A method of facilitating integrated sensing and communication in a telecommunications network, a base station, a user equipment and a computer program

Abstract

A method of facilitating integrated sensing and communication in a telecommunications network is provided in accordance with embodiments of the disclosure, the method comprising: sending, to a user equipment, information indicative of a configuration identifying a signal generation format in which the signal generation format is selected to introduce dependencies between magnitudes of at least two modulation symbols of a signal; and communicating with the user equipment based on the configured signal generation format.

Description

[0001]A METHOD OF FACILITATING INTEGRATED SENSING AND COMMUNICATION IN ATELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK, A BASE STATION, A USER EQUIPMENT AND ACOMPUTER PROGRAM^^BACKGROUND: Field^of^the^Disclosure The^present^disclosure^relates^to^a^method^of^facilitating^integrated^sensing^and^communication^ in^a^telecommunications^network,^a^base^station,^a^user^equipment^and^a^computer^program.^ Description^of^the^Related^Art The^“background”^description^provided^herein^is^for^the^purpose^of^generally^presenting^the^ context^of^the^disclosure.^Work^of^the^presently^named^inventors,^to^the^extent^it^is^described^in^ the^background^section,^as^well^as^aspects^of^the^description^which^may^not^otherwise^qualify^as^ prior^art^at^the^time^of^filing,^are^neither^expressly^or^impliedly^admitted^as^prior^art^against^the^ present^invention.Recent^generation mobile^telecommunication^systems,^such^as^those^based^on^the^3rd^Generation^Partnership^Project^(3GPP^(RTM))^defined^Universal^Mobile^Telecommunications^System^(UMTS),^Long^Term^Evolution^(LTE)^and^5G^New^Radio^(NR)^architectures and^the^like,^are^able^to support^a^wider^range^of^services^than^simple^voice^and^messaging^services^offered^by^previous^generations^of^mobile^telecommunication^systems.^For^example,^with^the^improved^ radio^interface^and^enhanced^data^rates^provided^by^LTE^and^NR^systems,^a^user^can^experience^ high^data^rate^applications^such^as^mobile^video^streaming^and^mobile^video^conferencing^that^ would^previously^only^have^been^available^via^a^fixed^line^data^connection. One^additional^service^or^function^that^can^be^performed^within^a^network^is^sensing^(such^as^ radar^sensing).^ In^some^situations,^it^may^be^desirable^that^an^entity^within^a^network,^such^as^a^base^station,^ performs^both^sensing^and^communication^(such^as^monostatic^radar^operations^and^downlink^ data^transmission). However,^there^is^a^tradeoff^between^the^communication^performance^and^sensing^performed^ which^can^be^achieved.^Therefore,^it^can^be^difficult^to^achieve^an^increase^in^the^communication^ performance^and / or^sensing^performance^which^can^be^achieved^in^these^situations.^ It^is^an^aim^of^the^present^disclosure^to^address^these^issues.^ SUMMARY: Embodiments^of^the^present^disclosure^are^defined^by^the^independent^claims.^Further^aspects^ of^the^disclosure^are^defined^by^the^dependent^claims.^ In^accordance^with^embodiments^of^the^disclosure,^improvements^in^the^communication^and^ sensing^performance^can^be^achieved^when^performing^integrated^sensing^and^communication^ as^compared^with^legacy^methods.^Furthermore,^processing^efficiency^for^simultaneous^sensing^ and^communication^is^also^improved^compared^with^legacy^methods.^ It^will^be^appreciated^that^the^present^disclosure^is^not^particularly^limited^to^this^advantageous^ technical^effect.^Other^technical^effects^will^become^apparent^to^the^skilled^person^when^reading^ the^disclosure.^BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS:A^more^complete^appreciation^of^the^disclosure^and^many^of^the^attendant^advantages^thereof^ will^be^readily^obtained^as^the^same^becomes^better^understood^by^reference^to^the^following^detailed^description^when^considered^in^connection^with^the accompanying^drawings,^wherein:^FIG.^1^schematically^represents^some^elements^of^an^LTE-type^wireless^telecommunications^ system; FIG.^2^schematically^represents^some^elements^of^an^NR-type^wireless^telecommunications^ system; FIG.^3^schematically^represents^some^components^of^the^wireless^telecommunications^system^ shown^in^FIG.^2^in^more^detail; FIG^4^illustrates^an^example^of^integrated^sensing^and^communication^in^a^wireless^ telecommunications^system; FIG.^5A^and^5B^illustrate^example^constellations^for^a^base^station;^^ FIG.^6^illustrates^an^example^configuration^of^a^base^station^in^accordance^with^embodiments^of^ the^disclosure;^ FIG.^7^illustrates^an^example^configuration^of^a^user^equipment^in^accordance^with^ embodiments^of^the^disclosure;^ FIG.^8^illustrates^example^signalling^in^accordance^with^embodiments^of^the^disclosure;^ FIG.^9^illustrates^an^example^of^a^base^constellation^for^a^base^station^in^accordance^with^ embodiments^of^the^disclosure;^ FIG.^10^illustrates^an^example^comparison^of^achievable^information^rate^in^accordance^with^ embodiments^of^the^disclosure; FIG.^11^illustrates^an^example^of^a^base^constellation^for^a^base^station^in^accordance^with^ embodiments^of^the^disclosure;^^ FIG.^12^illustrates^an^example^method^in^accordance^with^embodiments^of^the^disclosure;^ FIG.^13^illustrates^an^example^method^in^accordance^with^embodiments^of^the^disclosure;^ FIG.^14^illustrates^an^example^method^in^accordance^with^embodiments^of^the^disclosure; FIG.^15^illustrates^an^example^method^in^accordance^with^embodiments^of^the^disclosure.DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS:The^foregoing^paragraphs^have^been^provided^by^way^of^general^introduction,^and^are^not^ intended^to^limit^the^scope^of^the^following^claims.^The^described^embodiments,^together^with^ further^advantages,^will^be^best^understood^by^reference^to^the^following^detailed^description^ taken^in^conjunction^with^the^accompanying^drawings^(wherein^like^reference^numerals^ designate^identical^or^corresponding^parts^throughout^the^several^views). In^the^following^description,^a^number^of^specific^details^are^presented^in^order^to^provide^a^ thorough^understanding^of^embodiments^of^the^present^disclosure.^It^will^be^apparent,^however,^ to^a^person^skilled^in^the^art^that^these^specific^details^need^not^be^employed^to^practice^the^ invention.^Conversely,^specific^details^known^to^the^person^skilled^in^the^art^are^omitted^for^the^ purposes^of^clarity^where^appropriate. Furthermore,^the^terms^"coupled"^and^"connected,"^along^with^their^derivatives,^may^be^used^ herein^to^describe^structural^relationships^between^components^of^the^apparatus^or^system^for^ performing^the^operations^herein.^It^should^be^understood^that^these^terms^are^not^intended^as^ synonyms^for^each^other.^Rather,^in^particular^embodiments,^"connected"^is^used^to^indicate^ that^two^or^more^elements^are^in^direct^physical^or^electrical^contact^with^each^other^while^ "coupled"^is^used^to^indicate^two^or^more^elements^are^in^either^direct^or^indirect^(with^other^ intervening^elements^between^them)^physical^or^electrical^contact^with^each^other,^and / or^that^ the^two^or^more^elements^co-operate^or^communicate^with^each^other^(e.g.,^as^in^a^cause^and^ effect^relationship). Furthermore,^the^drawings^are^to^be^regarded^as^being^schematic^representations^and^elements^ illustrated^in^the^drawings^are^not^necessarily^shown^to^scale.^Rather,^the^various^elements^are^ represented^such^that^their^function^and^general^purpose^become^apparent^for^the^person^ skilled^in^the^art.^Any^connection^or^coupling^between^functional^blocks,^devices,^components^or^ other^physical^or^functional^units^shown^in^the^drawings^or^described^herein^may^also^be^ implemented^by^an^indirect^connection^or^coupling.^A^coupling^between^components^may^also^ be^established^over^a^wireless^connection.^Functional^blocks^may^be^implemented^in^hardware,^ firmware,^software,^or^a^combination^thereof.^^ A^description^of^basic^functionality^of^a^mobile^telecommunication^network^will^now^be^ provided.^ Long^Term^Evolution^(LTE)^Wireless^Communications^System FIG.^1^provides^a^schematic^diagram^illustrating^some^basic^functionality^of^a^mobile^ telecommunications^network^ / ^system^6^operating^generally^in^accordance^with^LTE^principles,^ but^which^may^also^support^other^radio^access^technologies,^and^which^may^be^adapted^to^ implement^embodiments^of^the^disclosure^as^described^herein.^Various^elements^of^FIG.^1^and^ certain^aspects^of^their^respective^modes^of^operation^are^well-known^and^defined^in^the^ relevant^standards^administered^by^the^3GPP^body,^and^also^described^in^many^books^on^the^ subject,^for^example,^Holma,^H.^and^Toskala,^A^[1].^It^will^be^appreciated^that^operational^aspects^ of^the^telecommunications^networks^discussed^herein^which^are^not^specifically^described^(for^ example^in^relation^to^specific^communication^protocols^and^physical^channels^for^ communicating^between^different^elements)^may^be^implemented^in^accordance^with^any^ known^techniques,^for^example^according^to^the^relevant^standards^and^known^proposed^ modifications^and^additions^to^the^relevant^standards. The^network^6^includes^a^plurality^of^base^stations^1^connected^to^a^core^network^2.^Each^base^ station^provides^a^coverage^area^3^(i.e.^a^cell)^within^which^data^can^be^communicated^to^and^ from^communications^devices^4.^ Although^each^base^station^1^is^shown^in^FIG.^1^as^a^single^entity,^the^skilled^person^will^ appreciate^that^some^of^the^functions^of^the^base^station^may^be^carried^out^by^disparate,^inter- connected^elements,^such^as^antennas^(or^antennae),^remote^radio^heads,^amplifiers,^etc.^^ Collectively,^one^or^more^base^stations^may^form^a^radio^access^network. Data^is^transmitted^from^base^stations^1^to^communications^devices^4^within^their^respective^ coverage^areas^3^via^a^radio^downlink^(DL).