’ and 3’ flanking sequences comprises any combination of the following: 1) a naturally occurring flanking sequence found 5’ of a nucleic acid encoding the naturally occurring tRNA; 2) a naturally occurring flanking sequence found 3’ of a nucleic acid encoding the naturally occurring tRNA; 3) a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence found 5’ of a nucleic acid encoding the naturally occurring tRNA; and 4) a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence found 3’ of a nucleic acid encoding the naturally occurring tRNA. In some embodiments, a DNA construct described herein encodes an engineered tRNA and comprises a 5’ flanking sequence and a 3’ flanking sequence, wherein the combination of the 5’ and 3’ flanking sequences comprises any combination of the following: 1) a naturally occurring flanking sequence found 5’ of a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA; 2) a naturally occurring flanking sequence found 3’ of a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA; 3) a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence found 5’ of a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA; and 4) a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence found 3’ of a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA, wherein the naturally occurring tRNA is capable of being charged with the same amino acid as the engineered tRNA and / or recognizes the same codon as the engineered tRNA. In some embodiments, a DNA construct described herein encodes an engineered tRNA and comprises a 5’ flanking sequence and a 3’ flanking sequence, wherein the combination of the 5’ and 3’ flanking sequences comprises any combination of the following: 1) a naturally occurring flanking sequence found 5’ of a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA; 2) a naturally occurring flanking sequence found 3’ of a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA; 3) a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence found 5’ of a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA; and 4) a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence found 3’ of a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA, wherein the naturally occurring tRNA is capable of being charged with a different amino acid than the engineered tRNA and / or recognizes a different codon than the engineered tRNA. In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence comprises a first naturally occurring flanking sequence or a variant thereof, and wherein the 3’ flanking sequence comprises a second naturally occurring flanking sequence or variant thereof, wherein the first naturally occurring flanking sequence is present at a genomic locus immediately 5’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA, and wherein the second naturally occurring flanking sequence is present at a genomic locus immediately 3’ to the nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA
[0138] In some embodiments, a DNA construct described herein encodes a naturally occurring tRNA and comprises a 5’ flanking sequence and a 3’ flanking sequence, wherein the 5’ flanking sequence comprises: 1) a naturally occurring flanking sequence found 5’ of a nucleic acid encoding the naturally occurring tRNA; or 2) a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence found 5’ of a nucleic acid encoding the naturally occurring tRNA; and wherein the 3’ flanking sequence comprises: 1) a naturally occurring flanking sequence found 3’ of a nucleic acid encoding a different naturally occurring tRNA; or 2) a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence found 3’ of a nucleic acid encoding a different naturally occurring tRNA. In some embodiments, a DNA construct described herein encodes a variant of a naturally occurring tRNA and comprises a 5’ flanking sequence and a 3’ flanking sequence, wherein the 5’ flanking sequence comprises: 1) a naturally occurring flanking sequence found 5’ of a nucleic acid encoding the naturally occurring tRNA; or 2) a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence found 5’ of a nucleic acid encoding the naturally occurring tRNA; and wherein the 3’ flanking sequence comprises: 1) a naturally occurring flanking sequence found 3’ of a nucleic acid encoding a different naturally occurring tRNA; or 2) a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence found 3’ of a nucleic acid encoding a different naturally occurring tRNA. In some embodiments, a DNA construct described herein encodes an engineered tRNA and comprises a 5’ flanking sequence and a 3’ flanking sequence, wherein the 5’ flanking sequence comprises: 1) a naturally occurring flanking sequence found 5’ of a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA; or 2) a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence found 5’ of a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA; and wherein the 3’ flanking sequence comprises: 1) a naturally occurring flanking sequence found 3’ of a nucleic acid encoding a different naturally occurring tRNA; or 2) a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence found 3’ of a nucleic acid encoding a different naturally occurring tRNA; wherein the naturally occurring tRNA and / or the different naturally occurring tRNA is capable of being charged with the same amino acid as the engineered tRNA and / or recognizes the same codon as the engineered tRNA, or wherein the naturally occurring tRNA and / or the different naturally occurring tRNA is capable of being charged with a different amino acid than the engineered tRNA and / or recognizes a different codon than the engineered tRNA.
[0139] In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence and the 3’ flanking sequence are the same length, in nucleotides, as each other. In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence and the 3’ flanking sequence are not the same length, in nucleotides, as each other. In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence is longer than the 3’ flanking sequence. In some embodiments, the 5’ flanking sequence is shorter than the 3’ flanking sequence.
[0140] In some embodiments, both the 5’ and 3’ flanking sequences are naturally occurring flanking sequences. In some embodiments, both the 5’ and 3’ flanking sequences are naturally occurring flanking sequences of the same naturally occurring tRNA. In some embodiments, the 5’ and 3’ flanking sequences are naturally occurring flanking sequences of different naturally occurring tRNAs. In some embodiments, both the 5’ and 3’ flanking sequences are variants of naturally occurring flanking sequences. In some embodiments, both the 5’ and 3’ flanking sequences are variants of naturally occurring flanking sequences of the same naturally occurring tRNA. In some embodiments, the 5’ and 3’ flanking sequences are variants of naturally occurring flanking sequences of different naturally occurring tRNAs.
[0141] In some embodiments, either or both of the 5’ and 3’ flanking sequences is chimeric between any of the flanking sequence embodiments described above. For example, in some embodiments, a flanking sequence may comprise a plurality of portions, in which each portion comprises a sequence from a different source (e.g., from a combination of different naturally occurring flanking sequences and / or variants thereof, etc. ) .
[0142] In some embodiments, the DNA construct comprises the combination of flanking sequences included in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 5-64 and 84-118.
[0143] In some embodiments, a 5’ and / or 3’ flanking sequence can contain one or more modifications relative to any of the flanking sequence embodiments described above. In some embodiments, the modification can be a chemical modification of one or more nucleotides in the sequence of the 5’ and / or 3’ flanking sequences. In some embodiments, the chemical modification can comprise methylation, hydroxymethylation, formylation, carboxylation, or the variant thereof. In some embodiments, the modification can be a methylation, hydroxymethylation, formylation, or carboxylation on nucleotide cytosine. In some embodiments, the modification can be a methylation on nucleotide adenine. In some embodiments, the modification can be a 5-methylcytosine (5mC) , 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) , 5-formylcytosine (5fC) , 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC) , N6-methyladenine.
[0144] A DNA construct described herein may further include one or more additional expression cassettes that are not operably linked to the expression cassette of the tRNA of interest. For example, in some embodiments, the DNA construct may include one or more additional expression cassettes that are 5’ of the 5’ flanking sequence and / or 3’ of the 3’ flanking sequence. Such additional expression cassettes that are not operably linked to the expression cassette of the tRNA of interest may comprise, for example, one or more promoter sequences that are not operably linked to the tRNA-encoding sequence. For example, the one or more additional expression cassettes may include one or more promoter sequences operably linked to a different nucleotide sequence of interest that is expressed separately from the tRNA of interest. III. TRANSFER RNAS
[0145] Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are generally RNA molecules of about 76-90 nucleotides in length. They fold into a clover leaf-like secondary structure that contains three hairpin loop “arms” and an acceptor arm comprising the 3’ and 5’ ends of the tRNA. From 5’ to 3’ , a tRNA secondary structure includes: a D-stem with a D-loop at the end of the stem, an anticodon stem with an anticodon loop at the end of the stem (comprising a tri-nucleotide anti-codon sequence) , a variable region, and a T-stem with a T-loop at the end of the stem. The anticodon recognizes the corresponding codon on the mRNA. In a naturally occurring process, the 3’ CCA is usually not present in the DNA sequence encoding the tRNA in mammalian cells but is rather added post-transcriptionally.
[0146] tRNAs serve as adaptors to link an mRNA and its protein products by both recognizing the codons on mRNA and carrying the amino acid to append the peptide chain. Upon base pairing of anticodon to its corresponding codon, a charged tRNA can transfer its amino acid to the growing amino acid chain to form a polypeptide or protein. tRNAs can be charged by aminoacyl tRNA synthetase.
[0147] tRNA biogenesis entails multiple steps, including transcription by a polymerase into a precursor tRNA (pre-tRNA) and subsequent intron splicing by a splicing endonuclease (for tRNAs containing introns; not every tRNA has an intron) , 5’ end and 3’ end cleavage by endo-and / or exonucleases, addition of the CCA tail by nucleotidyltransferase, and modifications on multiple nucleotide residuals (Sekulovski S, Trowitzsch S. Transfer RNA processing -from a structural and disease perspective. Biol Chem. 2022 Jun 21; 403 (8-9) : 749-763. doi: 10.1515 / hsz-2021-0406. PMID: 35728022) . Each step requires a series of protein enzymes and energy (Sekulovski S, Trowitzsch S. Transfer RNA processing -from a structural and disease perspective. Biol Chem. 2022 Jun 21; 403 (8-9) : 749-763. doi: 10.1515 / hsz-2021-0406. PMID: 35728022) . Intriguingly, native tRNA coding regions contain internal promoters that can recruit polymerase to transcribe the encoded tRNA (see, e.g., Gerber, A., et al., Gene-Specific Control of tRNA Expression by RNA Polymerase II. Mol Cell. 2020 May 21; 78 (4) : 765-778. e7. doi: 10.1016 / j. molcel. 2020.03.023. Epub 2020 Apr 15. PMID: 32298650; PMCID: PMC7273519; Knapp, D. J. H. F., et al., Decoupling tRNA promoter and processing activities enables specific Pol-II Cas9 guide RNA expression. Nat Commun 10, 1490 (2019) . https: / / doi. org / 10.1038 / s41467-019-09148-3) . Transfer RNAs Encoded by a DNA Construct
[0148] The present invention provides engineered DNA constructs that can be used to improve expression of a tRNA (such as, for example, an engineered tRNA) compared to previously available tRNA expression cassettes. Expression of any kind of tRNA, including naturally occurring tRNAs and engineered tRNAs, can be improved using the DNA constructs provided herein. An engineered tRNA as described herein includes but is not limited to a suppressor tRNA, such as, for instance, the suppressor tRNAs described herein. As described in more detail below, a suppressor tRNA can “read through” a PTC and thereby suppress premature stop codon halt in translation of an mRNA.
[0149] A tRNA encoded by an expression cassette described herein may comprise a tri-nucleotide anti-codon. A tRNA encoded by an expression cassette described herein may carry any amino acid and comprise a T-arm, a D-arm, an anticodon arm, a variable region, and an acceptor arm, wherein the anticodon-arm comprises a tri-nucleotide anti-codon. A nucleic acid encoding a tRNA in expression cassette described herein may further encode a CCA sequence on the 3’ end of the acceptor arm. When tRNA sequences are described herein as comprising one or more “U” (uracil) nucleotides, it is understood that the corresponding DNA sequence encoding the tRNA comprises a thymine (T) nucleotide in place of each U of the encoded RNA sequence.
[0150] In some embodiments, the tRNA is a suppressor tRNA, such as, for example, a suppressor tRNA comprising a tri-nucleotide anti-codon. In some embodiments, a tRNA encoded by a DNA construct described herein is charged with an amino acid. In some embodiments, the amino acid is a naturally occurring amino acid. In some embodiments, the amino acid is a synthetic amino acid. In some embodiments, the amino acid is arginine. In some embodiments, the amino acid is tyrosine. In some embodiments, the amino acid is alanine. In some embodiments, the amino acid is asparagine. In some embodiments, the amino acid is aspartic acid. In some embodiments, the amino acid is cysteine. In some embodiments, the amino acid is glutamic acid. In some embodiments, the amino acid is glutamine. In some embodiments, the amino acid is glycine. In some embodiments, the amino acid is histidine. In some embodiments, the amino acid is isoleucine. In some embodiments, the amino acid is leucine. In some embodiments, the amino acid is lysine. In some embodiments, the amino acid is methionine. In some embodiments, the amino acid is phenylalanine. In some embodiments, the amino acid is proline. In some embodiments, the amino acid is serine. In some embodiments, the amino acid is threonine. In some embodiments, the amino acid is tryptophan. In some embodiments, the amino acid is valine.
[0151] In some embodiments, the anticodon of a tRNA encoded by a DNA construct described herein is a naturally occurring anticodon that recognizes a naturally occurring codon. In some embodiments, the anticodon recognizes a stop codon. In some embodiments, the anticodon is an engineered anticodon that recognizes a stop codon. In some embodiments, the anticodon is 5’ -UCA-3’ , 5’ -CUA-3’ , or 5’ -UUA-3’ (corresponding to, respectively, TCA, CTA, and TTA, in the corresponding encoding DNA sequence) . In some embodiments, the stop codon is UGA, UAG, or UAA. In some embodiments, the anticodon is 5’ -UCA-3’ and recognizes a UGA stop codon. In some embodiments, the anticodon is 5’ -CUA-3’ and recognizes a UAG stop codon. In some embodiments, the anticodon is 5’ -UUA-3’ and recognizes a UAA stop codon. In some embodiments, the anticodon is 5’ -UCA’ 3’ and recognizes a UGA stop codon, and the tRNA can be charged with an arginine amino acid. In some embodiments, the anticodon is 5’ -CUA-3’ and recognizes a UAG stop codon, and the tRNA can be charged with a tyrosine amino acid. In some embodiments, the tRNA is an engineered suppressor tRNA modified from an intron-spliced sequence of human arginine tRNA Arg-TCT-1-1 comprising a 5’ -UCA-3’ anticodon. In some embodiments, the tRNA is R3-147 (SEQ ID NO: 1; shown in FIG. 1A) . In some embodiments, the tRNA is a variant of R3-147. In some embodiments, the variant of the tRNA R3-147 is 147M19 (SEQ ID NO: 74; shown in FIG. 8A) . In some embodiments, the variant of the tRNA R3-147 is 147M20 (SEQ ID NO: 75; shown in FIG. 8B) . In some embodiments, the variant of the tRNA R3-147 is 147M23 (SEQ ID NO: 76; shown in FIG. 8C) . In some embodiments, the variant of the tRNA R3-147 is 147M53 (SEQ ID NO: 77; shown in FIG. 8D) . In some embodiments, the variant of the tRNA R3-147 is 147M54 (SEQ ID NO: 78; shown in FIG. 8E) . In some embodiments, the variant of the tRNA R3-147 is 147M64 (SEQ ID NO: 79; shown in FIG. 8F) . In some embodiments, the tRNA is an engineered suppressor tRNA modified from an intron-spliced sequence of human tyrosine tRNA Tyr-GTA-1-1 comprising a 5’ -CUA-3’ anticodon. In some embodiments, the tRNA is R2-159 (SEQ ID NO: 2; shown in FIG. 6A) . In some embodiments, the tRNA is a variant of R2-159.
[0152] In some embodiments, an engineered tRNA encoded by a DNA construct described herein contains modifications at locations in the sequence of the engineered tRNA are described as Sprinzl positions. In some embodiments, the tRNA reference sequence is human tRNA-Arg-TCT-1-1 without introns (SEQ ID NO: 3) . In some embodiments, the tRNA reference sequence is R3-147 (SEQ ID NO: 1) . In some embodiments, the tRNA reference sequence is human tRNA Tyr-GTA-1-1 without introns (SEQ ID NO: 4) . In some embodiments, the tRNA reference sequence is R2-159 (SEQ ID NO: 2) . In some embodiments, the tRNA reference sequence is 147M19 (SEQ ID NO: 74) . In some embodiments, the tRNA reference sequence is 147M20 (SEQ ID NO: 75) . In some embodiments, the tRNA reference sequence is 147M23 (SEQ ID NO: 76) . In some embodiments, the tRNA reference sequence is 147M53 (SEQ ID NO: 77) . In some embodiments, the tRNA reference sequence is 147M54 (SEQ ID NO: 78) . In some embodiments, the tRNA reference sequence is 147M64 (SEQ ID NO: 79) .
[0153] In some embodiments, the engineered tRNA has a nucleotide sequence that is at least about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or more than about 95%identical to any of: SEQ ID NOs: 1-4. In some embodiments, the engineered tRNA has a nucleotide sequence that is at least about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or more than about 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the engineered tRNA has a nucleotide sequence that is at least about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or more than about 95%identical to a sequence from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-2 and 74-79. In some embodiments, the engineered tRNA has a nucleotide sequence that is at least about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or more than about 95%identical to any of: SEQ ID NOs: 74-79. In some embodiments, the engineered tRNA has a nucleotide sequence that is at least about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or more than about 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the engineered tRNA has a nucleotide sequence that is at least about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or more than about 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the engineered tRNA has a nucleotide sequence that is at least about 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the engineered tRNA has a nucleotide sequence that is at least about 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the engineered tRNA has a nucleotide sequence that is at least about 85%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 74-79.