^Data^is^transmitted^from^communications^devices^4^ to^the^base^stations^1^via^a^radio^uplink^(UL).^The^core^network^2^routes^data^to^and^from^the^ communications^devices^4^via^the^respective^base^stations^1^and^provides^functions^such^as^ authentication,^mobility^management,^charging^and^so^on.^A^communications^device^may^also^ be^referred^to^as^a^mobile^station,^user^equipment^(UE),^user^terminal,^mobile^radio,^terminal^ device^and^so^forth.^Services^provided^by^the^core^network^2^may^include^connectivity^to^the^internet^or^to external^telephony^services.^The^core^network^2^may^further^track^the^location^of^the^communications^ devices^4^so^that^it^can^efficiently^contact^(i.e.^page)^the^communications^devices^4^for^ transmitting^downlink^data^towards^the^communications^devices^4.^^ A^base^station,^which^is^an^example^of^network^infrastructure^equipment,^may^also^be^referred^ to^as^a^transceiver^station,^nodeB,^e-nodeB,^eNB,^g-nodeB,^gNB^and^so^forth^(note^g-nodeB^and^gNB^are^related^to^5G^New^Radio^– see^below).^In^this^regard^different^terminology^is^often^associated^with^different^generations^of^wireless^telecommunications^systems^for^elements^ providing^broadly^comparable^functionality.^However,^certain^embodiments^of^the^disclosure^ may^be^equally^implemented^in^different^generations^of^wireless^telecommunications^systems,^ and^for^simplicity^certain^terminology^may^be^used^regardless^of^the^underlying^network^ architecture.^That^is^to^say,^the^use^of^a^specific^term^in^relation^to^certain^example^ implementations^is^not^intended^to^indicate^these^implementations^are^limited^to^a^certain^ generation^of^network^that^may^be^most^associated^with^that^particular^terminology. In^the^present^disclosure,^any^apparatus^(e.g.^communications^device,^infrastructure^equipment^ and^the^like)^which^transmits^and / or^receives^wireless^telecommunications^signals^in^any^of^the^ exemplified^wireless^telecommunication^networks^ / ^systems^may^be^referred^to^generally^as^a^ wireless^telecommunications^apparatus. 5G^New^Radio^(NR)^Wireless^Communications^SystemAn example^configuration^of^a^wireless^communications^network^which^uses^some^of^the^terminology^proposed^for^NR^is^shown^in^FIG.^2.^In^FIG.^2^a^plurality^of^transmission^and^ reception^points^(TRPs)^10^are^connected^to^distributed^control^units^(DUs)^41,^42^by^a^ connection^interface^represented^as^a^line^16.^Each^of^the^TRPs^10^is^arranged^to^transmit^and^ receive^signals^via^a^wireless^access^interface^within^a^radio^frequency^bandwidth^available^to^ the^wireless^communications^network.^Thus,^within^a^range^for^performing^radio^ communications^via^the^wireless^access^interface,^each^of^the^TRPs^10,^forms^a^cell^of^the^ wireless^communications^network^as^represented^by^a^circle^12.^As^such,^wireless^communications^devices^14^which^are^within^a^radio^communications range^provided^by^the^cells^12^can^transmit^and^receive^signals^to^and^from^the^TRPs^10^via^the^wireless^access^ interface.^Each^of^the^distributed^units^41,^42^are^connected^to^a^central^unit^(CU)^40^(which^may^be^referred^to^as^a^controlling^node)^via^an interface^46.^The^central^unit^40^is^then^connected^to^a^core^network^20^which^may^contain^all^other^functions^required^for^ communicating^data^to^and^from^the^wireless^communications^devices^and^the^core^network^20.^The^core^network^20^may^be^connected^to other^networks^300.^^In^addition,^the^core^network^may^also^perform^or^contain^functions^related^to^positioning^and^sensing. The^elements^of^the^wireless^access^network^shown^in^FIG.^2^may^operate^in^a^similar^way^to^ corresponding^elements^of^an^LTE^network^as^described^with^regard^to^the^example^of^FIG.^1.^^It^ will^be^appreciated^that^operational^aspects^of^the^telecommunications^network^represented^in^ FIG.^2^and^of^other^networks^discussed^herein^in^accordance^with^embodiments^of^the^disclosure^which^are not^specifically^described^(for^example^in^relation^to^specific^communication^protocols^and^physical^channels^for^communicating^between^different^ elements)^may^be^implemented^in^accordance^with^any^known^techniques,^for^example^according^to^currently^used approaches^for^implementing^such^operational^aspects^of^wireless^telecommunications^systems,^e.g.^in^accordance^with^the^relevant^standards. The^TRPs^10^of^FIG.^2^may^in^part^have^a^corresponding^functionality^to^a^base^station^or^ eNodeB^of^an^LTE^network.^Similarly,^the^communications^devices^14^may^have^a^functionality^ corresponding^to^the^UE^devices^4^known^for^operation^with^an^LTE^network.^It^will^be^ appreciated,^therefore,^that^operational^aspects^of^an^NR^network^(for^example^in^relation^to^specific communication^protocols^and^physical^channels^for^communicating^between^different^elements)^may^be^different^to^those^known^from^LTE^or^other^known^mobile^ telecommunications^standards.^However,^it^will^also^be^appreciated^that^each^of^the^core^ network^component,^base^stations^and^communications^devices^of^an^NR^network^will^be^ functionally^similar^to,^respectively,^the^core^network^component,^base^stations^and^ communications^devices^of^an^LTE^wireless^communications^network. In^terms^of^broad^top-level^functionality,^the^core^network^20^connected^to^the^NR^ telecommunications^system^represented^in^FIG.^2^may^be^broadly^considered^to^correspond^ with^the^core^network^2^represented^in^FIG.^1,^and^the^central^unit^40^and^associated^DUs^41,^42^ / ^TRPs^10^may^be^broadly^considered^to^provide^functionality^corresponding^to^the^base^ stations^1^of^FIG.^1.^The^term^network^infrastructure^equipment^ / ^access^node^may^be^used^to^ encompass^these^elements^and^more^conventional^base^station^type^elements^of^wireless^ telecommunications^systems.^Depending^on^the^application^at^hand^the^responsibility^for^ scheduling^transmissions^which^are^scheduled^on^the^radio^interface^between^the^respective^ distributed^units^and^the^communications^devices^may^lie^with^the^CU^40,^DUs^41,^42^and / or^ TRPs^10.^Communications^devices^14^are^represented^in^FIG.^2^within^the^coverage^area^of^ respective^communication^cells^12.^These^communications^devices^14^may^thus^exchange^ signalling^with^the^CU^40^via^the^TRP^10^associated^with^their^respective^communication^cells^ 12. It^will^further^be^appreciated^that^FIG.^2^represents^merely^one^example^of^a^proposed^ architecture^for^an^NR-based^telecommunications^system^in^which^approaches^in^accordance^ with^the^principles^described^herein^may^be^adopted,^and^the^functionality^disclosed^herein^may^ also^be^applied^in^respect^of^wireless^telecommunications^systems^having^different^ architectures.^^ Thus^certain^embodiments^of^the^disclosure^as^discussed^herein^may^be^implemented^in^wireless^telecommunication^systems / ^networks^according^to^various^different^architectures,^such^as^the^example^architectures^shown^in^FIG.^1^and^2.^It^will^thus^be^appreciated^the^specific^ wireless^telecommunications^architecture^in^any^given^implementation^is^not^of^primary^ significance^to^the^principles^described^herein.^In^this^regard,^certain^embodiments^of^the^ disclosure^may^be^described^generally^in^the^context^of^communications^between^network^ infrastructure^equipment^ / ^access^nodes^and^a^communications^device,^wherein^the^specific^ nature^of^the^network^infrastructure^equipment^ / ^access^node^and^the^communications^device^ will^depend^on^the^network^infrastructure^for^the^implementation^at^hand.^For^example,^in^ some^scenarios^the^network^infrastructure^equipment^ / ^access^node^may^comprise^a^base^ station,^such^as^an^LTE-type^base^station^1^as^shown^in^FIG.^1^which^is^adapted^to^provide^ functionality^in^accordance^with^the^principles^described^herein,^and^in^other^examples^the^ network^infrastructure^equipment^may^comprise^a^CU^40,^DU^41,^42^and^ / ^or^TRP^10^of^the^kind^ shown^in^FIG.^2^which^is^adapted^to^provide^functionality^in^accordance^with^the^principles^ described. A^more^detailed^diagram^of^some^of^the^components^of^the^network^shown^in^FIG.^2^is^provided^ by^FIG.^3.^In^FIG.^3,^a^TRP^10^as^shown^in^FIG.^2^comprises,^as^a^simplified^representation,^a^ wireless^transmitter^30,^a^wireless^receiver^32^and^a^controller^or^controlling^processor^34^ which^is^configured^to^control^the^transmitter^30^and^the^receiver^32^to^transmit^radio^signals^to^ and^receive^radio^signals^from^one^or^more^UEs^14^within^a^cell^12^formed^by^the^TRP^10.^As^ shown^in^FIG.^3,^an^example^UE^14^is^shown^to^include^a^corresponding^wireless^transmitter^49,^ wireless^receiver^48^and^a^controller^or^controlling^processor^44^which^is^configured^to^control^ the^transmitter^49^to^transmit^signals^representing^uplink^data^to^the^wireless^communications^ network^via^the^wireless^access^interface^formed^by^the^TRP^10^and^the^receiver^48^to^receive^ downlink^data^as^signals^transmitted^by^the^transmitter^30.^^ The^transmitters^30,^49^and^the^receivers^32,^48^(as^well^as^other^transmitters,^receivers^and^ transceivers^described^in^relation^to^examples^and^embodiments^of^the^present^disclosure)^may^ include^radio^frequency^filters^and^amplifiers^as^well^as^signal^processing^components^and^ devices^in^order^to^transmit^and^receive^radio^signals^in^accordance,^for^example,^with^the^ 5G / NR^standard.^The^controllers^34,^44^(as^well^as^other^controllers^described^in^relation^to^ examples^and^embodiments^of^the^present^disclosure)^may^be,^for^example,^a^microprocessor,^a^ CPU,^or^a^dedicated^chipset,^etc.,^configured^to^carry^out^instructions^which^are^stored^on^a^ computer^readable^medium,^such^as^a^non-volatile^memory.^The^processing^steps^described^ herein^may^be^carried^out^by,^for^example,^a^microprocessor^in^conjunction^with^a^random^ access^memory,^operating^according^to^instructions^stored^on^a^computer^readable^medium. As^shown^in^FIG.^3,^the^TRP^10^also^includes^a^network^interface^50^which^connects^to^the^DU^42^ via^a^physical^interface^16.^The^network^interface^50^therefore^provides^a^communication^link^ for^data^and^signalling^traffic^from^the^TRP^10^via^the^DU^42^and^the^CU^40^to^the^core^network^ 20.^^ The^interface^46^between^the^DU^42^and^the^CU^40^is^known^as^the^F1^interface^which^can^be^a^ physical^or^a^logical^interface.^The^F1^interface^46^between^CU^and^DU^may^operate^in accordance^with^specifications^3GPP^TS^38.470^and^3GPP^TS^38.473^and,^for^example,^may^be^ formed^from^a^fibre^optic^or^other^wired^high^bandwidth^connection.^In^one^example,^the^ connection^16^from^the^TRP^10^to^the^DU^42^is^fibre^optic.^^The^connection^between^a^TRP^10^ and^the^core^network^20^can^be^generally^referred^to^as^a^backhaul,^which^comprises^the^ interface^16^from^the^network^interface^50^of^the^TRP^10^to^the^DU^42^and^the^F1^interface^46^ from^the^DU^42^to^the^CU^40. Integrated^Sensing^and^CommunicationAs^explained,^recent generation^mobile^telecommunication^systems,^such^as^those^based^on^the^3rd^Generation^Partnership^Project^(3GPP^(RTM))^defined^Universal^Mobile^Telecommunications^System^(UMTS),^Long^Term^Evolution^(LTE)^and^5G^New^Radio (NR)^architectures and^the^like,^are^able^to^support^a^wider^range^of^services^than^simple^voice^and^messaging^services^offered^by^previous^generations^of^mobile^telecommunication^systems. In^some^situations,^it^may^be^desirable^for^an^entity^in^the^network,^such^as^a^base^station,^to^ perform^so-called^integrated^sensing^and^communication.^ FIG.^4^of^the^present^disclosure^illustrates^an^example^of^integrated^sensing^and^communication^ in^a^wireless^telecommunications^system.In^this^example,^a^base^station 4000^(a^gNB^in^this^specific^example)^is^engaging^in^simultaneous^monostatic^radar^operation^and^downlink^data^to^a^user^equipment^(UE)^5000^(an^example^of^ integrated^sensing^and^communication).^Indeed,^simultaneous^sensing^and^communication^is^a^specific example^of^integrated^sensing^and^communication,^sometimes^referred^to^as^ joint^sensing^and^communication.^To^serve^the^UE^5000,^the^gNB^4000^transmits^a^signal^^(^).^In^this^example,^the^signal^^(^) is^anorthogonal^frequency^division^multiplexing^(OFDM)^signal.^More^specifically,^to^serve^the^UE^5000,^the^gNB^4000^transmits^^ OFDM^symbols,^each^one^comprising^^ subcarriers to^the^UE^5000.^The^data^intended^to^the^UE^5000^is^embedded^into^the^transmit^symbols^^^,^, 1 ≤ ^ ≤ ^, 1 ≤ ^ ≤ ^;^the^symbol^^^,^ is^carried^by^the^^:th^subcarrier^of^the^^:th^OFDM^symbol. Transmit^symbols,^such^as^^^,^,^can^also^be^called^“modulation^symbols”.^ In^the^example^of^FIG.4,^two^OFDM^symbol^comprise^four^subcarriers^(^^,^,^^^,^of^the^first^OFDM^symbol^and ^^,^and^^^,^of^the^second^OFDM^symbol).^However,^it^will^be^appreciated^that^the^present^disclosure^is^not^particularly^limited^in^this^regard^and^more^generally^each^of^the^^ OFDM^symbols may^comprise^^ subcarriers (where^^ and^^ are^any^number).^The^UE^5000^can^receive^the^intended^data^(by^applying^a^corresponding^demodulation^process^to^the^signal^^(^) received^from^the^gNB^4000,^for^example).Furthermore,^the transmitted^signal,^denoted^by^^(^) may^reflect^at^some^object^(which^may,^in^examples,^be^a^different^object^to^the object that^is^the^UE).^Here,^in^the^example^of^FIG.^4,^the^other^object^from^which^the^transmitted^signal^reflects^is^an^object^6000.^The^object^6000^can^be^ any^object^capable^of^reflecting^the^transmitted^signal.^In^examples,^the^object^6000^may^include^ an^object^such^as^a^different^entity^of^the^telecommunications^network^(such^as^a^different^UE,^ for^example).^In^examples,^the^object^may^include^an^object^not^forming^part^of^the^ telecommunications^network^(such^as^a^building).^More^generally,^it^will^be^appreciated^that^the^object^can^be^any^object^from^which^the^transmitted^signal^^(^) can^be^reflected.^The^reflection ^(^),^^can^be received^at^the^gNB 4000.^That^is,^the^example^of^FIG.^4^is^an^example^of^monostatic^radar^sensing.^Since^the^signal^^(^) was^transmitted^by^the^gNB^4000,^it^is^known^to^the^gNB^4000.^Therefore,^based^on^the^received^signal,^and^knowledge^of^the^transmitted^signal^^(^),^the^gNB^4000^may perform^sensing^within^the^telecommunications^network.^For^example,^the^gNB^4000 may^determine^the^Doppler^shift^of,^and^the^delay^to,^the^object. This^enables^the^gNB^4000^to^sense^the^distance^to^and^speed^of^the^object^6000,^for^example.^In^examples,^the^reflection^^(^) can^be^received^by^another^entity^within^the^network.^The^other^entity^in^the^network^can^perform^sensing^on^the^basis^of^the^reflected^signal.^However,^in^order^for^the^other^entity^to^perform^the^sensing,^it^must^know^the^signal^^(^) that^was^transmitted^by^the^gNB^4000.^Accordingly,^the^gNB^4000^may^inform^the^other^entity^within^the^network^of^the^ signal^^(^),^such^that^the^other^entity^can^perform^the^sensing^on^the^basis^of^the^transmitted^(and^reflected)^signal.^In^examples, the^other^entity^can^be^a^second^gNB^within^the^telecommunications^network.^ FIG.4^thus^provides^an^example^of^joint^sensing^and^communication^(a^type^of^integrated^sensing^and^communication)^where^the^same^signal^^(^) is^used^for^communication^(transmitting^data^to^the^UE^5000)^and^for^sensing^(determining^properties,^such^as^the^ distance^to^and^speed^of^the^object^6000).^ The^present^disclosure^is^not^particularly^limited^to^the^example^described^with^reference^to^ FIG.^4.^More^generally,^embodiments^of^the^disclosure^can^be^applied^to^integrated^sensing^and^ communication^in^a^telecommunications^network.^For^example,^while^only^a^single^object^6000^ is^illustrated^in^FIG.^4,^embodiments^of^the^disclosure^may^be^used^in^situations^where^sensing^is^ performed^of^a^plurality^of^objects.^Furthermore,^in^examples,^the^object^which^reflects^the^ signal^may^be^the^same^object^which^is^the^target^of^the^data^communication^(such^as^UE^5000).^ In^[2]^Zhen^Du,^Fan^Liu,^Yifeng^Xiong,^Tony^Xiao^Han,^Yonina^C.^Eldar,^and^Shi^Jin,^“Reshaping^the^ ISAC^Tradeoff^Under^OFDM^Signaling:^A^Probabilistic^Constellation^Shaping^Approach,”,^the^authors^considered monostatic^radars^based^on^communication^signals^sent^to^UEs.^The^authorsof^[2] discovered that^when^designing^the^waveform^of^the^transmitted^signals,^there^exists^a^tradeoff^between^the^sensing^performance^and^the^communication^performance for^integrated^sensing^and^communication. This^tradeoff^in^sensing^performance^and^communication^performance^will^now^be^explained.^ Assume^that^the^average^power^per^symbol^^^,^is^normalized^to^unity^for^simplicity.^Then,^ from^Proposition^3^and^4^from^[2],^the^dominant^quantity^impacting^sensing^performance^is^the^ value where^Δ^ is^the^subcarrier^spacing,^^ is^the^delay^to^be^estimated,^and^^ is^the^Doppler^shift^to^be^estimated.^ In^order^for^comparison^of^the^present^disclosure with^that^of^[2],^one^may^define^the^quantity: ^= ^^(^^ − 1)which^allows^for^an^outright^comparison^of^the^results^presented^herein^with^those^of^[2]^through^a^single^metric^ ^^.^^In^[2]^it^is^shown that^^ has^a^minimum^value^of^0, wherefore^^^ has^a^minimum^of^1.^Moreover,^it^is^shown^in^[2]^that^smaller^values^of^^, ^^^^yield^better^sensing^performance^(this^is^explained^in^Figures^6a^and^7a^in^[2],^where^the^sensing^performance^is^compared^for^1 ≤ ^^ ≤ 1.38).^A^particular^case^where^^^ = 1 is^for^PSK symbols^that^are^independent^over^^ and^^,^since^the^magnitude^of^each^^^,^is^constant.^Thus,^for^PSK^ Thus,^from^a^pure^sensing^perspective^it^is^optimal^to^employ^a^PSK^constellation. In^examples,^the^magnitude^is^the^magnitude^of^a^complex^number^(where,^if^^ = ^ + ^^ is^a^complex^number,^then^its^magnitude^|^| is^defined^as^|^| = ^^^ + ^^ .An^example^of^a^PSK^constellation^of^modulation^symbols^is^illustrated^in^FIG.^5A^of^the^present^ disclosure.^However,^for^data^transmission (i.e.^from^a^communication^perspective),^PSK^symbols^are^somewhat^weak.^The^optimal^constellation^for^data^communication^is^to^choose^^^,^as^complex^Gaussian^(which^would maximize^capacity).^But^complex^Gaussian^symbols^lead^to^poor^values^of^^^,^in^fact^to^^^ = 2. Thus^complex^Gaussian^symbols^lead^to^a^weaker^sensing^performance.^ An^alternative^to^a^PSK^constellation^is^a^QAM-modulated^OFDM^communication^signal.^An^ example^of^a^QAM^constellation^is^shown^in^FIG.^5B^of^the^present^disclosure.^However,^use^of^a^ QAM-modulated^signal^compromises^the^sensing^performance.^ Accordingly,^transmit^symbols^which^can^be^used^to^provide^improved,^or^indeed,^optimal^ sensing^performance^may^be^weak^for^data^transmission^(communication)^and^vice^versa.^There^ is^a^problem^in^that^it^is^difficult^to^provide^improved^data^rate^in^communication^for^a^same^ level^of^sensing^performance.^ The^authors^of^[2]^propose^to^use^probabilistic^shaped^constellations^constructed^through^ numerical^optimization.^The^optimization^aims^to^find^the^best^capacity^for^a^fixed^value^for^^^.In^[2]^this^is^achieved^by^starting^from^a^mother^constellation and^then^optimizing^the^probabilities^by^which^the^different^symbols^are^sent.^ However,^it^can^be^difficult^to^use^probabilistic^shaped^constellations^constructed^through^ numerical^optimization^to^achieve^improved^sensing^and^communication^performance^for^ integrated^sensing^and^communication^in^a^telecommunications^network.^That^is,^numerical^ simulations^such^as^those^used^in^[2]^can^be^very^complex^to^implement.^Moreover,^numerical^ simulations^such^as^those^used^in^[2]^can^be^very^computationally^intensive.^ Furthermore,^while^[2]^aims^to^address^the^tradeoff^between^communication^and^sensing^ performance,^further^improvements^are^still^sought.As^such,^there^is^a^desire^to^provide^an^improved^and more^efficient^way^of^facilitating sensing^and^communication^performance^for^integrated^sensing^and^communication^in^a^ telecommunications^network.^ Accordingly,^an^apparatus,^method^and^computer^program^product^are^provided^in^accordance^ with^embodiments^of^the^disclosure.^ Example^Configuration^of^an^Apparatus: Consider,^now,^FIG.