[0154] In some embodiments, the %identity described herein can be measured over a range of 90%of the length of nucleotides of a reference tRNA. In some embodiments, the %identity can be measured over a range of 95%of the length of nucleotides of a reference tRNA. In some embodiments, the %identity can be measured over 100%of the length of nucleotides of a reference tRNA. In some embodiments, the engineered tRNA sequence can comprise any of SEQ ID NOs: 1-4, and 74-79.
[0155] In some embodiments, the engineered tRNA contains no more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 nucleotide substitutions relative to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the engineered tRNA contains no more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 nucleotide substitutions relative to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the engineered tRNA contains no more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 nucleotide substitutions relative to SEQ ID NOs: 74-79. In some embodiments, the engineered tRNA contains no more than about 12 (such as no more than about any of 11, 10, 9, or 8) nucleotide substitutions relative to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the engineered tRNA contains no more than about 12 (such as no more than about any of 11, 10, 9, or 8) nucleotide substitutions relative to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the engineered tRNA contains no more than about 12 (such as no more than about any of 11, 10, 9, or 8) nucleotide substitutions relative to SEQ ID NOs: 74-79. In some embodiments, the engineered tRNA has a nucleotide sequence that is identical to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the engineered tRNA has a nucleotide sequence that is identical to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the engineered tRNA has a nucleotide sequence that is identical to the sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 74-79. In some embodiments, the suppressor tRNA has a nucleotide sequence that is identical to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-2 and 74-79.
[0156] The nucleic acid encoding a tRNA in the DNA constructs described herein can contain one or more modifications relative to a native tRNA-encoding sequence, e.g., relative to any of SEQ ID NOs: 3-4 (e.g., one or more nucleotide substitutions, deletions, inversions, and / or insertions of any length) . In some embodiments, the modification can be a mutation, such as an insertion, a deletion (such as, for example, deletion of a single nucleotide from the variable loop) , or a substitution of one or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, the insertion is an intron of any length in the tRNA. In some embodiments, the tRNA is an engineered suppressor tRNA that contains an intron that is spliced during tRNA maturation. In some embodiments, the intron is of variable length. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid encoding the tRNA does not contain intron sequences. For example, in some embodiments, the nucleic acid encoding the tRNA corresponds to an intron-spliced tRNA sequence (i.e., a post-splicing or post-spliced sequence) .
[0157] In some embodiments, the modification can be a chemical modification of one or more nucleotides in the nucleic acid encoding a tRNA in the DNA constructs. In some embodiments, the chemical modification can comprise methylation, hydroxymethylation, formylation, carboxylation, or the variant thereof. In some embodiments, the modification can be a methylation, hydroxymethylation, formylation, or carboxylation on nucleotide cytosine. In some embodiments, the modification can be a methylation on nucleotide adenine. In some embodiments, the modification can be a 5-methylcytosine (5mC) , 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) , 5-formylcytosine (5fC) , 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC) , N6-methyladenine.
[0158] In some embodiments, the tRNA transcribed by the DNA constructs described herein can contain one or more chemical modifications. The chemical modification can comprise pseudouridine, inosine, wyosine, wybutosine, an acetyl group, an isopentenyl group, an hydroxy group, a peroxy group, an ribosyl group, a carbamoyl group, a carboxyl group, a methoxy group, a carbonyl group, a methyl group, a dimethyl group, a trimethyl group, a formyl group, a cyano group, a galactosyl group, a glutamyl group, a fluoro group, a methoxyethyl group, an ethyl group, a phosphate group, an amide group, an ester group, an amino group, or one or more additional modifications as described in “Modified residues” (Genesilico, https: / / genesilico. pl / modomics / modifications, accessed on July 25, 2023) , or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the tRNA transcribed by the DNA constructs described herein can comprise a chemical modification comprising a methyl group, a fluoro group, a methoxyethyl group, an ethyl group, a phosphate group, an amide group, an ester group, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the tRNA transcribed by the DNA constructs described herein can contain one or more different chemical modifications compared to the modifications on tRNA transcribed by previously available tRNA expression cassettes.
[0159] Also provided are DNA constructs encoding engineered pre-tRNAs that are processed into any of the engineered tRNAs described herein. In such embodiments, the flanking sequences are immediately adjacent to the tRNA-encoding sequence within the DNA construct, and the transcribed pre-tRNA may carry a few nucleotides (e.g., 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or more nucleotides) from the 5’ flanking sequence at its 5’ end and / or from the 3’ flanking sequence at its 3’ end. IV. NUCLEIC ACIDS ENCODING A TRNA
[0160] The DNA constructs described herein comprise a nucleic acid encoding a tRNA (also referenced herein as a tRNA-encoding sequence) . Accordingly, in some aspects, there is provided a nucleic acid encoding a tRNA described herein, such as, for example, any tRNA (including, for example any engineered and / or suppressor tRNA) described herein. The tRNA encoded by the DNA constructs described herein may be a naturally occurring tRNA from any species or a non-naturally occurring tRNA, such as, for example, an engineered tRNA comprising one or more mutations compared to a naturally occurring tRNA. In some embodiments, the naturally occurring tRNA is an animal tRNA, a plant tRNA, a bacterial tRNA, or a fungal tRNA. In some embodiments, the animal tRNA is a mammalian tRNA. In some embodiments, the naturally occurring tRNA is a human tRNA. In some embodiments, the naturally occurring tRNA is a murine tRNA. In some embodiments, the naturally occurring tRNA is a monkey tRNA. In some embodiments, the tRNA comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-4, and 74-79. In some embodiments, the tRNA comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-2, and 74-79.
[0161] In some embodiments, the encoded tRNA is a variant of a naturally occurring tRNA (such as, for example, a variant of a human tRNA) . A variant tRNA may comprise one or more mutations compared to, for example, a corresponding canonical wild type tRNA. In some embodiments, the variant is known to be naturally occurring (such as, for example, a known minor allele) . In some embodiments, the encoded tRNA is an engineered tRNA. In some embodiments, the encoded tRNA is an engineered suppressor tRNA.
[0162] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid encoding a tRNA comprises a naturally occurring tRNA-encoding sequence. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid encoding a tRNA comprises a variant of a naturally occurring tRNA-encoding sequence. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid encoding a tRNA comprises an engineered tRNA-encoding sequence.
[0163] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid encoding a tRNA comprises one copy of a sequence encoding a tRNA. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encoding a tRNA comprises multiple coding sequences arranged in tandem. In some embodiments, the multiple coding sequences comprise one or more additional tRNA-encoding sequences. In some embodiments, the multiple coding sequences comprise a coding sequence that does not code for a tRNA.
[0164] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encoding a tRNA encodes multiple tRNAs. For example, the nucleic acid encoding a tRNA may comprise multiple sequences that each encode a tRNA. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid encoding a tRNA comprises 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more sequences that each encode a tRNA. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid encoding a tRNA comprises 3 sequences that each encode a tRNA. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the multiple tRNAs may comprise multiple copies of the same tRNA sequence. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid encoding a tRNA comprises 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10 copies of the same tRNA sequence.
[0165] In some embodiments, the multiple tRNAs comprise different tRNA sequences. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid encoding a tRNA can comprise 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10 different tRNA-encoding sequences. In some embodiments, the multiple tRNAs comprise a combination of one or more copies each of different tRNA sequences. In some embodiments, different tRNA sequences comprise different tri-nucleotide anticodons. In some embodiments, different tRNA sequences comprise the same tri-nucleotide anticodon as each other. In some embodiments, different tRNA sequences are variants of each other. In some embodiments, different tRNA sequences carry different amino acids from each other. In some embodiments, different tRNA sequences carry the same amino acid as each other.
[0166] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encoding a tRNA comprises multiple coding sequences arranged in tandem, wherein one or more coding sequences encode something other than a tRNA. Thus, in some embodiments, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tRNA that comprises multiple coding sequences arranged in tandem could encode, for instance, both a tRNA and another type of RNA. For example, in some embodiments, a nucleic acid in the construct encodes a small RNA, such as, for instance, a small guide RNA (sgRNA) . In some embodiments, expression of tRNA from a DNA construct provided herein is used to improve expression of a small RNA, such as, for instance, improving expression of a sgRNA, due to the tRNA internal promoter serving as a promotor for various other small RNAs (Xie, Kabin et al. (2015) “Boosting CRISPR / Cas9 multiplex editing capability with the endogenous tRNA-processing system. ” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America vol. 112, 11: 3570-5. PMID: 25733849) . For example, in some embodiments, a nucleic acid sequence of a DNA construct provided herein comprises a plurality of coding sequences arranged in tandem, such as, for example, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or more than 20 coding sequences arranged in tandem. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid sequence of a DNA construct provided herein comprises 3 coding sequences arranged in tandem. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid sequence of a DNA construct provided herein comprises about 3-10 coding sequences arranged in tandem. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid sequence of a DNA construct provided herein comprises more than 10 coding sequences arranged in tandem. In some embodiments, the plurality of coding sequences arranged in tandem comprises an alternating pattern of sgRNA-encoding and tRNA-encoding sequences. For example, in some embodiments, the plurality of coding sequences arranged in tandem comprises a first tRNA-encoding sequence followed by one or more repeats of the following pattern: -sgRNA-tRNA, wherein “sgRNA” represents a sgRNA-encoding sequence, “tRNA” represents a tRNA-encoding sequence, and “- “represents a covalent linkage to the previous portion of the plurality of coding sequences, such that each sgRNA-encoding sequence is adjacent to two tRNA-encoding sequences (one on each end of the sgRNA-encoding sequence) . In some such embodiments, after transcription of the nucleic acid sequence, the transcribed sgRNA sequences are cleaved from the transcribed nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the transcribed tRNA sequences trigger cleavage (e.g., act as a cleavage signal) of the transcribed nucleic acid, such that at least one of the sgRNA sequences is excised from the transcribed nucleic acid.
[0167] In some embodiments, the plurality of coding sequences arranged in tandem encodes multiple copies of the same tRNA sequence. In some embodiments, the plurality of coding sequences arranged in tandem encodes different tRNA sequences. In some embodiments, the plurality of coding sequences arranged in tandem encodes multiple copies of the same sgRNA sequence. In some embodiments, the plurality of coding sequences arranged in tandem encodes different sgRNA sequences.
[0168] In some embodiments, a nucleic acid sequence of a DNA construct provided herein comprises, for example, three coding sequences arranged in tandem, wherein, from 5’ to 3’ , the three coding sequences comprise 1) a first tRNA-encoding sequence; 2) a sgRNA-encoding sequence; and 3) a second tRNA-encoding sequence (whether for the same tRNA as the first tRNA-encoding sequence or for a different tRNA) , such that the coding sequences arranged in tandem are transcribed into an RNA comprising a tRNA sequence on each side of the sgRNA sequence, prior to maturation. In some such embodiments, after transcription, the adjacent tRNAs on each side of the sgRNA are cut off during tRNA maturation, to produce, for example, a functional sgRNA.
[0169] In some embodiments, a nucleic acid sequence of a DNA construct provided herein comprises two sgRNA coding sequences arranged in tandem in an alternating pattern with tRNA-encoding sequences, such that the nucleic acid sequence comprises a pattern of, for example, tRNA-sgRNA-tRNA-sgRNA-tRNA. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid comprises three sgRNA coding sequences arranged in tandem in an alternating pattern with tRNA-encoding sequences, such that the nucleic acid sequence comprises a pattern of, for example, tRNA-sgRNA-tRNA-sgRNA-tRNA-sgRNA-tRNA. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid comprises four sgRNA coding sequences arranged in tandem in an alternating pattern with tRNA-encoding sequences. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid comprises five sgRNA coding sequences arranged in tandem in an alternating pattern with tRNA-encoding sequences. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid comprises about five to ten sgRNA coding sequences arranged in tandem in an alternating pattern with tRNA-encoding sequences. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid comprises about ten to fifteen sgRNA coding sequences arranged in tandem in an alternating pattern with tRNA-encoding sequences. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid comprises about fifteen to twenty sgRNA coding sequences arranged in tandem in an alternating pattern with tRNA-encoding sequences. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid comprises more than twenty sgRNA coding sequences arranged in tandem in an alternating pattern with tRNA-encoding sequences.
[0170] Accordingly, further provided herein in some embodiments are methods of increasing or otherwise improving expression of a small RNA using the DNA constructs provided herein. For example, in some embodiments, a nucleic acid encoding a small RNA is present between the 5’ and 3’ flanking sequences of the DNA constructs provided herein, in addition to the tRNA-encoding nucleic acid, such that the nucleic acid encoding the small RNA is not operably linked to a promoter (e.g., a Pol I, Pol II, or Pol III promoter) in the 5’ or 3’ flanking sequences of the DNA construct.
[0171] In some embodiments, the expression of a small RNA is improved by using the DNA constructs provided herein, wherein the DNA constructs are utilized alongside known gene editing systems. In some embodiments, the DNA constructs are utilized alongside a CRISPR / Cas9 system. In some embodiments, the DNA constructs are utilized in multiplex gene editing. In some embodiments, the DNA constructs improve the efficiency of multiplex gene editing. In some embodiments, the DNA constructs are utilized in chromosomal-fragment deletion. In some embodiments, the DNA constructs provided herein improve simultaneous mutagenesis of multiple copies of a single genomic locus or deletion of a short chromosomal fragment. In some embodiments, the DNA constructs provided herein improve simultaneous mutagenesis of multiple genomic loci or deletion of multiple short chromosomal fragments.
[0172] In some embodiments, the tandem arrangement of multiple coding sequences is accomplished through known or established cloning methods. Methods of improving cloning efficiency are established in the art, such as variation in cleavage sites or selection of restriction enzymes (Engler, Carola et al. (2008) “A one pot, one step, precision cloning method with high throughput capability. ” PloS one vol. 3, 11: e3647) . In some embodiments, the designed DNA constructs’ repeats are transcribed as small RNA or sgRNA without utilizing a promoter other than a tRNA-encoding sequence (i.e., the expression of the small RNA or sgRNA is not driven by, e.g., a Pol III promoter 5’ of the tRNA-encoding sequence, but is instead driven by an internal promoter in the tRNA-encoding sequence) . In some embodiments, the endogenous tRNA-processing RNases recognize the tRNA components and excise individual sgRNAs from at least one of the DNA constructs’ transcripts. V. VECTORS, PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS, AND DELIVERY A. Vectors
[0173] In some embodiments, the DNA construct is introduced to cells using standard conventional genetic engineering techniques through use of, e.g., vectors. In some embodiments, the DNA construct of the invention is included within an appropriate gene transfer vehicle which is then used to transduce cells to express the encoded tRNA. The gene delivery vehicle can be any delivery vehicle known in the art, and can include, for example, naked DNA that is facilitated by a receptor, and / or lipid mediated transfection, and / or vectors. In some embodiments, the DNA construct is a vector. Such vectors include but are not limited to eukaryotic vectors, prokaryotic vectors (such as, for example, bacterial vectors) , and viral vectors. In some embodiments, the DNA construct is a viral vector. Exemplary viral vectors include retroviral vectors, adenoviral vectors, adeno-associated viral vectors, lentivirus vectors (human and other including porcine) , Herpes virus vectors, Epstein-Barr viral vectors, SV40 virus vectors, pox virus vectors, and pseudotyped viral vectors. In some embodiments, the viral vector is a retroviral, lentiviral, adeno-associated viral (AAV) , or adenoviral vector. Exemplary retroviral vectors include, but are not limited to, spleen necrosis virus, Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus, and vectors derived from retroviruses such as avian leukosis virus, human immunodeficiency virus, Rous Sarcoma Virus, Harvey Sarcoma Virus, myeloproliferative sarcoma virus, and mammary tumor virus. In some embodiments, the viral vector is an adenoviral vector, an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector, or a lentiviral vector.
[0174] In some embodiments, the invention further comprises transducing a retroviral vector comprising a DNA construct described herein. In some embodiments, viral vectors (e.g., “transgene vectors” ) transduce genes into “target cells” or host cells. The present invention encompasses transgene vectors that comprise a DNA construct described herein.
[0175] Also disclosed herein are various constructs for packaging a DNA construct in viral vectors, including packaging of one or more DNA constructs comprising: one or multiple engineered suppressor tRNA payloads, markers such as GFP or mCherry, stuffer sequences, or any combination thereof. Methods of delivering the DNA construct optionally packaged into a virus are also provided herein.
[0176] In some embodiments, a vector can encode an engineered tRNA or an engineered pre-tRNA. In some embodiments, a DNA construct provided herein is a vector. In some embodiments, a vector can comprise a plasmid or a viral vector. In some embodiments, the vector comprises a plasmid or a viral vector. In some embodiments, a DNA construct described herein is administered to a subject. Exemplary viral vectors can include an adenoviral vector, an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector, a retroviral vector, a lentiviral vector, a portion of any of these, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the lentiviral vector comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 119, SEQ ID NO: 120, or SEQ ID NO: 121. In some embodiments, the lentiviral vector comprises the sequence of at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 97%, or at least about 99%of SEQ ID NO: 119, SEQ ID NO: 120, or SEQ ID NO: 121.
[0177] In some embodiments, the vector is an AAV vector. In some embodiments, an AAV vector comprises an inverted terminal repeat (ITR) . In some embodiments, an AAV vector comprises a self-complementary inverted terminal repeat (scITR) sequence. In some embodiments, an AAV vector is self-complementary. In some embodiments, sequences of viral origin can be inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) , which can guide genome replication and packaging during vector production. In some embodiments, an AAV vector is a chimeric AAV vector. For example, an AAV vector can be a chimera of AAV2 rep genes and AAV9 cap genes. In some embodiments, an AAV vector does not comprise rep-encoding sequences. In some embodiments, an AAV vector does not comprise cap-encoding sequences. In some embodiments, an AAV vector does not comprise both rep-and cap-encoding sequences. In some embodiments, rep and / or cap genes (such as those from AAV2) are used in trans for AAV production. In some embodiments, the AAV is a recombinant AAV (rAAV) . rAAVs can have capsid sequences and structures substantially similar to wild-type AAVs (wtAAVs) , except that rAAVs encapsidate genomes that are largely devoid of AAV protein-coding sequences and instead contain therapeutic gene expression cassettes, such as the DNA constructs provided herein. In some embodiments, an AAV vector comprises the DNA constructs provided herein together with ITR sequences, where the DNA constructs are flanked by ITR sequences at both ends of the AAV vector. In some embodiments, an AAV vector comprises the DNA constructs provided herein along with rep genes, surrounded by ITR sequences. In some embodiments, an AAV vector comprises the DNA constructs provided herein along with cap genes, surrounded by ITR sequences. In some embodiments, an AAV vector comprises the DNA constructs provided herein along with rep and cap genes, surrounded by ITR sequences. In some embodiments, a suitable AAV vector is further modified to include alterations in the DNA constructs provided herein. Such modifications can include deletions, insertions, mutations, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, modifications to a vector are made to reduce immunogenicity and allow for repeated dosing.
[0178] Suitable AAV vectors can be encapsidated in any AAV serotype or combination of serotypes. For example, an AAV serotype can be any of the following: AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, or AAV12, or a pseudotype comprising AAV-DJ, AAV-DJ / 8, AAV-Rh10, AAV-Rh74, AAV-retro, AAV-PHP. B, AAV8-PHP. eB, AAV-PHP. S, AAV-2i8, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, an AAV serotype is selected based on its natural tropism. In some embodiments, an AAV serotype is selected based on its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, such as AAV9 and / or AAV10. In some embodiments, an AAV serotype is a chimera of at least two serotypes. For example, an AAV serotype can be a chimera of AAV2 and AAV5. In some embodiments, the serotype of an AAV can be changed when repeated dosing is performed to reduce and / or eliminate immunogenicity.
[0179] In some embodiments, a vector can encode an engineered tRNA or an engineered pre-tRNA. In some embodiments, a DNA construct provided herein is a vector. In some embodiments, the vector comprises from 2 to 10 copies of a DNA construct described herein per viral genome. In some embodiments, the vector comprises different DNA constructs described herein with multiple copies per viral genome. In some embodiments, the vector comprises from 1 to 2, from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 1 to 6, from 1 to 7, from 1 to 8, from 1 to 9, from 1 to 10, from 2 to 3, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 5, from 2 to 6, from 2 to 7, from 2 to 8, from 2 to 9, or from 2 to 10 copies of a DNA construct described herein per viral genome. In some embodiments, the vector comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 copies of a DNA construct described herein per viral genome. In some embodiments, the vector comprises from 1 to 5, from 1 to 10, from 1 to 15, from 1 to 20, from 1 to 25, from 1 to 30, from 1 to 35, from 1 to 40, from 1 to 45, or from 1 to 50 copies of a DNA construct described herein per viral genome. In some embodiments, an AAV vector comprises multiple copies of the DNA constructs provided herein, with each copy of the DNA construct arranged in tandem. In some embodiments, an AAV vector comprises multiple copies of the DNA constructs provided herein, with each copy expressing the same tRNA. In some embodiments, an AAV vector comprises multiple copies of the DNA constructs provided herein, with each copy expressing different tRNAs. In some embodiments, an AAV vector comprises the DNA constructs provided herein, where the DNA construct expresses engineered tRNAs. In some embodiments, an AAV vector comprises the DNA constructs provided herein, where the DNA construct expresses engineered suppressor tRNAs.
[0180] A retroviral transgene vector is an expression vector bearing an expressible non-retroviral gene of interest and further includes at least one functional retroviral packaging signal. Thus, after the transgene vector is transfected into a packaging cell line, the transgene vector is transcribed into RNA, and this RNA is packaged into an infectious viral particle, which then infects target cells. Upon infection, the RNA in the viral particle is reverse transcribed into DNA, and the DNA is incorporated into the cell genome as a proviral element, thereby transmitting the gene of interest to the target cells. In some embodiments, the DNA construct described herein is a plasmid. In some embodiments, the plasmid is expressed in a cell.
[0181] A lentiviral transgene vector is an expression vector bearing an expressible non-lentiviral gene of interest and further includes the essential viral elements such as the 5' and 3' Long Terminal Repeats (LTRs) , the packaging signal (Ψ) , and the Rev Response Element (RRE) . Thus, after the transgene vector is transfected into a packaging cell line, the transgene vector is transcribed into RNA, and this RNA is packaged into an infectious viral particle, which then infects target cells. Upon infection, the RNA in the viral particle is reverse transcribed into DNA, and the DNA is incorporated into the cell genome, thereby transmitting the gene of interest to the target cells.
[0182] A vector (e.g., an AAV vector) expressing one or more cassettes provided herein may be stable (e.g., able to produce measurable amounts of engineered tRNA) for various lengths of time in vivo. In some embodiments, the AAV vector is stable in vivo for at least 2 weeks after delivery. In some embodiments, the AAV vector is stable in vivo for at least 3 weeks after delivery. In some embodiments, the AAV vector is stable in vivo for at least 4 weeks after delivery. In some embodiments, the AAV vector is stable in vivo for at least 5 weeks after delivery. In some embodiments, the AAV vector is stable in vivo for at least about 2 months, about 3 months, about 4 months, about 5 months, or about 6 months after delivery. Methods of measuring vector stability are known in the art. B. Pharmaceutical compositions
[0183] In some embodiments, a DNA construct described herein or an expression cassette, vector, and / or nucleic acid comprising a DNA construct described herein is present in a pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, an excipient, and / or a diluent. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is a liposome or a lipid nanoparticle.
[0184] In some embodiments, liposomes are used to mediate delivery of the DNA construct. In some embodiments, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are used to mediate delivery of the DNA construct. In some embodiments, LNPs are used to deliver synthetic DNA.
[0185] Provided herein are DNA constructs or vectors carrying the DNA construct that can be packaged into a virus for virus particle-mediated delivery of the DNA construct to a target cell or tissue in vivo. Compositions described herein comprising the DNA construct (s) or the vector (s) comprising the DNA construct (s) can employ an AAV vector for delivery to a subject. AAV vector delivery can achieve long-term benefit with single dose and can provide opportunity for multiplexed targeting.
[0186] In some embodiments, a DNA construct, a vector comprising the DNA construct, or both, can be present in a delivery system. In some embodiments, the delivery system comprises a viral particle, a liposome, a nanoparticle, an exosome, an extracellular vesicle, a nanomesh, a charged polymer, an uncharged polymer, a surfactant, a penetrating enhancer, a gene transfer agent, a phospholipid, a micelle, a synthetic vector, a macromolecule, a dendrimer, a biopolymer, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a DNA construct or a vector comprising the DNA construct can be present in a viral particle, a liposome, a nanoparticle, an exosome, an extracellular vesicle, a nanomesh, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the vector is inside a polypeptide coat.
[0187] In some embodiments, a composition comprises an excipient. An excipient can comprise a cryo-preservative, such as DMSO, glycerol, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) , or any combination thereof. An excipient can comprise a cryo-preservative, such as a sucrose, a trehalose, a starch, a salt of any of these, a derivative of any of these, or any combination thereof. An excipient can comprise a pH agent (for example, to minimize oxidation or reduction of a component of the composition) , a stabilizing agent (for example, to prevent modification or degradation of a component of the composition) , a buffering agent (for example, to enhance temperature stability) , a solubilizing agent (for example, to increase protein solubility) , or any combination thereof. An excipient can comprise a surfactant, a sugar, an amino acid, an antioxidant, a salt, a non-ionic surfactant, a solubilizer, a triglyceride, an alcohol, or any combination thereof. An excipient can comprise sodium carbonate, acetate, citrate, phosphate, poly-ethylene glycol (PEG) , human serum albumin (HSA) , sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, polysorbate 80, sodium phosphate, sucrose, disodium phosphate, mannitol, polysorbate 20, histidine, citrate, albumin, sodium hydroxide, glycine, sodium citrate, trehalose, arginine, sodium acetate, acetate, HC1, disodium edetate, lecithin, glycerine, xanthan rubber, soy isoflavones, polysorbate 80, ethyl alcohol, water, teprenone, or any combination thereof. An excipient can be an excipient described in the Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, American Pharmaceutical Association (1986) .
[0188] A composition described herein can comprise a naturally occurring or non-naturally occurring carrier. In some embodiments, the carrier is inert (for example, a detectable agent or label) . In some embodiments, the carrier is active, such as an adjuvant, diluent, binder, stabilizer, buffers, salts, lipophilic solvents, preservative, or the like. In some embodiments, a carrier comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, a carrier includes pharmaceutical excipients and additives proteins, peptides, amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrates (e.g., sugars, including monosaccharides, di-, tri-, tetra-oligosaccharides, and oligosaccharides; derivatized sugars such as alditols, aldolic acids, esterified sugars and the like; and polysaccharides or sugar polymers) , which can be present singly or in combination, comprising alone or in combination 1-99.99%by weight or volume. Exemplary protein excipients include serum albumins such as human serum albumin (HSA) , recombinant human albumin (rHA) , gelatin, casein, and the like. Representative amino acid components, antibody components, or both, which can also function in a buffering capacity, include alanine, arginine, glycine, betaine, histidine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, cysteine, lysine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, aspartame, tyrosine, and the like. Some embodiments comprise carbohydrate excipients, such as, for example, monosaccharides such as fructose, maltose, galactose, glucose, D-mannose, sorbose, and the like; disaccharides, such as lactose, sucrose, trehalose, cellobiose, and the like; polysaccharides, such as raffmose, melezitose, maltodextrins, dextrans, starches, and the like; and alditols, such as mannitol, xylitol, maltitol, lactitol, xylitol sorbitol (glucitol) , and myoinositol.
[0189] Compositions provided herein can comprise a diluent, such as, for example, water, glycerol, methanol, ethanol, and other similar biocompatible diluents. In some embodiments, the diluent is an aqueous acid such as acetic acid, citric acid, maleic acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, or similar. In some embodiments, the diluent is an alkaline metal carbonate such as calcium carbonate; an alkaline metal phosphate such as calcium phosphate; an alkaline metal sulphate such as calcium sulphate; a cellulose derivative such as cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, or cellulose acetate; magnesium oxide, dextrin, fructose, dextrose, glyceryl palmitostearate, lactitol, choline, lactose, maltose, mannitol, simethicone, sorbitol, starch, pregelatinized starch, talc, xylitol and / or anhydrates, hydrates and / or pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof or combinations thereof. C. Delivery
[0190] In some embodiments, the DNA construct and / or vector comprising the DNA construct can be delivered to a host cell via viral or non-viral based methods. Methods of non-viral delivery of nucleic acids include lipofection, nucleofection, microinjection, biolistics, virosomes, liposomes, immunoliposomes, polycation or lipid: nucleic acid conjugates, electroporation, nanoparticles, exosomes, microvesicles, or gene-gun, naked DNA and artificial virions. See, for example, Sambrook et al. (2012, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York) . In some embodiments, the DNA construct described herein is in a host cell. In some embodiments, the DNA construct is expressed by the host cell.
[0191] The use of RNA or DNA viral based systems for the delivery of nucleic acids has high efficiency in targeting a virus to specific cells and trafficking the viral payload to the cellular nuclei. In certain embodiments according to any one of the methods described herein, the method comprises introducing a viral vector (such as an AAV or a lentiviral vector) comprising the DNA construct to the host cell. In some embodiments, the vector is a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector. In some embodiments, the DNA construct is flanked by one or more AAV inverted terminal repeat (ITR) sequences. In some embodiments, the construct is flanked by two AAV ITRs. In some embodiments, the AAV ITRs are AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAVrh8, AAVrh8R, AAV9, AAV10, AAVrh10, AAV11, AAV12, AAV2R471A, AAV DJ, a goat AAV, bovine AAV, or mouse AAV serotype ITRs. In some embodiments, the AAV ITRs are AAV2 ITRs. In some embodiments, the vector further comprises a stuffer nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the stuffer nucleic acid is located upstream or downstream of the DNA construct encoding the tRNA. In some embodiments, the vector is a self-complementary rAAV vector. In some embodiments, the vector comprises a first nucleic acid sequence comprising the DNA construct and a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a reverse-complement of the nucleic acid comprising the DNA construct, wherein the first nucleic acid sequence can form intrastrand base pairs with the second nucleic acid sequence along most or all of its length. In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence and the second nucleic acid sequence are linked by a mutated AAV ITR, wherein the mutated AAV ITR comprises a deletion of the D region and comprises a mutation of the terminal resolution sequence. In some embodiments, the vector is encapsidated in a AAV particle. In some embodiments, the AAV viral particle comprises an AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAVrh8, AAVrh8R, AAV9, AAV10, AAVrh10, AAV11, AAV12, AAV2R471A, AAV2 / 2-7m8, AAV DJ, AAV2 N587A, AAV2 E548A, AAV2 N708A, AAV2 V708K, AAV2-HBKO, AAVDJ8, AAV-PHP. B, AAV-PHP. eB, AAV-BR1, AAVHSC15, AAVHSC17, goat AAV, AAV1 / AAV2 chimeric, bovine AAV, mouse AAV, or rAAV2 / HboV1 serotype capsid.
[0192] In some embodiments, the method comprises introducing a plasmid comprising the DNA construct to a host cell. In some embodiments, the method comprises electroporation of the DNA construct (e.g., synthetic nucleic acid comprising the DNA construct) into a host cell. In some embodiments, the method comprises transfection of the DNA construct into a host cell.
[0193] In some embodiments, the DNA construct is delivered to a subject. In some embodiments, the DNA construct is delivered to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in a subject. In some embodiments, the subject and / or cell is eukaryotic. In some embodiments, the subject and / or cell is mammalian. In some embodiments, the subject and / or cell is human. VI. EXPRESSION OF AN RNA
[0194] The engineered expression cassettes described herein, and vectors, pharmaceutical compositions, cells, and delivery mechanisms comprising said engineered expression cassettes, improve expression of an encoded RNA (such as, for example, an encoded native / engineered tRNA) compared to expression of the same RNA from a control expression cassette, such as, for example, from a traditional expression cassette.