^6^of^the^present^disclosure.^FIG.^6^illustrates^an^example^configuration^of^an^ apparatus^in^accordance^with^embodiments^of^the^disclosure.^ In^examples,^the^apparatus^4000^may^be^a^base^station^in^a^wireless^telecommunications^ network.^For^example,^the^apparatus^may^be,^or^form^part^of,^a^base^station^such^as^an^eNB^or^a^ gNB^as^described^with^reference^to^FIG.^1^of^the^present^disclosure.^However,^it^will^be^ appreciated^that^the^present^disclosure^is^not^particularly^limited^in^this^regard.^ The^apparatus^4000^comprises^circuitry^4002^and^4004.^The^circuitry^4002^is^configured^to:^ send,^to^a^user^equipment,^information^indicative^of^a^configuration^identifying^a^signal^ generation^format^in^which^the^signal^generation^format^is^selected^to^introduce^dependencies^between^magnitudes^of^at^least two^modulation^symbols^of^a^signal.^The^circuitry^4004^is^configured^to^communicate with^the^user^equipment^based^on^the^configured^signal^generation^format. In^examples,^the^signal^generation^format^is^a^modulation^scheme^or^the^like.^However,^the^present^disclosure^is^not^particularly^limited^in^this^respect.^ While^described^as^separate^circuitry^4002^and^4004,^it^will^be^appreciated^that^this^distinction^ is^made^for^ease^of^illustration^of^the^features^of^the^apparatus.^Accordingly,^the^present^ disclosure^is^not^particularly^limited^in^this^regard.^For^example,^in^examples,^a^single^circuitry^ can^be^provided^to^perform^the^functions^of^the^first^and^second^circuitry^as^described^with^ reference^to^FIG.^6.^Alternatively,^additional^circuitry^may^also^be^provided^in^order^to^ implement^the^functions^of^the^apparatus.^Therefore,^it^will^be^appreciated^that^the^present^disclosure^is^not^particularly^limited^to^the specific^configuration^of^the^apparatus^described^with^reference^to^FIG.^6^of^the^present^disclosure. The^circuitry^4002,^4004^may^be^a^microprocessor^carrying^out^computer^instructions^or^may^ be^an^Application^Specific^Integrated^Circuit.^The^computer^instructions^may^be^stored^on^ storage^medium^which^may^be^a^magnetically^readable^medium,^optically^readable^medium^or^ solid^state^type^circuitry.^The^storage^medium^^may^be^integrated^into^the^apparatus^4000^or^ may^be^separate^to^the^apparatus^4000^and^connected^thereto^using^either^a^wired^or^wireless^ connection.^The^computer^instructions^may^be^embodied^as^computer^software^that^contains^ computer^readable^code^which,^when^loaded^onto^the^circuitry,^configures^the^circuitry^to^ perform^a^method^according^to^embodiments^of^the^disclosure. Consider,^now,^FIG.^7^of^the^present^disclosure.^FIG.^7^illustrates^an^example^configuration^of^an^ apparatus^in^accordance^with^embodiments^of^the^disclosure.^ In^examples,^the^apparatus^5000^may^be^a^user^equipment^in^a^wireless^telecommunications^ system.^For^example,^the^apparatus^may^be,^or^form^part^of,^a^user^equipment^as^described^with^ reference^to^FIG.^1^of^the^present^disclosure.^However,^it^will^be^appreciated^that^the^present^disclosure^is^not^particularly^limited^in this^regard.^The^apparatus^5000^comprises^circuitry^5002^and^5004.^The^circuitry^5002^is^configured^to:^ receive,^from^a^base^station,^information^indicative^of^a^configuration^identifying^a^signal^ generation^format^in^which^the^signal^generation^format^is^selected^to^introduce^dependencies^between^magnitudes^of^at^least two^modulation^symbols^of^a^signal.^The^circuitry^5004^is^configured^to^communicate^with^the^base^station^based^on^the^configured^signal^generation^ format.^ While^described^as^separate^circuitry^5002^and^5004,^it^will^be^appreciated^that^this^distinction^ is^made^for^ease^of^illustration^of^the^features^of^the^apparatus.^Accordingly,^the^present^ disclosure^is^not^particularly^limited^in^this^regard.^For^example,^in^examples,^a^single^circuitry^ can^be^provided^to^perform^the^functions^of^the^first^and^second^circuitry^as^described^with^ reference^to^FIG.^6.^Alternatively,^additional^circuitry^may^also^be^provided^in^order^to^ implement^the^functions^of^the^apparatus.^Therefore,^it^will^be^appreciated^that^the^present^ disclosure^is^not^particularly^limited^to^the^specific^configuration^of^the^apparatus^described^ with^reference^to^FIG.^7^of^the^present^disclosure. The^circuitry^5002,^5004^may^be^a^microprocessor^carrying^out^computer^instructions^or^may^ be^an^Application^Specific^Integrated^Circuit.^The^computer^instructions^may^be^stored^on^ storage^medium^which^may^be^a^magnetically^readable^medium,^optically^readable^medium^or^solid^state^type^circuitry.^The^storage^medium^may^be^integrated^into^the^apparatus^5000 or^may^be^separate^to^the^apparatus^5000 and^connected^thereto^using^either^a^wired^or^wireless^connection.^The^computer^instructions^may^be^embodied^as^computer^software^that^contains^ computer^readable^code^which,^when^loaded^onto^the^circuitry,^configures^the^circuitry^to^ perform^a^method^according^to^embodiments^of^the^disclosure. Consider,^now,^FIG.^8^of^the^present^disclosure.^FIG.^8^illustrates^example^signalling^in^ accordance^with^embodiments^of^the^disclosure.^The^example^signalling^of^FIG.^8^may^be^ performed^by^the^apparatus^4000^and^the^apparatus^5000^which^have^been^described^with^ reference^to^FIG.^6^and^FIG.^7^of^the^present^disclosure.^In^a^first^step^0.,^the^user equipment^5000^may^signal^capabilities^to^the^base^station^4000.^The^capabilities^indicated^by^the^user^equipment^5000^to^the^base^station^4000^may^include^an^ indication^that^signal^configurations^for^integrated^sensing^and^communication^can^be^used.^For example,^the^user^equipment^may^send,^to^the^base^station,^a^signal^indicative^that^a^signal^generation^format^in^which^dependencies^between^magnitudes^of^at^least^two^modulation^symbols^of^a^signal^can^be^used.^Likewise,^the^base^station^can^receive^this signal^from^the^user^equipment^and^determine^that^the^user^equipment^is^able^to^use^this^signal^generation^format.^ In^a^second^step^1.,^the^base^station^4000^may^signal^a^configuration^to^the^user^equipment^ 5000.^The^configuration^identifies^a^signal^generation^format^in^which^the^signal^generation^format^is^selected^to^introduce^dependencies^between^magnitudes^of^at^least two^modulation^symbols^of^a^signal.^ In^examples,^the^base^station^4000^may^signal^the^configuration^to^the^user^equipment^by^ sending^information^indicative^of^the^configuration.^For^example,^the^base^station^4000^may^send^the^configuration^to^the^user^equipment^5000. In^examples,^the^base^station^may^send^the^configuration^to^the^user^equipment^using^RRC^signalling.^However,^the^present disclosure^is^not^particularly^limited^in^this^regard^and^any^type^of^signalling^can^be^used^depending^on^the^ situation^to^which^the^embodiments^of^the^disclosure^are^applied.^The^user^equipment^may^then^use^the^configuration^during^communication^with^the base^station.^In^examples,^the^information^indicative^of^the^configuration^may^include^an^indicator^of^the^configuration.^For^example,^the^configuration^may^be^defined^in^a^standard (or^broadcast,^as^discussed^below) and^selected,^by^the^user^equipment^5000,^in^accordance^with^an^identifier^received^from^the^base^station^4000^(such^as^an^index^associated^with^the^configuration).^Then,^ once^the^configuration^has^been^identified^in^accordance^with^the^identified,^the^configuration^ can^then^be^used^by^the^user^equipment^during^communication^with^the^base^station.^ In^examples,^the^configuration^may^be^acquired,^by^the^user^equipment^5000,^from^a^broadcast^channel^sent^by^the^base^station 4000^(and^thus,^may^not^be^acquired^through^dedicated^signalling^between the^base^station^4000^and^the^user^equipment^5000).^For^example,^the^base^station^may^broadcast^a^configuration^to^all^user^equipment.^The^user^equipment^may^receive^ this^broadcast^configuration^(or^broadcast^identifier^of^the^configuration)^and^subsequently^use^ the^configuration^during^communication^with^the^base^station. In^step^2.^of^FIG.^8,^the^base^station^4000^may^signal^activation^to^the^user^equipment.^Here,^ activation^comprises^activation^of^integrated^sensing^and^communication^(specifically^joint^ sensing^and^communication^in^this^example).^That^is,^the^activation^signal^informs^the^user^ equipment^5000^to^begin^use^of^the^configuration^(identifying^a^signal^generation^format^in^ which^the^dependencies^have^been^introduced^between^magnitudes^of^at^least^two^modulation^ symbols^of^the^signal).^ For^example,^the^activation^may^be^performed^as^an^on / off^activation^(as^and / or^when^joint^communication^and^sensing (JCAS) is^required).^In^examples,^when^JCAS^signal^generation^is^deactivated^(off),^the^user^equipment^5000^may^return^to^a^legacy^constellation^(such^as^64-QAM,^for example)^without^dependency^between^the^modulation^symbols.^In^examples,^a^so-called^fallback^constellation^(for^use^when^joint^sensing^and^communication^is^not^performed)^ may^be^provided^to^the^user^equipment^5000^(or^otherwise^indicated)^during^the^configuration^ step.^ In^examples,^activation^may^be^dynamic^activation.^In^examples,^dynamic^activation^may^be^performed using^a^downlink^control^information^(DCI)^message.^Alternatively,^activation^may^be^semi-persistent.^In^examples,^semi-persistent^activation^may^be^performed^using^a^medium^ access^control^(MAC)^message.^Alternatively,^activation^may^be^periodic.^In^examples,^periodic^ activation^may^be^performed^using^a^radio^resource^control,^RRC,^message.^ In^examples,^activation^may^not^be^performed^in^a^separate^step.^In^examples,^activation^may^be^performed^as^part^of^the^configuration^(step^1.^of^FIG.^8). In^examples configuration / activation^is^not^needed.^Instead,^new^modulations^may^be defined^in^the^standard^and^selected^via^amodulation-and-coding^(MCS)^index^mechanism.