[0195] In some embodiments, the DNA construct, when introduced into a cell, results in a higher or comparable expression level of a tRNA (e.g., a native / engineered tRNA) compared to a control DNA construct, such as, for example, compared to a DNA construct comprising a 5’ flanking sequence containing an RNA polymerase III promoter operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a tRNA, wherein the nucleic acid encoding the tRNA in the control construct is the same as the nucleic acid encoding the tRNA in a DNA construct of the invention as described herein. In some embodiments, the DNA construct, when introduced into a cell, results in a higher expression level of the tRNA compared to a control DNA construct, such as, for example, compared to a DNA construct comprising a 5’ flanking sequence containing an RNA polymerase III promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the tRNA. In some embodiments, the DNA construct, when introduced into a cell, results in a comparable (such as, e.g., approximately similar) expression level of the tRNA compared to a control DNA construct, such as, for example, compared to a DNA construct comprising a 5’ flanking sequence containing an RNA polymerase III promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the tRNA. In some embodiments, the DNA construct, when introduced into a cell, results in the same expression level of the tRNA compared to a control DNA construct, such as, for example, compared to a DNA construct comprising a 5’ flanking sequence containing an RNA polymerase III promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the tRNA. Exemplary RNA polymerase III promoters include the U6, H1, and 7Sk promoters. In some embodiments, the control construct comprises a 5’ flanking sequence containing a U6 promoter operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a tRNA. In some embodiments, the control construct comprises a 5’ flanking sequence containing an H1 promoter operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a tRNA. In some embodiments, the control construct comprises a 5’ flanking sequence containing a 7SK promoter operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a tRNA. In some embodiments, the DNA construct when introduced into a cell results in a doubled, tripled, or quadrupled expression level of the engineered tRNA compared to a DNA construct comprising a 5’ flanking sequence containing an RNA polymerase III promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the engineered tRNA.
[0196] In some embodiments, the DNA construct, when introduced into a cell, results in between 0-1-fold higher, 1-2-fold higher, 2-3-fold higher, 3-4-fold higher, 4-5-fold higher, 5-6-fold higher, 6-7-fold higher, 7-8-fold higher, 8-9-fold higher, 9-10-fold higher, 10-11-fold higher, 11-12-fold higher, 12-13-fold higher, 13-14-fold higher, 14-15-fold higher, 15-16-fold higher, 16-17-fold higher, 17-18-fold higher, 18-19-fold higher, 19-20-fold higher, or more than 20-fold higher expression level of the tRNA compared to a control DNA construct. In some embodiments, the DNA construct, when introduced into a cell, results in between 0-1-fold higher, 1-2-fold higher, 2-3-fold higher, 3-4-fold higher, 4-5-fold higher, or more than 5-fold higher expression level of the tRNA compared to a control DNA construct. In some embodiments, the DNA construct, when introduced into a cell, results in about 0-5-fold, for example, from about 1-5-fold, higher expression level of the engineered tRNA compared to a control DNA construct. In some embodiments, the fold-change is measured by the activity of an associated reporter gene in comparison to experimental controls. In some embodiments, the fold-change is measured by a luciferase assay. In some embodiments, the fold-change is measured by a NanoLuc luciferase assay. In some embodiments, the quantified fold change depends on the type of assay.
[0197] In some embodiments, expression of a tRNA encoded in an engineered expression cassette described herein is measured by measuring total RNA content. In some embodiments, expression of a tRNA encoded in an engineered expression cassette described herein is measured by measuring small RNA content. In some embodiments, expression of a tRNA encoded in an engineered expression cassette described herein is measured by measuring total tRNA content. In some embodiments, expression of a tRNA encoded in an engineered expression cassette described herein is measured by measuring a sub-type tRNA content. In some embodiments, expression of a suppressor tRNA encoded in an engineered expression cassette described herein is measured indirectly by measuring content of a full-length protein comprising a premature stop codon.
[0198] In some embodiments, the expression level of a tRNA encoded in an engineered expression cassette as described herein and / or encoded in a control cassette is measured using a reporter system. In some embodiments, the reporter system is a fluorescent detection system, for example, Qubit Fluorometric Quantification System. In some embodiments, the reporter system is a spectrophotometry system, for example, the NanoDrop Microvolume Spectrophotometers. In some embodiments, the reporter system is a sequencing system, such as, In some embodiments, the reporter system is a mass spectrometry system. In some embodiments, the reporter system is an electrophoresis system. In some embodiments, relative expression of a tRNA encoded in an engineered expression cassette described herein is measured qualitatively. In some embodiments, expression of a tRNA encoded in an engineered expression cassette described herein is measured quantitatively. In some embodiments, expression of a tRNA encoded in an engineered expression cassette described herein is measured by RNA sequencing, which comprises RNA / small RNA / tRNA isolation, reverse-transcription, linker ligation, polymerase chain reaction, and data processing. Methods of RNA sequencing are known to one of skill in the art.
[0199] In some embodiments, expression of a suppressor tRNA encoded in an engineered expression cassette described herein is measured by relative PTC readthrough compared to PTC readthrough exhibited by a corresponding suppressor tRNA expressed by a control DNA construct, such as a comparator DNA construct described below. In some embodiments, PTC readthrough is measured by expression levels of a gene associated with a PTC and / or the level of activity of a protein encoded by the gene associated with the PTC. In some embodiments, a gene and / or protein measured for determining PTC readthrough efficiency is associated with a disease or condition caused in part by the PTC. In some embodiments, at least one symptom of the disease or condition caused in part by the PTC is measured for determining PTC readthrough efficiency. In some embodiments, luminescence in a luminescence assay, Luciferase assay, reporter gene assay, or dual reporter gene assay is measured for determining PTC readthrough efficiency. In some embodiments, the luminescence is relative luminescence.
[0200] In some embodiments, the PTC readthrough is increased about one-to twofold compared to a control. In some embodiments, the PTC readthrough is increased about two-to threefold compared to a control. In some embodiments, the PTC readthrough is increased about three-to fourfold compared to a control. In some embodiments, the PTC readthrough is increased about four-to fivefold compared to a control. In some embodiments, the PTC readthrough is increased about five-to sixfold compared to a control. In some embodiments, the PTC readthrough is increased about six-to sevenfold compared to a control. In some embodiments, the PTC readthrough is increased about seven-to eightfold compared to a control. In some embodiments, the PTC readthrough is increased about eight-to ninefold compared to a control. In some embodiments, the PTC readthrough is increased about nine-to tenfold compared to a control. Various controls may be used to measure relative PTC readthrough, including, for example, PTC readthrough in the absence of an engineered tRNA, or PTC readthrough in the presence of an engineered tRNA expressed from a conventional cassette.
[0201] In some embodiments, expression of the tRNA in the control or comparator DNA construct is under the control of, for example, a constitutive promoter, a cell-type specific promoter, a temporal promotor, and / or a regulatable promoter that, for example, initiates transcription only when the host cell is exposed to a particular stimulus. In embodiments relating to multicellular organisms, the promoter in the control or comparator DNA construct can also be specific to, for example, a particular tissue, organ, and / or or stage of development. In some embodiments, expression of the tRNA in the control or comparator DNA construct is driven by RNA polymerase III promoter, such as, for example, U6 promoter, H1 promoter and 7SK promoter. In some embodiments, expression of the tRNA in the control or comparator DNA construct is driven by a constitutive promoter, such as, for example, a promoter from any of the following “housekeeping” genes: hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) , dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) , adenosine deaminase, phosphoglycerol kinase (PGK) , pyruvate kinase, phosphoglycerol mutase, the actin promoter; or, for example, a viral promoter that functions constitutively in eukaryotic cells, such as, for example, the early and late promoters of SV40; the long terminal repeats (LTRs) of Moloney Leukemia Virus and other retroviruses; and the thymidine kinase promoter of Herpes Simplex Virus, among others.
[0202] In some embodiments, a suppressor tRNA produced by a construct provided herein shows enhanced (e.g., higher) readthrough efficiency compared to a comparator tRNA expression construct, such as, e.g., a suppressor tRNA produced by a construct comprising a 5’ flanking sequence containing an RNA polymerase III promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the same suppressor tRNA. In some embodiments, a suppressor tRNA produced by the construct shows enhanced readthrough efficiency of a premature termination codon (PTC) compared to the same suppressor tRNA produced by a control construct comprising a 5’ flanking sequence containing an RNA polymerase III promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the suppressor tRNA. In some embodiments, a suppressor tRNA produced by a construct provided herein shows comparable (e.g., approximately equal) readthrough efficiency compared to a comparator tRNA expression construct, such as, e.g., a suppressor tRNA produced by a construct comprising a 5’ flanking sequence containing an RNA polymerase III promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the same suppressor tRNA. In some embodiments, a suppressor tRNA produced by a construct provided herein shows reduced (e.g., lower) readthrough efficiency compared to a comparator tRNA expression construct, such as, e.g., a suppressor tRNA produced by a construct comprising a 5’ flanking sequence containing an RNA polymerase III promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the same suppressor tRNA.
[0203] In some embodiments, PTC readthrough efficiency is measured using a reporter protein carrying one or more premature stop codon in its coding DNA / mRNA sequence which can be read through by a suppressor tRNA expressed by an engineered expression cassette described herein. In some embodiments, the reporter protein is a fluorescent protein, for example, green fluorescent protein (GFP) . In some embodiments, the reporter protein is an enzyme, for example, NanoLuc protein which reacts with substrate and produce luminescence, or IDUA protein which reacts with substrate and further results the loss of substrate. In some embodiments, the reporter protein is a functional protein in participating a cellular process, for example, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) , the absence of DHFR can lead to arrest of cell cycle. In some embodiments, the reporter protein is a structural protein in participating the cell / tissue / organ formation, for example, collagen. In some embodiments, the reporter protein is a protein, and the full-length or truncation version of the protein can be quantitatively measured by various technologies, such as, by use of one or more antibodies (such as, for example, by Western Blot) , a colorimetric assay (such as, for example, a Bradford assay, a Bicinchoninic Acid (BCA) assay, a Lowry assay, and / or the Kjeldahl method) , UV-Vis absorbance (such as, for example, at 280 nm) , SDS-PAGE, and / or mass spectrometry.
[0204] In some embodiments, expression of a tRNA encoded in an engineered expression cassette described herein is measured by one or more combinations of any of the above measurement methods.
[0205] Further included in the invention are methods of production of engineered tRNAs using the DNA constructs described herein, such as, for example, methods of synthesizing an engineered tRNA, comprising causing a DNA construct of the present invention in a host cell to undergo transcription. VII. NONSENSE MUTATION / PTC SUPPRESSION
[0206] Provided herein, in some embodiments, are DNA constructs encoding engineered tRNA molecules that suppress a premature stop codon (such as, for example, a UGA / TGA, UAG / TAG, or UAA / TAA premature stop codon) or enable readthrough of the premature stop codon in a template mRNA. These are also referred to as “engineered tRNA suppressor molecules” , “engineered suppressor tRNAs” , “suppressor tRNAs” , “sup-tRNAs” , or “engineered tRNA suppressors. ” Exemplary suppressor tRNAs that may be encoded by the DNA constructs described herein include but are not limited to tRNA R3-147 (SEQ ID NO: 1) , tRNA R2-159 (SEQ ID NO: 2) , tRNA 147M19 (SEQ ID NO: 74) , tRNA 147M20 (SEQ ID NO: 75) , tRNA 147M23 (SEQ ID NO: 76) , tRNA 147M53 (SEQ ID NO: 77) , tRNA 147M54 (SEQ ID NO: 78) , tRNA 147M64 (SEQ ID NO: 79) , and variants thereof. As used herein, “suppression” and “readthrough” can be used interchangeably to reference the activity of the engineered tRNAs disclosed herein.
[0207] The engineered suppressor tRNAs described herein have an anticodon that base pairs with a premature stop codon (also referred to herein as a PTC) , thus enabling the engineered tRNA, when charged with an amino acid, to add the amino acid to a growing polypeptide molecule, thus effecting readthrough of the premature stop codon and resulting in restoration of production of the full-length protein. For example, tRNA R3-147 can base pair with a UGA premature stop codon, and, when charged with an arginine amino acid, can thus add the amino acid arginine to a growing polypeptide molecule, thus effecting readthrough of the PTC and restoring production of the full-length protein. As an additional example, tRNA R2-159 can base pair with a UAG premature stop codon, and, when charged with a tyrosine amino acid, can thus add the amino acid tyrosine to a growing polypeptide molecule, thus effecting readthrough of the PTC and restoring production of the full-length protein.
[0208] PTCs can be introduced into a protein coding sequence through, for example, a mutation. A mutation can occur in a DNA molecule, an mRNA molecule, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the reference sequence is obtained from a database, such as the NCBI Reference Sequence Database (RefSeq) database. In some embodiments, the mutation comprises a substitution, a deletion, an insertion, an inversion, and / or a conversion in one or more nucleotides. A mutation can include two or more sequence changes in different alleles, or two or more sequence changes in a single allele. A mutation can be present in a malignant tissue. A mutation can comprise a sequence variant, a sequence variation, a sequence alteration, and / or an allelic variant. A mutation can result in the presence of a PTC. In some embodiments, a mutation changes an arginine-encoding codon to a UGA / TGA PTC. In some embodiments, a mutation changes a tyrosine-encoding codon to a UAG / TAG PCT. Presence or an absence of a mutation can indicate an increased risk to develop a disease or condition. A presence or an absence of a mutation can indicate a presence of a disease or condition. A mutation can be present in a benign tissue. Absence of a mutation can but does not necessarily indicate that a tissue or sample can be benign. The methods described herein can comprise identifying the presence of a mutation in a sample.
[0209] An engineered suppressor tRNA as described herein can recognize a PTC in an mRNA and at least partially read and translate a PTC as a sense codon (such as, for example as an arginine, tyrosine, or other amino acid encoding codon) , such as, for example by adding the correct (e.g., non-disease-causing) amino acid to the growing peptide chain. Such reading / translating, also known as stop codon readthrough or PTC readthrough (also referred to synonymously herein as “read-through” ) , can produce a substantially full-length polypeptide at an efficiency of from about 1%to about 100%relative to production of the same polypeptide from a comparable mRNA that lacks the premature stop codon. In some embodiments, an efficiency can be at least about: 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%90%, 95%, or 99%compared to production of the full-length protein from a corresponding nucleic acid not containing the premature stop codon. In some embodiments, an efficiency can be at least about: 1%to about 10%, 5%to about 20%, 10%to about 35%, 25%to about 50%, 40%to about 70%, 60%to about 80%, 75%to about 90%, about 85%to about 100%, or above 100%compared to production of the full-length protein from a corresponding nucleic acid not containing the premature stop codon. In some embodiments, the introduction of a DNA construct results in the production of a full-length protein encoded by a coding nucleic acid of interest containing a premature stop codon. In some embodiments, the levels of the produced full-length protein are comparable to the levels of a cell with a corresponding nucleic acid not containing the premature stop codon.
[0210] In some embodiments, an efficiency of PTC readthrough can comprise an in vivo efficiency of PTC readthrough. In some embodiments, in vivo efficiency of PTC readthrough can be determined by at least partially treating a disease or condition. For example, in vivo efficiency of PTC readthrough can be measured by at least partially improving, for instance, the ability to produce a specific full-length protein, the absence and / or truncation of which is associated with a disease or disorder. Additional, non-limiting examples of possible in vivo measurements of efficiency of PTC readthrough include improving the ability to hear, improving the ability to see, improving motor ability, cognitive ability or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, an efficiency of PTC readthrough can comprise an in vitro efficiency of PTC readthrough, such as an in vitro efficiency of PTC readthrough as determined by, for example: (a) transfecting a first vector comprising a DNA construct described herein and a second vector encoding a screening mRNA encoding a first marker protein, such as a luciferase protein or a green fluorescent protein into a first cell, such as a first human cell, where the screening mRNA encoding the first marker protein can comprise a premature stop codon (this can be referred to herein as a (e.g., “broken” marker) ; (b) transfecting a third vector encoding a comparable screening mRNA encoding the same marker protein into a second cell, such as a second human cell, wherein the comparable screening mRNA does not comprise a premature stop codon; and (c) comparing an amount of a measurable output of the marker protein (e.g., fluorescence, luminescence) from the first and second cells. In some embodiments, a gene or mRNA encoding a marker protein can comprise at least two premature stop codons. In some instances, the premature stop codons can be the same stop codons, or different stop codons.
[0211] In some embodiments, the suppressor tRNA expressed by a DNA construct described herein exhibits an increased PTC readthrough ability as compared to a corresponding suppressor tRNA expressed by a comparator DNA construct in which the 5’ flanking sequence comprises a promotor operably linked to the suppressor tRNA. In some embodiments, the comparator DNA construct comprises an RNA polymerase III promoter. In some embodiments, the RNA polymerase III promotor in the comparator DNA construct is a U6 promoter. In some embodiments, the comparator DNA construct comprises a sequence set forth in any of SEQ ID NOs: 65-66 and 80-83.