^In^examples,^a new^MCS^index^table^may^be^introduced^for^this^purpose.Thus,^embodiments^of^the disclosure^comprise^using^the^signal^generation^format^for^communication^in^accordance^with^an^indication^to^use^the^signal^generation^format^included^in^ the^information^indicative^of^the^configuration^received^from^the^base^station.^ As^explained,^in^examples,^the^activation^may^be^defined^as^on / off^activation^and^signaled^ accordingly.^However,^in^examples,^the^activation^signal^may^define^a^condition^for^use^of^the^ signal^generation^format^in^communication^between^the^base^station^and^the^user^equipment. For^example,^the^activation^signal^(or,^more^generally,^an^indication^to^use^the^signal^generation^ format)^may^include^a^period^of^time^for^which^the^signal^generation^format^should^be^used^in^communication^between^the^base^station^and^the^user^equipment. Thus,^the^activation^signal^(which^can^be^signaled^independently^or^as^part^of^the^configuration)^provides^a^mechanism^for^ flexible^use^of^the^signal^generation^format;^this^enables^the^use^of^the^signal^generation^format^ to^be^limited^to^a^situation^where^it^is^most^relevant^(such^as^when^the^base^station^will^perform^ integrated^sensing^and^communication).^This^enables^the^user^equipment^to^return^to^a^legacy^ constellation^and^corresponding^signal^generation^format.^ In^step^4.^data^transmission^from^the^base^station^4000^to^the^user^equipment^5000^is^ performed.^This^is^an^example^of^communication^with^the^user^equipment;^the^communication^ is^based^on^the^configured^signal^generation^format.^In^addition,^the^signal^from^the^base^station^ 4000^to^the^user^equipment^5000^which^has^been^generated^reflects^from^an^object^(which^may^ be^any^object^as^described^with^reference^to^FIG.^4^of^the^present^disclosure).^Accordingly,^the^ base^station^may^use^the^reflected^signal^from^the^object^to^perform^sensing.^ As^such,^embodiments^of^the^disclosure^further^comprise^performing^sensing^based^on^a^signal^ transmitted^when^communicating^with^the^user^equipment^using^the^configured^signal^ generation^format.^ Thus,^in^accordance^with^embodiments^of^the^disclosure,^dependencies^are^introduced^between^ magnitudes^of^at^least^two^modulation^symbols^of^the^signal.^A^dependency^is^such^that^the^ value^of^the^magnitude^of^the^second^symbol^is^related^to^the^magnitude^of^the^second^symbol.^ For^example,^when^the^first^symbol^is^small,^the^second^symbol^will^be^large^and^vice-versa.^ More^specifically,^in^examples,^the^dependency^may^be^such^that^the^magnitude^of^the^ covariance^of^the^first^and^second^symbol^is^negative.^ This^enables^improved^communication^and^sensing^performance^to^be^achieved,^as^compared^to^ legacy^methods^(as^will^be^explained^in^more^detail^through^comparison^with^legacy^methods^ such^as^described^in^[2]).^Moreover,^this^improvement^in^communication^and^sensing^ performance^can^be^achieved^more^efficiently^(with^reduced^computational^demand)^compared^ to^legacy^methods.^Again,^this^will^be^described^in^more^detail^later.^ Example^Implementation: A^more^specific^example^of^embodiments^of^the^disclosure^will^now^be^described^in^order^to^ illustrate^further^features^of^the^disclosure.^ In^this^specific^example,^it^will^be^assumed^that^the^dependency^is^introduced^between^two^ symbols^of^adjacent^subcarriers^of^a^same^OFDM^symbol^(dependency^in^the^frequency^domain).^ However,^the^present^disclosure^is^not^particularly^limited^in^this^regard.^Embodiments^of^the^ present^disclosure^may^more^generally^be^applied^to^any^situation^whereby^dependency^ between^modulation^symbols^is^introduced^in^two^or^more^modulation^symbols^of^the^signal.^ For^example,^dependency^may^alternatively^or^in^addition^be^introduced^between^two^symbols^ at^the^same^subcarrier,^but^in^different^OFDM^symbols^(dependency^in^the^time^domain).^In^this^example,^it^is^assumed^that^the^symbols^^^^^^,^ and ^^^,^ are dependent for all ^ =1 … ^ / 2 and all ^. Further,^power^normalization^is^adopted^so^that^^ = 1, ∀, ^, ^.Accordingly,^^^becomes:^ Here,^it^is assumed^that^all^symbol^pairs^{^^^^^,^, ^^^,^} are^statistically^the^same,^which^allows^one^to^simplify^the^formula^into^expectations^over^only^^^,^and^^^,^.^However,^while^this^assumption^has^been^made^here^for^clarity^and^brevity^of^disclosure,^similar^effects are^achievedin^accordance^with^embodiments^of^the^disclosure^without^this^assumption. Therefore,^the^present^disclosure^is^not^particularly^limited^in^this^regard.^ In^a^situation^where^^^,^and^^^,^would^be^independent,^then^we^would^have^^ ^^^^,^^^ ^ ^^^,^^^ − 1 = 0,^and^consequently (due^to^the^assumption^of^unit^average^energy / power^per^modulation^symbol),^ However,^according^to^embodiments^of^the^present^disclosure,^dependency^is^introduced^between^the magnitudes^of^at^least^two^modulation^symbols^of^a^signal.^In^this^specific^example^the^dependency^is^introduced^between^two^modulation^symbols^at^adjacent^subcarriers^of^the^ same^OFDM^symbol. Indeed,^in^this^example,^the^dependency^is^introduced^such^that:^ In^other^words,^in^this^example,^the^dependency^is^introduced^such^that^the^two^adjacent^symbols^(in^the^frequency^domain)^have^a^negative^covariance^of^their^magnitudes. Covariance^evaluates^how^mean^values^of^two^variables^moves^together.^In^examples,^the^dependency^can^ be^introduced^such^that^the^correlation^coefficient^of^the^two^adjacent^symbols^is^negative.^In^ examples,^the^correlation^coefficient^can^be^calculated^based^on^the^covariance^of^the^two^ adjacent^symbols.^However,^the^present^disclosure^is^not^particularly^limited^in^this^regard;^any^ suitable^method^of^calculating^the^correlation^coefficient^can^be^used^as^required^depending^on^ the^situation^to^which^the^embodiments^of^the^disclosure^are^applied.^The^reason^for^this^is^that^the^value^of^Δ^^ is^typically^small.^Assume^that^the^sensing^target^is^1^km^away,^and^that^Δ ^^ = 15kHz.^It^then^follows^that^^ = 2000 / 3 × 10 = 6.67^s.^Thus,^Δ^^ = 0.1.^Typically,^in^a^telecommunications^network,^the^sensing^target^is^much^closer^than^1km.^Accordingly,^the^value^of^Δ^^ = 0.1 can^be^considered^as^an^upper^bound.^For^Δ^^ = 0.1 we^have^that^cos(2^ × 0.1) ≈ 0.81. This^implies^that^if^we^can^achieve^2 ^^ ^^^^,^^^ ^^^ ^,^^^ − 1^ < 0, then^we^may^significantly^reduce^the^value^of^^^ (where^a^lower^value^of ^^ yields^an^improved^sensing^performance^as^has^been^previously^described).The^constraint^that^2 ^^ ^^^^,^^^ ^ ^^^,^^^ − 1^ < 0 is^therefore^imposed^in^order^to^reduce^the^value^of^^^(where^a^smaller^value^of^^^provides^an^improved^level^of^sensing^performance).^ Effectively,^this^constraint^states^that^if^the^magnitude^of^the^symbol^A1,1 is^large,^then^the^ magnitude^of^the^symbol^A2,1is^small^and^vice^versa.^Thus,^a^dependency^between^the^two^ adjacent^symbols^is^introduced^in^this^example.^ Notably,^the^present^disclosure^is^not^particularly^limited^to^a^situation^where^an^assumption^of^ statistically^symmetry^has^been^made^between^the^symbol^pairs.^For^example,^more^generally,^ the^dependency^may^be^introduced^such^that: In^other^words,^for^all^pairs^of^symbols,^the^dependency^is^introduced^such^that^the^pairs^(which^ are^adjacent^in^this^example)^have^a^negative^covariance^of^their^magnitudes.^ Indeed,^while^this^example^is^described^with^reference^to^an^example^of^at^least^two^adjacent^ symbols^which^are^adjacent^in^a^frequency^domain,^it^will^be^appreciated^that^the^present^ disclosure^is^not^particularly^limited^in^this^regard.^More^generally,^a^dependency^may^be^ introduced^such^that:^ where ^: ℳ × ^ → ℳ is a non-trivial involution (that is, ^ is a bijection such that ^(^, ^) =(^^, ^^) implies ^(^′, ^′) = (^, ^), and ^(^, ^) ≠ (^, ^) for all (^, ^), (^′, ^′) ∈ ℳ × ^), andwhere ℳ = {1, = {1, … , ^}. For example, ^^,^,^^,^^ can be negative.It^is^the^dependency^between^modulation^symbols^which^achieves^the^improved^communication^ performance^for^a^same^level^of^sensing^performance^(compared,^for^example,^to^the^methods^described^in^[2],^which^require^numerical^optimization^of^the^probabilities of^a^mother^constellation).^However,^the^way^in^which^this^dependency^is^introduced^between^the^ modulation^symbols^is^not^particularly^limited^in^accordance^with^embodiments^of^the^ disclosure.^Indeed,^any^suitable^method^of^introducing^this^dependency^between^the^ modulation^symbols^can^be^used^in^accordance^with^embodiments^of^the^disclosure^depending^ on^the^situation^to^which^the^embodiments^of^the^disclosure^are^applied.^ However,^a^first^example^method^of^generating^the^dependency^between^the^modulation symbols^will^now^be^described.^Return now,^for^clarity^of^disclosure,^to^the^specific^example^that^dependency^is^introduced^between^at^least^two^adjacent^symbols^in^at^least^two^symbols^at^adjacent^subcarriers^of^a^same^OFDM symbol,^with^the^assumption^that^all^symbol^pairs^are^statistically^the^same.^^This^first^example^way^of^generating^the^symbols^to^introduce^dependency^between^symbols^ will^be^described^with^reference^to^an^example^construction^where^two^symbols^will^together^ carry^8^bits.^In^this^example,^the^first^step is^to^construct^a^base^constellation,^as^follows: otherwise^.That^is,^the^constellation^can^be^built^as^four^concentric^circles^of^different^radiuses^(^^, … , ^^).^At^each^circle,^there^are^precisely^8^points.^However,^the^phases^of^the^points^at^circles 2^and^4^are^offset compared^with^those^at^circles^1^and^3.^An^illustration^is^shown^in^FIG.^9^of^the^present^disclosure.^ However,^while^this^specific^example^is^described^with^reference^to^a^situation^where^the^two^ symbols^will^together^carry^8^bits,^it^will^be^appreciated^that^the^present^disclosure^is^not^ particularly^limited^in^this^regard.^For^example,^the^base^constellation^may,^more^generally,^be^ constructed^as^follows: wherein^the^radiuses^^ℓ are^design^parameters.^^ FIG.^9^of^the^present^disclosure^illustrates^an^example^of^a^base^constellation^for^a^base^station^ (such^as^a^gNB)^in^accordance^with^embodiments^of^the^disclosure.^Within^this^example,^there^ are^32^points^lying^on^four^circles^of^different^radiuses.