[0212] In some embodiments, increased PTC readthrough ability is caused by increased suppressor tRNA abundance. In some embodiments, increased PTC readthrough ability is caused by increased suppressor tRNA stability. In some embodiments, increased PTC readthrough ability is caused by increased suppressor tRNA capability. Increased abundance or capability of the engineered tRNA may be determined by, for instance, NanoLuc luciferase assay, RT-qPCR, RNA sequencing, Western Blot, protein pull down, or mass spectrometry. In some embodiments, increased PTC readthrough ability is caused by one or more mechanisms discussed above.
[0213] In some embodiments, an engineered tRNA expressed by a DNA construct described herein exhibits an increased PTC read-through ability in vivo as compared to a corresponding tRNA expressed by a comparator DNA construct comprising a sequence as set forth in any of SEQ ID NOs: 65-66, and 80-83. In some embodiments, in vivo efficiency of PTC readthrough is measured as a fold change relative to the amount of substantially full-length polypeptide / protein produced in vivo with a corresponding tRNA expressed by a comparator DNA construct comprising a sequence as set forth in any of SEQ ID NOs: 65-66 and 80-83.
[0214] In some embodiments, an engineered tRNA expressed by a DNA construct described herein exhibits an increased PTC read-through ability in vitro as compared a corresponding tRNA expressed by a comparator DNA construct comprising a sequence as set forth in any of SEQ ID NOs: 65-66 and 80-83. In some embodiments, in vitro PTC read-through ability is measured by in vitro efficiency of PTC readthrough. In some embodiments, in vitro efficiency of PTC readthrough is measured as a fold change relative to the amount of substantially full-length polypeptide / protein produced in vitro with a corresponding tRNA expressed by a comparator DNA construct comprising a sequence as set forth in any of SEQ ID NOs: 65-66 and 80-83.
[0215] An in vitro efficiency of PTC readthrough for a suppressor tRNA expressed by a DNA construct described herein can increase by about 0-1-fold, about 1-2-fold, about 2-3-fold, about 3-4-fold, about 4-5-fold, about 5-6-fold, about 6-7-fold, about 7-8-fold, about 8-9-fold, about 9-10-fold, or more than 10-fold compared to PTC readthrough exhibited with a corresponding suppressor tRNA expressed by a comparator DNA construct comprising a sequence as set forth in any of SEQ ID NOs: 65-66, and 80-83. In some embodiments, efficiency of PTC readthrough for a suppressor tRNA expressed by a DNA construct described herein increases by about 1-2-fold, about 2-3-fold, about 3-4-fold, about 4-5-fold, or about 5-6-fold compared to PTC readthrough exhibited with a corresponding suppressor tRNA expressed by a comparator DNA construct comprising a sequence as set forth in any of SEQ ID NOs: 65-66 and 80-83.
[0216] The engineered tRNAs disclosed herein are capable of premature stop codon readthrough, as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the premature stop codon is resulting from an arginine encoding codon to UGA / TGA stop codon mutation. In some embodiments, the premature stop codon is a UGA / TGA stop codon mutated from a codon encoding an amino acid other than arginine. In some embodiments, the premature stop codon is resulting from a tyrosine encoding codon to UAG / TAG stop codon mutation. In some embodiments, the premature stop codon is a UAG / TAG stop codon mutated from a codon encoding an amino acid other than tyrosine.
[0217] In some embodiments, the protein resulting from the PTC readthrough has an identical sequence to a protein produced from a version of the coding sequence not containing a PTC. In some embodiments, the protein resulting from the PTC readthrough has a different sequence from a protein produced from a version of the coding sequence not containing a PTC. In some embodiments, the protein resulting from the PTC readthrough has a single amino acid difference on the sequence from a protein produced from a version of the coding sequence not containing a PTC, and the single amino acid difference is due to the readthrough of a PTC and incorporation of an amino acid other than the amino acid at the position in the protein produced from a version of the coding sequence not containing a PTC.
[0218] In some embodiments, determining the amount of full-length protein can be used to measure premature stop codon readthrough. In some embodiments, the PTC mutation is in a mammalian cell. In some embodiments, the PTC mutation is in a human cell. In some embodiments, the presence of the PTC mutation is associated with a disease or condition.
[0219] In some embodiments, a suppressor tRNA expressed by a DNA construct described herein does not read through natural stop codons (that is, not premature; the termination signal that ends translation to result in a full-length functional protein / polypeptide, such that it is the last codon in a protein coding sequence (CDS) ) other than the PTC. In some embodiments, a suppressor tRNA expressed by a DNA construct described herein does read through stop codons other than the PTC. In some embodiments, a suppressor tRNA expressed by a DNA construct described herein reads through stop codons other than the PTC with a reduced efficiency compared to the efficiency with which the suppressor tRNA reads through the PTC. In some embodiments, the efficiency of readthrough of other stop codons is about 1%or less, about 10%or less, about 20%or less, about 30%or less, about 40%or less, about 50%or less, about 60%or less, about 70%or less, about 80%or less, about 90%or less, or between about 90%and 100%compared to the efficiency with which the suppressor tRNA expressed by a DNA construct described herein reads through the PTC. In some embodiments, the efficiency of readthrough of other stop codons is less than about 10%. In some embodiments, the efficiency of readthrough of other stop codons is less than about 1%.In some embodiments, readthrough of other stop codons alters the function of the protein into which the suppressor tRNA expressed by a DNA construct described herein incorporates an amino acid. In some embodiments, read through of other stop codons does not alter the function of the protein into which suppressor tRNA expressed by a DNA construct described herein incorporates an amino acid.
[0220] In some embodiments, a tRNA expressed by a DNA construct described herein can be aminoacylated with a canonical amino acid, such as any known canonical amino acid, including but not limited to arginine or tyrosine. In some embodiments, a tRNA expressed by a DNA construct described herein is aminoacylated with arginine. In some embodiments, a tRNA expressed by a DNA construct described herein is aminoacylated with tyrosine. In some embodiments, a tRNA expressed by a DNA construct described herein can be aminoacylated with a non-canonical amino acid. A non-canonical amino acid can comprise, for example, p-Acetylphenylalanine, p-Propargyloxyphenylalanine, p-Azidophenylalanine, O-methyltyrosine, p-Iodophenylalanine, 3-Iodotyrosine, Biphenylalanine, 2-Aminocaprylic acid, p-Benzoylphenylalanine, o-Nitrobenzylcysteine, o-Nitrobenzylserine, 4, 5-Dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzyl serine, o-Nitrobenzyllysine, Dansylalanine, Acetyllysine, Methylhistidine, 2-Aminononanoic acid, 2-Aminodecanoic acid, 2-Aminodecanoic acid, Cbz-lysine, Boc-lysine, or Allyloxycarbonyllysine. In some embodiments, the function of the protein into which a suppressor tRNA expressed by a DNA construct described herein incorporates the amino acid is not altered compared to a protein produced from a version of the mRNA not comprising a PTC. In some embodiments, the function of the protein into which a suppressor tRNA expressed by a DNA construct described herein incorporates the amino acid is altered compared to a protein produced from a version of the mRNA not comprising a PTC.
[0221] In some embodiments, a suppressor tRNA expressed by a DNA construct described herein restores less than 10%of the translation of a coding nucleic acid of interest containing a PTC relative to a corresponding coding nucleic acid not containing the PTC. In some embodiments, a suppressor tRNA expressed by a DNA construct described herein restores at least 5%of the translation of a coding nucleic acid of interest containing a PTC stop codon relative to a corresponding coding nucleic acid not containing the PTC. In some embodiments, a suppressor tRNA expressed by a DNA construct described herein restores at least 10%of the translation of a coding nucleic acid of interest containing a PTC stop codon relative to a corresponding coding nucleic acid not containing the PTC. In some embodiments, a suppressor tRNA expressed by a DNA construct described herein restores between about 10-20%, about 20%-30%, about 30%-40%, about 40%-50%, about 50%-60%, about 60%-70%, about 70%-80%, about 80%-90%, or about 90%-100%of the translation of a coding nucleic acid of interest containing a PTC stop codon relative to a corresponding coding nucleic acid not containing the PTC.
[0222] In some embodiments, a suppressor tRNA expressed by a DNA construct described herein exhibits a different chemical modification pattern compared to its originated native tRNA. In some embodiments, presence of the suppressor tRNA expressed by a DNA construct described herein results in restoration of the function of a protein comprising a PTC. In some embodiments, an mRNA targeted by a suppressor tRNA expressed by a DNA construct described herein comprises one PTC. In some embodiments, an mRNA targeted by a suppressor tRNA expressed by a DNA construct described herein can comprise one, two, three, four, five, or more than five PTCs. In some embodiments, different alleles of a given gene comprise one or more different PTCs in different positions. In some embodiments, an individual has multiple different PTC-containing alleles of a gene, such as, for example, in the case of compound heterozygosity. In some embodiments, every copy of a gene present in an individual contains a PTC. In some embodiments, the presence of one or more PTCs in an individual results in complete loss of function of the protein encoded by the gene containing the PTC. In some embodiments, the presence of one or more PTCs in an individual results in partial loss of function of the protein encoded by the gene containing the PTC. Accordingly, a suppressor tRNA expressed by a DNA construct described herein can read through of any or all of the one or more PTCs, thereby at least partially restoring a substantially full-length polypeptide / protein. In some embodiments, at least partially restoring a substantially full-length polypeptide / protein can comprise at least partially treating a disease or condition. In some embodiments, the individual is a human. In some embodiments, the individual is a mouse.
[0223] In some embodiments, a suppressor tRNA expressed by a DNA construct described herein can reduce or prevent nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) of an mRNA containing one or more PTCs. NMD is a quality control pathway that degrades PTC-containing mRNAs. Some embodiments can include a method of inhibiting NMD comprising treating a cell with a suppressor tRNA expressed by a DNA construct described herein and / or by causing the cell to express a DNA construct described herein. In some embodiments, the treatment or expression of a suppressor tRNA can result in an increase in abundance of mRNAs containing PTCs in the cell relative to a baseline measurement. Some embodiments can include a method of inhibiting NMD of an mRNA containing one or more PTCs in a subject, comprising administering to a subject a suppressor tRNA expressed by a DNA construct described herein and / or administering to a subject a DNA construct described herein. In some embodiments, the administration of a suppressor tRNA or DNA construct described herein can result in a prevention or decrease of NMD-induced degradation of an mRNA containing one or more PTCs in the subject. In some embodiments, the administration can result in an increase in abundance of an mRNA containing one or more PTCs relative to a baseline measurement. The increase in the target mRNA abundance can be measured by comparing abundance in a second sample taken from the subject to a baseline target mRNA measurement in a first sample taken from the subject. The first and / or second samples can comprise a tissue or fluid sample described herein.
[0224] In some embodiments, a suppressor tRNA expressed by a DNA construct described herein can decrease NMD-induced degradation of an mRNA containing one or more PTCs by: 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%90%, 95%, 99%or 100%, or a range of any two of the aforementioned percentages. In some embodiments, a suppressor tRNA expressed by a DNA construct described herein can decrease NMD-induced degradation of an mRNA containing one or more PTCs by at least about: 1%to about 10%, 5%to about 20%, 10%to about 35%, 25%to about 50%, 40%to about 70%, 60%to about 80%, 75%to about 90%or about 85%to about 100%. VIII. METHODS OF SUPPRESSING PTC AND DISEASE TREATMENT
[0225] The present application further provides methods of suppressing PTC by using the DNA constructs provided herein. In some embodiments, a DNA construct provided herein and / or an engineered suppressor tRNA encoded by a DNA construct provided herein is used to treat a disease associated with a PTC. In some embodiments, a method of treating a disease associated with a PTC in an individual comprises administering to the individual an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a DNA construct provided herein, an engineered suppressor tRNA encoded by a DNA construct provided herein, and / or a vector comprising a DNA construct provided herein, and optionally further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In the context of therapeutic or prophylactic applications, the effective amount can depend on, for example, the type and severity of the condition at issue and the characteristics of the individual subject, such as general health, age, sex, body weight, and / or tolerance to pharmaceutical compositions. In some embodiments, an effective amount can be an amount that can be required to at least partially treat a patient with a disease associated with the presence of a PTC. In some embodiments related to in vitro applications, the effective amount depends on the size and nature of the particular application and / or on the nature and / or sensitivity of the in vitro target and the methods in use. In some embodiments, the effective amount comprises one or more administrations of a composition.
[0226] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of restoring translation of a coding nucleic acid containing a PTC in (or a method of reading through a nucleic acid containing a premature stop codon) a host cell, comprising introducing to the host cell a DNA construct comprising a 5’ flanking sequence, a nucleic acid encoding an engineered suppressor tRNA, and a 3’ flanking sequence, wherein the 5’ flanking is at least about 30 nucleotides long, and wherein the 5’ flanking sequence lacks a functional RNA polymerase III promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the engineered suppressor tRNA, and wherein the engineered suppressor tRNA recognizes and reads through the premature stop codon, thereby restoring translation of the coding nucleic acid containing the premature stop codon. In some embodiments, the engineered suppressor tRNA has a nucleotide sequence that is at least about 85% (e.g., at least about any of 87%, 90%, 92%, or 95%) identical to SEQ ID NO: 1 or to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the engineered suppressor tRNA has a nucleotide sequence that is at least about 85% (e.g., at least about any of 87%, 90%, 92%, or 95%) identical to a sequence from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-2 and 74-79. In some embodiments, the engineered suppressor tRNA contains no more than 12 (such as no more than about any of 11, 10, 9, or 8) nucleotide substitutions relative to SEQ ID NO: 1 or to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the suppressor tRNA contains no more than about 7 nucleotide substitutions relative to SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the suppressor tRNA contains no more than about 8 nucleotide substitutions relative to SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the suppressor tRNA contains no more than about 11 nucleotide substitutions relative to SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the engineered suppressor tRNA contains no more than 12 (such as no more than about any of 11, 10, 9, or 8) nucleotide substitutions relative to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-2 and 74-79. In some embodiments, the suppressor tRNA contains no more than about 7 nucleotide substitutions relative to a sequence from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-2 and 74-79. In some embodiments, the suppressor tRNA contains no more than about 8 nucleotide substitutions relative to a sequence from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-2 and 74-79. In some embodiments, the suppressor tRNA contains no more than about 11 nucleotide substitutions relative to a sequence from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-2 and 74-79. In some embodiments, the suppressor tRNA has a nucleotide sequence that is at least about 85%identical to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the suppressor tRNA has a nucleotide sequence that is at least about 89%identical to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the suppressor tRNA has a nucleotide sequence that is at least about 90%identical to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the suppressor tRNA has a nucleotide sequence that is at least about 85%identical to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-2 and 74-79. In some embodiments, the suppressor tRNA has a nucleotide sequence that is at least about 89%identical to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-2 and 74-79. In some embodiments, the suppressor tRNA has a nucleotide sequence that is at least about 90%identical to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-2 and 74-79. In some embodiments, the method is carried out ex vivo. In some embodiments, the method is carried out in vivo. In some embodiments, the method is carried out in vitro. In some embodiments, the method is carried out in a non-embryonic cell.
[0227] In some embodiments, the method of suppressing PTC by using an engineered suppressor tRNAs expressed by a DNA construct provided herein can comprise delivery of a mixture of nucleic acids comprising DNA constructs provided herein encoding multiple types of engineered suppressor tRNAs, simultaneous or non-simultaneous delivery of 2 or more, 3 or more, 4 or more, or 5 or more different nucleic acids comprising different DNA constructs provided herein, each encoding a different engineered suppressor tRNA, and / or delivery of a DNA construct provided herein that encodes multiple different engineered suppressor tRNAs. In some embodiments, the different engineered suppressor tRNAs suppress the same PTC (e.g., UGA / TGA) . In some embodiments each of the different engineered suppressor tRNAs suppresses a different PTC (e.g., one or more engineered suppressor tRNAs suppress the UGA / TGA PTC, and one or more different engineered suppressor tRNAs suppress a different PTC) . In some embodiments, at least one of the different engineered suppressor tRNAs is an engineered Arg-UGA tRNA described herein. In some embodiments, at least one of the different engineered suppressor tRNAs is an engineered Tyr-UAG tRNA described herein. In some embodiments, all of the different engineered suppressor tRNAs are different engineered Arg-UGA tRNAs and / or different engineered Tyr-UAG tRNAs described herein.
[0228] By “read through, ” it is meant that the engineered suppressor tRNA affects translation of a PTC-containing mRNA, resulting in the incorporation of a sense amino acid at the PTC position in the nascent growing polypeptide chain, rather than termination of translation and generation of a truncated protein, which would otherwise occur.