^Within^each^circle,^the^phases^are^ uniform,^but^the^phases^are^offset^to^each^other^at^adjacent^circles.^The^second^step^is^then^to form^the^symbol^^^,^.^In^this^example,^this^can^be^done^by^randomly^choosing a^symbol^from^the^constellation^^.Once^this^symbol^A1,1 has^been^formed,^the^third^step is^to^form^a^symbol^A2,1 given^the^symbolA1,1.^The^symbol^A2,1must^be^formed^in^order^that^the^dependency^between^A1,1and^A2,1is^ introduced.^^In^this^example,^this^is^achieved^in^the^following^way.^Assume^that^|^^,^| = ^^ , where^^ ∈{1,2,3, … L}.^Then^ wherein ^^,^ is^the^second^symbol^carried^by^a^second^subcarrier^of^a^first^OFDM^symbol,^^^,^ is^the^first^symbol^carried^by^a^first^subcarrier^of^the^OFDM^symbol,^|^^,^| = where^ℓ ∈{1,2,3, … , ^},^and^the^value^of^^ is^drawn^from^^ ∈ {0,1, … , P − 1}.^This^means^that^if^the^symbol^^^,^lies^on^the^innermost^circle,^the^^^,^lies^anywhere^on^the^ outermost.^If^^^,^lies^on^the^second^innermost^circle,^the^^^,^lies^anywhere^on^the^second^ outermost.^If^^^,^lies^on^the^third^circle,^then^^^,^lies^on^the^second.^If^^^,^lies^on^the^fourth^ (outermost)^circle,^then^^^,^lies^on^the^first^(innermost).^In^particular,^this^implies^that^also^^^,^ ∈ ^,^and,^in^fact,^^^,^ is^uniformly^distributed^over^^.^Thus,^both^symbols^^^,^ and^^^,^ are^randomly^selected^symbols^from^^,^so^their^marginal^distributions^coincide .^The^radiuses^^^, ^^, ^^, ^^ are^selected^such^that^^ = 1, i.e.,^we^enforce The^value^of^^^can^then^be^calculated^as: Compared^to^a^numerical^optimization^process^of^a^mother^constellation^as^described^in^[2],^ examples^of^the^disclosure^which^introduce^a^dependency^between^pairs^of^symbols^using^a^ selection^process^from^different^subsections^of^a^base^constellation^(as^described^with^reference^ to^FIG.^9,^for^example)^provide^a^more^efficient^process^when^finding^the^signal^generation^ format^(with^reduced^computational^demand)^for^facilitating^integrated^sensing^and^ communication.^ Consider,^now,^FIG.^10^of^the^present^disclosure.^FIG.^10^illustrates^an^example^comparison^of^ achievable^information^rate^in^accordance^with^embodiments^of^the^disclosure. Specifically,^in^FIG.^10^We^have^tested^for^two^setups:Setup^1^^^^^ = ^^leading^to^^^ ≤ 1.02 for Δ^^ ≤ 0.1;^and ≤ 1.047 for^Δ^^ ≤ 0.1.FIG.^10^shows^a^graph^of^SNR^(dB)^against^Achievable^information^rate^(bps / Hz).^ Results^from^the^legacy^method^in^[2]^are^shown^in^FIG.^10,^with^results^for^a^standard^16QAM.^ These^results^are^shown^against^the^results^achievable^for^a^signal^generation^format^in^which^ the^signal^generation^format^is^selected^to^introduce^dependencies^between^magnitudes^of^at^ least^two^modulation^symbols^of^a^signal^in^accordance^with^embodiments^of^the^disclosure.^ It^can^be^seen^that^compared^to^the^standard^16QAM^and^also^compared^to^the^legacy^method^of^[2],^the^embodiments^of^the^disclosure^achieve^improved^information^rate^(bps / Hz) for^any^given^value^of^c0 (i.e.^for^any^given^level^of^sensing^performance).^Thus,^embodiments^of^the^disclosure^provide^a^better^data^rate^in^communication^for^a^same^level^of^sensing^performance. If^symbols^are^not^dependent^across^subcarriers,^but^we^instead^change^into^two^symbols^in^adjacent^symbols^(at^the^same^carrier),^then^identical^results^hold^where^Δ^^ is^replaced^with^^ / Δ^. That^is,^the^same^improvement^in^the^tradeoff^between^sensing^and^communication^performance^can^be^achieved.Now,^it will^be^appreciated^that^while^the^example^of^FIG.^9^has^been^described^as^one^example^way^in^which^the^dependency^between^the^modulation^symbols^can^be^generated^(where^a^base^ constellation^comprising^a^number^of^concentric^circles^is^generated).^However,^the^present^ disclosure^is^not^particularly^limited^in^this^regard.^ In^this^regard,^consider^the^example^of^FIG.^11^of^the^present^disclosure.^FIG.^11^illustrates^an^ example^of^a^base^constellation^for^a^base^station^in^accordance^with^embodiments^of^the disclosure.^ Similar^to^FIG.^9^of^the^present^disclosure,^the^base^constellation^of^FIG.^11^can^be^used^in^order^ to^form^symbols^(through^selection^from^the^base^constellation)^in^accordance^with^embodiments^of^the^disclosure.^However,^in^contrast^to^FIG.9^of^the^present^disclosure,^the^base^constellation^is^not^defined^in^concentric^circles^of^different^radius.^Instead,^the^base^ constellation^is^based^on^a^64-QAM. The^base^constellation^is^partitioned^into^four^different^subsections^(as^illustrated^in^FIG.^11). In^case^of^64QAM^modulation^for^pairwise^correlated^symbols,^one^ten-tuple^of^bits,^^(10^), … , ^(10^ + 9),^are^mapped^to^two^complex-valued^modulation^symbols^^(2^),^^(2^ + 1).Define^ ^^(^): = 1 − 2^(^). The^first^symbol^then^follows^the^mapping: The^second^symbol,^^(2^ + 1),^follows^the^mapping:^ = d(2^)^is^blue d(2^)^is^yellow d(2^)^is^green d(2^)^is^orange8^(10^ + 6) + 4^(10^ + 7)+2^(10^ + 8) + ^(10^ + 9)d(2i+1)^ orange^ green symbol^n yellow^blue^symbol^n symbol^n symbol^n Thus,^there^is^dependency^between^the^first^symbol^and^the^second^symbol.^That^is,^using^^^^^=4 bits,^we^select^one^out^of^a^subset^containing^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ = 16 complex-valued^symbols^from^the^64QAM^constellation.^The^particular^subset^is^determined^by^the^(amplitude^of^the)^first^symbol^mapping,^^(2^) and^in^this^example^there^are^^^^^^^^^ = 4 such^subsets^of^16^symbols.^Other^choices^of^^^^^,^^^^^^^^ ^^^^and^^^^^^^^^are^possible,^although^for^non-overlapping^subsets,^it^must^hold^that^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^ = 2 ^^^ ,^and^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ⋅ ^^^^^^^^ = 64.Accordingly,^embodiments^of^the^disclosure^can^utilize^a^modulation^mapper^to^produce^correlated^modulation^symbols (for^example^pairwise^correlated^modulation^symbols).^In^general,^a^modulation^mapper^takes^binary^digits,^0^or^1,^as^input^and^produces^complex-valued^ modulation^symbols^as^output. Hence,^more^generally,^according^to^embodiments^of^the^disclosure,^the^dependency^between^ the^first^and^second^signal^can^be^formed^by^mapping^to^the^signal^generation^format^by^ constructing^a^base^constellation^of^symbols,^wherein^the^base^constellation^of^symbols^is^ separated^into^a^plurality^of^portions^each^containing^a^number^of^symbols;^forming^a^first^ symbol^by^selecting^a^symbol^from^the^base^constellation;^and^forming^a^second^symbol^ adjacent^to^the^first^symbol,^by^selecting^a^symbol^from^a^second^portion^of^the^base^ constellation,^wherein^the^second^portion^of^the^base^constellation^is^defined^based^on^the^first^ portion^of^the^base^constellation^in^which^the^first^symbol^was^located. While^certain^embodiments^of^the^present^disclosure^have^been^described^with^reference^to^an^ example^situation^where^the^dependencies^are^introduced^between^two^adjacent^subcarriers^of^ a^same^OFDM^symbol,^it^will^be^appreciated^that^the^present^disclosure^is^not^particularly^ limited^in^this^regard.^For^example,^dependencies^may^alternatively^or^in^addition^be^introduced^ between^two^symbols^at^a^same^subcarrier^but^in^different^symbols.^In^other^words,^the^symbols^ for^which^dependency^is^introduced^may^be^adjacent^symbols^in^either^time^or^frequency.^ More^generally,^the^embodiments^of^the^present^disclosure^require^dependencies^on^the^ transmitted^symbols^in^two^or^more^resource^elements.^ Furthermore,^while^embodiments^of^the^disclosure^have^been^described^with^reference^to^a^ specific^example^of^the^symbol^constellation^and^generation^format^for^two^adjacent^symbols,^it^ will^be^appreciated^that^the^present^disclosure^is^not^particularly^limited^in^this^regard^and^any^suitable^method^can^be^used^in^this^regard depending^upon^the^situation^to^which^the^embodiments^of^the^disclosure^are^applied.^ <Example^Methods> Hence,^more^generally,^a^method^of^facilitating^integrated^sensing^and^communication^in^a^ telecommunications^network^is^provided^in^accordance^with^embodiments^of^the^disclosure.^ Consider,^now,^FIG.^12^of^the^present^disclosure.^FIG.^12^illustrates^an^example^method^in^ accordance^with^embodiments^of^the^disclosure.^The^method^of^FIG.^12^may,^optionally,^be^ performed^by^an^apparatus^such^as^that^described^with^reference^to^FIG.^6^of^the^present^ disclosure.^For^example,^the^method^of^FIG.^12^may^be^performed^by^a^base^station.^ The^method^of^FIG.^12^starts^at^step^S4000^and^proceeds^to^step^S4004.^ In^step^S4004,^the^method^comprises^sending^to^a^user^equipment^information^indicative^of^a^ configuration^identifying^a^signal^generation^format^in^which^the^signal^generation^format^is^selected^to^introduce^dependencies^between^magnitudes^of^at^least two^modulation^symbols^of^a^signal. Then,^in^step^S4008,^the^method^comprises^communicating^with^the^user^equipment^based^on^ the^configured^signal^generation^format. The^method^then^proceeds^to,^and^ends^with,^step^S4010.^ By^introducing^dependencies^between^magnitudes^of^at^least^two^modulation^symbols^of^the^ signal^in^this^way,^it^becomes^possible^to^facilitate^integrated^sensing^and^communication^in^a^ telecommunication^network.^That^is,^communication^with^the^user^equipment^is^made^using^a^ signal^generation^format^which^improves^the^tradeoff^between^communication^performance^ and^sensing^performance^which^has^been^previously^described.^Therefore,^if^sensing^is^ performed^on^the^basis^of^the^signal^generated^when^communicating^with^the^user^equipment,^an^improved^sensing^performance^can^be^achieved^for^a^same^level of^communication^performance.^ The^present^disclosure^is^not^particularly^limited^to^the^example^method^illustrated^in^FIG.^12^of^ the^present^disclosure.^For^example,^a^number^of^additional^method^steps^may^also^be^included.^ For^example,^optionally,^sensing^may^be^performed^(in^step^S4006)^based^on^a^signal^ transmitted^when^communicating^with^the^user^equipment^using^the^configured^signal^ generation^format.^Further^optionally,^a^step^of^mapping^the^signal^generation^format^may^be^ provided^(step^S4002).^Details^of^step^S4002^are^illustrated^in^FIG.^13^of^the^present^disclosure.^ FIG.^13^illustrates^an^example^method^in^accordance^with^embodiments^of^the^disclosure.^The^ method^shown^in^FIG.^13^illustrates^sub-steps^of^the^step^S4002^of^FIG.^12.^ The^process^flows^from^step^S4000^to^step^S4002A.^In^step^S4002A,^the^method^comprises^ constructing^a^base^constellation^of^symbols,^wherein^the^base^constellation^of^symbols^is^ separated^into^a^plurality^of^portions^each^containing^a^number^of^symbols.^ Then,^the^method^proceeds^to^step^S4002B.^In^step^S4002B,^the^method^comprises^forming^a^ first^symbol^by^selection^a^symbol^from^the^base^constellation.^In^examples,^as^described^with^ reference^to^FIG.^9^of^the^present^disclosure,^a^random^selection^of^a^symbol^from^the^base^ constellation^may^be^made.^ In^step^S4002C,^the^method^comprises^forming^a^second^symbol^adjacent^to^the^first^symbol,^by^ selecting^a^symbol^from^a^second^portion^of^the^base^constellation,^wherein^the^second^portion^ of^the^base^constellation^is^defined^based^on^the^first^portion^of^the^base^constellation^in^which^ the^first^symbol^was^located.^ Then,^the^method^proceeds^to^step^S4004^(which^has^been^described^with^reference^to^FIG.^12). As^described^with^reference^to^FIG.^12^of^the^present^disclosure,^the^method^of^the^present^ disclosure^includes^a^step^of^communicating^with^the^user^equipment^(based^on^the^configured^ signal^generation^format).^Further^details^of^this^step^are^described^with^reference^to^FIG.^14^of^ the^disclosure.^ That^is,^FIG.^14^illustrates^an^example^method^in^accordance^with^embodiments^of^the^ disclosure.^ The^example^method^of^FIG.^14^starts^when^the^process^flows^from^step^S4006^to^step^S4008A.^In^step^S4008A,^the^method^comprises^transmitting^^ OFDM^symbols,^each^comprising^^subcarriers^and^wherein^data^intended^for^the^user^equipment^is^embedded^into^transmit^symbols^^^,^, 1 ≤ ^ ≤ ^, 1 ≤ ^ ≤ ^,^wherein^the^symbol^^^,^ is^carried^by^the^^:th^subcarrier^of^the^^:th^OFDM^symbol.^ The^method^then^proceeds^to^step^S4010^(which^has^been^described^with^reference^to^FIG.^12).^ Turning,^now,^to^FIG.^15^of^the^present^disclosure,^an^example^method^in^accordance^with^ embodiments^of^the^disclosure^is^illustrated.^The^example^method^of^FIG.^15^may,^optionally,^be^ performed^by^an^apparatus^such^as^that^described^with^reference^to^FIG.^7^of^the^present^ disclosure.^For^example,^the^method^of^FIG.^6^may^be^performed^by^a^user^equipment.^ The^method^of^FIG.^15^starts^at^step^S5000^and^proceeds^to^step^S5002.^ In^step^S5002,^the^method^comprises^receiving,^from^a^base^station,^information^indicative^of^a^ configuration^identifying^a^signal^generation^format^in^which^the^signal^generation^format^is^selected^to^introduce^dependencies^between^magnitudes of^at^least^two^modulation^symbols^of^a^signal.^ Then,^in^step^S5006,^the^method^comprises^communicating^with^the^base^station^based^on^the^ configured^signal^generation^format. The^method^then^proceeds^to^and^ends^with^step^S5008.^ The^present^disclosure^is^not^particularly^limited^to^the^example^method^illustrated^in^FIG.^12^of^ the^present^disclosure.^For^example,^a^number^of^additional^method^steps^may^also^be^included.^ For^example,^the^method^may,^optionally,^include^a^step^S5004.^In^step^S5004,^the^method^ comprises^using^the^signal^generation^format^for^communication^in^accordance^with^an^ indication^to^use^the^signal^generation^included^in^the^configuration^received^from^the^base^ station.^For^example,^the^information^indicative^of^the^configuration^received^from^the^base^ station^may^include^an^activation^signal^or^the^like,^instructing^the^user^equipment^that^the^ signal^generation^format^will^be^used^in^communication^with^the^base^station.^ In^accordance^with^embodiments^of^the^disclosure,^an^improved^communication^and^sensing^ performance^for^an^integrated^communication^and^sensing^environment^can^be^achieved^ compared^with^legacy^methods.^Further^embodiments of^the^present^disclosure^are^provided^in^accordance^with^the^following^numbered^clauses:1.^ A^method^of^facilitating^integrated^sensing^and^communication^in^a^telecommunications^network,^the^method^comprising:^ sending^(S4004),^to^a^user^equipment^(5000),^information^indicative^of^a^configuration^ identifying^a^signal^generation^format^in^which^the^signal^generation^format^is^selected^to^introduce^dependencies^between^magnitudes^of^at^least two^modulation^symbols^of^a^signal;^and communicating (S4008)^with^the^user^equipment^based^on^the^configured^signal^generation^format.^2. The^^method^according^to^clause^1,^further^comprising^^performing sensing (S4006)^based^on^a^signal^transmitted^when^communicating^with^the^user^equipment^using^the^configured^signal^generation format.^3. The^method^according^to^clauses^1^or^2,^wherein^the^dependencies^are^introduced^between^at^least^two^adjacent^modulation^symbols^of^the^signal.^^^4. The^method^according^to^clause^3,^wherein^the^dependencies^are^introduced^such^that^the^at^least^two^adjacent^symbols^have^a^negative^covariance^of^their^magnitudes.^5. The^method^according^to^clauses^3^or^4,^wherein^the^at^least^two^adjacent^symbols^are^either^adjacent^in^time^or^adjacent^in^frequency.^6. The^method^according^to^any^preceding^clause,^wherein^communicating^with^the^user^equipment^comprises^transmitting (S4008A)^^ OFDM^symbols,^each^comprising^^ subcarriers^and^wherein^data^intended^for^the^user^equipment^is^embedded^into^modulation^symbols^^^,^, 1 ≤ ^ ≤ ^, 1 ≤ ^ ≤ ^,^wherein^the^symbol^^^,^ is^carried^by^the^^:th^subcarrier^of^the^^:th^OFDM^symbol.^7. The^method^according^to^clause 6,^wherein^either^i)^the^dependencies^are^introduced^between^at^least^two^symbols^at^a^same^subcarrier^in^adjacent OFDM^symbols;^or^ii) wherein^the^dependencies^are^introduced^between^at^least^two^symbols^at^adjacent^subcarriers^of^a^same^ OFDM^symbol.8. The^method^according^to^clauses^6^or^7,^wherein^the^method^comprises^normalizing the^power^of^the^symbols^such^that^^ = 1, ∀, ^, ^.^9.^ The^method^according^to^clause^8,^wherein^the^dependencies^are^introduced^such^that:^ 10. The^method^according^to^any^preceding^clause,^wherein^the^method^comprises^mapping^(S4002)^to^the^signal^generation^format^by: constructing^(4002A)^a^base^constellation^of^symbols,^wherein^the^base^constellation^of^ symbols^is^separated^into^a^plurality^of^portions^each^containing^a^number^of^symbols; forming^(S4002B)^a^first^symbol^by^selecting^a^symbol^from^the^base^constellation;^and forming^(S4002C)^a^second^symbol^adjacent^to^the^first^symbol,^by^selecting^a^symbol^from^a^second^portion^of^the base^constellation,^wherein^the^second^portion^of^the^base^constellation^is^defined^based^on^the^first^portion^of^the^base^constellation^in^which^the^first^ symbol^was^located.11. The^method^according^to^clause^10,^wherein^the^method^comprises^constructing^the^base^constellation^in^accordance^with^the^equation:^ wherein ^ is^the^base^constellation^and^^ defines^a^radius^of^a^circle^and^wherein^the^radiuses^^ℓand^phases^^ℓare^design^parameters.^12.^ The^method^according^to^clauses^10^or^11,^wherein,^given^a^first^symbol^^^,^ selected^from^the^base^constellation,^the^second^symbol^is^formed^in^accordance^with^the^equation:^^,^ wherein ^^,^ is^the^second^symbol^carried^by^a^second^subcarrier^of^a^first^OFDM^symbol,^^^,^is^the^first^symbol^carried^by^a^first^subcarrier^of^the^OFDM^symbol,^|^^,^| = ^ℓ where^ℓ ∈ {1,2,3, … , ^},^and^the^value^of^^ is^drawn^from^^ ∈{0,1, … , P − 1}.^13. The^method^according^to^any^preceding^clause,^wherein^the^configuration^sent^to^the^user^equipment^comprises^an^indication^to^use^the^signal^generation^format^for^communication^ with^the^base^station.^^14.^ The^method^according^to^clause^13,^wherein^the^indication^to^use^the^signal^generation^format^includes^a^period^of^time^during^which^the^signal^generation^format^will^be^used^to^ communicate^with^the^user^equipment.^15. A^base^station^(4000)^for^facilitating^integrated^sensing^and^communication^in^a^telecommunications^network,^the^base^station^comprising^circuitry^(4002,^4004)^configured^to: send,^to^a^user^equipment^(5000),^information^indicative^of^a^configuration^identifying^a^ signal^generation^format^in^which^the^signal^generation^format^is^selected^to^introduce^dependencies^between^magnitudes^of^at^least two^modulation^symbols^of^a^signal;^andcommunicate with^the^user^equipment^based^on^the^configured^signal^generation^format.^16. A^method^of^facilitating^integrated^sensing^and^communication^in^a^telecommunications^network,^the^method^comprising: receiving^(S5002),^from^a^base^station^(4000),^information^indicative^of^a^configuration^ identifying^a^signal^generation^format^in^which^the^signal^generation^format^is^selected^to^introduce^dependencies^between^magnitudes^of^at^least two^modulation^symbols^of^a^signal;^and communicating (S5006)^with^the^base^station^based^on^the^configured^signal^generation^format.^17. The^method^according^to^clause^16,^wherein^the^integrated^sensing^and^communication^comprises^joint^sensing^and^communication.^18. The^method^according^to^clauses^16^or^17,^wherein^the^dependencies^are^introduced^between^at^least^two^adjacent^modulation^symbols^of^the^signal.^19. The^method^according^to^clause^18,^wherein^the^dependencies^are^introduced^such^that^the^at^least^two^adjacent^symbols^have^a^negative^covariance^of^their^magnitudes.^20. The^method^according^to^clause^18^or^19,^wherein^the^at^least^two^adjacent^symbols^are^either^adjacent^in^time^or^adjacent^in^frequency.21. The^method^according^to^any^of^clauses^16^to^20,^wherein^the^method^comprises^using^(S5004)^the^signal^generation^format^for^communication^in^accordance^with^an^indication^to^use^ the^signal^generation^format^included^in^the^information^indicative^of^the^configuration^received^ from^the^base^station.