[0229] Methods for determining whether an engineered suppressor tRNA result in read through are known in the art, and include, for example, western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, mass spectrometry, as well as cell-based reporter assays such as those described in the Examples section. In some aspects, improvement in one or more clinical parameters allows for determining whether a PTC correction agent is effectively increasing levels of full-length protein. In some aspects, even modest or slight increases in the amount of full-length protein are beneficial in alleviating some disease states. For example, the lysosomal storage disease mucopolysaccharidosis type I-Hurler (MPS I-H, caused by nonsense mutation resulting in decreased levels of iduronidase encoded by the IDUA gene) , has a low threshold for correction, since <1%of wild-type iduronidase function can significantly moderate the clinical phenotype (Ashton et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1992, 50: 787-794, Bunge et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1998, 1407: 249-256) . Thus, increasing the amount of full-length protein, in some aspects, to reach 1%of wild-type levels, is beneficial in treating some diseases caused by PTC. In some examples, the method results in an increase of at least 5%, such as 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or a 100%increase, in the amount of full length protein produced, for example as compared to wild type levels (e.g., levels of expression of the wild-type protein wherein the gene / mRNA does not contain a PTC) . In other examples, such as the disease β-thalassemia, increased levels of the full-length beta chains of hemoglobin leads to improved or ameliorated disease states, such as decreased or no anemia, decreased tiredness, decreased breathlessness, and increased exercise tolerance. Methods for monitoring improvement in the β-thalassemia disease state are known, and include, for example, pulse oximetry, hemoglobin electrophoresis; serum transferrin, ferritin, Fe binding capacity analysis; urine urobilin &urobilinogen assays; peripheral blood smear test; hematocrit analysis; and serum bilirubin analysis.
[0230] In some embodiments, the host cell is a eukaryotic cell. Preferably, the host cell is a mammalian cell. Most preferably, the host cell is a human cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is a murine cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is a plant cell or a fungal cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is a diseased cell. In some embodiments, the host cell comprises one or more mutations, such as a nonsense mutation.
[0231] In some embodiments, the host cell is a cell line, such as Neuro-2a, HEK293T, HT29, NCI-60, MCF-7, HL-60, A549, HepG2, RD, SF268, SW13, LHCN differentiated, LHCN undifferentiated, Saos-2, CHO, or HeLa cells. In some embodiments, the host cell is a primary cell, such as fibroblast, epithelial, or immune cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is a T cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is a post-mitosis cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is a cell of the central nervous system (CNS) , such as a brain cell, e.g., a cerebellum cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is an immortalized PTC containing cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is a PTC-containing stem cell or IPS cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is from a PTC-containing stem cell-or IPS cell-differentiated cells or organoids.
[0232] In some embodiments, the host cell is a neuron, a photoreceptor cell (e.g., a S cone cell, a L cone cell, a M cone cell, a rod cell) , a retinal pigment epithelium cell, a glia cell (e.g. an astrocyte, an oligodendrocyte, a microglia) , a muscle cell (e.g. a myoblast, a myotube) , a hepatocyte, or a lung epithelial cell. In some embodiments, a cell can be a horizontal cell, a ganglion cell, or a bipolar cell.
[0233] In some embodiments, the host cell is in an individual, such as a human individual. In some embodiments, the host cell is an ex vivo cell population. In some embodiments, the individual is a human. In some embodiments, the individual is a mouse.
[0234] In some embodiments, the coding nucleic acid containing a premature stop codon is an mRNA. In some embodiments, the premature stop codon (also referred to as “PTC” ) results from a nonsense mutation, such as a disease-causing mutation (such as a disease-causing mutation described herein) . The disease can be caused by the rapid turnover (e.g., by NMD) of the mRNA, a lack or reduced production of functional protein, insufficient level of a truncated protein product having normal or partial function, toxicity of a truncated protein product, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the PTC is a PTC resulting from abnormal or inefficient biogenesis of mRNAs. In some embodiments, the PTC is not the result of a mutation, such as, for example as the result of one or more errors introduced during transcription of non-mutated DNA.
[0235] In some aspects, mutations resulting in a PTC have important consequences on gene expression, such as in the context of disease. For example, a PTC will terminate mRNA translation prior to completion of a full-length polypeptide, leading to production of truncated proteins that are often partially functional, nonfunctional, unstable, toxic, and / or have detrimental function. In addition, PTC-containing mRNAs are also frequently unstable because the mRNAs are degraded by NMD pathway, resulting in a severe reduction in steady-state mRNA levels. In some examples, the combination of these PTC-induced events reduces the level of functional protein produced to such an extent that a severe disease state results.
[0236] The PTC-containing mRNA described herein can be transcribed from any gene of interest. In some embodiments, a PTC-containing mRNA is transcribed from a gene selected from the group consisting of α-l-Iduronidase (alpha-L-Iduronidase, IDUA) , cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) , dystrophin (DMD) , hemoglobin subunit beta (HBB) , Collagen IV Alpha 5 (COL4A5) , Iduronate 2-sulfatase (IDS) , Retinal-specific phospholipid-transporting ATPase (ABC1) , member 4 (ABCA4) , and Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) . In some embodiments, the PTC-containing mRNA is transcribed from IDUA. Additional nonsense mutations can be found in, for example, the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) and the ClinVar (Landrum, M. J., et al. ClinVar: improving access to variant interpretations and supporting evidence. Nucleic Acids Res . 2018 Jan 4. PubMed PMID: 29165669) .
[0237] In some embodiments, a composition described herein (e.g., a composition comprising a DNA construct encoding a tRNA provided herein or a nucleic acid encoding the DNA construct) can be administered to prevent a disease or condition as described herein. For example, in some embodiments, a composition as described herein can be administered prophylactically to prevent an incidence of a disease or condition. Prevention can at least partially reduce an appearance, onset, or incidence of one or more symptoms of a disease or condition. In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating a disease associated with a premature stop codon in an individual, comprising: administering to the individual an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising an engineered suppressor transfer RNA (tRNA) and / or a DNA construct comprising: a 5’ flanking sequence, a nucleic acid encoding the engineered suppressor tRNA, and a 3’ flanking sequence, wherein the 5’ flanking is at least about 30 nucleotides long, and wherein the 5’ flanking sequence lacks a functional RNA polymerase III promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the engineered suppressor tRNA.
[0238] Also provided are compositions (such as pharmaceutical compositions) described herein for use in treating a disease associated with a premature stop codon in an individual. In some embodiments, there are provided uses of the compositions (such as pharmaceutical compositions) described herein for the manufacture of medicament for treating a disease associated with a premature stop codon in an individual.
[0239] In some embodiments, a composition described herein can be administered to treat a disease or condition as described herein. For example, in some embodiments, a composition as described herein can be administered after onset or diagnosis of a disease to prevent continuing or worsening of the disease or condition, and / or to reduce the severity of symptoms, such as by at least partially reduce an appearance, onset, or incidence of one or more symptoms of a disease or condition. Any disease associated with a nonsense allele may be treated using the compositions and methods provided herein. Other diseases or disorders that are also treatable using the compositions and methods provided herein include, but are not limited to, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, Alport syndrome, Stargardt disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, Rett syndrome, Hunter syndrome, Hurler syndrome, Usher syndrome, ataxia telangiectasia, hemophilia A and B, Hailey-Hailey disease, Ullrich disease, methylmalonic acidemia, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A deficiency, peroxisome biogenesis disorders, limb girdle muscular dystrophy, Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, Sandhoff disease, Marfan syndrome, anemia, epidermolysis bullosa simplex, Tay-Sachs disease, triose phosphate isomerase deficiency, Alzheimer's disease, long-QT syndrome, insulin resistance, maple syrup urine disease, hereditary fructose intolerance, X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency, infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, cystinosis, X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, polycystic kidney disease, Liddle's syndrome, xeroderma pigmentosum, Fanconi's anemia, p53-associated cancers (e.g., p53 squamal cell carcinoma, p53 hepatocellular carcinoma, p53 ovarian carcinoma) , esophageal carcinoma, osteocarcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, fibrous histiocytoma, ovarian carcinoma, SRY sex reversal, triosephosphate isomerase-anemia, inherited cancers such as those due to BRCA1 nonsense mutations, carbohydrate metabolism disorders, amino acid metabolism disorders, lipoprotein metabolism disorders, lipid metabolism disorders, lysosomal enzymes metabolism disorders, steroid metabolism disorders, purine metabolism disorders, pyrimidine metabolism disorders, metal metabolism disorders, porphyrin metabolism disorders, and heme metabolism disorders.
[0240] Any suitable subject can be administered a composition as described herein or treated by a method as described herein. Non-limiting examples of mammals include humans, non-human primates (e.g., apes, gibbons, chimpanzees, orangutans, monkeys, macaques, and the like) , domestic animals (e.g., dogs and cats) , farm animals (e.g., horses, cows, goats, sheep, pigs) , and experimental animals (e.g., mouse, rat, rabbit, guinea pig) . In some embodiments, the subject is a human. The subject can be any age or at any stage of development (e.g., an adult, teen, child, infant, or a mammal in utero) . In some embodiments, a human can be an embryo, a fetus, a child, or an adult. In some embodiments, a human can be from about: 1 day to about 7 days old, 1 week to about 5 weeks old, 1 month to about 12 months old, 1 year to about 10 years old, 6 months to about 15 years old, 5 years to about 25 years old, 20 years to about 50 years old, 40 years to about 80 years old, 75 years to about 100 years old, or about 90 years to about 130 years old. A mammal can be male or female. In some embodiments, the subject is male. In some embodiments, the subject is female. In some embodiments, a subject can be a pregnant subject, such as a pregnant human at an age appropriate for reproduction. In some embodiments, the patient can be about 20 years of age. In some embodiments, the patient can be 10-30 years of age. In some embodiments, a subject has or is suspected of having a disease or condition. In some embodiments, a subject has or is suspected of having one or more PTCs associated with a disease or condition. In some embodiments, the subject has a disease or condition caused by one or more PTCs. In some embodiments, the subject has one or more Arg-to-stop and / or one or more Tyr-to-stop PTCs.
[0241] In some embodiments, a subject has received a diagnosis of a disease or a condition. In some embodiments, a subject has not received a diagnosis of a disease or condition. A diagnosis can include a blood test, a clinical diagnosis based on one or more symptoms, or any combination thereof. A diagnostic (such as a blood test) can confirm a presence or an absence of a mutation (e.g., a UGA PTC) in an mRNA encoding a polypeptide. In some embodiments, a diagnostic test can comprise sequencing (e.g., Sanger sequencing, Illumina sequences, or sequencing by synthesis) a biological sample from a subject. A presence of a mutation in a portion of an mRNA can include a plurality of mutations (such as from about 1 to about 200 mutations) . A clinical diagnosis can be based on one or more symptoms, such as, for example, loss of speech, loss of purposeful use of hands, involuntary hand movements, loss of mobility, gait disturbances, loss of muscle tone, seizures, scoliosis, sleep disturbances, slowed growth rate, difficulty breathing, loss of hearing, muffing of speech and sounds, difficulty understanding words, trouble hearing constants, a loss of vision, a restricted vision field, a cloudiness of vision, a blurred vision, eye discomfort, a cough, a cough with phlegm, fatty stools, infertility, weight loss, salty skin, or any combination thereof.
[0242] In some embodiments, a pregnant female subject is administered a composition described herein at one or more stages of pregnancy. In some embodiments, a female subject is administered the composition during a prenatal period. In some embodiments, an embryo or a fetus can be administered a composition as described herein in the womb. In some embodiments, an embryo can be administered a composition as described herein in an in vitro setting.
[0243] In some embodiments, a disease or condition can comprise, for example, Alport syndrome, Rett syndrome, autism, West syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, epileptic encephalopathy (EEP) , Pitt-Hopkins syndrome, comprise cystic fibrosis, deafness (e.g. autosomal dominant 17 deafness, autosomal dominant 13 deafness, autosomal dominant 11 deafness) retinitis pigmentosa, Tay-Sachs, Parkinson’s , Cystic Fibrosis, Usher syndrome, Wolman disease, a liver disease (Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency) , a neurodegenerative disease, a muscular disorder, a metabolic disorder, an ocular disorder (e.g. an ocular disease) , a cancer, albinism, Alzheimer disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Asthma, b-thalassemia, Cadasil syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) , dementia, Distal Spinal Muscular Atrophy (DSMA) , Dystrophic Epidermolysis bullosa, Epidermylosis bullosa, Fabry disease, Factor V Leiden associated disorders, Familial Adenomatous, Polyposis, Galactosemia, Gaucher's Disease, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, Hemophilia, Hereditary Hematochromatosis, Hunter syndrome, Huntington's disease, Hurler syndrome, Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) , Inherited polyagglutination syndrome, Leber congenital amaurosis, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Lynch syndrome, Marfan syndrome, Mucopolysaccharidosis, Myotonic dystrophy types I and II, neurofibromatosis, Niemann-Pick disease type A, B and C, NY-esol related cancer, Parkinson's disease, Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome, Phenylketonuria, Pompe's disease, Primary Ciliary Disease, Prothrombin mutation related disorders, such as the Prothrombin G20210A mutation, Pulmonary Hypertension, Retinitis Pigmentosa, Sandhoff Disease, Severe Combined Immune Deficiency Syndrome (SCID) , Sickle Cell Anemia, Spinal Muscular Atrophy, Stargardt Disease, Dilated cardiomyopathy, X-linked immunodeficiency, various forms of cancer (e.g., BRCA1 and 2 linked breast cancer and ovarian cancer) , muscular dystrophy, an ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, prostate cancer, a lung cancer, a skin cancer, Stargardt macular dystrophy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, or any combination thereof. A disease or condition can comprise a muscular dystrophy, such as, for example, myotonic, Duchenne, Becker, Limb-girdle, facioscapulohumeral, congenital, oculopharyngeal, distal, Emery-Dreifuss, or any combination thereof. A disease or condition can comprise pain, such as chronic pain. Pain can include neuropathic pain, nociceptive pain, or a combination thereof. Nociceptive pain can include visceral pain, somatic pain, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the disease associated with the premature stop codon is cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, Alport syndrome, Rett syndrome, Hunter syndrome, Hurler syndrome, Stargardt disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, β-thalassemia, or Liddle’s syndrome.
[0244] In some embodiments, treatment comprises administration to a subject one or more compositions as described herein. In some embodiments, treatment comprises administration of a co-therapy to a subject, such as, for example, co-therapy comprising the engineered suppressor tRNA alongside, for example, a cancer treatment (e.g., radiotherapy, chemotherapy, CAR-T therapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, cryoablation) , surgery, antibiotics, antivirals, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, co-therapy comprises a mucus thinner, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator therapies, a lung transplant, bronchodilator, airway clearance, an anti-inflammatory medication, nebulizer treatment, an oral pancreatic enzyme, a stool softener, elexacaftor, ivacaftor and tezacaftor, lumacaftor, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a co-therapy comprises physical therapy, hydrotherapy, occupational therapy, speech-language therapy, feeding assistance, an antiepileptic drug, an antireflux drug, levocarnitine, steroid therapy, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) , vision aids (e.g. glasses, and / or corrective eye surgery) , hearing treatment (e.g., hearing aids) , or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, co-therapy comprises an RNA or DNA editing technology. In some embodiments, treatment includes curing a disease or condition. In some embodiments, treatment includes substantially reducing one or more symptoms of a disease or condition.
[0245] In some embodiments, administration of the engineered suppressor tRNA or DNA construct encoding the engineered suppressor tRNA results in a reduction in at least one symptom associated with a genetic disease. The amount and form of tRNA or nucleic acid encoding tRNA administered will vary depending on various factors such as, for example, the composition chosen, the particular disease, weight, physical condition, and age of the subject, and whether prevention or treatment is the goal. In some embodiments, the reduction in at least one symptom occurs with less than about 1%, less than about 5%, less than about 10%, less than about 20%, less than about 30%, less than about 40%, less than about 50%, less than about 60%, less than about 70%, less than about 80%, less than about 90%, or less than about 100%of restoration of translation of a mRNA comprising a PTC. In some embodiments, the reduction in at least one symptom occurs with less than about 10%of restoration of translation of a mRNA comprising a PTC. In some embodiments, restoration of translation is measured as the amount of full-length protein produced in a sample comprising an mRNA comprising the PTC relative to a comparative sample comprising a comparative mRNA encoding the same protein but not comprising the PTC.