^22. The^method^according^to^clause^21,^wherein^the^indication^to^use^the^signal^generation^format^includes^a^period^of^time^and^the^circuitry^is^configured^to^communicate^with^the^base^ station^using^the^signal^generation^format^during^the^period^of^time.^23. A^user^equipment^(5000)^for^facilitating^integrated^sensing^and^communication^in^a^telecommunications^network,^the^user^equipment^comprising^circuitry^(5002,^5004)^configured^ to: receive,^from^a^base^station^(4000),^information^indicative^of^a^configuration^identifying^ a^signal^generation^format^in^which^the^signal^generation^format^is^selected^to^introduce^dependencies^between^magnitudes^of^at^least two^modulation^symbols^of^a^signal;^and communicate^with^the^base^station^based^on^the^configured^signal^generation^format.^24. A^computer^program^comprising^instructions^which,^when^read^by^a^computer,^cause^a^computer^to^perform^a^method^of^any^of^clauses^1^to^14^or^16^to^22.^25.^ A^non-transitory^computer^readable^storage^medium^storing^the^computer^program^according^to^clause^24.^ It^will^be^appreciated^that^numerous^modifications^and^variations^of^the^present^disclosure^are^ possible^in^light^of^the^above^teachings.^It^is^therefore^to^be^understood^that^within^the^scope^of^ the^appended^claims,^the^disclosure^may^be^practiced^otherwise^than^as^specifically^described^ herein. In^so^far^as^embodiments^of^the^disclosure^have^been^described^as^being^implemented,^at^least^ in^part,^by^software-controlled^data^processing^apparatus,^it^will^be^appreciated^that^a^non- transitory^machine-readable^medium^carrying^such^software,^such^as^an^optical^disk,^a^magnetic^ disk,^semiconductor^memory^or^the^like,^is^also^considered^to^represent^an^embodiment^of^the^ present^disclosure. It^will^be^appreciated^that^the^above^description^for^clarity^has^described^embodiments^with^ reference^to^different^functional^units,^circuitry^and / or^processors.^However,^it^will^be^apparent^ that^any^suitable^distribution^of^functionality^between^different^functional^units,^circuitry^ and / or^processors^may^be^used^without^detracting^from^the^embodiments.^ Described^embodiments^may^be^implemented^in^any^suitable^form^including^hardware,^ software,^firmware^or^any^combination^of^these.^Described^embodiments^may^optionally^be^ implemented^at^least^partly^as^computer^software^running^on^one^or^more^data^processors^ and / or^digital^signal^processors.^The^elements^and^components^of^any^embodiment^may^be^ physically,^functionally^and^logically^implemented^in^any^suitable^way.^Indeed^the^functionality^ may^be^implemented^in^a^single^unit,^in^a^plurality^of^units^or^as^part^of^other^functional^units.^ As^such,^the^disclosed^embodiments^may^be^implemented^in^a^single^unit^or^may^be^physically^ and^functionally^distributed^between^different^units,^circuitry^and / or^processors. Although^the^present^disclosure^has^been^described^in^connection^with^some^embodiments,^it^is^ not^intended^to^be^limited^to^the^specific^form^set^forth^herein.^Additionally,^although^a^feature^may appear^to^be^described^in^connection^with^particular^embodiments,^one^skilled^in^the^art^would^recognize^that^various^features^of^the^described^embodiments^may^be^combined^in^any^ manner^suitable^to^implement^the^technique.

Claims

CLAIMS1)^ A^method^of^facilitating^integrated^sensing^and^communication^in^a^telecommunications^network,^the^method^comprising:^ sending,^to^a^user^equipment,^information^indicative^of^a^configuration^identifying^a^ signal^generation^format^in^which^the^signal^generation^format^is^selected^to^introduce^dependencies^between^magnitudes^of^at^least two^modulation^symbols^of^a^signal;^andcommunicating^with^the^user^equipment^based^on^the^configured^signal^generation^ format.^2) The^^method^according^to^claim^1,^further^comprising^^performing^sensing^based^on^a^signal^transmitted^when^communicating^with^the^user^equipment^using^the^configured^signal^ generation^format.^3) The^method^according^to^claim^1,^wherein^the^dependencies^are^introduced^between^at^least^two^adjacent^modulation^symbols^of^the^signal.^^^4) The^method^according^to^claim^3,^wherein^the^dependencies^are^introduced^such^that^the^at^least^two^adjacent^symbols^have^a^negative^covariance^of^their^magnitudes.^5) The^method^according^to^claim^3,^wherein^the^at^least^two^adjacent^symbols^are eitheradjacent^in^time^or^adjacent^in^frequency.^6) The^method^according^to^claim^1,^wherein^communicating^with^the^user^equipment^comprises^transmitting^^ OFDM^symbols,^each^comprising^^ subcarriers^and^wherein^data^intended^for^the^user^equipment^is^embedded^into^modulation^symbols^^^,^, 1 ≤ ^ ≤ ^, 1 ≤^ ≤ ^,^wherein^the^symbol^^^,^ is^carried^by^the^^:th^subcarrier of^the^^:th^OFDM^symbol.^7) The^method^according^to^claim^6,^wherein either i)^the^dependencies^are^introduced^between^at^least^two^symbols^at^a^same^subcarrier^in^adjacent^OFDM^symbols;^or^ii)^wherein^the^ dependencies^are^introduced^between^at^least^two^symbols^at^adjacent^subcarriers^of^a^same^ OFDM^symbol.8) The^method^according^to^claim^7,^wherein^the^method^comprises^normalizing^the^power^of^the^symbols^such^that^^= 1, ∀, ^, ^.^9)^ The^method^according^to^claim^8,^wherein^the^dependencies^are^introduced^such^that:^0.10) The^method^according^to^claim^1,^wherein^the^method^comprises^mapping^to^the^signal^generation^format^by: constructing^a^base^constellation^of^symbols,^wherein^the^base^constellation^of^symbols^ is^separated^into^a^plurality^of^portions^each^containing^a^number^of^symbols; forming^a^first^symbol^by^selecting^a^symbol^from^the^base^constellation;^and forming^a^second^symbol^adjacent^to^the^first^symbol,^by^selecting^a^symbol^from^a^second^portion of^the^base^constellation,^wherein^the^second^portion^of^the^base^constellation^is^defined^based^on^the^first^portion^of^the^base^constellation^in^which^the^first^symbol^was^ located.11) The^method^according^to^claim^10,^wherein^the^method^comprises^constructing^the^base^constellation^in^accordance^with^the^equation:^wherein ^ is^the^base^constellation^and^^ defines^a^radius^of^a^circle^and^wherein^the^radiuses^^ℓand^phases^^ℓare^design^parameters.^12)^ The^method^according^to^claim^10,^wherein,^given^a^first^symbol^^^,^ selected^from^the^base^constellation,^the^second^symbol^is^formed^in^accordance^with^the^equation:^^,^wherein ^^,^ is^the^second^symbol^carried^by^a^second^subcarrier^of^a^first^OFDM^symbol,^^^,^is^the^first^symbol^carried^by^a^first^subcarrier^of^the^OFDM^symbol,^|^^,^| = ^ℓ where^ℓ ∈ {1,2,3, … , ^},^and^the^value^of^^ is^drawn^from^^ ∈{0,1, … , P − 1}.^13) The^method^according^to^claim^1,^wherein^the^configuration^sent^to^the^user^equipment^comprises^an^indication^to^use^the^signal^generation^format^for^communication^with^the^base^ station.^^14)^ The^method^according^to^claim^13,^wherein^the^indication^to^use^the^signal^generation^format^includes^a^period^of^time^during^which^the^signal^generation^format^will^be^used^to^ communicate^with^the^user^equipment.^15) A^base^station^for^facilitating^integrated^sensing^and^communication^in^a^telecommunications^network,^the^base^station^comprising^circuitry^configured^to:send,^to^a^user^equipment,^information^indicative^of^a^configuration^identifying^a^signal^ generation^format^in^which^the^signal^generation^format^is^selected^to^introduce^dependencies^between^magnitudes^of^at^least two^modulation^symbols^of^a^signal;^andcommunicate^with^the^user^equipment^based^on^the^configured^signal^generation^ format.^16) A^method^of^facilitating^integrated sensing^and^communication^in^a^telecommunications^network,^the^method^comprising: receiving,^from^a^base^station,^information^indicative^of^a^configuration^identifying^a^ signal^generation^format^in^which^the^signal^generation^format^is^selected^to^introduce^dependencies^between^magnitudes^of^at^least two^modulation^symbols^of^a^signal;^andcommunicating^with^the^base^station^based^on^the^configured^signal^generation^format.^17) The^method^according^to^claim^16,^wherein^the^integrated^sensing^and^communication^comprises^joint^sensing^and^communication.^18) The^method^according^to^claim^16,^wherein^the^dependencies^are^introduced^between^at^least^two^adjacent^modulation^symbols^of^the^signal.^19) The^method^according^to^claim^18,^wherein^the^dependencies^are^introduced^such^that^the^at^least^two^adjacent^symbols^have^a^negative^covariance^of^their^magnitudes.^20) The^method^according^to^claim^19,^wherein^the^at^least^two^adjacent^symbols^are^either^adjacent^in^time^or^adjacent^in^frequency.21) The^method^according^to^claim^16,^wherein^the^method^comprises^using^the^signal^generation^format^for^communication^in^accordance^with^an^indication^to^use^the^signal^ generation^format^included^in^the^information^indicative^of^the^configuration^received^from^the^ base^station.^22) The^method^according^to^claim^21,^wherein^the^indication^to^use^the^signal^generation^format^includes^a^period^of^time^and^the^circuitry^is^configured^to^communicate^with^the^base^ station^using^the^signal^generation^format^during^the^period^of^time.^23) A^user^equipment^for^facilitating^integrated^sensing^and^communication^in^a^telecommunications^network,^the^user^equipment^comprising^circuitry^configured^to: receive,^from^a^base^station,^information^indicative^of^a^configuration^identifying^a^signal^ generation^format^in^which^the^signal^generation^format^is^selected^to^introduce^dependencies^between^magnitudes^of^at^least two^modulation^symbols^of^a^signal;^andcommunicate^with^the^base^station^based^on^the^configured^signal^generation^format.^24) A^computer^program^comprising^instructions which,^when^read^by^a^computer,^cause^a^computer^to^perform^a^method^of^claim^1^or^16.^25)^ A^non-transitory^computer^readable^storage^medium^storing^the^computer^program^according^to^claim^24.^

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