[0246] In some embodiments, such as embodiments relating to mammalian subjects, the endogenous DNA sequences encoding the endogenous tRNAs of the subject do not comprise a CCA sequence at its 3’ end. In some embodiments, such as embodiments relating to mammalian subjects, a CCA sequence is attached post-transcriptionally to the acceptor arm at the 3’ end of endogenous tRNAs.
[0247] In some embodiments, compositions disclosed herein are in unit dose forms. In some embodiments, compositions disclosed herein are in multiple-dose forms. Unit dose forms, as used herein, can refer to physically discrete units suitable for administration to human or non-human subjects (e.g., animals) . In some embodiments, unit dose forms are packaged individually. In some embodiments, unit dose forms can comprise a mixture of multiple types of DNA constructs described herein. For example, a single unit dose can comprise a mixture of 2 or more, 3 or more, 4 or more, or 5 or more different DNA constructs described herein. In some embodiments, at least one of the different DNA constructs is a DNA construct described herein. In some embodiments, all of the different DNA constructs are DNA constructs described herein. In some embodiments, the different engineered suppressor tRNAs expressed by DNA constructs described herein suppress the same PTC (e.g., UGA) . In some embodiments each of the different engineered suppressor tRNAs expressed by DNA constructs described herein suppresses a different PTC (e.g., one or more engineered suppressor tRNAs suppress the UGA PTC, and one or more different engineered suppressor tRNAs suppress a different PTC) . In some embodiments, at least one of the different engineered suppressor tRNAs is an engineered Arg-UGA tRNA described herein. In some embodiments, at least one of the different engineered suppressor tRNAs is an engineered Tyr-UAG tRNA described herein. In some embodiments, all of the different engineered suppressor tRNAs are different engineered Arg-UGA tRNAs and / or different engineered Tyr-UAG tRNAs described herein.
[0248] Each unit dose can contain a predetermined quantity of an active ingredient (s) that can be sufficient to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with pharmaceutical carriers, diluents, excipients, or any combination thereof. Examples of unit dose forms can include ampules, syringes, and individually packaged tablets and capsules.
[0249] In some embodiments, a unit dose form is packaged in a disposable syringe. In some embodiments, a unit dose form is administered in fractions or multiples. A multiple-dose form can be a plurality of identical unit dose forms packaged in a single container, which can be administered in segregated a unit dose form. Examples of a multiple-dose form can include vials, bottles of tablets or capsules, or bottles of pints or gallons. In some embodiments, a multiple-dose form comprises multiple doses of the same pharmaceutically active agents. In some embodiments, a multiple-dose form comprises doses of different pharmaceutically active agents.
[0250] In some embodiments, a composition described herein is administered to enable the delivery of an engineered suppressor tRNA or a vector encoding an engineered suppressor tRNA to a desired site of biological action. In some embodiments, administration includes, for example, oral administration, topical administration, intravenous administration, inhalation administration, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, administration includes injection, catheterization, gastrostomy tube administration, intraosseous administration, ocular administration, intracerebroventricular administration, intracerebroventricular injection, otic administration, transdermal administration, oral administration, rectal administration, nasal administration, intravaginal administration, intracavernous administration, transurethral administration, sublingual administration, intracranial injection, intracranial injection into the parenchyma, intra-cistemal magna (ICM) , intra-cerebroventricular (ICV) or a combination thereof.
[0251] In some embodiments, administration includes direct application to the affected tissue or region of the body. In some embodiments, topical administration comprises administering a lotion, a solution, an emulsion, a cream, a balm, an oil, a paste, a stick, an aerosol, a foam, a jelly, a foam, a mask, a pad, a powder, a solid, a tincture, a butter, a patch, a gel, a spray, a drip, a liquid formulation, an ointment to an external surface of a surface, such as a skin. In some embodiments, administration comprises injection, such as, for example, parenchymal injection, intracistemal injection, intraarterial injection, intramuscular injection, intraparenchymal injection, intraperitoneal injection, intraspinal injection, intrathecal injection, intravenous injection, intraventricular injection, stereotactic injection, subcutaneous injection, epidural, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, administration is by parenteral administration, such as, for example, an intravenous administering, an intra-arterial administering, an intrathecal administering, an intraocular administering, an otic administering, an intracerebroventricular administering, or an intraperitoneal administering.
[0252] In some embodiments, administration is from a device, such as a pump, an infusion pump, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, administration is by an enema, an eye drop, a nasal spray, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a subject can administer the composition in the absence of supervision. In some embodiments, a subject can administer the composition under the supervision of a medical professional. In some embodiments, a medical professional administers the composition. In some embodiments, administering can be oral ingestion, such as, for example, comprising ingestion of a tea, an elixir, a food, a drink, a beverage, a syrup, a liquid, a gel, a capsule, a tablet, an oil, a tincture, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, administration can be by a capsule or a tablet. In some instances, the capsule comprises hydroxymethylcellulose, gelatin, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, pullulan, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, capsules can comprise a coating, for example, an enteric coating. In some embodiments, capsules are vegetarian vegan, such as a hypromellose capsule. In some embodiments, administration comprises inhalation by an inhaler, a diffuser, a nebulizer, a vaporizer, or a combination thereof.
[0253] In some embodiments, administration is intermittent. In some embodiments, a composition described herein is administered at a first time point and a second time point. In some embodiments, there is 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours, 16 hours, 20 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 4 days, 7 days, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 1 year or more between administrations.
[0254] Administration or application of a composition disclosed herein can be performed for a treatment duration of about at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100 consecutive or nonconsecutive days.
[0255] For example, in some embodiments comprising AAV delivery, the treatment is administered or applied once, twice, or no more than a few times during the life of a subject. Alternatively, for example, in some embodiments comprising delivering synthetic tRNA through carriers such as LNP, the treatment is administered or applied periodically. In embodiments involving, for example, treatment of cystic fibrosis, the treatment may be administered or applied approximately once a week for the lifetime of a subject. In other embodiments, such as embodiments involving, for example, cancer, the treatment is administered or applied at different intervals, such as one injection approximately every few days for about one, two, three, or four months, or one injection about every one, two, three, or four months.
[0256] In some embodiments, a treatment duration can be from about 1 to about 30 days, from about 2 to about 30 days, from about 3 to about 30 days, from about 4 to about 30 days, from about 5 to about 30 days, from about 6 to about 30 days, from about 7 to about 30 days, from about 8 to about 30 days, from about 9 to about 30 days, from about 10 to about 30 days, from about 11 to about 30 days, from about 12 to about 30 days, from about 13 to about 30 days, from about 14 to about 30 days, from about 15 to about 30 days, from about 16 to about 30 days, from about 17 to about 30 days, from about 18 to about 30 days, from about 19 to about 30 days, from about 20 to about 30 days, from about 21 to about 30 days, from about 22 to about 30 days, from about 23 to about 30 days, from about 24 to about 30 days, from about 25 to about 30 days, from about 26 to about 30 days, from about 27 to about 30 days, from about 28 to about 30 days, or from about 29 to about 30 days. Administration or application of a composition disclosed herein can be performed for a treatment duration of at least about 1 week, at least about 1 month, at least about 1 year, at least about 2 years, at least about 3 years, at least about 4 years, at least about 5 years, at least about 6 years, at least about 7 years, at least about 8 years, at least about 9 years, at least about 10 years, at least about 15 years, at least about 20 years, or more. Administration can be performed repeatedly over the lifetime of a subject, such as once a month or once a year for the lifetime of a subject. Administration can be performed repeatedly over a substantial portion of a subject’s life, such as once a month or once a year for at least about 1 year, at least about 5 years, at least about 10 years, at least about 15 years, at least about 20 years, at least about 25 years, at least about 30 years, or more.
[0257] Administration or application of a composition disclosed herein can be performed at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more times a day. In some embodiments, administration or application of a composition disclosed herein is performed at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or more times in a week. In some embodiments, administration or application of a composition disclosed herein is performed at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, or more times a month. In some embodiments, administration is continuous or essentially continuous over a preselected period of time. In some embodiments, administration is local. In some embodiments, administration is systemic.
[0258] In some embodiments, exogenous genetic material (e.g., DNA construct describe herein encoding one or more engineered suppressor tRNAs) is introduced into a cell in vivo by genetic transfer methods, such as transfection or transduction, to provide a genetically modified cell. Exemplary transfection techniques include, but are not limited to, calcium phosphate DNA co-precipitation; DEAE-dextran; electroporation; cationic liposome-mediated transfection; tungsten particle-facilitated microparticle bombardment; and / or strontium phosphate DNA co-precipitation. IX. KITS
[0259] In some embodiments, a DNA construct of the present invention is packaged in a kit. In some embodiments, a kit comprises a DNA construct. In some embodiments, a kit can comprise a composition described herein and a container. For example, in some embodiments, a kit comprises a pharmaceutical composition, which can comprise a DNA construct, a polynucleotide (e.g., vector) comprising a DNA construct, or both. In some embodiments, a kit comprises a pharmaceutical composition described herein (e.g. a DNA construct and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier or diluent, optionally in a dose unit form) . In some embodiments, a kit comprises a packaging or a container. In some embodiments, a kit comprises packaging. In some embodiments, the kit can comprise a container. In some embodiments, the container can be made of plastic, glass, metal, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a kit can comprise instructions for use, such as instructions for administration to a subject.
[0260] In some embodiments, a packaged product comprising a composition described herein comprises labels. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition described herein is manufactured according to current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) and applicable labeling regulations. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition and / or kit disclosed herein can be aseptic.
[0261] Some embodiments relate to one or more methods of making a kit. In some embodiments, the method includes contacting the composition with a packaging or container. In some embodiments, the method includes contacting the composition with a packaging. In some embodiments, the method can includes contacting the composition with a container.
[0262] The present disclosure is not intended to be limited in scope to the particular disclosed embodiments, which are provided, for example, to illustrate various aspects of the present disclosure. Various modifications to the compositions and methods described will become apparent from the description and teachings herein. Such variations may be practiced without departing from the true scope and spirit of the disclosure and are intended to fall within the scope of the present disclosure. EXAMPLES EXAMPLE 1: Screening of engineered tRNA expression cassettes
[0263] The following Example describes screening of suppressor tRNA expression cassettes comprising engineered suppressor tRNA flanked by naturally occurring sequences that originated from genomic sequences flanking naturally occurring human tRNA. The expression cassettes tested in the experiments described herein resulted in higher or comparable expression levels of suppressor tRNA carrying an arginine and recognizing a UGA / TGA premature stop codon compared to the expression level of the same tRNA transcribed from a control traditional expression cassette. Materials and Methods Cloning of suppressor tRNA expression plasmids
[0264] The DNA expression cassettes tested herein and encoding engineered suppressor tRNAs contained a nucleic acid encoding an engineered suppressor tRNA and flanking sequences adjacent to 5’ and 3’ ends of the nucleic acid encoding the engineered suppressor tRNA. The engineered suppressor tRNA R3-147 originated from human intron-spliced arginine tRNA Arg-TCT-1-1 (TRR-TCT1-1, HGNC: 34695) with substitution of the anticodon with trinucleotides UCA, which can base pair with stop codon UGA / TGA, as shown in FIG. 1A. The engineered suppressor tRNA R3-147 sequence used in the constructs described herein is provided as SEQ ID NO: 1, and its original human intron-spliced tRNA sequence is provided as SEQ ID NO: 3. The flanked suppressor tRNA expression cassettes were derived from various human genomic tRNA surrounding sequences, with substitution of the native tRNA genes with engineered suppressor tRNA R3-147. The sequences of the flanked suppressor tRNA expression cassettes tested herein are provided as SEQ ID NOs: 5-52. The 3’ flanking sequences of the cassettes contained a poly T (or “poly (T) ” ) tail as a termination signal. The names of flanked suppressor tRNA expression cassettes and their corresponding original surrounded tRNAs are listed in Table 3. As a positive control, a cassette was prepared that included a U6 promotor, an engineered suppressor tRNA-encoding sequence, and a poly T tail. The sequence of the U6 promoter driven suppressor tRNA expression cassette used in the experiments described in this Example is provided as SEQ ID NO: 65, which expressed engineered suppressor tRNA R3-147. In addition, a cassette consisting of a U6 promotor, a scrambled sequence, and a poly T tail was used as a negative control, and this sequence is provided as SEQ ID NO: 67. Table 3: Information on flanked suppressor tRNA expression cassettes
[0265] After confirmation of the sequences by Sanger sequencing (GenScript Biotech Corporation) , the long-flanked (LF) suppressor tRNA expression cassettes (suppressor tRNA flanked by 1115bp upstream and 1000bp downstream, from SEQ ID NO: 41 to SEQ ID NO: 52) were assembled into the parental plasmid pSpCas9 (BB) -2A-GFP (PX458) by replacing the sequence located from the U6 promoter to the AAV2 ITR element. The DNA sequence of parental plasmid pSpCas9 (BB) -2A-GFP (PX458) is provided as SEQ ID NO: 68. The DNA sequence of plasmid pflanking-tRNA-nonGFP for carrying long-flanked suppressor tRNA expression cassette is provided as SEQ ID NO: 69. The long-flanked suppressor tRNA expression plasmids were further generated by replacing the region indicated by the dashed line and underline in the sequence of the plasmid pflanking-tRNA-nonGFP (SEQ ID NO: 69 as displayed in Table 12 in Example 17 below) with an individual long-flanked suppressor tRNA expression cassette from the list of SEQ ID NO: 41 to SEQ ID NO: 52.
[0266] The short flanked (SF) suppressor tRNA cassettes (from SEQ ID NO: 5 to SEQ ID NO: 40) were assembled into the parental plasmid pSpCas9 (BB) -2A-GFP (PX458) by replacing the sequence located from U6 promoter to gRNA scaffold, and further removing the Cas9 cassette and the AAV2 ITR element. The DNA sequence of plasmid pflanking-tRNA-GFP used for carrying short-flanked suppressor tRNA expression cassettes is provided as SEQ ID NO: 70. The short-flanked suppressor tRNA expression plasmids were further generated by replacing the region indicated by the dashed line and underline in the sequence of the plasmid pflanking-tRNA-GFP (SEQ ID NO: 70 as displayed in Table 12 in Example 17 below) with individual flanked suppressor tRNA expression cassette as listed in SEQ ID NO: 5 to SEQ ID NO: 40 (SEQ ID NOs: 5-40) .
[0267] The control expression cassettes driven by the U6 promoter (from SEQ ID NO: 65 and SEQ ID NO: 67) were assembled into the parental plasmid pSpCas9 (BB) -2A-GFP (PX458) by replacing the gRNA scaffold with the U6 promoter sequence, and further removing the Cas9 cassette and the AAV2 ITR element. The DNA sequence of plasmid pU6-tRNA-GFP for carrying U6 promoter driven tRNA expression cassettes is provided as SEQ ID NO: 71. The U6 promoter-driven suppressor tRNA expression plasmids were further generated by replacing the region indicated by the dashed line and underline in the sequence of the plasmid pU6-tRNA-GFP (SEQ ID NO:71 as displayed in Table 12 in Example 17 below) with individual U6 promoter driven suppressor tRNA expression cassettes as listed in SEQ ID NO: 65 and SEQ ID NO: 67. Suppressor tRNA transfection
[0268] The suppressor tRNA expression cassette screening was carried out in HEK293 cell line Luc_V2_R3, which carried a premature termination codon (PTC) -implanted NanoLuc luciferase gene. The PTC was inserted after 195 bp within the NanoLuc luciferase gene with a stop codon TGA. In addition, the PTC implanted NanoLuc luciferase was fused with 3x Myc and 3x FLAG at their N-and C-termini, respectively, as shown in FIG. 1B. The DNA sequence encoding the modified NanoLuc luciferase Luc_V2_R3 is provided as SEQ ID NO: 72.
[0269] The cells were seeded with 1 × 104 cells / well in a 96-well plate in 100 μL high glucose DMEM supplemented with 10%FBS and 2 mM L-Glutamine. Once the confluency reached 80%, the cells were transfected with suppressor tRNA expression plasmids using HD Transfection Reagent (Promega) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The mixture of the HD Transfection Reagent and DNA in the ratio of 3: 1 was incubated at room temperature for 10 min, and 5 μL of the mixture was added into cells. The plasmid with U6 promoter and scrambled sequence, named U6-Scr, was used as a negative control. For each sample, triplicate replications were carried out on the same plate and adjacent to each other. After 48 hours of culturing, PTC suppression efficiency by different suppressor tRNA expression cassettes was quantified by NanoLuc luciferase assay as described below. The Luc_V2_R3 cell used for the suppressor tRNA expression cassette screening is listed in Table 4. Table 4: Information on screening cells NanoLuc luciferase assay
[0270] The NanoLuc luciferase assay was carried out with Luciferase Assay System (Promega) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Luciferase Assay Reagent was prepared freshly by mixing 1 volume of Luciferase Assay Substrate with 50 volumes of Luciferase Assay Buffer. The cell culture plate was equilibrated at room temperature for 10 min, and 100 μL of Luciferase Assay Reagent was added into each well. After consistent shaking at room temperature for 5 min in the dark, the mixture was further transferred into white solid plate (Greiner) . The luminescence was detected and measured by a SpectaMax i3x plate reader (Molecular Devices) with endpoint mode and 200 ms integration time. RNA isolation
[0271] After washing twice with PBS, the cells were scraped in the presence of 1 mL of TRIzolTM Reagent (Thermofisher Scientific: 15596026) and incubated for 5 min at room temperature. Cell debris was removed by centrifugation for 5 min at 12,000 g and 4 ℃, and then the supernatant was transferred into a new tube containing 0.2 mL of chloroform and mixed thoroughly by shaking. After 5 min incubation at room temperature and 15 min centrifugation at 12,000 g and 4 ℃, the mixture was separated into three phases. The upper aqueous phase was then transferred into a new tube containing 0.5 mL of isopropanol and mixed by vertexing. After a 10 min incubation at 4 ℃, the RNA was precipitated by centrifugation for 10 min at 12,000 g and 4 ℃. The RNA pellet was further washed by 1 mL of 75 %ethanol, air dried, and resuspended in 50 μL of RNase-free water. The RNA was further treated with DNase I (New England Biolabs, M0303S) to remove potential DNA contamination and stored in -80 ℃. Small RNA isolation
[0272] Small RNA isolation from cells was performed following the protocol provided with the RNAiso for Small RNA Kit (Takara, 9753A) , adhering to the manufacturer’s guidelines. The concentration of small RNA was measured using a Nanodrop spectrophotometer and stored at -80℃. Library preparation and data processing
[0273] The preparation of libraries for small RNA sequencing and RNA sequencing using an Illumina sequencer were conducted according to industry standards. The obtained sequencing data underwent rigorous quality assessment using FastQC software and cleaning with Trimmomatic software. The cleaned data were then compared to a tRNA reference sequence (https: / / gtrnadb [dot] ucsc [dot] edu / index [dot] html, Homo sapiens (GRCh38 / hg38) ) , which includes all human tRNA sequences with CCA attached at the 3’ end, using Bowtie2 software. This enabled a comprehensive analysis of all mature tRNAs within the cells. Total counts for each endogenous mature tRNA were used as normalization parameters for processing the different samples. Additionally, tRNAs were categorized based on their characteristics into isodecoders (tRNAs with the same anticodon) and isoacceptors (tRNAs carrying the same amino acid) for statistical analysis. Results Suppressor tRNAs driven by U6 promoter exhibited PTC suppression efficiency
[0274] Naturally occurring intron-spliced Arginine tRNA tRNA-Arg-TCT-1-1 was engineered and synthesized with substitution of the naturally occurring anticodon with the trinucleotide UCA, which can base pair with the stop codon UGA / TGA, resulting in the engineered suppressor tRNA R3-147. This engineered suppressor tRNA gene R3-147 was further assembled into a U6 promoter-driven expression cassette, with a poly T tail as the termination signal, resulting in the cassette U6-147. The sequence of this U6 promoter-driven suppressor tRNA expression cassette is listed as SEQ ID NO: 65. The cassette was further cloned into plasmid pU6-tRNA-GFP by replacing the region indicated by the dashed line and underline in the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71 as displayed in Table 12 in Example 17 below. The resulting plasmids was then transfected into NanoLuc reporter cell line Luc_V2_R3 for NanoLuc luciferase assays. The data from the NanoLuc luciferase assays are illustrated in FIG. 1C, wherein the cassette displayed higher NanoLuc luciferase activity in comparison to the negative control U6-Scr, suggesting that the engineered suppressor tRNA R3-147 is capable of effectively mediating PTC readthrough at least when expressed from a U6 promoter-driven cassette (i.e., a traditional expression cassette) . Cassettes with suppressor tRNA flanked by various naturally occurring tRNA surrounding sequences exhibited greatest boost in suppressor tRNA expression
[0275] Based on a machine learning model predicting tRNA expression levels (Thornlow, Bryan P et al. (2020) “Predicting transfer RNA gene activity from sequence and genome context. ” Genome research vol. 30, 1: 85-94. PMID: 31857444) and the experimental results of tRNA abundance in HEK293 cell and human brain (Torres, Adrian Gabriel et al. (2019) “Differential expression of human tRNA genes drives the abundance of tRNA-derived fragments. ” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America vol. 116, 17: 8451-8456. PMID: 30962382) , multiple naturally occurring tRNA-flanking sequences from (predicted and / or experimentally) highly expressed tRNA were selected for constructing the flanked suppressor tRNA expression cassette tested herein. These naturally occurring flanking sequences were cloned to flank the engineered suppressor tRNA-encoding sequence on both the 5’ and 3’s ides to construct the flanked suppressor tRNA expression cassettes, as shown in FIG. 2A. The details of flanking sequences are listed in Table 1 and Table 2. These flanked suppressor tRNA expression cassettes 147-F1 to 147-F23 (Table 3) consist of the engineered suppressor tRNA-encoding gene R3-147 in the middle, flanked by 351bp upstream and 351bp downstream sequences obtained from the genomic sequences surrounding the naturally occurring tRNAs listed in Table 3. The sequences of these flanked suppressor tRNA expression cassettes are listed from SEQ ID NO: 5 to SEQ ID NO: 27. These cassettes were further cloned into plasmid pflanking-tRNA-GFP by replacing the region indicated by the dashed line and underline in the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 70 as display...
Claims
1.A DNA construct comprising: a 5’ flanking sequence, a nucleic acid encoding an engineered transfer RNA (tRNA) , and a 3’ flanking sequence, wherein the 5’ flanking is at least about 30 nucleotides long, and wherein the 5’ flanking sequence lacks a functional RNA polymerase III promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the engineered tRNA.2.The DNA construct of claim 1, wherein the 5’ flanking sequence further lacks a functional RNA polymerase II promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the engineered tRNA.3.The DNA construct of claim 2, wherein the 5’ flanking sequence lacks any functional promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the engineered tRNA.4.The DNA construct of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the 5’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence 5’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA, or a variant thereof.5.The DNA construct of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the 3’ flanking sequence comprises a terminator comprising a poly (T) sequence.6.The DNA construct of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the 3’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence 3’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA, or a variant thereof.7.The DNA construct of claim 6, wherein the 5’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence 5’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA or a variant thereof, and wherein the 3’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence 3’ to the same nucleic acid encoding the naturally occurring tRNA or a variant thereof.8.The DNA construct of any one of claims 4-7, wherein the naturally occurring tRNA is selected from the group consisting of tRNA-Arg-TCT-1-1, tRNA-Ala-AGC-2-1, tRNA-Ala-TGC-3-1, tRNA-Asn-GTT-1-1, tRNA-Asp-GTC-2-9, tRNA-Glu-CTC-1-1, tRNA-Glu-TTC-2-2, tRNA-Gly-CCC-2-1, tRNA-Gly-GCC-2-6, tRNA-Leu-AAG-2-4, tRNA-Leu-CAG-1-7, tRNA-Lys-CTT-2-1, tRNA-Pro-AGG-2-6, tRNA-Pro-AGG-2-7, tRNA-Pro-AGG-2-8, tRNA-Pro-TGG-2-1, tRNA-Pro-TGG-3-1, tRNA-Ser-AGA-2-3, tRNA-Ser-AGA-2-6, tRNA-Thr-TGT-3-1, tRNA-Tyr-GTA-5-5, tRNA-Val-AAC-1-4, tRNA-Val-CAC-1-6, tRNA-Arg-CCG-2-1, tRNA-Gln-TTG-1-1, tRNA-Leu-TAA-1-1, tRNA-Trp-CCA-2-1, tRNA-Tyr-GTA-1-1, tRNA-Tyr-GTA-2-1, tRNA-Glu-CTC-1-3, tRNA-Arg-TCT-3-1, tRNA-Ile-TAT-2-1, tRNA-Thr-CGT-4-1, tRNA-Thr-CGT-2-1, tRNA-Asn-GTT-2-4, tRNA-Asp-GTC-2-2, tRNA-Leu-CAG-1-2, tRNA-Gly-TCC-4-1, tRNA-Gly-TCC-2-2, tRNA-Cys-GCA-1-1, tRNA-Cys-GCA-9-2, tRNA-Gln-TTG-3-3, tRNA-Cys-GCA-10-1, tRNA-Arg-TCT-4-1, tRNA-Cys-GCA-9-1, tRNA-Cys-GCA-21-1, tRNA-His-GTG-1-6, tRNA-Cys-GCA-23-1, and tRNA-Cys-GCA-15-1.9.The DNA construct of claim 8, wherein the naturally occurring tRNA is selected from the group consisting of tRNA-Arg-TCT-1-1, tRNA-Ala-TGC-3-1, tRNA-Gly-CCC-2-1, tRNA-Leu-AAG-2-4, tRNA-Leu-CAG-1-7, tRNA-Pro-TGG-2-1, tRNA-Arg-CCG-2-1, tRNA-Gln-TTG-1-1, tRNA-Leu-TAA-1-1, tRNA-Trp-CCA-2-1, tRNA-Tyr-GTA-1-1, tRNA-Tyr-GTA-2-1, , tRNA-Arg-TCT-3-1, tRNA-Ile-TAT-2-1, tRNA-Thr-CGT-2-1, tRNA-Asn-GTT-2-4, tRNA-Cys-GCA-1-1, tRNA-Cys-GCA-9-2, tRNA-Gln-TTG-3-3, tRNA-Arg-TCT-4-1, tRNA-Cys-GCA-9-1, tRNA-Cys-GCA-21-1, tRNA-His-GTG-1-6, tRNA-Cys-GCA-23-1, and tRNA-Cys-GCA-15-1.10.The DNA construct of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the 5’ flanking sequence is at least about 300 nucleotides long, or at least about 1000 nucleotides long.11.The DNA construct of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the 3’ flanking sequence is at least about 30 nucleotides long, at least about 300 nucleotides long, or at least about 1000 nucleotides long.12.The DNA construct of any one of claims 1-11, wherein the 5’ flanking sequence has GC content of at least about 30%, preferably at least about 50%.13.The DNA construct of any one of claims 1-12, wherein the 3’ flanking sequence has GC content of at least about 15%, preferably at least about 30%.14.The DNA construct of any one of claims 1-13, wherein the 5’ flanking sequence is at least about 33 nucleotides long, at least about 50 nucleotides long, at least about 1445 nucleotides long, or at least about 1455 nucleotides long.15.The DNA construct of any one of claims 1-14, wherein the 3’ flanking sequence is at least about 33 nucleotides long, at least about 50 nucleotides long, at least about 1445 nucleotides long, or at least about 1455 nucleotides long.16.The DNA construct of any one of claims 1-15, wherein the 5’ flanking sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 90%identical to a 5’ flanking sequence present in any of SEQ ID NOs: 5-64 and 84-118.17.The DNA construct of any one of claims 1-16, wherein the 3’ flanking sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 90%identical to a 3’ flanking sequence present in any of SEQ ID NOs: 5-64 and 84-118.18.The DNA construct of any one of claims 1-17, wherein the 5’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence 5’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA.19.The DNA construct of any one of claims 1-18, wherein the 3’ flanking sequence comprises a naturally occurring flanking sequence 3’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA.20.The DNA construct of any one of claims 1-17 and 19, wherein the 5’ flanking sequence comprises a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence 5’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA.21.The DNA construct of any one of claims 1-18 and 20, wherein the 3’ flanking sequence comprises a variant of a naturally occurring flanking sequence 3’ to a nucleic acid encoding a naturally occurring tRNA.22.The DNA construct of claim 20 or 21, wherein the variant of the naturally occurring sequence comprises one or more mutations that reduce the immunogenicity and / or CpG dinucleotide count of the flanking sequence.23.The DNA construct of claim 22, wherein the one or more mutations that reduce the immunogenicity of the flanking sequence comprises a mutation at a CpG site.24.The DNA construct of any one of claims 1-23, wherein the 5’ flanking sequence and / or the 3’ flanking sequence has a CpG dinucleotide count of about 15 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 10 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 7 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 5 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, about 3 CpG dinucleotides or fewer, or 0 CpG dinucleotides.25.The DNA construct of any one of claims 1-24, wherein the engineered tRNA is a suppressor tRNA.26.The DNA construct of claim 25, wherein the suppressor tRNA comprises a tri-nucleotide anticodon.27.The DNA construct of claim 26, wherein the anticodon is 5’-UCA-3’ and recognizes a UGA / TGA stop codon.28.The DNA construct of claim 26, wherein the anticodon is 5’-CUA-3’ and recognizes a UAG / TAG stop codon.29.The DNA construct of claim 27 or 28, wherein the suppressor tRNA has a nucleotide sequence that is at least about 85%identical to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-2 and SEQ ID NO: 74-79.30.The DNA construct of claim 27 or 28, wherein the suppressor tRNA contains no more than about 12 nucleotide substitutions relative to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-2 and 74-79.31.The DNA construct of claim 30, wherein the suppressor tRNA has a nucleotide sequence that is identical to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-2 and 74-79.32.The DNA construct of any one of claims 1-31, wherein the DNA construct when introduced into a cell results in a higher or comparable expression level of the engineered tRNA compared to a DNA construct comprising a 5’ flanking sequence containing an RNA polymerase III promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the engineered tRNA.33.The DNA construct of any one of claims 25-32, wherein the suppressor tRNA produced by the construct shows enhanced or similar readthrough efficiency compared to the same suppressor tRNA produced by a control construct comprising a 5’ flanking sequence containing an RNA polymerase III promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the suppressor tRNA.34.The DNA construct of any one of claims 1-33, wherein the construct is a viral vector.35.The DNA construct of claim 34, wherein the viral vector is an adenoviral vector, an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector, or a lentiviral vector.36.The DNA construct of claim 35, wherein the vector is an AAV 2 / 2 vector, an AAV 2 / 5 vector, an AAV 2 / 6 vector, an AAV 2 / 7 vector, an AAV 2 / 8 vector, an AAV 2 / 9 vector, or a recombinant AAV (rAAV) vector.37.The DNA construct of any one of claims 1-33, wherein the construct is a plasmid.38.A host cell comprising the DNA construct of any one of claims 1-37.39.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the DNA construct of any one of claims 1-37, further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.40.A method of synthesizing an engineered tRNA, comprising causing the DNA construct in the host cell of claim 38 to undergo transcription.41.A method of restoring translation of a coding nucleic acid of interest containing a premature stop codon in a cell, comprising introducing to the cell the DNA construct of any one of claims 25-37, wherein the suppressor tRNA produced by the DNA construct recognizes and reads through the premature stop codon, thereby restoring translation of the coding nucleic acid of interest containing the premature stop codon.42.The method of claim 41, wherein the suppressor tRNA restores at least 5%of production of a full-length protein encoded by the coding nucleic acid of interest containing a premature stop codon relative to a corresponding nucleic acid not containing the premature stop codon.43.A method of treating a disease associated with a premature stop codon in an individual, comprising administering to the individual an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising the DNA construct of any one of claims 25-37.44.The method of claim 43, wherein the disease associated with the premature stop codon is cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, Alport syndrome, Rett syndrome, Hunter syndrome, Hurler Syndrome, Stargardt disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, β-thalassemia, or Liddle’s syndrome.45.The method of any one of claims 43-44, wherein the individual is a human or a mouse.46.The DNA construct of claims 1-33, further comprising one or more nucleic acids encoding a small RNA, wherein the one or more nucleic acids encoding the small RNA are between the 5’ and 3’ flanking sequences.47.The DNA construct of claim 46, wherein each of the one or more nucleic acids encoding a small RNA is flanked by a first nucleic acid encoding a tRNA and a second nucleic acid encoding a tRNA.48.A method of increasing expression of a small RNA, comprising expressing the small RNA from the DNA construct of any one of claims 46-47.
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